CMI Annual Report 2022

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metakaolin cements. Their aim is to further reduce CO 2 emissions without adversely impacting long-term performance (i.e., retain low permeability). In addition to linking changes in permeability with the evolution of nanosized pores over time, they have also explored a unique approach for lowering activator concentrations (and thus CO 2 emissions). This involves using a small amount of calcium hydroxide to help offset reduced performance at lower activator concentrations. A preliminary life cycle assessment of the CO 2-eq emissions has shown reduced emissions for these novel systems while lower permeability values show the beneficial effects of the calcium hydroxide addition on long-term performance. Ongoing research is focused on utilizing rapid, nondestructive small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) characterization to obtain nanopore structural information. This information will be used to compute the susceptibility of a concrete system to diffusion-controlled degradation processes (i.e., permeability). By connecting SAXS-derived pore structure attributes with intrinsic permeability data for a range of sustainable cement chemistries, White’s research aims to predict permeability of future systems from relatively quick and non-destructive measurements. This stands in contrast to the destructive and cumbersome testing methods currently used for pore structure characterization. Figure 5.1. (Left) Small-angle X-ray scattering curve of alkali-activated metakaolin cement and analysis used to determine average nanopore size. (Right) Beam-bending relaxation curves used to extract permeability values from the cement samples. 31 Carbon Mitigation Initiative Twenty-second Year Report 2022
Projecting the Expansion and Impacts of Ocean Oxygen Minimum Zones PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: LAURE RESPLANDY At a Glance The Resplandy group studies global change in the biogeochemistry of the oceans and how this will affect other parts of the Earth system, with emphasis on the cause, magnitude, stability and longevity of the ocean carbon sink. In the last year, the Resplandy group’s research focused on the ocean’s response to climate change, in particular the ocean’s loss of oxygen associated with warming. They studied how this warming trend influences ecosystems, ecosystem services (e.g., fisheries) and the climate itself via the production of nitrous oxide, which occurs in low oxygen ocean waters. This work led to three publications in 2022, including one highlighted by the American Geophysical Union Newsroom that focuses on the fate of oxygen minimum zones and coastal “dead zones,” which are open ocean and coastal ocean areas with very low oxygen levels unsuitable for most organisms. It is important for companies and policymakers to learn how oxygen minimum zones may behave in a warming world and how plans for the energy transition may impact these zones. Research Highlight The ocean has lost dissolved oxygen as a result of global warming in the past 50 years. A serious threat of this systematic ocean deoxygenation is the expansion of tropical oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) located in the subsurface ocean (Figure 6.1). An equally serious and more frequent threat is the occurrence of coastal dead zones, places where pollution originating from land, such as fertilizers, urbanization and wastewater, reinforces the depletion of oxygen. Uncertainties in the spatial and temporal evolution of OMZs and coastal dead zones severely restrict the ability to anticipate their ecological, climatic and societal impacts (Resplandy, 2018). In this project, the Resplandy group leveraged state-of-the-art observations, the latest generation of Earth System Models (CMIP6 ESMs) and newly developed ocean model simulations to examine the evolution of the tropical OMZs in the global ocean and coastal dead zones in the densely populated and understudied Indian Ocean. A major outcome of this work is the first robust projections of tropical OMZs. This was achieved using a more holistic approach than the one used in prior work Carbon Mitigation Initiative Twenty-second Year Report 2022 32
Page 1 and 2: Annual Report 2022
Page 3 and 4: Contents INTRODUCTION 1 RESEARCH -
Page 5 and 6: The Carbon Mitigation Initiative (C
Page 7 and 8: gases. Knowing how much hydrogen le
Page 9 and 10: Best Paper Awards 2022 Since 2010,
Page 11 and 12: Research - At a Glance REPEAT Proje
Page 13 and 14: Understanding Drivers of Hurricane
Page 15 and 16: How the Orography-Aware Land Model
Page 17 and 18: Research Highlight The Biden Admini
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.2. Difference in sectoral
Page 21 and 22: Figure 2.1. Stylized project invest
Page 23 and 24: IRA Impacts on Prospective Economic
Page 25 and 26: Figure 3.1a. Levelized cost of fuel
Page 27 and 28: Figure 3.2a. Levelized cost of fuel
Page 29 and 30: India’s Deccan Traps Appear to Ha
Page 31 and 32: Figure 4.1a-d. Mapping the Deccan T
Page 33: Pore Structure and Permeability of
Page 37 and 38: References Busecke, J.J.M., J. Resp
Page 39 and 40: 2022, 2023). This work has enabled
Page 41 and 42: Hsieh, T. L., G.A. Vecchi, W. Yang,
Page 43 and 44: methane and hydrogen (Bertagni et a
Page 45 and 46: The CMI Wetland Project: Understand
Page 47 and 48: particularly pronounced during the
Page 49 and 50: Land Conversion to Store Carbon: Th
Page 51 and 52: Understanding How Economic Incentiv
Page 53 and 54: The second part of our project dive
Page 55 and 56: may begin to convert to savanna bef
Page 57 and 58: Ongoing Research at the Pacala Lab
Page 59 and 60: Stanford Business School Dean Jon L
Page 61 and 62: Cipolla, G., S. Calabrese, A. Porpo
Page 63 and 64: Uden, S., and C. Greig, 2022. “Wh
Page 65 and 66: The cover and text pages of this re

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