a guide to the recognition and understanding of ramularia and other ...
a guide to the recognition and understanding of ramularia and other ...
a guide to the recognition and understanding of ramularia and other ...
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
2<br />
Contents<br />
RAMULARIA<br />
Distribution<br />
Current distribution ......................................................................4<br />
Symp<strong>to</strong>ms<br />
CONTENTS<br />
Future projection <strong>of</strong> risk in Europe ..............................................6<br />
Early stage ....................................................................................8<br />
Intermediate stage ........................................................................8<br />
Later stage ..................................................................................12<br />
Symp<strong>to</strong>ms on stems <strong>and</strong> awns ....................................................16<br />
Seed ............................................................................................19<br />
Symp<strong>to</strong>m appearance<br />
Tillering <strong>to</strong> flag leaf emergence....................................................20<br />
Post ear emergence ......................................................................20<br />
Life cycle<br />
Sources <strong>of</strong> infection ....................................................................22<br />
Asymp<strong>to</strong>matic (invisible) phase ..................................................22<br />
Symp<strong>to</strong>matic (visible) phase ........................................................23<br />
Spore dispersal ............................................................................24<br />
Secondary infection during <strong>the</strong> season ........................................25<br />
Secondary infection <strong>of</strong> leaves from airborne spores ....................25<br />
Asteromella production ..............................................................28<br />
Control measures<br />
Varietal resistance........................................................................31<br />
Seed health <strong>and</strong> seed treatments ..................................................31<br />
Foliar fungicides..........................................................................32<br />
- Timing ......................................................................................32<br />
- Choice ......................................................................................34<br />
- Resistance ................................................................................35
Change language