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Figure 6.2. HIV status card (front/back) Education is the public health office's strength. It is through their campaigns that inappropriate or unmentionable topics may become appropriate through necessity and for the good of the people. Isan people are often practical people; if bringing attention to a situation through dialogue is viewed as useful to the region or to the country, they are sometimes able to adapt, particularly if the benefits outweigh the costs. Figure 6.3 "Be careful of AIDS!" sign at a noodle shop on the main road in Mahasarakham. With proper strategy, the Public Health Department's programs have proven to have a great impact even on sex-related issues such as AIDS. The provincial public health office creates many of its own campaigns and programs. They are, however, compatible with the Central 133
government's values and understanding of health issues. The AIDS campaign does not challenge dominant meanings of masculinity and femininity, but rather channels them into safer directions. Government Leaders National government leaders are largely powerful and typically wealthy men. Their masculinity is manifested not only in their behavior but also in their power. This is not magical or holy power (sàksìt), but raw, political power (amnâad). They are well-known to have multiple wives or girlfriends. They are rumored to still engage in the centuries old practice of giving to and accepting from other leaders, politicians, and businessmen, gifts of women's services. As was mentioned previously, a few top leaders in Thailand’s history are/were believed to be kee (including more than one prime minister and a king), though this has not been openly acknowledged. Their power seems to more than make up for any negative consequences their questionable sexual identity might have on their masculinity. Government leaders often have military or police connections, both highly masculine organizations, which further ensconce the political leadership in masculine networks. One consequence of this is that fewer women have been drawn to political leadership and those who are face many challenges. Some of those obstacles include general notions about women and a hostile and corrupt climate. At the time of this study, at the national level women held nearly 5% of positions countrywide (The Nation, 7/8/95, p. C1). The number of women members of parliament steadily increased between 1986 and 1996 7 and women represent a growing percentage of candidates for parliament (Office of the Prime Minister, 2002). However, very few women were appointed Senators by the Prime Minister. 8 They have fared even worse at the local level, with females making up only about 1% of sub-district (tambon) officials (called kamnan) and village heads (called phûu yày bâan) in 1995. Women didn't have the opportunity to be elected kamnan until 1982 (Tanaa, 1994, p. 96), though there are a few known cases of women village heads. 7 from 12 of 347 to 22 of 393 8 In 1998 a new Constitution went into effect that changed the Senators from appointed to elected positions. 134
Page 1 and 2: CHAPTER 6. OTHER CONCEPTS RELATING
Page 3 and 4: 1994, Slowing, p. 20). Migration ra
Page 5 and 6: home, Manisa visited the girl. Her
Page 7 and 8: his purchasing power is limited by
Page 9 and 10: HIV, as well as advice. It showed m
Page 11 and 12: prevent transmission. And they know
Page 13: who test positive for sexually tran
Page 17 and 18: Princess Ubol Ratana attended MIT i
Page 19 and 20: structures and practices. Under Sia
Page 21 and 22: any assets he or she brought to the
Page 23 and 24: 305). Abortion providers may be pun
Page 25 and 26: caring for pregnancy, and science l
Page 27 and 28: students are talk shows, magazine-t
Page 29 and 30: calendars and in advertisements pos
Page 31 and 32: Figure 6.6 A typical nude calendar
Page 33 and 34: and the woman. Unlike older people
Page 35 and 36: uying shoes difficult (answer: ther
Page 37 and 38: sexuality, though students are expo
Page 39 and 40: Phŭa mia níi khon diaw kooy hîit
Page 41 and 42: animals and ghosts. He marries a be
Page 43 and 44: unceremonious irreverence" (Rogers,
Page 45 and 46: villages all over Isan. In Mahasara
Page 47 and 48: Mø˘ø Lam, Isan Performers Few co
Page 49 and 50: as, "Look at her teeth! Aren't they
Page 51 and 52: discussed here: hierarchy, jay yen,
Page 53 and 54: animism into a single supernatural
Page 55 and 56: and humbler when speaking of their
Page 57 and 58: told "jay yen yen ná." Having a co
Page 59 and 60: Appendix F). This is in part becaus
Page 61 and 62: face or causing social disruption a
Page 63 and 64: Boys not sharing personal informati
Page 65 and 66:
asic precepts. The few who do are a
Page 67 and 68:
example he offered was an explanati
Page 69 and 70:
English major who had been a monk f
Page 71:
karma. One's well-being depends on
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