1 West Central Khoisan etymology The etymological database for ...

West Central Khoisan etymology 

Compiled by George Starostin 

1 

The etymological database for the West Central Khoisan language subgroup, linked 

directly to the general Central Khoisan database. 

!NB!: It is not yet transparently clear whether West Central Khoisan actually exists as a 

separate, historically valid taxon, because there is currently not enough evidence to state 

that the splitting of Proto-Non-Khoekhoe was really binary (into West and East Central 

Khoisan). In terms of lexicostatistics, the distance between, e. g., the Kxoe subgroup 

(//Ani, Kxoe, Buga, |Ganda) and the |Gwi-//Gana subgroup of WCK is quite comparable 

to the one between either of these subgroups and East Central Khoisan. In essence, the 

term "West Central Khoisan" may just be a blanket grouping for everything 

Non-Khoekhoe that is NOT East Central Khoisan (the latter is definitely a compact and 

separate grouping, characterized, among other things, by such an important phonetic 

isogloss as the affricativization of the palatal click). Nevertheless, until a proper 

lexicostatistical assessment of the data has been conducted (this is hampered by 

insufficient data in the wordlists), it is reasonable to suspend final judgement and to 

provisionally accept "West Central Khoisan" as a single taxon. 

Data sources: Unlike in the case of ECK, for WCK several detailed language dictionaries 

are available. The best of these are Kilian-Hatz 2003 (KH) for Kxoe and Visser (2001) for 

Naro; Tanaka (1978) for |Gwi and //Gana contains a lot of material, but, unfortunately, 

with poor transcription quality. Most of the other data are drawn from Vossen 1997 and 

various articles by R. Vossen; the quality is excellent, but the amount of available 

information on //Ani, Buga, |Ganda, and #Haba is, unfortunately, quite small. 

The database consists of the following fields: 

1. Proto-West Khoe: the hypothetical protoform for PWCK. (Even if WCK is really two or 

three separate subgroups, this does not constitute much of a problem, since most of the 

protoforms would be phonetically identical anyway). 

2. Meaning: the general meaning(s) of the reconstructed stem. 

3. //Ani: the default source is Vossen 1997 and other articles by R. Vossen. 

4. Kxoe: the default source is KH; where available, forms in Oswin Köhler's transcription 

(Kö.) are also cited (taken either from Vossen 1997 or Köhler's original articles as marked

in the references section). 

5. Buga: the default source is Vossen 1997. 

6. |Ganda: the default source is Vossen 1997. 

2 

7. Naro: the default source is Visser's dictionary; the most phonetically reliable 

transcriptions, however, belong to Vossen (V.; 1997 and var. articles). Alan Barnard's 

data from Barnard (1985) is also given where possible (Ba.), but some of it seems to be 

rather sloppy in regard to click transcription. 

8-9. |Gwi, //Gana: the default source is Vossen 1997. Tanaka 1978 (Ta.) is very useful as a 

data source, but seriously unreliable in terms of transcription. 

10. #Haba: the default source is Vossen 1997. 

11. Tsaukwe: some data on an obviously WCK idiom, collected by S. Passarge ("Die 

Buschmänner der Kalahari", Berlin 1907) and included in Dorothea Bleek's dictionary 

(1956). The transcription is obviously of a very low quality. 

12. Notes: additional comments and considerations. 

13. References: bibliographical links. 

Notes on transcription: 

Clicks: | = dental click, ǂ = palatal click, ! = alveolar click, ǁ = lateral click. For Tsaukwe, 

the sign $ denotes an unidentified click influx in Passarge's notes (only "guessable" 

through comparison with external data). 

Click effluxes include zero (no special marking), voiced articulation (�, etc.), nasalisation 

(�, etc.), aspiration (|h, etc.), velar fricative (|x, etc.), uvular stop (|q, etc.), and the glottal 

stop (|ʔ, etc.). For most of the discussed idioms, R. Vossen distinguishes between two 

nasalized clicks: simple nasalized (marked here as �) and "voiced nasalized 

("nasal-stimmhaft"), marked here as �n. The same distinction is made for Kxoe by 

Kilian-Hatz, who transcribes the two as � and �g, respectively. Judging by the 

correspondences, though, this opposition does not seem to be too consistently marked in 

the data in order to be reflected in the reconstructions, so for now it is ignored on the 

higher levels. 

Non-click consonants: c, ʒ = hissing voiceless and voiced affricates (= ts and dz in 

Vossen's original transcription); ś = ҫ (Köhler) = palatal fricative (only in Kxoe); ć = tҫ 

(Köhler) = palatal affricate (only in Kxoe); q = uvular voiceless stop; ʔ = glottal stop; ɣ = 

velar voiced fricative (tentatively set up in a few reconstructions, not attested in the 

actual languages).

3 

Vowels: ɛ, ɔ = open correlates to closed e, o. The tilde sign denotes nasalisation; á, à, ǎ, â = 

tonal markings. 

As in all other Khoisan databases, original transliteration is mostly retained for all 

sources older than 1980 (also for Barnard 1985) for fear of incorrect interpretation of the 

data. Particular caution should be paid to Tanaka's data, where, e. g., ! is frequently 

substituted for ǂ, and the zero efflux is regularly marked as -t- instead of the usual -k- (or, 

in fact, zero). 

Number 1 

Proto-West Khoe *à 

Meaning to be (is) 

Khoe etymology 1 

Kxoe (Hukwe) à "is, are (copula)"; -ʔa "to be" 

Naro a (B.) 

References Bleek 1; KH. 

Number 2 

Proto-West Khoe *a 

Meaning particle (repet. of tense) 


Naro a (B.) 

References Bleek 3. 

Number 3 


Meaning relative pronoun 


Naro a (B.) 

References Bleek 4.

Number 4 

Proto-West Khoe *á 

Meaning that 


//Ani ʔá-tè 

Kxoe (Hukwe) á "this here"; ʔá (Kö.) 

Naro ãá 

//Gana ʔá-séá 

#Haba ʔà-sá-hà 

References KH; Visser 1; Vossen 252, 253, 254. 

Number 5 

Proto-West Khoe *ábà 

Meaning to carry (esp. child on the back); to bear (child) 


//Ani ʔábà 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ábà; ʔábà (Kö.) 

Buga ʔábà 

|Ganda ʔábà 

Naro ábà; aba (B.); ábà (Ba.) 

|Gwi ʔábà; !ába (Ta.) 

//Gana ʔábà; ába (Ta.) 

#Haba ʔábà 

References Barnard 130-131; Bleek 5; Tanaka 11; Visser 1; Vossen 440. 

Number 6 

Proto-West Khoe *ábà 

Meaning dog 


Kxoe (Hukwe) áapa; ʔápȧ (Kö.); âpa (Bau.) 

Buga ʔápà 

|Ganda ʔápà 

4

Naro aoókù, auúgù (Ba.) 

|Gwi aba (Ta.) 

//Gana ʔábà 

Notes According to Vossen, the -p- in Buga, etc. is irregular. 

References Barnard 42; KH; Tanaka 29; Vossen 453. 

Number 7 

Proto-West Khoe *ɣáí 

Meaning mother 


Naro áí; eiša, eiše (B.); áí (Ba.); ai (Pa.) 

|Gwi gyéi (Ta.) 

//Gana gyéi (Ta.) 

Tsaukwe ai 

References Barnard 79; Bleek 6, 38; Tanaka 63; Visser 1. 

Number 8 

Proto-West Khoe *gùí 

Meaning to lift 


Kxoe (Hukwe) gùí "to take" (Kö.) (?) 

Naro gùi; gùí (Ba.) 

|Gwi guí (Ta.) 

//Gana guí (Ta.) 

References Barnard 145; Tanaka 57; Visser 29; Vossen 194, 448. 

Number 9 

Proto-West Khoe *á� 

Meaning to agree 


Kxoe (Hukwe) á�; ʔá� (Kö.) 

5

Buga ʔá� 

|Ganda ʔá� 

Notes Kilian-Hatz also has á� "greet"; same root? 

References KH; Vossen 429-430. 

Number 10 

Proto-West Khoe *� 

Meaning to dress 


//Ani ʔ� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ʔã� (Kö.) 

Buga ʔ� 

|Ganda ʔ� 

6 

Naro ane "decorate" (?); ʔ� (V.); �� (Ba.); ani "to paint" (Schi.) (? < 

Nama) 

|Gwi ʔ�; ā (Ta.) 

//Gana ʔ�; ā (Ta.) 

#Haba ʔ� 

References Barnard 136; Bleek 10; Tanaka 29; Visser 2; Vossen 498. 

Number 11 

Proto-West Khoe *àbó 

Meaning 1 father; 2 old man 


Naro àbo, ào; awa 1 (B.); aume/a, voc. aba 1, 2 (B.); àú, àó 1 (Ba.) 

Tsaukwe aba 

References Barnard 79; Bleek 5, 12; Visser 1, 2. 

Number 12 


Meaning to throw (away)


Naro aa-xu; auxu (B.); au (Ba.) 

References Barnard 158; Bleek 12; Visser 1. 

Number 13 

Proto-West Khoe *arV- 

Meaning dog 


//Ani ʔérìkù 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ălīkō (W.) (?) 

Naro arugu (Schi.) 

|Gwi hárúgù; arugu (Ta.) 

#Haba hǎrúgù 

References Bleek 9, 11; Tanaka 29; Vossen 150, 167. 

Number 14 

Proto-West Khoe *au 

Meaning to give 


Naro au; au (B.); ou, au (Ba.) 

References Barnard 140; Bleek 1, 2; Visser 2. 

Number 15 

Proto-West Khoe *bàrá 

Meaning to swim 


//Ani bàdá 

Kxoe (Hukwe) bàràá; bàdá (Kö.) 

Buga bàdá 

Naro bàdá; bàrá (Ba.) 

Notes Is this the same as Naro b�ra "go through"? 

7

References Barnard 156; KH; Visser 2; Vossen 490. 

Number 16 

Proto-West Khoe *bàrà 

Meaning rainy season 


Kxoe (Hukwe) bàràa "begin (of rainy season)"; bàrà-kúrí "rainy season" 

Naro bada-sa (Ba.) 

References Barnard 126; KH. 

Number 17 

Proto-West Khoe *b� 

Meaning to move/run away 


//Ani b� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) bɛ��; b� (Kö.) 

Buga b� 

|Ganda b� 

Naro bèe-kxʔao "refugee"; (?) bēbē "to rush" (B.) 

|Gwi bě 

//Gana bè 

References Bleek 15; KH; Visser 3; Vossen 431. 

Number 18 

Proto-West Khoe *beje 

Meaning horse, zebra 


Kxoe (Hukwe) bèyèé; bie "quagga" (Bal.); bihe "id." (Zuk.) 

Naro bìi; biie "zebra, horse" (Ba.) 

Tsaukwe bia "horse" 

References Barnard 39; Bleek 16; KH; Visser 3. 

8

Number 19 

Proto-West Khoe *bó 

Meaning hatchet 


//Ani bó 

Kxoe (Hukwe) bó 

Buga bǒ 

|Ganda bó 

Naro bòó; bǒ, bòó (Ba.) 

|Gwi bó; bô (Ta.) 

//Gana bó; bô (Ta.) 

#Haba bǒ 

Tsaukwe bo 

References Barnard 103; Bleek 16; KH; Tanaka 8; Visser 3; Vossen 421. 

Number 20 

Proto-West Khoe *bǔ 

Meaning to bark 


//Ani bǔ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) buú 

Buga bǔ 

Naro bùú; bǔ (V.) 

|Gwi bu (Ta.) 

//Gana bu (Ta.) 

#Haba bǔ 

References Bleek 16; KH; Tanaka 10; Visser 4; Vossen 422. 

Number 21 

Proto-West Khoe *cʔâ 

9

Meaning penis 


//Ani cʔâ 

10 

#Haba cʔâ "Penis, Hodensack" 

References Vossen 474. 

Number 22 

Proto-West Khoe *cʔ� 

Meaning to steal 


//Ani cʔ� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) cʔ� (Kö.) 

Buga cʔ� 

|Ganda cʔ� 

Naro cʔ� (V.); tsã, tsʔa (Ba.) 

|Gwi cʔ�; t�sa (Ta.) 

//Gana cʔ�; t�sa (Ta.) 

#Haba cʔ� 

References Barnard 156; Tanaka 92; Vossen 495. 

Number 23 

Proto-West Khoe *cʔê 

Meaning sharp 


//Ani cʔ� 

Buga cʔ� 

Naro cʔê (V.); tsʔee, tsse (Ba.) 

|Gwi t�sē (Ta.) 

//Gana cʔê; t�sē (Ta.) 

#Haba cʔê 

References Barnard 119; Tanaka 85; Vossen 483.

Number 24 

Proto-West Khoe *cʔán[ì] 

Meaning smoke; to smoke 


//Ani cʔánì 

Kxoe (Hukwe) cʔánì 

Buga cʔánì 

|Ganda cʔánì 

Naro cʔínì (V.) 

|Gwi cʔ�n�; chene (Ta.) 

//Gana cʔínì; chene (Ta.) 

#Haba cʔínì 

11 

References KH; Tanaka 88; Vossen 476. 

Number 25 

Proto-West Khoe *cʔáó 

Meaning to milk 


Naro cʔáó (V.); tsàó, tsàú (Ba.) 

|Gwi cʔáò 

#Haba cʔáó 

References Barnard 146; Vossen 466. 

Number 26 

Proto-West Khoe *cʔáó 

Meaning sandy place 


//Ani cʔàó 

Kxoe (Hukwe) cʔáó (Kö.) 

Buga cʔáó 

|Ganda cʔáó

#Haba cʔáó 


Number 27 

Proto-West Khoe *cʔárú 

Meaning kidney 


//Ani cʔàdú 

Kxoe (Hukwe) cʔédú (Kö.) 

Buga cʔádú 

|Ganda cʔádú 

References Vossen 471-72. 

Number 28 

Proto-West Khoe *cʔî 

Meaning to limp 


//Ani cʔî 

Buga cʔî 

|Ganda cʔî 

Naro cʔî (V.) 

|Gwi cʔî 

#Haba cʔî 

12 


Number 29 

Proto-West Khoe *cʔó 

Meaning to decay, rot 


//Ani cʔó 

Kxoe (Hukwe) cʔó (Kö.)

Buga cʔó 

|Ganda cʔó 

Naro cʔó (V.) 

13 

|Gwi cʔòdó; churu (Ta.) 

//Gana cʔódó; churu (Ta.) 

#Haba cʔódó 


Number 30 

Proto-West Khoe *cʔóḿ 

Meaning lip (upper) 


//Ani cʔòḿ 

Buga cʔóḿ 

|Ganda cʔúḿ 

Naro tšum (B.); tsum (Ba.) 

//Gana tsom (Ta.) 

#Haba cʔúḿ 

Notes Irregular -u- in |Ganda and ǂHaba? 

References Barnard 64; Bleek 237; Tanaka 57; Vossen 464. 

Number 31 

Proto-West Khoe *cá 

Meaning thou (m.) 


//Ani cá 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ćá; tҫá (Kö.) 

Buga cá 

|Ganda cá 

Naro cá(-ci) (V.) 

|Gwi cí 

//Gana câ; cáè (Kö.)

#Haba câ; cáè (Kö.) 

14 


Number 32 

Proto-West Khoe *cà 

Meaning to be ill 


//Ani cǎ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) tҫǎ (Kö.) 

Buga câ 

|Ganda cà 

Naro cà (V.); tsàà (Ba.) 

|Gwi cǎ; tsâ (Ta.) 

//Gana cà; tsâ (Ta.) 


Number 33 

Proto-West Khoe *c� 

Meaning meat broth 


//Ani c� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) tҫ� (Kö.) 

Buga c� 


Number 34 


Meaning to cook (boil) 


//Ani c�-ŋgù 

Kxoe (Hukwe) śĩĩ

Naro c�-xú (V.); tsâ, ts� "to boil", ts�-xú "to cook" (Ba.) 

15 

|Gwi c�-xù; tsà "to boil" (Ta.) 

//Gana c�-xò; tsà "to boil" (Ta.) 

#Haba c�-xú 


Number 35 

Proto-West Khoe *cáḿ 

Meaning to creep up 


//Ani cáḿ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) tҫáḿ (Kö.) 

Buga cáḿ 

|Ganda cáḿ 

Naro cáḿ (V.) 

|Gwi cáḿ; tsam (Ta.) 

//Gana cáḿ; tsam (Ta.) 

#Haba cáḿ 

References Tanaka 25; Vossen 423. 

Number 36 

Proto-West Khoe *cáó 

Meaning tail 


//Ani cáó 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ćáó; tҫáó (Kö.) 

Buga cáó 

|Ganda cáó 

Naro cáó (V.) 

|Gwi cáó; tseu (Ta.) 

//Gana cáó; tseu (Ta.) 

#Haba càó


Number 37 

Proto-West Khoe *cárú 

Meaning sour 


//Ani cádú 

Buga cádú 


Number 38 

Proto-West Khoe *cau 

Meaning to be fat 


//Ani cáú 

Naro tsau (Ba.) 

|Gwi chaù (Ta.) 

//Gana chaù (Ta.) 

References Barnard 116; Tanaka 34; Vossen 1986: 340. 

Number 39 

Proto-West Khoe *cé 

Meaning to send 


//Ani c� 

Buga cé 

|Ganda cé 

Naro cè-ʔú (V.) 

|Gwi cé 

//Gana cé 

#Haba cé 

16


Number 40 

Proto-West Khoe *cʔí 

Meaning buttock 


//Ani cʔí 

Buga cʔǐ 

|Ganda cʔí 

Naro cʔí (V.); tsì (Ba.) 

|Gwi cʔí; chì (Ta.) 

//Gana cʔì; chì (Ta.) 

#Haba cʔí 


Number 41 

Proto-West Khoe *cĩ 

Meaning to sneeze 


//Ani c� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ś�� 

Buga c� 

|Ganda c� 

Naro c� (V.) 

|Gwi c� 

//Gana c� 

#Haba c� 

References KH; Vossen 472. 

Number 42 

Proto-West Khoe *cô 

17

Meaning medicine; to treat 


//Ani cô 

Kxoe (Hukwe) tҫô (Kö.) 

Buga cô 

|Ganda cô 

18 

Naro cô (V.); tsô, tshô (Ba.) 

|Gwi cô; chū (Ta.) 

//Gana cô; chū (Ta.) 

#Haba cô 


Number 43 

Proto-West Khoe *còḿ 

Meaning to sprout 


//Ani còḿ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) tҫòḿ (Kö.) 

Naro c�ḿ (V.); ts��m, tsòm (Ba.) 

#Haba c�ḿ 


Number 44 

Proto-West Khoe *córó 

Meaning shell, pod 


//Ani códó 

Kxoe (Hukwe) tҫódó (Kö.) 

Buga códó 

|Ganda códó 

Naro códó (V.); tsóró (Ba.) 

|Gwi churu "peel" (Ta.)

Gana churu "peel" (Ta.) 

#Haba códó 


Number 45 

Proto-West Khoe *cu 

Meaning excrement; dirt 


//Ani cǔ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) tҫǔ (Kö.); tšū (W.) 

Buga chǔ 

|Ganda cù 

Naro cǔ (V.) 

|Gwi cǔ 

#Haba cú 

19 

Notes Irregular tsh- in Buga. 

References Bleek 236; Vossen 434. 

Number 46 

Proto-West Khoe *chǎ 

Meaning water 


//Ani chǎ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) śàá; ҫǎ (Kö.) 

Buga chǎ 

|Ganda chà 

Naro chà (V.); tsà, tshà (Ba.) 

|Gwi châ; tsà (Ta.) 

//Gana châ; tsà (Ta.) 

#Haba chá 

References Barnard 36; KH; Tanaka 105; Vossen 505.

Number 47 

Proto-West Khoe *ch� 

Meaning scent 


//Ani ch� 

20 

Kxoe (Hukwe) śĩĩ "to stink"; ҫ� (Kö.) 

Buga ch� 

|Ganda ch� 

Naro ch� (V.) 

//Gana c� 


Number 48 

Proto-West Khoe *chàó 

Meaning to dig 


//Ani chàó 

Kxoe (Hukwe) śàó 

Buga chàó 

Naro chàó (V.); tsàó, tsàú (Ba.) 

|Gwi caó (Ta.) 

//Gana cháò; tsaó (Ta.) 

#Haba cháó 


Number 49 

Proto-West Khoe *chàú 

Meaning hand 


//Ani chàú 

Kxoe (Hukwe) śèú; ҫèú (Kö.); tšau (W.)

Buga chàú 

|Ganda càú 

Naro càú (V.); tšau (B.); tsàú, tsòú (Ba.); tsau (Pa.) 

|Gwi cáú; tseu (Ta.) 

//Gana cáú; tseu (Ta.) 

#Haba cáù 

Tsaukwe tsau 

References Barnard 66; Bleek 213, 227; KH; Tanaka 44; Vossen 447. 

Number 50 

Proto-West Khoe *cx� 

Meaning to be tired 


//Ani cx� 

Buga cx� 

|Ganda cx� 

|Gwi tsâ (Ta.) 

//Gana tsâ (Ta.) 

21 


Number 51 

Proto-West Khoe *cxô/*cxó� 

Meaning to milk (into mouth) 


//Ani cxô; cxó� "herausstreichen" 

Kxoe (Hukwe) tҫxô (Kö.); tҫxó� "herausstreichen" (Kö.) 

Buga cxô 

|Ganda cxô; cxó� "herausstreichen" 

Naro cxó� (V.) 

|Gwi (?) shàm (Ta.) 

//Gana (?) sàm (Ta.) 

#Haba cxó�

22 

References Tanaka 62; Vossen 466-7. 

Number 52 

Proto-West Khoe *cxúnì 

Meaning to slide 


//Ani sóǹ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) śóǹ "slide along the ground on oneʔs buttocks"; ҫon (Kö.) 

Buga sṹ� 

|Ganda sṹ� 

Naro cxùnì (V.) 

#Haba cxúnì 


Number 53 

Proto-West Khoe *dV 

Meaning interr. base 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ndéú-xu 

Buga ndú "what?" 

Naro di "who?", du "what?" (V.) 

|Gwi dí "who? which?" 

//Gana dí "who? which?", dǔ "what?" 


Number 54 

Proto-West Khoe *dam 

Meaning tortoise 


Naro dam(a) (Ba.) 

|Gwi gyàm (Ta.)

Gana dàm (Ta.) 

23 

References Barnard 41; Tanaka 99. 

Number 55 

Proto-West Khoe *dàní 

Meaning bee 


//Ani dánì 

Kxoe (Hukwe) dìnǐ (Kö.) 

Buga dání 

|Ganda dánì 

Naro dìní (V.); dèné (Ba.) 

|Gwi dìnì; gine (Ta.) 

//Gana dìnì; gine (Ta.) 

#Haba dìní 


Number 56 

Proto-West Khoe *dao 

Meaning to burn 


//Ani dáò 

Kxoe (Hukwe) daó; dàó (Kö.) 

Buga dáò 

|Ganda dàò 

Naro dàó (V.); tàú, dàú (Ba.) 

|Gwi díò; gyó (Ta.) 

//Gana dáó; daó (Ta.) 

#Haba díò 


Number 57 

Proto-West Khoe *dáò 

Meaning road, path 


//Ani dáò 

Kxoe (Hukwe) dáó; dau (W.) 

Buga dáò 

|Ganda dáù 

24 

Naro dáò (V.); dáò, dáù (Ba.) 

|Gwi díó; ʒɨ�o (Na.); gyô (Ta.) 

//Gana dáò; dâo (Na.); dáo (Ta.) 

#Haba díó 

Tsaukwe dau 

References Barnard 35; Bleek 22; KH; Nakagawa 1998: 249; Tanaka 80; 

Vossen 493-4. 

Number 58 

Proto-West Khoe *dau 

Meaning banded mongoose 


Naro dauha (Ba.); dau xarasi (Sh.) 

References Barnard 40; Bleek 23. 

Number 59 

Proto-West Khoe *de 

Meaning to press, step 


Naro de "to step upon, press down" (B.); dee "to press" (Ba.) 


Number 60

Proto-West Khoe *debi 

Meaning to return home 


25 

//Ani dàbí "drehen, wenden" 

Naro dèbí (Ba.) 


Number 61 

Proto-West Khoe *dene 

Meaning to lick 


|Gwi gine (Ta.) 

//Gana gine (Ta.) 

References Tanaka 57. 

Number 62 

Proto-West Khoe *dàḿ 

Meaning tongue 


//Ani dàḿ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) dàḿ; dăm (W.) 

Buga dàḿ 

|Ganda dà� 

Naro dàḿ (V.); t�m, dǎm(á) (Ba.) 

|Gwi gyà�; gyam (Ta.) 

//Gana dáḿ; dam (Ta.) 

#Haba dáḿ 

References Barnard 64; Bleek 21; KH; Tanaka 99; Vossen 510. 

Number 63 

Proto-West Khoe *tábè

26 

Meaning to shine, flash; lightning 


Kxoe (Hukwe) tɛwɛ (Ha.) 

Naro tábè "to flash", túú.sá (ko) tábè "lightning" (Ba.); tewe (Ha.) 

References Barnard 32, 139; Haacke 1997: 162. 

Number 64 

Proto-West Khoe *dóà 

Meaning kudu 


//Ani dóà 

Kxoe (Hukwe) dóá (Kö.) 

Buga dóá 

|Ganda dóà 

|Gwi gyuwa (Ta.) 

//Gana dúà; gyuwa (Ta.) 


Number 65 

Proto-West Khoe *dòá 

Meaning grass 


//Ani dòá 

Kxoe (Hukwe) dǒǎ (Kö.); dŏa (W.) 

Buga dòá 

|Ganda dòá 

References Bleek 27; Vossen 445. 

Number 66 

Proto-West Khoe *dobe 

Meaning salt


//Ani dóbè 

Kxoe (Hukwe) dòbèe; dòbě (Kö.) 

Buga dòbé 

27 

Naro d�b� (V.); d��bé (Ba.) 

|Gwi d�b�; dabè (Ta.) 

//Gana d�bè; dabè (Ta.) 

#Haba dàbé 


Number 67 

Proto-West Khoe *dõẽ 

Meaning to carry; to scoop 


Naro dõẽ "to scoop, shovel"; dwẽ "to carry in the arms" (B.); duẽ "to 

carry in bag" (Ba.) 

References Barnard 132; Bleek 30; Visser 18. 

Number 68 

Proto-West Khoe *dòró 

Meaning to kindle fire; tinderbox 


//Ani dòdó 

Kxoe (Hukwe) dòdó (Kö.) 

Buga dòdó 

|Ganda dòdó 

Naro dòdó (V.); tòró, dòró "firemaking stick, tinderbox" (Ba.) 

//Gana dúdù 

#Haba dódò 

References Barnard 110; Vossen 435.

Number 69 

Proto-West Khoe *dû 

Meaning eland 


//Ani dû 

Kxoe (Hukwe) dú (Kö.) 

Buga dú 

|Ganda dú 

Naro dû (V.); dúù (Ba.) 

|Gwi dû; gyu (Ta.) 

28 

//Gana dû "duiker"; gyu (Ta.) 

#Haba dû 

Tsaukwe du 


Number 70 

Proto-West Khoe *duru 

Meaning rat, mouse 


Kxoe (Hukwe) gã-durub "striped rat" (Sh.) 


Number 71 

Proto-West Khoe *debu 

Meaning to cover 


|Gwi debu (Ta.) 

//Gana debu (Ta.) 


Number 72

Proto-West Khoe *dó� 

Meaning throat 


//Ani dó� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) dòḿ (Kö.) 

Buga dó� 

|Ganda dó� 

29 

Naro dó� (V.); dôm, dùm, tòm (Ba.) 

|Gwi gyom-ǂna (Ta.) 

//Gana gyom-ǂna (Ta.) 

#Haba dyó� 

References Barnard 34, 35, 64; Tanaka 98; Vossen 455. 

Number 73 

Proto-West Khoe *aU 

Meaning time; long time 


Naro auše "time, a long time" (B.) 

//Gana aō "long time" (Ta.) 

References Bleek 12; Tanaka 58. 

Number 74 

Proto-West Khoe *gárà 

Meaning tree bark 


//Gana gádà 


Number 75 

Proto-West Khoe *gòbó 

Meaning navel


30 

//Ani góbó "Unterleib, Hängebauch" 

Kxoe (Hukwe) gòbó (Kö.) 

Buga gòbó 

|Ganda gòbó 


Number 76 

Proto-West Khoe *gõẽ 



|Gwi goen (Ta.) 

//Gana goen (Ta.) 


Number 77 

Proto-West Khoe *gó� 

Meaning cow, ox 


//Ani gó� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) gó� (Kö.) 

Buga gó� 

|Ganda gó� 

Naro góè (V.); gúè (Ba.) 

|Gwi gúè; gúe (Ta.) 

//Gana gúe (Ta.) 

#Haba gúè 

Tsaukwe góë 


Number 78

Proto-West Khoe *gǔ 

Meaning sheep 


//Ani gû 

Kxoe (Hukwe) gǔ (Kö.) 

Buga gù 

|Ganda gù 

Naro gǔ (V.); gùú (Ba.) 

|Gwi gǔ; gû (Ta.) 

//Gana gù; gû (Ta.) 

#Haba gǔ 


Number 79 

Proto-West Khoe *guni 

Meaning to hunt 


//Ani guénì 

31 

Kxoe (Hukwe) gùnǐ "to go hunting" (Kö.) 

Buga gùní 

|Ganda gúní 


Number 80 

Proto-West Khoe *gure 

Meaning bark 


|Gwi gure (Ta.) 

//Gana gure (Ta.) 

References Tanaka 10.

Number 81 

Proto-West Khoe *hǎ 

Meaning to come 


//Ani hǎ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) yaá; yǎ (Kö.) 

Buga hâ 

Naro hâ (V.); -haʷ (B.); háà, hà (Ba.); ha (Schi.) 

|Gwi hâ; à (Ta.) 

//Gana hâ; à (Ta.) 

#Haba hǎ 


Number 82 

Proto-West Khoe *haka 

Meaning four 


//Ani hàtsá 

Naro hàkà (V.) 

|Gwi hátsà 

32 


Number 83 

Proto-West Khoe *hàré 

Meaning to draw water 


//Ani yàdé, hàdé 

Kxoe (Hukwe) yàdě (Kö.) 

Buga yàdé 

|Ganda yàdè 

Naro h�re; haré, aré "fetch water" (Ba.) 

References Barnard 138; Visser 1998: 130; Vossen 451.

Number 84 

Proto-West Khoe *h� 

Meaning to do 


//Ani h� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) h� (Kö.) 

Buga h� 

Naro hẽ�; hĩ, hii (B.) 

|Gwi hèn (Ta.) 

//Gana hèn (Ta.) 

References Bleek 60; Tanaka 28; Visser 31; Vossen 465. 

Number 85 

Proto-West Khoe *m� 

Meaning to smell 


Naro m� (V.) 

|Gwi �; � (Ta.) 

//Gana m�; � (Ta.) 

#Haba m� 

References Barnard 154; Tanaka 88; Vossen 477-78. 

Number 86 

Proto-West Khoe *wé- 

Meaning all 


Kxoe (Hukwe) yó-kà-xa 

33 

Naro we-, waxa (B.); úé-(xà) (Ba.); uexu (Schi.); hoe(n), ue(ni) (Ha.) 

|Gwi wéha (Ta.) 

//Gana wékae (Ta.)

References Barnard 114; Bleek 247; Haacke 1997: 159; KH; Tanaka 4. 

Number 87 

Proto-West Khoe *i 

Meaning that 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ʔí "that (f.)" (Kö.) 

34 

Naro ʔì-sí-hà "that" (V.) 

References Vossen 252, 254, 255. 

Number 88 

Proto-West Khoe *jábà 

Meaning to wish 


Kxoe (Hukwe) yábà (Kö.) 

Buga yábà 

|Ganda yábà 


Number 89 

Proto-West Khoe *jě 

Meaning hole 


//Ani ʔɛ� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) y� (Kö.) 

Buga yě 

|Ganda yě 

Naro -�iš(e) (B.); ààé, hàé (Ba.) 

|Gwi hàé; haè (Ta.) 

//Gana hàé; haè (Ta.) 

#Haba h��


Number 90 

Proto-West Khoe *jǐ 

Meaning tree 


//Ani yǐ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) yìi; yǐ (Kö.) 

Buga yǐ 

|Ganda yì 

Naro yǐ (V.); hìí (Ba.) 

|Gwi yì; î (Ta.) 

//Gana yì; î (Ta.) 

#Haba yǐ 

Tsaukwe i 


Number 91 

Proto-West Khoe *ka 

Meaning to bite 


Naro k�� (V.); ká (Ba.) 

References Barnard 130. 

Number 92 

Proto-West Khoe *qábà 

Meaning new 


Naro k�ba; k��bá (Ba.) 

|Gwi qábà; kaba (Ta.) 

//Gana qábà; kaba (Ta.) 

35

36 

Notes Cf. also |Gui qábá "new moon". 

References Barnard 118; Tanaka 64; Visser 1998: 130; Vossen 1992: 382, 

386. 

Number 93 

Proto-West Khoe *kabi 

Meaning to turn over 


Naro k�bi "return"; k�b� (V.); kàbí (Ba.) 

#Haba gábì "to turn over" 

Notes The ǂHaba form belongs either here or to PCKH *!nábí "to 

overturn", although there are irregularities in both cases. 

References Barnard 159; Visser 1998: 130; Vossen 498. 

Number 94 

Proto-West Khoe *káí 

Meaning big, many 


Naro káí (V.) 

References Barnard 115; KH; Vossen 445. 

Number 95 

Proto-West Khoe *káó 

Meaning backside 


Kxoe (Hukwe) káó (Kö.) 

Naro káó(-kà) (V.) 

|Gwi káó(-kà); kaoka "backward" (Ta.) 

//Gana kaoka "backward" (Ta.) 

#Haba káò(-kà) 

References Tanaka 9; Vossen 479-480.

Number 96 

Proto-West Khoe *kúrí 

Meaning year 


//Ani kúdí 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kúrí; kúdí (Kö.) 

Buga kúdí 

|Ganda kúdí 

37 

Naro kúdí (V.); kúrí (Ba.) 

|Gwi kúdí; kuri (Ta.) 

//Gana kúdí; kuri (Ta.) 

#Haba kúdí 


Number 97 

Proto-West Khoe *kÚḿ 

Meaning to hear, listen 


//Ani kóḿ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kóm; kóḿ (Kö.) 

Buga kóḿ 

|Ganda kóḿ 

Naro kúḿ (V.) 

|Gwi kuáḿ; kuom (Ta.) 

//Gana kúḿ; kuom (Ta.) 

#Haba kúḿ 

Notes Unclear ua in |Gwi. 


Number 98

Proto-West Khoe *khṍ� 

Meaning to break 


//Ani kh�� 

38 

Naro khṍ� (V.); kṍ� (Ba.) 

|Gwi (?) !kowa (Ta.) 

//Gana kowa (Ta.) 


Number 99 

Proto-West Khoe *khora 

Meaning to spread (flat) 


//Ani khòàdá 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kxòàdá (Kö.) 

Buga khòàdá 

|Ganda khòàdá 

Naro khádà (V.) 

#Haba khádà 


Number 100 

Proto-West Khoe *khǒ 

Meaning skin 


//Ani khǒ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kxòó; kxò (Kö.) 

Buga khǒ 

|Ganda khò 

Naro khò (V.); khòò, kxòò (Ba.) 

|Gwi khô; kô (Ta.) 

//Gana khô; kô (Ta.)

#Haba khô 

Tsaukwe ko 


Number 101 

Proto-West Khoe *khóbò 

Meaning warm (to be) 


//Ani khóbò 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kxóbò 

Buga khóbò 

|Ganda khóbò 

39 

Naro khóbò "to sweat" (V.) 

|Gwi kubu "sweat" (Ta.) 

//Gana kubu "sweat" (Ta.) 


Number 102 

Proto-West Khoe *khóé 

Meaning person 


//Ani khóé 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kxóé; khwe (Bau.); khui "man" (W.) 

Buga khóé 

|Ganda khóé 

Naro khóè (V.); kwe, pl. kwena, kwene, kweane (B.); khùè "person" 

(Ba.) 

|Gwi khóé; kue (Ta.) 

//Gana khóè; kue (Ta.) 

#Haba khóè 

References Barnard 70; Bleek 90, 112; KH; Tanaka 71; Vossen 409.

Number 103 

Proto-West Khoe *kxâ 

Meaning to drink 


//Ani kxʔâ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kxʔáà 

Buga kxʔâ 

|Ganda kxʔâ 

40 

Naro kxʔâ (V.); kxʔáà, kʔáà (Ba.) 

|Gwi kxʔâ; kxxá (Ta.) 

//Gana kxʔâ; kxxá (Ta.) 

#Haba kxʔâ 


Number 104 

Proto-West Khoe *kxàbá 

Meaning calabash, gourd 


Naro kʔàbá, kxʔàbá, ǁaba (Ba.) 


Number 105 

Proto-West Khoe *kxáí 

Meaning face; surface 


//Ani kxʔáí 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kxʔéí (Kö.) 

Naro kxʔéí (V.); kxʔéé, kxʔéí, kxʔáí, ǂkxe (Ba.) 

|Gwi kxʔéí; kxi-osha (Ta.) 

//Gana kxʔáí; kxai-osha (Ta.) 

#Haba kxʔáí


Number 106 

Proto-West Khoe *kxá� 

Meaning to laugh 


//Ani kxʔ�� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kxʔ�� (Kö.) 

Buga kxʔ�� 

|Ganda kxʔ�� 

Naro kxʔ�� (V.) 

41 

|Gwi kxʔ��; !kxáen (Ta.) 

//Gana kxʔ��; kxáen (Ta.) 

#Haba kxʔ�� 

Notes Cf. also Naro !kaa "laugh (intr.)"; ǁkxe "to laugh at" (Ba.). 


Number 107 

Proto-West Khoe *kxáòm 

Meaning right; true 


Naro kxʔáò-m (V.); kʔáù, kxʔáù "right" (Ba.) 

|Gwi kxaom-ǂoe (Ta.) 

//Gana kxaom-ǂoe (Ta.) 


Number 108 

Proto-West Khoe *kxáḿ 

Meaning mouth 


//Ani kxʔáḿ

Kxoe (Hukwe) kxʔáḿ 

Buga kxʔáḿ 

|Ganda kxʔáḿ 

42 

Naro kxʔáḿ (V.); kxʔám, kʔám (Ba.) 

|Gwi kxʔáḿ; kxam (Ta.) 

//Gana kxʔáḿ; kxam (Ta.) 

#Haba kxʔáḿ 


Number 109 

Proto-West Khoe *kx�� 

Meaning vulture 



Kxoe (Hukwe) kxʔ�� (Kö.) 



Naro kxʔãẽ; kxʔ�� (V.); kʔ�� (Ba.) 

|Gwi kxʔ��; kxaen (Ta.) 

//Gana kxʔ��; kxaen (Ta.) 

#Haba kxʔ�� 

References Barnard 43; Tanaka 104; Visser 1998: 134; Vossen 441-42. 

Number 110 

Proto-West Khoe *kxáó 

Meaning arrow 


//Ani kxʔáó 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kxʔao "tip of arrow" (Ha.) 

Buga kxʔáó 

|Ganda kxʔáó 

Naro kxʔáó (V.)

|Gwi kxʔáó; kxao (Ta.) 

//Gana kxʔáó; kxao (Ta.) 

#Haba kxʔáó 

References Barnard 93; Haacke 1997: 183; Tanaka 6; Vossen 475. 

Number 111 

Proto-West Khoe *kxáò 

Meaning man, manly 


//Ani kxʔáò 

43 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kxʔáò; kchaukwe (Sei.) 

Buga kxʔáò 

Naro kxʔáò (V.); kʔáù-khùè (Ba.) 

|Gwi kxʔáò; kxao-kue (Ta.) 

//Gana kxʔáó; kxao-kue (Ta.) 

#Haba kxʔáò 

Tsaukwe kchau kwe 

References Barnard 70; Bleek 96; KH; Tanaka 60; Vossen 465-6. 

Number 112 

Proto-West Khoe *kxárá 

Meaning impala 


//Ani kxʔádá 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kxʔádá (Kö.) 

Buga kxʔádá 

|Ganda kxʔádá 


Number 113 

Proto-West Khoe *kxáú

Meaning bitter 


//Ani kxʔàú 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kxʔéú (Kö.) 

Buga kxʔáú 

|Ganda kxʔáú 

Naro kxʔáú (V.) 

|Gwi ekxau (Ta.) 

//Gana ekxau (Ta.) 

#Haba kxʔáú 

44 


Number 114 

Proto-West Khoe *kx�� 

Meaning liver 



Kxoe (Hukwe) kxʔã�� (Kö.) 



Naro kxʔ��; kxʔ�� (V.); kxʔi, kxʔ�� (Ba.) 

|Gwi kʔ��; !kaèn (Ta.) 

//Gana kʔ��; !kaèn (Ta.) 

#Haba kʔ�� 

References Barnard 67; Tanaka 58; Visser 1998: 134; Vossen 462-63. 

Number 115 

Proto-West Khoe *kx� 

Meaning to cry, sound, weep 


//Ani kxʔ� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kxʔ� (Kö.)

Buga kxʔ� 

|Ganda kxʔé 

45 

Naro kxʔ�í (V.); kxʔáé, kxʔéé (Ba.) 

|Gwi kxʔ�; kxae (Ta.) 

//Gana kxʔê; kxae (Ta.) 

#Haba kxʔáú 


Number 116 

Proto-West Khoe *kxó 

Meaning (to eat) meat 


//Ani kxʔǒ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kxʔó "to eat meat", kxʔó-xò "meat" 

Buga kxʔó 

|Ganda kxʔó 

Naro kxʔó (V.); k"oxo "meat", k"ō "to eat meat" (B.); kʔòò, kxʔòò, 

kʔòxó (Ba.); kʔó, kxʔó "to eat meat" (Ba.) 

|Gwi kxʔô; kò (Ta.) 

//Gana kxʔô; kò (Ta.) 

#Haba kxʔó 

Notes The verbal meaning seems to be primary, with *kxó-xo "meat" 

as the noun derivative. 

References Barnard 69, 137; Bleek 123, 125; KH; Tanaka 31; Vossen 433. 

Number 117 

Proto-West Khoe *kxóà 

Meaning new 


//Ani kxʔóà 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kxʔóa; kxʔoa (Ha.) 

References Haacke 1997: 182; Vossen 471.

Number 118 

Proto-West Khoe *kxúni 

Meaning louse 


//Ani kxʔùní 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kxʔúni 

Buga kxʔúní 

|Gwi kxʔúní 

//Gana kxʔúnì 


Number 119 

Proto-West Khoe *kxúí 

Meaning to speak 


//Ani kxʔùí 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kxʔúí (Kö.) 

Buga kxʔùí 

|Ganda kxʔùí 

46 

Naro kxʔúí (V.); kʔúí, kxʔúí (Ba.) 

|Gwi kxʔúí; kxoi (Ta.) 

//Gana kxʔúí; kxoi (Ta.) 

#Haba kxʔùí 


Number 120 

Proto-West Khoe *kxú� 

Meaning to live 


//Ani kxʔṹ�

Kxoe (Hukwe) kxʔṹ� (Kö.) 

Buga kxʔṹ� 

|Ganda kxʔṹ� 

Naro kxʔṹ� (V.) 

|Gwi kxoyāha (Ta.) 

47 

//Gana kxʔṹ�; kxoyāha (Ta.) 

#Haba kxʔṹ� 


Number 121 

Proto-West Khoe *mâ 

Meaning head 


|Gwi mâ (Ta.) 

//Gana má; mâ (Ta.) 


Number 122 

Proto-West Khoe *mâ (*-�) 



Kxoe (Hukwe) m�ã "distribute, give as present"; m� (Kö.) 

Naro máà; m� (V.); mâ, máà (Ba.) 

|Gwi mâ; má (Ta.) 

//Gana m�; má (Ta.) 

#Haba mâ 

References Barnard 140; KH; Tanaka 41; Visser 45; Vossen 440-41. 

Number 123 

Proto-West Khoe *ma( ŋ ) 

Meaning interr. base


//Ani ma "who?" 

48 

Kxoe (Hukwe) màa-xu "who"; m� "who?" (Kö.) 

Buga ma "who? which?" 

Naro m "what?" (V.) 

|Gwi m� "what?" 

//Gana mâ "what?" 


Number 124 


Meaning to say 


//Ani m� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) m�; m� (Kö.) 

Naro méé; m� (V.); míí, m�� (Ba.) 

|Gwi me (Ta.) 

//Gana me (Ta.) 

#Haba mí 

References Barnard 152; KH; Tanaka 82; Visser 1998: 128; Vossen 480-81. 

Number 125 


Meaning to see 


//Ani m� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) mṹ�; m� (Kö.); mū (W.) 

Buga m� 

Naro móò, bóò; mô (V.); m, múù (Ba.) 

|Gwi m�; mó (Ta.) 

//Gana m�; mó (Ta.) 

#Haba mô


Number 126 

Proto-West Khoe *nV 

Meaning interr. base 


49 

//Ani né "what?", ná "which?" 

Buga ná "which?" 

References Vossen ... 

Number 127 

Proto-West Khoe *óè 

Meaning to answer 


//Ani ʔúè 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ʔóė (Kö.) 

Buga ʔóè 

|Ganda ʔúì 

Naro oe (Ba.) 


Number 128 

Proto-West Khoe *pá 

Meaning to bite 


//Ani pá 

Kxoe (Hukwe) pá 

Buga pá 

|Ganda pá 

|Gwi pá; pâ (Ta.) 

//Gana pá; pâ (Ta.)

50 


Number 129 

Proto-West Khoe *pê 

Meaning to jump 


//Ani pê 

Kxoe (Hukwe) pė (Kö.) 

Buga pê 

|Ganda pê 


Number 130 

Proto-West Khoe *pî 

Meaning breast, milk 


//Ani pî 

Kxoe (Hukwe) pî "milk" (Kö.); bīʔam "id." (W.) 

Buga pî 

|Ganda pî 

Naro bíì; bíì, píì (Ba.) 

|Gwi pî 

//Gana pî "milk" 

#Haba pî 

References Barnard 65, 98; Bleek 16; Tanaka 16; Visser 3; Vossen 469. 

Number 131 

Proto-West Khoe *qǎ 

Meaning to glow, melt 


//Ani qǎ

Buga qǎ 

|Ganda qǎ 


Number 132 

Proto-West Khoe *qà� 

Meaning gall, bile 


//Ani qàḿ 

51 

Kxoe (Hukwe) qàḿ "gall, poison" (Kö.) 

Buga qà� 

|Ganda qà� 

|Gwi kxambe "gall-bladder" (Ta.) 

//Gana qà� 

#Haba qàḿ 


Number 133 

Proto-West Khoe *qan 

Meaning to cover (with sand) 


//Ani qáń 

Kxoe (Hukwe) qàn; qàń "sand" (Kö.) 

|Gwi qàǹ "begraben" 


Number 134 

Proto-West Khoe *qárí 

Meaning good, pleasant 


//Ani qádí

Buga qádí 

|Ganda qádí 

|Gwi qádè 

//Gana qádè 


Number 135 

Proto-West Khoe *qóǹ 

Meaning to stir 


//Ani qóǹ 


Number 136 

Proto-West Khoe *sa 

52 

Meaning 1 to refuse, decline; 2 to miss 


//Ani sâ 1; sá 2 

Kxoe (Hukwe) śá 1, śáà 2; ҫǎ 2 (Kö.) 

Buga sâ 1; sá 2 

|Ganda sâ 1; sâ 2 

//Gana sá 2 

#Haba sá 2 

Notes Different tonal characteristics in Kxoe may suggest that the 

two roots are different, but this is very scarce evidence. 

References KH; Vossen 413, 500-501. 

Number 137 

Proto-West Khoe *sá 

Meaning thou (f.) 

Khoe etymology 132

Ani há( ŋ ) 

Kxoe (Hukwe) h� (Kö.) 

Buga há( ŋ ) 

|Ganda há( ŋ ) 

Naro sá(-sí) (V.) 

|Gwi sí 

//Gana sâ; sáè (Kö.) 

#Haba sâ; sáè (Kö.) 

Notes Totally irregular *s > *h in the Kxoe group. 


Number 138 

Proto-West Khoe *s� 

Meaning to rest 


//Ani s� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ś�; ҫ� (Kö.) 

Buga s� 

|Ganda s� 

Naro s� (V.) 

|Gwi s� 

//Gana s� 

#Haba s� 


Number 139 

Proto-West Khoe *sáḿ 

53 

Meaning breast (female); milk 


|Gwi shàm "milk" (Ta.) 

//Gana sáḿ "breast, milk"; sàm "milk" (Ta.) 

References Tanaka 62; Vossen 438.

Number 140 

Proto-West Khoe *sáò 

Meaning your father 


//Ani sáò 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ҫáò (Kö.) 

Buga sâ 

|Ganda sáò 

Naro sáò (V.) 

//Gana sáò, sáó 

#Haba sô 


Number 141 

Proto-West Khoe *sê 

Meaning to take 


//Ani s� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ś�� 

Buga sê 

|Ganda sê 

Naro séè; sê (V.) 

|Gwi sê; shíe (Ta.) 

//Gana shíe (Ta.) 

#Haba sê 

References Barnard 157; KH; Tanaka 95; Visser 1998: 128; Vossen 471. 

Number 142 

54 

Proto-West Khoe *ca-m (m.), *sa-m (f.), *kha-m (c.) 

Meaning we (dual)


55 

//Ani tsóḿ (m.d.); sóḿ (f.d.); kháḿ (c.d.) 

Kxoe (Hukwe) tҫá� (m.d.); ҫá� (f.d.); khá� (c.d.) (Kö.) 

Buga tsá� (m.d.); yá� (f.d.); khá� (c.d.) 

|Ganda tsá� (m.d.); yá� (f.d.); khá� (c.d.) 

Naro sì-tsáḿ (m.d.); sì-sáḿ (f.d.); sì-kháḿ (c.d.) 

|Gwi ʔí-tsèbè (m.d.); ʔí-sèbè (f.d.); ʔí-khèbè (c.d.) 

//Gana ʔí-tsèbè (m.d.); ʔí-sèbè (f.d.); ʔí-khèbè (c.d.) 

#Haba tsèbè (m.d.); sèbè (f.d.); khèbè (c.d.) 


Number 143 

Proto-West Khoe *sírì 

Meaning your mother 


//Ani sídì 

Kxoe (Hukwe) śíri; ҫídì (Kö.) 

|Ganda sídì 

//Gana sídì 


Number 144 

Proto-West Khoe *so 

Meaning lung 


//Ani só 

Kxoe (Hukwe) śòó(-mà); ҫǒ (Kö.) 

Buga sǒ 

|Ganda sù 

Naro ts�ó (V.); tsoo (Ba.) 

|Gwi só; shoshira (Ta.) 

//Gana sô; shoshira (Ta.)

#Haba só 

56 

Notes Irregular ts- in Nharo. 


Number 145 

Proto-West Khoe *sô 

Meaning to cut (with knife) 


//Ani sô 

Kxoe (Hukwe) śóò; ҫô (Kö.) 

Buga sô 

Naro sô (V.) 

|Gwi sô; shu (Ta.) 

//Gana shu (Ta.) 

#Haba sô 


Number 146 

Proto-West Khoe *só� 

Meaning shade, shadow 


//Ani só� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) śóm; ҫó� (Kö.) 

Buga só� 

|Ganda só� 

Naro sú� (V.) 

|Gwi sóa�; shom (Ta.) 

//Gana só�; som (Ta.) 

#Haba sú� 

References KH; Tanaka 85; Vossen 484.

Number 147 

Proto-West Khoe *sórò 

Meaning iguana 


//Ani sódò 

Kxoe (Hukwe) śórò; ҫódò (Kö.) 

Buga sódò 

|Ganda sódò 

57 

Naro sódò (V.); sórò (Ba.) 

|Gwi sádù 

//Gana sódò 

#Haba sódò 

References Barnard 40; Bleek 182; KH; Vossen 463. 

Number 148 

Proto-West Khoe *súbú 

Meaning to be light (in weight) 


//Ani súbú 

Kxoe (Hukwe) śùbùú 

Buga sùbú 

Naro súbú (V.) 

|Gwi súbú; shubu (Ta.) 

//Gana súbú; shubu (Ta.) 

#Haba súbú 


Number 149 

Proto-West Khoe *súnù 

Meaning to breathe, inhale 


Naro súnù (V.); súnù, sónò (Ba.)

|Gwi súnù 

58 


Number 150 

Proto-West Khoe *tan 

Meaning to stand up, rise 


//Ani tàń 

Kxoe (Hukwe) tàń (Kö.) 

Buga táń 

|Gwi tàń; kyán (Ta.) 

//Gana tán (Ta.) 

#Haba tìń 


Number 151 

Proto-West Khoe *táó 

Meaning to trample 


//Ani tàó 

Kxoe (Hukwe) táó (Kö.) 

Buga táó 

|Ganda táó 

Naro táó (V.); táú (Ba.) 

|Gwi táó 

//Gana táó 

#Haba tíó 


Number 152 

Proto-West Khoe *té

Meaning to stand 


//Ani t� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) t� 

Buga t� 

|Ganda t� 

Naro t� (V.); t� (Ba.) 

59 

|Gwi té; kiè "to be" (Ta.) 

//Gana tê; kiè(na) "to be" (Ta.) 


Number 153 

Proto-West Khoe *tetebe 

Meaning butterfly 


Naro tétébè (V.); tabetabe (Ba.) 

|Gwi kiekebe (Ta.) 

//Gana kiekebe (Ta.) 


Number 154 

Proto-West Khoe *t� 

Meaning thigh 


//Ani t� 

Buga tî "leg" 

|Ganda tî "leg, thigh" 

Naro t��; t� (V.); t�, t� (Ba.) 

|Gwi ky�; kíen (Ta.) 

//Gana k�; kíen (Ta.) 

#Haba t� 

References Barnard 67; Tanaka 97; Visser 1998: 134; Vossen 473.

Number 155 

Proto-West Khoe *ti 

Meaning I, me 


//Ani tí 

Kxoe (Hukwe) tí 

Buga tí 

|Ganda tí 

60 

Naro tíyá, tírá (V.); tí, tírá (Ba.) 

|Gwi tírè; tyírè (Kö.); kere (Ta.) 

//Gana tê; tyíè (Kö.); ke (Ta.) 

#Haba tí; tyírè (Kö.) 

References Barnard 18; Bleek 229; KH; Tanaka 50; Vossen 234, 238, 239, 

etc. 

Number 156 

Proto-West Khoe *tó� 

Meaning to swallow 


//Ani tó� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) tó� (Kö.) 

Buga tó� 

|Ganda tó� 

Naro tó� (V.); tûm (Ba.) 

|Gwi kyom (Ta.) 

//Gana kyom (Ta.) 

#Haba tú� 


Number 157

Proto-West Khoe *tú 

Meaning rain; to rain 


//Ani tú 

Kxoe (Hukwe) tú 

Buga tǔ 

|Ganda tú 

61 

Naro tú (V.); túú, dúú (Ba.) 

|Gwi tú; cuu (Na.); kyū "rain", kyu-ko "cloud" (Ta.) 

//Gana cuu (Na.); kyū "rain", kyu-ko "cloud" (Ta.) 

#Haba tú 

Tsaukwe tu 

Notes Cf. also ǁAni tû "to overflood?" 

References Barnard 33; Bleek 239; KH; Nakagawa 1998: 249; Tanaka 77; 

Vossen 477; Vossen 1986: 334. 

Number 158 

Proto-West Khoe *thàḿ 

Meaning soft 


//Ani thàḿ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) thàḿ (Kö.) 

Buga thàḿ 

|Ganda thàḿ 

Naro thàḿ (V.) 

|Gwi chém (Na.); kyam (Ta.) 

//Gana thám (Na.); tam (Ta.) 

#Haba thá� 

References Nakagawa 1998: 249; Tanaka 89; Vossen 506. 

Number 159 

Proto-West Khoe *tháú

Meaning ashes 


//Ani thàú "flame" 

62 

Kxoe (Hukwe) théú "Feuerschwamm" (Kö.) 

Naro tháú (V.); tóú, táú (Ba.) 

//Gana tháú 

#Haba tháú 


Number 160 

Proto-West Khoe *thǔ 

Meaning night 


//Ani thǔ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) thùú; thǔ (Kö.) 

Buga thǔ 

|Ganda thǔ 


Number 161 

Proto-West Khoe *th� 

Meaning to hurt, ache 


//Ani th� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) th� (Kö.) 

Buga th� 

|Ganda th� 

Naro th� (V.); thṍ� (Ba.); th� (Na.) 

|Gwi th�; ch� (Na.); kyon (Ta.) 

//Gana ch� (Na.); kyon (Ta.) 

#Haba th� 

References Barnard 129; Nakagawa 1998:249; Tanaka 2; Vossen 485.

Number 162 

Proto-West Khoe *thùí 

Meaning wound 


Kxoe (Hukwe) thùí (Kö.) 

Buga thùí 

|Ganda thùí 

|Gwi thùí; kyui (Ta.) 

//Gana thúí; kyui (Ta.) 

#Haba thúí 

63 


Number 163 

Proto-West Khoe *thùrú 

Meaning to skin, plume, shed skin (of snake) 


//Ani thùdú 

Kxoe (Hukwe) thùdú (Kö.) 

Buga thùdú 

|Ganda thùdú 

Naro thùdú (V.); thuru "shed skin" (Ba.) 

#Haba thúdú 


Number 164 

Proto-West Khoe *tʔǎ 

Meaning to cut (with axe) 


//Ani tʔá "schnitzen" 

Buga tʔǎ

|Ganda tʔá 

64 

References Vossen 487; Vossen 1986: 334. 

Number 165 

Proto-West Khoe *tʔ�r� 

Meaning to be rotten; lazy 


//Ani tʔ�d� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) tʔ�d� (Kö.) 

Buga tʔ�d� 

|Ganda tʔédé 


Number 166 

Proto-West Khoe *tʔÚ[i]ǹ 

Meaning good, pretty 


//Ani tʔṹ� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) tʔóǹ; tʔóṅ (Kö.) 

Buga tʔṹ� 

|Ganda tʔóǹ 

Naro tʔú� (Ba.); tʔõ� (Na.) 

|Gwi cʔ�ẽ (Na.); ekyuen (Ta.) 

//Gana tʔṹ�; cʔ�ẽ (Na.); ekyuen (Ta.) 

References Barnard 116; KH; Nakagawa 1998: 249; Tanaka 41; Vossen 

445-46. 

Number 167 

Proto-West Khoe *tě( ŋ ) 

Meaning bow 


Ani t� 

65 

Kxoe (Hukwe) t� (Kö.); de, dẽĩ (W.) 

Buga tê 

|Ganda t� 

Naro t� (V.); dẽ� (Ba.) 

|Gwi kiéi (Ta.) 

//Gana té; kié (Ta.) 


Number 168 

Proto-West Khoe *tòé 

Meaning to move away, move out, fly 


//Ani tòé 

Kxoe (Hukwe) toé "move away, migrate"; tòé (Kö.) 

Buga tòé 

Naro tóè (V.) 

|Gwi kyue "move" (Ta.) 

//Gana túè; kyue "move" (Ta.) 

#Haba túè 


Number 169 

Proto-West Khoe *x�� 

Meaning to swell 


//Ani x�� 

Buga x�� 

Naro x�� (V.); x�� (Ba.) 

|Gwi x�� 

//Gana x�� 

#Haba x��

66 


Number 170 

Proto-West Khoe *xàḿ 

Meaning lion 


//Ani xàḿ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) xàḿ (Kö.) 

Buga xàḿ 

|Ganda xàḿ 

Naro xàḿ (V.); xǎm (Ba.) 

|Gwi xá�; hxam (Ta.) 

//Gana xáḿ; hxam (Ta.) 

#Haba xáḿ 


Number 171 

Proto-West Khoe *xéi 

Meaning kudu 


Naro xaì; xéi, xhi (Ba.) 

References Barnard 39; Visser 1998: 129. 

Number 172 

Proto-West Khoe *xóḿ 

Meaning ground, soil, sand 


//Ani xóḿ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) xóḿ; xŭm (W.) 

Buga xóḿ 

|Ganda xóḿ

67 

Naro xóḿ (V.); xóm, xúm (Ba.) 

|Gwi xóám; hxom "sand, soil" (Ta.) 

//Gana xóḿ; hxom "sand, soil" (Ta.) 

#Haba xóḿ 

Tsaukwe chum "sand" 

References Barnard 34; Bleek 63, 261; Tanaka 89; Vossen 426. 

Number 173 

Proto-West Khoe *xu 

Meaning thing 


//Ani xû 

Kxoe (Hukwe) xú (Kö.) 

Buga xú 

|Ganda xú 

Naro xû (V.); xû, xúù (Ba.) 

|Gwi xû; hoze "things" (Ta.) 

//Gana xú; hoze "things" (Ta.) 

#Haba xû 


Number 174 

Proto-West Khoe *xú 

Meaning to leave behind 


//Ani xú 

Kxoe (Hukwe) xǔ (Kö.) 

Buga xǔ 

|Ganda xù 

Naro xú (V.); xó (Ba.) 

|Gwi ho (Ta.) 

//Gana ho (Ta.)

#Haba xú 


Number 175 

Proto-West Khoe *xúnì 

68 

Meaning to blow the nose; snot, mucus 


//Ani xúnì 

Buga xúnì 

Naro xúnì (V.) 

|Gwi hone "blow oneʔs nose" (Ta.) 

//Gana hone "blow oneʔs nose" (Ta.) 

#Haba xúnì 


Number 176 

Proto-West Khoe *ʒàrá 

Meaning bird 


//Ani ʒàdá 

Kxoe (Hukwe) djaárá; djǎdȧ (Kö.) 

Buga ʒàdá 

|Ganda ʒádá 

Naro tsàrá, dzàrá (Ba.) 

|Gwi ʒádá; zera (Ta.) 

//Gana ʒádà; zera (Ta.) 

#Haba ʒàdá 


Number 177 

Proto-West Khoe *ʒỼró

Meaning to gather 


//Ani ʒódó 

Kxoe (Hukwe) djòdǒ (Kö.) 

Buga ʒòdó 

|Ganda ʒòdò 

Naro zàro; ʒàdó (V.) 

//Gana ʒèrò 

#Haba ʒòdó 

References Visser 120; Vossen 417; Vossen 1998: 294. 

Number 178 

Proto-West Khoe *ʒau 

Meaning omen 


69 

Kxoe (Hukwe) djèú "good omen" (Kö.) 

Buga ʒàú 

|Ganda ʒàù 

Naro zàu; ʒàú (V.) 

#Haba ʒàú 

References Visser 120; Vossen 504. 

Number 179 

Proto-West Khoe *ʒ� 

Meaning foot 


//Ani ʒê "Zehe" (?) 

Buga ʒ� 


Number 180

Proto-West Khoe *ʒìrí 

Meaning monkey 


//Ani ʒìdí 

Kxoe (Hukwe) djídi� (Kö.) 

Buga ʒídí 

|Ganda ʒídì 

Naro zìrí; ʒìdí (V.) 

|Gwi ʒìdí 

//Gana ʒìdí 

#Haba ʒìdí 

70 


Number 181 

Proto-West Khoe *ʒóá 

Meaning dagga 


//Ani ʒóà 

Kxoe (Hukwe) djóá (Kö.) 

Buga ʒóá 

|Ganda ʒóá 

#Haba ʒóá 


Number 182 

Proto-West Khoe *|á 

Meaning to skin 


//Ani |á 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |á (Kö.) 

Buga |á 

|Ganda |á


Number 183 

Proto-West Khoe *|ábá 

Meaning headwear, cap 


//Ani |ábá 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |ábá (Kö.) 

|Ganda |ábá 

71 

Naro |ábá; g|aba, |kábá (Ba.) 

|Gwi |ábá; |aba (Ta.) 

//Gana |ábá; |aba (Ta.) 

#Haba |ábá 

References Barnard 101; Tanaka 44; Visser 4; Vossen 459. 

Number 184 

Proto-West Khoe *|ábà 

Meaning to mature 


Kxoe (Hukwe) |ǎbá (Kö.) 

|Ganda |ábà 


Number 185 

Proto-West Khoe *|áḿ 

Meaning sun, day 


//Ani |áḿ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |ám; |áḿ (Kö.) 

Buga |áḿ 

|Ganda |áḿ

72 

Naro |áḿ; |kám, |ám (Ba.) 

|Gwi |áḿ; |àm (Ta.) 

//Gana |áḿ; |àm (Ta.) 

#Haba |áḿ 

References Barnard 33; KH; Tanaka 93; Visser 5; Vossen 492. 

Number 186 

Proto-West Khoe *|á� 

Meaning two 


//Ani |á� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |á� 

Buga |á� 

|Ganda |á� 

Naro |á�; |kâm, |âm (Ba.) 

|Gwi |á�; |ám (Ta.) 

//Gana |á�; |ám (Ta.) 

#Haba |á� 


Number 187 

Proto-West Khoe *|áò 

Meaning buffalo 


//Ani |áò 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |áò (Kö.) 

Buga |áò 

|Ganda |áò 

Naro |áò; |kau (Ba.) 

|Gwi |áò 

//Gana |áò 

#Haba |áò

73 

References Barnard 39; Visser 5; Vossen 427. 

Number 188 

Proto-West Khoe *|é 

Meaning gnu 


//Ani |é 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |é (Kö.) 

Buga |é 

|Ganda |é 

Naro |�; |é (V.) 

|Gwi |è: (Ta.) 

//Gana |é; |è: (Ta.) 

#Haba |é 

Tsaukwe |ge 


Number 189 

Proto-West Khoe *|í 

Meaning to sing, dance 


//Ani |í 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |í (Kö.) 

Buga |í 

|Ganda |í 

Naro |ii; |í (V.) 

|Gwi |í 

//Gana |ī "song" (Ta.) 

#Haba |í 

References Barnard 135; Tanaka 90; Visser 11; Vossen 491.

Number 190 

Proto-West Khoe *|ǐ 

Meaning aardwolf 


Kxoe (Hukwe) |ǐ (Kö.) 

Buga |ǐ 

|Ganda |ì 

Naro |ìi; |ǐ (V.); g|ì~|ǐ~|ii (Ba.); |gība (Sh.) 

|Gwi |ī (Ta.) 

//Gana |ī (Ta.) 

#Haba |ǐ 


Number 191 

Proto-West Khoe *|ô 

Meaning to obtain, receive 


//Gana |ô 

#Haba |ô 


Number 192 

Proto-West Khoe *|ṍ� 

Meaning child 


//Ani |ṍ� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |ṍ� (Kö.) 

Buga |ṍ� 

|Ganda |ṍ� 

Naro |ṍ� (V.); |kúá, |úá, |kṹ�, |ṹ� (Ba.) 

|Gwi |ṍ�; |owa (Ta.) 

//Gana |ṍ�; |owa (Ta.) 

74

#Haba |ṍ� 


Number 193 

Proto-West Khoe *|oba 

Meaning python 


//Ani |oàbá 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |oàbǎ (Kö.) 

Buga |oàbá 

|Ganda |oábà 

75 

Naro |oàbá (V.); |ùàbá (Ba.) 

|Gwi |úmà; |onma (Ta.) 

//Gana |ómà; |onma (Ta.) 

#Haba |òbá 

Notes Irregular -m- in some languages. 


Number 194 

Proto-West Khoe *|Úḿ 

Meaning to suck 


//Ani |óḿ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |óḿ (Kö.) 

Buga |úḿ 

|Ganda |óḿ 

Naro |úḿ (V.); |kúm (Ba.) 

|Gwi |óáḿ; tsom (Ta.) 

//Gana |ó�; tsom (Ta.) 

Notes Vocalism not quite clear. 


Number 195 

Proto-West Khoe *|û 

Meaning near (to be) 


//Ani |û 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |úù; |û (Kö.) 

Buga |û 

|Ganda |û 

76 

Naro |û (V.); |kuu, |uu (Ba.) 

|Gwi |û; |u(ka) (Ta.) 

//Gana |û; |u(ka) (Ta.) 

#Haba |û 


Number 196 

Proto-West Khoe *|ú 

Meaning other 


//Ani |úí 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |ú (Kö.) 

Buga |ú 

|Gwi |úí 

#Haba |ú 


Number 197 

Proto-West Khoe *|úí 

Meaning one 


//Ani |úí 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |úí; |guixa (W.)

Buga |úí 

|Ganda |úí 

77 

Naro |úí (V.); |kúí, |úí (Ba.) 

|Gwi |úí; |wi (Ta.) 

//Gana |úí; |wi (Ta.) 

#Haba |úí 


Number 198 

Proto-West Khoe *|um 

Meaning navel 


Naro |ù� (V.) 

|Gwi |òm (Ta.) 

//Gana |òm (Ta.) 

#Haba |ùḿ 


Number 199 

Proto-West Khoe *|ʔé 

Meaning fire 


//Ani |ʔě 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |ʔé 

Buga |ʔě 

|Ganda |ʔé 

Naro |ʔee; |ʔé (V.); |éé (Ba.) 

|Gwi |ʔé; |ē (Ta.) 

//Gana |ʔê; |ē (Ta.) 

#Haba |ʔé 

References Barnard 109; KH; Tanaka 36; Visser 1998: 128; Vossen 435.

Number 200 

Proto-West Khoe *|ʔá� 

Meaning to whisper 


//Ani |ʔá� 

Buga |ʔá� 

Naro |ʔá� (V.) 

//Gana |ʔá� 

#Haba |ʔá� 

78 


Number 201 

Proto-West Khoe *|ʔáò 

Meaning blood 


//Ani |ʔáò 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |ʔáò 

Buga |ʔáò 

|Ganda |ʔáò 

Naro |ʔáò; |áù, |ʔáò (Ba.) 

|Gwi |ʔáò; |áo (Ta.) 

//Gana |ʔáò; |áo (Ta.) 

#Haba |ʔáò 


Number 202 

Proto-West Khoe *|ʔô 

Meaning dry; barren 


Naro |ʔô (V.) 

References Vossen 497-498.

Number 203 

Proto-West Khoe *|ʔṍ� 

Meaning bone 


//Ani |ʔṍ� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |ʔõ�; |ʔȯ�ã� (Kö.) 

Buga |ʔṍ� 

|Ganda |ʔ�� 

Naro |ʔṍ� (V.); |ṍ�, |ʔṍ� "bone; leg" (Ba.) 

|Gwi |ʔṍ�; ǂowa (Ta.) 

//Gana |ʔṍ�; ǂowa (Ta.) 

#Haba |ʔṍ� 


Number 204 

Proto-West Khoe *|ʔ� 

Meaning hair, feather 


//Ani |ʔ� 

79 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |ʔṹ; |ʔ� (Kö.); ǂun (W.) 

Buga |ʔ� 

|Ganda |ʔ� 

Naro |ʔ� (V.); |ṍ�, |ṹ� (Ba.) 

|Gwi |ʔ� 

//Gana |ʔ� 

#Haba |ʔ� 

Tsaukwe ǂūng 


Number 205

Proto-West Khoe *|ʔúì 

Meaning affine 


//Ani |ʔúì 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |ʔúì (Kö.) 

Buga |ʔúì 

|Ganda |ʔúì 

80 

Naro |ʔúì (V.); |ui, |kui (Ba.) 

|Gwi |ʔúì 

//Gana |ʔúí 

#Haba |ʔúí 


Number 206 

Proto-West Khoe *|ʔúrù 

Meaning to forget 


//Ani |ʔúdù 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |ʔúd� (Kö.) 

Buga |ʔúdù 

|Ganda |ʔúdù 

Naro |ʔúdù (V.); |úru, |ʔúru (Ba.) 

|Gwi |ʔúdú; |uru (Ta.) 

//Gana |ʔúdù; |uru (Ta.) 

#Haba |ʔúdù 

Notes ?Cf. also Naro |ú, |úú id. (archaic form?). 


Number 207 

Proto-West Khoe *�àná 

Meaning leaf 


Ani �� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ��; �� (Kö.) 

|Ganda �� 

Naro g|ana (Ba.) 

81 

|Gwi d�na, ʒ�na (Na.); dana (Ta.) 

//Gana �ánà; d�na (Na.); dana (Ta.) 

References Barnard 47; KH; Nakagawa 1998: 249; Tanaka 56; Vossen 

424-5. 

Number 208 

Proto-West Khoe *�àró 

Meaning ostrich 


//Ani �ádò 

Kxoe (Hukwe) �àdǒ (Kö.); |gărō (W.) 

Buga �àdò 

|Ganda �àdò 

Naro �àdó (V.); g|àró (Ba.) 

|Gwi �ádó; ngǂaru (Ta.) 

//Gana �ádú; ngǂaru (Ta.) 

#Haba �àdó 

Tsaukwe $garu 


Number 209 

Proto-West Khoe *�ini 

Meaning fly (n.) 


//Ani �àní 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |íni� (Kö.) 

Buga �íní 

|Ganda �ínì

82 

Naro �ìní (V.); g|èní (Ba.) 

|Gwi �ínì; g|ene (Ta.) 

//Gana �ínì; g|ene (Ta.) 

#Haba �ìní 

Notes Unclear -a- in ǁAni. 


Number 210 

Proto-West Khoe *|íri 

Meaning fox 


Naro |írí "jackal"; |ídí "fox" (V.); |kiri-b "jackal" (Ha.) 

#Haba |ídè "fox" 

References Barnard 38; Haacke 1997: 172; Visser 11; Vossen 439. 

Number 211 

Proto-West Khoe *�òḿ 

Meaning to pull out 


//Ani �òḿ 


Number 212 

Proto-West Khoe *�ùí 

Meaning bushland 


//Ani �ùí (?) 

Kxoe (Hukwe) �ùí (Kö.) 

Buga �ùí 

|Ganda �ùí 

Naro �ùí "forest" (V.)

#Haba �ùí 


Number 213 

Proto-West Khoe *|hàbí 

Meaning wound, injury 


83 

Naro |hìbi "problem; sore"; |hàbí (Ba.) 

References Visser 10; Barnard 87. 

Number 214 

Proto-West Khoe *|hǐ 

Meaning black rhinoceros 


//Ani |hǐ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |hí (Kö.) 

Buga |hǐ 

|Ganda |hí 

Naro |híí; |hí (V.) 

#Haba |hí 


Number 215 

Proto-West Khoe *|(h)ó 

Meaning white 


Naro |óó "cloud; dawn; white, of Europeans" (V.) 

|Gwi |ôbe (Ta.) 

//Gana |ôbe (Ta.) 

References Barnard 32, 121; Tanaka 107.

Number 216 

Proto-West Khoe *|xá 

Meaning muscle; body 


//Ani |xá 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |xá (Kö.) 

Buga |xá "biceps" 

Naro |xàa 

|Gwi |xá; |ká (Ta.) 

//Gana |xâ; |ká (Ta.) 

84 

References Tanaka 63; Visser 6; Vossen 468. 

Number 217 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxabi 

Meaning ostrich eggshell 


Naro ǁkabi, ǁobi (B.); |kʔabi (Ba.) 

References Barnard 97; Bleek 549, 625. 

Number 218 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxáé 

Meaning to fall 


//Ani |xʔáé 

Buga |xʔáé 

|Ganda |xʔáé 

Naro |xʔáé; |káí (Ba.) 

|Gwi |xʔ�; !taè (Ta.) 

//Gana |xʔáé; !tei (Ta.) 

#Haba |xʔáé 

References Barnard 138; Tanaka 34; Visser 8; Vossen 434.

Number 219 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxam 

Meaning beadwork 


Naro |kʔam (Ba.) 

//Gana kxam (Ta.) 

85 


Number 220 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxáǹi 

Meaning bad 


//Ani |xʔáǹ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |xʔáǹ (Kö.) 

Buga |xʔ�� 

|Ganda |xʔ�� 

Naro |xʔã�; |xʔ�� (V.) 

|Gwi |xʔáǹ; e|an (Ta.) 

//Gana |xʔáǹ; e|an (Ta.) 

#Haba |xʔáǹ 

References Tanaka 9; Visser 8; Vossen 485. 

Number 221 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxáó 

Meaning snake 


Naro |xʔao; |xʔáó (V.); |kóú, |óú (Ba.) 

|Gwi |xʔáú; |áo (Ta.) 

//Gana |xʔáó; |áo (Ta.) 

#Haba |xʔáò


Number 222 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxáré 

Meaning small (to be) 


Naro |xʔáré; |xʔádé (V.); |xáré, |xááré (Ba.) 

|Gwi |xʔádé; |are (Ta.) 

//Gana |are (Ta.) 

#Haba |xʔádé 


Number 223 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxóé 

Meaning to be full 


//Ani |xʔó� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |xʔó� 

Buga |xʔó� 

|Ganda |xʔó� 

Naro |xʔoè; |xʔóé (V.); |kuéé-ká, |xúé (Ba.) 

|Gwi |xʔó�; |óe (Ta.) 

//Gana |xʔòè; |óe (Ta.) 

#Haba |xʔóè 


Number 224 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxóǹ 

Meaning name 


//Ani |xʔóǹ 

86

87 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |xʔón; |xʔóṅ (Kö.) 

Buga |xʔṹ� 

|Ganda |xʔṹ� 

Naro |xʔõ�; |xʔṹ� (V.); |�kũĩ, |kũẽa (Ba.) 

|Gwi |xʔoàǹ; |uoñ (Ta.) 

//Gana |xʔóǹ; |uoñ (Ta.) 

#Haba |xʔúǹ 

References Barnard 76; KH; Tanaka 64; Visser 9; Vossen 470-1. 

Number 225 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxṹ 

Meaning to kill 


//Ani |xʔ� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |xʔṹ 

Buga |xʔṹ 

|Ganda |xʔ� 

Naro |xʔõ; |xʔṹ (V.); |kṹ (Ba.) 

|Gwi |xʔṹ; |oñ (Ta.) 

//Gana |xʔṹ; |oñ (Ta.) 

#Haba |xʔṹ 


Number 226 

Proto-West Khoe *�ou 

Meaning to sweep 


Naro n|ou (Ba.) 


Number 227

Proto-West Khoe *�am 

Meaning to love 


Buga �ná� 

|Ganda �ná� 

Naro �nà� (V.) 

|Gwi �àḿ 


Number 228 

Proto-West Khoe *�ámì 

88 

Meaning to throw (in the air) 


Naro �námí (V.) 

//Gana �ímé 

#Haba �nímì 


Number 229 

Proto-West Khoe *�� 

Meaning duiker 


Naro �náù (V.); n|ãũ, n|áù, n|ou (Ba.) 

#Haba �n�� 


Number 230 

Proto-West Khoe *�é 

Meaning this 


//Ani �né "this", �né-tè "that"

Kxoe (Hukwe) �èʔé; �né (Kö.) 

89 

Buga �né "this", �ne-hȧ "that" 

Naro �né "this" (V.) 

|Gwi �né; �nè-si-h� "that" 

//Gana �né 

#Haba �né 

References KH; Vossen 251, 252, 253, 254, 255. 

Number 231 


Meaning some, other 


Kxoe (Hukwe) �n� "that (on the other side)" (Kö.) 


Number 232 

Proto-West Khoe *�óá 

Meaning to cook 


Kxoe (Hukwe) �óá (Kö.) 

Buga �óá 

|Ganda �óá 

|Gwi n|ua (Ta.) 

//Gana n|ua (Ta.) 


Number 233 

Proto-West Khoe *�òá 

Meaning red, brown 


//Ani �nòá

Kxoe (Hukwe) |oá 

Buga �óá 

90 

Naro �n�� (V.); n|ùà (Ba.) 

|Gwi �òà; n|ua (Ta.) 

//Gana �nóà; n|ua (Ta.) 



Number 234 

Proto-West Khoe *�u 

Meaning leg 


//Ani �nû 

Kxoe (Hukwe) �u (Kö.) 

Buga �ú 

|Ganda �ú 

//Gana �nú 


Number 235 

Proto-West Khoe *�u- 

Meaning hyaena 


Naro n|ú-tshùà "brown hyaena" (V.); n|ú-tsà (Ba.) 

|Gwi n|ûtsa (Ta.) 

//Gana n|ûtsa (Ta.) 


Number 236 


Meaning war


//Ani �n� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |g� (Kö.) (?) 

Naro �n� (V.) 

|Gwi �n� 

//Gana �� 

#Haba �nǔ 


Number 237 

Proto-West Khoe *�úè 

Meaning digging stick 


//Ani �nùí 

91 

Naro �núè (V.); n|úèè (Ba.) 

|Gwi �núè; n|ue (Ta.) 

//Gana n|ue (Ta.) 

#Haba �núè 


Number 238 

Proto-West Khoe *�ûm 

Meaning beard 


Naro n|ûm 


Number 239 

Proto-West Khoe *�ha 

Meaning belly, stomach 


Ani �nǎ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |aá; |ǎ (Kö.) 

Buga |á 

|Ganda |à 

92 

Naro �nâ (V.); n|áà (Ba.) 

|Gwi �nâ; nǂâ (Ta.) 

//Gana �nâ; nǂâ (Ta.) 

#Haba �nà 

References Barnard 64, 68; KH; Tanaka 12; Vossen 419. 

Number 240 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁáé 

Meaning to chew 


Naro ǁáé (V.); ǁkáí, ǁáí (Ba.) 


Number 241 

Proto-West Khoe *|xáì 

Meaning to spray 


//Ani |xáì 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |xéì (Kö.) 

Buga |xáì 

|Ganda |xáì 

Naro |xáì (V.) 

#Haba |xáì 


Number 242 

Proto-West Khoe *|xáḿ

Meaning urine, to urinate 


//Ani |xáḿ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |xàḿ (Kö.) 

Buga |xáḿ 

|Ganda |xáḿ 

93 

Naro |xáḿ (V.); |xám, |kám (Ba.) 

|Gwi |xáḿ; |am (Ta.) 

//Gana |xáḿ; |am (Ta.) 

#Haba |xáḿ 


Number 243 

Proto-West Khoe *|xání 

Meaning guinea-fowl 


Naro |xáné; |káné (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǁkani (Ta.) 

//Gana ǁkane (Ta.) 

References Barnard 43; Tanaka 43; Visser 6. 

Number 244 

Proto-West Khoe *|xánì 

Meaning star 


//Ani |xání 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |xáni; |xáni� "Perlhuhn" (Kö.) 

Buga |xánì 

|Ganda |xánì 

References KH; Vossen 496.

Number 245 

Proto-West Khoe *|xô 

Meaning gemsbok 


Naro |xóò; |xô (Ba.) 

|Gwi |ó (Ta.) 

//Gana |ó (Ta.) 

94 


Number 246 

Proto-West Khoe *|xú 

Meaning divination, fortune; divining bones 


//Ani |xú 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |xú (Kö.) 

Buga |xǔ "Knochen zum Wahrsagen" 

|Ganda |xú 

Naro |xúú; |xú (V.) 

#Haba |xú 

References Barnard 85; Visser 8; Vossen 474. 

Number 247 

Proto-West Khoe *|xuru 

Meaning to tremble, freeze 


//Ani |xúdú 

Buga |xòdú 

|Ganda |xòdú 

Naro |xùru; |xùdú (V.) 

|Gwi |xódù 

//Gana |xúdù; |uri (Ta.) 

#Haba |xúdù

95 


Number 248 

Proto-West Khoe *|xúí 

Meaning to curse 


//Ani |xúí 

Buga |xùí 

Naro |xúí (V.) 

|Gwi |xúí 


Number 249 

Proto-West Khoe *|xú� 

Meaning to vomit 


//Ani |xṹ� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |xṹ� (Kö.) 

Buga |xṹ� 

|Ganda |xṹ� 

Naro |xõ�; |xṹ� (V.); |kũ� (Ba.) 

|Gwi |xṹ�; |oen (Ta.) 

//Gana |xṹ�; |oen (Ta.) 

#Haba |xṹ� 


Number 250 

Proto-West Khoe *|xúrí 

Meaning to be careful, cunning 


//Ani |xúdí

Kxoe (Hukwe) |xúdí (Kö.) 

Buga |xùdí 

|Ganda |xùdí 


Number 251 

Proto-West Khoe *|xúrí 

Meaning seed 


//Ani |xúdí 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |xùí (?) 

Buga |xùí (?) 

96 

Naro |xùri; |xùdí (V.); |xò(ò)re (Ba.) 

|Gwi |xúdí; |ori (Ta.) 

//Gana |xúdí; |ori (Ta.) 

#Haba |xúdí 


Number 252 

Proto-West Khoe *|ua[ ŋ ] (*|x-) 

Meaning rocky place 


Naro |kú� (Ba.) 


Number 253 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂ(ʔ)a[-ba] 

Meaning open (of terrain) 


Naro ǂaba, ǂa "(open) valley" (Ba.) 

References Barnard 35.

Number 254 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂ� 

Meaning to enter 


//Ani ǂ� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂ� (Kö.) 

Buga ǂ� 

|Ganda ǂ� 

97 

Naro ǂ� (V.); ǂ�, ǂk� (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǂ�; !tan (Ta.) 

//Gana ǂ�; !tan (Ta.) 

#Haba ǂ� 


Number 255 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂáó 

Meaning heart 


//Ani ǂáó 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂáó 

Buga ǂáò 

|Ganda ǂáó 

Naro ǂáó (V.); ǂáó, ǂáú (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǂáó; !tao (Ta.) 

//Gana ǂáó; !tao (Ta.) 

#Haba ǂáó 


Number 256 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂárà

Meaning friend, comrade 


//Ani ǂádà 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂádà (Kö.) 

Buga ǂádà 

|Ganda ǂádà 

98 

Naro ǂádà (V.); |kára, |ára (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǂédà; !tarama (Ta.) 

//Gana karām (Ta.) 

#Haba ǂádà 


Number 257 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂáú 

Meaning a k. of vessel 


//Ani ǂáú 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂéú "Schüssel" (Kö.) 

Buga ǂáú 

|Ganda ǂáù 

Naro ǂáú (V.) 

#Haba ǂáú 


Number 258 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂé 

Meaning ear 


//Ani ǂé 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂé 

Buga ǂê 

|Ganda ǂé

99 

Naro ǂé (V.); ǂkéé, ǂxéé (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǂê; ǂkei (Ta.) 

//Gana ǂê; ǂkei (Ta.) 

#Haba ǂé 

Tsaukwe |ke 


Number 259 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂí 

Meaning to call 


//Ani ǂí 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂí (Kö.) 

Buga ǂí 

|Ganda ǂí 

Naro ǂí (V.); ǂii (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǂí; !ti (Ta.) 

//Gana !ti (Ta.) 

#Haba ǂí 


Number 260 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂi 

Meaning to be ill 


Naro ǂì (V.) 

#Haba ǂî 


Number 261 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂímí (*-a-?)

Meaning caracal 


100 

Naro ǂímí (V.); ǂámi, ǂáme (Ba.) 

|Gwi !teme (Ta.) 

//Gana !teme (Ta.) 


Number 262 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂ(h)o 

Meaning placenta 


//Ani �nǒ (?) 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂŏ (Kö.) 

Buga ǂô 

|Ganda ǂò 

Naro ǂhò (V.) 

|Gwi ǂhǒ (?) 

#Haba ǂhǒ (?) 


Number 263 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂónà 

Meaning crocodile 


Naro ǂ��n� (V.) 

//Gana ǂoánà 

#Haba ǂ�n� 


Number 264 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂú

Meaning head 


//Ani ǂú 

101 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂú; |gu (Sei.); |gū (W.) 

Buga ǂú 

|Ganda ǂú 

Naro ǂú (V.); !kuu, !uu, ǂú (Ba.) 

Tsaukwe |gu 


Number 265 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂṹ 

Meaning to roast 


//Ani ǂṹ 

Buga ǂṹ 

|Ganda ǂṹ 

Naro ǂṹ (V.); ǂku (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǂ�; !ton "to roast in hot ash" (Ta.) 

//Gana !ton "to roast in hot ash" (Ta.) 

#Haba ǂ� 


Number 266 


Meaning to buy 


//Ani ǂ� 

Buga ǂ� 

|Ganda ǂ� 

|Gwi !ton (Ta.) 


Number 267 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂúì 

Meaning nose 


//Ani ǂúì 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂúi; ǂgui (W.) 

Buga ǂúì 

|Ganda ǂúì 

102 

Naro ǂúí (V.); ǂkúíí, ǂkúéé, ǂúí (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǂúì; !tui (Ta.) 

//Gana �úì; !tui (Ta.) 

#Haba ǂúí 


Number 268 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂʔâ 

Meaning reed 


//Ani ǂʔâ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂʔâ (Kö.) 

Buga ǂʔâ 

|Ganda ǂʔâ 

Naro ǂʔâ (V.); ǂa, ǂaa "arrow" (Ba.) 

#Haba ǂʔâ 

Tsaukwe ǂa "arrow" 

References Barnard 93; Bleek 640; Vossen 478. 

Number 269 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂʔá� 

Meaning upper side


//Ani ǂʔà� 

103 

Kxoe (Hukwe) �ú-ǂʔà� "hill, slope, mountain"; ǂʔà� (Kö.) 

Buga ǂʔá� 

|Ganda ǂʔá� 

Naro ǂʔáḿ (V.) 

|Gwi ǂʔá�(-kà); ǂámkara "over" (Ta.) 

//Gana ǂʔáḿ; ǂámkara "over" (Ta.) 

#Haba ǂʔá� 


Number 270 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂʔáǹ 

Meaning to know, think 


Naro ǂãna (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǂʔáǹ; !anāha (Ta.) 

//Gana ǂʔáǹ; anāha (Ta.) 

#Haba ǂʔáǹ 


Number 271 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂa 

Meaning topside 


Buga tshàú-ǂáá-ʔò "palm of hand" 

References Vossen 1998: 295. 

Number 272 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂʔ� 

Meaning wind


//Ani ǂʔ� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂʔ� 

Buga ǂʔ� 

|Ganda ǂʔ� 

104 

Naro ǂʔ� (V.); ǂaba (B.); ǂãã (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǂʔ�; !ā (Ta.) 

//Gana ǂʔ�; !ā (Ta.) 

#Haba ǂʔ� 

Tsaukwe ǂa 


Number 273 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂʔǒ 

Meaning narrow 


//Ani ǂʔǒ 


Number 274 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂʔô 

Meaning a k. of tree (Combretum imberbe) 


//Ani ǂʔô 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂʔô (Kö.) 

Buga ǂʔô 

|Ganda ǂʔô 

Naro ǂʔô (V.) 

|Gwi ǂʔô 

//Gana ǂʔô 

#Haba ǂʔô 

References Vossen 420.

Number 275 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂʔóà 

Meaning to ask 


//Ani ǂʔóà 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂʔȯȧ (Kö.) 

Buga ǂʔóà 

|Ganda ǂʔóà 

|Gwi ǂʔóá; !oa (Ta.) 

//Gana ǂʔóá; !oa (Ta.) 

#Haba ǂʔóá 

105 


Number 276 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂʔó� 

Meaning baobab 


//Ani ǂʔó� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂʔó� (Kö.) 

Buga ǂʔó� 

|Ganda ǂʔó� 


Number 277 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂʔṹ 

Meaning to eat (not meat) 


//Ani ǂʔṹ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂʔṹ 

Buga ǂʔ�

|Ganda ǂʔṹ 

106 

Naro ǂʔṹ (V.); ǂʔṹ, ǂʔṍ (Ba.) 

|Gwi !ón (Ta.) 

//Gana ǂʔṹ; !ón (Ta.) 

#Haba ǂʔṹ 

References Barnard 137, 148; KH; Tanaka 31; Vossen 433. 

Number 278 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂʔúbí 

Meaning egg; testicle 


//Ani ǂʔúbí 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂʔúbí 

Buga ǂʔúbí 

Naro ǂʔúbí (V.); ǂobi, ǂùbì (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǂʔúbí; |ubi (Ta.) 

//Gana ǂʔúbí; |ubi (Ta.) 

#Haba ǂʔúbí 


Number 279 

Proto-West Khoe *�aú 

Meaning a k. of bird (Hornrabe) 


//Ani �áú 

Kxoe (Hukwe) �éú (Kö.) 

Buga �àú 

|Ganda �àú 

Naro gǂao "small bird" (Ba.) 

#Haba �àú 

References Barnard 42; Vossen 452-3.

Number 280 

Proto-West Khoe *�ǒ 

Meaning springhare 


//Ani �ô 

Kxoe (Hukwe) �ǒ (Kö.) 

Buga �ǒ 

|Ganda �ǒ 

107 

Naro �ǒ (V.); ǂoa, gǂoo (Ba.) 

|Gwi �ǒ; g!yû (Ta.) 

//Gana g!yû (Ta.) 

#Haba �ǒ 


Number 281 

Proto-West Khoe *�óà 

Meaning ashes 


//Ani �óà 

Kxoe (Hukwe) �oá; |ē gŏā (W.) [said to be Tsaukwe but hardly so] 

Buga �òá 

|Ganda �òà 

|Gwi �úà; ǂdóa (Ta.) 

//Gana �óà; ǂdóa (Ta.) 

Notes Nasal efflux in Buga and |Ganda due to contamination with 

*�u "black"? 

References Bleek 47; KH; Tanaka 6; Vossen 417. 

Number 282 

Proto-West Khoe *�Úbè 

Meaning a k. of bag


108 

Naro gǂóbè, gǂúbì "womanʔs bag" (Ba.) 

|Gwi gyúbe "bag" (Ta.) 

//Gana gyúbe "bag" (Ta.) 


Number 283 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂa[-ba] 

Meaning flat; wide 


Naro ǂâ "flatland" (V.); |kaa (Ba.) 

#Haba ǂ�b� 

References Barnard 34, 119; Vossen 426. 

Number 284 

Proto-West Khoe *�ai (*ǂh-?) 

Meaning springbok 


Naro ǂ�� (V.); g|ai, gǂai (Ba.) 

|Gwi !kaí (Ta.) 

//Gana !kaí (Ta.) 


Number 285 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂháó 

Meaning to be ashamed 


Buga ǂháó 


Number 286 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂháù 

109 

Meaning a k. of tree (Combretum mechowianum) 


//Ani ǂháù 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂhéù (Kö.) 

Buga ǂháù 

|Ganda ǂháù 

Naro ǂháú (V.) 

#Haba ǂháú 


Number 287 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂom 

Meaning locust 


//Ani ǂòḿ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂòḿ (Kö.) 

Buga ǂó� 

|Ganda ǂó� 

Naro ǂom; ǂú� (V.); ǂkûm (Ba.) 

#Haba ǂú� 

References Barnard 45; Vossen 449; Visser 1998: 134. 

Number 288 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂhùní 

Meaning elbow 


//Ani ǂhùní 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂhùní (Kö.) 

Buga ǂhùní 

|Ganda ǂhùní

110 

Naro ǂhùní (V.); ǂòní, ǂhùní (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǂhúnì 

//Gana ǂhúnì 

#Haba ǂhúní 

References Barnard 66; Vossen 430-431. 

Number 289 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂkx� 

Meaning spit; to spit 


//Ani ǂxʔ� 

Buga ǂxʔ� 

Naro ǂʔáé (V.) (?); ǂkxe (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǂxʔáì 

//Gana ǂʔáì 

#Haba ǂʔáé 

Notes Irregular development in several languages; different root? 


Number 290 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂkxoa 

Meaning to exit 


//Ani ǂxʔòá 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂxʔóá (Kö.) 

Buga ǂxʔóá 

|Ganda ǂxʔóá 

Naro ǂxʔóá (V.); ǂxoa (Ba.) 

//Gana ǂxʔóà 

#Haba ǂxʔóá 

References Barnard 141; Vossen 450.

Number 291 

Proto-West Khoe *�á 

Meaning to pour 


111 

Naro �ná (V.); n��, ǂk�� (Ba.) 

|Gwi �ná 

//Gana �ná 

#Haba �� 


Number 292 

Proto-West Khoe *�â 

Meaning to dance 


Naro �nâ (V.); nǂáà (Ba.) 

//Gana �nâ 

#Haba �� 


Number 293 

Proto-West Khoe *�óḿ 

Meaning to whistle 


//Ani �nóḿ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) �nóḿ (Kö.) 

Buga �nóḿ 

|Ganda �nóḿ 

|Gwi �noáḿ 

//Gana �nóḿ 


Number 294 

Proto-West Khoe *�ári 

Meaning god; sky 


112 

Naro nǂári�-kxʔáí "sky" (V.); n!ári, n!ádi "God, sky" (Ba.) 

|Gwi n!odima"god" (Ta.) 

//Gana n!odim "god" (Ta.) 


Number 295 

Proto-West Khoe *�árÚ 

Meaning back 


//Ani �nádú 

Buga �ódó 

|Ganda �údú 

|Gwi �núdù; n|uru (Ta.) 

//Gana �núdù; n|uru (Ta.) 

#Haba �nódó 


Number 296 

Proto-West Khoe *�ó� 

Meaning to form, make 


//Ani �nó� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) �nó� (Kö.) 

Buga �nó� 

|Ganda �nó� 

#Haba �nó� 


Number 297 

Proto-West Khoe *�ú 

Meaning black 


//Ani �nú 

Kxoe (Hukwe) �gú; �ú (Kö.) 

Buga �ǔ 

|Ganda �ú 

113 

Naro �nǔ (V.); nǂǔ (Ba.) 

|Gwi �nú; n!u (Ta.) 

//Gana �nú; n!uo (Ta.) 

#Haba �nú 

Tsaukwe ǂnu "night" 


Number 298 

Proto-West Khoe *�ṹ 

Meaning to sit, sit down 


//Ani �nṹ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) �ṹ; �nṹ (Kö.) 

Buga �nú 

|Ganda �nú 

Naro �nú( ŋ ) (V.); nǂùú, nǂú (Ba.) 

|Gwi n!(u)o (Ta.) 

//Gana �nú, �nùè; n!(u)o (Ta.) 

#Haba �nṹ 


Number 299

Proto-West Khoe *�úí 

Meaning vagina 


//Ani �núí 

Buga �úí 

|Ganda �úí 

Naro �núí (V.) 

114 

|Gwi �núí; n|uisha (Ta.) 

//Gana �núí; n|uishi (Ta.) 

#Haba �núí 


Number 300 

Proto-West Khoe *�Um 

Meaning coal 


//Ani (|ʔe-)�nó� 


Buga �nú� 

|Ganda �nú� 

Naro (|ʔé-)�nú� (V.); nǂum (Ba.) 

|Gwi �nóaḿ; n!om (Ta.) 

//Gana �nú�; n!om (Ta.) 

#Haba �nó� 


Number 301 

Proto-West Khoe *�úní 

Meaning mouse 


//Ani �núní 

Naro �n�n� (V.)

|Gwi �úní; n|one (Ta.) 

//Gana �úní; n|one (Ta.) 

#Haba �n�n� 

115 


Number 302 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂábí 

Meaning dove, pigeon 


Naro ǂíbí (V.); ǂábí (Ba.) 

|Gwi |ubi (Ta.) 

//Gana |ubi (Ta.) 


Number 303 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂqáè 

Meaning marrow 


//Ani ǂqáè 

Buga ǂqáè 

Naro ǂ�ḛ� (V.) 

|Gwi !kaì (Ta.) 

//Gana !kaì (Ta.) 


Number 304 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂxâ 

Meaning to cut up (animals) 


//Ani ǂxâ 

Buga ǂxâ


Number 305 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂxáná 

Meaning snot 


//Ani ǂxáná 

116 

|Gwi ǂx�ná; ǂkana (Ta.) 

//Gana ǂkana (Ta.) 

#Haba ǂxáná 


Number 306 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂxéí 

Meaning eye; to wake up 


//Ani ǂxáí 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂxéí; ǂkai (W.) 

Buga ǂxáí 

|Ganda ǂxáí 

Naro ǂxéí (V.); ǂxíí, ǂxí (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǂxéí; !kai (Ta.) 

//Gana ǂxáí; !kai (Ta.) 

#Haba ǂxáí 

Tsaukwe ǂkai 

References Bleek 655, 679; Barnard 63; KH; Tanaka 33; Vossen 418. 

Number 307 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂxóà 

Meaning elephant 


Ani ǂxóà 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂxóà; ǂkoã (W.) 

Buga ǂxóà 

|Ganda ǂxóà 

117 

Naro ǂxòá (V.); ǂkòòá (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǂxóà; !toa (Ta.) 

//Gana ǂxóà; !toa (Ta.) 

#Haba ǂxóá 

Tsaukwe ǂkxoa 


Number 308 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂxòḿ 

Meaning to mix 


//Ani ǂxóḿ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂxòḿ (Kö.) 

Buga ǂxòḿ 

|Ganda ǂxòḿ 

Naro ǂxòḿ (V.) 

#Haba ǂxó� 


Number 309 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂx� 

Meaning brain 


//Ani ǂx� 

Buga ǂx� 

|Ganda ǂx� 

Naro ǂx� (V.); ǂk� (Ba.) 

|Gwi !tosha (Ta.)

Gana ǂx�; !tosha (Ta.) 

118 

Notes Irregular pharyngealization/denasalisation in Nharo. 


Number 310 

Proto-West Khoe *!á 

Meaning to wish, want 


//Ani ká 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kǎ "sich nach etw. sehnen" (Kö.) 

Buga ká 

|Ganda ká 

Naro !á (V.) 


Number 311 

Proto-West Khoe *!abV 

Meaning to ride 


Naro !ábì; ǂkabi (Ba.) 

|Gwi aba (Ta.) 

//Gana !aba (Ta.) 


Number 312 

Proto-West Khoe *!áé 

Meaning to bind 


//Ani káé 

Kxoe (Hukwe) káé (Kö.) 

Buga káé

|Ganda káé 

Naro !áé (V.) 

|Gwi !áé; !kaè (Ta.) 

//Gana kê (Ta.) 

#Haba ké 

119 


Number 313 

Proto-West Khoe *!áè 

Meaning apron 


Naro !aè; !áè (V.); !káì, !áì (Ba.) 

|Gwi keì (Ta.) 

//Gana keì (Ta.) 


Number 314 

Proto-West Khoe *!á� 

Meaning good 


|Ganda k�� 

Naro !�� (V.); !á�, !ká� (Ba.) 


Number 315 

Proto-West Khoe *!am 

Meaning penis 


Kxoe (Hukwe) kăm "penis, urin" (W.) 

Buga ká� 

Naro !à� (V.)

Gana (?) qá� 

#Haba ká� 

120 

References Barnard 67; Bleek 78; Vossen 474; Vossen 1992: 371. 

Number 316 

Proto-West Khoe *!ámà 

Meaning to track 


//Ani !ámà 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kámà (Kö.) 

Buga kámà 

|Ganda kámà 

#Haba kímà 


Number 317 

Proto-West Khoe *!ánú 

Meaning metal 


//Ani kánú 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kánú (Kö.) 

Naro !ánú (V.) 

|Gwi !ánú; !kano (Ta.) 

//Gana !ánú; !kano (Ta.) 

#Haba kínú 


Number 318 

Proto-West Khoe *!ao 

Meaning to cut 


|Gwi ǂkáo (Ta.) 

//Gana ǂkáo (Ta.) 


Number 319 

Proto-West Khoe *!áó 

Meaning to throw down 


//Ani !áó 

Kxoe (Hukwe) káó (Kö.) 

Buga !áó 

|Ganda !áó 

121 

Naro !áú (V.); !káú (Ba.) 


Number 320 

Proto-West Khoe *!áò 

Meaning long 


//Ani !áò 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kxʔáò; kyao (Ha.) 

Buga !áò 

Naro !áò (V.) 

|Gwi !àù; !káo (Ta.) 

//Gana !áù; !káo (Ta.) 

#Haba !áò 

References Barnard 118; Haacke 1997: 175; KH; Tanaka 58; Vossen 

461-62. 

Number 321 

Proto-West Khoe *!are

122 

Meaning to cut (meat in stripes) 


//Ani kàdé 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kàdě (Kö.) 

Buga kàdé 

|Ganda kádè 

Naro !àdé (V.); !are (Ba.) 

|Gwi !àdè 

//Gana kèdè 

#Haba kìdé 


Number 322 

Proto-West Khoe *!árí 

Meaning hard 


//Ani kádí 

Buga kídí 

|Gwi !ádí; (e)!kari (Ta.) 

//Gana kídí; (e)kiri (Ta.) 

#Haba !ádí 


Number 323 

Proto-West Khoe *!áù 

Meaning to remain 


Kxoe (Hukwe) �áò (Kö.) (?) 

Naro !áù (V.); ǁau (Ba.) 

|Gwi !áú; !kyu (Ta.) 

//Gana káù; keu (Ta.) 

#Haba kíù

123 


Number 324 

Proto-West Khoe *!qàṹ 

Meaning cheetah 


//Ani !q�ṹ 

Buga q�ṹ 

|Ganda q�ṹ 

Naro !�� (V.); n|õã (Ba.) (?) 

|Gwi !káo (Ta.) 

//Gana !káo (Ta.) 


Number 325 

Proto-West Khoe *!ẽ (?) 

Meaning to return 


Naro !kẽ (B.) 


Number 326 

Proto-West Khoe *!óḿ 

Meaning heavy 


//Ani !óḿ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kóm; kóḿ (Kö.) 

Buga kóḿ 

|Ganda kúḿ 

Naro !úḿ (V.) 

|Gwi !óám; !kom (Ta.)

Gana !óḿ; !kom (Ta.) 

#Haba !úḿ 

124 


Number 327 

Proto-West Khoe *!� 

Meaning to go, walk 


//Ani k� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kṹ�; k� (Kö.) 

Buga k� 

|Ganda k� 

Naro !� (V.); !kṹ, !ṹ, !kṍ, !ṍ (Ba.) 

|Gwi !�; !kon (Ta.) 

//Gana k�; (!)kon (Ta.) 

#Haba k� 


Number 328 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂõẽ 

Meaning millipede 


Naro !kũẽa-!kũẽ (Ba.); ǂk��ẽaǂk��ẽa (Ha.) 

References Barnard 45; Haacke 168. 

Number 329 

Proto-West Khoe *!úrù 

Meaning knee 


Buga kúdù 

|Ganda kúdù

125 

Naro !údù (V.); !órù, !kórù, !kúrù (Ba.) 

|Gwi !kori (Ta.) 

//Gana !kori (Ta.) 

#Haba !údù 

Tsaukwe !guru 


Number 330 

Proto-West Khoe *!ʔ� 

Meaning to know 


//Ani ʔ� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ã; ʔ� (Kö.) 

Buga ʔ� 

|Ganda ʔ� 

Naro !ʔ� (V.) 

|Gwi !ʔ�; !anā-ha (Ta.) 

//Gana ʔ�; anā-ha (Ta.) 

#Haba kʔ� 

References Barnard 144; KH; Tanaka 54; Vossen 507-8. 

Number 331 

Proto-West Khoe *kúrú 

Meaning to do 


Naro kúrú (Ba.) 


Number 332 

Proto-West Khoe *!ʔáò 

Meaning to be afraid


//Ani !ʔáò 

Kxoe (Hukwe) áo; ʔáò (Kö.) 

126 

Naro !ʔáò (V.); !áò (Ba.) 


Number 333 

Proto-West Khoe *!ʔáú 

Meaning to cry out (of joy) 


//Ani !ʔáú 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ʔéú (Kö.) 

Buga ʔáú 

|Ganda ʔáú 

Naro !ʔáú (V.) 


Number 334 

Proto-West Khoe *!ʔṍ� 

Meaning to carry 


//Ani !ʔ��ná "carry over the shoulder" 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ʔṍ�á (Kö.) 

Buga ʔóáná "carry on the shoulder" 

Naro !ʔ�� (V.) 

|Gwi !onana (Ta.) 

//Gana onana (Ta.) 


Number 335 

Proto-West Khoe *!ʔṍ�

Meaning hare 


//Ani !ʔṍ� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ʔṍ� (Kö.) 

Buga ʔṍ� 

|Ganda ʔṍ� 

127 

Naro !ʔṍ� (V.); !õã, |õã, ǂõã (Ba.) 

|Gwi !ʔṍ�; !kowa (Ta.) 

//Gana !ʔṍ� 

#Haba kʔṍ� 


Number 336 

Proto-West Khoe *!ʔú 

Meaning white 


Naro !ʔú (V.); !ʔú, !ʔó, !ú, !ó (Ba.) 

|Gwi !ʔú; !u (Ta.) 

//Gana !ʔú; !u (Ta.) 

#Haba !ʔú 


Number 337 

Proto-West Khoe *!ʔúè 

Meaning leopard 


//Ani !ʔúì, !ʔúè 

Kxoe (Hukwe) !ṓʔē (W.) 

Buga ʔúè 

Naro !ʔóè (V.); !kóèè, !úèè (Ba.) 

|Gwi !ʔóè; ǂóe (Ta.) 

//Gana !ʔóè; ǂóe (Ta.)

#Haba kʔúè 

Tsaukwe $oe 

128 

References Barnard 38; Bleek 490, 689; Tanaka 56; Vossen 463-464. 

Number 338 

Proto-West Khoe *!ʔúì 

Meaning evening 


//Ani ʔúì- 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ʔúì (Kö.) 

Buga ʔúì 

|Ganda ʔúì 

Notes Irregular loss of click in ǁAni. 

References Barnard 123-4; Tanaka 33; Vossen 413. 

Number 339 


Meaning needle, nail 


//Ani gâ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) gā (Kö.) 

Buga gâ 

Naro �â (V.); g!áà (Ba.) 

|Gwi �â; g|á (Ta.) 

//Gana gâ; g|á (Ta.) 

#Haba gâ 


Number 340 

Proto-West Khoe *�ai 

Meaning puff-adder


129 

Naro !gai (Schi.) (?

Kxoe (Hukwe) gȧḿ (Kö.) 

Buga gá� 

|Ganda gá� 

|Gwi gám (Ta.) 

//Gana gám (Ta.) 

130 


Number 344 

Proto-West Khoe *�àní 

Meaning chin 


//Ani gàní 

Kxoe (Hukwe) gàní (Kö.) 

Buga gàní 

|Ganda yàní 

Naro �àní (V.) 

|Gwi gínì; g!ane (Ta.) 

//Gana gíní; g!ane (Ta.) 

#Haba gínì 


Number 345 

Proto-West Khoe *[!]gao 

Meaning to search, look for 


//Ani gáò 

Kxoe (Hukwe) gȧó (Kö.) 


Number 346 

Proto-West Khoe *�au

Meaning spotted hyaena 


Kxoe (Hukwe) g�u uṅ (W.) 

Naro g!au (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǁkyau (Ta.) 

//Gana ǁkyau (Ta.) 

131 

References Barnard 38; Bleek 45; Tanaka 91. 

Number 347 

Proto-West Khoe *�ô 

Meaning aardvark 


//Ani �ô 

Kxoe (Hukwe) gǒ (Kö.) 

Buga gǒ 

Naro �ô (V.); g!óò (Ba.) 

|Gwi �ô; gou (Ta.) 

//Gana gô; gou (Ta.) 

#Haba gô 


Number 348 


Meaning to blow 


//Ani gó� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) gòḿ (Kö.) 

Buga gòḿ 

|Ganda gó� 

Naro �ú� (V.); g!ûm (Ba.) 

|Gwi gom (Ta.) 

//Gana gom (Ta.)

#Haba gú� 

132 

References Barnard 130; Tanaka 14; Vossen 424, 477. 

Number 349 

Proto-West Khoe *�UrU 

Meaning ankle 


|Gwi g!uru (Ta.) 

//Gana g!uru (Ta.) 

Notes Cf. Nharo gogore id.?? 


Number 350 

Proto-West Khoe *�ue 

Meaning frog 


Naro g!uee (Ba.) 

|Gwi gue (Ta.) 

//Gana gue (Ta.) 


Number 351 

Proto-West Khoe *�ùí 

Meaning rope 


//Ani �ùí 

Kxoe (Hukwe) gùí (Kö.) 

Buga gùí 

|Ganda gùí 

Naro �ùí (V.); !ùí (Ba.) 

|Gwi g!ui (Ta.)

Gana gui (Ta.) 

#Haba gùí 

133 


Number 352 

Proto-West Khoe *�óm[à] 

Meaning lower arm, hand 


//Ani �ómà "arm" 

Buga gómà "lower arm" 

Naro �òmà "underarm"; g!um "lower arm" (Ba.) 

|Gwi gǂoma "forearm" (Ta.) 

//Gana gómà "lower arm"; gǂoma "forearm" (Ta.) 

#Haba �ómà "lower arm" 

References Barnard 66; Tanaka 6; Visser 1998: 130; Vossen 499. 

Number 353 

Proto-West Khoe *!hàé 

Meaning to stick 


//Ani !hàé 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kxàé (Kö.) 

Buga khàé 

|Ganda !háè 

Naro !hàé (V.); !ai (Ba.) 

|Gwi !kei (Ta.) 

//Gana kei (Ta.) 

#Haba kháè 


Number 354

Proto-West Khoe *!háǹ(i) 

Meaning to crawl 


//Ani kháǹ 

Buga kh�� 

Naro !h�� (V.) 

|Gwi !ʔáǹ 

//Gana káǹ 

#Haba kháǹ 


Number 355 

Proto-West Khoe *!hàní 

134 

Meaning a k. of plant (Hyphaene ventricosa) 


//Ani !hàní 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kxàní (Kö.) 

Naro !hàní (V.) 


Number 356 

Proto-West Khoe *!hara (*!-) 

Meaning kraal 


//Ani (?) �nàdà 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kàdǎ (Kö.) 


Number 357 

Proto-West Khoe *$oa 

Meaning round stone; pestle


|Gwi îko-ǂoa (Ta.) 

//Gana îko-ǂoa (Ta.) 

Tsaukwe $oa-na "pestle" 

135 

References Bleek 689; Tanaka 71. 

Number 358 

Proto-West Khoe *!hòḿ 



//Ani !hòḿ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kxǒm (Kö.) 

Buga khòḿ 

|Gwi kom (Ta.) 

//Gana kom (Ta.) 

References Köhler 1981: 487; Tanaka 25; Vossen 486. 

Number 359 

Proto-West Khoe *!hou 

Meaning hail 


Naro !hou (Ba.) 


Number 360 

Proto-West Khoe *!U 

Meaning to knock 


//Ani !ǔ (=!ù) 

Kxoe (Hukwe) !ó (=!ȯ) (Kö.) 

Naro !ó (=!ò) (V.)


Number 361 

Proto-West Khoe *!hùí 

Meaning to bore, pierce 


136 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kx�í "Ohr durchbohren" (Kö.) 

Buga khùí 

|Ganda khùí 

Naro !hùí (V.) 

|Gwi !húí; !kui (Ta.) 

//Gana khúí; kui (Ta.) 

#Haba khùí 


Number 362 

Proto-West Khoe *!(h)ori 

Meaning lower back 


Naro !kòrí (Ba.); !khuri (Ha.) 

References Barnard 64; Haacke 1997: 187. 

Number 363 

Proto-West Khoe *!qhàì 

Meaning cold 


Naro !xàì (V.); !ai (Ba.) 

|Gwi kxaì (Ta.) 

//Gana qáì; kxaì (Ta.) 

References Barnard 115; Tanaka 22; Vossen 1992: 371.

Number 364 

Proto-West Khoe *!xóé 

Meaning to run 


//Ani !xóé 

Buga !x� 

|Ganda !x� 

137 

Naro !xóé (V.); !kue (Ba.) 

|Gwi !xóé; !hoe "fly", hoe "run" (Ta.) 

//Gana hoe "run, fly" (Ta.) 

#Haba xó� 

Notes Lots of similar forms in Ba. (!kṍ, !kue, g!ai, 

ǂxei, !xue, !xuee, !xóé), some of which (but certainly not all) could go back to 

different roots. 

References Barnard 151; Tanaka 37, 81; Vossen 506. 

Number 365 

Proto-West Khoe *!kxábé 

Meaning a k. of tree (Combretum hereroense) 


//Ani !xʔàbé 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kxʔábé (Kö.) 

Buga kxʔábé 

|Ganda kxʔábé 

#Haba !xʔábé 


Number 366 

Proto-West Khoe *!am 

Meaning green 


138 

Naro !am "dark green" (Ba.) 

Notes Uncertain; probably borrowed from Nama. 


Number 367 

Proto-West Khoe *!kxáḿ 

Meaning beadwork 


Naro !xʔáḿ (V.); |kʔam (Ba.) 

//Gana kxam (Ta.) 

#Haba !xʔáḿ 


Number 368 

Proto-West Khoe *!kxáó 

Meaning neck 


//Ani !xʔáó 

Naro !xʔáó (V.); !kau, !kou (Ba.) 

|Gwi !kxao (Ta.) 

//Gana kxʔáó; kxao (Ta.) 

#Haba !xʔáó 

Tsaukwe !kau 


Number 369 

Proto-West Khoe *�á-[bá] 

Meaning rhinoceros 


//Ani �ábá 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ŋgábá (Kö.)

|Ganda ŋgábá 

Naro �a (Ba.) 

139 


Number 370 

Proto-West Khoe *|ʔú 

Meaning not to know 


Naro |ú (Ba.) 

|Gwi |uwāha (Ta.) 

//Gana |uwāha (Ta.) 


Number 371 

Proto-West Khoe *�ábè 

Meaning giraffe 


//Ani �ábè 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ŋgábė (Kö.) 

Buga ŋgábè 

|Ganda ŋgábè 

Naro �nábé; n!ábé (Ba.) 

|Gwi �ábè; ng!abe (Ta.) 

//Gana ŋábì; ngabe (Ta.) 

#Haba ��bé 


Number 372 

Proto-West Khoe *�ai( ŋ ) 



Naro �� (V.); n!ai (Ba.) 


Number 373 

Proto-West Khoe *�ánì 

Meaning lower jaw 


//Ani ŋánì 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ŋgédì (Kö.) 

Buga ŋánì 

|Ganda ŋáni 

Naro �ánì (V.) 

//Gana nàní 

#Haba ŋínì 


Number 374 

Proto-West Khoe *�árò 

Meaning chameleon 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ŋgádò (Kö.) 

Naro ��rò; �nádò (V.) 

140 

|Gwi �nádù; ng!aru (Ta.) 

//Gana ŋádù; ng!aru (Ta.) 

#Haba ŋádò 

References Tanaka 20; Visser 1998: 130; Vossen 427. 

Number 375 

Proto-West Khoe *�áò 

Meaning acacia 


Ani ŋáò 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ŋgáò (Kö.) 

Buga ŋgáò 

|Ganda ŋgáò 

Naro �áò (V.) 


Number 376 


Meaning to hide 


//Ani ŋáò 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ŋgáò (Kö.) 

Buga ŋgáò 

|Ganda ŋgáò 

#Haba ŋáò 


Number 377 

Proto-West Khoe *�Ua 

Meaning heel; ankle 


Naro �ua (Ba.) 

References Barnard 65-66. 

Number 378 

Proto-West Khoe *�ona 

Meaning three 


//Ani �nóánà 

Naro �nóná (V.) 

141

142 

|Gwi ŋóná; ng!ona (Ta.) 

//Gana ŋúnà; ng(!)ona (Ta.) 


Number 379 


Meaning house, dwelling place 


//Ani ŋgú 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ŋgú (Kö.) 

Buga ŋgú 

|Ganda ŋgú 

Naro �nú (V.); �ú, �ù (Ba.) 

|Gwi n!o (Ta.) 

//Gana ŋû; n!o (Ta.) 

#Haba ŋgú 


Number 380 


Meaning land 


//Ani ŋú 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ŋú (Kö.) 

Buga ŋǔ 

|Ganda ŋú 

Naro �nú (V.) 

|Gwi �ú 

//Gana ŋú 

#Haba ŋú 


Number 381 

Proto-West Khoe *�û 

Meaning far 


//Ani �nû 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ngúù; ŋgû (Kö.) 

Buga ŋgû 

|Ganda ŋgû 

143 

Naro �nû (V.); n!û (Ba.); nguu (Ha.) 

|Gwi ŋú 

#Haba �nû 

References Barnard 116; Haacke 1997: 197; KH; Vossen 507. 

Number 382 

Proto-West Khoe *�ú� 

Meaning porcupine 


//Ani �nú� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ŋgw� (Kö.) 

|Ganda ŋgúé 

Naro �núé (V.); nǂúéé, n!úéé (Ba.) 

|Gwi �núè; nǁoe (Ta.) 

//Gana ŋúé; nǁoe (Ta.) 

#Haba ŋúé 


Number 383 

Proto-West Khoe *!�árè 

Meaning foot 


//Ani �nàdé

144 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kyaáré; kádé (Kö.) 

Buga kádè 

|Ganda kádì 

Naro �ádè (V.); n!árè, n!àrè, nǁàrè, nǁàrà (Ba.) 

|Gwi ngare (Ta.) 

//Gana ng!àre (Ta.) 

References Barnard 66; KH; Tanaka 37; Vossen 439-40. 

Number 384 

Proto-West Khoe *!�árì 

Meaning to thatch 


Naro �!árì (V.); g|eri (Ba.) 

|Gwi gíri (Ta.) 

//Gana g!ári (Ta.) 


Number 385 

Proto-West Khoe *!�árò 

Meaning badger 


Naro �!áròsè (V.); g!aro (Ba.) 


Number 386 

Proto-West Khoe *!xáń[i] 

Meaning to sew 


//Ani xáń 

Buga x�� 

|Ganda x��

145 

Naro !x�ẽ; !x�� (V.); ǂxèí, ǂxě (Ba.) 

|Gwi !xáǹ; !hxann (Ta.) 

//Gana xáǹ; hxann (Ta.) 

#Haba xáń 

References Barnard 153; Tanaka 84; Visser 1998: 134; Vossen 470. 

Number 387 

Proto-West Khoe *!xáò 

Meaning hippopotamus 


//Ani xáò 

Kxoe (Hukwe) xáò (Kö.) 

Buga xáò 

|Ganda xáò 

Naro !xáò (V.); !káù (Ba.) 

#Haba xáò 


Number 388 

Proto-West Khoe *!xó 

Meaning to stop; to catch 


//Ani !xó, xó 

Kxoe (Hukwe) xó (Kö.) 

Buga xǒ 

|Ganda xǒ 

Naro !xó (V.); !xóó (Ba.) 

|Gwi !xó; ho (Ta.) 

//Gana xó; ho (Ta.) 

#Haba xó 

References Barnard 132; Tanaka 20; Vossen 446-447.

Number 389 

Proto-West Khoe *!ʔU 

Meaning forehead 


Naro kxʔáí-!ʔó (Ba.) 

References Barnard 63-64. 

Number 390 

Proto-West Khoe *!xubi 

146 

Meaning salt pan; valley (esp. green area near riverbed) 


Naro !kubi, !xobi (Ba.) 


Number 391 

Proto-West Khoe *!xúnú 

Meaning to snore 


//Ani xúnú 

Kxoe (Hukwe) xǔnú (Kö.) 

Buga xùnú 

|Ganda xúnú 

Naro !xúnú (V.); !xuni (Ba.) 

|Gwi !xúnú; !hono (Ta.) 

//Gana xúnú; hono (Ta.) 

#Haba xúnú 


Number 392 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁa

Meaning fingernail 


//Ani ǁà 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁàa 

Buga ǁâ 


Number 393 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁàí 

Meaning shin 


//Ani ǁàí 

Buga ǁáì 

147 

Naro ǁàí (V.); gǁe, gǁai (Ba.) 


Number 394 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁam 

Meaning to bear (child) 


Naro ǁáḿ (Ba., V.) 

|Gwi ǁàḿ; gǂàm (Ta.) 

//Gana ǁà�; gǂàm (Ta.) 

#Haba ǁáḿ 


Number 395 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁá� 

Meaning to feel 


//Ani ǁá�

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁá� (Kö.) 

Buga ǁá� 

|Ganda ǁá� 

Naro ǁá� (V.) 

|Gwi ǁá� 

//Gana ǁá� 

#Haba ǁá� 


Number 396 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁámà 

Meaning beetle 


//Ani ǁàmá 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁǎmá (Kö.) 

Buga ǁámà 

|Ganda ǁámà 

Naro ǁámà (Ba., V.) 

148 

|Gwi ǁámà; ǂkama (Ta.) 

//Gana ǁámà; ǂkama (Ta.) 

#Haba ǁámà 


Number 397 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁan 

Meaning shoulder 


//Gana ǁáǹ 


Number 398

Proto-West Khoe *ǁàní 

Meaning river current 


//Ani ǁàní 

149 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁàní "shore" (Kö.) 

Naro ǁání "perennial river" (Ba.) 

|Gwi !kani (Ta.) "river" 

//Gana !kani "river" (Ta.) 

#Haba ǁánì "perennial river" 


Number 399 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁáó 

Meaning to shoot 


//Ani ǁáó 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁáó (Kö.) 

Buga ǁáò 

|Ganda ǁáò 

Naro ǁáó (V.); ǁxáú, ǁháú, ǁáú (Ba.) 

//Gana ǁáó 

#Haba ǁáó 


Number 400 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁ�� 

Meaning to fence 


//Ani ǁ�� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁ�� (Kö.) 

Buga ǁ�� 

|Ganda ǁ��

Naro ǁ�� (V.) 


Number 401 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁô 

Meaning bull; male 


150 

Naro ǁô (V.); gǁóò (Ba.) 


Number 402 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁòà 

Meaning spoon, ladle 


Naro ǁòà (V.); gǁua (Ba.) 


Number 403 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁṍ� 

Meaning to descend 


//Ani ǁṍ� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁṍ� (Kö.) 

Buga ǁṍ� 

Naro ǁṍ� (V.) 

|Gwi !koa "descent" (Ta.) 

//Gana !koa "descent" (Ta.) 

#Haba ǁṍ� 

References Tanaka 27; Vossen 448-49.

Number 404 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁóé 

Meaning to lie down 


//Ani ǁóé 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁòe; ǁóé (Kö.) 

Buga ǁóé 

151 

Naro ǁóé (V.); gǁuee (Ba.) 

//Gana ǁóé 

#Haba ǁóé 

References Barnard 145; KH; Vossen 450-51. 

Number 405 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁó� 

Meaning knee 


//Ani ǁó� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁó� 


Number 406 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁó� 

Meaning short 


//Ani ǁòḿ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁoḿ; ǁȯḿ (Kö.) 

Buga ǁòḿ 

|Ganda ǁó� 

Naro ǁú� (V.); ǁkum (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǁòa�; ǂkom (Ta.) 

//Gana ǁò�; ǂkom (Ta.) 

#Haba ǁó�

152 


Number 407 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁoro 

Meaning fingernail, claw 


Naro ǁoro "finger, toe" (V.); gǂoro, ǁairo, ǁ�oru, ǁkxʔoro, gǁòro 

"fingernail" (Ba.) 

|Gwi !ore (Ta.) 

//Gana !ore (Ta.) 


Number 408 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁû 

Meaning to bear (child) 


//Ani ǁû 

Buga ǁû 

|Ganda ǁû 

Naro gǁo (Ba.) (?) 


Number 409 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁṹ 

Meaning tooth 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁṹ 

Buga ǁ� 

Naro ǁ� (V.); ǁkũõ (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǁṹ 

//Gana ǁṹ

#Haba ǁṵ�� 

153 


Number 410 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁ� 

Meaning parent 


//Ani ǁ� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁ� (Kö.) 

Buga ǁ� 

|Ganda ǁ� 

Naro ǁg� (V.); gǁô, gǁû, gǁ�, gǁ� (Ba.) 

Notes Unclear voicing in Nharo. 


Number 411 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁʔá 

Meaning to bloom 


//Ani ǁʔǎ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁʔá (Kö.) 

Buga ǁʔá 

|Ganda ǁʔá 

Naro ǁʔaa; ǁʔá (V.) 

|Gwi ǁʔá; ǂā (Ta.) 

//Gana ǂā (Ta.) 

#Haba ǁʔâ 

References Tanaka 14; Visser 1998: 134; Vossen 425. 

Number 412 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁʔâ

Meaning to shine 


Naro ǁa (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǂáǂa (Ta.) 

//Gana ǂáǂa (Ta.) 

154 


Number 413 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁʔ� 

Meaning to fight 


//Ani ǁʔ� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁʔ� (Kö.) 

Buga ǁʔ� 

|Ganda ǁʔ� 

Naro ǁʔ� (V.); ǁãã (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǁʔ�; ǂā-ku (Ta.) 

//Gana ǁʔ�; ǂā-ku (Ta.) 

#Haba ǁʔ� 


Number 414 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁʔáé 

Meaning village; house 


//Ani ǁʔáé 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁʔáé (Kö.) 

Buga ǁʔáé 

|Ganda ǁʔáé 

Naro ǁʔáé (V.); ǁáí, ǁáé (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǁʔáé 

//Gana ǁʔáé

#Haba ǁʔáé 

155 

References Barnard 32, 34; Vossen 508. 

Number 415 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁʔá 

Meaning silver jackal; bat-eared fox 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁʔá (Kö.) 

Buga ǁʔá 

|Ganda ǁʔá 

Naro ǁʔá (V.); ǁáa, ǁàà (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǁʔá; ǁā (Ta.) 

//Gana ǁʔá; ǁā (Ta.) 

#Haba ǁʔá 


Number 416 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁʔábà 

Meaning sinew; bowstring 


//Ani ǁʔábà 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁʔábà (Kö.) 

Buga ǁʔábà 

|Ganda ǁʔábà 

Naro ǁʔábà (V.); ǁaa, ǁ(ʔ)ábà (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǁʔábà; !ába (Ta.) 

//Gana !ába (Ta.) 

#Haba ǁʔábà 

Tsaukwe $aba "bowstring" 

References Barnard 93; Bleek 687; Tanaka 87; Vossen 413.

Number 417 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁʔá� 

156 

Meaning to exchange, barter 


Naro ǁaĩ "give in formalized exchange" (Ba.) 

|Gwi (?) !ton "to buy" (Ta.) 

//Gana ǁʔ��; ǂaen "to buy" (Ta.) 

#Haba ǁʔ�� 


Number 418 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁʔáḿ 

Meaning to clap hands 


//Ani ǁʔàḿ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁʔáḿ (Kö.) 

Buga ǁʔàḿ 

|Ganda ǁʔáḿ 

Naro ǁʔáḿ (V.); ǁam (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǁʔáḿ 

//Gana ǁʔà� 

#Haba ǁʔáḿ 


Number 419 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁʔámá 

Meaning to buy 


Naro ǁʔámá (V.); ǁámá (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǁʔàmà; ǂkama (Ta.) 

//Gana ǂkama (Ta.) 

References Barnard 131; Tanaka 18; Vossen 432-3.

Number 420 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁʔàń[i] 

Meaning to ripen 


//Ani ǁʔàń 

Buga ǁʔ�� 

|Ganda ǁʔ�� 

Naro ǁʔ�� (V.) 

|Gwi ǁʔàǹ; !an (Ta.) 

//Gana ǁʔáń; !an (Ta.) 

#Haba ǁʔáń 

157 


Number 421 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁʔáǹ[i] 

Meaning to live, reside 


//Ani ǁʔáǹ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁʔáǹ (Kö.) 

Buga ǁʔánì 

Naro ǁʔ�� (V.); ǁáí (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǁʔáǹ; ǂan (Ta.) 

//Gana ǁʔáǹ; ǂan (Ta.) 

#Haba ǁʔáǹ 


Number 422 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁʔáó 

Meaning to offend 


Ani ǁʔáó 

Buga ǁʔáó 

|Ganda ǁʔáó 

|Gwi ǁʔáó 

//Gana ǁʔáó 

#Haba ǁʔáó 


Number 423 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁʔáù 

Meaning fish 


//Ani ǁʔáù 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁʔéù; ǁxʔeu (Ha.) 

Buga ǁʔáù 

|Ganda ǁʔáù 

158 

Naro ǁʔáù (V.); ǁáù, ǁou, ǁʔou (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǁʔáù; |áo (Ta.) 

//Gana ǁʔáù; |áo (Ta.) 

#Haba ǁʔáù 

References Barnard 40; Haacke 1997: 198; KH; Tanaka 36; Vossen 436. 

Number 424 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁʔó 

Meaning to die 


//Ani ǁʔó 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁʔó 

Buga ǁʔó 

|Ganda ǁʔó 

Naro ǁʔóó; ǁʔó (V.) 

|Gwi ǁʔó; ǁó (Ta.)

Gana ǁʔó; ǁó (Ta.) 

#Haba ǁʔó 

159 

References Barnard 135; Tanaka 27; Visser 119; Vossen 495-6. 

Number 425 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁʔô 

Meaning to be warm, hot 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁʔȯ (Kö.) 

Buga ǁʔô 

Naro ǁʔoò; ǁʔô (V.) 

//Gana ǁʔô 

#Haba ǁʔô 


Number 426 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁʔṍ� 

Meaning arm 


//Ani ǁʔṍ� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁʔṍ� (Kö.) 

Buga ǁʔṍ� 

|Ganda ǁʔṍ� 

Naro ǁʔṍ� (V.); ǁkʔṍ� (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǁʔṍ�; ǂoa (Ta.) 

//Gana ǁʔṍ�; ǂoa (Ta.) 

#Haba ǁʔṍ� 

Tsaukwe ǂoa 


Number 427

Proto-West Khoe *ǁʔóbè 

Meaning to kiss 


//Ani ǁʔób� 

Buga ǁʔoébè 

160 

Naro ǁʔóbè (V.); ǁóbè, ǁʔóbè (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǁʔóbè 

//Gana (?) ǁʔúbì 

#Haba ǁʔóbé 


Number 428 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁʔó� 

Meaning to sleep 


Naro ǁʔó�; ǁʔôm, ǁôm, ǁkôm (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǁʔóa�; ǂkóm (Ta.) 

//Gana ǁʔó�; ǂkóm (Ta.) 

#Haba ǁʔó� 


Number 429 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁʔúì 

Meaning to cough 


//Ani ǁʔúì 

Buga ǁʔúì 

|Ganda ǁʔúì 

Naro ǁʔuì; ǁʔúì (V.); ǁkʔui, ǁkui (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǂkói (Ta.) 

//Gana ǁʔúì; ǂkói (Ta.) 

#Haba ǁʔúì

161 


Number 430 

Proto-West Khoe *�a 

Meaning Otis vigorsii 


Naro gǁaba, gǁa (Ba.) 


Number 431 

Proto-West Khoe *�ae 

Meaning female 


//Ani �ɛ= 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ��-kxoe; �� (Kö.) 

Buga �ɛ= 

|Ganda �ɛ= 

Naro �ae= (V.); gǁáís-khùè "woman" (Ba.) 

|Gwi �ae=; gǁaí "female", gǁaíkue "woman" (Ta.) 

//Gana �ɛ=; gǁaí "female", gǁaíkue "woman" (Ta.) 

#Haba �ae= 

References Barnard 71; KH; Tanaka 35, 108; Vossen 506. 

Number 432 

Proto-West Khoe *�àí 

Meaning cheek 


//Ani �àí 

Naro �àí (V.) 

Notes Irregular � in ǁAni. 


Number 433 

Proto-West Khoe *�àḿ 

Meaning thorn 


//Ani �àḿ, �àḿ 

Buga �àḿ 

|Ganda �àḿ 

162 

Naro �àḿ (V.); gǁǎm (Ba.) 

|Gwi �á�; gǂam (Ta.) 

//Gana �á�; gǂam (Ta.) 

#Haba �áḿ 

References Barnard 48; Tanaka 97; Vossen 428; Vossen 1986: 328 . 

Number 434 

Proto-West Khoe *�[x]áná 

Meaning well, ditch 


//Ani �xàná 

Kxoe (Hukwe) �áná (Kö.) 

Buga �áná 

|Ganda �áná 


Number 435 

Proto-West Khoe *�àú 

Meaning to suffer 


//Ani �áù 

Kxoe (Hukwe) �èú (Kö.) 

Buga �àú

|Ganda �àú 

Naro �àú (V.) (?) 

#Haba �àú 


Number 436 

Proto-West Khoe *�ãũa 

163 

Meaning spirit (occ. ancestral) 


//Ani ��ṹà 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁàwǎ (Kö.) 

Buga ��ṹá 

|Ganda ��ṹà 

Naro ��á (V.); ǁgaũwa (B.) 

#Haba ��á 


Number 437 

Proto-West Khoe *�òé 

Meaning tortoise 


//Ani �òé 

Kxoe (Hukwe) �óé (Kö.) 

|Ganda �óé 

Naro �òé (V.); gǁoe (Ba.) 

|Gwi gǂoe (Ta.) 

//Gana �òè; gǂoe (Ta.) 

#Haba �òé 


Number 438

Proto-West Khoe *�òró 

164 

Meaning a k. of tree (Mopane) 


//Ani �òdó (?) 

Kxoe (Hukwe) �òdó (Kö.) 

Buga �òdó 

|Ganda �òdó 

Naro �òdó (V.) 

|Gwi �ódó 

//Gana �ódó 

#Haba �òdó 


Number 439 

Proto-West Khoe *�ǔ 

Meaning chest 


//Ani �ǔ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) �ùú 

Naro �ùu; �ǔ (V.) 

|Gwi g�!usha (Ta.) 

//Gana �û; g�usha (Ta.) 

References Barnard 65; KH; Tanaka 21; Visser 1998: 134; Vossen 426. 

Number 440 

Proto-West Khoe *�ǔ 

Meaning to kindle 


//Ani �ǔ 

Naro �ùú; �ǔ (V.) 

#Haba �ǔ 

References Visser 1998: 134; Vossen 416.

Number 441 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁhàí 

Meaning to pull; to smoke 


//Ani ǁhàí 

Buga ǁhàí 

|Gwi ǂkai (Ta.) 

//Gana ǂkai (Ta.) 

#Haba ǁháí "to pull" 

165 


Number 442 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁháó 

Meaning to grow (plants) 


//Ani ǁháó 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁháó (Kö.) 

Buga ǁháó 

|Ganda ǁháó 

Naro ǁháó (V.) 

//Gana ǁhàò 


Number 443 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁhárà 

Meaning field, garden 


Naro ǁhádà (V.) 

|Gwi ǁhádà 

//Gana ǁhádà

#Haba ǁhádà 


Number 444 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁòá 

Meaning cave 


Naro ǁòá 


Number 445 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁhòé 

Meaning vessel 


//Ani ǁhòé 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁhòé (Kö.) 

Buga ǁhòé 

|Ganda ǁhòé 


Number 446 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁhui( ŋ ) 

Meaning to breathe 


Naro ǁhùí (V.) 

//Gana ǁhṹ� 

#Haba ǁhṹ� 


Number 447 

166

Proto-West Khoe *ǁxámá 

Meaning hartebeest 


167 

Naro ǁxámá, ǁhámá (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǁkaʔma (Ta.) 

//Gana ǁkaʔma (Ta.) 


Number 448 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁkxâ 

Meaning to wash 


//Ani ǁxʔâ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁxʔáà 

Buga ǁxʔâ 

|Ganda ǁxʔâ 

Naro ǁxʔâ (V.); ǁxâ, ǁka (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǁxʔâ; ǁká (Ta.) 

//Gana ǁxʔâ; ǁká (Ta.) 

#Haba ǁxʔâ 


Number 449 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁkxâ (*-�) 

Meaning to be satiated 


//Ani ǁxʔ� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁxʔ�; ǁxʔâ (Kö.) 

Buga ǁxʔ� 

|Ganda ǁxʔâ 

Naro ǁxʔâ (V.); ǁka "full" (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǁxʔâ

Gana ǁxʔâ 

#Haba ǁxʔâ 

168 


Number 450 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁkxáé 

Meaning to gather (intr.) 


//Ani ǁxʔàé 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁxʔáé 

Buga ǁxʔáé 

Naro ǁxʔáé (V.) 

|Gwi ǁxʔ� 

//Gana ǁxʔáè 

#Haba ǁxʔáé 


Number 451 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁkxáḿ 

Meaning to hit 


//Ani ǁxʔáḿ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁxʔáḿ 

Buga ǁxʔáḿ 

|Ganda ǁxʔáḿ 

Naro ǁxʔáḿ (V.); ǁkám, ǁám, gǁám (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǁxʔáḿ; kxxam (Ta.) 

//Gana ǁxʔáḿ; kxxam (Ta.) 

#Haba ǁxʔáḿ 

References Barnard 142; KH; Tanaka 47; Vossen 484-85.

Number 452 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁkxáó 

Meaning to chop, hack 


//Ani ǁxʔàó 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁxʔáó 

Buga ǁxʔáó 

|Ganda ǁxʔáó 

169 

Naro ǁxʔáó (V.); ǁxau (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǁkáo (Ta.) 

//Gana ǁxʔáó; ǁkáo (Ta.) 

#Haba ǁxʔáó 


Number 453 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁkxárì 

Meaning scorpion 


//Ani ǁxʔádì 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁxʔérì; ǁxʔédì (Kö.) 

Buga ǁxʔádì 

|Ganda ǁxʔádì 

Naro ǁxʔádì (V.); ǁárì (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǁxʔ�dì; ǂkari (Ta.) 

//Gana ǂkari (Ta.) 

#Haba ǁxʔádì 


Number 454 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁkx�� 

Meaning to smell 


Ani ǁxʔ�� 

170 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁxʔã�; ǁxʔaũ (Ha.) 

Buga ǁxʔ�� 

|Gwi (?) ǂkáo (Ta.) 

//Gana (?) ǂkáo (Ta.) 

#Haba ǁxʔ�� 

References Haacke 1997: 187; KH; Tanaka 88; Vossen 478. 

Number 455 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁkxṹ 

Meaning bark 


//Ani ǁxʔṹ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁxʔṹ 

Buga ǁxʔ� 

|Ganda ǁxʔṹ 

Naro ǁxʔ� (V.); ǁṍ (Ba.) 

#Haba ǁʔṵ�� 

Notes The ǂHaba form is irregular. 


Number 456 


Meaning horn 


//Ani �nâ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) �áà; �nâ (Kö.) 

Buga �nâ 

|Ganda �nâ 

Naro �nâ (V.); nǁâ (Ba.) 

|Gwi �nâ; nǂá (Ta.) 

//Gana �nâ; nǂá (Ta.)

#Haba �nâ 

171 


Number 457 


Meaning to tell, narrate 


//Ani �nâ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) �nâ (Kö.) 

Buga �nâ 

|Ganda �nâ 

Naro �àe; �nàé (V.) 

#Haba �nàé 

References Visser 1998: 134; Vossen 433. 

Number 458 


Meaning that 


Kxoe (Hukwe) �àa; �nă (Kö.) 

Naro �nà "this" (V.) 


Number 459 

Proto-West Khoe *�a- 

Meaning melon (tsama melon) 


Naro nǁae, nǁai (Ba.) 

|Gwi nǁann (Ta.) 

//Gana nǁann (Ta.) 

Tsaukwe ǂnai

172 


Number 460 

Proto-West Khoe *�ábè 

Meaning diaphragm 


//Ani �ábè 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁg�b� (Kö.) 

Buga ��b� 

Naro �ábè (V.) 


Number 461 

Proto-West Khoe *�áì 

Meaning to sing 


Naro �náì (V.); nǁáè, nǁáì (Ba.) 

|Gwi �náì; nǂáe (Ta.) 

//Gana �náì; nǂáe (Ta.) 

#Haba �náì 


Number 462 

Proto-West Khoe *��[-rá] 

Meaning to count 


//Ani �n� 

Buga �� 

|Ganda �� 

Naro �nádá (V.) 

|Gwi ��dé

Gana �nádá 

#Haba �nádé 

173 


Number 463 

Proto-West Khoe *�ámí 

Meaning pangolin 


//Ani �námí 

Buga �námí 

Naro �námí (V.); nǁámí (Ba.) 

#Haba �námí 


Number 464 


Meaning old 


//Ani �náò 

Buga �áò 

|Ganda �áò 

|Gwi �náò; nǂáu (Ta.) 

//Gana �áù; nǂáu (Ta.) 

#Haba �� 


Number 465 

Proto-West Khoe *�àó 

Meaning time of the first crops; first rains 


Naro nǁào, nǁàu "summer" (Ba.)


Number 466 

Proto-West Khoe *��b� 

174 

Meaning to wander around 


//Ani �n�b� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ��bɛ� (Kö.) 

Buga ��b� 

|Ganda ��b� 


Number 467 

Proto-West Khoe *�óá 

Meaning stone 


//Ani �nóá 

Kxoe (Hukwe) �góá; �óá (Kö.); ǂgnoa (Pa.) 

Buga �óá 

|Ganda �óá 

Naro �n�� (V.); nǁ��, nǁ�� (Ba.) 

|Gwi �òá; n|oa (Ta.) 

//Gana �óá; n|oa (Ta.) 


Tsaukwe ǂgoa 


Number 468 

Proto-West Khoe *�óé 

Meaning moon, month 


Ani �nó� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) �gó�; �ó� (Kö.) 

Buga �ó� 

|Ganda �óé 

175 

Naro �(n)óé (V.); nǁúé, nǁóé (Ba.) 

|Gwi �óè; nǁoe (Ta.) 

//Gana �óè; nǁoe (Ta.) 

#Haba �nóè 

Tsaukwe ǂgnoe 

References Barnard 33; Bleek 647; KH; Tanaka 62; Vossen 467-68. 

Number 469 


Meaning to have the mouth full 




#Haba �n�ḿ "verschlingen" 


Number 470 

Proto-West Khoe *�órì 

Meaning nephew, niece 


//Ani �nódì 

Kxoe (Hukwe) �nódi� (Kö.) 

Buga �ódì 

|Ganda �údì 

|Gwi �ódì; n!ódim (Ta.) 

//Gana n!ódim (Ta.) 


Number 471 

Proto-West Khoe *�ubu 

Meaning to shake 


Kxoe (Hukwe) �úb� (Kö.) 

Buga �úbù 

Naro �nùbú (V.) 

#Haba �núbú 


Number 472 

Proto-West Khoe *�úì 

Meaning fat, oil 


//Ani �núì 

Kxoe (Hukwe) �gúì; �úì (Kö.) 

Buga �úì 

|Ganda �úì 

176 

Naro �(n)úì (V.); nǁúè (Ba.) 

|Gwi �úì; nǂúi (Ta.) 

//Gana �úì; nǂúi (Ta.) 

#Haba �núì 


Number 473 

Proto-West Khoe *�ábò 

Meaning shoe, sandal 


//Ani �nàbó 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁàbo (Kö.); gắvō (W.) 

|Ganda ǁábò

177 

Naro �nàbó (V.); nǁàbó (Ba.) 

|Gwi �àbó; nǂabù (Ta.) 

//Gana �àbò; nǂabù (Ta.) 

#Haba �nàbó 


Number 474 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁáú 

Meaning to show 


//Ani ǁáú 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁéú (Kö.) 

Buga ǁáú 

|Ganda ǁáú 


Number 475 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁqárà 

Meaning a k. of acacia/aloe 


//Ani ǁqádà 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁqádè (Kö.) 

Buga ǁqádà 

Naro ǁádà (V.) 

|Gwi ǁádà 

//Gana ǁádà 

#Haba ǁádà 


Number 476 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁqho[-be/-re]

Meaning to open 


//Ani ǁxó�dé 

Kxoe (Hukwe) qu�d� (Kö.) 

178 

Buga qù�d� "aufdecken" 

Naro ǁxòbé (V., Ba.) 

//Gana ǁxʔóbè 

#Haba ǁxóbé 


Number 477 

Proto-West Khoe *xa 

Meaning that 


Kxoe (Hukwe) xă (Kö.) 


Number 478 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁxábà 

Meaning shoulderblade 


//Ani (|áḿ-)ǁxàbà 

Kxoe (Hukwe) (|áḿ-)ǁxàbà (Kö.) 

Naro ǁxábà (V.); ǁxaba "point between shoulderblades" (Ba.) 

#Haba ǁxábà 


Number 479 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁxábì 

Meaning to unroll, unwind 


Ani ǁxábì 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁxébì (Kö.) 

Buga ǁxébì 

|Ganda ǁxébì 

Naro ǁxábí (V.) 

//Gana ǁxábà 

#Haba ǁxábì 


Number 480 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁKai 

Meaning to turn, ward off 


179 

Naro ǁkai "turn around" (Ba.) 


Number 481 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁxàó 

Meaning spear, assegai 


//Ani ǁxáó 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁxàó (Kö.) 

Buga ǁxáó 

Naro ǁxàó (V.); ǁxàú, ǁkàú, ǁhàú "knife, spear" (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǁxáò; kxaui (Ta.) 

//Gana kxaui (Ta.) 

#Haba ǁxáò 

Tsaukwe ǂkxau "assegai" 

References Barnard 93-94; Bleek 667; Tanaka 90; Vossen 492. 

Number 482

Proto-West Khoe *ǁxàú 

Meaning to spread 


//Ani ǁxáú 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁxèú (Kö.) 

Buga ǁxàú 

|Ganda ǁxàú 

180 

Naro ǁxàú (V.); ǁxauë "stretch" (Ba.) 

#Haba ǁxáú 

Notes Cf. also PEKH *ǁgaũ id.? 


Number 483 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁxó 

Meaning dry 


//Ani ǁxó 

Buga ǁxǒ 

Naro ǁkoʔe "to dry" (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǁxó 

//Gana ǁxó 

#Haba ǁxó 


Number 484 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁxó� 

Meaning river 


//Ani ǁxó� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁxó� (Kö.); ǁkxom (Ha.) 

Buga ǁxó� 

|Ganda ǁxó�

Gana ǁxó� 

181 

References Haacke 1997: 186; Vossen 437. 

Number 485 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁxú 

Meaning warthog 


//Ani ǁxú 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁxǔ (Kö.) 

Buga ǁxǔ 

|Ganda ǁxù 

Naro ǁxǔ (V.); ǁxo, ǁo (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǁxú; ǁtou (Ta.) 

//Gana ǁtou (Ta.) 

#Haba ǁxú 


Number 486 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁabi 

Meaning mountain 


Naro ǁábí (V.); g!abi (Ba.); ǁkapi (Ha.) 

|Gwi !kabì "mountain" (Ta.), ǂkabì "hill" (Ta.) 

//Gana !kabì (Ta.), ǂkabì "hill" (Ta.) 

References Barnard 34; Haacke 1997: 161; Tanaka 46, 63. 

Number 487 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁ(ɣ)aru 

Meaning wild dog 


Naro ǁ�d� (V.); ǁaru (Ba.)

|Gwi ǁxádú 

//Gana ǁádù; ǂkaru (Ta.) 

#Haba ǁádú 

182 

Notes Unclear ǁx- in |Gwi. 


Number 488 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁxau 

Meaning forest, veld 


Naro ǁxáú; kʔau, ǁxau (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǂkau (Ta.) 

//Gana ǂkau (Ta.) 


Number 489 

Proto-West Khoe *tĩ 

Meaning to ask 


Naro tẽ�; t� (V.); t�, t� (Ba.) 

References Barnard 129; Visser 1998: 134; Vossen 438. 

Number 490 

Proto-West Khoe *|(ʔ)i 

Meaning to shave 


|Gwi |ī (Ta.) 

//Gana |ī (Ta.) 


Number 491 

Proto-West Khoe *!ʔaba 

Meaning to climb 


Naro ǂaba, !aba (Ba.) 

|Gwi !ába (Ta.) 

//Gana ába (Ta.) 

183 


Number 492 

Proto-West Khoe *�ai( ŋ ) 

Meaning poison 


Naro g!ai-xa (Ba.) 

|Gwi g!ain (Ta.) 

//Gana g!ain (Ta.) 


Number 493 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁabu 

Meaning wing 


Naro ǁkabu (Ba.) 


Number 494 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂe 

Meaning to pull 


Naro ǂkee (Ba.) 

|Gwi !kaé (Ta.)

Gana !té (Ta.) 

184 


Number 495 

Proto-West Khoe *|ore 

Meaning to pray 


Naro |o[e]re; |kore (Ba.) 

References Barnard 149; Visser 1998: 131. 

Number 496 

Proto-West Khoe *su 

Meaning pot 


Naro súú, susi (Ba.) 

|Gwi shu (Ta.) 

//Gana shu (Ta.) 


Number 497 

Proto-West Khoe *ha( ŋ ) 

Meaning to exist 


//Ani hà� 

Naro hana, hanáá (Ba.) 

|Gwi ha (Ta.) 

//Gana ha (Ta.) 


Number 498

Proto-West Khoe *|ana 

Meaning poor 


Naro |kãna (Ba.) 


Number 499 

Proto-West Khoe *|qúè 

Meaning tired 


Kxoe (Hukwe) |qwê (Kö.) 

Buga |qúè 

|Ganda |qúè 

185 


Number 500 

Proto-West Khoe *|q� 

Meaning to itch 


//Ani |q� 

Buga |q� "to hiccough" 

|Ganda |q� "to hiccough" 


Number 501 

Proto-West Khoe *|qéí 

Meaning to sprinkle 


//Ani |qáí 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |qéí (Kö.) 

Buga |qéí

|Ganda |qéí 

186 


Number 502 

Proto-West Khoe *qoárá 

Meaning to peel 


Kxoe (Hukwe) qwǎrá (Kö.) 

Buga qwárá 

|Ganda qwárá 


Number 503 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁqòḿ 

Meaning to rinse (the mouth) 


//Ani ǁqòḿ 


Number 504 

Proto-West Khoe *(!)q(h)áè 

Meaning darkness 


|Gwi hxaè (Ta.), hxaeshika "night" (Ta.) 

//Gana qáè; hxaè (Ta.), hxaeshika "night" (Ta.) 

References Tanaka 26; Vossen 1992: 386. 

Number 505 

Proto-West Khoe *qá� 

Meaning to hold in the mouth


//Ani qá� 

Buga qá� 

|Ganda qá� 

187 


Number 506 

Proto-West Khoe *|qó� 

Meaning featherweight tree 


//Ani |qó� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |qó� (Kö.) 

Buga |qó� 

|Ganda |qó� 


Number 507 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂqáré 

Meaning to break, peel, thresh 


//Ani ǂq�ré 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂqáré (Kö.) 

Buga ǂqáré 

|Ganda ǂqáré 


Number 508 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂqô 

Meaning to re-erect (plants) 


//Ani ǂqô

Buga ǂqô 

|Ganda ǂqô 

188 


Number 509 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂqáḿ 

Meaning to wrap up 


//Ani ǂqáḿ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂqáḿ (Kö.) 

Buga ǂqàḿ 

|Ganda ǂqàḿ 


Number 510 

Proto-West Khoe *(!)qùí 

Meaning to move oneʔs body 


Kxoe (Hukwe) qúí "to move (of animalʔs ear)" (Kö.) 

Buga qùí 

|Ganda qùí 


Number 511 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂqá 

Meaning to quarrel 


Buga ǂqá 

|Ganda ǂqá 

References Vossen 1992: 371.

Number 512 

Proto-West Khoe *qae 

Meaning marula tree 


//Ani qàé 

Kxoe (Hukwe) qàé (Kö.) 

Buga qáé 

|Ganda qáé 

189 


Number 513 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁqáb� 

Meaning to hang up, pack up 


//Ani ǁqáb� "to pack up, hang over" 

Buga ǁq�b� "to hang up" 

|Ganda ǁq�b� "to hang up" 


Number 514 

Proto-West Khoe *dǔ 

Meaning Medizinkohle 


Kxoe (Hukwe) dǔ (Kö.) 


Number 515 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁxúrú 

Meaning blunt 


Ani ǁxúrú 


Number 516 

Proto-West Khoe *k�rì 

Meaning to shake 


Naro k�rì "to move" 

#Haba k�rḭ� 

190 

References Visser 1998: 130; Vossen 145. 

Number 517 

Proto-West Khoe *xóé 

Meaning to scratch 


//Ani xó� 

|Gwi hoe (Ta.) 

//Gana hoe (Ta.) 


Number 518 

Proto-West Khoe *gúá (*�-) 

Meaning hyaena 


Kxoe (Hukwe) wú (Kö.) (?) 

Buga gúá 

References Köhler 1981: 486; Vossen 148. 

Number 519 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁxau

Meaning to rub 


//Gana ǁxáù 


Number 520 

Proto-West Khoe *ui 

Meaning to help 


Naro wùí (V.); wi (Ba.) 

|Gwi wùí 

191 


Number 521 

Proto-West Khoe *!ʔom 

Meaning antheap 


//Ani !ʔòḿ 


Number 522 

Proto-West Khoe *�óró 

Meaning tree bark 


Buga �ódó 

Notes An isolated Buga form; possibly a borrowing from a North 

Khoisan source. 


Number 523

Proto-West Khoe *ǁuri 

Meaning to follow 


Naro ǁùrí (Ba.) 

|Gwi ǁùrí 

192 


Number 524 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂunu 

Meaning to massage 


#Haba ǂúnú 


Number 525 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁe 

Meaning to think 


Buga ǁ� 


Number 526 

Proto-West Khoe *!óá 



Buga !óá 


Number 527 

Proto-West Khoe *cʔàrí

Meaning to extinguish 


Buga cʔàrí 

Naro tsʔírí, tsírí (Ba.) 

|Gwi chiri (Ta.) 

//Gana chiri (Ta.) 

193 


Number 528 

Proto-West Khoe *che 

Meaning to drive away 


//Ani chě 


Number 529 

Proto-West Khoe *!ʔaĩ 



Naro !ʔ�� (V.); !ai (Ba.) 


Number 530 

Proto-West Khoe *!ʔa 

Meaning to separate 


Naro !ʔá (V.) 


Number 531

Proto-West Khoe *�ĩ 

Meaning to look around 


Naro �n� (V.) 


Number 532 

Proto-West Khoe *(!)guru 

Meaning quiver 


Kxoe (Hukwe) gùrú (Kö.) 


Number 533 

Proto-West Khoe *|ʔúbì 

Meaning thumb 


Kxoe (Hukwe) |ʔúbì (Kö.) 


Number 534 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂʔíjo 

Meaning snake 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂʔíyo; ǂʔíyȯ (Kö.) 


Number 535 

Proto-West Khoe *to[b]e 

Meaning root 

194


Kxoe (Hukwe) tò�; to� (Kö.) 

Buga tóɛ� 

195 

Naro t�be; tʔǒbé, tʔ��b� (Ba.) 

|Gwi tabe (Ta.) 

//Gana tabe (Ta.) 

References Barnard 47; KH; Köhler 1966: 151; Tanaka 11; Visser 1998: 130; 

Vossen 166. 

Number 536 

Proto-West Khoe *-bà 

Meaning m. sg. marker for nouns 


//Ani -mà 

Kxoe (Hukwe) -mà (Kö.) 

Buga -mà 

|Ganda -mà 

Naro -ba, -m (V.) 

|Gwi -mà 

//Gana -mà 

#Haba -mà, -bà 


Number 537 

Proto-West Khoe *-sì 

Meaning f. sg. marker for nouns 


//Ani -h� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) -h� (Kö.) 

Buga -sì 

|Ganda -sì 

Naro -sa, -s (V.)

|Gwi -sà 

//Gana -sà 

#Haba -sà 

196 

Notes The -à is by analogy with *-bà. 


Number 538 

Proto-West Khoe *-tsà[ra] 

Meaning m. du. marker for nouns 


//Ani -tsà 

Kxoe (Hukwe) -tҫà (Kö.) 

Buga -tsà 

|Ganda -tsà 

Naro -tsara (V.) 

|Gwi -tsèrà 

//Gana -tsèrà 

#Haba -tsèrà 


Number 539 

Proto-West Khoe *-sà[ra] 

Meaning f. du. marker for nouns 


//Ani -sà 

Kxoe (Hukwe) -ҫà (Kö.) 

Buga -sà 

|Ganda -sà 

Naro -sara (V.) 

|Gwi -sèrà 

//Gana -sèrà 

#Haba -sèrà


Number 540 

Proto-West Khoe *-khà[ra] 

197 

Meaning n. du. marker for nouns 


//Ani -khùà 

Kxoe (Hukwe) -kxà (Kö.) 

Buga -khyà 

|Ganda -khyà 

Naro -khoara (V.) 

|Gwi -khòàrà, -khòrà 

//Gana -khòàrà 

#Haba -khòàrà 


Number 541 

Proto-West Khoe *-ǁù[a] 

Meaning m. pl. marker for nouns 


//Ani -ǁùà 

Kxoe (Hukwe) -ǁùà (Kö.) 

Buga -ǁù 

|Ganda -ǁù 

Naro -ǁua (V.) 

|Gwi -ǁùà 

//Gana -ǁùà 

#Haba -ǁùà 


Number 542

Proto-West Khoe *-ʒì 

198 

Meaning f. pl. marker for nouns 


//Ani -ʒì 

Kxoe (Hukwe) -djì (Kö.) 

Buga -ʒì 

|Ganda -ʒì 

Naro zi "they (f.pl.)"; -ʒi (V.) 

|Gwi -ʒè 

//Gana -ʒè 

#Haba -ʒè, -ʒì 

References Visser 120; Vossen 171-172. 

Number 543 

Proto-West Khoe *-nà 

Meaning n. pl. marker in nouns 


//Ani -nà 

Kxoe (Hukwe) -nà (Kö.) 

Buga -nà 

|Ganda -nà 

Naro -na, -ni, -n (V.) 

|Gwi -nà 

//Gana -nà 

#Haba -nà 


Number 544 

Proto-West Khoe *dì 

Meaning relative particle 


//Ani dì

Kxoe (Hukwe) dì (Kö.) 

Naro dì (V.) 

References Vossen passim. 

Number 545 

Proto-West Khoe *(!)koe 

Meaning not to wish 


Kxoe (Hukwe) kw� (Kö.) 


Number 546 

Proto-West Khoe *!hùrí 

Meaning sprießen 


//Ani !hùrí 


Number 547 

Proto-West Khoe *qàmá 

Meaning to regret 


//Ani qàmá 

Kxoe (Hukwe) qǎmá (Kö.) 

199 


Number 548 

Proto-West Khoe *cʔó 

Meaning to drive cattle 


Ani cʔó 


Number 549 

Proto-West Khoe *-kà 

Meaning causative suffix 


//Ani -kà 

Kxoe (Hukwe) -kà (Kö.) 

Buga -kà 

|Ganda -kà 

Naro -ká-xù (V.) 

|Gwi -kà-xú 

//Gana -kà-xù 

#Haba -kà-xú 

References Vossen 193, 208. 

Number 550 

Proto-West Khoe *-sì 

Meaning causative suffix 


//Ani -sì 


Number 551 

Proto-West Khoe *-mà 

Meaning dative suffix 


//Ani -mà 

Kxoe (Hukwe) -mȧ (Kö.) 

Buga -mà 

200

|Ganda -mà 

Naro -má (V.) 

|Gwi -mâ 

#Haba -mà 


Number 552 

Proto-West Khoe *khô 

Meaning to gather 


//Ani khô 


Number 553 

Proto-West Khoe *-sǹ 

Meaning reflexive suffix 


//Ani -sàn 

Kxoe (Hukwe) -śan; -ҫȧn (Kö.) 

Buga -hànì 

|Ganda -hànì 

Naro -sí (V.) 

|Gwi -sì 

//Gana -hè 

#Haba -si� 

201 

References KH; Vossen 193, 209. 

Number 554 

Proto-West Khoe *qòḿ 

Meaning to bend 


Buga qòḿ 

|Ganda qòḿ 


Number 555 

Proto-West Khoe *-kù 

Meaning reciprocal suffix 


//Ani -kù 

Kxoe (Hukwe) -k� (Kö.) 

Buga -kù 

|Ganda -kù 

Naro -k� (V.) 

|Gwi -kù 

//Gana -kù 

#Haba -kù 


Number 556 

Proto-West Khoe *dǒ 

Meaning to agree with 


202 

//Ani dó "to love, agree" 

Kxoe (Hukwe) dǒ (Kö.) 


Number 557 

Proto-West Khoe *-kxào 

Meaning inclinative suffix 


//Ani -kxʔàò

Kxoe (Hukwe) -kxʔàò (Kö.) 

Naro -kxʔáó (V.) 

#Haba -kxʔàò 


Number 558 

Proto-West Khoe *-ŋa( ŋ ) 

Meaning negative suffix 


//Ani -ŋã� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) -ŋá (Kö.) 


Number 559 

Proto-West Khoe *-!ʔò 

203 

Meaning directive/locative suffix 


//Ani -ʔò 

Kxoe (Hukwe) -ʔȯ (Kö.) 

Buga -ʔò 

|Ganda -ʔò 

Naro -!ʔô (V.) 

//Gana -ʔò 

#Haba -kʔó 


Number 560 

Proto-West Khoe *-ti 

Meaning frequentative suffix 


//Ani -t(í)


Number 561 

Proto-West Khoe *-|xòà 

Meaning comitative suffix 


//Ani -|xòà 

Kxoe (Hukwe) -|xòà (Kö.) 

Buga -|xòà 

|Ganda -|xòà 

204 

Naro |xoa "with, along"; -|xòà (V.) 

References Visser 7; Vossen 194, 209. 

Number 562 

Proto-West Khoe *-xu 

Meaning terminative suffix 


//Ani -xú 

Kxoe (Hukwe) -xú (Kö.) 

Buga -xu 

|Ganda -xu 

Naro -xú (V.) 

|Gwi -xù 

//Gana -xò 

#Haba -xú 


Number 563 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁòbǎ 

Meaning to cover 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁòàbǎ (Kö.) 


Number 564 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂxǎ 



//Ani ǂxá 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂxàá; ǂxǎ (Kö.) 

Buga ǂxǎ 

|Ganda ǂxǎ 

205 

References Köhler 1981: 489; KH; Vossen 194; Vossen 1986: 329. 

Number 565 

Proto-West Khoe *-sà 

Meaning intentional suffix 


Kxoe (Hukwe) -ҫȧ (Kö.) 

Buga -sà 

|Ganda -sà 

|Gwi (?) -à 


Number 566 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂhě 

Meaning to mix 


Buga ǂhě 

|Ganda ǂhě 


Number 567 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁe 

Meaning to decide 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁ� (Kö.) 


Number 568 

Proto-West Khoe *(!)kxoe 

206 

Meaning to scoop water (out of a bucket) 


Kxoe (Hukwe) kxʔóé (Kö.) 


Number 569 

Proto-West Khoe *sṹ 

Meaning to hasten 


//Ani sṹ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ҫ� (Kö.) 

References Köhler 1981: 501; Vossen 198. 

Number 570 

Proto-West Khoe *ʒú 

Meaning abschöpfen 


//Ani ʒú 


Number 571 

Proto-West Khoe *-tè 

207 

Meaning present tense suffix 


//Ani -tè 

Kxoe (Hukwe) -tè (Kö.) 

Buga -tè 

|Ganda -tè 


Number 572 

Proto-West Khoe *-�ue 

Meaning ingressive suffix 


//Ani -�nùà 

Kxoe (Hukwe) -�nùè (Kö.) 


Number 573 

Proto-West Khoe *-ǁòè 

Meaning habitual suffix 


//Ani -ǁòè 

Kxoe (Hukwe) -ǁòè (Kö.) 


Number 574 

Proto-West Khoe *-hĩ 

Meaning longpast tense suffix 


//Ani -h�

Kxoe (Hukwe) -h� (Kö.) 


Number 575 

Proto-West Khoe *-tĩ 

208 

Meaning nearpast tense suffix 


Kxoe (Hukwe) -t� (Kö.) 


Number 576 

Proto-West Khoe *-ǁʔò� 

Meaning nearpast tense suffix 


//Ani -ǁʔò� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) -ǁʔò� (Kö.) 


Number 577 

Proto-West Khoe *-tà 

Meaning very-near-past tense suffix 


//Ani -tà 

Kxoe (Hukwe) -tà (Kö.) 

Buga -ta 

|Ganda -ta 

Naro -tu (V.) (?) 

#Haba (?) -tu 

References Vossen 202, 211.

Number 578 

Proto-West Khoe *-kò 

209 

Meaning gerundivum suffix 


Kxoe (Hukwe) -kò (Kö.) 

Naro -kò (V.) 


Number 579 

Proto-West Khoe *-hã 

Meaning preterite suffix 


//Ani -h� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) -hã� (Kö.) 

Buga -hà 

|Ganda -hà 

Naro -hã, -ha (V.) 

|Gwi -hã, -ha 

//Gana -hã, -ha 

#Haba -hã, -ha 


Number 580 

Proto-West Khoe *-gòè 

Meaning future tense suffix 


//Ani -gòè(nè) 

Kxoe (Hukwe) -gòè (Kö.) 

Buga -gòè 

|Ganda -gòè 

Naro -ga, -ka (V.) (?) 

//Gana (?) -ga, -ka


Number 581 

Proto-West Khoe *-bé 

210 

Meaning negation morpheme 


//Ani -bé 

Kxoe (Hukwe) bé; -bé(é) (Kö.) 

Buga -bé 

|Ganda -bé 


Number 582 

Proto-West Khoe *-ko 

Meaning present tense suffix 


Naro -ko (V.) 

//Gana -ko 

#Haba -ko 


Number 583 

Proto-West Khoe *-ke 

Meaning very-near-past tense suffix 


|Gwi -ke "present suffix" 

//Gana -ke 

#Haba -ke 


Number 584 

Proto-West Khoe *-ta[ma] 

211 

Meaning negation morpheme 


Naro -tá, -tȧmȧ (V.) 

//Gana tàmà 


Number 585 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁqě 

Meaning to flesh 


Buga ǁq� 

|Ganda ǁq� 


Number 586 

Proto-West Khoe *(!)qa[i]ru 

Meaning to long for some particular food 


//Ani qáírù 


Number 587 

Proto-West Khoe *|quri 

Meaning to suck in the mouth 


//Ani |qúrí 


Number 588 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂqã 

Meaning to suck fruits 


//Ani ǂq� 

212 


Number 589 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂqámì 

Meaning to fly (of sparks) 


//Ani ǂqámì 


Number 590 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁqòbé 

Meaning to scoop water from a bucket 


//Ani ǁqòbé 


Number 591 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁqáró 

Meaning to paddle 


//Ani ǁqáró 


Number 592 

Proto-West Khoe *!qũĩ

Meaning to be pregnant 


|Gwi !qw� 

213 


Number 593 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁqũĩ 

Meaning to clear oneʔs throat 


|Gwi ǁqw� 


Number 594 

Proto-West Khoe *(!)qóàn 

Meaning to shake, vibrate 


//Gana qóàn 


Number 595 

Proto-West Khoe *(!)qabi 

Meaning guts 


//Gana qábì 


Number 596 

Proto-West Khoe *!q� 

Meaning vein, sinew 


Gana !q� 

214 


Number 597 

Proto-West Khoe *|qũĩ 

Meaning intestines 


Kxoe (Hukwe) |gũĩ (Kö.) 

Buga |q�� 

|Ganda |q�� 

Naro |kṵi (Ha.) 

References Haacke 1997: 166; Vossen 1992: 386. 

Number 598 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂqae 

Meaning calf (of leg) 


//Ani ǂqáè 


Number 599 

Proto-West Khoe *qaru 

Meaning salt-lick 


Naro qàrú-sá (V.) 

|Gwi qárú "pit-trap" 

//Gana qárú 

References Vossen 1992: 378, 385, 386. 

Number 600

Proto-West Khoe *ǁqom (?) 

Meaning cloud 


215 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁòm; ǁkom (Ha.) (?) 

Buga qó� 

|Ganda qó� 

Naro �oma 

References Haacke 1997: 202; KH; Visser 59; Vossen 1992: 385. 

Number 601 

Proto-West Khoe *(!)qai 

Meaning dust; salt-lick 


Buga qáì 

|Ganda qáì 


Number 602 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂqo[bo] 

Meaning mud 


//Ani ǂqǒ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂq�bȯ "clay" (Kö.) 

Buga ǂqôpò 

|Ganda ǂqôpò 


Number 603 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁqau 

Meaning sunset glow 


Ani ǁqáú 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁqéú (Kö.) 

Buga ǁqáú 

|Ganda ǁqáú 

216 


Number 604 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂqoro 

Meaning puddle 


//Ani ǂqórò 


Number 605 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁqui 

Meaning whirlpool 


//Ani ǁqúí 


Number 606 

Proto-West Khoe *|qobu 

Meaning to sprout 


Kxoe (Hukwe) |q�bǔ (Kö.) 

Buga |qóbú 

|Ganda |qóbú 


Number 607

Proto-West Khoe *qxana 

Meaning hemp sp. 


217 

|Ganda (?) qànà "shrub sp." 

Naro qxánà (V.) 


Number 608 

Proto-West Khoe *qarati 

Meaning timber 


//Ani qárátì 

Kxoe (Hukwe) qàráti (Kö.) 

Buga qárátì 

|Ganda qárátì 


Number 609 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂqá 

Meaning heap of reeds floating on a river 


//Ani ǂqá 


Number 610 

Proto-West Khoe *!qobu 

Meaning fruit-bearing plant 


//Ani !qòbú 


Number 611 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁqam 

Meaning spiderweb 


//Ani ǁqá� 

218 


Number 612 

Proto-West Khoe *|qĩ 

Meaning to castrate 


Buga |q� 

|Ganda |q� 


Number 613 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂqobe 

Meaning frog 


//Ani ǂqòb� 

Buga ǂqóbé 

|Ganda ǂqóbé 


Number 614 

Proto-West Khoe *|qobe 

Meaning black biting fly 


//Ani |qóbé 


Number 615 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂqoni 

Meaning millipede 


//Ani ǁùrú-ǂqòní-ǂqònì 

Buga ǂqòní-ǂqònì 

|Ganda ǂqòní-ǂqònì 

219 


Number 616 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁquru 

Meaning leguan 


Buga ǁqúrú 

|Ganda ǁqúrú 

Notes Cf. ǁAni ǁqòńdo "lizard"? 


Number 617 

Proto-West Khoe *|qei 

Meaning hartebeest 


|Gwi |qéí 


Number 618 

Proto-West Khoe *qoro 

Meaning fowl 


220 

Kxoe (Hukwe) qórȯ "gallinaceous" (Kö.) 

Buga qórò 

|Ganda qórò 

References Vossen 1992: 382, 384. 

Number 619 

Proto-West Khoe *!qoa 

Meaning a k. of waterbird 


//Ani !qòá "watercrane (?)" 

Buga !qóá "ibis" 

|Ganda !qóá "ibis" 


Number 620 

Proto-West Khoe *que 

Meaning lourie 


Buga qú� 

|Ganda qú� 


Number 621 

Proto-West Khoe *|qoro 

Meaning pied kingfisher 


Buga |qóró 

|Ganda |qóró 


Number 622 

Proto-West Khoe *qo 

Meaning wattled crane 


Buga qǒ 

|Ganda qǒ 

221 


Number 623 

Proto-West Khoe *qugu 

Meaning to demand 


Kxoe (Hukwe) qǔg� (Kö.) 

Buga qǔgú 

|Ganda qǔgú 


Number 624 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁqaĩ 

Meaning to anoint 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁq�� (Kö.) 

Buga ǁq�� 

|Ganda ǁq�� 


Number 625 

Proto-West Khoe *|qunu 

Meaning to ferment 


Kxoe (Hukwe) |qún� (Kö.)

Buga |qúnú 

//Gana |qúnú 

222 


Number 626 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂa 

Meaning scar 


//Ani ǂá 


Number 627 

Proto-West Khoe *soen 

Meaning to slide on the ground 


//Ani sóèǹ 


Number 628 

Proto-West Khoe *�ara 

Meaning to scarify 


//Ani �árà 


Number 629 


Meaning a k. of waterplant 


//Ani �ǔ

223 


Number 630 


Meaning butterfly, moth 


//Ani �ǔ 


Number 631 

Proto-West Khoe *�ari 

Meaning dry ground 


//Ani �àrí 


Number 632 

Proto-West Khoe *�o 

Meaning to whet, sharpen 


//Ani �nó 


Number 633 


Meaning wound 


//Ani �nǒ 


Number 634 


Meaning barren (woman) 


//Ani �nó-(khóé) 

224 


Number 635 

Proto-West Khoe *!xu 

Meaning chief 


//Ani !xû 


Number 636 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁɣui 

Meaning to gut fish 


//Ani ǁgxùí 


Number 637 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂkxeri 

Meaning to sprinkle, drizzle 


//Ani ǂxʔ�rí 


Number 638

Proto-West Khoe *|hu 

225 

Meaning to hit (with the hand) 


//Ani |hǔ 


Number 639 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂhu 

Meaning milk of a cow that just gave birth 


//Ani ǂhǔ 


Number 640 

Proto-West Khoe *!hu 

Meaning to punish 


//Ani !hû 


Number 641 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁhu 

Meaning to grab; rauben 


//Ani ǁhǔ 


Number 642 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂʔa 

Meaning to hide


//Ani ǂʔá 

226 


Number 643 

Proto-West Khoe *!ʔa 

Meaning old man 


//Ani !ʔá-(khòè) 


Number 644 

Proto-West Khoe *�xae 

Meaning a k. of rat 


//Ani �xàé 


Number 645 

Proto-West Khoe *�xãĩ 

Meaning to glide 


//Ani �x�� 


Number 646 

Proto-West Khoe *�xai 

Meaning grassland 


//Ani �xáì

227 


Number 647 

Proto-West Khoe *�xao 

Meaning parrot 


//Ani �xáò 


Number 648 


Meaning marabu 


//Ani �ô 


Number 649 


Meaning biltong 


//Ani �nô 


Number 650 

Proto-West Khoe *�xom 

Meaning to retch 


//Ani �xó� 


Number 651 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂkxu 

Meaning clay 


//Ani ǂxʔû 

228 


Number 652 

Proto-West Khoe *�om 

Meaning Dickdarm 




Number 653 

Proto-West Khoe *!hai 

Meaning steep, abrupt 


//Ani !hàí 


Number 654 

Proto-West Khoe *!kxu 

Meaning hitzig, heftig 


//Ani !xʔú 


Number 655

Proto-West Khoe *�au 

Meaning basket (Korb) 


//Ani �àú 

229 


Number 656 

Proto-West Khoe *�ãũ 

Meaning to milk; to tie the cowʔs legs together while milking 


//Ani �n�ṹ 


Number 657 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁɣa 

Meaning to rustle (of reeds) 


//Ani ǁgxá 


Number 658 

Proto-West Khoe *ta 

Meaning old (of person) 


//Ani tá 


Number 659 

Proto-West Khoe *kã (*!-) 

Meaning to bend


//Ani k� 

230 


Number 660 

Proto-West Khoe *khau (*!h-) 

Meaning to lie (tell lies) 


//Ani khàú 


Number 661 

Proto-West Khoe *ʒo 

Meaning reedbuck; waterbuck 


//Ani ʒô 


Number 662 

Proto-West Khoe *txeri 

Meaning to widen 


//Ani tx�rì 


Number 663 

Proto-West Khoe *cxeri 

Meaning to spring, sprinkle 


//Ani cx�rì

231 


Number 664 

Proto-West Khoe *sam 

Meaning to take meat off bones, honey out of hive 


//Ani sàḿ 


Number 665 


Meaning to bewitch 


//Ani ŋá 


Number 666 

Proto-West Khoe *tʔu 

Meaning pus 


//Ani tʔú 


Number 667 

Proto-West Khoe *txoro 

Meaning to shake while dancing 


//Ani txóró 

Kxoe (Hukwe) txǒró "dance" (Kö.) 

References Köhler 1981: 506; Vossen 1986: 335.

Number 668 

Proto-West Khoe *dxana 

Meaning new moon 


//Ani dxánà 

232 


Number 669 

Proto-West Khoe *ʒu 



//Ani ʒǔ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) djǔ (Kö.) 

References Köhler 1981: 489; Vossen 1986: 335. 

Number 670 

Proto-West Khoe *ci 

Meaning to grow 


//Ani cí 


Number 671 

Proto-West Khoe *tʔubi 

Meaning to kindle fire 


//Ani tʔùbí 


Number 672 

Proto-West Khoe *!ɣaba 

233 

Meaning a k. of bird (Hornrabe) 


//Ani ɣábà 


Number 673 

Proto-West Khoe *kau (*!-) 

Meaning lamp, light 


//Ani káú 


Number 674 

Proto-West Khoe *�xo 

Meaning a k. of reed 


//Ani �xǒ 


Number 675 

Proto-West Khoe *(!)xao 

Meaning to be capable of 


//Ani xáò 


Number 676

Proto-West Khoe *�xabi 

Meaning to pull, drag 


//Ani �xàbí 

234 


Number 677 

Proto-West Khoe *gobo 

Meaning abdomen 


//Ani góbó 


Number 678 

Proto-West Khoe *gobi 

Meaning to owe 


//Ani góbì 


Number 679 

Proto-West Khoe *kani (*!-) 

Meaning cooked meat 


//Ani kánì 


Number 680 

Proto-West Khoe *qae 

Meaning to love


//Ani qáé 

235 


Number 681 

Proto-West Khoe *qai 

Meaning feast, celebration 


//Ani qàí 


Number 682 

Proto-West Khoe *xoe 

Meaning white 


//Ani xó� 

Kxoe (Hukwe) xó� "foam, froth"; xó� (Kö.) 

Naro xõẽ-xõẽ-se "very white" 

References KH; Visser 29; Vossen 1986: 338. 

Number 683 

Proto-West Khoe *oe 

Meaning to break 


//Ani ʔú� 

Naro óè 

References Visser 60; Vossen 1986: 338. 

Number 684 

Proto-West Khoe *�ue

Meaning to deny, quarrel 


//Ani �nú� 

236 


Number 685 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂʔĩ 

Meaning to be similar 


//Ani ǂʔ� 


Number 686 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁaĩ 

Meaning to rub in 


//Ani ǁ�� 


Number 687 

Proto-West Khoe *!oã 

Meaning to milk 


//Ani !ṍ� 


Number 688 

Proto-West Khoe *!uã 

Meaning to pay for 


Ani !ú� 


237 


Number 689 

Proto-West Khoe *chi 

Meaning to fart 


//Ani sî 

Kxoe (Hukwe) śíì 

Naro chíì 

Notes ǁAni sî is irregular (*tshî would be expected), but there may 

be vocalic conditioning involved. 


Number 690 

Proto-West Khoe *ku (*!-) 

Meaning to wake up 


//Ani kú 


Number 691 

Proto-West Khoe *kũ (*!-) 

Meaning small 


//Ani kṹ 

Kxoe (Hukwe) kṹ-xo; kṹ (Kö.) 

References KH; Köhler 1981: 502; Vossen 1986: 339.

Number 692 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁxoã 

Meaning to be half-ripe 


//Ani ǁxṍ� 

238 


Number 693 

Proto-West Khoe *�aũa 

Meaning a k. of bird (Galago) 


//Ani �n�ṹa 


Number 694 

Proto-West Khoe *|áú 

Meaning big 


//Ani |áú 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |éú 

Naro |au "manner, custom, way" (?) 

Notes Judging by the semantics, the ǁAni-Kxoe forms may be 

related to Nama |au "manner; amount" genetically, but the Naro form is more 

probably a re-borrowing. Cf. also Naro |àù "add, increase". 


Number 695 

Proto-West Khoe *kuan 

Meaning to titillate 


//Ani kúáǹ

239 


Number 696 

Proto-West Khoe *dubi 

Meaning to castrate 


//Ani dúbì 


Number 697 

Proto-West Khoe *ka (*!-) 

Meaning to take off (clothes) 


//Ani kǎ 


Number 698 

Proto-West Khoe *khoã 

Meaning to reap 


//Ani khṍ� 


Number 699 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁʔoã 

Meaning to string pearls 


//Ani ǁʔṍ� 


Number 700 

Proto-West Khoe *chao 

Meaning wide, broad 


//Ani cháò 

Kxoe (Hukwe) śáò 

240 

References KH; Vossen 1986: 342. 

Number 701 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂao 

Meaning to miss; not to reach (in throwing) 


//Ani ǂàó 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂǎo (Kö.) 


Number 702 

Proto-West Khoe *kanu (*!-) 

Meaning catfish 


//Ani kànú 


Number 703 

Proto-West Khoe *ʒoro 

Meaning hoof 


//Ani ʒórò 


Number 704 

Proto-West Khoe *koe (*!-) 

Meaning to refuse 



References Köhler 1981: 486. 

Number 705 

Proto-West Khoe *ga 

Meaning bed 


Kxoe (Hukwe) gyǎ (Kö.) 


Number 706 

Proto-West Khoe *|�má 

Meaning mosquito 


Naro |�má 

References Visser 12. 

Number 707 

Proto-West Khoe *be 

Meaning to be too heavy 


Kxoe (Hukwe) b��; b� (Kö.) 

241 

References KH; Köhler 1981: 489. 

Number 708

Proto-West Khoe *ʒu 

Meaning not to have 


Kxoe (Hukwe) djǔ (Kö.) 


Number 709 

Proto-West Khoe *kare (*!-) 

Meaning to return 


Kxoe (Hukwe) kyáré (Kö.) 


Number 710 

Proto-West Khoe *kaba (*!-) 

Meaning to grasp, take 


Kxoe (Hukwe) kyábá (Kö.) 


Number 711 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂan 

Meaning to repair 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂán (Kö.) 


Number 712 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂam 

Meaning to crack (nuts) 

242


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂǎm (Kö.) 


Number 713 

Proto-West Khoe *soe 

Meaning to be silly 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ҫo� (Kö.) 


Number 714 

Proto-West Khoe *koe (*!-) 

Meaning not to love 




Number 715 

Proto-West Khoe *�ũĩ 

Meaning to wipe 


Kxoe (Hukwe) �n�ĩ (Kö.) 


Number 716 

Proto-West Khoe *�abe 

243 

Meaning to make a mistake 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ��b� (Kö.)


Number 717 

Proto-West Khoe *!ʔe 

Meaning white (to be) 


244 

Kxoe (Hukwe) !ʔé-śi; !ʔé "qq. ch. de blanc" (Kö.) 

References KH; Köhler 1981: 500. 

Number 718 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂu 

Meaning pulp 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂǔ (Kö.) 


Number 719 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxoa 

Meaning few; three 


Kxoe (Hukwe) |xʔoâ (Kö.) 

Naro |xʔorò "few" (?) 

References Köhler 1981: 502; Visser 9. 

Number 720 


Meaning to smear (a wound with fat) 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂòm-ǂôm (Kö.) 

References Köhler 1981: 504.

Number 721 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁhã 

Meaning to praise (louer) 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁh� (Kö.) 


Number 722 

Proto-West Khoe *!ʔá� (*0-) 

245 

Meaning to assemble, insert solidly 


Kxoe (Hukwe) á�; âm (Kö.) 

References Köhler 1981: 505; KH. 

Number 723 

Proto-West Khoe *dara 

Meaning to visit 


Naro dàra (Na.) 

|Gwi ʒ�ra (Na.) 

//Gana ʒ�ra (Na.) 

References Nakagawa 1998: 249. 

Number 724 

Proto-West Khoe *tã 

Meaning different 


Naro t� (Na.) 

|Gwi ciã (Na.)

Gana tã (Na.) 

246 


Number 725 

Proto-West Khoe *t�u 

Meaning tired 


Naro t�u (Na.) 

|Gwi t��u, c��u (Na.) 

//Gana t��u (Na.) 


Number 726 

Proto-West Khoe *thabu 

Meaning to walk weakly 


|Gwi thâbu-ka, chêbu-ka (Na.) 

//Gana thâbu-ka (Na.) 


Number 727 

Proto-West Khoe *txara 

Meaning to spring up (of mushroom) 


|Gwi tχāra, cχāra (Na.) 

//Gana tχāra (Na.) 


Number 728 

Proto-West Khoe *tkxam

Meaning a k. of termite 


247 

|Gwi tχʔám, cχʔám (Na.) 

//Gana tχʔám (Na.) 


Number 729 

Proto-West Khoe *thari 

Meaning blunt 


|Gwi th�ri, ch�ri (Na.) 

//Gana th�ri (Na.) 


Number 730 

Proto-West Khoe *d�i 

Meaning a k. of bird (Vanellus coronatus) 


|Gwi d��i, ʒ��i (Na.) 

//Gana d��i (Na.) 


Number 731 

Proto-West Khoe *tã 

Meaning a k. of tree (Rhigozum brevispinosum) 


|Gwi t�, c� (Na.) 

//Gana t� (Na.) 

References Nakagawa 1998: 253.

Number 732 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁae 

Meaning to scratch hide 


Naro ǁàè 

References Visser 1998: 134. 

Number 733 


Meaning to watch 


Naro ǁaè 


Number 734 

Proto-West Khoe *ko 

Meaning to sweep 


Naro kòò 


Number 735 


Meaning to chase away 


Naro koò 


Number 736 

Proto-West Khoe *!ʔae 

248

Meaning to break wind 


Naro !ʔae 


Number 737 

Proto-West Khoe *!ʔae 

Meaning to get a fright 


Naro !ʔáé 


Number 738 

Proto-West Khoe *!u 

Meaning to lift on head 


Naro !úú 


Number 739 


Meaning to strike 


Naro !ʔóm 


Number 740 


Meaning lower abdomen 


249

Naro !ʔom 


Number 741 


Meaning to breed 


Naro ǁáè 


Number 742 


Meaning to rise 


Naro !aò 


Number 743 

Proto-West Khoe *sàó 

Meaning winter 


Kxoe (Hukwe) śàó 

Naro sao 

250 

References KH; Visser 1998: 134. 

Number 744 


Meaning to be the same 


Naro koo


Number 745 

Proto-West Khoe *|ʔam 

Meaning point 


Naro |ʔam 


Number 746 


Meaning honest 


Naro ǂom 


Number 747 

Proto-West Khoe *!xãẽ 

Meaning nose bone 


Naro !x�� 


Number 748 




Naro nǁàú 


251

Number 749 


Meaning meerkat 


Naro nǁàu 


Number 750 

Proto-West Khoe *|o 

Meaning to follow 


Naro |òò 


Number 751 

Proto-West Khoe *!ai 

Meaning to belch 


Naro !àì 


Number 752 

Proto-West Khoe *|u 

Meaning forehead 


Naro |òo 

|Gwi |u (Ta.) 

//Gana |u (Ta.) 

252 

References Tanaka 38; Visser 1998: 134.

Number 753 


Meaning a k. of meerkat 


Naro !ài 


Number 754 

Proto-West Khoe *cam 

Meaning to drink 


Naro cám 


Number 755 

Proto-West Khoe *cam 

Meaning to hide 


Naro cám 


Number 756 


Meaning leftover, half 


Naro !áó 


Number 757 

253


254 

Meaning a k. of bird (Palmnut vulture) 


Naro !àò 


Number 758 


Meaning three 


Naro ǁáé "we (of three or more)" 


Number 759 

Proto-West Khoe *q�m 

Meaning to close a hole 


Naro q�m 


Number 760 

Proto-West Khoe *!naro 

Meaning to freeze 


Naro n!aro 


Number 761 

Proto-West Khoe *!abu 

Meaning weak


Naro !abu 


Number 762 

Proto-West Khoe *|xobe 

Meaning to borrow 


Naro |xóbè 


Number 763 

Proto-West Khoe *|�ma 

Meaning mosquito 


Naro |�má 


Number 764 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂ�no 

Meaning star 


255 

Naro ǂ�nò; ǂ�n�, |onù (Ba.) 

|Gwi !konò (Ta.) 

//Gana !konò (Ta.) 


Number 765 

Proto-West Khoe *|xae 

Meaning important


Naro |xáé 


Number 766 

Proto-West Khoe *�e 

Meaning stiff 


Naro gǂèè 


Number 767 

Proto-West Khoe *�i 

Meaning thick (body) 


Naro gǂìì 


Number 768 

Proto-West Khoe *�i 

Meaning old 


Naro n|ìí 


Number 769 

Proto-West Khoe *si 

Meaning to go 


256 

Kxoe (Hukwe) śií "go up to, reach"; cí "se rendre à, aller vers" (Kö.)

Naro síí 

257 

References KH; Köhler 1981: 497; Visser 1998: 128. 

Number 770 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁʔai 

Meaning to show 


Naro ǁʔáí 


Number 771 

Proto-West Khoe *!xai 

Meaning clothes 


Naro !xáí 


Number 772 


Meaning to kick 


Naro !áì 


Number 773 

Proto-West Khoe *�ai 

Meaning to jump 


Naro nǁàì 

References Visser 1998: 129.

Number 774 

Proto-West Khoe *!nae 

Meaning to pass 


Naro n!áé 


Number 775 

Proto-West Khoe *�ae 

Meaning to reproach 


Naro �àè 


Number 776 

Proto-West Khoe *!a 

Meaning to seek 


Naro !aa 


Number 777 


Meaning back 


Naro !á 


258

Number 778 


Meaning to hurt 


Naro !a 


Number 779 

Proto-West Khoe *|oe 

Meaning to insult 


Naro |óè 


Number 780 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂho[a]na 

Meaning to stretch 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂhoánà (Kö.) 

259 

References Honken 1998: 176. 

Number 781 

Proto-West Khoe *|om 

Meaning to rub in fat 


|Gwi k|ò� (Na.) 

References Traill-Nakagawa 13. 

Number 782 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxã

Meaning to be wet 


260 

Kxoe (Hukwe) |xʔ� "be green, be juicy" 

Naro |xʔaã; |xʔá (Ba.) 

References Barnard 160; KH. 

Number 783 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂoa 

Meaning to pursue 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂoa (Ha.) 

References Haacke 1997: 159. 

Number 784 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁxai 

Meaning to pursue 


Naro ǁkhai (Ha.) 


Number 785 

Proto-West Khoe *|ʔom 



Kxoe (Hukwe) ćã|ʔom (Ha.) 


Number 786 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxom 

Meaning to gnaw (bones)


Kxoe (Hukwe) |(k)xom (Ha.) 

261 

Naro |xʔo�-|xʔom "eat something hard"; |xʔo�-|xʔo� "eat fine, 

chewable things" 

References Haacke 1997: 160; Visser 9. 

Number 787 

Proto-West Khoe *|ora 

Meaning baboon 


Naro |koara-b (Ha.) 


Number 788 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂĩ 



Naro ǂĩ (Ha.) 


Number 789 

Proto-West Khoe *�ã 



Kxoe (Hukwe) �ã (Ha.) 


Number 790 

Proto-West Khoe *!xone/*!xuni 

Meaning wave


Kxoe (Hukwe) xone (Ha.) 

Naro !khunini (Ha.) 

262 


Number 791 

Proto-West Khoe *!ʔau 



Naro !au (Ha.) 


Number 792 

Proto-West Khoe *�ũ 

Meaning anthill 


Naro �ũ (Ha.) 


Number 793 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁkxuru 

Meaning to extract marrow 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁxʔuru (Ha.) 


Number 794 

Proto-West Khoe *(!)xɛrɛ 

Meaning neck 


Kxoe (Hukwe) xɛrɛ�; xere (Ha.) 

263 

References Haacke 1997: 182; KH. 

Number 795 


Meaning puff-adder 


Naro �au (Ha.) 


Number 796 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁxa 

Meaning puff-adder 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁxɛ (Ha.) 


Number 797 

Proto-West Khoe *ʒe 

Meaning bad 


Kxoe (Hukwe) djɛxo (Ha.) 


Number 798 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂkxare 

Meaning sweet 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂxʔare (Ha.) 

References Haacke 1997: 191.

Number 799 

Proto-West Khoe *�oa 

Meaning spider 


Kxoe (Hukwe) �oa-ba (Ha.) 

Naro �oa-ba (Ha.) 

264 


Number 800 

Proto-West Khoe *[!]naba 

Meaning to decide 


//Ani nábà 


Number 801 

Proto-West Khoe *!ʔum 

Meaning wrist 


Naro !ʔúḿ-!ʔò, !ʔúḿ (V.) 


Number 802 


Meaning friend 


//Gana �óá-ʔò 


Number 803 

Proto-West Khoe *xum 

Meaning armpit (?) 


#Haba xúḿ-kʔò 

265 


Number 804 

Proto-West Khoe *xora 

Meaning crow 


Kxoe (Hukwe) xoàrǎ (Kö.) 


Number 805 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂ(h)i 

Meaning shards 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂǐ "Topfscherben" (Kö.) 


Number 806 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂui 

Meaning many 


|Gwi !tui (Ta.) 

//Gana !tui (Ta.) 


Number 807 

Proto-West Khoe *�oma 

266 

Meaning a k. of medicinal plant 


Kxoe (Hukwe) yì-ŋgómá (Kö.) 


Number 808 

Proto-West Khoe *thobo 

Meaning bee-wax 


Kxoe (Hukwe) thówò (Kö.) 


Number 809 

Proto-West Khoe *abu 

Meaning to close mouth 


Naro abu kxʔáḿ 


Number 810 

Proto-West Khoe *am 

Meaning to close mouth 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ám-am "to close the mouth" 

Naro á� "sunken mouth" 

References KH; Visser 1. 

Number 811

Proto-West Khoe *áò 

267 

Meaning to throw gently upwards 


Naro áò 


Number 812 

Proto-West Khoe *ãõ 

Meaning slow, late; to delay 


Naro ãõ 


Number 813 

Proto-West Khoe *are 

Meaning to be amazed, astonished 


Naro are 


Number 814 

Proto-West Khoe *|a 

Meaning to catch, hold, slow down (horse) 


Naro |aa 


Number 815 

Proto-West Khoe *|ã 

Meaning bag (for food)


Naro |aã 


Number 816 

Proto-West Khoe *|� 

268 

Meaning breast, chestmeat (of birds) 


Naro |àã 


Number 817 


Meaning to speak Sekaukau 


Naro |�� 


Number 818 

Proto-West Khoe *|�na 

Meaning to shake, vibrate 


Naro |�ã-|�nase 


Number 819 

Proto-West Khoe *|�be 

Meaning to see a little bit 


Naro |�be-|�be


Number 820 

Proto-West Khoe *|àm 

269 

Meaning morama root; Tylosema esculentum 


Naro |àm 


Number 821 

Proto-West Khoe *|à� 

Meaning to put in too much (salt, sugar, pepper) 


Naro |à� 


Number 822 

Proto-West Khoe *|�ḿ 

Meaning to cut (meat) 


Naro |�ḿ 


Number 823 

Proto-West Khoe *|�� 

Meaning half-rotten (meat) 


Naro |�� 

References Visser 5.

Number 824 

Proto-West Khoe *|anò 

270 

Meaning to wear lots of beads 


Naro |anò 


Number 825 

Proto-West Khoe *|ãõ 

Meaning animal track 


Naro |ãõ 


Number 826 

Proto-West Khoe *|am~*|ãõ 

Meaning eyebrow 


Naro |à� |ʔere, |a� |ʔere 


Number 827 

Proto-West Khoe *|�ò 

Meaning to stamp, pound (makatan) 


Naro |�ò 

Notes Possibly borrowed from NK (cf. PNK *|n�� "to pound into a 

porridgy consistency"). 


Number 828 

Proto-West Khoe *|ara 

271 

Meaning to hinder, not allow, prevent 


Naro |ara 


Number 829 

Proto-West Khoe *|�ri 

Meaning bird (quail, francolin) 


Naro |�ri 


Number 830 

Proto-West Khoe *|�u 

Meaning to call for rain 


Naro |�u 


Number 831 


Meaning to refuse to give, keep to oneself 


Naro |�ẽ 


Number 832

Proto-West Khoe *|x� 

272 

Meaning to smear on body 


Naro |xa� 


Number 833 

Proto-West Khoe *|xa 

Meaning to drizzle 


Naro |xàà-|xaa 


Number 834 

Proto-West Khoe *|x� 

Meaning to hurt; painful 


Naro |x�a-|x�a 


Number 835 

Proto-West Khoe *|xabì 

Meaning pin, small stick 


Naro |xabì 


Number 836 

Proto-West Khoe *|xaè 

Meaning to, towards


Naro |xaè 


Number 837 

Proto-West Khoe *|xàma 

273 

Meaning to give someone lots of money 


Naro |xàma 


Number 838 

Proto-West Khoe *|x�me 

Meaning splinter 


Naro |x�me 


Number 839 

Proto-West Khoe *|xánà 

Meaning hedgehog 


Naro |xánà 

Notes Cf. !Xóõ |x� id. 


Number 840 

Proto-West Khoe *|xárí 

Meaning tree or thornbush 


Naro |xárí 


Number 841 

Proto-West Khoe *|xarù 

Meaning sieve, sift 


Naro |xarù 


Number 842 

Proto-West Khoe *|xàru 

Meaning to drip 


Naro |xàru 


Number 843 

Proto-West Khoe *|xora 

274 

Meaning rough; tired, fed up 


Naro |xoara-|xoara "gruff"; |xoara "make tired, cause to be fed up" 


Number 844 

Proto-West Khoe *|xó� 

Meaning to have pity 


Naro |xó� 


Number 845 

Proto-West Khoe *|xónó 

Meaning fingertip, toe 


Naro |xónó 


Number 846 

Proto-West Khoe *|xòno 

Meaning a k. of cold wind 


Naro |xòno 


Number 847 

Proto-West Khoe *|xorè 

Meaning wise, shrewd 


Naro |xorè 


Number 848 

Proto-West Khoe *|xòre 

275 

Meaning dirt which cannot be easily cleaned off 


Naro |xòre 


Number 849 

Proto-West Khoe *|xorò 

276 

Meaning to pour sand to test the wind direction 


Naro |xorò 


Number 850 

Proto-West Khoe *|xòro 

Meaning beard (full or side) 


Naro |xòro 


Number 851 

Proto-West Khoe *|xùi 

Meaning morama bean, gemsbok bean 


Naro |xùi 


Number 852 

Proto-West Khoe *|xùrì 

Meaning rough 


Naro |xùrì 


Number 853 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxana

277 

Meaning old, without value, poor 


Naro |xʔanà; |xʔaã-|xʔana 


Number 854 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxana 

Meaning Heliotropium oralifolium 


Naro |xʔaã-|xʔana 


Number 855 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxai 

Meaning to throw, scatter (seeds) 


Naro |xʔai 


Number 856 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxá� 

Meaning to break into pieces 


Naro |xʔá� 


Number 857 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxane 

Meaning to squint 


Naro |xʔane 


Number 858 

Proto-West Khoe *|kx�� 

Meaning ringworm 


Naro |xʔa� 

278 

Notes Any relation to *|kxao "snake"? 


Number 859 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxa� 

Meaning to hit shortly 


Naro |xʔa� 


Number 860 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxara 

Meaning anthill; block of soil 


Naro |xʔara 


Number 861 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxárà 

Meaning adultery, prostitution 


Naro |xʔárà


Number 862 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxarì 

279 

Meaning to cut short, trim, shave 


Naro |xʔarì 


Number 863 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxáú 

Meaning to hate 


Naro |xʔáú 

Notes Cf. PNK *|kxau "bad" - borrowing? 


Number 864 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxòa 

Meaning to annoy, irritate 


Naro |xʔòa 


Number 865 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxobe 

Meaning to cut or break into small pieces 


Naro |xʔobe-|xʔobe 


Number 866 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxoe 

Meaning groin 


Naro |xʔoe 


Number 867 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxó� 

Meaning to rinse, clean 


Naro |xʔó� 


Number 868 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxórè 

Meaning to cut into pieces 


Naro |xʔórè 


Number 869 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxubu 

Meaning spotted (skin) 


280 

Naro |xʔubu-|xʔubuxa 


Number 870 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxuri 

Meaning dirt 


Naro |xʔuri 


Number 871 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxû 

Meaning being together 


Naro |xʔúù 


Number 872 

Proto-West Khoe *|hà 

Meaning to die 


Naro |hàà 


Number 873 

Proto-West Khoe *|h� 

281 

Meaning coldness; raw spot in skin 


Naro |ha� 


Number 874 

Proto-West Khoe *|habà

282 

Meaning to throw down, pour 


Naro |habà 


Number 875 

Proto-West Khoe *|hàm 

Meaning to trample down (grass) 


Naro |hàm 


Number 876 

Proto-West Khoe *|hama 

Meaning to die of famine or oldness 


Naro |hama 


Number 877 

Proto-West Khoe *|háò 

Meaning fat (in neck) 


Naro |háò 


Number 878 

Proto-West Khoe *|haṍ 

Meaning to be together, fight and fall together 


Naro |haṍ 


Number 879 

Proto-West Khoe *|h�õ 

Meaning a type of grass 


Naro |h�õ-|h�õ 


Number 880 

Proto-West Khoe *|háú 

Meaning bunch, cluster 


Naro |háú 


Number 881 

Proto-West Khoe *|hau 

Meaning to steam 


Naro |hàu-|hau 


Number 882 

Proto-West Khoe *|héné 

283 

Meaning to sit with buttocks on ground 


Naro |héné 


Number 883 

Proto-West Khoe *|hène 

Meaning to slow down 


Naro |hène 


Number 884 

Proto-West Khoe *|hì 

Meaning jealous 


Naro |hìi 

284 

Notes Cf. PNK *|khái� id. - borrowing from Zhu? 


Number 885 

Proto-West Khoe *|hóà 

Meaning to converse, chat, talk 


Naro |hóà 


Number 886 

Proto-West Khoe *|hobà 

Meaning to grind so that it becomes hairy (meat) 


Naro |hoabà 


Number 887 

Proto-West Khoe *|hòe 

285 

Meaning to break (branch), press down (arm) 


Naro |hòe 


Number 888 

Proto-West Khoe *|hó� 

Meaning to save, put away, store, hide 


Naro |hó� 


Number 889 

Proto-West Khoe *|hò� 

Meaning to stir up 


Naro |hò� 


Number 890 

Proto-West Khoe *|hómé 

Meaning to choke throat 


Naro |hómé 


Number 891

Proto-West Khoe *|hò 

286 

Meaning to want for yourself 


Naro |hòo 


Number 892 

Proto-West Khoe *|h� 

Meaning to end, stop; end, top, ridge 


Naro |h� 


Number 893 

Proto-West Khoe *|hóré 

Meaning to cry for a long time 


Naro |hóré 


Number 894 

Proto-West Khoe *|hòro 

Meaning Corallocarpus triangularis 


Naro |hòro 


Number 895 

Proto-West Khoe *|húbù 

Meaning thick (of hair, beard)


Naro |húbù 


Number 896 

Proto-West Khoe *|hú 

287 

Meaning to have no breath 


Naro |húú 


Number 897 

Proto-West Khoe *|ì 

Meaning to look into a hole or pit 


Naro |ìì 


Number 898 

Proto-West Khoe *|ìri 

Meaning to push in order to fill up 


Naro |ìri 


Number 899 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂkxárò 

Meaning Zizyphus mucronata 


Naro ǂkxárò


Number 900 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁánà 

288 

Meaning camel tree (Acacia erioloba) 


Naro ǁánà 


Number 901 


Meaning branch 


Naro ��ã 


Number 902 

Proto-West Khoe *��no 

Meaning common skink (lizard) 


Naro ��no 


Number 903 

Proto-West Khoe *�àbà 

Meaning to pile up 


Naro �àbà 


Number 904 


Meaning blue, green 


Naro c�ã, z�ã 

|Gwi t�sae (Ta.) 

//Gana t�sae (Ta.) 

289 

References Tanaka 42; Visser 98. 

Number 905 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂao 

Meaning to give a lot (of food, etc.) 


Naro ǂao 


Number 906 

Proto-West Khoe *khâ 

Meaning to give (generously) 


Naro kháà 


Number 907 

Proto-West Khoe *hò 

Meaning to find, get 


Naro hòò 


Number 908 

Proto-West Khoe *téné 

Meaning clot of blood 


Naro téné 


Number 909 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁom 

Meaning to chop, cut off 


Naro ǁom 


Number 910 

Proto-West Khoe *ú 

290 

Meaning to take, lead, transport 


Naro úú 


Number 911 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂxa� 

Meaning abortion 


Naro ǂxa� 


Number 912

291 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁ-e (m.), *s-e (f.), *t-e (c.) 

Meaning we (plural) 


//Ani ǁé (m.pl.); sé (f.pl.); té (c.pl.) 

Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁé (m.pl.); ҫé (f.pl.); té (c.pl.) (Kö.) 

Buga ǁé (m.pl.); yé (f.pl.); té (c.pl.) 

|Ganda ǁé (m.pl.); yé (f.pl.); té (c.pl.) 

Naro sì-ǁáé (m.pl.); sì-sé (f.pl.); sì-tá (c.pl.) (V.) 

|Gwi ʔí-ǁàè (m.pl.); ʔí-sè (f.pl.); ʔí-tsè (c.pl.) 

//Gana ʔí-ǁàè (m.pl.); ʔí-sè (f.pl.); ʔí-tàè (c.pl.) 

#Haba ǁàè (m.pl.); sè (f.pl.); tyàè (c.pl.) 


Number 913 

Proto-West Khoe *�àu 

Meaning mouse, rat 


Naro �àu 


Number 914 

Proto-West Khoe *ʒa 

Meaning in, at 


Naro za 


Number 915 

Proto-West Khoe *ʒa 

Meaning to worry, care about 


Naro zaa-gu 


Number 916 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁʔû 

Meaning to trouble, hurt 


Naro ǁʔúù 


Number 917 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁʔúrú 

292 

Meaning sponge, cotton, wool 


Naro ǁʔúrú 


Number 918 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁʔúí 

Meaning to be old enough to leave the house 


Naro ǁʔúí 

Notes Cf. Nama ǁui "to thrive"? 


Number 919 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁʔubi 

Meaning to come out, fall out 


Naro ǁʔubi


Number 920 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁʔom 

293 

Meaning to roast under sand 


Naro ǁʔom 


Number 921 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂʔú 

Meaning colour; form 


Naro ǂʔúú 


Number 922 

Proto-West Khoe *hòne 

Meaning to stir 


Naro hòne 


Number 923 

Proto-West Khoe *h�rè 

Meaning to take out, dig out 


Naro h�rè 


Number 924 

Proto-West Khoe *!ʔũĩ 

294 

Meaning to guard, take care of 


Naro !ʔõ� 


Number 925 

Proto-West Khoe *t�e 

Meaning to open up (eyes), spread (legs) 


Naro t�é 


Number 926 


Meaning to suck 


Naro ǂ� 


Number 927 

Proto-West Khoe *�uri (*�-) 

Meaning big 


|Gwi guri 

//Gana g!uri 


Number 928 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁxai 

Meaning breastbone 


Naro ǁxáì 


Number 929 

Proto-West Khoe *c�ẽ 

Meaning to fly 


Naro c�� 


Number 930 

Proto-West Khoe *�� (?) 

Meaning louse 


Naro �� 

295 

Notes If not actually a borrowing from Zhu|hoan (no parallels in 

other Khoe languages). 


Number 931 

Proto-West Khoe *gàrù 

Meaning round 


Naro gàrù-gàrù 


Number 932 

Proto-West Khoe *kuru 

296 

Meaning warm, to be warm 


Naro kùru 

|Gwi kurú (Ta.) 

//Gana kurú (Ta.) 

References Tanaka 105; Visser 44. 

Number 933 


Meaning evening 


Naro �òa; �òà-ká (V.); g!ùàá-ká, g!òàá-ká (Ba.) 

|Gwi goa(shi)ka (Ta.) 

//Gana g!oa(shi)ka (Ta.) 

Notes Cf. PKK *!ʔoe "evening, dusk" (although the effluxes are 

irregular). Not to be confused with *!ʔui "evening". Borrowing from PNK is not 

excluded. 

References Barnard 123-4; Tanaka 33; Visser 20; Vossen 413. 

Number 934 

Proto-West Khoe *á 

Meaning to be full (of moon) 


Kxoe (Hukwe) á 

References KH. 

Number 935 

Proto-West Khoe *!ʔã (*0-) 

Meaning to put on a back-loin cloth


Kxoe (Hukwe) ã 


Number 936 

Proto-West Khoe *Só 

297 

Meaning to push on (cattle) 


Kxoe (Hukwe) śó 


Number 937 

Proto-West Khoe *Só 

Meaning to shake off (fresh dew) 


Kxoe (Hukwe) śó 


Number 938 

Proto-West Khoe *Sòbá 

Meaning to be worn out, fall into pieces 


Kxoe (Hukwe) śòàbá 


Number 939 

Proto-West Khoe *Sòbé 

Meaning to show disrespect towards smbd. 


Kxoe (Hukwe) śòbé


Number 940 

Proto-West Khoe *Sóḿ 

Meaning owl 


Kxoe (Hukwe) śóm 


Number 941 

Proto-West Khoe *Sú 

Meaning pip of qàé fruit 


Kxoe (Hukwe) śú 


Number 942 

Proto-West Khoe *Suma 



Kxoe (Hukwe) śuámá, śoámá 


Number 943 

Proto-West Khoe *Sú- 

Meaning mole 


Kxoe (Hukwe) śúgu 


298

Number 944 

Proto-West Khoe *Sùn 

299 

Meaning to tear grass, pull up grass 


Kxoe (Hukwe) śùn 


Number 945 

Proto-West Khoe *Sũ 

Meaning to hurry 


Kxoe (Hukwe) śũũ 


Number 946 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁkxúru 

Meaning mushroom sp. 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁxʔúru 


Number 947 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁkxúní 

Meaning to be mixed 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁxʔúní 


Number 948

Proto-West Khoe *ǁkxû 

Meaning to roast in a pot 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁxʔúù 


Number 949 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁkxóḿ 

Meaning to cut, saw 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁxʔóm 


Number 950 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁkxóà 

300 

Meaning Acacia ataxacantha 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁxʔóà 


Number 951 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁkxára 

Meaning to finish 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁxʔára 


Number 952 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁkxáni 

Meaning joint (of body)


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁxʔáni-ò 


Number 953 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁkxánì 

301 

Meaning to pierce a hole with the fire-drill in wood to light a fire 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁxʔánì 


Number 954 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁkxà� 

Meaning upper part of the backbone of animals 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁxʔa� 


Number 955 

Proto-West Khoe *ǁkxáḿ 

Meaning to smell very intensive 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǁxʔáḿ 


Number 956 

Proto-West Khoe *|kxábá 

Meaning cold 


Kxoe (Hukwe) |kxábá


Number 957 

Proto-West Khoe *kã (*!-) 

302 

Meaning to run away; to fly 


Kxoe (Hukwe) kyã� "run away, escape, fly" 


Number 958 

Proto-West Khoe *thí- 

Meaning many; four 


Kxoe (Hukwe) thíyà 


Number 959 

Proto-West Khoe *ǂʔóm 

Meaning to sleep 


Kxoe (Hukwe) ǂʔóm 


Number 960 

Proto-West Khoe *|íní 

Meaning thin 


Kxoe (Hukwe) |íní 

References KH.

1 West Central Khoisan etymology The etymological database for ...

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