Regional Reports - the European External Action Service
Regional Reports - the European External Action Service
Regional Reports - the European External Action Service
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
Framework Contract Benef. Lot N° 7<br />
2007/146027<br />
UPDATED MAPPING STUDY ON<br />
NON STATE ACTORS SECTOR IN ETHIOPIA<br />
Final Report<br />
July 2008<br />
By<br />
William Emilio Cerritelli<br />
Akalewold Bantirgu<br />
Raya Abagodu<br />
Volume II <strong>Regional</strong> <strong>Reports</strong><br />
This report has been prepared with <strong>the</strong> financial assistance from <strong>the</strong> <strong>European</strong><br />
Commission. The views expressed herein are those of <strong>the</strong> consultants and <strong>the</strong>refore<br />
in no way reflect <strong>the</strong> official opinion May of <strong>the</strong> 2008 Commission.
Table of Contents<br />
1. <strong>Regional</strong> Report Afar...................................................................................................... 3<br />
2. <strong>Regional</strong> Report Somali................................................................................................ 14<br />
3. Harari <strong>Regional</strong> Report................................................................................................. 28<br />
4. <strong>Regional</strong> Report Dire Dawa.......................................................................................... 44<br />
5. <strong>Regional</strong> Report Oromia............................................................................................... 63<br />
6. <strong>Regional</strong> Report SNNPR ............................................................................................. 78<br />
7. Tigray <strong>Regional</strong> Report................................................................................................. 92<br />
8. Amhara <strong>Regional</strong> Report ............................................................................................ 106<br />
9. Benishangul Gumuz <strong>Regional</strong> Report ........................................................................ 122<br />
10.Gambella <strong>Regional</strong> Report......................................................................................... 135<br />
2
1. <strong>Regional</strong> Report Afar<br />
1 General remarks on NSA at territorial level.<br />
1.2. Background about Afar National <strong>Regional</strong> State<br />
Afar <strong>Regional</strong> State (ANRS) is one of <strong>the</strong> least developed of <strong>the</strong> nine regions within Ethiopia<br />
which is also <strong>the</strong> major pastoralist regions of <strong>the</strong> country. Over 90 percent of <strong>the</strong> region’s<br />
population is classified as pastoralists that are dependant on animal husbandry for <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
livelihood. Apart from a small percentage of <strong>the</strong> population engaged in commerce or <strong>the</strong> civil<br />
service in urban areas, <strong>the</strong> major proportion of <strong>the</strong> remaining is classified as agro-pastoral<br />
population dependent on livestock as well as sedentary agricultural production.<br />
In its climate, <strong>the</strong> region is classified into arid agro-climate zone which is characterized by very<br />
high minimum temperature, low precipitation and harsh wea<strong>the</strong>r condition. As a result, Afar is<br />
one of <strong>the</strong> drought prone regions with major shocks and hazards associated with <strong>the</strong> recurrence of<br />
drought that disrupts <strong>the</strong> livelihood of <strong>the</strong> population. Apart from crop failure and food shortages,<br />
<strong>the</strong> recurrence of drought often aggravates <strong>the</strong> vulnerability of household livelihood through <strong>the</strong><br />
devastation of livestock resources which is <strong>the</strong> major source of livelihood. The region is also<br />
characterized by underdeveloped infrastructure and <strong>the</strong> lack of social services where <strong>the</strong><br />
population has <strong>the</strong> least access to social services particularly education, health, water supply, etc.<br />
1.3. NSA in Afar NRS - from <strong>the</strong> previous mapping<br />
o There was a low presence of NGOs and o<strong>the</strong>r NSAs compared with o<strong>the</strong>r regions;<br />
o NGO growth deterred by <strong>the</strong> climate and <strong>the</strong> pastoral nature of <strong>the</strong> inhabitants<br />
(Interviewees suggestion) and NGOs operational were more significant almost<br />
exclusively in areas along <strong>the</strong> main road;<br />
o International NGOs like Farm Africa, engaged in livestock development; Oxfam, World<br />
Vision, CARE and Goal Ethiopia;<br />
o The national NGO mention to be operational is <strong>the</strong> Rehabilitation and Development<br />
Organisation with a large number of volunteers undertakes mine awareness and<br />
rehabilitation for victims of mine accidents;<br />
o There were 20 cooperatives established to engage in livestock development, irrigation,<br />
salt production, savings and credit and o<strong>the</strong>r general activities; and<br />
o The process of developing NGO guidelines for was in process with <strong>the</strong> collaboration of<br />
NGOs and <strong>the</strong> community (lack of capacity to engage with NGOs and to monitor<br />
effectively <strong>the</strong>ir activities was mentioned.<br />
1.4. Major highlights of current findings<br />
o Most NSA existing in ANRS are very young except some NGOs that have been operational<br />
in <strong>the</strong> region long ago. While NGOs are <strong>the</strong> major NSA sector operational in <strong>the</strong> region, <strong>the</strong>re<br />
are also few o<strong>the</strong>r civil society organizations like associations of interest groups (women,<br />
youth, teachers, enterprise workers, etc) that were formed recently.<br />
o Farmers’ cooperative organizations are <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r NSA which is important in <strong>the</strong> region. Even<br />
though community based organizations especially Iddirs are also important NSA especially in<br />
urban areas like Dupti, Assaita and Logia, <strong>the</strong>ir engagement in social and development<br />
activities is not significant at <strong>the</strong> moment.<br />
o The maturity as well as <strong>the</strong> level of participation of <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r civil society organization in <strong>the</strong><br />
region is at an infant stage because <strong>the</strong>y were formed recently or <strong>the</strong>y are in <strong>the</strong> process of<br />
3
organizing <strong>the</strong>mselves like <strong>the</strong> region’s youth and women associations. On top of <strong>the</strong> lack of<br />
maturity, <strong>the</strong> activities of some self initiated associations like <strong>the</strong> Afar Pastoralist Youth<br />
Association (APYA) are also limited in scope due to <strong>the</strong> lack of finance and logistic<br />
problems.<br />
o While <strong>the</strong> freedom and autonomy an important quality of self initiated associations like<br />
APYA, <strong>the</strong>ir activities are often limited because <strong>the</strong>y are solely dependent on membership<br />
registration and contribution. On <strong>the</strong> contrary, <strong>the</strong> regional government sponsored <strong>the</strong><br />
initiation of Afar youth and women association which are in <strong>the</strong> process of formation. The<br />
formation of <strong>the</strong>se associations is politically motivated in that <strong>the</strong> idea was initiated only after<br />
realizing that <strong>the</strong> youth and women took sides with <strong>the</strong> opposition parties during <strong>the</strong> 2005<br />
election. Thus, <strong>the</strong> youth and women associations which are formed through <strong>the</strong> sponsorship<br />
of regional government would not have similar freedom and functional autonomy since <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
formation is politically motivated.<br />
o Many NGOs that operate in Afar region undertake activities that combine development,<br />
service provision with emergency responses that aim to mitigate disaster and vulnerability to<br />
major shocks associated with drought. Never<strong>the</strong>less, given <strong>the</strong> high risk and incidences of<br />
vulnerability to disaster, <strong>the</strong> number of NGOs operational in <strong>the</strong> region is very small. In<br />
addition, <strong>the</strong> capacity of existing NGOs does not allow <strong>the</strong>m to pursue long-term intervention<br />
programmes that would address <strong>the</strong> multi-faceted problems of agro-pastoral production<br />
system and vulnerable household livelihood.<br />
o As <strong>the</strong> region is characterized by high level of illiteracy, lack of social services and<br />
infrastructure, development activities that aim to improve access to <strong>the</strong> basic social services<br />
particularly education, health, water supply, etc are important sectors in which NGOs<br />
participate and contribute significantly. In order to provide <strong>the</strong>se services, relief and<br />
emergency responses programmes should also be carried out as complementary activities that<br />
simultaneously address <strong>the</strong> immediate problems particularly famine and food insecurity.<br />
o The scope of programmes and activity coverage of NGOs operational in <strong>the</strong> region differ<br />
because of <strong>the</strong>ir differences in resource capacity, specialization and <strong>the</strong> nature of activity in<br />
which <strong>the</strong>y are engaged. Never<strong>the</strong>less, <strong>the</strong> activities areas of some NGOs appear to be too<br />
many while <strong>the</strong> mature and experienced ones engage in few but clearly defined and more<br />
focused activity sectors.<br />
o Apparently, NGOs that undertake activities in which <strong>the</strong>y have comparative advantage due to<br />
<strong>the</strong> technical capacity acquired and specializations developed in specific activity areas are<br />
often effective in <strong>the</strong>ir development intervention and/or service provision activities. On <strong>the</strong><br />
contrary, <strong>the</strong> lack of specialty more likely contributes to weak performances and<br />
ineffectiveness of those NGOs whose activities spread across diverse sectors. Therefore, in<br />
order to enhance <strong>the</strong>ir contribution to development and service provision, both large and<br />
small NGOs should have well defined program areas in which <strong>the</strong>y have <strong>the</strong> expertise and<br />
experience that enable <strong>the</strong>m to be more effective.<br />
o The NSA environment in Afar region appears relatively more enabling especially after <strong>the</strong><br />
NGO guideline was prepared and circulated for comment and feedback. According to <strong>the</strong> key<br />
informants, <strong>the</strong> regional council is expected to ratify <strong>the</strong> final guideline which incorporates<br />
input and feedback from NGO representatives. Even without <strong>the</strong> guideline, NGOs operational<br />
in <strong>the</strong> region obtain regular support from <strong>the</strong> respective regional sector offices and closely<br />
work in project monitoring and evaluation.<br />
4
o A recent development which is bringing toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> government and NSA is <strong>the</strong><br />
establishment of sector specific forums that would enhance collaboration and cooperation<br />
between GO and NSA particularly <strong>the</strong> NGOs. Rural and Pastoral Task Force is one of <strong>the</strong><br />
major forums in which <strong>the</strong>re is close work relationship between state and NSA. Never<strong>the</strong>less,<br />
institutionalized system of cooperation and coordination between regional sector offices and<br />
NSA sector has not been established in Afar region.<br />
o The collaborative relationship existing between sector offices and NSA is only on operational<br />
issue while <strong>the</strong> dialogue on policy and political issues is not practiced at all. Apart from <strong>the</strong><br />
absence of advocacy projects and activities that promote human rights and good governance,<br />
<strong>the</strong> knowledge and experience required to engage in <strong>the</strong>se activities is generally limited<br />
among NSA including NGOs. Most NGO representatives consulted believe that policy and<br />
political dialogue are not <strong>the</strong> tasks of NSA but that of <strong>the</strong> Government and political parties.<br />
o <strong>Regional</strong> offices responsible for <strong>the</strong> licensing and registry of NSA do not often have well<br />
organized record keeping systems. This is particularly <strong>the</strong> case with <strong>the</strong> Bureau of Labour and<br />
Community organizations which is responsible to keep records of women, youth groups,<br />
labour unions and workers association. Except <strong>the</strong> Disaster Prevention and Food Security<br />
Bureau (DPFSB), regional offices such as BoFED and <strong>the</strong> major sector bureaus (Rural and<br />
Pastoral Agriculture, Water and Education) do not record NGO project activities and <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
contribution to regional development endeavours. Therefore, <strong>the</strong> lack of data would make<br />
difficult to undertake quantitative assessment of NSA projects especially NGO project<br />
activities, coverage and also contribution to development.<br />
5
2 Profile and distribution of NSA at <strong>Regional</strong> Level.<br />
1.2. Profile of NSA.<br />
Table 1. Afar National Region State NSA typologies and size<br />
NSA Categories Number Examples<br />
1. NGOs 28<br />
1.1. International NGOs 11 Farm Africa, SCUK, SCUSA,<br />
Coopi, ICRC, Mercy Corps, Amigo<br />
De Silva, ACDI/VOCA, etc<br />
1.2. National NGOs including regionally registered 7 APDA, Rohi, SSD, Mahi Difu,<br />
NGOs<br />
2. <strong>Regional</strong> Development Associations<br />
3. FBOs (national and international) 8 LWF, WVE, Ethiopian Muslims,<br />
Muluwongel, Islamic Relief Org,<br />
Missionaries of Charity, etc<br />
4. Reg. apex/Networking Organisations 1 Afar Pastoralist Forum<br />
5. Advocacy and Human rights Organizations - -<br />
6. Economic and business interest groups -<br />
6.1. a) Cooperatives 196 See details under cooperatives<br />
6.2. b) Union of Cooperatives - -<br />
6.3. c) Chamber of Commerce and Sector Asso. - -<br />
7. Trade and labour unions 6 Enterprise workers associations<br />
8. Professional Associations 2 ARS <strong>Regional</strong> Teachers<br />
Association & women teachers<br />
9. Age, gender, health-status and o<strong>the</strong>r occupation<br />
related Associations<br />
association<br />
2 Afar Youth & Women<br />
Association<br />
9.1. <strong>Regional</strong>ly registered Youth Association 2 Afar Youth Ass & Afar<br />
Pastoralist Youth Ass<br />
Basic Youth Associations at woreda level<br />
26 Youth ass in 26 woredas of Afar<br />
youth ass<br />
9.2. Reg. registered Associations of/for Women<br />
9.3. Reg. registered Elderly and Disability Asso. =<br />
9.4. Reg. registered Asso. of PLWHA<br />
1 Afar Women Association<br />
10. Free Press;<br />
11. Community based organisations - basic Iddirs<br />
As many as 10 individual Iddirs<br />
in Assaita, Logia, Dubti, etc Towns<br />
in each town<br />
6
3 Activities and Sector Distribution<br />
As indicated already, <strong>the</strong> available information that could be used to explain <strong>the</strong> sector,<br />
<strong>the</strong>matic areas and also geographic coverage is <strong>the</strong> records of NGO registration and also<br />
project agreement formats. Since quantitative data that could be used to measure NSA<br />
contribution in various sectors of development is not available, <strong>the</strong> DPFSB registration data<br />
and records of o<strong>the</strong>r regional offices and also relevant qualitative information ga<strong>the</strong>red during<br />
<strong>the</strong> participatory assessment (interviews and discussions with stakeholders and/or resourceful<br />
individuals) are based to make qualitative assessment.<br />
3.1. Qualitative areas of contribution<br />
From qualitative point of view, <strong>the</strong> contribution of NSA can be summarised as shown on<br />
table 3.<br />
7
Table 3 NSA Sectoral Contribution<br />
Qualitative areas of contribution Quantitative<br />
contributions<br />
Mass Based<br />
Associations<br />
Local<br />
Development<br />
Association<br />
The local<br />
NGOs<br />
The Local<br />
Associations<br />
Only Iddirs are available but <strong>the</strong>y are not<br />
active<br />
Not significant<br />
Their contribution is mainly in education<br />
and streng<strong>the</strong>ning ABE, capacity building,<br />
gender, advocacy and combating of HTP<br />
New initiatives that target sex and age<br />
group specially <strong>the</strong> youth and women’s<br />
association under formation.<br />
Trends of<br />
Participation and<br />
Contribution<br />
Funeral services Some starting to work<br />
with NGOs OVC<br />
Mostly<br />
documented in<br />
project agreements<br />
Not document<br />
since <strong>the</strong>y are<br />
new/in <strong>the</strong><br />
formation process<br />
Increasing trend in<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir number &<br />
participation<br />
Growing interest of<br />
women/youth to<br />
participate/contribute<br />
NNGOs There are no significant activities Not documented There is no clear<br />
undertaken<br />
trend<br />
INGOs Reproductive health, malaria prevention Mostly<br />
Increasing<br />
and control, health infrastructure and documented in participation and<br />
services, food security and drought project agreements contribution in both<br />
mitigation, gender, water supply and<br />
long term<br />
sanitation, integrated pastoral and agro-<br />
development and<br />
forestry development projects including<br />
irrigation, OVC, HIV/AIDS, EW and<br />
capacity building<br />
emergency<br />
FBOs Natural resource and environment; pastoral Mostly<br />
Significant growth in<br />
and agro-forestry; improved seed/forage, documented in participation and<br />
rangeland management, small scale<br />
irrigation; water and sanitation,<br />
rehabilitation of water points, water supply<br />
(ponds and spring); HIVAIDS; OVC<br />
project agreements contribution<br />
Iddirs and Activities of IDDIrs are limited to Not documented Likely to participate<br />
CBOs traditional role of providing funeral and do not have and contribute with<br />
services but o<strong>the</strong>r CBOs are not well major role in <strong>the</strong> NGOs engaged in<br />
engaged<br />
development OVC and HIV/AIDS<br />
Advocacy There is no any activity so far Not documented Not clear at <strong>the</strong><br />
and HR<br />
organizations<br />
Economic<br />
and Business<br />
Interest<br />
Groups<br />
moment<br />
3.2. Summary of Values and Beneficiaries of Ongoing NGO Projects<br />
NGO projects and financial resources<br />
The NGOs in Afar region channel a large amount of financial resources in order to undertake<br />
development activities and provide basic services. On <strong>the</strong> basis of <strong>the</strong> project budget allocated for<br />
on-going projects implemented during two years, <strong>the</strong> total fund that NGOs channel is over half a<br />
billion. The largest share is contributed by INGO and this is followed by <strong>the</strong> FBO as shown on<br />
<strong>the</strong> following chart. As indicated already, INGO contribution is very significant in relation to <strong>the</strong><br />
combined resource share of NGO and FBO.<br />
8
The following table summarises <strong>the</strong> current ongoing projects activities implemented by NGOs:<br />
Table 4. Number of projects, total budget of ongoing NGO projects & beneficiaries in<br />
ANRS<br />
S/No NSA Typology<br />
International<br />
1 NGOs<br />
Faith based Nat<br />
and International<br />
2 Orgs<br />
Summary of NGO's Ongoing Projects<br />
No of No of<br />
Org. Projects<br />
14 22<br />
8 18<br />
6 17<br />
Projected<br />
Number of<br />
Beneficiaries<br />
Total Budget<br />
Pledge in Birr Remarks<br />
- 580,382,329<br />
- 76,837,156<br />
3 National NGOs<br />
- 30,513,700<br />
<strong>Regional</strong> Dev't<br />
-<br />
4 Associations<br />
- -<br />
5 <strong>Regional</strong> CSOs - - -<br />
1 -<br />
6 Umbrella Orgs<br />
- -<br />
Total 29 57 - 637,085,008<br />
Based on DPFSB of ANRS data<br />
The ECC<br />
works in<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r regions<br />
Beneficiaries<br />
not indicated<br />
for FGAE<br />
Beneficiaries<br />
not indicated<br />
Networking<br />
activity<br />
3.3 Participation<br />
Project interventions that each participant undertakes have several sub-components and activities<br />
that are multi-sectoral. Thus, instead of projects, <strong>the</strong> sectors of NGO project activities are<br />
summarized on Table 5 below to indicate <strong>the</strong> sectoral focus of projects.<br />
Table 5. Sectoral Focuses of NGO Projects activities<br />
Core Project Focus** No of<br />
Projects<br />
Pastoral and Agro-pastoral 9<br />
Capacity building 6<br />
Education 4<br />
Health 5<br />
Water 6<br />
HIV/AIDS 7<br />
Gender 5<br />
Emergency & food security 8<br />
Youth & OVC 4<br />
Natural resource/Environment 3<br />
Total 57<br />
3.4. Qualitative Information on NSA Sectoral Contributions<br />
Pastoral and Agro-pastoral support:<br />
9
Participants: COOPI, Farm Africa, SDD, etc<br />
Activities undertaken: Supported livelihood improvement of pastoralists and agro-pastoralists<br />
through food wage for work and rangeland protection; water harvesting and construction of<br />
ponds; riverbank protection and runoff retention, check dam construction and forage<br />
improvement projects small scale irrigation and extension programmes to introduce agro forestry<br />
and <strong>the</strong> use of appropriate fodder and trees that increase local food production and animal feed,<br />
etc<br />
Capacity Building:<br />
Participants: APDA, SSD, Lu<strong>the</strong>ran World Federation, Rohi, Farm Africa, Mahi Difu<br />
Activities undertaken: Organizational Capacity building; TOT on community based business<br />
and service management; developing local planning capacity through kebele development<br />
committees (DC) training on PCM, IGA; agro-pastoral women training and awareness raising to<br />
local leaders of traditional institutions and support <strong>the</strong> regional government in public debate on<br />
traditional practices etc;<br />
Education:<br />
Participants: EECM, ICO, APDA, Missionaries of Charity, etc<br />
Activities undertaken: School renovation and construction, <strong>the</strong> provision of ABE and nonformal<br />
education; student sponsorship, literacy campaign, non-forma education, local leaders<br />
training, TOT, boarding school for poorer children, etc<br />
Health<br />
Participants: EEMY, Lu<strong>the</strong>ran World Federation, African Medical Research Foundation<br />
(AMRF), etc<br />
Project activities undertaken: prevention and control of malaria infestation, public health<br />
services; reproductive health for nomadic youth; training M. Sc level for Gynaecology surgeons;<br />
training of health personnel in primary health care units in antenatal & postnatal care, FP, STI,<br />
HIV/AIDS; Sensitization in HTP, Pre- marital HIV screening, widow inheritance and FGM as<br />
well as lobbying and advocacy<br />
Water<br />
Participants: SCUSA, SSD, World Vision Ethiopia, COOPI, etc<br />
Major projects implemented: Water development Project for emergency drought relief; deep<br />
and shallow well drilling and water distribution scheme development; training and capacity<br />
building of water users; water point rehabilitation (springs, ponds and roof catchments), water<br />
reservoir construction; urban rural water supply schemes construction; water & sanitation.<br />
HIV/AIDS:<br />
Participants: CARE, Rohi, Lu<strong>the</strong>ran World Federation, World Vision<br />
Activities undertaken: High risk corridor initiative for HIV/AIDS prevention and control along<br />
AA - Djibouti road; care and support to PLWHA and Orphans; preventing new HIV infection;<br />
HIV/AIDS prevention and control through behavioural Change; raising community awareness on<br />
HTP and HIV/AIDS and village level workers training and capacity building;<br />
Gender<br />
Participants: Rohi, COOPI, Mahi Difu, CARE, APDA,<br />
Projects undertaken: Combating Female Genital in afar region; Health improvement & women<br />
Owned Transformation Project (HIWOT Project) and agro-pastoral women training with focus on<br />
women and youth rights in SRH HTP, HIV/AIDS; women credit and IGA support as well as<br />
advocacy and awareness creation on HTP such as FGM, early marriage and o<strong>the</strong>rs.<br />
10
Emergency and Food Security:<br />
Participants: SCUK, SSD, Missionaries of Charity, World Vision, etc<br />
Projects activities undertaken: Early warning streng<strong>the</strong>ning and improve early warning (EW)<br />
systems through <strong>the</strong> study of livelihood zones, migration patterns, EW data ga<strong>the</strong>ring and training<br />
and capacity building to upgrade woreda & kebele EW data flow; Increase Resilience Against<br />
Aggregate Shocks; drought recovery; food aid emergency intervention to assist vulnerable<br />
people; EGA for unskilled pastoralists; food wage for work, supply of farm and pastoral tools, etc<br />
Youth & OVC:<br />
Participants: EECM, Islamic Relief, SCUSA, World Vision, Missionaries of Charity,<br />
Activities undertaken: Orphans and Vulnerable Children support project; Health improvement,<br />
growth monitoring support, orphan support; construction of children’s village (Semera); Positive<br />
Change Children communities; Home for <strong>the</strong> weak, relief food, school for children, mobile clinic,<br />
activities to reduce <strong>the</strong> spread of HIV/AIDS and increase care for victims etc<br />
Natural resources/Environment<br />
Participants: World Vision, SSD, Farm Africa<br />
Activities undertaken: <strong>the</strong> introduction of appropriate tree/seedlings species for dry land agroforestry<br />
development, riverbank protection and runoff retention, rangeland management<br />
environmental resources rehabilitation.<br />
The role of <strong>the</strong> Private Sector<br />
The level of private sector development in <strong>the</strong> region is quite low even in <strong>the</strong> major urban areas<br />
like Logia and Assaitta. Except large scale commercial farms which are owned by private and/or<br />
state, <strong>the</strong>re are no manufacturing industries in <strong>the</strong> region. Among <strong>the</strong> major private businesses<br />
that are active in towns especially Logia are merchandise trading, retail shops and services<br />
particularly hotels and accommodations.<br />
Trade Unions<br />
Region wide trade union does not exist in Afar region because of <strong>the</strong> underdevelopment of<br />
private sector especially <strong>the</strong> lack of manufacturing industries that would create labour force. So<br />
far, <strong>the</strong>re are only 6 workers associations that have been organized independently in <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
respective locations that include Dupti, Gewane, Awash, etc which are state and privately owned<br />
commercial farms and also <strong>the</strong> MIDROCK marble manufacturing in Awash. The major task of<br />
<strong>the</strong> workers association is ensuring that employment contracts are in accordance with <strong>the</strong> laws<br />
applicable and protecting <strong>the</strong> rights of workers.<br />
Cooperatives<br />
In Afar regional state, cooperatives are <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r NSA typology which is large in terms of number<br />
and membership. The establishment and expansion of cooperative started in 2002 and currently<br />
<strong>the</strong>re are about 196 different types with a total of 10,382 members. Never<strong>the</strong>less, <strong>the</strong> total capital<br />
of <strong>the</strong>se cooperatives is smaller at <strong>the</strong> time of <strong>the</strong>ir formation 6 years ago. Table 6 below depicts<br />
<strong>the</strong> types of cooperatives, membership and also total capital.<br />
Table 6 Types of cooperative organizations in Afar National <strong>Regional</strong> State<br />
Membership Total capital at<br />
S/n Type Total No size establishment<br />
1 Irrigation users 28 4,143 519,130<br />
2 Livestock marketing 7 217 112,050<br />
3 Vet service 8 141 18,080<br />
4 Multi-purpose 98 3,919 680,034<br />
11
5 Savings & credit 15 575 220,882<br />
6 Milk & milk by-products 5 129 5,350<br />
7 Salt mining & production 24 751 814,050<br />
8 O<strong>the</strong>rs 11 507 115,613<br />
Total 196 10,382 2,485,190<br />
4 The dynamics in <strong>the</strong> sector at regional level<br />
There is an increasing trend in <strong>the</strong> number of NSA especially NGOs and cooperative<br />
organizations operating in <strong>the</strong> region. Thus, as compared to <strong>the</strong> total NGOs in <strong>the</strong> region<br />
during 2003, <strong>the</strong>re are 10 more NGO that became operational in <strong>the</strong> region over <strong>the</strong> last four<br />
years. Moreover, now-a-days an increasing number of both national and international NGOs<br />
are focusing <strong>the</strong>ir activities in woredas of zones 2 and 4 which are often less served by NGOs<br />
in <strong>the</strong> past. Like NGOs, cooperatives have become important organizations that provide<br />
different services for <strong>the</strong> pastoral community.<br />
Particularly <strong>the</strong> salt producing and marketing cooperatives are important in generating large<br />
income since Afar is <strong>the</strong> main source of salt which is one of <strong>the</strong> essential ingredient of<br />
household food in <strong>the</strong> entire country. Moreover, cooperatives formed around activities such<br />
as irrigation water supply, vet service, milk and milk products and <strong>the</strong> marketing of livestock<br />
will have more relevancies for <strong>the</strong> development and transformation of <strong>the</strong> agro-pastoral<br />
economy in this region. Maybe, cooperatives are one of <strong>the</strong> potential areas for NGO<br />
intervention and capacity building support that help to streng<strong>the</strong>n collective activities.<br />
5 Networking<br />
NSA of <strong>the</strong> region did not establish network and forums until very recently. The Afar<br />
Pastoralist Forum (APF) is <strong>the</strong> only NSA forum which was established and launched in<br />
February 2008. Many NSA operating in <strong>the</strong> region particularly those which had <strong>the</strong> chance to<br />
participate in <strong>the</strong> launching workshop consider <strong>the</strong> forum as an arena for an enhanced<br />
interaction, cooperation and collective action. Prior to <strong>the</strong> launching of APF, <strong>the</strong> need for<br />
such a forum was not well understood and <strong>the</strong> purposes that forums and networks serve are<br />
not well known among NSA including NGOs in <strong>the</strong> region.<br />
6 Dialogue and cooperation between NSA and Local Government.<br />
There is a more enabling environment for NSA operational in <strong>the</strong> region. Particularly after<br />
<strong>the</strong> NGO guideline was prepared and circulated for review and comments by NGOs, <strong>the</strong>re is<br />
a growing willingness to cooperate and work toge<strong>the</strong>r. As a result, sectoral task forces have<br />
been established and NGOs working in each sector participate in quarterly regular meetings<br />
of <strong>the</strong>ir respective task forces. The task forces serve as a GO-NGO forum in which<br />
operational issues are discussed and debated. Apart from discussions and debates on<br />
operational issues, <strong>the</strong> formation of sectoral task forces has created a favourable condition for<br />
collaboration between sector offices and NGOs and also facilitates <strong>the</strong> coordination of NGO<br />
project activities.<br />
7 Engagement in Policy Dialogue.<br />
NSA in <strong>the</strong> region did not engage in any type of policy dialogue with <strong>the</strong> regional<br />
Government because <strong>the</strong>y do not consider policy dialogue as an activity in which NSA<br />
including NGOs would engage. Even <strong>the</strong>y do not know how NSA in o<strong>the</strong>r parts of <strong>the</strong><br />
country participated in PASDEP consultation process because <strong>the</strong>y did not have <strong>the</strong><br />
opportunity to take part in <strong>the</strong> discussion.<br />
12
Apart from <strong>the</strong> misconception about policy dialogue, most of <strong>the</strong> NGO staff does not<br />
understand <strong>the</strong> necessity of engagement in policy dialogue with <strong>the</strong> Government. They also<br />
refrain to discuss policy issues since it is considered as sensitive area like political dialogue<br />
which involves <strong>the</strong> risk of conflict with government officials.<br />
8 Engagement in Political Dialogue<br />
As indicated above, engagement in nei<strong>the</strong>r policy nor political dialogue is not <strong>the</strong> task of<br />
NSA and it is not also <strong>the</strong> current agenda of GO-NGO task forces. The understanding is that<br />
political engagement is an avenue for <strong>the</strong> government and politicians and such an engagement<br />
is considered to be too risky for NSA particularly NGOs which have been labelled as<br />
supporters of <strong>the</strong> opposition parties.<br />
9 Capacity Building Needs of NSA<br />
Major areas capacity building needs are;<br />
• Training to improve <strong>the</strong> technical and management capacity staff<br />
• Provision of training in <strong>the</strong> concepts, strategy and methodology of policy and political<br />
dialogue<br />
• Logistics support including vehicles, office equipment (like computers and monitors)<br />
along with ICT capacity building especially for <strong>the</strong> local NGOs<br />
• Assistance (hardware and software) for regionally based NSA to help <strong>the</strong>m engage in<br />
collective actions through <strong>the</strong> formation of network and forums<br />
13
2. <strong>Regional</strong> Report Somali<br />
1. General remarks on NSA at territorial level.<br />
1.1. Background about Somali <strong>Regional</strong> State<br />
• The Somali national regional state (SNRS) is <strong>the</strong> 3 rd largest region in terms of its<br />
geographic area while <strong>the</strong> region’s total population is smaller relative to <strong>the</strong> size of <strong>the</strong><br />
total area. The total population of SNRS is estimated at 4.3 million of which three<br />
quarters is classified as pastoral and is dependant on animal husbandry for <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
livelihood. Apart from a small percentage of <strong>the</strong> population engaged in commerce or <strong>the</strong><br />
civil service, <strong>the</strong> remainder is classified as agro-pastoral and is dependent on livestock<br />
(cattle, camel goats and sheep rearing) as well as sedentary farming along river basins as<br />
means of livelihood diversification.<br />
• Due to <strong>the</strong> predominantly arid climatic condition that characterise <strong>the</strong> SNRS, <strong>the</strong><br />
livelihood of <strong>the</strong> population is often exposed to major shocks resulting from <strong>the</strong><br />
recurrence of drought and rain shortage. Even though <strong>the</strong>re are small farms in some<br />
localities where <strong>the</strong>re is precipitation during major seasons, sedentary agriculture is rare<br />
and mainly confined to areas adjacent to <strong>the</strong> river banks like <strong>the</strong> Shebele River.<br />
• SNRS one of <strong>the</strong> most neglected region where infrastructure like road network,<br />
communication, social and economic infrastructure are underdeveloped. As a result,<br />
social services especially education, health, potable water supply, etc are at a very low<br />
level and it is a region with one of <strong>the</strong> lowest access to <strong>the</strong>se social services. Although <strong>the</strong><br />
development policy pursued in <strong>the</strong> past overlooked <strong>the</strong> backward socio-economic<br />
condition of <strong>the</strong> region, <strong>the</strong> nature of pastoral and agro-pastoral livelihood on which <strong>the</strong><br />
population depends would also impose additional limitation on <strong>the</strong> development<br />
intervention in his region.<br />
• On top of <strong>the</strong> underdeveloped infrastructure and social services, <strong>the</strong> fact that settlements<br />
and villages in rural areas are of temporary nature makes it more difficult for <strong>the</strong><br />
development of basic social infrastructure (schools, health facilities, water supply, etc)<br />
since <strong>the</strong> rural population would not live in permanent places like villages and/or towns.<br />
• Since <strong>the</strong> agro-climate of <strong>the</strong> region is predominantly arid, <strong>the</strong>re is a very low<br />
precipitation coupled with dry and hot temperature. Thus, <strong>the</strong> shortage of rain and hence<br />
feed supply is in scarce supply in most of <strong>the</strong> months particularly in <strong>the</strong> dry period that<br />
results in <strong>the</strong> loss of animals on which <strong>the</strong> livelihoods of <strong>the</strong> pastoral population is<br />
dependent. Therefore, in order to overcome this problem, every household should move<br />
from one place to <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r in search of feed and water for <strong>the</strong>ir animals.<br />
• As indicated already, <strong>the</strong> nature of livelihood of <strong>the</strong> population is one of <strong>the</strong> main reasons<br />
but not <strong>the</strong> core reason for <strong>the</strong> low level of infrastructure development and inadequate<br />
access to social services. The cumulative effect is <strong>the</strong> high level of poverty especially in<br />
rural areas coupled with low level of social services coverage including education, health,<br />
water supply and sanitation. Even though three quarter of <strong>the</strong> region’s population is<br />
dependent on livestock for its livelihood, <strong>the</strong>re was no proper agricultural extension<br />
tailored to <strong>the</strong> needs of <strong>the</strong> pastoralist production system. The region agricultural bureaus<br />
does not have adequate manpower, finance and logistics that enable to provide modern<br />
14
technology like feed and fodder development, vet, vaccination and o<strong>the</strong>r extension<br />
services.<br />
• In recognition of <strong>the</strong> this problem, <strong>the</strong> Government’s efforts have focused on addressing<br />
<strong>the</strong> pastoral production system, expanding access to primary education, <strong>the</strong> construction<br />
of health infrastructure and water supply in order to ensure access to <strong>the</strong>se services. In<br />
education sector, <strong>the</strong> adoption and expansion of <strong>the</strong> Alternative Basic Education (ABE)<br />
school system has been a strategy in SNRS which is one of <strong>the</strong> underserved pastoral and<br />
agro-pastoral areas of <strong>the</strong> country. Never<strong>the</strong>less, <strong>the</strong> SNRS has still <strong>the</strong> second lowest<br />
gross enrolment rate in Ethiopia (20.3%) and <strong>the</strong> lowest girl’s participation rates (18.3%)<br />
(MOE, 2005). Despite <strong>the</strong> construction of health infrastructure particularly health posts,<br />
access to health services and health service coverage is also at a very low level because<br />
due to <strong>the</strong> shortage of trained manpower.<br />
• Apart from <strong>the</strong> underdeveloped infrastructure and low level of socio-economic<br />
development, <strong>the</strong> lack of peace and security is an important factor that limits<br />
development in this region. On top of <strong>the</strong> major war that devastated <strong>the</strong> livelihood means<br />
and resulted in <strong>the</strong> loss of life and resources, internal conflicts among clans and also<br />
armed guerrilla that cause intermittent attacks on troops and residents also affects <strong>the</strong><br />
normal life of <strong>the</strong> people in this region.<br />
• Apart from <strong>the</strong> internal conflicts that occur occasionally, <strong>the</strong> outbreak of war in Somalia<br />
recently has also have negative impact on <strong>the</strong> peace and stability of <strong>the</strong> region. In<br />
addition to imposing difficulties on <strong>the</strong> governance system of <strong>the</strong> region, <strong>the</strong> lack of<br />
peace and security will also impair development efforts since mobility of people will be<br />
difficult. This is also one of <strong>the</strong> major challenges for NSA especially <strong>the</strong> NGOs operating<br />
in SNRS.<br />
\NSA in Somali NRS - from <strong>the</strong> previous mapping<br />
o The presence of few NSAs with limited capacity in this vast and inhospitable area<br />
inhabited mainly by nomadic pastoralists that creates unique challenges for <strong>the</strong> NSAs;<br />
o National NGOs that are founded by people/elites of <strong>the</strong> region have been undertaking<br />
very useful development and service delivery activities;<br />
o Two examples of <strong>the</strong>se NGOs interviewed for <strong>the</strong> study are Mo<strong>the</strong>r and Child<br />
Development Organisation and Hope for <strong>the</strong> Horn. The study mentions <strong>the</strong> Ogaden<br />
Welfare and Development Association and Pastoral Concern as <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r examples of <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r national NGOs interviewed and while Save <strong>the</strong> Children UK is <strong>the</strong> only INGO<br />
mentioned to have been operational in <strong>the</strong> Region.<br />
2. Major highlights of current findings<br />
• Taking into account <strong>the</strong> livelihoods of <strong>the</strong> population and also its susceptibility to<br />
disasters linked with drought and rain shortage, interventions that target pastoral<br />
production systems like livestock feed and fodder, vet and vaccination services and water<br />
supply are major <strong>the</strong>matic areas of NSA especially NGOs in SNRS. In addition, food<br />
security and emergency programs like relief food and water supply are also important<br />
areas of intervention.<br />
• Due to <strong>the</strong> lack of basic social and economic infrastructure like school, health and potable<br />
water, <strong>the</strong>re are also projects that aim at <strong>the</strong> construction of <strong>the</strong>se facilities in order to<br />
15
ensure <strong>the</strong> access to <strong>the</strong>se services while o<strong>the</strong>rs are engaged in <strong>the</strong> provision of education<br />
and health services.<br />
• In addition to local NGOs, <strong>the</strong>re are also few number of civil society organizations of<br />
various types which are established in urban areas like Jigiga and o<strong>the</strong>r major towns of<br />
<strong>the</strong> region. While women and youth associations are <strong>the</strong> major ones, anti HIV/AIDS<br />
clubs and forums, pastoralist forums, Iddirs, savings and credit associations are also<br />
important civil society organizations. But <strong>the</strong>ir activities are limited since <strong>the</strong>y were<br />
established recently.<br />
• In SNRS, <strong>the</strong> prevalence of HIV/AIDS is currently much higher in urban areas like Jigiga<br />
as compared to <strong>the</strong> rural areas of <strong>the</strong> region. More over, <strong>the</strong> prevalence rate is higher<br />
among <strong>the</strong> young and women living in urban areas. Therefore, NSA like youth and<br />
women groups are more active in urban areas while such organized groups are less<br />
visible in rural areas where <strong>the</strong> prevalence rate is low. Never<strong>the</strong>less, CBO especially<br />
Iddirs are not merged like in o<strong>the</strong>r major towns to engage in non-traditional activities like<br />
<strong>the</strong> provision of care and support for PLWHA and/or facilitate donor support for local<br />
social development.<br />
• The total number of NGOs operating in SNRS is very small in relation to <strong>the</strong> population<br />
and severity of social and economic problems prevailing in this region. This is<br />
particularly true for local NGOs which do not also have <strong>the</strong> capacity and resources<br />
required to engage in development and service provision activities that <strong>the</strong>y perceive to<br />
do. Only a couple of <strong>the</strong>se NGOs have been operational for a little more than ten years<br />
while many of <strong>the</strong>m were formed very recently and hence are at low level of maturity.<br />
• Local NGOs in Somali region are in most cases organized alone clan lines and <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
activities are also confined to <strong>the</strong> areas inhabited by <strong>the</strong> clans which <strong>the</strong>y want to serve.<br />
Moreover, occasional social conflict on resources (pasture land and grazing area, water<br />
sources, etc) among clans and also <strong>the</strong> narrowly focused local NGO operation restricts<br />
cooperation and collaboration among local NGOs. Thus, social capital mobilization is<br />
weak due to <strong>the</strong> limited number of NSA and because of clan based organisation that<br />
weakens intra-clan operation, networking, collaboration and collective actions.<br />
• While activities that address basic problems of pastoral and agro-pastoral livelihood are<br />
<strong>the</strong> major sector of engagement for NGOs including INGO operating in <strong>the</strong> region,<br />
emergency programs aimed at <strong>the</strong> mitigation of disasters are also important areas of<br />
engagement. Targeting disaster and <strong>the</strong> vulnerabilities associated with famine and food<br />
shortages are <strong>the</strong> main <strong>the</strong>matic area for a large number of <strong>the</strong> international NGOs that<br />
started operating in <strong>the</strong> region over a decade ago.<br />
• Resource limitation and access to project fund is a crucial problem for indigenous NGOs<br />
especially those which were formed recently and hence, <strong>the</strong>se NGOs often compete for<br />
similar resources and funding sources. The access to funding sources often depends on<br />
<strong>the</strong> strength of NGO management to network and link with large INGO and also sector<br />
offices at regional levels. Some of <strong>the</strong>se NGOs that have strong linkage with <strong>the</strong>se<br />
funding sources have started to enter into subcontract arrangement for <strong>the</strong><br />
implementation of development and/or humanitarian activities. Such arrangement is in<br />
most cases for <strong>the</strong> funds provided by multilateral agencies like UNICEF which do not<br />
directly implement projects for <strong>the</strong>mselves but would channel funds through regional<br />
sector bureaus into <strong>the</strong> local NGOs with whom sector offices like education, health and<br />
BoLSA enter project implementation agreement.<br />
16
• The scope of activities that an NGO undertakes also reflects its capacity, maturity level<br />
and also experience in <strong>the</strong> management of project implementation. Thus, mature NGOs<br />
are those which have long years of experience and which have been implementing<br />
programs and project activities of wider coverage both in terms of geographic area and<br />
<strong>the</strong> beneficiary population <strong>the</strong>y reach. Hope for <strong>the</strong> Horn (HFH) and Ogaden Welfare and<br />
Development Organization (OWDO) are among <strong>the</strong> examples of indigenous NGOs with<br />
rich experience and wider coverage.<br />
• Since <strong>the</strong> local NGOs which are established recently do not have access to funding<br />
sources, <strong>the</strong>ir programs and projects are usually of short term duration. The lack of<br />
permanent funding sources has <strong>the</strong>refore forced <strong>the</strong>m to serve as ‘gap fillers’. Such<br />
activities which characterises <strong>the</strong>se NGOs are usually activities of short durations like<br />
crisis management and emergency responses through relief food distribution and water<br />
supply which are common activities during crisis.<br />
• NSA in Somali region is different from many of <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r regions in that <strong>the</strong> chamber of<br />
commerce is less active despite <strong>the</strong> presence of a representative office. Thus, traders in<br />
<strong>the</strong> main towns are not properly linked to <strong>the</strong> Ethiopian Chamber of Commerce network<br />
and this uniqueness could be probably attributed to <strong>the</strong> prevalence of ‘smuggling’ which<br />
used to characterise <strong>the</strong> nature of trading activities in this region until very recently.<br />
Similarly, labour union and/or workers associations are not actively operational at <strong>the</strong><br />
moment except <strong>the</strong> teachers association.<br />
• Though NGOs operating in <strong>the</strong> region are thinly scattered over a vast geographic area,<br />
<strong>the</strong>y should have to engage in diverse <strong>the</strong>matic areas and meantime face numerous<br />
challenges in order to address <strong>the</strong> multi-faceted social and economic problems of <strong>the</strong><br />
pastoral population. While <strong>the</strong> traditional beliefs and taboos are major challenges by<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves, <strong>the</strong> recurrences of natural disaster resulting from drought and rain shortages<br />
and also manmade factors such as war and internal conflicts also impose major restriction<br />
on <strong>the</strong> operation of NSA. Therefore, <strong>the</strong> challenge for NSA operation is numerous and<br />
more complex as <strong>the</strong> arena of engagement is infinite.<br />
• It is difficult to access all zones and woredas of <strong>the</strong> region since <strong>the</strong>re is no well<br />
developed road network. Most of <strong>the</strong> roads are dry wea<strong>the</strong>r roads which are inaccessible<br />
during rainy season and because of this, private transport services are not available during<br />
rainy season while long distance travel to regional towns like Gode is usually by plane.<br />
Thus, lack of transport and hence <strong>the</strong> difficulty involved and also <strong>the</strong> time spent<br />
travelling between zones and woredas is an important challenge for NGO operation.<br />
• Even though <strong>the</strong> primary objective of decentralisation is to make services more<br />
responsive to community needs and also to facilitate participatory planning at woreda<br />
level, <strong>the</strong> process of decentralisation has not yet translated into improved services due to<br />
human resource constraints and a lack of technical capacity at woreda level government<br />
offices. An evidence for <strong>the</strong> weak capacity of government offices at woreda level is <strong>the</strong><br />
sub-contract arrangement between NGOs and sector offices for <strong>the</strong> implementation of<br />
projects in areas where government offices are less effective.<br />
• Moreover, <strong>the</strong> accountability of government officials and civil society participation in <strong>the</strong><br />
governance process is limited. Thus, community voices are rarely heard since civil<br />
society organizations lack <strong>the</strong> experience to engage in collective action which enable<br />
17
<strong>the</strong>m to have collective voices that make government accountable and transparent in its<br />
decisions.<br />
3. Profile and distribution of NSA at <strong>Regional</strong> Level.<br />
3.1. Profile of NSA.<br />
Table 1. Somali region NSA typologies and size<br />
NSA Typology Number Examples<br />
NGOs = 37 54<br />
International NGOs 22 SC-UK, SC USA, OXFAM GB, Mercy<br />
Corps, (CCM), MSF – Greece, Medicine<br />
Demond, MSF – Holland, ACDI/VOCA,<br />
HI, etc<br />
National NGOs (Active) 17 HFH, PWO), OWDA, PDRA, UNISOD,<br />
ARRDO, ShDSA, SRS, PCAE, MCDO,<br />
EWS, etc<br />
<strong>Regional</strong> Registered NGOs<br />
<strong>Regional</strong> Development<br />
Associations<br />
15 RECA, ESDA, HFMC, DERO, CDO<br />
(Tabantabo), ICBO, ADA, EUD,<br />
HAVOYOLO, etc<br />
FBOs (national and international) 2 HCS, SIM<br />
Reg. apex/Networking<br />
Organisations<br />
1 Somali Pastoralist Forum<br />
Advocacy and Human rights<br />
Organizations<br />
- -<br />
Economic and business interest -<br />
groups<br />
a) Cooperatives<br />
b) Union of Cooperatives<br />
Age, gender, health-status and<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r occupation related<br />
Associations<br />
<strong>Regional</strong>ly registered Youth<br />
Association<br />
� Region-wide basic Youth Asso.<br />
� Region-wide Youth Clubs<br />
Reg. registered Associations of/for<br />
Women<br />
Reg. registered Elderly and<br />
Disability Asso.<br />
Reg. registered Asso. of PLWHA<br />
Free Press;<br />
Community based organisations<br />
basic Iddirs in Jigiga Town<br />
2 Ethiopian Somali Youth, Development<br />
Association, Somali Youth Association<br />
1 Ethiopian Women Self-Help Association<br />
18
3.2. Activities and Sector Distribution<br />
Qualitative areas of contribution<br />
On <strong>the</strong> qualitative point of view <strong>the</strong> contribution of NSA can be summarised by <strong>the</strong> following table:<br />
Table 3 NSA Sectoral Contribution<br />
Qualitative areas of contribution Quantitative<br />
contributions<br />
Mass Based Only Iddirs are available but <strong>the</strong>y are not<br />
Associations<br />
Local<br />
Development<br />
Association<br />
The local<br />
NGOs<br />
The Local<br />
Associations<br />
active<br />
Somali Women Self-Help Ass (now<br />
Ethiopian Women Self-Help Ass is active<br />
in awareness creation and sensitization on<br />
HTP, FGM, etc<br />
Significant contribution in health,<br />
education and emergency responses<br />
New initiatives that target awareness<br />
raising on women’s rights and roles, <strong>the</strong><br />
sensitisation of youth and community on<br />
specific areas such as HIV/AIDS<br />
prevalence and prevention and also <strong>the</strong><br />
support to OVC and PLWHA in towns<br />
NNGOs Integrated pastoral development projects<br />
that focus on fodder crops and rangeland<br />
management, sedentary agric and<br />
irrigation, water supply for livestock and<br />
people, <strong>the</strong> development of health,<br />
education, food security and emergency<br />
responses, drought mitigation,<br />
environmental protection, capacity<br />
building, gender, micro business, etc.<br />
INGOs Pastoral Livelihood Initiative (PLI) Early<br />
Warning and drought management<br />
projects, food security & disaster<br />
prevention, health system support and<br />
basic health services, animal health,<br />
HIV/AIDS, streng<strong>the</strong>ning Alternative<br />
Basic Education (ABE), Conflict<br />
prevention and resolution,<br />
FBOs Natural resource and environment as well<br />
as relief services<br />
Iddirs and<br />
CBOs<br />
Relatively slow in growth and still <strong>the</strong>y are<br />
more traditional in orientation<br />
19<br />
Not documented<br />
but it can be<br />
considered as an<br />
important<br />
contributor<br />
Mostly<br />
documented in<br />
project agreements<br />
Not document, but<br />
highly dynamic<br />
and growing in<br />
quantity and in<br />
qualitative terms<br />
Documented in<br />
project agreements<br />
& indicated during<br />
<strong>the</strong> discussions<br />
Mostly<br />
documented in<br />
project agreements<br />
Mostly<br />
documented in<br />
project agreements<br />
Not documented<br />
and do not have<br />
major role<br />
Trends of Participation<br />
and Contribution<br />
Recently <strong>the</strong>re is an<br />
increase in women’s<br />
participation in this<br />
activities<br />
Participation may grow<br />
and will likely be<br />
important contributors<br />
Increasing awareness<br />
among women/youth<br />
to participate and<br />
enhance <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
contribution<br />
Growing participation<br />
and contribution is also<br />
appreciable<br />
More focus on<br />
capacity building and<br />
funding support for<br />
local NGOs to<br />
implement projects<br />
Very few to have<br />
significant impacts<br />
Slow growth;<br />
traditional funeral<br />
services are <strong>the</strong>ir main<br />
activities
3.3. Summary of Values and Beneficiaries of Ongoing NGO Projects<br />
The following table summarises <strong>the</strong> current ongoing projects implemented by NGOs:<br />
Table 4. No of beneficiaries and total budget of ongoing NGO Projects in BSGR<br />
S/No<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5<br />
6<br />
NSA<br />
Typology<br />
No of<br />
Org.<br />
Summary of NGO's Ongoing Projects as of<br />
No of<br />
Projects<br />
Projected<br />
Number of<br />
Beneficiaries<br />
Total Budget<br />
Pledge in<br />
Birr Remarks<br />
Beneficiaries not<br />
indicated, not all<br />
woredas covered<br />
(multiple projects)<br />
International<br />
NGOs<br />
Faith based<br />
Nat and<br />
12 19 > 41 woredas 69,283,903<br />
International<br />
The HCS works in<br />
Orgs 2 3 6 woredas 1,006,169 o<strong>the</strong>r regions<br />
Not beneficiary but<br />
coverage of<br />
National<br />
woredas/multiple<br />
NGOs<br />
<strong>Regional</strong><br />
Dev't<br />
17 54 > 50 woredas 65,584,957 projects<br />
Associations<br />
<strong>Regional</strong><br />
- - - - At preparation stage<br />
CSOs - - - - -<br />
SPF has been<br />
Umbrella<br />
launched but not<br />
Orgs - - - - operational yet<br />
Total 31 76 >50 woredas 135,875,029<br />
Based on SRS DPPB data<br />
3.3. Sectoral Participation<br />
Both INGO and local NGOs engage in diverse activities that range from multi-sectoral<br />
development intervention to emergency response program. As shown on <strong>the</strong> following table, <strong>the</strong><br />
provision of basic service like health and education are also sectors that several NGO projects<br />
target.<br />
20
Table 5. Sectoral Focuses of NGO Projects<br />
Core Project Focus No of<br />
Projects Remark<br />
Pastoral Livelihood Initiative 4 Provision of livelihood support to prevent disaster, reduce<br />
vulnerability and enhance coping capacity of <strong>the</strong> pastoral<br />
community<br />
Education 6 Construction of schools, provision of alternative basic<br />
education (ABE), run formal schools & provide community<br />
– based informal education<br />
Pastoral and agro-pastoral 3 Pastor land management, feed & fodder supply, livestock<br />
disease and vet services<br />
Integrated development 9 Multi-sector projects including animal husbandry, water<br />
supply, agriculture (irrigation, horticulture, etc) and<br />
Emergency, drought recovery<br />
& food security<br />
environmental rehabilitation<br />
9 Early warning support, emergency response (food<br />
distribution & water supply, food security and productive<br />
safety projects<br />
Health 6 Construction of health facilities & infrastructure, community<br />
– based health care and running health centres (clinics,<br />
health posts, etc)<br />
Child Development & OVC 2 Community-based care, livelihood promotion and support<br />
for poor children<br />
Capacity building 5 Community organization and various training support<br />
HIV/AIDS, communicable<br />
diseases and family planning<br />
including skill development<br />
6 Awareness rising on HIV/AIDS prevalence, care and<br />
support for PLWHA and also <strong>the</strong> prevention and control of<br />
Natural resource management 4<br />
HIV/AIDS spread<br />
Introduction of drought resistance trees, agro- forestry, soil<br />
and environmental protection<br />
and water conservation and natural resource rehabilitation<br />
Water supply and sanitation 8 Construction of dams for water harvesting, water supply and<br />
distribution schemes, water and environmental sanitation<br />
Gender, Women and girls 4 Advocacy for gender equality, awareness creation,<br />
empowerment<br />
sensitization on HTP and FGM, IGA and business support<br />
for poor and marginalised women<br />
Peace building 2 Management of conflict rising among clans<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r 4 Livestock marketing, HIV/AIDS memory work, etc<br />
Total 72<br />
3.4 Qualitative Information on NSA Sectoral Contributions<br />
Pastoral and agro-pastoral development<br />
• Participants include HH, OWDA (local), OXFAM GB, ICO, etc<br />
• Project activities undertaken: Intervention projects that enhances pastoral production and<br />
livestock development including<br />
o Livestock disease, and <strong>the</strong> construction of vet clinics and <strong>the</strong> provision of<br />
vaccination<br />
o fodder seed supply and rangeland management;<br />
o Small scale irrigation for horticulture crops<br />
o Environmental protection/mitigation & community capacity building, micro<br />
business & organization of groups to promote coop development.<br />
21
Education<br />
o Participation in <strong>the</strong> sector: SCF/UK , ICO, APVA, PDRA, etc;<br />
o Activities undertaken: Education project activities range from <strong>the</strong> construction of<br />
schools to <strong>the</strong> provision of services in both rural and urban areas of <strong>the</strong> region. A number<br />
of <strong>the</strong>m are engaged in school construction and <strong>the</strong> delivery of alternative basic education<br />
(ABE) which is <strong>the</strong> strategy of <strong>the</strong> adopted by <strong>the</strong> regional government in order to expand<br />
education service coverage. Among <strong>the</strong> INGO, SCUK is pioneer in promoting ABE in<br />
this region and nationwide. Currently, SCUK is in <strong>the</strong> preparation to launch a new project<br />
named Thematic Plan Programme (TPP) which is aimed at improving <strong>the</strong> quality of ABE<br />
starting with pilot project in two woredas of Shinile zone, SNRS. SCUK new project and<br />
also its advocacy for TPP project is one of <strong>the</strong> NSA initiatives displayed under “best<br />
practice’ section of <strong>the</strong> main report.<br />
Health<br />
o Participation: CCM,MSF- Greece, HFH, OWDO, etc<br />
o Health related activities: Construction of health facilities and health infrastructure<br />
(clinics, health posts, etc); community – based health care services and health<br />
capacity building to streng<strong>the</strong>n preventive health care, training of community based<br />
health workers (CBHCW) and health extension agents. Some local NGOs especially<br />
OWDA is currently delegated to manage a government hospital.<br />
Water supply<br />
o Participants in <strong>the</strong> activity: HH, OWDO, SRS, etc<br />
o Major project activities: Several projects for water harvesting including dam<br />
construction like <strong>the</strong> Haji Salah Dam (adopted from Sudan and each with capacity of<br />
45,000m 3 ) for water harvesting and supply to people and livestock. For example <strong>the</strong><br />
local NGO known as Hope for <strong>the</strong> Horn has constructed 13 Kaji Salah Dams that is<br />
currently serving over 1.5 million people and more than half a million cattle. Apart<br />
from water harvesting schemes like Birka and dam construction, <strong>the</strong>re are also many<br />
NSA that participate in emergency water supply and water trucking to address<br />
incidences of water crisis which is a common problem in <strong>the</strong> region.<br />
Emergency and food security<br />
o Participants in <strong>the</strong> activities:<br />
o Project activities: These activities are intervention areas where both government<br />
and NGOs undertake joint and collaborative activities. Early warning support and<br />
capacity building, emergency response through <strong>the</strong> distribution of relief food to<br />
needy people and also <strong>the</strong> supply of water for people as well as animals are <strong>the</strong> major<br />
emergency response activities carried out when ever <strong>the</strong>re is drought and food<br />
shortages. In addition, drought management, food security and productive safety<br />
projects are also ongoing projects implemented by local and international NGOs. The<br />
region’s Rural and Agriculture Bureau and major NGOs engaged in emergency<br />
programs have formed <strong>the</strong> Rural and Agriculture Task Force (RATF) which is <strong>the</strong><br />
strongest and most active GO-NGO forum in <strong>the</strong> region that has been effective in<br />
implementing and coordinating emergency programmes.<br />
Child Development & OVC<br />
o Participation: MCDO, ARRDO, CC-SDCOH, JECCDO, PROPRIDE<br />
o Activities undertaken: Provision of integrated support like nutrition, access to<br />
education as well as <strong>the</strong> provision of education materials to vulnerable children in<br />
urban and rural areas; life skills training, provision of vocational skills and also start<br />
22
up support that enable <strong>the</strong>m to engage in some income generation and self<br />
employment.<br />
HIV-AIDS<br />
o Participation: Handicap International, SCUK, MCDO, ESWSH ass.<br />
o Activities undertaken: Most of <strong>the</strong> activities of <strong>the</strong>se NSA are awareness raising<br />
and life skills for <strong>the</strong> reduction of HIV risk. SCUK has a new project known as<br />
‘Memory work’ in Jigiga town and this project assesses and records <strong>the</strong> memory<br />
of orphans who lost <strong>the</strong>ir parents due to HIV/AIDS. MCDO has diverse projects<br />
that range from awareness rising to <strong>the</strong> provision of care and support for<br />
PLWHA. It also undertakes advocacy and sensitization against HTP like FGM in<br />
K/beya and Awbare. Apart from his, a couple of youth and women association<br />
which were formed recently have <strong>the</strong> primary objective of addressing HIV/AIDS<br />
and <strong>the</strong> provision of care and support services for PLWHA. Never<strong>the</strong>less, <strong>the</strong><br />
existing NSA that undertake HIV/AIDS related activities are relatively few and<br />
<strong>the</strong>y are also younger.<br />
4. Private Sector NSA<br />
Smuggling is <strong>the</strong> major trading activity which is probably <strong>the</strong> major factor that contributed to<br />
retarded growth of <strong>the</strong> private sector in <strong>the</strong> region. NSA in Somali region is different from many<br />
of <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r regions because traders in <strong>the</strong> main towns are not properly linked to <strong>the</strong> Ethiopian<br />
Chamber of Commerce network. Though a representative office is present in Jigiga, <strong>the</strong> chamber<br />
of commerce is also less active.<br />
Trade Unions<br />
Since <strong>the</strong>re is no a vibrant private sector that could create labour forces, regionally based labour<br />
union is not available in <strong>the</strong> Somali region at <strong>the</strong> moment. Moreover, professional associations<br />
have not been formed except <strong>the</strong> teachers association which is currently operational mainly in<br />
protecting teachers’ rights and ensuring benefits to which members are entitled.<br />
Cooperatives<br />
The establishment of <strong>the</strong> Cooperative Promotion Bureau in 2002/03 marks a turning point in <strong>the</strong><br />
development of cooperatives in Somali <strong>Regional</strong> State. Since <strong>the</strong>n, <strong>the</strong> number of basic<br />
cooperatives established every year has been increasing and currently <strong>the</strong>re are a total of 320<br />
cooperatives with 11,359 membership size and a little over 1 million Birr available capital<br />
size 11,359.<br />
Agricultural producers and <strong>the</strong>n multi-purpose cooperatives are <strong>the</strong> largest in number and<br />
membership sizes while craftsmanship and petty trading basic cooperatives are <strong>the</strong> two largest<br />
cooperative types in terms of available capital. Table 6 below shows <strong>the</strong> types, number of each<br />
type and also <strong>the</strong> membership sizes and capital of basic cooperatives established in <strong>the</strong> region.<br />
Table 6 shows <strong>the</strong> dimension of <strong>the</strong> cooperatives in SNRS<br />
23
Table 6 Basic Cooperatives in Somali<br />
S/N Type of Basic<br />
Cooperatives<br />
Number of<br />
Basic<br />
Cooperativ<br />
es<br />
Membership Size<br />
Male Female Total<br />
Availa<br />
ble<br />
Capita<br />
l<br />
In Birr<br />
1 Agricultural producers 117 2,807 895 3,702 23,223<br />
2 Multi-purpose 91 2,508 842 3,350 16,280<br />
3 <strong>Service</strong> 14 200 79 279 30,820<br />
4 Saving & credit 11 1 166 167 80,200<br />
5 Animal trade 5 809 216 1,025 14,652<br />
6 Housing 5 177 26 203 66,800<br />
7 Craftsmanship 10 171 117 288 186,23<br />
0<br />
8 Petty trading 43 273 465 738 327,03<br />
0<br />
9 Consumers 4 298 91 389 49,400<br />
10 Producers 4 465 32 497 60,270<br />
11 Irrigation 9 240 117 357 79,855<br />
12 Construction 1 152 7 159 43,700<br />
13 Salt production 1 42 8 50 50,000<br />
14 Baltena/food stuff 1 - 19 19 4,200<br />
15 Rental of horse for cart 2 111 - 111 19,500<br />
16 Poultry 1 12 - 12 17,000<br />
17 Rural midwifery 1 13 - 13 1,450<br />
Total 320 8,279 3,080 11,359 1,070,<br />
610<br />
5. The dynamics in <strong>the</strong> sector at regional level<br />
Even though <strong>the</strong> total number of NGOs operational in <strong>the</strong> region is smaller relative to <strong>the</strong><br />
geographic area and <strong>the</strong> multitude of problems faced, <strong>the</strong>re is an increasing trend in <strong>the</strong> number of<br />
newly formed indigenous NGOs. The regional task forces (GO – NGO) is also a new<br />
development which shows <strong>the</strong> growing degree of cooperation and collaborate between sector<br />
offices and <strong>the</strong> NGO sector. Moreover, networking initiatives like <strong>the</strong> recently formed Somali<br />
Pastoralist forum is <strong>the</strong> new development in <strong>the</strong> region which indicates an important dynamism<br />
going on within <strong>the</strong> NGOs and especially <strong>the</strong> interest to engage in collective action. On top of <strong>the</strong><br />
increase in local NGOs, <strong>the</strong> ongoing consultation to form education forum and o<strong>the</strong>r networking<br />
activities indicate <strong>the</strong> likely growth in forums and networks that would enhance NGO<br />
participation in <strong>the</strong> regional social and economic development.<br />
In Somali region <strong>the</strong>re are both positive and negative factors that exert pressure on <strong>the</strong> operation,<br />
performances and growth of NSA. The major factors that influences dynamism of NSA sector in<br />
<strong>the</strong> region includes <strong>the</strong> following;<br />
o A major factor with negative influence on NGO operation is <strong>the</strong> prevailing security<br />
situation within <strong>the</strong> region and also <strong>the</strong> areas bordering Somalia. Due to <strong>the</strong> ongoing<br />
conflict in <strong>the</strong>se areas, <strong>the</strong> mobility of NGO staff has been restricted particularly in zones<br />
that share border with Somalia and also those areas where <strong>the</strong> attack by opposition forces<br />
occur intermittently. Under such insecure situation, it is difficult to expect <strong>the</strong> emergence<br />
24
of new NGOs and also for existing ones to extend <strong>the</strong>ir activities to <strong>the</strong> areas where<br />
security is a major problem.<br />
o The o<strong>the</strong>r negative factors are <strong>the</strong> large geographic area of <strong>the</strong> region which involves high<br />
logistic cost particularly due to <strong>the</strong> long distance travel between zones and woredas<br />
located far away from each o<strong>the</strong>r. Moreover, <strong>the</strong> harsh climate and <strong>the</strong> recurrence of<br />
drought and rain shortage would also influence <strong>the</strong> growth of NGO operation in <strong>the</strong><br />
region because it imposes limitation on <strong>the</strong> effectiveness of long term development<br />
programs of NGOs.<br />
o An important development that would help to promote <strong>the</strong> growth and operation of NSA<br />
is <strong>the</strong> initiative taken recently to network NGOs and also to streng<strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> partnership of<br />
GO-NGO. In addition, <strong>the</strong>re is a healthy relationship and ongoing consultation to build<br />
collaborative partnership between NGO and sector offices which is a good start that will<br />
attract new NGOs to <strong>the</strong> region. During <strong>the</strong> mission’s work, various interest groups like<br />
youth, women and urban dwellers that became aware of <strong>the</strong> EC civil society capacity<br />
building support (CSF) have indicated <strong>the</strong> initiatives already in progress to form<br />
associations in order to benefit from <strong>the</strong> CSF.<br />
6. Networking<br />
There was no any form of networking among NSA in <strong>the</strong> region which is very small in number<br />
and <strong>the</strong>ir activities are also sparsely scattered. A recent development in <strong>the</strong> NGO sector is <strong>the</strong><br />
establishment of forums particularly <strong>the</strong> Somali pastoralist forum. Representatives of five NGOs<br />
have been selected to prepare <strong>the</strong> groundwork and organize <strong>the</strong> forum office.<br />
In order to resume its activities, <strong>the</strong> forum has already secured an office while <strong>the</strong> recruitment of<br />
core staff is in progress. Similarly, NGOs in <strong>the</strong> region have also taken <strong>the</strong> initiative to form<br />
education forum and <strong>the</strong> main purpose of this forum is to facilitate efforts towards<br />
increasing/improving <strong>the</strong> technical, human and material support of stakeholders to basic<br />
education in Somali region.<br />
Accordingly, <strong>the</strong> draft guideline of <strong>the</strong> education forum that has been prepared is already in<br />
circulation in order to get comments and feedback as part of <strong>the</strong> ongoing consultation among<br />
NGOs and <strong>the</strong> relevant regional government organs. The GO – NGO education forum is intended<br />
to build collaborative partnerships that harmonize efforts and resources of all stakeholders in<br />
education and that creates enabling environment of mutual understanding, cooperation,<br />
transparency and trust between regional government and NSA.<br />
7. Dialogue and cooperation between NSA and Local Government.<br />
There is a good work relation with <strong>the</strong> sector bureaus and many of <strong>the</strong> NGOs participate in <strong>the</strong><br />
coordination of PASDEP activities of <strong>the</strong> respective sector in which <strong>the</strong>y are engaged. A more<br />
recent development is <strong>the</strong> GO – NGO task force that brings sector bureau experts and<br />
representatives of NGOs that undertake various sector specific activities. The <strong>Regional</strong><br />
Agriculture Task Force (RATF) which is chaired by <strong>the</strong> regional agriculture bureau head with<br />
FAO representative serving as its secretary is <strong>the</strong> most active TF. It is also <strong>the</strong> strongest of all in<br />
terms of sector office and NGO collaboration and effectiveness in synchronizing <strong>the</strong>ir program<br />
activities in <strong>the</strong> areas of agriculture and emergency responses. RATF has recently drafted its<br />
agricultural sector based emergency response plan and implementation strategy for appeals in<br />
order to coordinate humanitarian activities in <strong>the</strong> region. Based on <strong>the</strong> lessons learned from <strong>the</strong><br />
experiences of RATF coordination functions, <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r NGOs and sector offices like education<br />
25
and health are also in <strong>the</strong> process of consultation to initiate similar collaboration and coordination<br />
in <strong>the</strong>ir respective activity sectors.<br />
8. Engagement in Policy Dialogue.<br />
Generally <strong>the</strong>re is a lack of adequate understanding about policy dialogue and its purpose. Such<br />
an engagement is considered to be sensitive and hence it is assumed that engagement in policy<br />
should not be NGO activity area since it is a task for <strong>the</strong> Government. The environment for policy<br />
engagement is not also favourable since <strong>the</strong> activities of NSA is widely scattered across a vast<br />
geographic area. Thus, collective engagement especially in policy dialogue among NGOs would<br />
more likely become realistic with <strong>the</strong> commencement of <strong>the</strong> newly formed Somali pastoralist<br />
forum which could serve as a test centre or model from which o<strong>the</strong>rs will learn <strong>the</strong> importance of<br />
networking and particularly <strong>the</strong> need for collective voices like policy dialogue.<br />
9. Engagement in Political Dialogue<br />
What was stated in relation to engagement in policy dialogue also applies to political dialogue.<br />
The NSA consulted consider engagement in policy dialogue to be too sensitive because <strong>the</strong>y<br />
understand that policy dialogue is synonymous to political dialogue. Therefore, engagement in<br />
both policy and political dialogue is felt risky. Moreover, engagement in political dialogue is also<br />
considered as an arena of <strong>the</strong> government and political parties while <strong>the</strong> task of NGOs is<br />
development and service provision.<br />
10. Internal Organisation and Resources<br />
INGO are organized along country level structure linking <strong>the</strong> region with federal level. At <strong>the</strong><br />
local level, <strong>the</strong>y use simple program coordination units managed by permanent employees that<br />
serve as core technical staff which are retained irrespective of <strong>the</strong> scope of activities carried out.<br />
In order to relieve <strong>the</strong> core staff from work load, additional workers will be employed whenever<br />
<strong>the</strong>re are new programs/project activities. Thus, high staff turnover is common in many NGOs<br />
since <strong>the</strong> employment of technical staff that will be hired for duration commensurate with project<br />
lifespan will be terminated when <strong>the</strong> project phases out.<br />
At regional level, <strong>the</strong> area program coordinators are delegated with <strong>the</strong> authority to make<br />
decisions on <strong>the</strong> day to day management of programs while <strong>the</strong> management at Federal level<br />
provides guidance on overall policy and strategy issues. Never<strong>the</strong>less, <strong>the</strong> executive power given<br />
to regional NGO staffs differ from one NGO to <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r. For example, <strong>the</strong> responsibility of<br />
OXFAM GB program manager is to supervise and monitor project execution by local NGOs for<br />
whom it provides funding supports while <strong>the</strong> decision to fund projects is taken by <strong>the</strong> top<br />
management in Addis Ababa.<br />
The organization and management structure of local NGOs differ significantly especially in <strong>the</strong><br />
case of indigenous ones which have internal organization and resources management set up at <strong>the</strong><br />
regional level. All NGOs have organizational structure and articles of associations that properly<br />
describe <strong>the</strong> goal/vision, objectives and areas of engagement. This does not however mean that<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir activities and <strong>the</strong> procedure of decision making is usually governed by <strong>the</strong> articles but <strong>the</strong>se<br />
documents are prepared and submitted to <strong>the</strong> Bureau of Justice (BoJ) because <strong>the</strong>se are among <strong>the</strong><br />
requirements that should be fulfilled in order to get registered and also to secure operational<br />
permits.<br />
Even though many local NGOs have internal organizations consisting of governance board,<br />
management and various functional units, in practice it is <strong>the</strong> board itself that provides <strong>the</strong> day to<br />
26
day management functions. Most decision making activities are carried out by <strong>the</strong> NGO Board if<br />
<strong>the</strong> NGOs operate in more than one region while <strong>the</strong> local NGOs operating only in Somali region<br />
are managed by ei<strong>the</strong>r a Board or a committee of <strong>the</strong> founding members. The larger local NGOs<br />
like HFH and OWDO have structures stretching from Board to project unit at local level. Their<br />
decision making power also depends on <strong>the</strong> resources <strong>the</strong>y manage. Never<strong>the</strong>less, in practice, <strong>the</strong><br />
recently formed local NGOs do not have tangible organizational structures and leadership that<br />
could fully engage in day to day management activities because <strong>the</strong>y are less active due to <strong>the</strong><br />
lack of adequate fund needed to implement <strong>the</strong> proposed projects. Since <strong>the</strong> governance board<br />
members are <strong>the</strong> founders, <strong>the</strong>re is no regular general assembly because <strong>the</strong>y do not usually have<br />
membership and/or are not dependent on members’ contributions as funding sources. It is only in<br />
<strong>the</strong> case of <strong>the</strong> Ethiopia Somali Youth development association which is under formation that<br />
raising fund from members’ registrations and contributions has been noted as source of fund.<br />
In most cases, local NGO management which is also <strong>the</strong> board lacks transparency in its functions<br />
and decision making activities particularly in relation to finance and resource usage. Under <strong>the</strong><br />
existing situation where <strong>the</strong>re is no monitoring system, it is difficult to expect efficiency and<br />
effectiveness of <strong>the</strong> internal organization and <strong>the</strong>ir management to be transparent and accountable<br />
to <strong>the</strong>ir constituencies. According to <strong>the</strong> observations of resourceful individuals consulted, <strong>the</strong>re<br />
are also cases in which NGO management board/committee members clash and enter into conflict<br />
for personal benefits.<br />
11. Capacity Building Needs<br />
The existing capacity of most NSA is too limited to participate and contribute to <strong>the</strong> regional<br />
development endeavours. Among <strong>the</strong> major capacity problems faced are <strong>the</strong> lack of skilled<br />
manpower, <strong>the</strong> shortages of financial resource and logistic problems. In <strong>the</strong> case of member based<br />
NSA, <strong>the</strong> registration and contribution collected from members is insignificant to cover <strong>the</strong>se<br />
costs and hence <strong>the</strong>y will not be able to pursue with <strong>the</strong> existing capacity. Capacity limitation is<br />
also a major problem for local NGOs especially <strong>the</strong> newly formed ones who have to depend on<br />
ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> INGO or sector office for logistics.<br />
Generally, <strong>the</strong> major capacity limitations are as summarized below;<br />
o Shortage of skilled manpower due to <strong>the</strong> high staff turnover<br />
o Lack of access to training including on <strong>the</strong> job training<br />
o Financial shortages to finance operational costs<br />
o Logistics like vehicle, office furniture and equipment (computers, printers, etc)<br />
o Most NSA do not have <strong>the</strong> knowledge and experience that enable to engage in policy and<br />
political dialogue<br />
27
3. Harari <strong>Regional</strong> Report<br />
1. General remarks on NSA at territorial level.<br />
Background about Harari<br />
Harari is a small region by traditional relatively isolated from <strong>the</strong> major national dynamics and<br />
<strong>the</strong>refore having a peculiar social organisation and model of social relationship.<br />
The native population of Harari People National <strong>Regional</strong> State is estimated at 196,000,<br />
consisting of 100,000 men and 96,000 women. 74,000 or 37.8% of <strong>the</strong> population are estimated<br />
to be rural inhabitants, while 122,000 or 62.2% are urban. With an estimated area of 311.25<br />
square kilometres, this region has an estimated density of 629.72 people per square kilometre.<br />
These estimates are based on <strong>the</strong> 1994 census, in which <strong>the</strong> region's population was reported to be<br />
131,139 and a male to female ratio of about 1:1. At <strong>the</strong> time of <strong>the</strong> census, 76,378 lived in urban<br />
areas, while 54,761 lived in rural ones; it is <strong>the</strong> only region where <strong>the</strong> majority of its population<br />
lives in urban area. However, a consistent decline in rainfall and water precipitation in <strong>the</strong> last<br />
three decades and <strong>the</strong> series of attendant droughts; internal and external social conflicts; and<br />
virulent mismanagement of human and natural resources instigated an unending series of rural<br />
migrations and urban congestions.<br />
Ethnic groups in <strong>the</strong> region include <strong>the</strong> Oromo (52.3%), Amhara (32.6%), Harari (7.1%), and<br />
Gurage (3.2%). The Harari language is <strong>the</strong> official language of <strong>the</strong> State.<br />
The religious composition of <strong>the</strong> population of <strong>the</strong> region indicated that 60.3% were Muslims,<br />
38.2% were Orthodox Christian, 0.9% Protestant, 0.55 Catholic, and 0.1% followers of o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
religions.<br />
It is estimated in 2005 that farmers in Harari had a total 31,730 head of cattle (representing less<br />
than 0.1% of Ethiopia's total cattle), 3,440 sheep (less than 0.1%), 26,910 goats (0.21%), 6,320<br />
asses (0.25%), 31,430 poultry of all species (0.1%), and 670 beehives (less than 0.1%).<br />
The regional capital town, Harar is a fortified town. The walls surrounding this sacred Muslim<br />
city were built between <strong>the</strong> 13th and 16th centuries. Harar Jugol, said to be <strong>the</strong> fourth holiest city<br />
of Islam, numbers 82 mosques, three of which date from <strong>the</strong> 10th century, and 102 shrines.<br />
a. NSA in Harari - from <strong>the</strong> previous mapping<br />
The previous mapping study highlights <strong>the</strong> fact that in Harari NSA are very few and also ra<strong>the</strong>r<br />
weak. The study ascribed a considerable potential to <strong>the</strong> Harar Relief and Development<br />
Association (HARDA) which has been found no more active and was pended by local<br />
government.<br />
Also <strong>the</strong> 2004 Mapping study underlines <strong>the</strong> scarce presence of organisations working on Human<br />
rights, in <strong>the</strong> Private Sector and in <strong>the</strong> Professional Associations, excluding <strong>the</strong> regional chapter<br />
of EWLA, which cannot be considered a Professional Association.<br />
Major highlights of current findings<br />
28
The Major characteristics can be summarised as follows:<br />
• The Civil Society is relatively young: most of <strong>the</strong> Civic Associations met have been<br />
established in <strong>the</strong> last ten years;<br />
• High level of mushrooming of CBOs: many Iddirs and Afochas are being created or<br />
revived in <strong>the</strong> effort to mobilise <strong>the</strong> communities in <strong>the</strong> development effort. These<br />
two kinds of organisation at <strong>the</strong>ir origin where mostly ga<strong>the</strong>ring <strong>the</strong> Muslim for <strong>the</strong><br />
Afochas and <strong>the</strong> Christians for <strong>the</strong> Iddirs, but nowadays <strong>the</strong>re are Christians who join<br />
<strong>the</strong> Afochas and Muslim who join <strong>the</strong> Iddirs, mostly according to territorial<br />
characteristics. This sector of <strong>the</strong> Civil Society is showing a high level of vitality and<br />
has made an effort for joining <strong>the</strong> activities to achieve a critical mass and to scale-up<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir activities in relationship with <strong>the</strong> government and <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r sectors of <strong>the</strong> Civil<br />
Society. Even if this process appears ra<strong>the</strong>r top-down it has to be considered that two<br />
regional unions have been created <strong>the</strong> first one clustering 52 Iddirs and <strong>the</strong> second<br />
one clustering 44 Afochas. All <strong>the</strong> 96 organisations form a <strong>Regional</strong> Network of<br />
Iddirs and Afochas. These CBOs have 18.900 members and 300 executive members ;<br />
• High number of associations working on highly related issues (e.g. HIV-AIDS):<br />
<strong>the</strong> very recent growth dynamic has mobilised <strong>the</strong> youth to create associations and<br />
clubs but <strong>the</strong> disordered growth of <strong>the</strong>se organisations has produced some<br />
overlapping between associations who work in <strong>the</strong> same territorial area. This<br />
condition generates some concurrency effect which is likely to hinder <strong>the</strong> creation of<br />
regional networks or <strong>the</strong>matic platforms and <strong>the</strong> merging of some organisations with<br />
<strong>the</strong> aim of streng<strong>the</strong>ning <strong>the</strong>ir constituencies to produce a higher impact at territorial<br />
level;<br />
• Specific phenomenon of young professional who create professional association<br />
to work on development and search opportunities for employment: Harar is a<br />
region where unemployment is an important problem and <strong>the</strong> issue of unemployment<br />
appears more critical for <strong>the</strong> youth. So <strong>the</strong>re in different cases young professional<br />
have created an association with <strong>the</strong> dual scope of engaging in <strong>the</strong> development<br />
process and at <strong>the</strong> same time find employment opportunities. Evidences from <strong>the</strong><br />
field work ( findings of <strong>the</strong> FGDs) show that <strong>the</strong> emulative effect has produced <strong>the</strong><br />
formation of some of <strong>the</strong>se associations<br />
• Gradual transformation of Iddirs and Afochas from <strong>the</strong> traditional role to<br />
Social Welfare or Self-Help CBOs: as found also in o<strong>the</strong>r situations this is an<br />
outstanding trend which qualifies <strong>the</strong>se organisations as potential development<br />
partners. In this case some elements have to be modified because in some of <strong>the</strong>se<br />
organisations backward-minded approaches are still adopted (for example <strong>the</strong><br />
practice of restricting <strong>the</strong> access to <strong>the</strong> organisation for those who have not yet<br />
formed a family). This change has also been ratified by a recent <strong>Regional</strong> By-law.<br />
Profile and distribution of NSA at <strong>Regional</strong> Level<br />
b. Profile of NSA<br />
The Organisation registered and licensed by <strong>the</strong> Bureau of Justice of Harari People <strong>Regional</strong><br />
State are a number of 269. The following tables show <strong>the</strong>ir distribution in <strong>the</strong> different<br />
categories:<br />
29
Table 1 Organisations registered and licensed Harari <strong>Regional</strong> State<br />
Typology Number<br />
NGOs and Development Associations 12<br />
Youth Association 65<br />
Anti-Aids Clubs 31<br />
Charity Organisations 9<br />
Professional Associations 12<br />
Women Associations 9<br />
CBOs 125<br />
Art Associations 6<br />
TOTAL 269<br />
Source : <strong>Regional</strong> BoJ Register of Associations<br />
The above data are shown in <strong>the</strong> chart below:<br />
NGOs and Development<br />
Associations<br />
Youth Association<br />
Anti-Aids Clubs<br />
Charity Organisations<br />
Professional Associations<br />
Women Associations<br />
CBOs<br />
Table 2, below presents <strong>the</strong> profile of NSA typologies in Harari Region including <strong>the</strong><br />
organisation registered at federal level:<br />
Table 1. BSG NSA typologies and size<br />
Art Associations<br />
NSA Categories Example<br />
1. NGOs = 11<br />
1 International NGOs = 3 MfM, IIRO, SOS Children, Cheshire<br />
<strong>Service</strong>s<br />
1 National NGOs = 8 Diket Ethiopia, FAWE-Ethiopia, Ethiopia<br />
Initiative Development (EID, SoS Infants<br />
Ethiopia, Foundation for Community<br />
Development, Amana Kids Organization,<br />
Messengers of Love<br />
1 <strong>Regional</strong> Registered NGOs =<br />
2. <strong>Regional</strong> Development Associations =<br />
3. FBOs (national and international) = 3 Emmanuel United Church Development,<br />
EOC-CFAO, Harar Emmanuel Baptist<br />
Church Child Development<br />
31
4. Reg. apex/Networking Organisations = 1 PANE <strong>Regional</strong> Chapter Harar<br />
5. Advocacy and Human rights Organizations<br />
6. Economic and business interest groups<br />
6 a) Cooperatives 233<br />
6 b) Union of Cooperatives =<br />
6 c) Chamber of Commerce and Sector Ass. = 1<br />
7. Trade and labour unions<br />
8. Professional Associations = 2<br />
Age, gender, health-status and o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
9.<br />
occupation related Associations<br />
9 <strong>Regional</strong>ly registered Youth Association =<br />
� Region-wide basic Youth Ass. =<br />
� Region-wide Youth Clubs =<br />
9 Reg. registered Associations of/for Women =<br />
9 Reg. registered Elderly and Disability Asso. =<br />
9 Reg. registered Asso. of PLWHA =<br />
10. Free Press<br />
11. Community based organisations -<br />
Activities and Sector Distribution<br />
On <strong>the</strong> qualitative point of view <strong>the</strong> contribution of NSA can be summarised by <strong>the</strong> following<br />
table:<br />
Table 2<br />
Local<br />
Development<br />
Association<br />
The local<br />
NGOs<br />
Qualitative areas of contribution Quantitative<br />
contributions<br />
No longer active and pended by BoJ<br />
localized actions in service delivery,<br />
awareness raising, self-help and<br />
awareness raising, support services<br />
for marginalised layers of <strong>the</strong><br />
population<br />
INGOs Mostly engaged in Education<br />
programs with <strong>the</strong> exception of IIRO,<br />
engaged in Health service Provision<br />
Iddirs and<br />
CBOs<br />
Grassroots<br />
Associations<br />
through <strong>the</strong> activity of a clinic<br />
support services for vulnerable and<br />
weaker segments of society, social<br />
infrastructures, income generation<br />
activities, HTP, HIV-AIDS<br />
Most of <strong>the</strong>m are Youth<br />
Organisations and Anti-Aids Clubs<br />
32<br />
Mostly not<br />
documented in<br />
project agreements<br />
even if funded by<br />
public bodies such as<br />
<strong>the</strong> AIDS Secretariat<br />
Mostly documented<br />
in project agreements<br />
Not documented but<br />
can be one of <strong>the</strong><br />
important trends to be<br />
considered<br />
Not documented but<br />
can be one of <strong>the</strong><br />
important trends to be<br />
considered<br />
Trends of<br />
Participation and<br />
Contribution<br />
May grow fast<br />
Fast growing<br />
participation and<br />
level of<br />
organisational<br />
internal growth<br />
Fast growing
Association<br />
of<br />
Professionals<br />
Economic<br />
and Business<br />
Interest<br />
Groups<br />
Technical support in different fields<br />
(legal advice, multi-disciplinary<br />
support) advocacy on sectoral issues<br />
Representing constituency interests,<br />
dialogue and discussion with<br />
government. facilitating linkages, and<br />
creating opportunities for members<br />
Not documented but Growing<br />
a peculiar feature of<br />
<strong>the</strong> region<br />
Not documented, Weak condition<br />
The Table 6 below shows <strong>the</strong> sectoral distribution of <strong>the</strong> pledged budget. Education has <strong>the</strong> lion<br />
share due to <strong>the</strong> fact that it is focused on secondary education and VET whose unit cost are<br />
remarkably higher than those of Basic education, <strong>the</strong> second level of pledges is for Child<br />
Development.<br />
Table 6 Sectoral Distribution of Pledged Budget<br />
Sector Pledged budget %<br />
Education 40.047.300 73,3<br />
Women and girls 964950 1,8<br />
Child Development 11.684.901 21,4<br />
Environment 467123 0,9<br />
Health 843000 1,5<br />
Disabled 336000 0,6<br />
Family Planning 259844 0,5<br />
TOTAL 54.603.118 100,0<br />
Source DPPA<br />
The chart below shows <strong>the</strong> distribution:<br />
Sectoral Distribution of pledged budget<br />
Education<br />
Women and girls<br />
Child Development<br />
Environment<br />
Health<br />
Disabled<br />
Family Planning<br />
Activities and Sectoral Contributions<br />
c. General Overview<br />
International NGOs mobilise <strong>the</strong> majority of <strong>the</strong> resources, followed by FBOs. Local NGOs show<br />
a ra<strong>the</strong>r low capacity of resources mobilisation.<br />
33
d. Summary of Values and Beneficiaries of Ongoing NGO Projects<br />
The following table summarises <strong>the</strong> current ongoing projects implemented by NGOs:<br />
Projected No<br />
of<br />
Total budget<br />
pledged Birr Remarks<br />
No of No of<br />
NSA Typology Agencies Projects Beneficiaries<br />
International NGOs<br />
Faith based Nat and<br />
4 8 24.859 41.426.300 ----<br />
International Orgs 3 3 42863 8.731.449,5 -----<br />
National NGOs 7 7 5161 4.445.318 ------<br />
Total 14 18 72.883 54.603,118,5 ------<br />
Source: DPPA Harari<br />
e. Sectoral Participation<br />
A large number of projects are targeted on Youth and anti-Aids issues, since <strong>the</strong> growth of <strong>the</strong><br />
Youth grassroots associations and Anti-Aids Associations and Clubs is an outstanding<br />
phenomenon at regional level.<br />
Education and Child development are <strong>the</strong> major areas where NGOs have established stronger<br />
participation. 6 Projects are focused on provision of secondary and Vocational Education (mainly<br />
in agricultural vocational fields). The second area is Child Development with five projects. It can<br />
bee said that while Education and Child Development are <strong>the</strong> major operational areas for NGOs<br />
(both national and international since Educational Activities are administered by <strong>the</strong> INGO<br />
Menschen für Menschen, that is a good partner of <strong>the</strong> Government),<br />
Table 5. Sectoral Focuses of NGO Projects<br />
Core Project Focus* No of<br />
Projects Remark<br />
Education 5 Mostly formal secondary education and TVET<br />
Child Development 6 Integrated care and health care<br />
Health, including RH and<br />
HIV/AIDS<br />
2 Clinical <strong>Service</strong>s for mo<strong>the</strong>rs and children<br />
Water and sanitation 1** Including irrigation, , potable water, etc.<br />
Population and Family 1 Integrated Family Planning<br />
Planning<br />
Aids and Youth Not<br />
documented<br />
Sensitization, awareness raising and prevention of<br />
AIDS<br />
Rehabilitation of disabled 1 Integrated package of medical care ,<br />
physio<strong>the</strong>rapy and social empowerment for <strong>the</strong><br />
disabled<br />
Women and girls 3 Scholarships for Girls<br />
Prevention of HTP (FGM)<br />
Mainly training and IGA for urban marginalised<br />
women in <strong>the</strong> field of traditional basketry and<br />
sewing (cooperatives) **<br />
Environmental sanitation 1 Construction of sanitation and sewerage systems<br />
Social Welfare, Self-help, Not Roads and community infrastructure construction,<br />
34
micro credit and community documented water harvesting and distribution micro-schemes<br />
infrastructure construction ****<br />
Total 21<br />
* Some project are based on multi-sectoral approach<br />
**Not counted in DPPA statistics because administered by ECC-SDCOH located in Dire Dawa<br />
although belonging to Harar Diocese<br />
*** Several projects and non-project activities are not registered by DPPA and funded by <strong>the</strong><br />
local administration, International NGOs local fundraising, HIV Secretariat<br />
**** several micro-activities not documented because are carried out by Iddirs and Afochas on<br />
basis of community voluntary work, local fundraising and sometimes provision of material from<br />
local administrations<br />
f. Qualitative Information on NSA Contributions<br />
Education<br />
Participation of NSA: Menschen, für Menschen<br />
o Activities undertaken: These activities include secondary education and a tailor-made (<br />
but recognised by <strong>the</strong> government) technical and vocational education and recurrent<br />
training and filling <strong>the</strong> existing gap between <strong>the</strong> level of agricultural technician and that<br />
of agricultural engineer also supporting those who have potential but are not able to gain<br />
<strong>the</strong> access to Public Institutions. The Activities include: Education BSc (degree level);<br />
Advance diploma education, Level I Certificate training, Level II Certificate training,<br />
Farmers short turn training.<br />
o Approach: integrated approach aimed at providing an effective pathway for employment<br />
in agriculture-related activities. Activities are undertaken in cooperation with <strong>the</strong><br />
Aramaya University and are implemented in cooperation with <strong>the</strong> Government and are an<br />
upgrading of <strong>the</strong> former training. Currently <strong>the</strong> outreach of <strong>the</strong>se activities is being<br />
expanded with <strong>the</strong> cooperation of peasant’s associations. MFM is bridging between <strong>the</strong><br />
Government and <strong>the</strong> communities.<br />
o Recognition by <strong>the</strong> Government: The Government is taking over <strong>the</strong>se trainings and<br />
launching many activities aimed at providing an intermediate level of training on <strong>the</strong><br />
basis of <strong>the</strong> lessons learned from <strong>the</strong> MfM approach. In this process MfM is consulted<br />
regularly and is advising <strong>the</strong> Government.<br />
Child Development<br />
o Participation of NSA: SOS Children, EOC-CFAO, SoS Infant Ethiopia, Harar<br />
Emmanuel Baptist Church Child Development, Emmanuel United Church Development,<br />
Foundation for Community Development, Amana Kids Organization, Iddirs and<br />
Afochas;<br />
o Activities undertaken: Children Villages for orphans, education and Vocational<br />
Training, extension community service in education, scholarship program, support to<br />
government school, and different forms of integrated children community care.<br />
o Approach: family-based and community based orphans and children care, and global<br />
support to NGO managed and government schools, support to <strong>the</strong> families of OVCs.<br />
o Recognition by <strong>the</strong> Government: <strong>Regional</strong> BoLSA acts in strict cooperation with <strong>the</strong>se<br />
service providers<br />
Health, including RH and HIV/AIDS<br />
35
o Participation of NSA: IIRO, Youth Associations and HIV-AIDS, Iddirs and Afochas,<br />
PLWHAs (in cooperation with <strong>the</strong> NGO Window of Hope and <strong>the</strong> HIV Secretariat)<br />
o Activities undertaken: Clinical <strong>Service</strong>s (curative and preventive aspects) provision of<br />
low cost drugs, Family Planning, awareness raising activities on STD and HIV-AIDS<br />
implemented by different youth association (both secular and faith-based such as <strong>the</strong><br />
Young Muslim Women Association). These service although <strong>the</strong>y are ra<strong>the</strong>r dispersed<br />
and non systematic, represent an important pattern of social mobilisation of <strong>the</strong> youth on<br />
major problem, Assistance to PLWHAs<br />
o Recognition by <strong>the</strong> Government: High level of recognition, due to <strong>the</strong> outreach of <strong>the</strong><br />
services. The Government is asking IIRO to scale-up <strong>the</strong> Clinical services into a fullyfledged<br />
Health Centre in partnership. AIDS, related activities are recognised by <strong>the</strong> HIV<br />
Secretariat, but <strong>the</strong> issues of capacity and strategic awareness are raised.<br />
o Lessons Learned: most of <strong>the</strong> local NSA have undeveloped policies and systems of<br />
resource management. As a result, despite <strong>the</strong> generally satisfactory performance in<br />
reaching targets and delivering expected services, according to <strong>the</strong> HIV Secretariat,<br />
sizable number of Youth Associations and CBOs failed to ensure timely and proper<br />
financial and operational accountability and also demonstrate judicious and responsible<br />
use of <strong>the</strong> resource allocated<br />
Water and sanitation:<br />
o Participation of NSA: Messengers of Love, Iddirs and Afochas<br />
o Activities undertaken: deep wells and boreholes, water harvesting and distribution<br />
systems, micro-sewerage systems.<br />
o Approach: Most of <strong>the</strong> activities are community-based and <strong>the</strong> communities contribute<br />
with local fundraising and provision of voluntary work.<br />
o Lessons Learned: The CBOs have shown a high level of capacity to mobilise <strong>the</strong><br />
communities. As a consequence if capacity will be built (mainly in <strong>the</strong> field of project<br />
management and financial management) accountability is likely to be enhanced and<br />
activities can be scaled-up in cooperation with <strong>the</strong> Government<br />
o Recognition by <strong>the</strong> Government: The Government is participating in some cases<br />
providing material and technical supervision and is willing to institutionalise <strong>the</strong><br />
cooperation with CBOs and NGOs.<br />
Population and Family Planning<br />
o Participation of NSA: Diket Ethiopia<br />
o Activities undertaken: awareness raising ( training and continuous training for<br />
community volunteers, centre-based activities for people affected by STDs including<br />
medical care, recreational activities, awareness raising and life skills, family planning);<br />
o Approach: community-based services, clinics, and centres, advocacy and awareness<br />
raising on SRH, STDs and family planning, risk reduction activities such as condoms<br />
distribution and provision of safe abortion services;<br />
Rehabilitation of disabled<br />
o Participation of NSA: Cheshire <strong>Service</strong>s Ethiopia<br />
o Activities undertaken: rehabilitation, provision of walking aids, psycho<strong>the</strong>rapy for<br />
mentally disabled, to prevention, to providing training and revolving credit for <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
occupation of for income generation for <strong>the</strong> parents and guardians in case <strong>the</strong> disabled are<br />
children or young people. This activity has an outstanding capacity building component<br />
aimed at streng<strong>the</strong>ning <strong>the</strong> capacity of public institutions such as hospitals, local health<br />
36
facilities and education/training facilities for <strong>the</strong> training of physiatrist, physio<strong>the</strong>rapists,<br />
and nurses;<br />
o Approach: activities are base on a mix of high level service delivery and capacity<br />
building aimed at streng<strong>the</strong>ning <strong>the</strong> capacity of public institutions such as hospitals, local<br />
health facilities and education/training facilities for <strong>the</strong> training of physiatrist,<br />
physio<strong>the</strong>rapists, and nurses.<br />
Women and girls<br />
o Participation of NSA: Setina Cisher Muslim Women Association, FAWE, (Ethiopia<br />
Initiative Development (EID)<br />
o Activities undertaken: scholarships for girls, awareness raising and community<br />
mobilisation on HTP (mostly FGM), support to women victims of FGM and VAW,<br />
income generation for unemployed women. These activates are mostly based on training<br />
for traditional handicraft activities ( basketry) and in sewing and <strong>the</strong> creation of selfemployment<br />
opportunities in <strong>the</strong> field related to <strong>the</strong> vocational qualification received. A<br />
number of 50 women work in <strong>the</strong> field of sewing and garment production and some of<br />
<strong>the</strong>m are employed in a Rimbaud House Cultural Centre to produce traditional baskets<br />
which are sold to <strong>the</strong> tourists;<br />
o Recognition by <strong>the</strong> government: The regional Government is supporting <strong>the</strong> activities<br />
providing opportunities to work in very good locations for market outlet of <strong>the</strong> handicraft<br />
products and a facility for <strong>the</strong> sewing cooperative (<strong>the</strong> famous “makina street” of Harar).<br />
Environmental sanitation:<br />
o Participation of NSA: Messengers of Love, Iddirs and Afochas<br />
o Activities undertaken: water harvesting and distribution schemes, waste collection,<br />
cleaning and construction of micro-sewerage systems<br />
o Lessons Learned: The CBOs have shown a high level of capacity to mobilise <strong>the</strong><br />
communities. As a consequence if capacity will be built (mainly in <strong>the</strong> field of project<br />
management and financial management) accountability is likely to be enhanced and<br />
activities can be scaled-up in cooperation with <strong>the</strong> Government<br />
o Recognition by <strong>the</strong> Government: The Government is participating in some cases<br />
providing material and technical supervision and is willing to institutionalise <strong>the</strong><br />
cooperation with CBOs and NGOs.<br />
Social Welfare, Self-help, micro credit support to marginalised people and community<br />
infrastructure construction<br />
o Participation of NSA: Iddirs and Afochas<br />
o Activities undertaken: Micro-Credit schemes, support to IGA, support to elderly,<br />
PLWHAs, OVCs, community road construction, awareness raising and sensitization<br />
activities mostly in rural areas aimed at preventing HTP and also some wrong traditional<br />
habits which undermine <strong>the</strong> economic conditions of <strong>the</strong> households (e.g. high amount of<br />
money used for burial ceremonies);<br />
o Lessons Learned: The CBOs have shown a high level of capacity to mobilise <strong>the</strong><br />
communities<br />
o Recognition by <strong>the</strong> Government: BoLSA is coordinating <strong>the</strong> effort, has supported <strong>the</strong><br />
creation of <strong>the</strong> Unions and <strong>the</strong> <strong>Regional</strong> Network and provided facility within BoLSA<br />
compound.<br />
37
The role of <strong>the</strong> Private Sector<br />
Private Sector Organisations<br />
The only Private Sector Organisation active in Harari is <strong>the</strong> Harar Chamber of Commerce and<br />
Sectoral Associations whose activity is based on a package of services provided to <strong>the</strong><br />
members of <strong>the</strong> four Sector Associations. This package includes administrative services (e.g.<br />
bookkeeping, training, foreign trade information and some form of advocacy on business<br />
issue<br />
The Chamber of Commerce refer about a positive cooperation with <strong>the</strong> local government and<br />
of a regular consultation for <strong>the</strong> decision-making related to business issues.<br />
The Chamber of Commerce shows an initial level of institutionalisation and plays a<br />
traditional role in providing services and representation for <strong>the</strong> constituency ( almost 2000<br />
members) but <strong>the</strong> role that this organisation play in policy appear to be at an initial level and<br />
<strong>the</strong> relationship with <strong>the</strong> government based more on personal relationship than on a systemic<br />
partnership or dialogue.<br />
As for <strong>the</strong> Trade Unions, in all <strong>the</strong> major working places are organised basic Unions affiliated<br />
to <strong>the</strong> different federation of CETU. These organisations play a representation and collective<br />
bargaining role, with some influence in <strong>the</strong> organisational process of <strong>the</strong> enterprises due to<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir large constituencies and also try to play a social role by promoting recreational, cultural<br />
and sporting activities.<br />
Cooperatives<br />
In Harari <strong>the</strong> cooperatives<br />
Number of<br />
Members<br />
Type of Cooperatives Cooperatives Male Female Total Total Capital<br />
Housing 93 2,452 872 3328 6,241,569.70<br />
Saving & Credit 13 635 351 1006 4,138,849.03<br />
Construction 66 470 188 659 310,668.00<br />
Consumers 2 100 354 454 96,000.00<br />
Flour mill 1 9 - 9 220,626.00<br />
Shemane 1 1 16 17 1,340.00<br />
Bahel sefetna allela 2 43 43 76,666.24<br />
Sewing 2 25 4 29 8,400.00<br />
Baltena Sera 2 - 17 17 3,800.00<br />
Tourist Goods 4 41 33 74<br />
Automotive 1 14 1 15 3,000.00<br />
Home & Office furniture<br />
production<br />
4 70 16 86 95,000.00<br />
Computer writing 4 17 37 54 19,200.00<br />
Tourist Guide 3 86 4 90 53,400.00<br />
Grave digging & Statue<br />
building<br />
1 17 1 18 900.00<br />
Car & Solid waste product<br />
cleaning<br />
3 43 11 54 13,800.00<br />
Municipality Works 3 12 80 92 3,672.00<br />
Holistic Farmers 12 1264 112 1376 189,450.00<br />
Livestock breeding & 13 399 96 495 250,016.12<br />
38
fattening<br />
Dairy 2 20 66 86 1,490.00<br />
Mesno Kelle 1 64 7 71 12,000.00<br />
Total 233 5754 2294 8072 11,739,847.09<br />
The dynamics in <strong>the</strong> sector at regional level<br />
NSA are growing quantitatively in Harar. The major influencing factors can be identified as<br />
follows:<br />
1. emerging of informal groupings due to a growing citizen’s participation;<br />
2. Gradual level of institutionalisation of Community-Based Organisation,<br />
mostly Iddirs and Afochas.;<br />
3. The supportive role played by <strong>the</strong> Local Bureau of Justice;<br />
4. Stimulation and capacity building from Local NGOs, INGOs, and Apex<br />
organisations for <strong>the</strong> grassroots organisations.<br />
Some trends have be highlighted, namely:<br />
A. Iddirs are gradually assuming <strong>the</strong> role of Community-Based Social Welfare or Self-Help<br />
Organisations. Both isolated and grouped Iddirs have gradually broadened <strong>the</strong><br />
traditional role of assisting <strong>the</strong> families for burial and in <strong>the</strong> mourning period (which is<br />
kept as an initial form of social support to <strong>the</strong> family from <strong>the</strong> community and as a way<br />
for streng<strong>the</strong>ning community bonds) and have assumed a role in :<br />
• providing social welfare support to <strong>the</strong> weaker layers of <strong>the</strong> community<br />
such as OVCs, elderly people, widows and disabled;<br />
• stimulating income generation activities through revolving micro-credit<br />
activities;<br />
• providing mutual help in family crises and difficulties such as diseases,<br />
<strong>the</strong> death of a breadwinner etc;<br />
• building of small-scale local infrastructures;<br />
• cross-cutting issues, mainly gender and child protection<br />
• cooperating with local authorities in service delivery and consultation<br />
on social problems.<br />
As for this network it has to be highlighted that it is showing a very high potential in<br />
terms of social mobilisation and capacity for streng<strong>the</strong>ning <strong>the</strong> social capital<br />
(solidarity initiatives, voluntary working services etc.) and <strong>the</strong>y are showing an initial<br />
capacity to interact with <strong>the</strong> Government at least in terms of consultation for <strong>the</strong><br />
planning and regional implementation of <strong>the</strong> PADSDEP. This process has been<br />
supported by <strong>the</strong> regional chapter of PANE, to whom <strong>the</strong> network is affiliated. The<br />
initiative shows some weaknesses and controversial characteristics, namely:<br />
• excess of personalisation and “spirit of leader”. The basic associations, <strong>the</strong><br />
Unions and <strong>the</strong> network have formal democratic internal life and elections are<br />
held regularly, but <strong>the</strong>re is no limit of terms for <strong>the</strong> Board Members and<br />
Chairmen and some of <strong>the</strong>m have served for more than 15 years. The influence<br />
of powerful members, some of which play different roles in public services and<br />
39
in different Non-State institutions or are members of elective assemblies<br />
(<strong>Regional</strong> Council) is very strong and <strong>the</strong>se members play a charismatic role.<br />
This condition is likely to heavily influence <strong>the</strong> electoral process;<br />
• <strong>the</strong> difficulty to detach from very backward-minded practices such as <strong>the</strong> fact that<br />
those who have not yet formed a family are not admitted as members of <strong>the</strong><br />
Afochas (and in some cases of <strong>the</strong> Iddirs). This practice doesn’t belong to a<br />
modern conditions and cannot be passed of as a cultural heritage of <strong>the</strong><br />
traditional rules because it acts as a form of exclusion and undermines <strong>the</strong><br />
possibility for a new leadership to be nurtured and empowered in <strong>the</strong> organisation<br />
by this way facilitating <strong>the</strong> co-optation of <strong>the</strong> organisational leadership,<br />
• organisational transparency is very low and some of <strong>the</strong> leaders, in spite of <strong>the</strong><br />
asserted volunteer character of <strong>the</strong>ir service, appear to be full-time engaged in <strong>the</strong><br />
organisations having some personal (social or economic) gain from this activity.<br />
B. International NGOs have different strategies:<br />
• MFM at regional level has phased out from a rural development activity and is<br />
focusing on Vocational Education and training adopting a very effective integrated<br />
approach. Moreover <strong>the</strong> organisation is gradually streng<strong>the</strong>ning <strong>the</strong> capacity to<br />
network with public institutions ( e.g. Aramaya University) and to interact with <strong>the</strong><br />
Government on technical education issues;<br />
• SOS Children is planning to extend <strong>the</strong> outreach of <strong>the</strong>ir education program in terms<br />
of capacity to serve <strong>the</strong> children living in communities neighbouring <strong>the</strong> Children<br />
Villages and to focus in <strong>the</strong> support and cooperation with <strong>the</strong> government on<br />
education issues;<br />
• IIRO is planning to scale-up <strong>the</strong> Clinical <strong>Service</strong>s to establish a general Health Centre<br />
in cooperation with <strong>the</strong> Government.<br />
C. The associational life is very weak and shows all <strong>the</strong> characteristics of <strong>the</strong> “nascent<br />
status” a moment in which a blurry mix of leadership, ideas engagement come up to<br />
promote social movements with very strong limitations in terms of resources, capacities,<br />
institutionalisation, transparency and reliability for implementation<br />
Networking<br />
In spite of <strong>the</strong> positive trends in <strong>the</strong> CBOs sector highlighted above, it has to be said that<br />
networking is completely absent in Harar with <strong>the</strong> exception of <strong>the</strong> Iddirs and Afochas<br />
network.<br />
On paper two networks have been created:<br />
• Youth Network;<br />
• HIV-AIDS network.<br />
None of <strong>the</strong>se networks is able to produce any support to <strong>the</strong>ir members, <strong>the</strong>y are not<br />
institutionalised and registered and <strong>the</strong> membership is vague. Moreover <strong>the</strong>y never meet.<br />
40
Dialogue and cooperation between NSA and Local Government<br />
Cooperation with <strong>the</strong> Local Government is considered positive both by <strong>the</strong> CSOs and <strong>the</strong> Private<br />
Sector. The major organisation has referred to be consulted when decision are made and also to<br />
have had <strong>the</strong> opportunity to be consulted and have voice during <strong>the</strong> PASDEP process and in <strong>the</strong><br />
monitoring process.<br />
A participatory process has been launched by <strong>the</strong> <strong>Regional</strong> BoFED for <strong>the</strong> coming Five Years<br />
Plan. This process has involved <strong>the</strong> <strong>Regional</strong> Government, CSOs and <strong>the</strong> Private Sector and has<br />
been aimed at improving <strong>the</strong> flow of information between local and regional government leveller<br />
and promoting <strong>the</strong> highest possible level of grassroots participation to de identification of policies<br />
and measures for regional development.<br />
Participatory working sessions and workshops have been organised in all localities.<br />
In this process <strong>the</strong> regional Chapter of PANE has supported CBOs ( mostly <strong>the</strong> Network of Iddirs<br />
and Afochas ga<strong>the</strong>ring 96 organisation among which 52 are Iddirs and 44 are Afochas) to<br />
participate and have voice in <strong>the</strong> process.<br />
Engagement in Policy Dialogue<br />
The dialogue with <strong>the</strong> Government is based on a consultation of <strong>the</strong> different categories of NSA<br />
when some decision affecting <strong>the</strong>ir sector or interest is being made and also on a contribution of<br />
some NSA (mostly APEX organisations such as PANE and INGOs such as MFM) in <strong>the</strong> shaping<br />
of some policy measures.<br />
The dialogue is ongoing in terms of coordination and planning to avoid duplication of activities<br />
but <strong>the</strong> NSA are not yet prepared and organised for a systemic policy dialogue with <strong>the</strong><br />
government. It is explicitly recognised that <strong>the</strong> most important role of <strong>the</strong> NSA is “to fill <strong>the</strong><br />
gaps”.<br />
Engagement in Political Dialogue<br />
Engagement in political dialogue is not in <strong>the</strong> current agenda of <strong>the</strong> NSA and nobody is able or<br />
willing to challenge or even discuss <strong>the</strong> overall and sectoral government approach.<br />
Internal Organisation and Resources<br />
Financial Resources<br />
• International NGOs - implementing agreement bound multi-year programmes; with<br />
secured funding;<br />
• Some of <strong>the</strong> National NGOs have multi-annual agreements while some o<strong>the</strong>rs often face<br />
financial problems;<br />
• FBOs have significant resources assured by <strong>the</strong>ir constituencies on a multi-annual basis<br />
• CBOs show a high level of capacity for fundraising and timely contribution from <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
members, both in cash and in work contribution<br />
Human Resources<br />
The level of professionalism is very low also professional mandate and none of <strong>the</strong> local<br />
organisation has permanent staff.<br />
Material and financial resources are very poor and sometimes <strong>the</strong> resource constraints hamper <strong>the</strong><br />
opportunities for scaling-up <strong>the</strong> initiatives.<br />
41
Internal Processes<br />
Internal processes not very transparent. While CBOs are affected by <strong>the</strong> problem highlighted<br />
above, <strong>the</strong> associations don’t have a formalised associational dynamics and stand more at <strong>the</strong><br />
level of Clubs<br />
At <strong>the</strong> level of CBOs <strong>the</strong> persons in charge for <strong>the</strong> Boards are mostly mass leaders but <strong>the</strong>y show<br />
nei<strong>the</strong>r a good level of capacity for managing an organisation nor a good level of willingness to<br />
promote <strong>the</strong> participation. Yet it has to be recognised that <strong>the</strong> community express a positive<br />
judgement about <strong>the</strong> work of <strong>the</strong>se grassroots organisations<br />
Policies, Systems and Structures<br />
� Contextual participation and longer term visioning by some of <strong>the</strong> international NGOs ,<br />
mainly MFM;<br />
� Few of <strong>the</strong> local NSAs have policy manuals and multi-year programmes (Strategic Plan) that<br />
guide <strong>the</strong>ir participation;<br />
� Opportunities for learning and being assisted on aspects of organizational development;<br />
including governance, constituency streng<strong>the</strong>ning, resource mobilization; accountability are<br />
not available for <strong>the</strong> majority of NSAs.<br />
Capacity Building Needs<br />
The CBOs have a ra<strong>the</strong>r good capacity to mobilise fund from membership contribution and<br />
local/community-based fundraising, but <strong>the</strong> overall capacity is highly limited by <strong>the</strong> resource gap,<br />
so most of <strong>the</strong> organisations highlight that to build <strong>the</strong>ir capacity <strong>the</strong>y need to be reinforced in<br />
terms of materials, financial and technical resources.<br />
In terms of organisational capacity:<br />
• The fundamental weakness is <strong>the</strong> lack of strategic conscience so that <strong>the</strong> need served are<br />
often casually identified and <strong>the</strong>re is no relationship between organisational capabilities,<br />
strategic aim and vision of <strong>the</strong> organisations, identification of beneficiaries, kind of<br />
services, course of action and partnership and <strong>the</strong> organisational mission. In almost all <strong>the</strong><br />
cases no strategic document or plan has been drafted and approved;<br />
• The second issue is <strong>the</strong> lack of skilled manpower for service delivery and technical<br />
issues.<br />
• The third issue is related to Organisational Development, organisational management and<br />
leadership and organisational accountability and transparency;<br />
• A very important gap is found in Project Cycle Management and <strong>the</strong> Organisations<br />
complain about <strong>the</strong>ir capacity to access <strong>the</strong> funding by International Partners due to <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
low level of project design, implementation, monitoring and administration.<br />
• Administration, financial management and accountability are ano<strong>the</strong>r important need<br />
(bookkeeping etc.).<br />
• Capacity for advocacy is very weak and no advocacy initiative has been referred by <strong>the</strong><br />
organisations met with <strong>the</strong> exception of <strong>the</strong> awareness raising activities on HIV-AIDS<br />
and <strong>the</strong> activities of <strong>the</strong> Iddirs/Afochas on HTP and wrong traditional practices.<br />
42
4. <strong>Regional</strong> Report Dire Dawa<br />
1. General remarks on NSA at territorial level.<br />
a. Background about Dire Dawa<br />
• Dire Dawa is <strong>the</strong> second largest city in Ethiopia. It was one of <strong>the</strong> fast growing cities in<br />
Ethiopia owing to its strategic location on <strong>the</strong> rail way line which connects <strong>the</strong> capital<br />
Addis Ababa to <strong>the</strong> Djibouti port. This has been sensible in <strong>the</strong> early 60’s when small and<br />
medium scale industries start flourishing and rural to urban migration increased <strong>the</strong> urban<br />
population.<br />
• However this does not kept its pace as <strong>the</strong> centrally planned economic policy of <strong>the</strong><br />
former regime hindered investment and contraband trade prevailed in <strong>the</strong> late 70’s and<br />
80’s. The slow down of port transit service via Djibouti in <strong>the</strong> 90’s cause <strong>the</strong> declining of<br />
rail way service, which contributed to economic decline of city. Recently, <strong>the</strong> tighter<br />
control system markedly minimized contraband trade and most of <strong>the</strong> people involved in<br />
this illegal activity turned to be unemployed. The defective education policy of <strong>the</strong><br />
former regime produced vast school leaver unemployed. Currently, <strong>the</strong> unemployment<br />
condition worsened deepening poverty condition in <strong>the</strong> city which is manifested by<br />
increased number of marginalized groups like street children, beggars, commercial sex<br />
workers, addicts, juvenile delinquents and squatter settlers.<br />
• The total population of Dire Dawa is estimated to be 384,000 out of which 74%<br />
(284,000) live in urban while <strong>the</strong> rest 26% (100,000) live in rural areas.<br />
• Trade and industry are <strong>the</strong> predominant sectors of Dire Dawa’s economy. The city is<br />
acknowledged to be a centre of trade and industry in East Ethiopia. The majority of <strong>the</strong><br />
people directly or indirectly derive its livelihood from trade, industry and related<br />
activities.<br />
• Dire Dawa is a chartered city and has two tiers of government structure: administration &<br />
Kebele levels. There are 9 urban & 25 rural kebeles. Government Offices are organized<br />
under municipality & government Executive Organs (Bureaus);<br />
• The 1999/2000 household income, consumption and expenditure survey report of CSA<br />
indicates that, <strong>the</strong> per capita income/expenditure of Dire Dawa was 1937 birr which is<br />
actually greater than by 7.72 % compared to <strong>the</strong> preceding four years. Though, it seems<br />
that <strong>the</strong> per capita income/expenditure of Dire Dawa has shown an improvement, it has<br />
been observed over <strong>the</strong> same period that <strong>the</strong> growth is not reflected in <strong>the</strong> life of <strong>the</strong> poor,<br />
ra<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> income gap between <strong>the</strong> lower and <strong>the</strong> upper class of <strong>the</strong> community is widen.<br />
As a result <strong>the</strong> number of households that live below absolute poverty line has increased<br />
from <strong>the</strong> year 1995/96 to 1999/2000 by 8.5 % while it slightly declined by 1.3 % at<br />
national level.<br />
• The current HIV/AIDS prevalence of urban and rural Dire Dawa is 10.9% and 1.3 %<br />
respectively. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, <strong>the</strong> total positive population of Dire Dawa is currently<br />
estimated to be 17,035 in urban and 707 in rural. Female and male HIV positive is<br />
expected to be 9,426 and 7,609 respectively. From <strong>the</strong> total HIV positive population <strong>the</strong><br />
higher share lies between <strong>the</strong> age of 15-49 (15,931 positive people), which indicates that<br />
44
<strong>the</strong> active age population is highly affected by <strong>the</strong> epidemic of HIV/aids. The number of<br />
orphans with aids is also increasing over <strong>the</strong> years. The number of orphans due to AIDS<br />
is expected to be 7120 and 249 in urban and rural areas respectively;<br />
• The administration has faced multidimensional problems of implementation capacity at<br />
all levels which can be manifested in its manpower, organization and overall operational<br />
systems. Among <strong>the</strong>se <strong>the</strong> following are <strong>the</strong> major ones: a) Wide span of Institutional<br />
structure; b) Very poor working systems; c) Lack of proclamation, regulation &<br />
directives; d) Lack of Administrative Policies & Strategies; e) Lack of commitment at all<br />
level; f) Inadequate man Power in skill, qualification & number; g) No integration among<br />
<strong>the</strong> development programs; h) Absence of vision and strategic thinking; i) Lack of<br />
community participation; l)Lack of an enabling environment & Institutional capacity for<br />
CSOs & Private Sector;<br />
• According to <strong>the</strong> gender specific base line survey result, it was identified that women in<br />
Dire Dawa spend on average 11.05 hours on work each day. Regarding employment<br />
opportunity, unemployed urban female accounts for 71 %, this implies women have less<br />
access for employment opportunities than <strong>the</strong>ir male counterparts. Resources accessed by<br />
women at household level are largely homestead lands, small animals (sheep, goats, and<br />
hens), milk and egg, and small farm implements. Again, from those women with access<br />
to <strong>the</strong> above mentioned resources those who had controlling power over <strong>the</strong> resources<br />
were found to be only 21 %. Beyond <strong>the</strong> level of household economy, access to resources<br />
and opportunities to improve working conditions, productivity level (existing and scaled-<br />
up) and equal participation of women in development practices is lacking to a<br />
tremendous level;<br />
• The total revenue of Dire Dawa is highly dominated by external sources that cover on<br />
average about 65%, in which 52%, 8% and 5% is contributed by central government<br />
grant, borrowing and assistance from foreign sources in <strong>the</strong>ir order. The local sources of<br />
revenue on average contribute only 35%, in which municipal revenues share is only 10%<br />
while non-municipal revenue cover 25%. These indicate that <strong>the</strong> city is highly dependent<br />
on external sources. Moreover, out of <strong>the</strong> total amount of revenue, <strong>the</strong> recurrent<br />
expenditure accounts for <strong>the</strong> lion share of <strong>the</strong> administration’s expenditure. It is also<br />
observed that <strong>the</strong> wage bill as percentage of own revenue is becoming higher in recent<br />
years;<br />
• The recharge in <strong>the</strong> hillsides and mountainous areas of <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn, south-eastern and<br />
south-western part of <strong>the</strong> administration is highly degraded in mainly due to expansion of<br />
farmland, population pressure, cutting of trees, shrubs and bushes, fuel wood<br />
consumption, poorly managed catchments rehabilitation work, and naturally low level of<br />
moisture and vegetation cover. This aggravates <strong>the</strong> problem of soil erosion and<br />
subsequent sever reduction of soil thickness in <strong>the</strong> escarpment zone. This in turn<br />
influence recharge condition of <strong>the</strong> administration to be minimal with very high runoff.<br />
As a result <strong>the</strong>re is high seasonal fluctuation of groundwater level and hence decrease in<br />
springs discharge, yield of shallow wells and moderately deep boreholes, and even drying<br />
of many springs and boreholes;<br />
• Refuse and liquid waste disposal sites in Dire Dawa is inappropriate and unorganized.<br />
The waste in <strong>the</strong> city is not properly stored, collected, transported and disposed off, but<br />
accumulated on open lands and open drainage ditches thus providing breeding areas for<br />
disease vectors and create un-aes<strong>the</strong>tic view for <strong>the</strong> city;<br />
45
• Land degradation is a serious concern in <strong>the</strong> Dire Dawa Administration. The problem has<br />
its root causes to man made and natural factors: a) The soil loss rate resulting in<br />
continuous soil erosion; b)Deforestation because of unbalanced fuel wood demand and<br />
supply; c) Overgrazing; c) Lack of appropriate land use policies and regulations; d) Poor<br />
forestation; e)law ;f) Lack of administration for vast open access ; g) Decrease in stream<br />
and spring discharges, which are manifested by drying up of streams and springs in per<br />
urban areas;<br />
• The projected population for <strong>the</strong> years 2010 and 2015 orderly depicts an increment of<br />
population by 206 and 285 thousands and <strong>the</strong> doubling time of <strong>the</strong> populations is<br />
estimated to occur within 17 years time interval (2011) from <strong>the</strong> census period. The<br />
increment in population size and <strong>the</strong> average annual population growth rate of <strong>the</strong> region<br />
generally shows a substantial population pressure facing against development efforts with<br />
limited resources and managing capacity in terms of spatial, environmental and technical<br />
aspects. The fastest population growth rate accompanied with narrow population<br />
doubling time interval has a tremendous repercussion on development practices and<br />
outputs;<br />
• One of <strong>the</strong> pervasive problems of urban centres in general and Dire Dawa in particular is<br />
<strong>the</strong> existence of very high unemployment rate. Total Unemployment rate for Dire Dawa<br />
reaches 33.5 percent, which is higher than <strong>the</strong> National urban unemployment rate of 22.9<br />
%;<br />
• Currently it is estimated that more than 24,000 housing backlog exist in <strong>the</strong> city. On top<br />
of this, due to population growth, on average <strong>the</strong> backlog is expected to grow annually by<br />
2900 for <strong>the</strong> coming five years. The housing problem in Dire Dawa is not only of<br />
quantity but <strong>the</strong> quality of many housing units is also a prime concern. It is observed that<br />
out of <strong>the</strong> total housing stock, about 30.5 percent are built up of wood and mud. Stone<br />
and cement houses constitute about 26.4 percent and about 17 percent of <strong>the</strong> houses are<br />
made up of stone and mud;<br />
• The nature of water problem in <strong>the</strong> city is basically both shortage and pollution. The<br />
existing water supply system of <strong>the</strong> town comes from ground water sources. In <strong>the</strong><br />
existing water supply system of <strong>the</strong> town <strong>the</strong>re are five modes of services which are<br />
house tap users, yard tap users, neighbourhood tap users, public tap users, and traditional<br />
source users;<br />
• Health care is one of <strong>the</strong> crucial components of basic social services that have a direct<br />
linkage to <strong>the</strong> growth and development of a country as well as <strong>the</strong> welfare of <strong>the</strong> society.<br />
Even though <strong>the</strong> physical health service coverage in Dire Dawa is relatively better<br />
compared to o<strong>the</strong>r regions in Ethiopia (83.4 %), <strong>the</strong> health service delivery is of poor<br />
quality. This can be partly attributed to capacity limitation & absence of referral system<br />
which clearly demarcates catchments and verifies roles and duties of Health facilities at<br />
different levels, <strong>the</strong> quality of <strong>the</strong> health service delivered in <strong>the</strong> administration is low.<br />
The poor quality of <strong>the</strong> health service delivery has worsen <strong>the</strong> Health condition of <strong>the</strong><br />
society through aggravating under Five mortality rate, maternal mortality rate, morbidity,<br />
poor hygiene and sanitation etc. Available information indicates that under five Mortality<br />
Rate in <strong>the</strong> city is 348.6 where as infant mortality rate is 96.5 per 1000;<br />
• The current HIV/AIDS prevalence of urban and rural Dire Dawa is 10.9% and 1.3 %<br />
respectively. From <strong>the</strong> total HIV positive population <strong>the</strong> higher share lies between <strong>the</strong> age<br />
46
of 15-49 which indicates that <strong>the</strong> active age population is highly affected by <strong>the</strong> epidemic<br />
of HIV/Aids) a high level of civic engagement is found in <strong>the</strong> town;<br />
• According to disaster vulnerability assessment report of <strong>the</strong> Disaster Prevention and Food<br />
Security office of DDA, more than 48,275 people in rural Dire Dawa are identified to be<br />
chronically food insecure and ano<strong>the</strong>r 60,000 people are acutely affected in bad<br />
production years. A complex combination of factors has contributed to <strong>the</strong> alarming<br />
increase of rural food shortage vulnerability;<br />
• Socially Marginalized Groups basically include individuals or households who are street<br />
children, street prostitutes, beggars, disabled, and those poor households, which are<br />
potentially at risk, or are <strong>the</strong> hosts where socially marginalized groups come from.<br />
Studies conducted in this area indicate that inability of families to meet basic needs (food,<br />
clothing shelter) of <strong>the</strong>ir family members followed by loss of parents, which account for<br />
76% and 12% respectively, are <strong>the</strong> two most important factors compelling <strong>the</strong>ir members<br />
to start socially unacceptable ways of life i.e. Prostitution, beggary and “streetism”.<br />
Delinquent behaviour, lack of employment opportunity and substance addiction were also<br />
identified as factors contributing to <strong>the</strong> process of social marginalization;<br />
• Informal settlement in Dire Dawa town trace back to <strong>the</strong> year 1930,s and increased at an<br />
alarming rate from <strong>the</strong> beginning of 1950's up to <strong>the</strong> middle of 1960,s where <strong>the</strong> number<br />
of informal settlement escalated to about 6159;<br />
• According to a CSA report, an estimated number of 84,725 youths (15 - 29 of age) live in<br />
Dire Dawa accounting 31.6% of <strong>the</strong> total population. It is also observed that, <strong>the</strong> lion<br />
share of <strong>the</strong> youths (51.5%) are females which are about 43,618 in number and accounts<br />
for 16% of <strong>the</strong> total population;<br />
• Like o<strong>the</strong>r urban areas of <strong>the</strong> country, <strong>the</strong> major problem related to <strong>the</strong> youth in Dire<br />
Dawa is basically unemployment. According to CSA report on Urban Bi-Annual<br />
Employment Unemployment Survey, 54 percent of <strong>the</strong> total unemployed people are<br />
youths. The o<strong>the</strong>r major problem of <strong>the</strong> youth, is <strong>the</strong> epidemic of HIV/AIDS;<br />
• Tremendous progress had been made in <strong>the</strong> education sector of Dire Dawa<br />
Administration since <strong>the</strong> new Education and Training policies of <strong>the</strong> country were put in<br />
place in 1994. However, <strong>the</strong> existence low Gross & Net Enrolment Rate, a wide gender<br />
gap and wide location disparity indicate <strong>the</strong> overwhelming amount of work remains to be<br />
done to achieve Universal Primary Education (UPE) targets. It is also observed that <strong>the</strong>re<br />
is very low level of enrolment in grade one at <strong>the</strong> appropriate age (i.e. at age 7). Since <strong>the</strong><br />
level of enrolment in grade one is a decisive factor in achieving UPE as well as for<br />
minimizing <strong>the</strong> gender and location gaps, attention has to be given to it in order to<br />
maximize <strong>the</strong> apparent intake rate and to reduce <strong>the</strong> gender gap in both locations. Thus, it<br />
needs great effort and commitment to bring <strong>the</strong> rate to a higher level so as to catch up<br />
with <strong>the</strong> target of UPE, which presupposes that <strong>the</strong> Net intake Rate level should reach<br />
100%;<br />
• All <strong>the</strong> rural areas of <strong>the</strong> Administration are accessed by ei<strong>the</strong>r all - wea<strong>the</strong>r or drywea<strong>the</strong>r<br />
roads. The all - wea<strong>the</strong>r RR50 standard road branching from <strong>the</strong> Dire Dawa -<br />
Harar road is running east to Belewa for 43km and to <strong>the</strong> east to Lege-odagununfeta for<br />
35km. However ,<strong>the</strong> construction of <strong>the</strong> Lege-oda 35km road was suspended after<br />
covering a distances of about 14km. Dry-wea<strong>the</strong>r roads having a width of 4m have also<br />
been constructed using <strong>the</strong> income generating schemes (IGS) in various rural parts of <strong>the</strong><br />
47
• Most rural markets around Dire Dawa are not organized and do not have organized<br />
marketing system. In <strong>the</strong> existing marketing condition marketing middle men get a good<br />
share of <strong>the</strong> final price of <strong>the</strong> products while farmers did not get a price which reflects <strong>the</strong><br />
actual value of <strong>the</strong>ir product. Presence of organized market and marketing system is<br />
believed to bring an incremental benefit to producers. An improvement in <strong>the</strong> marketing<br />
system will also help to minimize <strong>the</strong> smuggling of products to and from neighbouring<br />
countries via contraband trade routes. Pack animals carrying firewood and charcoal have<br />
been making a nuisance and creating traffic congestion in <strong>the</strong> main streets of Dire Dawa<br />
on <strong>the</strong>ir way to <strong>the</strong> market.<br />
b. NSA in Dire Dawa - from <strong>the</strong> previous mapping<br />
The previous mapping noted that in Dire Dawa NSA in <strong>the</strong> different categories were in very<br />
limited number and among those interviewed most had limited capacity. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore <strong>the</strong><br />
study highlighted <strong>the</strong> fact that indigenous NGOs were a minority in <strong>the</strong> NSA landscape and<br />
most of <strong>the</strong>m were ei<strong>the</strong>r branches of international NGOs or of national NGOs.<br />
As for <strong>the</strong> Government capacity to interact with <strong>the</strong> NSA sector, it was found even more<br />
limited than <strong>the</strong> capacities of <strong>the</strong> NSAs <strong>the</strong>mselves. The previous study also highlighted two<br />
phenomena:<br />
• The dynamic in <strong>the</strong> Youth sector, which was being interested by a strong effort by<br />
<strong>the</strong> Youth Association to create local (kebele) associations and clubs with <strong>the</strong> aim of<br />
coordinating <strong>the</strong>se organisations scattered in <strong>the</strong> territory;<br />
• The fact that several regional association were operating in <strong>the</strong> town, to ga<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong><br />
settlers coming from <strong>the</strong> different regions, but whose main aim whose to collect<br />
financial contributions.<br />
c. Major highlights of current findings<br />
Dire Dawa’s NSA dynamic is highly influenced by <strong>the</strong>se urban characteristics:<br />
These characteristics can be summarised as follows:<br />
1. A general high level of citizens’ mobilisation and relatively growing capacity of<br />
self-organisation on <strong>the</strong> basis of <strong>the</strong> constituency’s interests and/or cultural<br />
priorities;<br />
2. Large number of organisations are operational on cultural and awareness raising<br />
(e.g. HIV-AIDS) issues. There is high number of organisations who work on<br />
cultural issues to raise awareness and shape opinion of <strong>the</strong> public. This typical urban<br />
features has been found mostly in <strong>the</strong> field of Youth Association, where <strong>the</strong><br />
dynamics show an initial process of institutionalisation and also <strong>the</strong> attempt to<br />
promote some income generation activities to fund organisations’ activities;<br />
48
3. High level of mushrooming of CBOs. CBOs are progressively growing in quantity<br />
and streng<strong>the</strong>ning <strong>the</strong>ir constituencies. Although CBO’s leaders and most active<br />
people largely acknowledge <strong>the</strong>ir lack of organisational capacity, it has to be said<br />
that a high level of awareness of <strong>the</strong> needs and an important effort to build capacity<br />
and to improve <strong>the</strong> quality of internal process is being made by different CBOs and<br />
Umbrella organisations is being made, supported by local and national NGOs<br />
(regional chapters) and by Apex Organisations;<br />
4. The ra<strong>the</strong>r recent change of Institutional Characteristics (Dire Dawa has been<br />
established as a Chartered Town in 2004). This important change has produced <strong>the</strong><br />
need for a Local Planning Process for development and poverty reduction. This<br />
process has benefited of <strong>the</strong> contribution of NSA and is currently being streng<strong>the</strong>ned<br />
during <strong>the</strong> new planning process launched in December 2007 (see below).<br />
5. The local government has shown a relative openness to Civil Society participation<br />
and largely recognises <strong>the</strong> contribution of NSA to fill <strong>the</strong> gaps in service delivery,<br />
aid during <strong>the</strong> aftermaths of <strong>the</strong> 2005 flood, and <strong>the</strong> potential for a partnership with<br />
both Civil Society and <strong>the</strong> Private Sector;<br />
6. As found also in o<strong>the</strong>r situations an outstanding trend is <strong>the</strong> gradual transformation<br />
of Iddirs from <strong>the</strong> traditional burial-related role to Social Welfare or Self-Help<br />
CBOs. This situation is starting to qualify <strong>the</strong>se organisations as potential<br />
development partners. The Local Development Agency, a City Administration Body<br />
is often using CBOs as partners for Local development Activities such as microinfrastructure,<br />
water and sanitation schemes construction, and local infrastructure<br />
construction;<br />
12. Profile and distribution of NSA at <strong>Regional</strong> Level.<br />
a. Profile of NSA.<br />
The table below shows <strong>the</strong> profile of NSA typologies in Dire Dawa City. As can be seen, NSAs<br />
representing nearly all of <strong>the</strong> typologies set are found in <strong>the</strong> DD. The NSA mix in <strong>the</strong> region is<br />
not very different from <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r regions.<br />
49
Table 1 Table 1. DD- NSA typologies and size<br />
NSA Categories Examples<br />
12. NGOs =<br />
International NGOs = 5 CARE, Handicap International, Cheshire<br />
<strong>Service</strong>s Ethiopia, ACORD<br />
National NGOs = 6 ProPride, FGAE, JECCDO, OSSA, DKT,<br />
Asegedetch Asfaw Elderly Support,<br />
<strong>Regional</strong> Registered NGOs = 1<br />
13. <strong>Regional</strong> Development Associations = 1 Dire Dawa Trust Fund<br />
14. FBOs (national and international) = 1 ECC-SDCOH<br />
15. Reg. apex/Networking Organisations = 1 CRDA<br />
16. Advocacy and Human rights Organizations 1 EHRCO<br />
17. Economic and business interest groups<br />
a) Cooperatives 194<br />
b) Union of Cooperatives =<br />
c) Chamber of Commerce and Sector Ass. = 1<br />
18. d) Ethiopian Employers Federation: 1<br />
19. Trade and labour unions 1<br />
20. Professional Associations =<br />
Age, gender, health-status and o<strong>the</strong>r occupation EWA, EYA<br />
21.<br />
related Associations 3<br />
<strong>Regional</strong>ly registered Youth Association = 1<br />
� Region-wide basic Youth Ass. = 2<br />
� Region-wide Youth Clubs = 2<br />
Anti-Aids Clubs, Virgin Girls Association<br />
Reg. registered Associations of/for Women =<br />
Reg. registered Elderly and Disability Ass. = 1<br />
Reg. registered Ass. of PLWHA = 1 Association of Women Living with HIV-<br />
AIDS<br />
22. Free Press 3<br />
23. Community based organisations -<br />
The Organisation registered and licensed by Dire Dawa Bureau of Justice are a number of 119.<br />
The following tables show <strong>the</strong>ir distribution in <strong>the</strong> different categories:<br />
Organisations Number<br />
NGOs 11<br />
FBOs 1<br />
Youth Associations and Anti-Aids Clubs 15<br />
Development Associations 13<br />
Alumina Associations 1<br />
PLWHAS Associations 3<br />
Self-Help Associations 3<br />
Cultural Associations 10<br />
Women Association 9<br />
Private Sector Organisations 3<br />
Professional Associations 4<br />
CBOs 41<br />
Age, Gender and Health association 5<br />
TOTAL 119<br />
50
The above data are shown in <strong>the</strong> chart below:<br />
13. Activities and Sector Distribution<br />
3.1. Qualitative areas of contribution<br />
Associations<br />
Source: <strong>Regional</strong> BoJ Register of<br />
NGOs<br />
FBOs<br />
Youth Associations and Anti-<br />
Aids Clubs<br />
Development Associations<br />
Alumnia Associations<br />
PLWHAS Associations<br />
Self-Help Associations<br />
Cultural Associations<br />
Women Association<br />
Private Sector Organisations<br />
Professional Associations<br />
CBOs<br />
Age, Gender and Health<br />
association<br />
On <strong>the</strong> qualitative point of view <strong>the</strong> contribution of NSA can be summarised by <strong>the</strong> following<br />
table:<br />
Table 3 NSA Sectoral Contribution<br />
Qualitative areas of contribution Quantitative<br />
contributions<br />
Mass Based<br />
Associations<br />
Local<br />
Development<br />
Association<br />
Community mobilization; campaign-based<br />
activities, lobbying, HTPs, addressing<br />
vulnerabilities, income generation and<br />
social rehabilitation, recreational and<br />
cultural activities<br />
51<br />
Mostly<br />
documented in<br />
project agreements<br />
Trends of<br />
Participation and<br />
Contribution<br />
Growing and in<br />
same cooperating<br />
with national<br />
Apex or<br />
international<br />
organisations
(Dire Dawa<br />
Trust Fund)<br />
The local<br />
NGOs<br />
The Local<br />
Associations<br />
localized actions in service upgrading,<br />
cultural sensitization and awareness<br />
raising, support services for marginalised<br />
layers of <strong>the</strong> population<br />
Cultural sensitisation and awareness<br />
raising (opinion making), specific services<br />
(AIDS prevention) and support to<br />
marginalised layers of <strong>the</strong> population such<br />
as OVCs<br />
NNGOs rural and urban development programmes,<br />
Child Rights, HIV/AIDS and SRH<br />
services, CBO streng<strong>the</strong>ning, Support<br />
services for children and o<strong>the</strong>r weak<br />
segments<br />
INGOs Integrated rural development programmes,<br />
Safety net (Relief & Rehabilitation),<br />
capacity streng<strong>the</strong>ning,<br />
FBOs Relief & Rehabilitation, Social <strong>Service</strong>s<br />
(Child development) including<br />
infrastructure<br />
Iddirs and<br />
CBOs<br />
Advocacy<br />
and HR<br />
organizations<br />
Economic<br />
and Business<br />
Interest<br />
Groups<br />
support services for vulnerable and weaker<br />
segments of society; social infrastructures,<br />
credit and saving<br />
Legal support to people in need related to<br />
HR. Advocacy and cooperation with local<br />
law enforcement institutions ( Judiciary,<br />
police) in terms of training and joint action<br />
on HR case management<br />
Representing constituency interests,<br />
dialogue and discussion with government.<br />
facilitating linkages, and creating<br />
opportunities for members<br />
52<br />
Mostly<br />
documented in<br />
project agreements<br />
Not document, but<br />
highly dynamic<br />
and growing in<br />
quantity and in<br />
qualitative terms<br />
Mostly<br />
documented in<br />
project agreements<br />
Mostly<br />
documented in<br />
project agreements<br />
Mostly<br />
documented in<br />
project agreements<br />
Not documented<br />
but can be one of<br />
<strong>the</strong> important<br />
trends to be<br />
considered<br />
Not documented<br />
bus highly<br />
important and<br />
sometimes highly<br />
successful<br />
Not documented,<br />
but with some<br />
important case in<br />
terms of tripartite<br />
social dialogue<br />
and cooperation<br />
with <strong>the</strong><br />
Government<br />
May grow fast<br />
Appreciated and<br />
growing<br />
Shifting focus to<br />
cross-cutting<br />
issues, policy<br />
dialogue and<br />
governance<br />
Some best<br />
practice identified<br />
both at sectoral<br />
level and with<br />
relations to<br />
organisational<br />
model<br />
Fast growing<br />
participation and<br />
level of<br />
organisational<br />
internal growth<br />
Growing<br />
Good starts and<br />
plans
3.2. Summary of Values and Beneficiaries of Ongoing NGO Projects<br />
The following table summarises <strong>the</strong> current ongoing projects implemented by NGOs:<br />
Table 4. No of beneficiaries and total budget of ongoing NGO Projects in BSGR<br />
Summary of NGO's Ongoing Projects as of<br />
Projected<br />
No of No of Number of Total Budget<br />
S/No NSA Typology Org. Projects Beneficiaries Pledge in Birr Remarks<br />
1 International NGOs 5 8 20.069 16,383,442.00<br />
Faith based Nat and<br />
The ECC<br />
works in<br />
2 International Orgs 1 7 45.944 20.421.681,98 o<strong>the</strong>r regions<br />
Beneficiaries<br />
not indicated<br />
3 National NGOs 7 7 34.226 16.157.642,75 for FGAE<br />
<strong>Regional</strong> Dev't.<br />
Beneficiaries<br />
4 Associations 1 1 89.860,00 not indicated<br />
5 <strong>Regional</strong> CSOs 1 1 100 52.000<br />
Networking<br />
6 Umbrella Orgs 1<br />
activity<br />
4. Sectoral Participation<br />
Total 16 24 100.399 36.721.184,73<br />
Based on BoFED DD Administration data<br />
There is a highly differentiated range of activities in Dire Dawa: several projects have a multisectoral<br />
intervention.<br />
Table 5. Sectoral Focuses of NGO Projects*<br />
Core Project Focus** No of<br />
Projects Remark<br />
Education 2 Provision of Community -based ABE, construction<br />
and running of formal schools<br />
Child Development 3 Integrated Community-based children care and<br />
development (NFE, health, VT, legal aid, livelihood<br />
Health, including RH<br />
HIV/AIDS, communicable<br />
diseases and family planning<br />
Integrated programmes (food<br />
security)<br />
promotion)<br />
5 Provision of Community –based health care, HIV<br />
and STD care and prevention, centre-based health<br />
care, eradication of HTP<br />
5 Implementation of Productive Safety net program,<br />
promotion of IGA<br />
Water supply and sanitation 1 Construction of water harvesting and distribution<br />
systems<br />
Gender, Women and girls 4 IGA for marginalised women, prevention of HIV-<br />
53
empowerment Aids, awareness raising<br />
Age, gender and disabled 5 Rehabilitation of disabled, Elderly people home<br />
care, Capacity Building<br />
Youth 3 Youth Clubs, cultural initiatives, awareness raising<br />
on HIV-AIDS<br />
Agriculture and Urban 2 Agro-business promotion, cooperative creation,<br />
Agriculture<br />
technical assistance<br />
Governance and Urban 2 Capacity Building and mobilisation of Iddirs<br />
Governance<br />
Advocacy and mobilisation on Urban Governance<br />
issues and Governance Resource centre<br />
Total 32<br />
* Several projects and non-project activities are not registered by BoFED and funded by <strong>the</strong> local<br />
administration, International NGOs and local fundraising<br />
** Some project have multi-sectoral focus<br />
3.1. Qualitative Information on NSA Sectoral Contributions<br />
Education<br />
o Participation of NSA: Dire Dawa Trust Fund, FSCE, ProPride;<br />
o Activities undertaken: The Education- related activities range from Urban and Rural<br />
schools construction to <strong>the</strong> delivery of Education (mainly at basic level). In this field <strong>the</strong><br />
testing and implementation of new approaches to NFE and ABE are to be considered).<br />
Several CBOs and NGOs provide additional education service to <strong>the</strong> most disadvantaged<br />
children (such as week-end classes and tutorial classes), but <strong>the</strong> leader player has to be<br />
considered ECC- SDCO<br />
o Recognition by <strong>the</strong> City Administration: <strong>the</strong> City Administration recognises <strong>the</strong><br />
activities in education because this sector is one of <strong>the</strong> priorities of <strong>the</strong> IDP and <strong>the</strong> sector<br />
for which a highly integrated range of activities and projects has been planned. Moreover,<br />
<strong>the</strong> issue of street and marginalised children is one of <strong>the</strong> most critical problematic area at<br />
urban level;<br />
HIV-AIDS, and communicable diseases<br />
o Participation of NSA: FGAE, OSSA, ECC-SDCO, ProPride, Youth Associations and<br />
Clubs, EWA.<br />
o Activities undertaken: These activities are based on raising awareness (training and<br />
continuous training fro community volunteers, centre-based activities for people affected<br />
by STDs including medical care, recreational activities, awareness raising and life skills,<br />
family planning). The most important player in this field is FGA with <strong>the</strong> largest array of<br />
services (community-based services, clinics, and centres, advocacy and raising awareness<br />
on SRH, STDs and family planning, risk reduction activities such as condoms<br />
distribution and provision of safe abortion services). FGA is followed by OSSA. Yet it<br />
has to be highlighted that, being HIV-Aids an important threat for <strong>the</strong> development of <strong>the</strong><br />
A number of grassroots youth organisations and also <strong>the</strong> regional chapter of Ethiopian<br />
Youth Association are active and are gradually structuring <strong>the</strong>ir activity and relationship<br />
with Government Bodies in charge for HIV-Aids issues. The approach is mainly based on<br />
prevention and risk reduction and also in awareness raising using different methodologies<br />
( from community action through coffee ceremony, to condom distribution, to <strong>the</strong> cultural<br />
action and personal witness on virginity of young women<br />
54
o Recognition by <strong>the</strong> City Administration: From <strong>the</strong> interviews and FGD with <strong>the</strong><br />
organisation engaged in this field, emerged that recognition by <strong>the</strong> City Administration is<br />
very high and <strong>the</strong> local administration supports financially and in o<strong>the</strong>r modalities<br />
(facilitation, provision of premises) <strong>the</strong> organisation at all levels working in this sector<br />
and tries to integrate <strong>the</strong> efforts since HIV-AIDS is a very critical issue and one of <strong>the</strong><br />
cross-cutting priorities of IDP;<br />
o Results: Stigma and discrimination is dramatically reduced, awareness growing within<br />
<strong>the</strong> youth, <strong>the</strong>re is a city movement against AIDS, grassroots organisations work toge<strong>the</strong>r,<br />
several school clubs are being created;<br />
o Next Steps: enhanced level of institutionalisation and networking among grassroots<br />
organisations, HAPCO will produce and disseminate knowledge, stimulate creation and<br />
streng<strong>the</strong>ning PLWHAs associations, promote training and support to IGA for people<br />
infected and affected by AIDS.<br />
Agriculture and Urban Agriculture<br />
o Participation of NSA: ECC-SDCOH, JECCDO<br />
o Activities undertaken: diffusion of crop production (provision of seed, tools and<br />
training), a strong agri-business promotion (agricultural marketing) and <strong>the</strong> support<br />
(training, technical assistance and management accompaniment) for <strong>the</strong> creation of<br />
cooperatives. These activities have produced also a networking alliance called Marketing<br />
and Agro-Business Stakeholders Learning Alliance Group with o<strong>the</strong>r regional, national<br />
and international partners, both from <strong>the</strong> NSA sector and <strong>the</strong> research sector (Research<br />
Institutes and Universities).;<br />
o Approach: The support is based on market chain streng<strong>the</strong>ning so as to promote local<br />
producers to produce commodities based on market demand. This approach would<br />
ultimately reduce <strong>the</strong> risk of falling price on agricultural products and finally increase<br />
income of <strong>the</strong> rural producer in <strong>the</strong> long run.<br />
Child Development<br />
o Participation: ECC-SDCOH, JECCDO, PROPRIDE<br />
o Activities undertaken: Support to OVCs organised in an integrated package of activities<br />
based on nutrition, education (provision of education materials, uniforms and tutorial<br />
classes), life skills, legal protection (in this case an interesting practice has been<br />
developed to mobilise <strong>the</strong> different institutional level in charge for law enforcement to<br />
protect <strong>the</strong> legal rights of <strong>the</strong> vulnerable children, and also liaising with local VET<br />
institutions to provide <strong>the</strong> children with some vocational skills which can ensure an<br />
income generation for <strong>the</strong>ir future, provision of health services and nutrition programme.<br />
o Approach: Although <strong>the</strong> organisations are different and don’t cooperate <strong>the</strong>y use mostly<br />
a multi-tiered approach whose focus is on promoting <strong>the</strong> fulfilment of <strong>the</strong> multi-pronged<br />
developmental rights of disadvantaged children and street children by implementing<br />
community-based activities to empower both children and <strong>the</strong>ir parents. JECCDO has<br />
created a city Forum for <strong>the</strong> Street children.<br />
Gender, Women and girls empowerment<br />
o Participation: ECC-SDCOH, EWA<br />
o Activities undertaken: Advocacy and raising awareness on gender, gender violence,<br />
HTP, Social Rehabilitation of former CSW through provision of long term training in<br />
sewing and support for self-employment through provision of premises and equipments<br />
to start <strong>the</strong> activity. This activity is struggling to become sustainable to generate a source<br />
of stable income for <strong>the</strong> beneficiaries<br />
55
o Approach: <strong>the</strong> approach is based on <strong>the</strong> activity of peer community mobilisers,<br />
promoters and educators, formerly trained. These peer promoters carry out all <strong>the</strong><br />
activities and periodically undergo refreshment training.<br />
Care and social empowerment for <strong>the</strong> disabled<br />
o Participation: Cheshire services Ethiopia, Handicap International<br />
o Activities undertaken: The high-quality services for <strong>the</strong> disabled people starting from<br />
medical care (rehabilitation, provision of walking aids, psycho<strong>the</strong>rapy for mentally<br />
disabled, to prevention, to providing training and revolving credit for <strong>the</strong>ir occupation of<br />
for income generation for <strong>the</strong> parents and guardians in case <strong>the</strong> disabled are children or<br />
young people. This activity has an outstanding capacity building component aimed at<br />
streng<strong>the</strong>ning <strong>the</strong> capacity of public institutions such as hospitals, local health facilities<br />
and education/training facilities for <strong>the</strong> training of physiatrist, physio<strong>the</strong>rapists, and<br />
nurses.<br />
o Approach: The advocacy, training and joint action with <strong>the</strong> town government related to<br />
<strong>the</strong>se activities is aimed at creating room in <strong>the</strong> policy agenda for <strong>the</strong> issue of disability,<br />
to be considered not as a medical, but ra<strong>the</strong>r as a cross-cutting issue. Cheshire service is<br />
working on this area, also with <strong>the</strong> aim of streng<strong>the</strong>ning <strong>the</strong> capacity for service delivery<br />
of national institutions. Handicap International although service delivery is an important<br />
components is mainly focused on Institution streng<strong>the</strong>ning and capacity building<br />
Youth<br />
o Participation: EYA, Youth Association Dire Dawa<br />
o Activities undertaken: The activity for <strong>the</strong> youth is largely focused on cultural issues<br />
and raising awareness at community level, formation of school clubs, library service,<br />
condom distribution, peer education training and peer learning promotion, recreational<br />
activities, and advocacy on youth issues, 23 Youth Clubs have been created in urban and<br />
rural areas.<br />
o Recognition by <strong>the</strong> City Administration: High level of City Administration recognition<br />
and support (provision of premises, funding of activities against HIV/AIDS). At kebele<br />
level <strong>the</strong> exchange with local authorities<br />
o Next Steps: creation of Unions at city level.<br />
Water supply and sanitation<br />
o Participation: ECC-SDCOH<br />
o Activities undertaken: digging of shallow wells, drilling of deep wells and boreholes,<br />
reservoirs and thanks for rain water harvesting, building of distribution schemes,<br />
empowering communities on <strong>the</strong> use and maintenance of water and water distribution<br />
infrastructure and management of <strong>the</strong> systems;<br />
o Results: The international networking practice launched by ECC-SDCO in <strong>the</strong> Water<br />
Supply and Irrigation sector which involves <strong>the</strong> Aramaya University and <strong>the</strong> International<br />
Water Management Institute IWMI<br />
o Recognition by <strong>the</strong> City Administration: <strong>the</strong> recognition by <strong>the</strong> City Administration is<br />
very high and <strong>the</strong> city government has involved ECC-SDCOH not only in service<br />
provision but also in <strong>the</strong> policy making and in mainstreaming technical solutions and<br />
approach which have revealed highly productive and low-cost<br />
Integrated programmes (food security)<br />
o Participation: ECC-SDCOH<br />
o Activities undertaken: increasing <strong>the</strong> productivity of micro-agricultural activities and<br />
differentiating crops, increasing cultivation of marketable crops, off-farm IGA.<br />
56
o Recognition by <strong>the</strong> City Administration: The City Administration has indicated food<br />
security as one of <strong>the</strong> major problems, especially at rural level and is cooperating with<br />
NSA. Lessons learned from ECC-SDOCH experience are being incorporated in <strong>the</strong> new<br />
Five-year plan.<br />
3.2. Qualitative Information on NSA Non- Sectoral Contributions<br />
o Governance and Urban Governance:<br />
o Participation: ACORD, CARE ETHIOPIA<br />
o Activities undertaken: creation of city forum and promotion of a resource centre,<br />
awareness creation and streng<strong>the</strong>ning CBOs capacity, sectoral dialogue with <strong>the</strong><br />
Government.<br />
o Recognition by <strong>the</strong> City Administration: The City Administration has established an<br />
IDP representative forum and is starting an ongoing sectoral cooperation with NSA.<br />
Human Rights<br />
o Participation: EHRCO<br />
o Activities undertaken: Follow-up of HR situation, Election Observation, Monitoring of<br />
Universal Declaration on Human Rights and International HR Covenants, Training and<br />
Awareness Raising of Public Official from <strong>the</strong> Judiciary and Law Enforcement Bodies<br />
(Police), advocacy on HR and constitutional rights, legal counsel on HR,<br />
o Recognition by Public Bodies: A positive interaction has been created to <strong>the</strong> delivery of<br />
training and advocacy activities and sometimes EHRCO is requested to give advice on<br />
cases which are sensitive in relation with HR.<br />
14. The role of <strong>the</strong> Private Sector.<br />
The Private Sector deserves a specific attention in <strong>the</strong> situation of Dire Dawa. In this sector<br />
two organisations are operating <strong>the</strong> Dire Dawa Chamber of Commerce and <strong>the</strong> Dire Dawa<br />
Employers’ Federation.<br />
The former ga<strong>the</strong>rs mostly small and medium enterprises, <strong>the</strong> latter ga<strong>the</strong>rs mostly bigger<br />
enterprises in <strong>the</strong> town.<br />
The strategies and mandate of <strong>the</strong> two organisations are ra<strong>the</strong>r different. While <strong>the</strong> Employers<br />
Federation action is essentially based on representation and tripartite activities, <strong>the</strong> Chamber<br />
of Commerce focus on a package of services provided to <strong>the</strong> members of <strong>the</strong> four Sector<br />
Associations. This package includes administrative services (e.g. bookkeeping), marketing<br />
service (analysis of opportunities and linkage with distribution chains), training, foreign trade<br />
information etc.)<br />
The Employers’ Federations refer about a positive cooperation with <strong>the</strong> local government and<br />
of a regular consultation for <strong>the</strong> decision-making related to economic issues, while <strong>the</strong> CoC<br />
doesn’t stress <strong>the</strong> importance of <strong>the</strong> cooperation with <strong>the</strong> Government and <strong>the</strong> engagement in<br />
<strong>the</strong> policy dialogue.<br />
Both organisations show an initial level of institutionalisation and <strong>the</strong>y play a traditional role<br />
in providing services and representation for <strong>the</strong>ir constituencies but <strong>the</strong>ir role in policy and<br />
social dialogue appear to be at an initial level.<br />
57
Trade Unions<br />
As for <strong>the</strong> Trade Unions, <strong>the</strong> Eastern Ethiopia Branch of CETU plays a traditional<br />
representation and collective bargaining role, with some influence in <strong>the</strong> organisational<br />
process of <strong>the</strong> enterprises due to <strong>the</strong>ir large constituencies. Mainly <strong>the</strong>y represent <strong>the</strong> workers<br />
of <strong>the</strong> major enterprises. Basic Unions are established in all major industries and workplaces.<br />
Cooperatives<br />
Table 6 shows <strong>the</strong> dimension of <strong>the</strong> cooperatives in Dire Dawa:<br />
Table 6 Registered Cooperatives in Dire Dawa<br />
Number of<br />
Members<br />
Type of Cooperatives Cooperatives<br />
Total Capital<br />
Male Female Total<br />
Saving & Credit 16 23 373 396 355.494,05<br />
Multi Purpose 6 79 120 199 140.895,50<br />
Housing 105 38 92 120 647.058,27<br />
Consumer 2 25 14 39 83.620,00<br />
Agriculture 2 9 20 29 2.374,00<br />
Industrial, Artesian &<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rs<br />
28 256 76 332 28.735,20<br />
Small Scale Irrigation 2 178 1 179 35.725,35<br />
Construction 9 97 25 122 22.702,25<br />
<strong>Service</strong> Rendering 13 192 32 224 17.172,50<br />
Livestock development &<br />
Marketing<br />
11 68 29 97 40.100,50<br />
Total 194 965 782 1767 1.373.877,62<br />
15. The dynamics in <strong>the</strong> sector at regional level<br />
NSA are growing quantitatively in Dire Dawa.<br />
The major influencing factors can be identified as follows:<br />
5. emerging of informal groupings (clubs and non registered organisations)<br />
due to a growing citizen’s participation;<br />
6. Gradual level of institutionalisation of Community-Based Organisation,<br />
mostly Iddirs;<br />
7. The momentum offered by <strong>the</strong> social mobilisation process related to <strong>the</strong><br />
local dialogue on governance and local planning;<br />
58
8. The facilitation of CSOs structuring provided by <strong>the</strong> government with initial<br />
but very important support (e.g. availability of premises, advice from <strong>the</strong><br />
Bureau of Justice for <strong>the</strong> registration and licensing of organisations);<br />
9. The high level of cooperation at kebele level (kebele largely recognise NSA<br />
contribution, consults <strong>the</strong>m and often ask NSAs advice in <strong>the</strong> decisionmaking<br />
process);<br />
10. Stimulation and capacity building from Local NGOs, INGOs, and Apex<br />
organisations for <strong>the</strong> grassroots organisations.<br />
Some trends have been highlighted, namely:<br />
D. Iddirs are gradually assuming <strong>the</strong> role of Community-Based Social Welfare or Self-Help<br />
Organisations. Both isolated and grouped Iddirs have gradually abandoned <strong>the</strong> traditional<br />
role of assisting <strong>the</strong> families for burial and in <strong>the</strong> mourning period (some of <strong>the</strong><br />
organisation keep <strong>the</strong> traditional activities as a way for streng<strong>the</strong>ning community bonds)<br />
and have assumed a role in :<br />
• providing social welfare support to <strong>the</strong> weaker layers of <strong>the</strong> community<br />
such as OVCs, elderly people, widows and disabled;<br />
• stimulating income generation activities through revolving micro-credit<br />
activities;<br />
• providing mutual help in family crises and difficulties such as diseases,<br />
<strong>the</strong> death of a breadwinner etc;<br />
• building of small-scale local infrastructures;<br />
• cross-cutting issues, mainly gender and child protection<br />
• cooperating with local authorities in service delivery and consultation<br />
on social problems.<br />
E. A promising process of institutionalising and bottom-up networking has been enacted<br />
during <strong>the</strong> last 3 years. An umbrella organisation has been stimulated by ACORD and<br />
PANE. This umbrella organisation (ADMAS) ga<strong>the</strong>rs 7 Iddirs Unions or Boards which in<br />
turn ga<strong>the</strong>r a total of 62 Iddirs in <strong>the</strong> town with 2064 members and wide capacity of<br />
serving community needs. This process is leading to registration of <strong>the</strong> organisations<br />
(mostly <strong>the</strong> Boards) and <strong>the</strong> constitution of formal organisms and to a regular and ra<strong>the</strong>r<br />
democratic internal process and to a gradual participation in <strong>the</strong> dialogue with <strong>the</strong><br />
Government;<br />
F. International NGOs and National Apex/Networking Organisations have re-formulated<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir strategy shifting <strong>the</strong>ir focus on cross-cutting issues (e.g. Women’s Empowerment<br />
for CARE) or Policy Dialogue and Governance Issues. This is gradually accompanying<br />
and facilitating <strong>the</strong> CBOs supported by <strong>the</strong>se organisations in achieving a growing<br />
awareness, capacity and willingness to engage in cooperation with <strong>the</strong> government. It has<br />
to be said yet, that only in few cases <strong>the</strong>se cooperation reaches <strong>the</strong> policy level, with few<br />
exception at <strong>the</strong> kebele level;<br />
G. A number of Local NGOs while continuing funding CBOs activities are currently<br />
stressing <strong>the</strong>ir role in capacity building for CBOs not only in terms of training but also in<br />
stimulating <strong>the</strong> capacity for income generation, mobilisation of community resources and<br />
fundraising;<br />
59
H. All <strong>the</strong> NGOs active in Dire Dawa have Capacity Building components in <strong>the</strong>ir programs,<br />
most of which involve both <strong>the</strong> communities and public institutions (family guidance,<br />
HIV-AIDS, OVCs, Education etc.). For example Cheshire <strong>Service</strong>s Ethiopia, working in<br />
<strong>the</strong> field of high level assistance for <strong>the</strong> disabled includes in <strong>the</strong> activities a referral<br />
system and a cooperation and integration with Public Health <strong>Service</strong>s, with in <strong>the</strong> long<br />
term will produce his results in terms of capacity building; also Handicap International<br />
has capacity building for hospitals as an outstanding component. This is likely to produce<br />
effective policy cooperation in <strong>the</strong> specific field.<br />
16. Networking<br />
In spite of <strong>the</strong> positive trends in <strong>the</strong> CBOs sector highlighted above, it has to be said that<br />
networking is ra<strong>the</strong>r weak in Dire Dawa.<br />
The dynamics are positive <strong>the</strong>re are contacts between Civil Society Organisations but <strong>the</strong>re are<br />
nei<strong>the</strong>r sectoral partnerships nor territorial networks. A certain degree of competition is still<br />
hampering <strong>the</strong> development of networks.<br />
The only important forum currently active and engaged in <strong>the</strong> participatory planning process is<br />
<strong>the</strong> Governance <strong>Action</strong> Learning Program which provides <strong>the</strong> ground for an active partnership<br />
between Local and National NGOs, CBOs, INGOs, Private sector and <strong>the</strong> Government. But in<br />
spite of this promissory GO/NGO arrangement NSA <strong>the</strong>mselves find hart to network. This<br />
condition is found also among Business and Economic Interest Groups, <strong>the</strong> Organisations of<br />
Private Sector: in fact <strong>the</strong> two organisations so far haven’t established any for of cooperation and<br />
work with different (but complementary) priorities with no integration.<br />
17. Dialogue and cooperation between NSA and Local Government.<br />
The city Government has shown a ra<strong>the</strong>r high degree of openness in cooperating with <strong>the</strong> NSA.<br />
The willingness to create of a basically enabling environment is shown by <strong>the</strong> facilitation for<br />
registration and licensing (<strong>the</strong> Bureau of justice adopts an advisory stance to facilitate <strong>the</strong><br />
compliance with law requirements and speed-up <strong>the</strong> licensing process) and by providing premises<br />
in public-owned building for different organisations.<br />
The participatory approach is embedded in <strong>the</strong> participatory process established for <strong>the</strong> drafting<br />
of <strong>the</strong> IDP, <strong>the</strong> regional PASDEP.<br />
Different approaches have been used to facilitate participation in each planning stages of Dire<br />
Dawa IDP, namely:<br />
• <strong>the</strong> plan had benefited from ideas generated from future search conferences,<br />
discussion with representatives of <strong>the</strong> rural community and various<br />
stakeholders;<br />
• An IDP representative forum consisting of all cabinet members, sector office<br />
heads, urban and rural kebele officials, representatives of <strong>the</strong> urban and rural<br />
communities, youth and women associations;<br />
• NGOs, religious organizations, <strong>the</strong> business community, renowned persons and<br />
professionals have been established and deliberated on every stages of <strong>the</strong><br />
planning process and passed important suggestions which are incorporated in<br />
<strong>the</strong> plan;<br />
• Successive in-house discussions of professionals have been conducted on<br />
various issues;<br />
• A workshop has also be organized at Addis Ababa Ghion hotel in which<br />
professionals from FUPI; DDDIPO, Private consultants and o<strong>the</strong>r professionals<br />
working in urban management area are participated;<br />
60
• Project study teams had also made discussions at various levels with<br />
beneficiaries, implementing agencies and <strong>the</strong>ir employees, possible partners &<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r relevant stakeholders<br />
By <strong>the</strong>se features <strong>the</strong> Government was willing to incorporate participation into <strong>the</strong> planning<br />
process<br />
Apart from <strong>the</strong> ideas obtained through various formal meetings and face to face discussions, an<br />
attempt is also made to ga<strong>the</strong>r additional ideas by popularizing <strong>the</strong> planning process via<br />
brochures, banners, news paper articles, posters and by organizing competitions and an<br />
exhibition.<br />
The review process aimed at aligning IDP with <strong>the</strong> PASDEP has given <strong>the</strong> opportunity to<br />
streng<strong>the</strong>n and make more effective this process through different actions:<br />
1. Streng<strong>the</strong>ning <strong>the</strong> sector policy dialogue and joint planning process through <strong>the</strong><br />
establishment of a standing sectoral cooperation which acts through regular (weekly)<br />
meetings and <strong>the</strong> identification of NSA’s capabilities and willingness for cooperation at<br />
sector level. The process has shown overlapping and most of all lack of coverage from<br />
some <strong>the</strong>matic areas. The ongoing process will be aimed at stimulating a larger<br />
participation and establishing new partnership. The organisational capacity of <strong>the</strong> overall<br />
IDP review machinery has to be streng<strong>the</strong>ned and <strong>the</strong> action sharpened to maximise<br />
NSA’s contribution and to give continuity to <strong>the</strong> pace of implementation;<br />
2. Establishing a permanent forum of <strong>the</strong> stakeholders of <strong>the</strong> development process;<br />
3. Establishing a permanent learning forum which brings toge<strong>the</strong>r different categories of<br />
GO/NGO actors;<br />
4. promoting resourcefulness and disseminating information at <strong>the</strong> grassroots level, by<br />
making <strong>the</strong> information available to CBOs;<br />
5. Giving to NSA a stake in <strong>the</strong> monitoring process at <strong>the</strong> same level of Government<br />
Bodies.<br />
18. Engagement in Policy Dialogue.<br />
The dialogue with <strong>the</strong> Government is based on:<br />
• Consultation of <strong>the</strong> different categories of NSA when some decision affecting <strong>the</strong>ir sector<br />
or interest is being made;<br />
• The establishment of <strong>the</strong> IDP representative forum<br />
• The creation of some permanent fora mostly initiated by <strong>the</strong> NSA.<br />
The dialogue is quite effective in terms of coordination and planning to avoid duplication of<br />
activities, although <strong>the</strong> recent sector dialogue has shown that <strong>the</strong> capabilities and interest of NSA<br />
doesn’t cover completely <strong>the</strong> needs.<br />
Yet it has to be said that it is rare that <strong>the</strong> dialogue involve <strong>the</strong> policy level.<br />
19. Engagement in Political Dialogue<br />
Engagement in political dialogue is not in <strong>the</strong> current agenda of <strong>the</strong> NSA, although <strong>the</strong><br />
opportunity offered by <strong>the</strong> planning exercise offer some room for an engagement if crafting <strong>the</strong><br />
rule of <strong>the</strong> game and shaping <strong>the</strong> quality of NSA participation in <strong>the</strong> policy making process.<br />
61
20. Internal Organisation and Resources<br />
Financial Resources<br />
Material and financial resources are very poor and sometimes <strong>the</strong> resource constraints hamper <strong>the</strong><br />
opportunities for scaling-up <strong>the</strong> initiatives.<br />
� International NGOs implementing Multi-Annual activities on <strong>the</strong> basis of secured funds<br />
from donors or fundraising;<br />
� Some National NGOs implement programs under a multi-tiered process and have multiannual<br />
agreements while some o<strong>the</strong>rs have staggering sources of funding on annual basis;<br />
� FBO (The Catholic Secretariat) have Multi-Annual Agreement with International (mostly<br />
<strong>European</strong>) Faith-Based organisation (Caritas International, Misereor, Mission), specific<br />
funds from International Donor Agencies) and occasional funding from Humanitarian<br />
Organisations which trust <strong>the</strong> high capacity of emergency response (UN-OCHA, ECHO);<br />
Human Resources<br />
� The level of professionalism is ra<strong>the</strong>r low and permanent staff is limited, with <strong>the</strong><br />
exception of ECC-SDCOH, which shows a level of excellence in all <strong>the</strong> sectors and have<br />
permanent specialised staff for all <strong>the</strong> fields of activities;<br />
� Some of <strong>the</strong> stronger National and <strong>Regional</strong> NGOs - having some project-based full-time<br />
professionals in <strong>the</strong> key engagement areas - but finding it challenging to maintain due to<br />
turnover<br />
� Opportunities for training and skill development are ra<strong>the</strong>r low;<br />
� Volunteerism in terms of concrete engagement in <strong>the</strong> organisation operations and<br />
management is ra<strong>the</strong>r weak.<br />
Internal processes<br />
Internal processes are ra<strong>the</strong>r democratic but <strong>the</strong> most of <strong>the</strong> organisations are based on a high<br />
level of personalisation and top-down model of management and relationship. Often also <strong>the</strong><br />
relationship with <strong>the</strong> constituency is top-down (both <strong>the</strong> NGOs/CBOs relationship and <strong>the</strong><br />
CBOs/Community relationship).<br />
Leadership<br />
The relationship between <strong>the</strong> Board and <strong>the</strong> salaried staff of <strong>the</strong> NGOs show very hierarchical<br />
features.<br />
At <strong>the</strong> level of CBOs <strong>the</strong> persons in charge for <strong>the</strong> Boards are mostly mass leaders but <strong>the</strong>y don’t<br />
show nei<strong>the</strong>r a good level of capacity for managing an organisation nor a good level of<br />
willingness to promote <strong>the</strong> participation and empowerment of <strong>the</strong> members and <strong>the</strong> organisations<br />
don’t show a high level of transparency and accountability both in social and financial terms. Yet<br />
it has to be recognised that <strong>the</strong> community express a positive judgement about <strong>the</strong> work of <strong>the</strong>se<br />
grassroots organisations<br />
Policies, Systems and Structures<br />
� Few of <strong>the</strong> emerging NSAs have policy manuals and multi-year programmes (Strategic Plan)<br />
that guide <strong>the</strong>ir participation<br />
62
� Opportunities for learning on aspects of organizational development; including governance,<br />
constituency streng<strong>the</strong>ning, resource mobilization; accountability are not available for <strong>the</strong><br />
majority of NSAs,<br />
Facilities<br />
� Some NSA having <strong>the</strong>ir office facilities made available by <strong>the</strong> City Administration- Iddirs,<br />
Women Association and Youth Association, Youth and Anti-Aids Clubs<br />
� Most of <strong>the</strong> local organisations are operating from rented facilities<br />
� Some NSA do not have <strong>the</strong>ir own office and are hosted in shared facilities with commercial<br />
activities or o<strong>the</strong>r CSOs.<br />
21. Capacity Building Needs<br />
The overall capacity is highly limited by <strong>the</strong> resource gap, so most of <strong>the</strong> organisations highlight<br />
that to build <strong>the</strong>ir capacity <strong>the</strong>y need to be reinforced in terms of materials, financial and technical<br />
resources.<br />
The low level of resource mobilisation from <strong>the</strong> members and <strong>the</strong> communities is a constraint,<br />
due to <strong>the</strong> fact that <strong>the</strong>se constituencies belong to <strong>the</strong> most disadvantaged layers of <strong>the</strong> population,<br />
but <strong>the</strong> issue can be considered also in terms of capacity for income generation (marketable<br />
services, sponsorships, capacity for generating credible project proposal for funding by <strong>the</strong><br />
international partners).<br />
The second issue is <strong>the</strong> lack of skilled manpower for service delivery and technical issues.<br />
The third issue is related to Organisational Development, organisational management and<br />
leadership and also on administration.<br />
The merging process which has involved some CBOs has generated a positive attitude towards<br />
<strong>the</strong> creation of bigger scale organisations and capacity for networking and resource-sharing is<br />
ano<strong>the</strong>r important field where capacity has to be built or streng<strong>the</strong>ned.<br />
A very important gap is found in Project Cycle Management because <strong>the</strong> Organisations complain<br />
about <strong>the</strong>ir capacity to access <strong>the</strong> funding by International Partners due to <strong>the</strong>ir low level of<br />
project design, implementation, monitoring and administration.<br />
5. <strong>Regional</strong> Report Oromia<br />
1. General remarks on NSA at territorial level<br />
1.1. Background about Oromia NRS<br />
Oromia National <strong>Regional</strong> State (ONRS) is <strong>the</strong> largest of all <strong>the</strong> nine regions in terms of both<br />
population and geographic area. The total area of <strong>the</strong> regions about 30 percent of <strong>the</strong> entire<br />
country and its total population is estimated to be over 30 million. Geographically, ONRS is<br />
located at <strong>the</strong> centre of <strong>the</strong> country engulfing <strong>the</strong> nation’s capital, Addis Ababa at its heart and<br />
stretches fur<strong>the</strong>r to <strong>the</strong> West, East and also extends to <strong>the</strong> most Sou<strong>the</strong>rn part of <strong>the</strong> country where<br />
it shares border with Kenya.<br />
In terms of its agro-ecology, <strong>the</strong> ONRS combines highland, med-altitude and lowland ecological<br />
zones. The major proportion of <strong>the</strong> region falls into <strong>the</strong> first two zones which have enormous<br />
agricultural potential and conductive wea<strong>the</strong>r condition suitable for farming and livestock<br />
husbandry. Most of <strong>the</strong> region’s population also lives in <strong>the</strong>se areas because of <strong>the</strong> natural<br />
condition and a relatively more developed infrastructure like road network and commercialization<br />
63
facilities and hence <strong>the</strong> proximity to commercial centres and market outlets that stimulates<br />
economic activities.<br />
Never<strong>the</strong>less, in spite of <strong>the</strong> existence of road network and improved infrastructure particularly in<br />
parts of <strong>the</strong> region which are well connected with <strong>the</strong> central market, high incidences of poverty<br />
and livelihood vulnerability is common in some zones of <strong>the</strong> region. Thus, a considerable parts of<br />
<strong>the</strong> rift valley, wider areas covering East and West Hararghe as well as <strong>the</strong> lowland areas<br />
inhabited by <strong>the</strong> pastoral and agro-pastoral population including <strong>the</strong> Kereyu in East Shewa<br />
bordering Afar region and also <strong>the</strong> pastoral and agro-pastoral households in <strong>the</strong> South-East and<br />
Sou<strong>the</strong>rn parts of <strong>the</strong> regions particularly Borena. In <strong>the</strong>se areas, <strong>the</strong> scarcities of pasture and<br />
water are <strong>the</strong> major problems that affect livestock production and hence disrupt <strong>the</strong> agro-pastoral<br />
and pastoralist livelihoods. Apart from <strong>the</strong> hot and dry wea<strong>the</strong>r pattern, <strong>the</strong>se areas are also hit by<br />
major shocks resulting from <strong>the</strong> recurrence of drought and rain shortages. As a result, livelihood<br />
vulnerability and food insecurity would be fur<strong>the</strong>r aggravated due to <strong>the</strong> devastation of livestock<br />
resources and life threatening famine incidences which are common phenomena particularly in<br />
<strong>the</strong> pastoral and agro-pastoral areas of <strong>the</strong> region.<br />
Even though <strong>the</strong> social and economic infrastructure in Oromia is relatively in better conditions by<br />
<strong>the</strong> standard of development in most of <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r regional states, <strong>the</strong> region also embraces<br />
considerably large areas where <strong>the</strong> infrastructure development is still at a very low level.<br />
Therefore, <strong>the</strong> region’s population that have access to basic social services like education, health<br />
and water supply is very low in <strong>the</strong>se areas. This is particularly <strong>the</strong> case in less developed and<br />
inaccessible remote rural areas particularly <strong>the</strong> pastoral and agro-pastoral communities which<br />
includes Borana, Guji and lowlands of Bale, Arsi, East and West Hararghe. Apart from <strong>the</strong> lack<br />
of access to basic social services and <strong>the</strong> prevalence food insecurity, backward tradition, HTP and<br />
<strong>the</strong> high level of poverty also characterize communities and household livelihoods in <strong>the</strong>se parts<br />
of <strong>the</strong> region. Thus, in order to address <strong>the</strong> backward socio-economic situation and <strong>the</strong> vulnerable<br />
livelihood of <strong>the</strong> population particularly in <strong>the</strong> areas just mentioned, <strong>the</strong>re are diverse NSA<br />
typologies that have become operational undertaking various development projects and service<br />
provision activities in Oromia.<br />
1.2. NSA in Oromia - from <strong>the</strong> previous mapping<br />
The major points from <strong>the</strong> previous study findings include<br />
o Presence of <strong>the</strong> greatest number of INGO and NNGOs and also ODA, women’s, farmers’<br />
and youth associations.<br />
o The Government subsidized <strong>the</strong> women’s and youth associations but officially <strong>the</strong>y are<br />
considered as free and independent organizations despite <strong>the</strong> fact that <strong>the</strong> People’s<br />
Organisation and Community Mobilisation Co-ordination Bureau oversees <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
activities.<br />
o NGO guidelines has been developed on <strong>the</strong> basis of <strong>the</strong> federal guideline<br />
o The region has GO-NGO forum which meets annually to share experience while NGOs<br />
engaged in relief work also meet regularly to discuss common problems.<br />
o There is a three year regional strategic plan and NGOs participated in <strong>the</strong>ir respective<br />
sectors of development (education, health, etc).<br />
o The study indicated <strong>the</strong> negative attitudes of some lower level officials towards NGOs as<br />
noticeable particularly amongst woreda and kebele level officials. This was based on <strong>the</strong><br />
interview of unnamed staff who indicated <strong>the</strong> Government suspicion of an NGO<br />
64
2. Major highlights of current findings<br />
� There is a strong dynamism taking place in <strong>the</strong> NSA sector of Oromia with a growing trend<br />
in number, typology and resources that NSA mobilize;<br />
� Apart from a large number of INGO, FBO and NNGOs, NSA typology in ONRS also<br />
includes CSO such as MBO, CBO, economic interest groups like cooperatives, credit and<br />
saving institutions; professional associations, labour unions and private sector<br />
organizations;<br />
� In terms of membership and <strong>the</strong> resources mobilized, <strong>the</strong> NGO sector is <strong>the</strong> largest NSA<br />
typology that reaches over 40 million beneficiaries across <strong>the</strong> region;<br />
� While <strong>the</strong> NNGO, INGO and FBO are <strong>the</strong> three NGO typologies with total number of 156,<br />
53 and 33 respectively, <strong>the</strong> INGO is <strong>the</strong> largest in terms of <strong>the</strong> resources mobilized as well<br />
as total beneficiaries of on-going project activities;<br />
� On matters related to operational issues, relation between Government and NSA sector is in<br />
good condition. Particularly NGOs and sector offices have good cooperation and<br />
collaboration and hence implement projects based on <strong>the</strong> regional priorities and <strong>the</strong> sectoral<br />
development policy as set by <strong>the</strong> PASDEP.<br />
� NGOs undertake project activities according to <strong>the</strong> guideline that was developed and<br />
became effective a couple of years ago. The guideline was developed taking into account<br />
<strong>the</strong> diversity and number of NGOs operational in <strong>the</strong> region, <strong>the</strong> disparity among zone in<br />
<strong>the</strong> administrative costs of NGO projects and also <strong>the</strong> existing human resource capacity of<br />
<strong>the</strong> regional administration at different levels;<br />
� On <strong>the</strong> basis of <strong>the</strong> existing NGO guideline, <strong>the</strong> share of administrative costs in <strong>the</strong> total<br />
budget of NGO projects could be up to 20 percent depending on <strong>the</strong> location and type of<br />
activities involved. The guideline articles include provisions for <strong>the</strong> delegation of authority<br />
regarding <strong>the</strong> signatory power for project agreements at different levels of administrative<br />
organs. Accordingly, <strong>the</strong> BoFED head has <strong>the</strong> authority to sign agreements for NGO<br />
projects worth a value of up to Birr 5 million while <strong>the</strong> zone administration is authorized<br />
for project budget not exceeding Birr 2 million. In this guideline, signatory authority is<br />
delegated to zone administration because of <strong>the</strong> existing woreda level human resource<br />
capacity limitations.<br />
� At <strong>the</strong> woreda level however, relations between Government especially town municipalities<br />
and <strong>the</strong> NSA sector appear to be looser with less cooperation and collaboration. The case of<br />
Chiro town in W/Hararghe zone is an example of such a loose relation.<br />
� Despite <strong>the</strong> high urban poverty and low NSA participation, <strong>the</strong> relation between<br />
municipality and <strong>the</strong> existing CBO like Iddirs is very loose. It is only with <strong>the</strong> capacity<br />
building support of Pro-pride, a local NGO, that <strong>the</strong> two Iddirs namely Kebele 01 and<br />
Wondimamachoch were able to initiate institution building and participated in <strong>the</strong> provision<br />
of support and care for OVC in <strong>the</strong> town. Never<strong>the</strong>less, <strong>the</strong>ir activities did not get <strong>the</strong><br />
recognition of municipal and woreda officials.<br />
� The two Iddirs of Chiro are exemplary of CBO in that <strong>the</strong>y were able to raise awareness of<br />
community and to contribute (by raising monthly payment of membership fee as a top-up)<br />
65
� Next to NGOs, <strong>the</strong> ODA is an important GONGO operating in 110 woredas with primary<br />
focus on education, reproductive health and water supply projects directly implemented or<br />
through <strong>the</strong> autonomous branches which are functional in <strong>the</strong>ir respective zone<br />
administrations;<br />
� In addition to ODA and its branches, <strong>the</strong>re are also a large number of membership based<br />
development associations including Abdi Boru, Abdi Guddina, Abdi Jiregna, Tullu Bollo,<br />
Jarso self-help association, etc which are organized in different zones and woredas of <strong>the</strong><br />
region;<br />
� Apart from regionally registered development associations, <strong>the</strong>re are also associations of<br />
gender, age, health-status and also associations related to occupation constituting a large<br />
number of elders and/or retired civil servants, disability groups, women, etc;<br />
� Cooperatives are <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r important NSA typology in which <strong>the</strong>re is dynamism in social<br />
mobilization, growing and expanding scale and/or scope of activities undertaken.<br />
Horizontally, cooperatives have grown significantly with about 3,198 basic cooperatives<br />
having a total membership size of 1,227,686 and nearly 134.3 million capital available;<br />
� Activity wise, multi – purpose cooperatives are <strong>the</strong> leading type and are followed by<br />
mineral (gold, sand, aggregate, etc), irrigation users and dairy farmers cooperatives in terms<br />
of membership size and capital;<br />
� A more recent phenomenon in cooperative development is <strong>the</strong> growth of cooperative union<br />
that include Oromia Coffee Farmers Cooperative Union that exports organic coffee to<br />
major importing countries in Europe, North America and Oceania. Currently, <strong>the</strong> union has<br />
grown significantly in terms of membership size; total capital and <strong>the</strong> annual export<br />
earnings from a large volume of organic coffee and also washed and/or dry coffee that it<br />
export annually.<br />
3. Profile and distribution of NSA at <strong>Regional</strong> Level<br />
3.1. Profile of NSA<br />
Table 1. NSA typologies and size in Oromia national <strong>Regional</strong> State<br />
NSA Categories Examples<br />
2. NGOs = 209<br />
International NGOs = 53 Goal, Carter Centre, IMC, <strong>Action</strong> Aid, CARE, FHI,<br />
MFM, SCUSA, SC Denmark, OXFAM GB, SCUK,<br />
Farm Africa, SOS Infants, etc<br />
National NGOs = 156 HUNDEE, OSRA, Oromo Self-Help Org.,<br />
RVCWA, LEM Ethiopia, Waqo Gutu Foundation,<br />
ISAPSO, JeCCDO,<br />
3. <strong>Regional</strong> Development Associations = ODA & <strong>the</strong> 17 zone associations<br />
66
20<br />
4. FBOs (national and international) =<br />
33<br />
5. Reg. apex/Networking Organisations =<br />
2<br />
6. Advocacy and Human rights<br />
Organizations<br />
7. Economic and business interest<br />
groups<br />
EECMY, ECC-SDCO, WV, Muluwongel,<br />
Missionaries of Charity Int., Lu<strong>the</strong>ran World<br />
Federation, Int. Islamic Relief Org.<br />
Assela Environmental Forum, Forum On Street<br />
Children Ethiopia (FSCE) & Network of Oromia<br />
People Living With HIV/AIDS<br />
Oromia Credit & Saving S.C., Shashemane Iddir<br />
Yelimat Agar<br />
a) Cooperatives 3,198 Multi – purpose, Coffee Dairy farm, Irrigation<br />
development, Fruits & vegetables, Sugar cane<br />
farming<br />
b) Union of Cooperatives = Oromia Coffee Farmers Coop union, Lome<br />
vegetable farmers Coop union, etc<br />
c) Chamber of Commerce and Sector Ethiopian Chamber branches in Nekemte, Jimma,<br />
Ass. = 1<br />
Adama, Assela, etc<br />
8. d) Ethiopian Employers Federation: 1<br />
9. Trade and labour unions 1 Branches of CETU in Adama, Jimma, etc<br />
10. Professional Associations = Oromia Professionals Ass, Arts Ass, Ass of Oromia<br />
11. Age, gender, health-status and o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
occupation related Associations = 621<br />
Lawyers & Law Attorneys ass<br />
Ass of Women, Elderly, Disabled and PLW/ HIV<br />
includes Ass formed in Adama, Mattu, Wochacha,,<br />
Ada’a, Shashemane, Jimma, etc<br />
Oromia Youth Ass, Woliso Youth Ass, Addis Hiwot<br />
Youth Ass, etc<br />
OYA<br />
<strong>Regional</strong>ly registered Youth Association<br />
= >3<br />
� Region-wide basic Youth Ass. =<br />
� Region-wide Youth Clubs =<br />
Reg. registered Associations of/for OWA, Abdi jiregna, Burqa Guddina, etc<br />
Women = 217<br />
Reg. registered Elderly and Disability<br />
Ass. = 336<br />
Reg. registered Ass. of PLWHA = 68 Brhan, Addis Hiwot, Seena Naqamte, etc are ass of<br />
WLW/HIV & Abdi Namoota PLW/HIV HIV/AIDS<br />
4. Activities and Sector Distribution<br />
On <strong>the</strong> qualitative point of view <strong>the</strong> contribution of NSA can be summarised by <strong>the</strong> following<br />
table:<br />
Table 3 NSA Sectoral Contribution<br />
Qualitative areas of contribution Quantitative<br />
contributions<br />
Mass Based<br />
Associations<br />
Social & recreation services, IGA,<br />
community sensitization/mobilization for<br />
natural resource & environmental<br />
protection, awareness raising of<br />
HIV/AIDS spread & its prevention<br />
67<br />
Mostly documented<br />
in project<br />
agreements<br />
Trends of<br />
Participation and<br />
Contribution<br />
Increasing trend;<br />
more contribution to<br />
OVC & child<br />
development
Local<br />
Development<br />
Association<br />
The local<br />
NGOs<br />
The Local<br />
Associations<br />
Mobilization of community & donor<br />
resources for construction/service<br />
provision (education, health, water, etc),<br />
capacity building, small-scale irrigation &<br />
relief distribution for food insecure &<br />
new settlement areas,<br />
Gender, HTP, FGM, child development,<br />
OVC & child sponsorship, awareness<br />
raising on HIV/AIDS &<strong>the</strong> control of its<br />
spread, care and support for PLW/HIV<br />
Sensitisation and preservation of Oromo<br />
history & culture, art centre, etc and also<br />
self-help groups to support <strong>the</strong> elderly,<br />
disabled, poor and <strong>the</strong> marginalised<br />
(OVC, women, etc)<br />
NNGOs Integrated rural development, natural<br />
resource protection, water supply,<br />
education (ABE), food security, gender,<br />
lobbying and combating HTP, capacity<br />
building, skill training and IGA<br />
INGOs Integrated rural/urban development,<br />
pastoral & agro-pastoral livelihood<br />
initiatives, Safety Net Program (SNP)<br />
administration to promote<br />
agricultural/natural resource development<br />
and address food security problems, IGA,<br />
women empowerment, research &<br />
capacity building<br />
FBOs Construction of health and school,<br />
FP&RP health, care & support for<br />
PLW/HIV, child<br />
development/sponsorship, emergency,<br />
food security and drought cycle<br />
management programmes for pastoral<br />
communities and vulnerable population,<br />
<strong>the</strong> development and rehabilitation of<br />
Iddirs and<br />
CBOs<br />
Economic<br />
and Business<br />
Interest<br />
Groups<br />
water supply<br />
Community mobilization for<br />
infrastructure, organize savings and<br />
credit, IGA, awareness & fund raising for<br />
OVC support, sensitization on<br />
environment/natural resource protection.<br />
Protect <strong>the</strong> interest of <strong>the</strong>ir members and<br />
represent <strong>the</strong>m in all affairs concerning<br />
members<br />
68<br />
Mostly documented<br />
in project agreement<br />
and increasing in<br />
number & coverage<br />
Mostly documented<br />
in project<br />
agreements<br />
Growing<br />
(quantitative and<br />
qualitative) but<br />
undocumented<br />
mostly<br />
Mostly documented<br />
in project<br />
agreements<br />
Mostly documented<br />
in project<br />
agreements<br />
Mostly documented<br />
in project<br />
agreements<br />
Not documented but<br />
growing<br />
organizations<br />
Growing participation<br />
and contribution to<br />
local development &<br />
service provision<br />
Increasing<br />
significantly<br />
Dynamic in growth<br />
and contribution<br />
Fast growing trend<br />
Increasing<br />
participation with<br />
focus on long term &<br />
multi-year projects<br />
Some best practice<br />
identified both at<br />
sectoral level and<br />
with relations to<br />
organisational model<br />
Fast growing trend<br />
for social<br />
mobilization and<br />
participation<br />
Not documented At initial stage but<br />
likely to grow
5. Qualitative Information on NSA Contributions<br />
NSA participation and contribution<br />
NGOs<br />
NGOs are <strong>the</strong> leading NSA that reaches over 40 million beneficiaries population across <strong>the</strong><br />
region. With The enormous resource potential and diversified project activities that cover<br />
multiple sectors, NGOs contribute significantly to <strong>the</strong> regional development. Despite <strong>the</strong><br />
resources mobilized and <strong>the</strong> numerous development activities undertaken, <strong>the</strong> equity aspect of<br />
NGOs project is a major concern because nearly 50 percent of <strong>the</strong> project budget goes to <strong>the</strong> 4<br />
zones of Shewa (East, West, North and S/West Shewa) with E/Shewa receiving <strong>the</strong> lion’s share<br />
which is over 33 percent. Thus, it is only <strong>the</strong> remaining 50 percent of <strong>the</strong> NGO project fund that<br />
will be distributed for beneficiaries in <strong>the</strong> 13 zones of <strong>the</strong> region.<br />
Despite <strong>the</strong> inequity in <strong>the</strong> distribution of NGO projects and resources, regional authorities feel<br />
that on-going projects fall within <strong>the</strong> development priority of <strong>the</strong> regional and are also in line<br />
with <strong>the</strong> sectoral development and poverty reduction programme objectives. Even though many<br />
NGOs tend to avoid operating in zones and woredas far from <strong>the</strong> centre, <strong>the</strong>re are still highly<br />
committed and dedicated ones like for example Menschen fur Menschen, Farm Africa, CARE<br />
and o<strong>the</strong>r INGO and also World Vision, EECMY, Catholic church, etc among <strong>the</strong> FBOs.<br />
Major NGO, Sector of focus, participation and contribution<br />
Ethiopian Catholic Church<br />
The church undertakes numerous development activities in <strong>the</strong> region with major focus on health,<br />
water supply, child development, HIV/AIDS, food security, agriculture and livelihood recovery.<br />
There are a large number of on – going projects implemented and coordinated by <strong>the</strong> Ethiopian<br />
Catholic Church Social and Development Coordination Office (ECC_SDCO) in different zones<br />
of <strong>the</strong> region. The ECC-SDCO is among <strong>the</strong> major NGOs that allocate large amount of budget for<br />
<strong>the</strong> various <strong>the</strong> on-going projects.<br />
World Vision<br />
World Vision is <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r NGO that undertakes development projects and service provision<br />
activities in Oromia region. Major intervention areas include agriculture, health, water supply and<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r project activities implemented as integrated development projects. Currently, <strong>the</strong> FBO has<br />
more than 20 on-going project activities implemented in different zone. On <strong>the</strong> basis of <strong>the</strong> data<br />
obtained from <strong>the</strong> BoFED of Oromia, <strong>the</strong> total project beneficiaries are over 1.3 million while <strong>the</strong><br />
total project budget allocated for <strong>the</strong> on-going projects is estimated to be over Birr 200 million.<br />
CARE<br />
CARe has on-going project activities in <strong>the</strong> areas of Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP),<br />
Reproductive Health and Early Warning System (EWS) development in Chro, Habro and Kuni<br />
woreda of W/Hararghe zone and also Bedeno, Grawa, K/Chale and o<strong>the</strong>r woredas in E/Hararghe<br />
zone. In addition, <strong>the</strong> NGO also implements pastoral livelihood enhancement projects which are<br />
on-going in Dire, Bule Hora (H/Mariam), Taltale and Yabello Woredas of Guji and Borana<br />
zones.<br />
HUNDEE<br />
Among <strong>the</strong> major NNGO that play important roles in Oromia is <strong>the</strong> Oromo Grassroots<br />
Development Initiatives or HUNDEE. The primary focus of HUNDEE and its on-going projects<br />
include gender and women empowerment, child development, civic education and also food<br />
69
security enhancement program. In addition, <strong>the</strong> promotion of cereal banks and market access are<br />
also among <strong>the</strong> on-going projects activities of <strong>the</strong> NGO.<br />
In terms of coverage, HUNDEE is present in W/Shewa (Welmera, Dandi, Jeldu and Chaliya);<br />
N/Shewa zone (Wuchale Jida, Kuyu and Worra Jarso0; E/Shewa zone (Lume, Ada’a, etc); Arsi<br />
and W/Arsi Zones (Kokosa, Kofale and Gedeb Asasa) as well as Sinana and Dinsho woredas of<br />
Bale zone covering a large beneficiary population.<br />
<strong>Regional</strong> Development Associations<br />
Next to NGOs, regional development association, cooperatives, mass based and local<br />
development organizations are <strong>the</strong> largest NSA typology in terms of both participation and<br />
contribution to <strong>the</strong> regional development objectives.<br />
Oromia Development Association (ODA)<br />
The Oromia Development Association (ODA) takes <strong>the</strong> lead in <strong>the</strong>matic area as well as<br />
beneficiary population it reaches. Apart from <strong>the</strong> contributions of a large membership (over half<br />
million), <strong>the</strong> ODA undertakes local fund raising and also receives considerable funding support<br />
from <strong>the</strong> donor community (Packard Foundation, USAID, Glimmer Hope Foundation,<br />
Engendered Health, SIDA, ESW, etc) to implement various project activities that primarily focus<br />
on education, health, water supply and food security. In terms of geographic area coverage, ODA<br />
is <strong>the</strong> largest NSA that has on-going project activities in more than 110 woredas of <strong>the</strong> region. In<br />
its reproductive health programme alone, ODA provides house to house services for over 700,000<br />
women and as a result it has helped curbing <strong>the</strong> birth rate (preventing nearly 1.1 births). The<br />
water supply projects have created access to potable water for about 350,000 people. In addition,<br />
ODA constructs new schools that enroll thousands of children and also provides capacity building<br />
support for schools and educational institutions in <strong>the</strong> region. As parts of its food security<br />
programme, ODA has on-going irrigation project with <strong>the</strong> capacity to irrigate 350 hectare farms<br />
and over 1,900 beneficiary households in Jarso woreda of E/Hararghe zone. Apart from <strong>the</strong><br />
programmes and project activities coordinated by <strong>the</strong> main regional office, ODA branches in <strong>the</strong><br />
17 zones of <strong>the</strong> region also implement numerous development and service provision activities in<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir respective zones.<br />
In spite of <strong>the</strong> implementation capacity built and its effectiveness so far, ODA leaders appear to<br />
have dissatisfaction with <strong>the</strong> modality that SIDA uses namely umbrella or apex organizations as a<br />
channel for <strong>the</strong> provision of funding to CSO projects. The two important reasons are 1) <strong>the</strong><br />
allocation of fund between <strong>the</strong> umbrella/Apex organization and <strong>the</strong> NSA that actually implement<br />
projects is irrational (Apex organizations take about 30 percent of <strong>the</strong> fund allocated for projects<br />
but are not involved in project implementation); and 2) It is not legitimate to combine small<br />
NGOs with larger NSA like <strong>the</strong> ODA that have larger constituencies/beneficiaries and more<br />
transparent and accountable un in <strong>the</strong>ir operation.<br />
6. Summary of Values and Beneficiaries of Ongoing NGO Projects<br />
The following table summarises <strong>the</strong> current ongoing projects implemented by NGOs in ONRS:<br />
70
Table 4. No of projects, beneficiaries and total budget of ongoing NGO Projects in ONRS<br />
Summary of NGO's Ongoing Projects as of<br />
Projected Total Budget<br />
No of No of Number of Pledge in<br />
S/No NSA Typology Org. Projects Beneficiaries Birr Remarks<br />
1 International NGOs 53 216 27,230,094 1,606,189,680<br />
Faith based Nat and<br />
The ECC<br />
works in<br />
2 International Orgs 33 203 9,070,772 1,478,296,640 o<strong>the</strong>r regions<br />
Beneficiaries<br />
not indicated<br />
3 National NGOs<br />
<strong>Regional</strong> Dev't<br />
156 419 4,271,913 1,331,449,609 for FGAE<br />
4 Associations* 1 4 8,389,174** 18,279,227<br />
5 <strong>Regional</strong> CSOs - -<br />
Networking<br />
6 Umbrella Orgs 2 2<br />
activity<br />
Total 245 844 40,572,779 4,434,215,156<br />
* The Oromia Development Association (ODA) has branch associations that undertake <strong>the</strong>ir own<br />
development activities in all <strong>the</strong> 17 zones of <strong>the</strong> region.<br />
** On-going development projects and service provision activities cover over 110 woredas of <strong>the</strong><br />
region.<br />
Source: Compiled on <strong>the</strong> basis of data from <strong>the</strong> BoFED of Oromia<br />
As indicated on <strong>the</strong> above Table, NGOs in Oromia mobilize enormous financial resources for <strong>the</strong><br />
project activities <strong>the</strong>y undertake in different zones of <strong>the</strong> region. Never<strong>the</strong>less, in terms of equity<br />
<strong>the</strong>re is wide disparity among zones in <strong>the</strong> distribution of on – going NGO project activities and<br />
hence <strong>the</strong> project budget with E/Shewa zone receiving over 33 percent while <strong>the</strong> share of zones<br />
likes Guji and Horro is about zero. (see Chart 1 below).<br />
71
W/Wol 1%<br />
W/Har 3%<br />
S/W/Sh 5%<br />
Chart 1. Distribution of NGO budget among Oromia zones<br />
> 1 zone 19%<br />
W/Shewa 7%<br />
W/Arsi 4%<br />
N/Shewa 5%<br />
7. Sectoral Participation<br />
K/Wol 0% Jimma 1% Ilu Ab. 5%<br />
Arsi 4%<br />
Bale 3%<br />
Guji 0%<br />
Boran 4%<br />
Horro 0%<br />
E/Har 3%<br />
E/Shewa 33%<br />
E/Wol 1%<br />
The on-going NGO project activities are multi-sectoral and diverse in <strong>the</strong>ir intervention activities<br />
that are also highly differentiated. However, <strong>the</strong>re is a wide disparity among sectors in <strong>the</strong><br />
percentage of projects activities that are on – going in each sector. Thus, about 20 percent of ongoing<br />
project activities focus on children and child development including child sponsorship<br />
while <strong>the</strong> share of natural resource and environmental protection activities is only about 3<br />
percent. Even though <strong>the</strong> range between <strong>the</strong> sector with <strong>the</strong> largest and smallest activities appear<br />
to be wide, major sectors like health, education and water supply have nearly equal share. Major<br />
sectors of on-going NGO projects and <strong>the</strong>ir distribution have been summarized and shown on<br />
chart 2.<br />
72
Chart 2 Sectoral distribution of NGO project activities<br />
Natural res/env<br />
3%<br />
Gender 6%<br />
Cap Building<br />
3%<br />
Water/san 9%<br />
Integ dev 15%<br />
HIV/AIDS 6%<br />
FS/emergency<br />
4%<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r 5%<br />
Agric/Past 10%<br />
Children 20%<br />
Education 10%<br />
Health 9%<br />
Apart from <strong>the</strong> diversity in <strong>the</strong> sector of on-going activities, NGOs undertake different project<br />
activities within <strong>the</strong>ir major sectors of activities. For example, child development activities will<br />
include intervention activities like child sponsorship, care and support, etc. Thus, <strong>the</strong> total number<br />
of projects activities that fall within each sector and also <strong>the</strong> types of project activities that NGOs<br />
undertake in each of <strong>the</strong> sectors are briefly described on <strong>the</strong> following table.<br />
Table 5. Sectoral Focuses of NGO Projects<br />
Core Project Focus No of<br />
Projects Remark<br />
Agriculture 51 Extension/training of farmers, introducing improved<br />
seeds, organic farming, pest control, small-scale<br />
irrigation, heifer supply to improve breeds, dairy<br />
farming, fishery development, cooperative<br />
organization, capacity building, etc<br />
Agro – pastoral 30 Pastoral economic diversification, prevention of tick<br />
infestation, water scheme development, pastoral and<br />
agro-pastoral post drought recovery, capacity building<br />
in water resource management & peaceful coexistence<br />
and support to reduce vulnerability, improve livelihood<br />
and enhance good governance<br />
Education 85 Provision of ABE, youth-centred non-formal and<br />
vocational training, primary school construction and<br />
running of formal schools<br />
Child Development 170 Orphanage centre, child sponsorship, integrated<br />
Community-based childcare and development, support<br />
for orphans and vulnerable children (NFE, health, legal<br />
protection of child right and livelihood promotion),<br />
empowerment of parents & care givers<br />
Food security & emergency 37 Livelihood based pastoral emergency response,<br />
drought cycle management, drought mitigation,<br />
preparedness and risk management, support for<br />
Productive Safety net program, promotion of IGA<br />
73
Health, including RH and<br />
family planning<br />
77 Expanding community –based health care, provision of<br />
RH services, FP, construction of health posts, clinics<br />
and health centres, centre-based health care,<br />
eradication of HTP<br />
HIV/AIDS 53 Awareness raising on HIV/AIDS, home-based care &<br />
support for PLW/HIV, prevention and control of<br />
spread through <strong>the</strong> promotion of abstinence,<br />
Integrated development<br />
programmes<br />
faithfulness & <strong>the</strong> reduction of sexual partners<br />
122 Rural and urban community-based development<br />
(health, education, water, community organization and<br />
capacity building, etc) for integrated development<br />
Water supply and sanitation 74 Shallow and deep water well and hand dug well<br />
construction, to supply water for rural and small rural<br />
towns, rehabilitation of ponds, spring development,<br />
Gender, HTP and women<br />
empowerment<br />
Natural resource &<br />
environmental protection<br />
water sanitation and hygiene education<br />
48 Promote gender equality, awareness raising on HTP<br />
and combating FGM, skill training, IGA, handicraft &<br />
capacity building support to promote <strong>the</strong> social and<br />
economic empowerment of women<br />
27 watershed-based soil & water conservation, micro<br />
catchments conservation, forest land management,<br />
environmental protection, solar energy and mud<br />
technology promotion to reduce pressure on natural<br />
resources (forest) & community awareness creation<br />
O<strong>the</strong>rs (energy, research, 40 Energy resources, support and networking of<br />
ICT, etc)<br />
PLW/HIV, forum on street children, Agro-business<br />
promotion, support for <strong>the</strong> disabled, etc<br />
Total 838<br />
8. The role of <strong>the</strong> Private Sector<br />
In terms of private sector growth, <strong>the</strong> Oromia regional state is <strong>the</strong> second major regions next to<br />
Addis Ababa where most of <strong>the</strong> manufacturing industries are concentrated. Therefore, <strong>the</strong> major<br />
towns in Oromia namely Adama, Jimma, Assela and also Nekemte are <strong>the</strong> most active in <strong>the</strong><br />
network of <strong>the</strong> Ethiopian Chamber of Commerce. The major business owners in <strong>the</strong>se towns are<br />
also permanent members of Employers Federation. Apart from <strong>the</strong> private business companies<br />
that have been operational long ago, a number of new firms have been established in different<br />
towns of <strong>the</strong> region during <strong>the</strong> last 10 – 15 years. Private sector growth was particularly<br />
significant during <strong>the</strong> late1990s particularly after <strong>the</strong> market liberalization and <strong>the</strong> reform<br />
measures taken to create a more enabling environment and <strong>the</strong>reby attract private investment.<br />
As a result, <strong>the</strong>re are many private companies that are engaged in <strong>the</strong> business of manufacturing,<br />
agriculture, mining, etc in various sectors. In order to facilitate cooperation and collaboration,<br />
private entrepreneurs undertaking business in different sector of <strong>the</strong> region have formed<br />
associations and among <strong>the</strong>se, <strong>the</strong> Oromia Private Commercial Farmers Association, Ethiopian<br />
Coffee Growers, Producers and Exporters Association and also <strong>the</strong> Ethiopian Flower Producers<br />
Association are <strong>the</strong> most active in <strong>the</strong> region since most of <strong>the</strong>ir businesses are in this region.<br />
Cooperatives of Oromia NRS<br />
ONRS has <strong>the</strong> largest number of cooperatives as compared to all <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r regions. Thus, <strong>the</strong> total<br />
number of registered cooperatives was 3,198 that have about 1,227,686 members and available<br />
74
capital of about Birr 134.3 million. The Multi-purpose cooperatives are <strong>the</strong> leading type with a<br />
total of 2,035 basic cooperative that have about 1.15 million members and approximately Birr<br />
107.27 million. In terms of capital and membership size Mineral, irrigation users, and dairy<br />
farmers cooperatives respectively take 2 nd to 4 th positions after <strong>the</strong> multi-purpose cooperatives<br />
(see Table).<br />
Table 5. Basic Cooperatives in Oromia (up to 1998 Ethiopian fiscal year)<br />
S/N Type of Basic No. of Basic Membership Size<br />
Capital<br />
Cooperatives Coops. Male Female Total In Birr<br />
1 Multi - purpose 2,035 1,059,699 89,318 1,149,017 107,267,163<br />
2 Dairy farm 46 1,859 775 2,632 2,471,267<br />
3 Irrigation 167 9,205 1,191 10,396 6,127,126<br />
4 Fruits & vegetables - 568 56 624 168,362<br />
5 Sugar cane farming 15 1,311 453 1,764 1,938,588<br />
6 Coffee 27 2,015 195 2,210 994,942<br />
7 Chat 32 5,209 283 4,492 446,621<br />
8 Fishery 25 1,1196 33 1,229 854,940<br />
9 Animal trading 79 1,593 280 1,873 958,373<br />
10 Animal fattening 95 2,364 431 2,795 132,789<br />
11 Abattoir 8 201 7 208 796,856<br />
12 Tide and skin 2 25 1 26 18,983<br />
13 Bee keeping 10 190 5 195 170,032<br />
14 Grain Bank - 1,577 555 2,132 1,112,490<br />
15 Grain trade - 145 11 156 58,387<br />
16 Seed propagating - 950 78 1,028 1,564,777<br />
17 Forestry 21 1,752 433 2,185 395,283<br />
18 Incense production - 83 0 83 62,044<br />
19 Water users - 321 2 323 142,340<br />
20 Mineral 476 34,148 1,411 35,559 6,225,438<br />
21 Consumers 48 1,727 306 2,035 392,207<br />
22 Craftsmen 60 969 146 1,113 378,340<br />
23 Electric users 30 4,721 487 5,208 1,040,500<br />
24 Animal health - 74 15 89 185,820<br />
25 Employment<br />
generation<br />
- 197 94 291 367,860<br />
26 Eco tourism - 10 2 12 1,700<br />
27 Health post 22 9 2 11 100,00<br />
Total 3,198 1,142,118 96,570 1,227,686 134,273,228<br />
9. The dynamics in <strong>the</strong> sector at regional level<br />
Child sponsorship, care and support are a more apparent dynamism observed in <strong>the</strong> NSA sector of<br />
<strong>the</strong> region. The number of NGOs, MBA and local association engaged in <strong>the</strong>se activities is<br />
growing significantly particularly among <strong>the</strong> NNGOs. Similarly, large numbers of <strong>the</strong>se NSA<br />
also participate in <strong>the</strong> care and support for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLW/HIV). Ano<strong>the</strong>r<br />
important dynamism is <strong>the</strong> expansion and growth of cooperatives that play an active role in <strong>the</strong><br />
economic life <strong>the</strong> rural population.<br />
10. Networking<br />
75
Except <strong>the</strong> major national networks and forums like <strong>the</strong> Network of PLW/HIV and <strong>the</strong> Forum for<br />
Street Children, NSA networking activities are less significant in Oromia region. Apart from <strong>the</strong><br />
lack of legislation that permits networking, <strong>the</strong> slow dynamism in networking could be attributed<br />
to <strong>the</strong> presence of most NSA whose management/coordination is in Addis Ababa and who would<br />
more likely prefer to join existing networks and forum instead of creating regional focused<br />
networks.<br />
11. Dialogue and cooperation between NSA and Local Government.<br />
The dialogue between Government and NSA sector is generally related to operational issues.<br />
Both dialogue and cooperation is smoo<strong>the</strong>r at regional level particularly between NSA like NGOs<br />
and sector offices. In <strong>the</strong> case of NGOs, dialogue on operational issues are less frequent since<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir joint meetings are conducted only once in a year.<br />
12. Engagement in Policy and Political Dialogue.<br />
So far <strong>the</strong>re is nei<strong>the</strong>r policy nor political agenda raised for dialogue between NSA and <strong>the</strong><br />
regional government. The existing guideline does not have provision for NSA engagement in<br />
<strong>the</strong>se types of dialogues. As indicated above, <strong>the</strong> only dialogues between NSA especially NGOs<br />
and Government is on issues relating to NGO operation. Even in this case, <strong>the</strong> opportunity to<br />
engage in such dialogue since meetings is held once in a year.<br />
13. Internal Organisation and Resources<br />
Financial Resources<br />
Except <strong>the</strong> INGO and FBOs, most NSA have very poor material and financial resources which<br />
hamper <strong>the</strong>ir operation and scaling-up. The lack of adequate financial resources a major<br />
bottleneck for local NGOs, MBA and self-initiated local development associations. Even though<br />
<strong>the</strong> ODA, <strong>the</strong> regional development association of Oromia receives funding support from major<br />
donors, <strong>the</strong> leaders believe that shortages of funding is also attributable to <strong>the</strong> use of<br />
Apex/umbrella organizations that cut funds channelled by SIDA. Instead, <strong>the</strong> proposed modality<br />
is <strong>the</strong> provision of funds directly to NSA that have large institutional and also implementation<br />
capacity. Even for <strong>the</strong> small NSA that receive donor fund, mechanisms should be design to<br />
minimize <strong>the</strong> administrative cost associated with channelling donor funds.<br />
Human Resources<br />
Some National NGOs and also <strong>the</strong> regional development association (ODA) have full-time<br />
professionals in <strong>the</strong> management and key engagement areas. However, even <strong>the</strong>se NSA face <strong>the</strong><br />
challenge of staff turnover since <strong>the</strong>y do not have financial resources to retain experienced<br />
professionals. The problem of human resource shortage is more pronounced in <strong>the</strong> case of smaller<br />
NGOs that have very poor financial resources.<br />
Internal processes and leadership<br />
Very often, internal processes depend on <strong>the</strong> quality and capacity of leadership because <strong>the</strong> nature<br />
of internal process is one way in which <strong>the</strong> leadership quality is manifested. There are mixed<br />
feelings about <strong>the</strong> internal processes of NSA in <strong>the</strong> region. The internal process of some NSA<br />
especially <strong>the</strong> member-based are ra<strong>the</strong>r more democratic and transparent since <strong>the</strong>y usually build<br />
healthy relationship with <strong>the</strong>ir constituency through bottom-up approach employed in <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
activities (identification, selection and implementation of projects). On <strong>the</strong> contrary, internal<br />
processes of many o<strong>the</strong>r NSA are often unclear and hence <strong>the</strong>se NSA have usually weak<br />
constituency base.<br />
76
In <strong>the</strong> NSA that are hierarchical, leadership activities are unclear and less visible since <strong>the</strong>y are<br />
far from <strong>the</strong>ir constituencies, These strategy is common among <strong>the</strong> directors and/or managers<br />
NSA particularly NGOs and also regional development associations whose leaders would stay on<br />
position for a very long period before <strong>the</strong>y are replaced.<br />
Policies, Systems and Structures<br />
CBOs like Iddirs established to provide funeral services do not have structured functional<br />
systems. Despite <strong>the</strong> existence of structures and systems, strategic programmes are also rare with<br />
even in <strong>the</strong> case of <strong>the</strong> newly emerging NSA that are often engaged in <strong>the</strong> implementation of<br />
short tem projects. Thus, apart from <strong>the</strong> uncertainty of funding availability particularly for<br />
projects of long term, lack of experienced professionals also constrain <strong>the</strong> development of<br />
policies and systems that guide <strong>the</strong> strategic goal of newly emerging NSA.<br />
Facilities<br />
� Most NSA including <strong>the</strong> regional development association (ODA) do not have <strong>the</strong>ir own<br />
offices but rent from government or private builders.<br />
� Some o<strong>the</strong>r NSA particularly mass and community based organization use office facilities<br />
made available by regional administration. For example, women associations often share<br />
offices with <strong>the</strong> Women Affairs at different levels. In rare cases like in Chiro, Iddirs have<br />
rented houses which made available through kebele administration.<br />
14. Capacity Building Needs<br />
Capacity limitations is <strong>the</strong> major problem for NSA particularly NNGO, mass based and<br />
community based associations. The existing capacity limitations <strong>the</strong> mass and community based<br />
NSA are in most cases associated with <strong>the</strong> weak financial resource position of <strong>the</strong>se NSA because<br />
<strong>the</strong>y depend on <strong>the</strong> finance mobilized through <strong>the</strong> contribution of members which is often<br />
inadequate to cover even <strong>the</strong>ir administrative cost. Thus, <strong>the</strong> capacity building needs of <strong>the</strong>se<br />
NSA could be met through financial, material and technical support to reinforce;<br />
o The provision of training for <strong>the</strong>ir staff in project cycle management (design, implementation,<br />
monitoring and evaluation) in order to develop <strong>the</strong>ir capacity for <strong>the</strong> preparation of project<br />
proposal and enable <strong>the</strong>m solicit fund<br />
o Streng<strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> organizational leadership and management capacity in <strong>the</strong> skills of community<br />
and resource mobilization, project management and service provision.<br />
o Logistic support including (materials, office equipment, vehicles, office furniture, etc) to<br />
streng<strong>the</strong>n internal capacity and improve efficiency.<br />
o Financial, technical and logistic support <strong>the</strong> networking initiatives of NSA and to streng<strong>the</strong>n<br />
existing net works. This is particularly important in Oromia where <strong>the</strong> dialogue, cooperation<br />
and joint actions among NSA (MBA, Professional associations, NGOs and regional<br />
organization) as well as <strong>the</strong> regional government appears to be very weak.<br />
77
6. <strong>Regional</strong> Report SNNPR<br />
1 General remarks on NSA at territorial level.<br />
1.1. Background about <strong>the</strong> SNNPR<br />
The Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Nation, Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR) is <strong>the</strong> most multi –ethnic<br />
regional state of Ethiopia SNNPR embraces populous nations and nationalities like Sidama,<br />
Wolaita, Kembata, Hadiya, Gurage and Gedeo and also a large number of ethnic groups. It is also<br />
<strong>the</strong> region representing people from varieties of large nations and numerous small nationalities<br />
with distinct language, tradition, culture and custom. Thus, <strong>the</strong> SNNPR is unique in that it<br />
represents an extensive geographic area and a large population of high diversity that live in unity.<br />
Like <strong>the</strong> diversity in <strong>the</strong> ethnicity, culture of its people, language, etc, <strong>the</strong> SNNPR also comprises<br />
a very large geographic area with considerable variation in agro – climate, wea<strong>the</strong>r pattern and<br />
socio-economic condition. The livelihood of <strong>the</strong> region’s population is primarily dependent on<br />
sedentary agriculture while a large proportion is also dependent on livestock production<br />
especially in <strong>the</strong> pastoral and agro-pastoral areas bordering with Kenya. Even though SNNPR is<br />
one of <strong>the</strong> most fertile regions, it is one of <strong>the</strong> regions where <strong>the</strong>re is lack of access to basic social<br />
services and hence <strong>the</strong> coverage of services like education, health, water supply, etc is very low.<br />
Apart from <strong>the</strong> underdeveloped social and economic infrastructure, <strong>the</strong>re is widespread poverty<br />
resulting to a large proportion of <strong>the</strong> population that live below <strong>the</strong> poverty line.<br />
On <strong>the</strong> basis of <strong>the</strong> 1995/96 poverty indices, <strong>the</strong> poverty index (Po) estimated for <strong>the</strong> SNNPR is<br />
0.56 as compared to <strong>the</strong> national average of 0.46 1 . According to this study, in 1995/96, more than<br />
50 percent of people living in consumption poverty resided in two regions which are <strong>the</strong> SNNPR<br />
and Amhara <strong>Regional</strong> States. Despite improvement in <strong>the</strong> incidences of poverty, a poverty index<br />
of 0.51 was estimated in 1999/00 indicating still a very high level of poverty incidence in this<br />
region. On top <strong>the</strong> persistence of high poverty level, <strong>the</strong>re is a rapid population growth, land<br />
degradation and natural resource depletion that lead to <strong>the</strong> loss of agricultural productivity, food<br />
shortages and <strong>the</strong> aggravation of food insecurity of <strong>the</strong> region’s population. Moreover, <strong>the</strong><br />
suffering of households and people in <strong>the</strong> region also results from major shocks and disasters and<br />
shocks that are caused by famine and food shortages due to <strong>the</strong> lack of rain and crop failure. The<br />
vulnerability and shocks of livelihood is especially more aggravated in <strong>the</strong> lowland or Kolla areas<br />
where <strong>the</strong> recurrence of drought and rain shortage results in <strong>the</strong> scarcity of pasture and water<br />
supply results in <strong>the</strong> suffering of pastoral population that depend on livestock for livelihood.<br />
Due to <strong>the</strong> high poverty incidence and livelihood vulnerability, currently <strong>the</strong>re are numerous NSA<br />
of diverse types that operate in <strong>the</strong> SNNPR. As <strong>the</strong> problems faced by <strong>the</strong> people are diverse and<br />
multi-faceted, different project activities are undertaken to address <strong>the</strong> various problems of <strong>the</strong><br />
people. The types of NSA operational in <strong>the</strong> region, <strong>the</strong>matic areas, activity sectors and coverage<br />
have been assessed and mapped as described below briefly.<br />
1.2. NSA in SNNPR from <strong>the</strong> previous mapping<br />
The previous mapping study briefly describes <strong>the</strong> NSA in SNNPR and <strong>the</strong> findings include;<br />
1) BoFED is responsible for <strong>the</strong> registration and supervision of NGO activities while <strong>the</strong><br />
responsibility of Civil Association and Public Participation for <strong>the</strong> registration of mass<br />
and membership based organizations. As noted from <strong>the</strong> spokesperson, it is <strong>the</strong> mass and<br />
membership based organizations that have more roles in policy making through public<br />
1 MoFED, Ethiopia: Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program, Addis Ababa, 2002,<br />
78
mobilization than NGOs lobbying and advocacy.<br />
2) The study identified that World Vision and <strong>Action</strong> Aid which were working on human<br />
rights are some of <strong>the</strong> large international NGOs present while <strong>the</strong> Ethiopian Women<br />
Lawyers Association and Progynist working on human right and women empowerment<br />
were taken as some “interesting” Ethiopian NGOs<br />
3) The Ethiopian Pastoralists Research and Development Association has been identified as<br />
an example of NGOs working on conflict resolution and many faith-based organizations<br />
present in <strong>the</strong> SNNPR are mainly working on development more than in o<strong>the</strong>r regions.<br />
4) However, instead of stating ‘some NGOs’ or ‘o<strong>the</strong>r small’ or “unnamed organisations”,<br />
<strong>the</strong> study should have clarified NGOs which <strong>the</strong> Government spokesperson referred to as<br />
exemplary for effective lobbying and advocacy and/or conflict resolution between Omo<br />
and Oromia people s but does not clarify <strong>the</strong> which NGOs.<br />
5) SEPDA is <strong>the</strong> main development association which is an umbrella organization for 21<br />
mostly ethnic based smaller development associations which it assists in capacity<br />
building, fund raising and project proposal preparation. According to <strong>the</strong> study, SEPDA<br />
works differently…..because its inputs appear to have fewer acceptances in government<br />
policy making.<br />
1.3. Major highlights of current findings<br />
• SNNPR is endowed with NSA of diverse nature including CSO such as CBO including<br />
Iddir, self-help associations and also interest groups organized by age and sex like youth<br />
and women associations as well as clubs such as anti-HIV/AIDS, environmental, etc. There<br />
are also local and regional development associations, cooperative organizations and unions,<br />
savings and credit, labour unions and professional associations.<br />
• NGOs are <strong>the</strong> most active NSA which are large in number and diverse in typology, sector<br />
and <strong>the</strong>matic area as well as coverage. Currently <strong>the</strong>re are nearly 115 NGO operational in<br />
<strong>the</strong> region while <strong>the</strong> on-going project activities are about 336 covering a wide range of<br />
sector and <strong>the</strong>matic areas. In terms of <strong>the</strong>ir typology, <strong>the</strong>re are 70 national NGOs 28<br />
international NGOs while <strong>the</strong> remaining 17 are FBO.<br />
• Even though NGOs mobilize enormous resources and reach a large beneficiary population,<br />
<strong>the</strong>re is inconsistency in <strong>the</strong> estimates of project budget and <strong>the</strong> number of beneficiaries<br />
served. On <strong>the</strong> basis of <strong>the</strong> DPPA data, <strong>the</strong> total NGO project budget for <strong>the</strong> period 2004 –<br />
2007 is about 1.47 million Birr and over 47 million project beneficiaries. According to <strong>the</strong><br />
SNNPR BoFED however, <strong>the</strong> estimate of on-going project budget and <strong>the</strong> total number of<br />
beneficiaries are about one billion Birr and nearly 12.7 million respectively. Never<strong>the</strong>less, a<br />
single NGO alone, like World Vision has over 1.2 million project beneficiaries and<br />
mobilizes over USD 1.4 million or about 12.8 million Birr. Thus, <strong>the</strong> inconsistency appears<br />
to have emanated ei<strong>the</strong>r due to <strong>the</strong> weakness of <strong>the</strong> MIS in use or <strong>the</strong> intention to<br />
overshadow <strong>the</strong> resource potential and role of NGO as development partners.<br />
• Never<strong>the</strong>less, <strong>the</strong> regional state including sector bureaus do recognize <strong>the</strong> important role<br />
and also <strong>the</strong> significance of NGOs contribution in <strong>the</strong> development endeavours of <strong>the</strong><br />
SNNPR. Their participation and contribution is well recognized specially in <strong>the</strong> sectors that<br />
include agriculture and agro-pastoral, food security and emergency programmes, water and<br />
sanitation, education and health which are pro-poor and community based on-going<br />
projects. They also undertake project activities that target marginalized groups and <strong>the</strong><br />
79
disadvantaged groups, gender, child development, HIV/AIDS prevention and control, as<br />
well as activities aimed at awareness, capacity building and <strong>the</strong> empowerment of<br />
communities.<br />
• Next to NGOs, cooperatives are <strong>the</strong> NSA with nearly one million members organized into<br />
2690 basic cooperatives and 29 unions that undertake numerous business activities in<br />
various sectors. There are about 3100 youth associations which are also part of <strong>the</strong> basic<br />
cooperative organizations. Apart from <strong>the</strong> services provided to members, <strong>the</strong> cooperatives<br />
and <strong>the</strong>ir unions have also created employment opportunities for over 22,000 people. The<br />
SNNPR cooperative development is remarkable and full of dynamism in its growth trends<br />
and enhanced role as one of <strong>the</strong> important players in production, marketing and service<br />
provision for <strong>the</strong>ir members. The formation of cooperative federation in February this year<br />
is a good indicator of <strong>the</strong> dynamism inherent in <strong>the</strong> cooperative development of <strong>the</strong> region.<br />
• Currently, <strong>the</strong> region’s cooperative unions undertake major businesses and service<br />
provision activities that include production, credit and saving, and marketing service that<br />
include imports of inputs and <strong>the</strong> exports of farm products to <strong>the</strong> international market.<br />
Thus, as a result of farmers empowerment and bargaining power, <strong>the</strong> tasks of importation,<br />
distribution and supply of input especially fertilizers which were once <strong>the</strong> sole businesses<br />
of parastatal enterprises, private firms and party affiliated companies are now fully under<br />
<strong>the</strong> control of <strong>the</strong> cooperative unions.<br />
• Cooperatives play major role in product marketing linking <strong>the</strong> producers with <strong>the</strong><br />
international market and contribute significantly to an increase in foreign exchange<br />
earnings of <strong>the</strong> country. They also provide producer price guarantee against product price<br />
fall through contract sales arrangements that ensure minimum price for members who<br />
deliver export products. Through such an arrangement, <strong>the</strong> unions were able to increase <strong>the</strong><br />
volume of haricot beans export to 10,000 quintals during 2007. Apart from <strong>the</strong> economic<br />
advantage accruing from <strong>the</strong> direct supply of exportable commodities like coffee,<br />
cooperatives have also managed to get significant cost reduction for <strong>the</strong> importation of<br />
inputs. For example, in comparison with <strong>the</strong> fertilizer price of companies that were main<br />
importers of fertilizer, <strong>the</strong> reduction in <strong>the</strong> import cost of fertilizer during <strong>the</strong> previous year<br />
was as high as 100 birr per quintal.<br />
• The relationship between <strong>the</strong> Government and NSA sector in <strong>the</strong> SNNPR is currently in<br />
good condition and this is attributable to <strong>the</strong> existence of a more enabling operational<br />
environment. In order to create a more enabling environment, GO – NGO forum has been<br />
formed to facilitate consultation and cooperation of regional government, sector bureaus<br />
and <strong>the</strong> NGOs operational in SNNPR. Since its formation, series of joint meetings have<br />
been conducted and issues that could have relevancy in improving <strong>the</strong> operational have<br />
been addressed and discussed.<br />
• An important outcome of <strong>the</strong> GO – NGO forum is <strong>the</strong> preparation of NGO guideline in<br />
which NGOs also participated. The outstanding points and issues contained under in <strong>the</strong><br />
guideline and its articles have been raised during <strong>the</strong> forum meetings and thoroughly<br />
discussed and debated upon to reach consensus. Among <strong>the</strong> issues or articles that were<br />
revised and amended are NGO project over head cost, <strong>the</strong> delegation of woreda authority to<br />
sign project agreements up to 2 million Birr and also <strong>the</strong> relation between NGO and sector<br />
office, roles and responsibilities with regard to <strong>the</strong> coordination, cooperation in project<br />
implementation and monitoring activities. As a result, <strong>the</strong> draft guideline has been revised<br />
and amended to incorporate <strong>the</strong> comments, inputs and feedback from <strong>the</strong> NGOs. Thus, <strong>the</strong><br />
80
GO – NGO forum has been instrumental in improving <strong>the</strong> operational environment of NGO<br />
particularly <strong>the</strong> ratification of <strong>the</strong> amended NGO guideline final document.<br />
• Apart from <strong>the</strong> GO – NGO forum, <strong>the</strong> networking initiatives of NGOs in <strong>the</strong> SNNPR also<br />
covers wider sectors of development. The existing networks include food security, gender,<br />
OVC and environmental networks while non-formal education and HIV/AIDS are among<br />
<strong>the</strong> major forums established after 2004. In addition, <strong>the</strong> Civil Society Resource Centre in<br />
Awassa is also an important forum for NSA in terms of availing resources needed for<br />
capacity building, to facilitate <strong>the</strong> coordination and engagement in collective actions.<br />
• Despite <strong>the</strong> guideline, good relation between government and NGO and hence a more<br />
enabling operational environment existing in <strong>the</strong> region, <strong>the</strong>re is a lack of legislation to<br />
enforce <strong>the</strong> institutionalization of NGO operational framework. This would be a major<br />
bottleneck to NGO operation since <strong>the</strong> guideline can’t substitute <strong>the</strong> federal legislation<br />
which was enacted 40 years ago and is still effective. In spite of <strong>the</strong> positive attitudes<br />
among <strong>the</strong> authorities in <strong>the</strong> regional government, relationships which are based on good<br />
wills of individuals would prevail as long as <strong>the</strong>se authorities will be on power. Therefore,<br />
unless <strong>the</strong>re is legislative that enforces <strong>the</strong> existing relationship, most NGO representative<br />
feel less confidence due to <strong>the</strong> likelihood of relationship deterioration given <strong>the</strong> high<br />
turnover of authorities in <strong>the</strong> regional government.<br />
• The GO - NGO forum has also debated on <strong>the</strong> need for an autonomous government body<br />
which will be responsible to monitor <strong>the</strong> NGO sector. Among <strong>the</strong> major reasons that justify<br />
<strong>the</strong> necessity of such an organ include <strong>the</strong> potential increase NGO resource flow to<br />
development and its effective use, <strong>the</strong> possibility to create well defined relationship that<br />
will enhance efficiency and responsiveness to NGO affairs and also to overcome <strong>the</strong><br />
existing capacity limitation of NGO desk at woreda level. The proposed autonomous<br />
government body is also justifiable in that its budget requirement would not be significant<br />
in comparison with <strong>the</strong> increase of resources that NGO could inject as a result of improved<br />
NGO administration and coordination system.<br />
• Apart from <strong>the</strong> GO – NGO forum, <strong>the</strong> networking initiatives of NGOs in <strong>the</strong> SNNPR also<br />
covers wider sectors of development. As a result of <strong>the</strong>se initiatives, currently <strong>the</strong>re are<br />
networks that include food security, gender, OVC and environmental networks while nonformal<br />
education and HIV/AIDS are among <strong>the</strong> major forums established after 2004. In<br />
addition, <strong>the</strong> Civil Society Resource Centre in Awassa is also an important forum for NSA<br />
in terms of availing resources needed for capacity building, to facilitate <strong>the</strong> coordination<br />
and engagement in collective actions.<br />
• Participants in <strong>the</strong> networks and forums are more limited to NGOs while <strong>the</strong> involvement<br />
of o<strong>the</strong>r NSA such as women and youth associations, representatives of CBO, etc is low.<br />
Moreover, most of <strong>the</strong> existing networks and forums are not operating actively due to<br />
various reasons. The lack of clear understanding about <strong>the</strong> purposes of networking is one of<br />
<strong>the</strong> reasons for weakens of participation while wrong perceptions and <strong>the</strong> expectations of<br />
some members to use networks as funding sources is <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r reason. The lack of adequate<br />
knowledge about networking and its importance for collective voice is <strong>the</strong> main reason for<br />
<strong>the</strong> low level of membership and participation of o<strong>the</strong>r NSA typologies like professional<br />
and teachers associations. Moreover, <strong>the</strong> weakness and ineffectiveness of networking in <strong>the</strong><br />
region could also be attributed to <strong>the</strong> lack of resources (finance, material and logistics) and<br />
capacity limitations to raise NSA awareness, mobilize, network and to engage <strong>the</strong>m in<br />
policy and political dialogues among <strong>the</strong>mselves and with <strong>the</strong> government.<br />
81
• In spite of <strong>the</strong> existing limitation in <strong>the</strong> capacity and resources of networks and forums,<br />
<strong>the</strong>re is a significant improvement in <strong>the</strong> initiatives, especially an improving trends in GO –<br />
NGO dialogue and engagement after 2004. Even though a growing number of NGO are<br />
interested to participate in network and forum, most of <strong>the</strong>m are interested to engage in<br />
dialogues which are related to operational issues and sector specific NGO project activities<br />
(education, food security, gender, etc) while <strong>the</strong> knowledge and experience to engage in<br />
policy and political dialogue is very limited. Apart from <strong>the</strong> lack of understanding on <strong>the</strong><br />
role of NSA in policy dialogue, it is considered synonymous with political dialogue which<br />
is perceived to be too sensitive area for NGOs.<br />
2 Profile and distribution of NSA at <strong>Regional</strong> Level.<br />
\ Profile of NSA.<br />
Table 1. NSA typologies and size in <strong>the</strong> SNNPR<br />
NSA Categories Examples<br />
12. NGOs =<br />
International NGOs = 28 <strong>Action</strong> Aid, Inter Aid France, Farm Africa,<br />
Goal Ethiopia, Lay Volunteer International,<br />
CHFI,<br />
OXFAM GB, SC Finland, SC Norway<br />
National NGOs = 70 JECCDO, Tila Ass of WLW/HIV, <strong>Action</strong> for<br />
development, Agri-service Ethiopia, <strong>Action</strong><br />
for Environment Public Advocacy, Ethio-<br />
Wetland & Natural Resource Ass, etc<br />
<strong>Regional</strong> Registered NGOs = Numerous groups and zonal associations<br />
13. <strong>Regional</strong> Development Associations =<br />
>10<br />
SEPDA and many zonal and ethnic<br />
development ass like Sidama, Wolaita,<br />
Guraghe, etc<br />
14. FBOs (national and international) = 17 ECC-SDC, Muluwongel, EECMY, World<br />
Vision,<br />
Swiss Evangelical Mission, CCF, Meserete<br />
15. Reg. apex/Networking Organisations = 2<br />
+ 4<br />
Christos, Norwegian Lu<strong>the</strong>ran, etc<br />
CRDA chapter and HIV/AIDS forum and<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r unregistered networks and forums like<br />
SCRC, gender, education, food security,<br />
Malaria, environmental forums.<br />
EHRCO and EWLA branches<br />
16. Advocacy and Human rights<br />
Organizations 2<br />
17. Economic and business interest groups<br />
a) Cooperatives 2690<br />
b) Union of Cooperatives = 29<br />
c) Chamber of Commerce and Sector Ass. The Ethiopian Chamber of Commerce in<br />
= 1<br />
Awassa<br />
18. d) Ethiopian Employers Federation:<br />
19. Trade and labour unions 1 CETU Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Ethiopia branch office in<br />
Awassa<br />
20. Professional Associations = Ethiopian teachers Ass<br />
21. Age, gender, health-status and o<strong>the</strong>r EWA, EYA, EYA network<br />
occupation related Associations 3<br />
82
<strong>Regional</strong>ly registered Youth Association =<br />
1<br />
�<br />
egion-wide basic Youth Ass. = 2<br />
�<br />
egion-wide Youth Clubs = 2<br />
Reg. registered Associations of/for<br />
Women =<br />
Anti-Aids Clubs, Virgin Girls Association<br />
SNNPR Women Association<br />
Reg. registered Elderly and Disability Ass.<br />
= 1<br />
Reg. registered Ass. of PLWHA = 1 Tila Association of Women Living with HIV-<br />
AIDS<br />
22. Free Press 3<br />
23. Community based organisations -<br />
NB: <strong>Regional</strong> development associations NGOs registered by <strong>the</strong> SNNPR too many to list.<br />
3 Activities and Sector Distribution<br />
Zonal distribution of NGOs<br />
As shown by chart 1 and 2 below, <strong>the</strong> activities of NGOs cover all <strong>the</strong> zones and special woredas<br />
in <strong>the</strong> SNNPR. NGO project activities are significant in <strong>the</strong> major zones like Sidama, Gamo<br />
Gofa, Gurage, South Omo and Hadiya (see Chart 1).<br />
Chart 1. Distribution of NGO project activities by<br />
major zones of SNNPR<br />
Wolayita, 23<br />
South Omo, 28<br />
Silti, 14<br />
> one zone, 13<br />
Kaffa, 6<br />
Sidama, 39<br />
Kembata T, 20<br />
Awassa+town,<br />
27<br />
Gamo Gofa, 29<br />
Hadiya, 26<br />
Gedeo, 11<br />
Gurage, 28<br />
Except Kaffa zones, almost all zones of <strong>the</strong> SNNPR are also constitute <strong>the</strong> major<br />
populous regions of Ethiopia where <strong>the</strong>re is rapid population growth coupled with high<br />
level of poverty. This is also <strong>the</strong> likely reason for relatively large number of on-going<br />
NGO project activities as compared to <strong>the</strong> special woredas that are less populous (see<br />
Chart 2 below).<br />
83
Chart 2. Distribution of NGOs in <strong>the</strong> Special<br />
woredas & towns of SNNPR<br />
Konso, 7<br />
Sheka, 7<br />
Derashe, 6<br />
4 Contributions of NSA in SNNPR<br />
Special<br />
woredas &<br />
towns,<br />
Dawro, 5<br />
Alaba, 6<br />
A/Minch/Amaro/<br />
Basketo/Burji, 6<br />
Bench Maji, 7<br />
4.1. Qualitative areas of contribution<br />
On <strong>the</strong> qualitative point of view <strong>the</strong> contribution of NSA can be summarised by <strong>the</strong> following<br />
table:<br />
Table 3 NSA Sectoral Contribution in <strong>the</strong> SNNPR<br />
Qualitative areas of contribution Quantitative<br />
contributions<br />
Mass Based<br />
Associations<br />
Local<br />
Development<br />
Association<br />
The local<br />
NGOs<br />
Awareness raising of community,<br />
mobilization; advocacy, lobbying and<br />
combating HTP like FGM and IGA and<br />
EGA<br />
Training and capacity building of<br />
community, mobilization of community<br />
resources and funds for education, water<br />
supply, health, etc<br />
Primarily in specific services (HIV/AIDS,<br />
care & support, OVC/child sponsorship &<br />
gender<br />
NNGOs Water and sanitation, OVC, HIV/AIDS,<br />
capacity building, conflict resolution,<br />
ABE & emergency relief<br />
INGOs FP & Reproductive health, integrated<br />
development (agriculture & natural<br />
resource conservation), irrigation, pastoral<br />
livelihood development, food security<br />
FBOs Health infrastructure and service<br />
provision, capacity building, awareness<br />
raising, IGA & gender, Child<br />
84<br />
Mostly documented<br />
in project<br />
agreements<br />
Mostly documented<br />
in project<br />
agreements<br />
Mostly documented<br />
in project<br />
agreements<br />
Mostly documented<br />
in project<br />
agreements<br />
Mostly documented<br />
in project<br />
agreements<br />
Mostly documented<br />
in project<br />
agreements<br />
Trends of<br />
Participation and<br />
Contribution<br />
Growing<br />
participation and<br />
contributing<br />
More participation<br />
and contribution to<br />
capacity building<br />
Growing focus on<br />
child sponsorship,<br />
care & support of<br />
PLW/HIV<br />
Participation/contri<br />
bution is tends to<br />
target OVC &<br />
HIV/AIDS<br />
Increase in long<br />
term agricultural &<br />
rural projects<br />
Increasing trend in<br />
both participation<br />
and contribution
Iddirs and<br />
CBOs<br />
Advocacy &<br />
HR<br />
organizations<br />
Economic &<br />
Business<br />
Interest Groups<br />
sponsorship/child development, OVC,<br />
care & support for PLW/HIV,<br />
Mobilization of communities for social<br />
infrastructure & support for OVC children<br />
Women and child right advocacy, legal<br />
support and <strong>the</strong> capacity building of law<br />
enforcement institutions<br />
Ensure <strong>the</strong> protection of members rights<br />
and promotion of <strong>the</strong>ir interest<br />
Not documented Growing<br />
involvement &<br />
participation<br />
Not documented<br />
but cases<br />
completed & ongoing<br />
4.2. Summary of Values and Beneficiaries of Ongoing NGO Projects<br />
through NGOs<br />
growing<br />
participation &<br />
significant<br />
contribution<br />
Not documented Growing trends<br />
The following table summarises <strong>the</strong> current ongoing projects implemented by NGOs:<br />
Table 4. No of beneficiaries and total budget of ongoing NGO Projects in BSGR<br />
S/No NSA Typology<br />
Summary of NGO's Ongoing Projects as of<br />
No of<br />
Org.<br />
No of<br />
Projects<br />
Projected<br />
Number of<br />
Beneficiaries<br />
Total Budget<br />
Pledge in<br />
1 International NGOs 28 84 3,650,165 388,751,032<br />
2<br />
Faith based Nat and<br />
International Orgs 17 110 2,171,878 339,039,219<br />
3 National NGOs<br />
<strong>Regional</strong> Dev't<br />
70 118 6,691,339 276,707,883<br />
4 Associations - - - -<br />
5 <strong>Regional</strong> CSOs<br />
6 Umbrella Orgs - - - -<br />
Total 115 312 12,513,382 1,004,498,134<br />
85<br />
Birr Remarks<br />
Missing values<br />
of budget &<br />
beneficiaries<br />
Missing values<br />
of budget &<br />
beneficiaries<br />
Missing values<br />
of budget &<br />
beneficiaries<br />
No records<br />
available<br />
Based on BoFED of <strong>the</strong> SNNPR data<br />
No records<br />
available
4.3. Sectoral Participation<br />
There is a highly differentiated range of activities in SNNPR: several projects have a multisectoral<br />
intervention.<br />
Table 5. Sectoral Focuses of NGO Projects<br />
Core Project Focus No of<br />
Projects Remark<br />
Agriculture 11 Seed and improved inputs, small scale irrigation,<br />
marketing and capacity building<br />
Agro-pastoral 3 Pastoral livelihood initiatives, food security and<br />
emergency, water supply and sanitation<br />
Capacity building 48 Training, awareness raising, skill and business support<br />
for IGA and EGA<br />
Children/Child development 44 Community-based child care and development that<br />
integrates NFE, health, nutrition, legal aid, and<br />
livelihood promotion<br />
Conflict resolution &<br />
12 Manage conflicts, resolve problems that cause conflict<br />
management<br />
(resource use, border, etc) and build peace<br />
Education 29 Provision of non-formal education services and<br />
community - based ABE, <strong>the</strong> construction and running<br />
of formal schools and provision of materials<br />
Food security & emergency 19 Food and cash for work, saving life through relief<br />
provision, <strong>the</strong> management of Productive Safety net<br />
program, promotion of IGA, etc<br />
Gender 11 Awareness raising, combating HTP, FGM, etc; IGA<br />
for marginalised women, awareness raising for <strong>the</strong><br />
prevention of HIV-Aids,<br />
Integrated development 36 Agro-business promotion, cooperative creation,<br />
technical assistance<br />
Good Governance 1 Advocacy and mobilisation of resource, capacity<br />
building and community mobilisation to fight corrupt<br />
Health/reproductive health<br />
HIV/AIDS<br />
Natural resource &<br />
environment<br />
56<br />
11<br />
11<br />
Social 11<br />
practices of local authorities.<br />
Provision of Community –based health care, centrebased<br />
health services, reproductive and preventive<br />
health care, HIV testing/counselling, services, etc,<br />
eradication of malaria and communicable diseases<br />
Awareness raising for <strong>the</strong> prevention and control of<br />
HIV/AIDS, care and support for PLW/HIV<br />
Watershed management, reforestation, conservation<br />
and management of forest resources, wild life, soil and<br />
water<br />
Rehabilitation of people with disabilities, support and<br />
care for <strong>the</strong> weak and elderly people, training and<br />
capacity building<br />
Water and sanitation 24<br />
Construction of water supply and distribution systems,<br />
pond and spring development, deep and shallow well,<br />
water & environmental sanitation<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r 15 Socio-economic surveys, studies, etc<br />
Total 312<br />
4.4. Qualitative Information on NSA Sectoral Contributions<br />
86
Agriculture, Natural resource & Environment<br />
o Participation of NSA: Farm Africa, SOS Sahel UK, SIM, Catholic Church, etc<br />
o Activities undertaken: Development of Small Scale Irrigation Project, Seed bank, dairy<br />
production, goar breeding and husbandry, generation; soil and water conservation,<br />
participatory and community based forest management, improved land use, Agro<br />
biodiversity and Conservation, capacity building support and skill training.<br />
Agro-pastoral development<br />
o Participant NSA: Ethiopian Pastoral Research & Development, Farm Africa,<br />
o Activities undertaken: Rangeland and pasture development, water supply and sanitation<br />
pastoral livelihood recovery and enhancement; conflict resolution and management<br />
Health<br />
o Participant NSA: ORBIS, SEPDA, SIM, Catholic church, Swiss Evangelical Mission<br />
o Activities undertaken: Reproductive health, FP, post-abortion care, malaria prevention<br />
and control, construction of health facilities (clinics, health post and health centre) health<br />
service provision and health extension programmes, mo<strong>the</strong>r and child health (MCH),<br />
comprehensive rural eye care, health workers training and capacity building support for<br />
health institutions.<br />
Child development<br />
o Participant NSA: WCDO, CCF, Hiwot Birhan Church, ABFA, Bereket Orphan,<br />
Be<strong>the</strong>zata<br />
o Activities undertaken: Child sponsorship, care and support for orphans and abandoned<br />
children, community-based child care, legal aid, counselling support and protection of<br />
child rights, prevention of child trafficking, establish and run child – centre and<br />
integrated child care services.<br />
Integrated development<br />
o Participant NSA: Progynist, Refuge Trust Int., Self-Help Dev Int., SIM, WCDO, WV<br />
Ethiopia<br />
o Activities undertaken: integrated development programme in urban and rural setting<br />
through support for income generation, water, sanitation, health, etc; community – based<br />
development, integrated rural development; multi-purpose community development,<br />
integrated child care and family development services<br />
Education<br />
o Participant NSA: DV, EECMY, Catholic church, Love in <strong>Action</strong>,<br />
o Activities undertaken: Alternative basic education (ABE), improving access to basic<br />
education and functional literacy, capacity building of schools through material support,<br />
promotion of equity in basic education, literacy empowerment and adult functional<br />
literacy services; construction, renovation and upgrading schools;<br />
HIV-AIDS<br />
o Participation of NSA: Tila Ass WLW/HIV, EECMY, ERSHA, YLM, CISO, GZDA<br />
o Activities undertaken: Empowerment of communities to respond to HIV/AIDS, RH,<br />
FP, HIV/ AIDS Prevention, Care and support for PLW/HIV, sustainable community<br />
participated HIV/AIDS vulnerability reduction and impact mitigation, capacity building<br />
and community – based HIV/AIDS eradication programmes<br />
87
Water and sanitation<br />
o Participant NSA: IRC, HIDA, NCA, PSI – Ethiopia, Support Africa Foundation<br />
o Activities undertaken: water supply sanitation, hygiene promotion, integrated<br />
community water supply, rural water rehabilitation, water well drilling, community based<br />
solar water supply, safe water system and zinc based diarrhoea treatment, health for<br />
sustainable livelihood projects<br />
Food security and Emergency<br />
o Participant NSA: ACLF, Agri-service, CHF, EECMY, Catholic church, Farm Africa,<br />
SC Norway<br />
o Activities undertaken: Provision of food and nutrition, construction of food storage<br />
facilities, consolidating integrated food security programme, managing household asset,<br />
water supply schemes, safety net, food for work programmes for<br />
Gender<br />
o Participant NSA: Initiative Africa, WCDO, Farm Africa, BIFG, Catholic church<br />
o Activities undertaken: Legal aid and counselling services for women; awareness raising<br />
and prevention of FGM and o<strong>the</strong>r HTP; women’s enterprise development; skill training<br />
and capacity building support, integrated projects to enhance <strong>the</strong> economic and social<br />
empowerment of women.<br />
Capacity building<br />
o Participant NSA: AFEPA, BIFG, CHFI, World Vision Ethiopia<br />
o Activities undertaken: Promotion and capacity building of indigenous community<br />
association (ICAS) generating employment and building independence, literacy and<br />
vocational training of grassroots community and institutional building and revitalizing<br />
community Institutions<br />
Social, conflict resolution & management<br />
o Participant NSA: Al-Birr DCA, Arbaminch rehabilitation centre, BECFA, Catholic<br />
church<br />
o Activities undertaken: Physical rehabilitation of people with disabilities, alternative<br />
caring service for elderly and <strong>the</strong> disables; skill Training and social work in<br />
disadvantaged communities<br />
Good governance<br />
o Participant NSA: <strong>Action</strong> Aid<br />
o Activities undertaken: Social subtraction period of Minjio, community awareness<br />
creation and mobilization to eliminate corrupt practices<br />
5 The role of <strong>the</strong> Private Sector<br />
The SNNPR regional capital is one of <strong>the</strong> fast growing urban centres where private business<br />
development has been remarkable. Therefore, private sector organizations especially <strong>the</strong><br />
Chamber of Commerce has an office that ga<strong>the</strong>rs private enterprises in <strong>the</strong> region particularly<br />
enterprises operators in Awassa town. Enterprises which are <strong>the</strong> active member in this<br />
Chamber of Commerce obtain various services. The most relevant are marketing and <strong>the</strong><br />
provision of market information, linking businesses and match-making for joint venture<br />
between local and foreign companies. In addition, members also get training services and<br />
participate in trade tour which is often organized in cooperation with <strong>the</strong> national chamber of<br />
commerce.<br />
88
6 Trade Unions<br />
One of <strong>the</strong> main CETU Branch offices is located in <strong>the</strong> regional capital Awassa which is <strong>the</strong><br />
Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Ethiopia representative offices of <strong>the</strong> national trade union umbrella organization.<br />
The organizational structure of CETU is industrial based and does not follow <strong>the</strong> federal<br />
structure of <strong>the</strong> government. Therefore, <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn branch of <strong>the</strong> labour union represents all<br />
<strong>the</strong> union members in SNNPR and also many enterprise workers in <strong>the</strong> South-central Oromia<br />
(Western Arsi zone) and also Eastern Oromia (Bale, Borena and Guji zones).<br />
The services that <strong>the</strong> branch office provides for its members include <strong>the</strong> formation and<br />
streng<strong>the</strong>ning of new associations, ensuring that members’ employment rights are protected<br />
and follow up on legal issues and employment agreements.<br />
Participation in policy dialogues and contribution to <strong>the</strong> democratization process is less<br />
significant. It is only when <strong>the</strong> government invites/requests that <strong>the</strong> branch office<br />
representatives will take part in policy dialogue and consultation. Never<strong>the</strong>less, <strong>the</strong>re is no<br />
regular work relationship between <strong>the</strong> branch office and <strong>the</strong> SNNPR state. The main factors<br />
that limit an active engagement are <strong>the</strong> lack of awareness, shortage of finance and <strong>the</strong> lack of<br />
interest on <strong>the</strong> part of workers. Workers seem to have lost interest to participate in policy<br />
dialogue because it is only if Government invites CETU that workers would participate in<br />
such dialogues.<br />
7 Cooperatives in <strong>the</strong> SNNPR<br />
There are a total of 1768 cooperatives that have about 960,847 members and about Birr 148.3<br />
million available capitals. The three major cooperative types are 894 multi-purpose cooperatives,<br />
559 savings and credit and 66 irrigation cooperatives. Among <strong>the</strong> remaining 249 cooperatives<br />
housing, fishery and irrigation users’ cooperatives are <strong>the</strong> most important in terms of capital (see<br />
Table below).<br />
Table 6 Basic Cooperatives in SNNPR (up to 2006)<br />
S/N Type of Basic Number of Membership Size<br />
Available<br />
Cooperatives Basic Male Female Total Capital<br />
Cooperatives<br />
In Birr<br />
1 Multi-purpose 894 806,973 95,087 902,954 114,179,848<br />
2 Saving & credit 559 24,664 16,220 40,884 4,542,800<br />
3 Fishery 7 667 - 667 1,123,541<br />
4 Irrigation users 66 4,785 427 5,212 1,000,649<br />
5 Forestry protection 4 283 13 296 46,657<br />
6 Fruits & vegetables 19 1,430 203 1,633 332,856<br />
7 Dairy farming &<br />
21 1,313 338 1,651 462,294<br />
8<br />
farm products<br />
Vet service 3 712 10 722 110,440<br />
9 Craftsmen 19 268 208 476 446,082<br />
10 Hide and skin 3 81 5 86 46,940<br />
11 Residential<br />
construction<br />
house 100 2,725 458 3,183 2,972,062<br />
12 Consumers 29 967 385 1,352 850,832<br />
13 Construction 9 179 3 182 173,103<br />
14 Educational training 2 138 49 187 235,823<br />
15 Lake Awassa boat<br />
services<br />
1 22 0 22 12,522<br />
89
16 Abattoir 1 38 0 38 15,750<br />
17 Mineral 3 177 21 198 14,356<br />
18 Coffee 1 16 4 20 350,000<br />
19 Hule Geb 4 76 108 184 30,328<br />
20 Bee keeping 11 649 65 714 147,956<br />
21 Silk 1 0 23 23 1,000<br />
22 Rural electrification<br />
services<br />
2 421 30 451 4,000<br />
23 Live cattle 5 351 7 358 344,683<br />
24 Building materials<br />
1 9 3 12 22,500<br />
producers<br />
suppliers<br />
&<br />
25 Parking 1 5 6 11 3,000<br />
26 Telecommunications<br />
associations<br />
1 202 6 208 52,000<br />
27 Tea development 1 16 3 19 6,500<br />
Total 1,768 847,167 113,682 960,849 148,258,845<br />
8 The dynamics in <strong>the</strong> sector at regional level<br />
The growth and active involvement of cooperatives as an NSA typology is important<br />
dynamism that would streng<strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> NSA participation and contribution to development.<br />
Apart from <strong>the</strong>ir horizontal expansion through <strong>the</strong> inclusion of new members, vertically <strong>the</strong>y<br />
have also integrated to form unions that jointly established <strong>the</strong> SNNPR Cooperative<br />
Federation. The growth has also brought about functional dynamism through <strong>the</strong> expansion in<br />
<strong>the</strong> span of business activities that cooperatives undertake. Thus, cooperative unions are<br />
becoming <strong>the</strong> major importers of inputs specially fertilizer while <strong>the</strong>y are also <strong>the</strong> main<br />
exporters of products that members supply. As a result of functional dynamism, <strong>the</strong><br />
competitive position of <strong>the</strong> major actors has also changed in favour of <strong>the</strong> cooperatives. In<br />
addition to <strong>the</strong> dynamism in <strong>the</strong> growth of cooperatives, <strong>the</strong> NGO networking initiative is<br />
also an important manifestation of dynamics in <strong>the</strong> NSA sector.<br />
9 Networking<br />
As indicated above, networking is an important dynamism which is observed in <strong>the</strong> growth of<br />
<strong>the</strong> NSA sector in <strong>the</strong> region. The networks and forums that were formed over <strong>the</strong> last three<br />
years include HIV/AIDS, education, food security, gender, OVC and environmental<br />
networks. Even though <strong>the</strong> networks and forums formed have <strong>the</strong>ir own weaknesses, <strong>the</strong><br />
initiatives indicate that <strong>the</strong>re is a growing interest among NGOs to engage in dialogue, joint<br />
activities and collective action among <strong>the</strong>mselves.<br />
10 Dialogue and cooperation between NSA and Local Government.<br />
There is a very good and healthy working relationship between NSA and <strong>the</strong> regional<br />
government. Different NSA including NGOs, Iddirs and o<strong>the</strong>r CBO, regionally organized<br />
women and youth associations, etc have good relation with <strong>the</strong> regional government at<br />
different levels namely regional, woreda and kebele administration. At each level, NSA and<br />
government organs engage in dialogue and cooperate on operational issues.<br />
The GO – NGO forum is an example of <strong>the</strong> progress achieved in <strong>the</strong> level of dialogue and<br />
cooperation between NSA and government. Apart from <strong>the</strong> forum which created wider<br />
opportunity for dialogue and cooperation, <strong>the</strong> ratification of <strong>the</strong> NGO guideline has also<br />
contributed to <strong>the</strong> improved relations and cooperation.<br />
90
11 Engagement in Policy Dialogue.<br />
NSA engagement in dialogue with <strong>the</strong> regional government on operational issues is quite<br />
effective. The dialogue is also useful for <strong>the</strong> coordination of projects and planning<br />
development and service provision activities in order to avoid duplications. Particularly after<br />
<strong>the</strong> formation of GO – NGO forum, <strong>the</strong>re is relatively better environment for engagement in<br />
policy dialogue between NGO and <strong>the</strong> Government.<br />
A major policy dialogues is <strong>the</strong> NGO operational environment and <strong>the</strong> subsequent debates<br />
and discussions conducted on <strong>the</strong> guideline which <strong>the</strong> regional government improved as a<br />
result of such dialogues. The forum and particularly <strong>the</strong> dialogue on <strong>the</strong> regional policy<br />
towards NGO is a good indicator of <strong>the</strong> willingness of regional government to engage in such<br />
dialogue. It also shows <strong>the</strong> existence of a more enabling environment for NSA engagement in<br />
policy dialogue as compared to <strong>the</strong> situation at Federal level.<br />
12 Engagement in Political Dialogue<br />
So far, <strong>the</strong> exercise of <strong>the</strong> forum was only operational issues and <strong>the</strong> creation of an enabling<br />
environment for NGO operation. Therefore, engagement in political dialogue is not <strong>the</strong><br />
current agenda of <strong>the</strong> GO – NGO forum. Moreover, engagement in political dialogue is less<br />
likely because <strong>the</strong>re is lack of legislation, knowledge and experience among <strong>the</strong> NSA<br />
<strong>the</strong>mselves. Even if <strong>the</strong>y are offered <strong>the</strong> opportunity, NSA would be more comfortable to<br />
participate in policy dialogue and policy making process since engagement in political<br />
dialogue is not perceived as a task in which NSA do not have a role to play.<br />
13 Internal Organisation and Resources<br />
Financial Resources<br />
FBO and INGO mobilize financial resource that are adequate <strong>the</strong> development and service<br />
provision activities <strong>the</strong>y initiate. Apart from <strong>the</strong> diversity of <strong>the</strong>ir funding sources, <strong>the</strong>y are<br />
also <strong>the</strong> main sources of financial resources for <strong>the</strong> national NGOs. On <strong>the</strong> contrary, <strong>the</strong> lack<br />
of funding sources is <strong>the</strong> major constraint that often hampers <strong>the</strong> activities of <strong>the</strong> local NGOs.<br />
Human Resources and leadership<br />
In terms of human resource also, <strong>the</strong> status of International NGOs and FBOs are much better<br />
because <strong>the</strong>y have <strong>the</strong> financial resources that enable <strong>the</strong>m to retain professionals working in<br />
key positions including <strong>the</strong> core staff in <strong>the</strong> leadership.<br />
However, local NGOs often face human resource problem since <strong>the</strong>re is a high turnover<br />
because experienced employees would be taken over by organizations particularly <strong>the</strong><br />
resourceful NGOs with a better salary scale. As a result, dependence on juniors and less<br />
experienced technical staff is one of <strong>the</strong> main challenges for national NGOs operational in <strong>the</strong><br />
region.<br />
Facilities<br />
� NSA like Iddirs, Youth and Women Association, Mary Joy and WVE have <strong>the</strong>ir own<br />
offices while many o<strong>the</strong>rs are dependent on rented office facilities<br />
91
� Tila WLW/HIV, a local NGO, has built its own office which became functional with <strong>the</strong><br />
inauguration of <strong>the</strong> NGO by <strong>the</strong> FDRE President,<br />
� <strong>Regional</strong> Development Associations (SEPDA, SDA, etc) have a more privileged position<br />
to secure office than most o<strong>the</strong>rs.<br />
� Even though some NGOs have <strong>the</strong> resource capacity to construct <strong>the</strong>ir own offices (e.g.<br />
JeCCDO), Awassa town administration did not respond to <strong>the</strong>ir request for <strong>the</strong> allocation<br />
of land free of lease payment<br />
14 Capacity Building Needs<br />
1. Both <strong>the</strong> existing and <strong>the</strong> emerging need capacity building support for organizational<br />
development, to streng<strong>the</strong>n capacity and internal processes of planning, management<br />
systems and policies;<br />
2. Mechanisms that create access to donor funding need to be designed in order to build <strong>the</strong><br />
develop <strong>the</strong> logistic capacity and also to ensure <strong>the</strong> sustainability of funding for <strong>the</strong><br />
project activities of local NGOs and o<strong>the</strong>r CSO;<br />
3. The on-going dynamics in <strong>the</strong> regional NSA including <strong>the</strong> networking initiatives requires<br />
capacity building through <strong>the</strong> provision of technical and funding support to develop <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
logistics capacity while also streng<strong>the</strong>ning <strong>the</strong> technical and human resource capacity that<br />
hamper NSA and <strong>the</strong> activities of existing networks and forums.<br />
7. Tigray <strong>Regional</strong> Report<br />
1. General remarks on NSA at territorial level<br />
1.1. Background about Tigray<br />
� Tigray is <strong>the</strong> far nor<strong>the</strong>rn region of Ethiopia bordering Eritrea. The region has one of <strong>the</strong><br />
highly rugged topography and ecologically degraded natural resource bases; and hence<br />
prevalence of widespread food insecurity. For this reason, ensuring food security through<br />
integrated approaches is a major development agenda in <strong>the</strong> region.<br />
� In addition to <strong>the</strong> natural resource aspects, <strong>the</strong> region over <strong>the</strong> last couple of decades has<br />
been <strong>the</strong> centre of conflicts and battlefields. The border conflict with Eritrea is still not over,<br />
and hence peace and security are still vital issues for <strong>the</strong> regional socio-economic process.<br />
� <strong>Regional</strong> actors point that <strong>the</strong> extended war and conflicts hosted by <strong>the</strong> region has left<br />
behind huge social and services need gaps that demand for coordinated and intensified<br />
action. For example, <strong>the</strong> region is standing first in terms of percentage of women-headed<br />
households (35%), who are widowed by <strong>the</strong> war; and some of <strong>the</strong> women as well exfighters.<br />
� Administratively, Tigray is divided into 6 zones, including <strong>the</strong> Mekele special Zone. The<br />
region is amongst <strong>the</strong> first groups of regions who implemented <strong>the</strong> woreda decentralization<br />
initiative. As a result, woreda administration is relatively well organized and attempting its<br />
best to coordinate <strong>the</strong> development process.<br />
� Some sector policies making NSA participation important - e.g. government not financing<br />
primary level school construction, and<br />
92
� Historical roles, linkages, legitimacy and capacity of some of <strong>the</strong> regional NSA.<br />
1.2. NSA in TNRS as described in <strong>the</strong> previous mapping<br />
The previous exercise has underlined <strong>the</strong> following specific aspects regarding NSA in Tigray:<br />
� The political history of <strong>the</strong> region as a defining factor on <strong>the</strong> prominence and positioning of<br />
<strong>the</strong> regional Associations and organizations - that is, all (REST, TDA, Farmers, Youth and<br />
Women Associations) were formed during <strong>the</strong> struggle and have close ties with and access<br />
to <strong>the</strong> Government, both at regional and federal levels,<br />
� That <strong>the</strong> regional MBAs were able to participate in policy process and represent interests of<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir constituency (e.g. during <strong>the</strong> PRSP and <strong>the</strong> regional Family Law discussion<br />
processes),<br />
� That <strong>the</strong> regional politicians spoke strongly about <strong>the</strong> role of civil society organisations in<br />
<strong>the</strong> development of democracy and referred to a change of policy of <strong>the</strong> Government with<br />
respect to <strong>the</strong>ir roles, and,<br />
� The fact that, apart from <strong>the</strong> Red Cross, World Vision and some faith based organisations,<br />
<strong>the</strong>re were relatively fewer number of international and national NGOs when compared to<br />
Amhara or Oromia.<br />
Apart from <strong>the</strong> above, <strong>the</strong> report did not shed light on <strong>the</strong> internal dynamics as well as fields of<br />
participations of <strong>the</strong>se Associations.<br />
1.3. Major Highlights of Current Findings<br />
� Growing number of NSA forming and legalizing - diversification<br />
� Marked progress in regional networking<br />
� Framework for dialogue and cooperation with regional government fur<strong>the</strong>r enhanced<br />
� Frustration with donor conditionality and decisions,<br />
� Growing strength of major regional NGOs and Development Associations, in <strong>the</strong> face of<br />
declining visibility of international and national NGOs<br />
� Participation of NSA in local governance structures not mainstreamed as outlined in<br />
PASDEP, and<br />
� Growing resource transfer to NSA from government<br />
2. Profile and distribution of NSA at <strong>Regional</strong> Level<br />
2.1. Profile of NSA<br />
Table 1 overleaf presents <strong>the</strong> summary on <strong>the</strong> typology and size of NSAs identified. The regional<br />
NSA profile, to a large extent remains as it was in 2004: strong regional NGO (REST) and<br />
regional development association (TDA having about 175,000 members globally); and visible<br />
and active regional membership-based associations of farmers (256,000 members), women<br />
(515,230 members), and youth (~325,000 members). During <strong>the</strong> period, some of <strong>the</strong>se NSA have<br />
enhanced <strong>the</strong>ir capacity as well as programme coverage.<br />
Despite <strong>the</strong> above, some o<strong>the</strong>r developments are also observed. The survey has learned a total of<br />
224 NSA have been registered by <strong>the</strong> regional justice bureau between 2004 and March 2008.<br />
These are important additions to <strong>the</strong> regional NSA profile. The previous mapping exercise has<br />
93
noted <strong>the</strong> presence of cooperatives in <strong>the</strong> region, without specifying <strong>the</strong> size and distribution. This<br />
time it is learnt 2,279 formal cooperatives having 637,348 (44% women) members are in<br />
existence. In addition, <strong>the</strong>re are 22 unions of multipurpose cooperatives across <strong>the</strong> region. The<br />
Mekele Chamber of Commerce and Sector Associations, with about 1300 full-members is<br />
ano<strong>the</strong>r NSA that has come to prominence in <strong>the</strong> landscape.<br />
The Tigray Disabled Veterans Association (TDVA) is ano<strong>the</strong>r NSA firmly establishing its place<br />
in <strong>the</strong> regional NSA landscape. Because of <strong>the</strong> successive struggles and wars, <strong>the</strong> region has a<br />
disproportionately high number of disabled adults, and this association is engaged in promoting<br />
interests of <strong>the</strong> close to 100,000 members. The mapping has also verified <strong>the</strong> presence of o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
disability associations (like Tigray branch of Ethiopian National Association of <strong>the</strong> Blind), but<br />
<strong>the</strong>se categories are nei<strong>the</strong>r active nor linked to <strong>the</strong> TDVA.<br />
Regarding international and national NGOs <strong>the</strong> status and pattern identified during <strong>the</strong> previous<br />
mapping is still apparent: <strong>the</strong>ir numbers are few, and operational presence undeveloped (on-andof<br />
type) focusing on humanitarian relief for IDPs and drought victims (<strong>the</strong> MSFs', NACID and<br />
Rado). O<strong>the</strong>rs provided discrete donations or supports (e.g. Menschen fur Menschen), and are<br />
maintained in <strong>the</strong> regional registry.<br />
94
Table 1. TNRS NSA Typologies and size<br />
NSA Typologies and size Examples<br />
24. NGOs = 66<br />
International NGOs = 14 AAE, DKT-Eth, Helvetas, IPAS, MSIE,<br />
MdM, MSF, Panos & MfM<br />
National NGOs = 9 NACID, OSSA, Rado, ERCS<br />
<strong>Regional</strong> NGOs = 43(5+38) 2 REST, Elshaday, Human Beings Association<br />
of Bro<strong>the</strong>rhood,<br />
25. <strong>Regional</strong> Development Associations = 1 Tigray Development Association<br />
26. FBOs (national and international) = 8 EOC/DICAC & CYFAD, EECMY,<br />
ECS/ADCS, WVE, SIM<br />
27. Reg. Apex/Networking Organisations = 2 ACSOT, Mekele Children Forum<br />
28. Advocacy and Human rights Organizations<br />
29. Economic and business interest groups<br />
Cooperatives = 1,406 (Rural only) (Refer Table 3)<br />
Chamber of Commerce and Sector Asso. = 1 Mekele Chamber of Comm. & Sector Asso.<br />
30. Trade and labour unions<br />
31. Professional Associations = 8 Tigray <strong>Regional</strong> Teachers Association<br />
Age, gender, health-status and o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
32.<br />
occupation related Associations<br />
<strong>Regional</strong> Youth Association = 1 Tigray Youth Association<br />
Reg. Associations of/for Women = 7 Tigray Women Asso., Mums for Mums<br />
Reg. Elderly and Disability Asso. = 10 TVDA, ENAB Tigray Branch<br />
Reg. Asso. of PLWHA = 1 SYGA<br />
Reg. Farmers Association = 1 Tigray Farmers Association<br />
33. Free Press;<br />
34. Community based organisations - 152 Iddirs<br />
and o<strong>the</strong>r self-help groups<br />
2.2. Distribution of NSA in TNRS<br />
� Most of <strong>the</strong> CBOs registered by <strong>the</strong> regional Justice Bureau are from <strong>the</strong> various urban<br />
centres of <strong>the</strong> region. Expectedly, those from Mekele are numerous.<br />
� According to <strong>the</strong> data from <strong>the</strong> Cooperatives Promotion Agency, <strong>the</strong>re are a total of 1,406<br />
rural cooperatives in <strong>the</strong> region; thus <strong>the</strong>y are omnipresent in <strong>the</strong> region.<br />
� The regional membership-based associations (that is Women, Youth and TDA) by default<br />
have members in all kebeles of <strong>the</strong> region. Moreover, particularly TDA has groupings of its<br />
supporters within Ethiopia as well as abroad, which are primarily engaged in resource<br />
mobilization.<br />
� As per <strong>the</strong> 2003 law, in all major zonal towns Chambers of Commerce's and Sectoral<br />
Associations are established. Amongst <strong>the</strong>se, it is <strong>the</strong> Mekele Chamber which is <strong>the</strong> strongest<br />
and operational.<br />
� Distribution of <strong>the</strong> 66 ongoing NSA projects 3 is shown on Table 2, overleaf. In terms of<br />
number of NSA Mekele stands first, primarily due to <strong>the</strong> presence of <strong>the</strong> social service<br />
organizations, like OSSA, MSIE, ECC/Daughters of Charity, SIM and Elshaday. In <strong>the</strong><br />
Central zone only REST, EECMY and ECC/ADCS have project agreements for<br />
2 The 40 are regional NGOs were without operational agreements with <strong>the</strong> <strong>Regional</strong> DPP<br />
3 These are projects with agreements known by <strong>the</strong> regional DPP desk, and include projects of national,<br />
international and regional NGOs, FBOs and development associations.<br />
95
implementation. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, <strong>the</strong> data from <strong>the</strong> DPP shows that most of <strong>the</strong> indicated<br />
ongoing NSA projects are targeted to <strong>the</strong> rural areas and <strong>the</strong> population <strong>the</strong>rein. For example<br />
all <strong>the</strong> 12 ongoing projects of REST are being implemented in rural woredas.<br />
� In summary, depending on <strong>the</strong> nature of typologies, NSA are widespread in <strong>the</strong> different<br />
administrative structures and settlement patterns of Tigray.<br />
Table 2. Zonal Distribution of ongoing NSA projects<br />
Zones<br />
No of Projects No of<br />
NGOs<br />
Mekele 16 15<br />
Sou<strong>the</strong>rn 13 10<br />
Eastern 10 5<br />
Central 8 3<br />
Western 7 6<br />
<strong>Regional</strong> and multi-zone<br />
projects<br />
12<br />
66<br />
10<br />
Source: based on Data from DPP Desk<br />
3. Activities and Sectoral Contributions<br />
3.1. General Overview<br />
� The participation and contribution of NSA is desired and facilitated by <strong>the</strong> regional<br />
government - delegation for implementation; urban land/plots; equipment, and special advisor<br />
to President in place,<br />
� Reach/coverage and outputs of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Regional</strong> NGO (REST) and development association<br />
(TDA) are conspicuous,<br />
� The regional NGOs are <strong>the</strong> lead actors in promoting and responding to socio-economic and<br />
development needs of such groups as OVC, persons with disabilities (war veterans), <strong>the</strong><br />
PLWHA and destitute women, and<br />
� Apart from <strong>the</strong> more formal third-party serving NSA (particularly those clustered as NGOs<br />
and FBOs), o<strong>the</strong>r typologies of NSA usually do not enter project implementation agreements<br />
with regional governmental regulatory departments (sector bureaus). Instead, initiatives are<br />
implemented ei<strong>the</strong>r with (informal) endorsement or with (formal) approval of local<br />
government officials. As a result, documentation at regional level on participation as well as<br />
quantitative contributions is not available. Despite this, <strong>the</strong> survey is convinced that such<br />
NSA, too, are making important contributions to <strong>the</strong> regional development process. For<br />
example, members of <strong>the</strong> Youth and Women Associations (in hundred-thousands) participate<br />
in tree planting and o<strong>the</strong>r environmental rehabilitation works on annual basis, and this should<br />
be counted as a noteworthy contribution, and<br />
� Tigray has close to 1,500 rural cooperatives that have a total membership-base of about<br />
400,000 people. These cooperatives promote <strong>the</strong> economic participation and benefits of <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
constituency in different fields. Refer Table 3, overleaf for <strong>the</strong> details.<br />
96
Table 3: Basic Cooperatives in Tigray (up to 1997 Ethiopian fiscal year)<br />
S/N Type of Basic No. of Basic Membership Size<br />
Capital<br />
Cooperatives<br />
Coops. Male Female Total In Birr<br />
1 Multipurpose 568 238,131 77,806 315,937 32,243,612<br />
2 Irrigation development 174 2,001 2,776 11,777 722,234<br />
3 Animal rearing 21 752 32 784 372,350<br />
4 Fishery 3 16 - 16 500,000<br />
5 Handicrafts 35 79 11 90 28,182<br />
6 Loading and unloading 2 10 - 10 36,454<br />
7 Saving & credit 110 5,153 2,331 7,484 10,560,882<br />
8 Dairy farm 42 - - 513 0*<br />
9 Residence house 98 - - 547 1,665,150<br />
10 Construction 244 2,237 101 2,338 745,538<br />
11 Beekeeping 29 194 5 199 47,985<br />
12 Mineral 28 355 2 357 36,021<br />
13 Poultry 14 106 4 110 35,775<br />
14 Consumers 22 - - 144 1,127,140<br />
15 Electrification 3 153 85 238 5,950<br />
16 Cattle fattening 13 272 48 320 158,850<br />
Total 1,406 249,459 83,201 340,864 48,286,123<br />
3.2. Summary of Values of Ongoing NGO Projects<br />
Table 4 below illustrates <strong>the</strong> financial value of 53 of <strong>the</strong> 66 ongoing projects 4 of NSA extracted<br />
from <strong>the</strong> regional DPP data-base. The indicated amount is a pledge and is not inclusive of project<br />
values of, among o<strong>the</strong>rs: TDA 5 , DKT Ethiopia, ACDI/VOCA, <strong>the</strong> MSFs and OSSA. Leaving<br />
aside value of <strong>the</strong>se projects as correction factor, as a best estimate, it is concluded that <strong>the</strong> NGOs<br />
and FBOs operating in Tigray have injected about half-billion Birr to <strong>the</strong> regional socio-economic<br />
development process during <strong>the</strong> four-year period (2004 to 2008). In o<strong>the</strong>r words, on average<br />
about 125 million birr per annum was mobilized from donors and used for operation in Tigray.<br />
Table 4: Value of ongoing projects by typologies of NSA<br />
Typology<br />
Value of ongoing<br />
projects % of all<br />
No of<br />
Projects<br />
<strong>Regional</strong> NGOs 279,440,570 56.8 18<br />
REST, Elshaday, TDVA, Human<br />
Beings Asso of Bro<strong>the</strong>rhood, Mums<br />
for Mums<br />
Faith-Based<br />
EOC-DICAC & CYFAD, EECMY,<br />
Organizations 115,414,002 23 22 ECS/ADCS, WVE, SIM<br />
International<br />
AAE, DKT-Eth, Helvetas, IPAS,<br />
NGOs 89,188,385 18 15 MSIE, MdM, MSF, Panos & MfM<br />
National NGOs 8,026,875 2 10 NACID, OSSA, Rado, ERCS<br />
<strong>Regional</strong> Devt.<br />
TDA<br />
Asso. 1<br />
492,069,831 66<br />
4<br />
Implementation of most projects started in 2004, and except for few, end around 2008<br />
5<br />
In <strong>the</strong> DPPA data-base <strong>the</strong> value of <strong>the</strong> TDA project (Education, Mekele Institute of Technology) is<br />
indicated to be 44,556,000 Birr<br />
97
Regarding typologies, <strong>the</strong> findings showed that regional NGOs are <strong>the</strong> most important NSA in<br />
terms of amount of resource mobilized (57%). More specifically, REST alone has 12 ongoing<br />
projects <strong>the</strong> total value of which is about 95% of <strong>the</strong> indicated regional NGO projects. The<br />
resource inputs of <strong>the</strong> national and international secular NGOs is dwarfed by <strong>the</strong> amount<br />
mobilized and used by REST to implement <strong>the</strong> capital intensive and extensive rural food security<br />
projects.<br />
3.3. Zonal Distribution of Ongoing Projects<br />
As shown below (Table 5), a good amount of <strong>the</strong> financial contributions from NSA went to <strong>the</strong><br />
Central Tigray Zone. It is interesting to note that <strong>the</strong> zone where many NGOs are operational<br />
(Mekele) is <strong>the</strong> least in <strong>the</strong> financial value of projects. This illustrates as how <strong>the</strong> urban-based<br />
social projects are small-scale in nature compared to <strong>the</strong> rural projects.<br />
Table 5: NSA project finance by zones<br />
No of No of<br />
Zones<br />
Projects NGOs Value of <strong>the</strong> Projects, Birr<br />
Central 8 3 161,029,651<br />
Sou<strong>the</strong>rn 13 10 57,442,136<br />
Western 7 6 57,250,313<br />
Eastern 10 5 55,859,482<br />
Mekele 16 15 30,589,197<br />
<strong>Regional</strong> and multi-zone<br />
projects<br />
12 10 129,899,053<br />
66 492,069,831<br />
3.4. Sectoral Participation<br />
The disaggregated profile of ongoing NGO projects with respect to core sectoral focuses is<br />
illustrated on Table 6, below. Integrated food security programmes, often comprising agricultural<br />
development supports, infrastructures (access roads, irrigation), environmental rehabilitation,<br />
WATSAN, HIV/AIDS, basic education, entrepreneurship, and institutional streng<strong>the</strong>ning, are <strong>the</strong><br />
most important participation areas of <strong>the</strong> NGOs, both in number of projects and total resource<br />
allocated. REST, WVE, AAE, EEC/ADCS, EOC/DICA and EECMY are <strong>the</strong> lead organizations<br />
involved in this area.<br />
Child development, particularly care and support for OVC, in institutionalized as well as noninstitutionalized<br />
arrangements is <strong>the</strong> second important participation area of NSA in Tigray. In<br />
this area, on top of <strong>the</strong> long-established child-support centres of <strong>the</strong> FBOs (EOC/CFAD and<br />
ECC/ADCS) <strong>the</strong> innovative and community-based projects of <strong>the</strong> newly established regional<br />
NGO Human beings Association of Bro<strong>the</strong>rhood (HAB) is fast expanding coverage of NSA<br />
involvement in OVC support.<br />
The level of resource allocation for <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r sectoral and cross-cutting areas appears to be small<br />
for two major reasons. In <strong>the</strong> first place, most of <strong>the</strong>se activities are promoted as component<br />
elements of <strong>the</strong> integrated rural food security projects and programmes. Secondly, some of <strong>the</strong><br />
sectoral projects are implemented by <strong>the</strong> regional NSA without entering formal project<br />
agreements at regional levels. Hence, resource allocated is not included in <strong>the</strong> survey. For<br />
example, CBOs like Iddirs, Anti-AIDS and SRH Clubs, and <strong>the</strong> MBAs are involved in: child<br />
98
development; HIV/AIDS; environmental protection; and in promoting rights of <strong>the</strong>ir respective<br />
members.<br />
Table 6: Core focuses of ongoing projects<br />
Budget for<br />
ongoing % of total<br />
No of projects, budget Examples of NGOs<br />
Programme Focus Projects Birr allocated engaged<br />
(Integrated) rural<br />
REST, WVE, AAE,<br />
development and Food<br />
EECMY, ECC/ADCS,<br />
Security 24 340,634,034 69.2<br />
Child Development 8 56,304,142<br />
HAB, EOC/CFAD,<br />
11.4 ECC/SDCO<br />
Health 13 43,411,149<br />
MFM, IPAS, ECC/DOC,<br />
8.8 REST<br />
Agriculture 3 16,402,683 3.3 Helevtas, REST & VOCA<br />
HIV/AIDS 5 14,054,320 2.9 OSSA, MSIE, DKT, MSFs<br />
Education 4 9,089,370 1.8 TDA, SC/US, Wofla<br />
Women empowerment and<br />
Panos Ethiopia & Mums for<br />
gender focused 2 8,418,413 1.7 Mums<br />
Water Supply & Sanitation 2 2,091,426 0.4 EOC/DICAC, EID<br />
Youth 1 1,316,404 0.3 SIM<br />
Support for PWDs &<br />
TDVA, RADO, ADCS &<br />
elderly 4 347,890 0.1 GG<br />
Total 66 492,069,831<br />
3.5. Qualitative Information on NSA Contributions<br />
� In responding to and linking <strong>the</strong> short and longer-term needs of communities - <strong>the</strong> lead<br />
organization in this regard is REST. It is learned that, in <strong>the</strong> past, about 70% of <strong>the</strong><br />
humanitarian relief work was used to be handled by REST 6 . Then since 2005, with financial<br />
support from USAID, REST is implementing <strong>the</strong> PSNP in 6 Woredas (reaches about 400,000<br />
people with 600,000Q of grain /Annum). Because of <strong>the</strong> complementary and additional<br />
supports, <strong>the</strong> REST PSNP performance is already judged as 'impact oriented', and <strong>the</strong> agency<br />
is hosting visitors coming from o<strong>the</strong>r regions to learn from <strong>the</strong> experiences.<br />
When it comes to participation in development, REST claims <strong>the</strong> credit for innovating and<br />
demonstrating effectiveness of watershed based agricultural development approaches, water<br />
harvesting possibilities, <strong>the</strong> appropriateness of treadle-pumps for water lifting and dripirrigation<br />
by small scale farmers. Most of <strong>the</strong>se initiatives are already integrated into <strong>the</strong><br />
national agricultural extension system and implemented, but with varying levels of success.<br />
In terms of project coverage, REST has operational presence or some project activity in 25 of<br />
<strong>the</strong> 35 woredas of <strong>the</strong> region. In 12 woredas it has ongoing integrated watershed based<br />
agricultural development programmes, and in all <strong>the</strong> 25 <strong>the</strong>re are water and health<br />
infrastructure development projects. With 730 full-time staff (100 first-degree and above),<br />
REST is said to have stronger overall capacity than some of <strong>the</strong> sector Bureaus.<br />
6 From <strong>the</strong> discussion with Ato Yemane Solomon, Programme Coordinator, REST<br />
99
Despite <strong>the</strong> levels of participations/contributions and <strong>the</strong> capacity, <strong>the</strong> leaders of REST<br />
express <strong>the</strong> available fund from donors is not commensurate with its implementation<br />
potentials. That is, full-potential is not exploited. To address this gap, it has started exploring<br />
possibilities of domestic resource mobilization. Moreover, it is learned that REST also faces<br />
some challenges from <strong>the</strong> regional sector bureaus in <strong>the</strong> form of resistance/reluctance to<br />
support and recognize some of <strong>the</strong> innovations (e.g. water harvesting). It is encouraging that<br />
REST is aware of <strong>the</strong> importance and actually facilitating <strong>the</strong> regional NSA emergence and<br />
networking process. This will be explained under section 5.<br />
� Lobbying on behalf of constituency - <strong>the</strong> survey learned that leaders of regional<br />
membership based associations are both strategically linked and involved in promoting<br />
interest of <strong>the</strong>ir constituent members. Linkage to decision makers (executive and legislative<br />
levels) is facilitated by <strong>the</strong> shared identity from <strong>the</strong> struggle period: for example: women who<br />
are members of <strong>the</strong> regional council are as well senior members of <strong>the</strong> regional Women<br />
Association. Likewise, leaders of <strong>the</strong> Women Association are ex-fighters who yield equal<br />
accolade and ownership of <strong>the</strong> political achievements. Hence, <strong>the</strong> linkage between <strong>the</strong> two<br />
remains live.<br />
The previous mapping has noted <strong>the</strong> advocacy engagement of MBAs with respect to <strong>the</strong><br />
Family Law and <strong>the</strong> PRSP process. From <strong>the</strong> discussion with <strong>the</strong> leaders, during <strong>the</strong> last four<br />
years <strong>the</strong> Associations were involved in <strong>the</strong> following key areas:<br />
o The Women Association in collaboration with <strong>the</strong> Women Caucus of <strong>the</strong> regional<br />
council challenged <strong>the</strong> gender imbalance in appointments of bureau heads, and this<br />
resulted in appointment of more women in key positions (as deputy bureau heads),<br />
o The Women Association submitted a petition challenging provisions in <strong>the</strong> draft<br />
regional Family Law, which was accepted and incorporated in <strong>the</strong> final law endorsed<br />
in 2007. Moreover, <strong>the</strong> Association has also challenged and managed to introduce<br />
revisions in <strong>the</strong> administrative guideline for public works (food for work) which<br />
happened to be discriminatory against women.<br />
o In relation to land administration, <strong>the</strong> Youth Association is said to have lobbied <strong>the</strong><br />
regional council so that rural youth have <strong>the</strong> right to access and make use of plots<br />
from public land (hilly area, waste-lands and forest foot-slopes) to sustain <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
livelihoods.<br />
o The Tigray Disabled Veteran's Association has persuaded <strong>the</strong> Mekele Municipality to<br />
specifically reserve and allocate certain number of housing-plots for its members as<br />
part of <strong>the</strong> annual lot allocation plan. With this arrangement in <strong>the</strong> current year (E.C)<br />
100 plots are allocated and so far 7,400 members are said to have built <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
residences. In addition to <strong>the</strong> land access, TDVA is also involved in lobbying for<br />
mainstreaming special needs of members in public infrastructures (example <strong>the</strong> rump<br />
in Mekele University).<br />
On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, leaders of <strong>the</strong> MBAs are members of vital regional decision making<br />
committees, and this raises <strong>the</strong> appropriateness of <strong>the</strong> positioning or role and also <strong>the</strong> strategy<br />
as to how <strong>the</strong> lobbying was done. For example, <strong>the</strong> MBAs of Farmers, Women and <strong>the</strong> Youth<br />
are members of councils for <strong>the</strong> administration of judges and lawyers, and that of land<br />
administration at different levels. Then, it can be said that <strong>the</strong> lobbying is done within <strong>the</strong><br />
committees, and <strong>the</strong> MBAs are equally responsible for <strong>the</strong> decisions and indecisions. It would<br />
be an important intervention if <strong>the</strong>se organizations are assisted to have a more articulated,<br />
proactive and process oriented advocacy programmes for <strong>the</strong> future.<br />
100
� Supporting basic education - The Tigray Development Association (TDA) is <strong>the</strong> lead<br />
organization in terms of <strong>the</strong> magnitude of support for basic education. This is not to<br />
undermine <strong>the</strong> innovative ACCESS programme promoted by AAE in parts of <strong>the</strong> region.<br />
Though not listed in <strong>the</strong> DPP data base, <strong>the</strong> leadership of TDA claim to have constructed<br />
and/or upgraded over 100 primary schools during <strong>the</strong> last 15 years 7 . The continued<br />
participation of TDA is necessitated by <strong>the</strong> poor infrastructural standards of most of <strong>the</strong><br />
primary schools in <strong>the</strong> region and <strong>the</strong> inadequacy of local government and community<br />
resources for upgrading. About one-third 8 of <strong>the</strong> existing primary schools still need major<br />
upgrading and TDA remains dedicated to support <strong>the</strong> endeavour. In this regard, mobilizing<br />
<strong>the</strong> Diaspora is one of <strong>the</strong> effective strategies being promoted by TDA. During <strong>the</strong> time of <strong>the</strong><br />
field visit TDA was coordinating construction of 20 primary schools financed by Diaspora<br />
groups.<br />
TDA is also involved in implementing <strong>the</strong> USAID supported Basic Education Strategic<br />
Objective (BESO) programme, focusing on community-government partnership in basic<br />
education services delivery, and on quality and equity of services. Through <strong>the</strong> programme,<br />
TDA has reached about 400 schools and with a shortly anticipated new-phase of support from<br />
USAID it will be implementing a PTA capacity building initiative in 150 non-BESO schools.<br />
When it comes to fulfilling interests of members and supporters, TDA admits that <strong>the</strong>re is a<br />
mismatch between expectations of some members and priorities of <strong>the</strong> Association. These<br />
members want TDA to accomplish some-thing in <strong>the</strong>ir places of origin or residence (What<br />
have you done to my town? my school? my village?, etc.). On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, TDA primarily<br />
works in <strong>the</strong> less-served parts of Tigray (equity). This situation seems to have fuelled <strong>the</strong><br />
formation of many localized development associations in <strong>the</strong> region. As if to align with <strong>the</strong><br />
trend, TDA has repositioned its role as a facilitator to initiatives of both <strong>the</strong> Diaspora and <strong>the</strong><br />
localized NSA groupings in <strong>the</strong> region. For many reasons, this repositioning process should<br />
be encouraged and supported.<br />
4. The dynamics in <strong>the</strong> sector at regional level<br />
The consistent increase in number of regional organizations forming in successive years (Chart 1<br />
below) and regional networking are <strong>the</strong> two major dynamics observed. Increase in regional<br />
organizations is boosted by <strong>the</strong> registration of Iddirs and <strong>the</strong>ir unions (refer Chart 2, overleaf).<br />
Out of <strong>the</strong> total 224 organizations registered since 2004, 125 are Iddirs and <strong>the</strong>ir unions. On <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r hand, 47 organizations are RNGOs established for participation in development and social<br />
services for <strong>the</strong> poor (charitable objectives). The motivation comes from possibilities of resource<br />
mobilization (from within and without) and <strong>the</strong> desires of participation in local level socioeconomic<br />
processes (e.g. support for OVC, <strong>the</strong> sick and elderly).<br />
7<br />
Discussion with Ato Woldai Kidanu, Executive Director & Ato Asmelash Asrat, Head of Projects Dept.<br />
8<br />
500 out of <strong>the</strong> 1600<br />
101
No. of NSA<br />
400<br />
350<br />
300<br />
250<br />
200<br />
150<br />
100<br />
50<br />
Chart 1: Growth in <strong>Regional</strong>ly Registered NSA in Tigray<br />
0<br />
02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 07/08<br />
Years<br />
No. of RNSA Registered Cumulative No. of NSA formed<br />
Moreover, it appears that both decentralization and supportive roles of <strong>the</strong> Diaspora are important<br />
factors for <strong>the</strong> growth in regional NSA forming. The regional networking process is explained<br />
under section 5 below. Regarding decentralization, it is said that block grant allocated to local<br />
administrations is often inadequate to finance service development and upgrading, and hence<br />
communities have to act. Such endeavours of communities are supported by <strong>the</strong> Diaspora groups<br />
who want to see some local development process in motion. The dynamics in this regard should<br />
be fur<strong>the</strong>r monitored and facilitated.<br />
Regarding involvement of politicians in <strong>the</strong> governance of major regional NSA, <strong>the</strong> survey has<br />
noted a marked shift in <strong>the</strong> make-up of <strong>the</strong> TDA governing board. For example, <strong>the</strong> chairperson<br />
of <strong>the</strong> board is nei<strong>the</strong>r a politician nor a civil servant, but ra<strong>the</strong>r a respected civil society leader in<br />
<strong>the</strong> national NSA landscape. If such transition is deliberately pursued, it would constitute an<br />
important development for <strong>the</strong> regional NSA transformation process.<br />
Chart 2. Typology of NSA registered by <strong>the</strong> Justice Bureau (2004 - 2007)<br />
Prof Asso Youth<br />
Disability<br />
4%<br />
4% 2%<br />
RNGOs<br />
21%<br />
Anti AIDS<br />
4%<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r Self-Help<br />
6%<br />
Iddirs<br />
56%<br />
Iddirs O<strong>the</strong>r Self-Help Anti AIDS RNGOs Disability Women Prof Asso Youth<br />
One of <strong>the</strong> impressive phenomenon's in <strong>the</strong> regional NSA dynamics relates to <strong>the</strong> growth in <strong>the</strong><br />
number of cooperatives, in both rural and urban areas. Table 6, below illustrates <strong>the</strong> make-up of<br />
cooperatives in Tigray.<br />
5. Networking<br />
102
� A regional network that brings toge<strong>the</strong>r a fairly diverse typologies of NSA has been<br />
established and legalized (at regional level) in <strong>the</strong> last quarter of 2007, and is currently<br />
operational. The lead initiative of forming <strong>the</strong> network (Association of Civil Society<br />
Organizations in Tigray- ACSOT) was taken by REST, TWA and major FBOs in <strong>the</strong><br />
region (EOC, ECC, EECMY and ISCT). In addition to <strong>the</strong> above, a mix of NSA comprising:<br />
MBAs, PAs, Association of PLWHA, PWDs and Elders, Unions of Iddirs, and regional<br />
NGOs are affiliated as founding members 9 .<br />
� Before embarking upon founding <strong>the</strong> network, <strong>the</strong> initiators commissioned a survey (using<br />
appreciative enquiry technique) on <strong>the</strong> overall aspects of civil society in Tigray. Through <strong>the</strong><br />
survey process, a collective appreciation on shared-identity and <strong>the</strong> importance of<br />
contributions being made emerged, and this in turn led to <strong>the</strong> idea of forming a network.<br />
� The Network has two major objectives: facilitating interactions/dialogue between CSOs and<br />
<strong>the</strong> regional government, and streng<strong>the</strong>ning efforts of members. On <strong>the</strong> part of <strong>the</strong><br />
government, a dedicated senior advisor to <strong>the</strong> regional president on popular and civil society<br />
participation is already in place, and has been closely working with ACSOT. Regarding <strong>the</strong><br />
capacity streng<strong>the</strong>ning role, it has organized some forums for sharing information and<br />
learning.<br />
� For <strong>the</strong> stronger regional NSA, like REST and TDA, ACSOT is seen as a means for<br />
broadening <strong>the</strong> base and make-up of <strong>the</strong> regional NSA landscape. According to <strong>the</strong> leadership<br />
of REST, emergence of o<strong>the</strong>r strong organizations taking charge of local actions is needed so<br />
that <strong>the</strong> direct participation demands on REST are reduced.<br />
.. with <strong>the</strong> support to <strong>the</strong> ACSOT formation process, REST is communicating to o<strong>the</strong>rs that it<br />
doesn't want to remain <strong>the</strong> only dominant and 'big' NSA in <strong>the</strong> region. We also want to<br />
delegate some of <strong>the</strong> tasks to o<strong>the</strong>rs, and this is best facilitated if we have strong regional<br />
network. Ato Yemane Solomon, REST<br />
� In addition to ACSOT, <strong>the</strong>re are o<strong>the</strong>r networking initiatives of NSA in <strong>the</strong> region. The<br />
PANE regional chapter for Tigray is one such example. With REST and TYA as lead<br />
promoters, <strong>the</strong> Chapter is engaged in coordination of group initiatives revolving around<br />
PASDEP and MDG introduction and monitoring. The Mekele Child Centred Forum is a<br />
registered regional network promoted by <strong>the</strong> Labour and Social Affairs Bureau. It has 10<br />
member NSAs, and during <strong>the</strong> field survey <strong>the</strong> forum was observed to be inactive due to<br />
transfer of <strong>the</strong> lead facilitator.<br />
� It is learned that CRDA has also a plan of establishing a regional Liaison Office in Tigray.<br />
From experiences in o<strong>the</strong>r regions, facilitating interactions between members, on one hand,<br />
and between members and <strong>the</strong> regional government is <strong>the</strong> major functions of <strong>the</strong> Liaison<br />
Offices. Then, it is important that <strong>the</strong> Liaison Office is established to build-on and contribute<br />
to <strong>the</strong> effectiveness of <strong>the</strong> regional process of networking and interactions amongst NSA and<br />
with o<strong>the</strong>r major actors.<br />
6. Dialogue and Cooperation between NSA and Government<br />
The following are indicators of <strong>the</strong> levels and nature of dialogue and cooperation between NSA<br />
and <strong>the</strong> regional government:<br />
� <strong>the</strong> simplification of registration of regional NDA through <strong>the</strong> Notary office of <strong>the</strong> Justice<br />
Bureau,<br />
9 27 NSA are founding members of <strong>the</strong> ACSOT<br />
103
� <strong>the</strong> creation of staff position in <strong>the</strong> office of <strong>the</strong> regional president for facilitating<br />
interactions and dialogue with civil society,<br />
� <strong>the</strong> willingness in inviting NSA to observe council and sectoral meetings, and<br />
� <strong>the</strong> displayed performance in allocating available resources to support NSA operation and<br />
participation.<br />
The resource allocation and sharing experience is a best practice worth sharing. All of <strong>the</strong> major<br />
regional NGOs and MBAs have <strong>the</strong>ir own office complexes constructed on land allocated by <strong>the</strong><br />
regional city administration. Even <strong>the</strong> emerging RNGOs like Mums for Mums (MfM) and HAB<br />
are able to acquire and develop urban-plots for expanding service delivery to <strong>the</strong>ir target groups.<br />
Efforts of <strong>the</strong> above two RNGOs us also boosted by <strong>the</strong> financial and material supports from <strong>the</strong><br />
regional government. The only old vehicle of MfM, which is used for <strong>the</strong> outreach to <strong>the</strong> target<br />
towns, is a donation from <strong>the</strong> population Bureau. Likewise, HAB gets occasional financial<br />
support from <strong>the</strong> BOLSA, which delegated it to implement <strong>the</strong> OVC programme supported by<br />
UNICEF.<br />
According to <strong>the</strong> CSO advisor, <strong>the</strong> regional government is interested to delegate more social<br />
service oriented activities to NSA. The conviction is that: one has to be delegated to play <strong>the</strong> role<br />
where it has comparative advantage in terms of effectiveness. To this effect <strong>the</strong> ongoing<br />
networking endeavour is expected to facilitate such negotiations in role allocation, and fur<strong>the</strong>r<br />
streng<strong>the</strong>n and formalize resource allocation and sharing.<br />
Some of <strong>the</strong> NSA leaders consulted pointed that <strong>the</strong>re is a relative lull in <strong>the</strong> consultation between<br />
regional regulatory bureaus and NGOs implementing sectoral programmes at local levels. The<br />
scaling-down of DPP profile, from a self-standing bureau to that of a section within a bureau<br />
(Agriculture), is partly blamed. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, <strong>the</strong> woreda decentralization is said to have<br />
contributed to enhanced interaction and dialogue between <strong>the</strong> NGOs and local administration,<br />
thus shadowing <strong>the</strong> dialogue with regional Bureaus. Implications of this trend are fur<strong>the</strong>r<br />
discussed in <strong>the</strong> next section.<br />
7. Engagement in Policy Dialogue<br />
Information collected from <strong>the</strong> different regional actors shows that <strong>the</strong>re is no doubt on <strong>the</strong><br />
importance of roles and contributions of NSA. According to <strong>the</strong> deputy head of <strong>the</strong> BOFED 10 , <strong>the</strong><br />
government is working on a strategy how best to involve NSA in <strong>the</strong> regional development<br />
coordination processes. The view expressed by <strong>the</strong> civil society advisor of <strong>the</strong> regional president<br />
(insert below) is also consistent with <strong>the</strong> above direction of <strong>the</strong> regional government.<br />
No doubt that <strong>the</strong>y are participating and contributing to <strong>the</strong> development process. Hence, we<br />
should provide <strong>the</strong>m with <strong>the</strong> opportunity to speak/reflect to us on <strong>the</strong>ir experiences'.<br />
Ato Zemichael G/Medhin, Advisor to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Regional</strong><br />
President<br />
Much is expected from <strong>the</strong> regional CSO network (ACSOT) in this regard. However, as it stands<br />
now <strong>the</strong> policy dialogue engagement of NSA at regional level is undeveloped. Sector-based<br />
consultation frameworks between NSA and bureaus are rare. For example, <strong>the</strong> Potable Water<br />
Development division 11 of <strong>the</strong> Water, Mine and Energy Resources Development bureau has<br />
acknowledged <strong>the</strong> weak coordination and integration with NSA efforts. Even where organized,<br />
NSA participation is not coordinated (and ra<strong>the</strong>r is in individual capacity).<br />
10 Ato Yemane Yosph<br />
11 From <strong>the</strong> discussion with Ato Kiros Negash<br />
104
At woreda level NSA have relatively better opportunity to participate in planning processes.<br />
However, from <strong>the</strong> discussion with NSA reached by <strong>the</strong> survey few have managed to promote<br />
alternative courses of decisions or actions emanating from <strong>the</strong>ir operational experiences. Various<br />
factors, including capacity and authority, do affect this situation, and should be strategically<br />
tackled after a more in depth investigation of contexts.<br />
8. Engagement in Political Dialogue<br />
As indicated under section 3.5, only <strong>the</strong> MBAs are best-placed and involved in some political<br />
dialogue with respect to interests of <strong>the</strong>ir constituency. More capacity streng<strong>the</strong>ning support is<br />
needed to facilitate <strong>the</strong> evolvement of <strong>the</strong> political dialogue to address strategic issues in a<br />
proactive manner.<br />
9. Internal Organisation and Resources<br />
It can be said that <strong>the</strong> internal organization and resource base of NSA in Tigray, compared to<br />
those in similar contexts, is not that minuscule. The established RNGOs, FBOs and <strong>the</strong> RDA<br />
have <strong>the</strong> linkages to <strong>the</strong> national donor institutions, and are able to secure multi-year funding for<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir projects (USAID, EU, CRDA, AAE, GHF, etc.). Projects of <strong>the</strong> emerging RNGOs and<br />
CBOs are supported by NGO-donors, regional HAPCO, and to some extent complemented by<br />
material and financial supports from <strong>the</strong> regional government. When it comes to <strong>the</strong> MBAs,<br />
annual subscriptions from <strong>the</strong> 'large' membership pool (refer Table 7, below) are used to off-set<br />
administrative expenses. In addition, members (<strong>the</strong> Youth, Farmers and Women Associations)<br />
contribute 20-days of free labour each year, which is used for public work (in environmental<br />
rehabilitation) as part of <strong>the</strong> regular programme of <strong>the</strong> Associations.<br />
Table 7: Membership and resource base of MBAs<br />
Size of Size of resource mobilized<br />
Name of MBA Membership from membership<br />
Tigray Youth Association (TYA) ~ 325,000 Birr 4/member/year<br />
Tigray Farmers Association (TFA) ~ 256,000 same a above<br />
Tigray Women Association ~ 520,000 same a above<br />
~35% of annual budget<br />
Tigray Development Association<br />
raised from members &<br />
(TDA) ~ 175,000<br />
supporters<br />
Mekele Chamber of Commerce and ~1,500 varying levels, from Birr 30<br />
sector associations<br />
Tigray Disabled Veteran's<br />
to 500/member<br />
Association (TDVA) ~20,800 No information<br />
Source: based on interviews with each MBA<br />
The above explanation should not be interpreted to mean that <strong>the</strong> regional NSA have adequate<br />
resources for <strong>the</strong>ir participation. Instead, <strong>the</strong> regional NSA in unison expressed <strong>the</strong> shortage and<br />
unavailability fund to respond to needs and demands of communities. The huge demand gap is<br />
expressed in relation to <strong>the</strong> prolonged unrest and conflicts and <strong>the</strong> degradation of <strong>the</strong> natural<br />
resource base of <strong>the</strong> region. Both TDA and REST expressed, <strong>the</strong> actual level of operation is<br />
below full-implementation capacity due to <strong>the</strong> resource gap. The coordinator of EOC/DICA also<br />
pointed that <strong>the</strong> number of ongoing integrated programmes has declined from seven to three due<br />
to lack of donor support. During <strong>the</strong> debriefing session of this survey in Mekele, participating<br />
have expressed <strong>the</strong> strong view that <strong>the</strong> donor community has colluded and marginalized <strong>the</strong><br />
regional NSA from accessing fund after <strong>the</strong> May-2005 national election. The fact that none of <strong>the</strong><br />
105
six proposals submitted to CSF are approved is counted as an example. Ano<strong>the</strong>r regional NGO,<br />
MfM, pointed that out of <strong>the</strong> 30 proposals submitted to donors, only two got favourable<br />
responses.<br />
Absence of a capacity building or funding NGO at regional level is, indeed a challenge for <strong>the</strong><br />
emerging NSA. Information on available supports from donors may not reach in time. Besides, it<br />
is also difficult to talk of qualities of project proposals produced and submitted. The regional<br />
network, ACSOT, has started addressing <strong>the</strong>se core issues, and should be supported to respond<br />
effectively.<br />
10. Capacity Building Needs<br />
In summary, it is advisable that <strong>the</strong> regional NSA is supported in <strong>the</strong> following core areas:<br />
� Enhancing leadership skills and transition,<br />
� Streng<strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> apex/networking structures - for coordination of engagements, facilitating<br />
communication, training and sharing;<br />
� Streng<strong>the</strong>ning <strong>the</strong> cooperation/dialogue amongst and joint actions by MBAs and<br />
corresponding emerging localized NSAs having shared objectives and constituencies (for<br />
example between TWA, <strong>the</strong> EWLA regional chapter, <strong>Regional</strong> Association of Women<br />
LWHA, etc., between TDA and <strong>the</strong> emerging localized development associations)<br />
� Establishing a decentralized funding and capacity streng<strong>the</strong>ning arrangement,<br />
� Streng<strong>the</strong>n researching and informing institutions,<br />
� Capacity to expand coverage and scale-up activities, and<br />
� Capacity to develop systems and infrastructure for sustained participation;<br />
8. Amhara <strong>Regional</strong> Report<br />
1. General remarks on NSA at territorial level<br />
1.1. Background about Amhara National <strong>Regional</strong> State<br />
Amhara is <strong>the</strong> second biggest region in terms of both land area and population. The region is<br />
administratively divided into 11 zones, 140 Woredas, 3,469 kebeles (rural 3099 and urban 370).<br />
About 20 million people live in <strong>the</strong> region, of which 89.2% are rural residents (BoFED 2004).It is<br />
sub-divided into 11 administrative zones, including <strong>the</strong> Bahir Dar City Administration. Most of<br />
<strong>the</strong> highly degraded mountainous areas of <strong>the</strong> country are located in this region. As a result of<br />
natural (drought) and man-made disasters, significant proportion of <strong>the</strong> population often gets<br />
subjected to food shortage. It is known that most of <strong>the</strong> earlier NGOs and FBOs started operation<br />
in Ethiopia to respond to <strong>the</strong> famine induced emergency needs of <strong>the</strong> population in Wollo (North<br />
and South), parts of Gonder and North Shoa.<br />
As for <strong>the</strong> regional socio-economic needs, addressing <strong>the</strong> high level of poverty and food<br />
insecurity in ANRS still remains as one of <strong>the</strong> top priorities. The participation of NSA in <strong>the</strong><br />
regional processes is anticipated by <strong>the</strong> government to contribute to this core agenda.<br />
106
The Region has executed <strong>the</strong> Woreda decentralization process, and hence Woreda Administration<br />
is considered as <strong>the</strong> 'centre of development administration', that is self-planning and<br />
implementation.<br />
1.2. NSA in ANRS<br />
Over <strong>the</strong> years, NGO participation in Amhara has been transforming and diversifying. A number<br />
of organizations have prolonged participation in environmental rehabilitation and water resources<br />
development for domestic and agricultural purposes. Some are involved in community<br />
mobilization for participation in <strong>the</strong> socio-economic process. Child development including<br />
education was ano<strong>the</strong>r area targeted by initiatives of <strong>the</strong> government as well as <strong>the</strong> regional NSA.<br />
The previous mapping noted that <strong>the</strong>re was a reasonable presence of all kinds of NSAs, including<br />
two development associations (ORDA and ADA). Autonomy and close ties of <strong>the</strong> development<br />
associations and that of <strong>the</strong> women association was one of <strong>the</strong> aspects highlighted in <strong>the</strong> previous<br />
mapping. It was highlighted that prominent regional politicians were associated with <strong>the</strong> boards<br />
of <strong>the</strong>se organizations.<br />
As for NGO’s participation in <strong>the</strong> region, <strong>the</strong> report distinguished presences of Save <strong>the</strong> Children<br />
and World Vision (international) and Anti-Malaria and Goh Children, Youth and Women’s<br />
Associations (national). Moreover, <strong>the</strong> report has pointed that an atmosphere of competition<br />
dominates <strong>the</strong> relations between NGOs.<br />
In terms of coordination and regulation, <strong>the</strong> previous report notes that <strong>the</strong> regional Government<br />
(toge<strong>the</strong>r with regional NGOs) has developed guidelines for NGO operations. Regarding mass<br />
organisations, <strong>the</strong>-<strong>the</strong>n Bureau of People’s Participation has been extending assistance to <strong>the</strong><br />
organisations to develop <strong>the</strong>ir own internal governance.<br />
In summary <strong>the</strong> report highlighted that <strong>the</strong> regional government was "not averse to talking to<br />
NGOs and working with <strong>the</strong>m, although this may be more within <strong>the</strong> context of harnessing <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
activity to Government development plans ra<strong>the</strong>r than engaging in policy dialogue".<br />
1.3. Major highlights of current findings<br />
The primary and secondary data and information collected as part of this survey shows <strong>the</strong><br />
following aspects of NSA emergence and participation in Amhara Region:<br />
� More and more national and regional NGOs coming into <strong>the</strong> picture,<br />
� Some NGOs have established <strong>Regional</strong> offices in Bahir Dar - and this contributing to<br />
improved interaction with regional government,<br />
� Encouraging starts in <strong>Regional</strong> networking and cooperation,<br />
� Expanding opportunities and avenues for dialogue and participation created by <strong>the</strong> regional<br />
government,<br />
� Some International NGOs phasing-out (pulling-out) from field-based operations, while<br />
some new ones coming to <strong>the</strong> picture,<br />
� Fast growth in unionized Iddirs - constituency based NSA, and<br />
� Cooperatives taking on social sector agendas as well.<br />
107
2. Profile and distribution of NSA at <strong>Regional</strong> Level<br />
2.1. Profile of NSA<br />
The findings show that <strong>the</strong>re are diverse groups of regional, national and international NSAs in<br />
<strong>the</strong> region. Table 1, overleaf, summarises (partially) <strong>the</strong> number and mix of <strong>the</strong> NSA from<br />
different typologies. The list does not include <strong>the</strong> profiles of <strong>the</strong> many hundreds of regional and<br />
zonal level registered NGOs, CBOs, Clubs and Associations. Table 2 presents such NSA from 6<br />
zones. A closer look into <strong>the</strong> regional/zonal NSA mix shows that Anti-AIDS and Reproductive<br />
Health Clubs/Associations and unionized Iddirs are among <strong>the</strong> most important and widely<br />
available typologies. Besides <strong>the</strong>se, <strong>the</strong> registry acquired from <strong>the</strong> Bureau of Justice shows that<br />
localized Development Associations and associations of <strong>the</strong> elderly, PLWHAs and persons with<br />
disabilities have come to be common organizational features across <strong>the</strong> regional urban centres.<br />
International NGOs and Faith-based organizations are perhaps <strong>the</strong> most important and visible<br />
ones' in terms of rural-based operation and broader participation. Agencies like World Vision<br />
Ethiopia, MfM, Care and Plan Ethiopia and FHI have large scale area based integrated<br />
programmes in various woredas. O<strong>the</strong>rs like AAE and PFI mostly support state and o<strong>the</strong>r NSA<br />
initiatives.<br />
The regional NSA landscape is fur<strong>the</strong>r enriched by <strong>the</strong> presence of a good number of national<br />
NGOs implementing multi-year programmes in <strong>the</strong> region. In this regard, NGOs like PADET,<br />
ANPPCAN, FSCE and JeCCDO, on one hand and o<strong>the</strong>rs like EDA, HORCO and FCO are<br />
participating in <strong>the</strong> region to scale-up <strong>the</strong>ir core engagements. For example, <strong>the</strong> Child Rights<br />
promotion work is highly facilitated by <strong>the</strong> participation of such NGOs.<br />
108
Table 1. ANRS NSA typologies and size<br />
NSA Typologies<br />
35. NGOs = 90<br />
International NGOs = 34 AAE, SC/UK, FHI, MfM<br />
National NGOs = 41 PADET, ANPPCAN, EDA, AMA<br />
<strong>Regional</strong> NGOs = 15 ORDA, GRRDA,<br />
36. <strong>Regional</strong> Development Associations = 1 Amhara Development Association<br />
37. FBOs (national and international) = 14 WVE, EMWBCDO, EOC/DICAC, EMDA<br />
38. Reg. apex/Networking Organisations =<br />
39. Advocacy and Human rights Organizations =<br />
40. Economic and business interest groups<br />
Cooperatives = 2,609<br />
Chamber of Commerce and Sector Asso. = 1 Bahir Dar CC and Sector Associations<br />
41. Trade and labour union - 1 CETU <strong>Regional</strong> Branch<br />
42. Professional Associations = 1 <strong>Regional</strong> Teachers Association<br />
Age, gender, health-status and o<strong>the</strong>r occupation Amhara Youth & Women Association<br />
43.<br />
related Associations<br />
<strong>Regional</strong>ly registered Youth Association =<br />
� Region-wide basic Youth Asso.<br />
� Region-wide Youth Clubs<br />
Reg. registered Associations of/for Women = 2<br />
Reg. registered Elderly and Disability Asso. =<br />
Registered Asso. of PLWHA = 1<br />
44. Free Press;<br />
45. Community based organisations<br />
The regional NSA mix profile includes organizations that have hierarchical and region-wide<br />
structures. For example, <strong>the</strong> ADA, AWA, AYA and Amhara Teachers Associations claim to have<br />
subscribing members and coordinating structures at all administrative levels (i.e., Zone, Woreda<br />
and Kebele). Never<strong>the</strong>less, because of <strong>the</strong> growing emergence of similar but localized<br />
associations, <strong>the</strong> region-wide Associations are increasingly pressurized to co-exist and cooperate<br />
with o<strong>the</strong>rs. (This will be fur<strong>the</strong>r discussed in subsequent sections).<br />
Table 2. Number of CSOs Registered at Zonal Level (Partial)<br />
Zones Number<br />
Waghemra 15<br />
South Gonder 59<br />
Semen Wolo 64<br />
Bahir Dar (at <strong>the</strong> Bureau of Justice) 68<br />
Oromia Zone 30<br />
Awi Zone 76<br />
312<br />
Source <strong>Regional</strong> Bureau of Justice<br />
The information from <strong>the</strong> <strong>Regional</strong> Cooperative Promotion Agency illustrate that <strong>the</strong> 10,000<br />
cooperatives bring toge<strong>the</strong>r a total of about 6.4 million people as members.<br />
As for <strong>the</strong> cooperatives it can be said that in <strong>the</strong> rural areas of <strong>the</strong> region Cooperatives have<br />
became <strong>the</strong> major institutions to which most of <strong>the</strong> households relate and interact.<br />
109
The Amhara Cooperative Promotion Bureau that was established in 1991 E.C. as per<br />
proclamation no. 40/1991 with three departments and two services has been operational with a<br />
total of 2,851 personnel that are placed from regional to woreda levels. However, in 1994 E.C.,<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Regional</strong> Cooperative Bureau along with all o<strong>the</strong>r government offices, was reorganized<br />
(proclamation no. 60/1994) with <strong>the</strong> number of departments reduced to two, <strong>the</strong> zonal cooperative<br />
structure cancelled and establishment of cooperative desk at Woreda level. Again <strong>the</strong> cooperative<br />
promotion bureau was reorganized and renamed as Amhara <strong>Regional</strong> State Cooperative<br />
Promotion Agency (proclamation no. 124/1998).<br />
Some of <strong>the</strong> major activities carried out by <strong>the</strong> Agency (formerly by <strong>the</strong> Bureau) until 1998 E.C.<br />
include <strong>the</strong> following: provision of different types of agricultural inputs (such as fertilizer, farm<br />
seeds), farm machineries, and insecticides; facilitate conditions for cooperatives to get involved in<br />
marketing of agricultural and animal products; provision of working capital to basic cooperatives<br />
on loan; supporting cooperatives in urban areas engaged in construction of residential houses and<br />
employment generating; market stabilization through purchase of whole sale and distribution and<br />
purchase of agricultural products from surplus producing areas and supplying to deficit areas;<br />
establishment of flour mills and promoting of animal carts that are reducing specially <strong>the</strong> work<br />
load of women; provision of technical support and professional secondment to lower structures;<br />
organizing and executing various relevant training programs aimed at building <strong>the</strong> capacity of<br />
professional and management staff of cooperatives; provision of guarantee to banks to allow<br />
cooperatives have access to loan services; attempt to improve <strong>the</strong> participation of women in<br />
cooperatives and in management which has resulted to increase <strong>the</strong>ir participation from 5% in<br />
1995 E.C. to 10% in 1998 E.C.; involved in enhancing <strong>the</strong> roles of cooperatives in prevention<br />
and control of HIV/AIDS through provision of training programs and supply of condoms. Table<br />
3, below shows <strong>the</strong> size and makeup of cooperatives in <strong>the</strong> region<br />
Table 3 Basic Cooperatives in Amhara (up to 1998 Ethiopian fiscal year)<br />
S/N Type of Basic Number of Basic Membership Size<br />
Available<br />
Cooperatives Cooperatives Male Female Total Capital<br />
In Birr<br />
1 Multipurpose 1,546 1,502,071 194,713 1,696,784<br />
2 Milk Production 68 1,925 22 1,947 804,272<br />
3 Incense Production 10 1,164 70 1,234 103,391<br />
4 Irrigation 105 8,039 740 8,779 4,405,247<br />
5 Fishery 2 247 16 263 1,386,893<br />
5 Bee keeping 16 3,670 90 3,760 686,013<br />
6 Livestock fattening 7 346 16 362 199,382<br />
7 Saving & credit 361 18,997 7,082 26,079 22,781,378<br />
8 Housing 319 11,328 4,811 16,139 11,638,787<br />
9 Electric users 3 933 435 1,368 82,472<br />
10 Electr. Installation 4 78 26 104 3,465<br />
11 Consumers 3 342 177 519 89,465<br />
12 Craftsmen 160 30 0 30 3,300<br />
13 Mineral 1 2,089 1,758 3,847 2,997,281<br />
15 Grain and forestry 4 694 102 796 742,923<br />
Total 2,609 1,551,953 210,058 1,762,011 45,924,269<br />
110
2.2. Distribution of NSA in ANRS<br />
The distribution pattern varies according to <strong>the</strong> typologies. Most of <strong>the</strong> international NGOs and<br />
FBOs are concentrated in <strong>the</strong> drought prone and food insecure zones of <strong>the</strong> region. Table 4<br />
presents <strong>the</strong> zonal distributions of NGOs and <strong>the</strong>ir projects within Amhara. North Shoa, which is<br />
<strong>the</strong> closest to Addis Ababa and also <strong>the</strong> drought prone zone, has <strong>the</strong> highest rank both in number<br />
of operational NGOs and <strong>the</strong>ir programmes and projects. It appears that a number of national<br />
NGOs have opted to roll-out <strong>the</strong>ir programmes out of Addis Ababa to this zone as <strong>the</strong> logistical<br />
requirements are relatively affordable or manageable.<br />
Table 4. Zonal Distributions of ongoing NGO projects in ANRS<br />
S/No Administrative Zone<br />
No of<br />
NGO's<br />
No of ongoing<br />
Projects<br />
% of<br />
Projects<br />
1 North Shoa 34 61 19<br />
2 South Wollo 30 51 16<br />
3 North Gonder 24 29 9<br />
4 North Wollo 22 45 14<br />
5 Bahir Dar 22 31 10<br />
6 South Gonder 16 38 12<br />
7 Region 11 15 5<br />
8 West Gojjam 10 14 4<br />
9 East Gojjam 11 16 5<br />
10 Waghemra 6 9 3<br />
11 Oromia 4 4 1<br />
12 Awi 4 4 1<br />
Total 317<br />
Source based on data from <strong>the</strong> <strong>Regional</strong> FS&DPPO<br />
To a large extent <strong>the</strong> NSA landscape is dominated by institutions that have urban-based origin<br />
and focus. This situation is expected and unavoidable. For example, <strong>the</strong> HIV/AIDS pandemic had<br />
<strong>the</strong> greater impact so far on <strong>the</strong> urban population; hence most of <strong>the</strong> anti-AIDS clubs and<br />
Reproductive Health Associations are of urban origin and focus.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> rural areas cooperatives and local branches of <strong>the</strong> region-wide membership-based<br />
associations are omnipresent. According to <strong>the</strong> Cooperative Promotion Agency, about 1.88<br />
million people (which is about 64% of <strong>the</strong> rural house-holds) are members of <strong>the</strong> various<br />
agricultural cooperatives. At local level, particularly <strong>the</strong> region-wide membership-based<br />
associations are invisible, due partly to capacity and positioning. In Gubalafto Woreda of North<br />
Wollo, <strong>the</strong> Secretary of <strong>the</strong> Woreda Women's association is sharing <strong>the</strong> office space and<br />
operational budget of <strong>the</strong> Woreda Women's Affairs' Office. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, apart from ORDA,<br />
it has no operational partnership and linkage with o<strong>the</strong>r NGOs and FBOs operating in <strong>the</strong><br />
Woreda.<br />
In summary, <strong>the</strong> current distribution of NSA is biased and in favour of urban and drought prone<br />
parts of <strong>the</strong> region. Perhaps more coordinated effort is needed to ensure that more and more NSA<br />
focused to <strong>the</strong> rural and agricultural innovation and intensification fields are brought to <strong>the</strong><br />
picture.<br />
111
4. Activities and Sectoral Contributions<br />
4.1. General Overview<br />
As indicated elsewhere, some segments of NSA (NGOs and FBOs) have protracted duration of<br />
participation in <strong>the</strong> regional socio-economic transformation process. In addition, many of <strong>the</strong><br />
international and some regional NGOs have large scale and integrated programmes. Ongoing<br />
projects of Munschen für Munschen and WVE in parts of North Shoa and South Wollo, <strong>the</strong> food<br />
security and environmental rehabilitation projects of NGOs like ORDA, EOC/DICAC, LWF,<br />
SCF/UK, FHI and Concern are spread across woredas in <strong>the</strong> drought prone woredas of <strong>the</strong> region.<br />
Moreover, NGOs in <strong>the</strong> region are directly involved in <strong>the</strong> implementation of <strong>the</strong> Productive<br />
Safety Net Programme (PSNP). Implementation in sixteen of <strong>the</strong> 64 woredas is being coordinated<br />
by 4 NGOs (ORDA, CARE, SCF/UK and FHI). Because of <strong>the</strong>se factors <strong>the</strong> activities as well as<br />
contributions of NSAs are more prominent and visible compared to <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r regions.<br />
4.2. Summary of Values of Ongoing NGO Projects<br />
Table 5 below, presents <strong>the</strong> summary on pledged values of ongoing or active NGO and FBO<br />
projects and programmes. The regional government has pledge based agreements with 106 NSA<br />
to implement 317 projects <strong>the</strong> total financial value of which is about 1.88 Billion Birr.<br />
Expectedly, 75% of <strong>the</strong> financial pledge comes from INGOs (54%) and FBOs (21%). The share<br />
of <strong>the</strong> regional NGOs stands third (14%) while that of <strong>the</strong> national-level registered NGOs is next<br />
at 9%. Of <strong>the</strong> total pledge, ADA (<strong>the</strong> regional development association) has agreements for 8<br />
projects <strong>the</strong> total value of which is 2% of <strong>the</strong> overall regional NGO investment pledges.<br />
On top of <strong>the</strong> financial pledges, some NGOs like ORDA, FHI, ADA and SC/UK make in-kind<br />
contributions of food-items (as part of <strong>the</strong> PSNP) and items like refurbished computers. The<br />
survey has found it difficult to quantify <strong>the</strong> size of beneficiaries of <strong>the</strong> ongoing projects. In <strong>the</strong><br />
first place, <strong>the</strong> nature of benefits varies according to <strong>the</strong> nature of intervention, and hence direct<br />
summing-up is not appropriate. Secondly, <strong>the</strong>re is a high overlap in programme coverage between<br />
different component activities of same NGO, and also between specialized activities of different<br />
NGOs working in same geographical areas. During <strong>the</strong> regional debriefing in Amhara,<br />
participants have agreed to take-forward <strong>the</strong> issue and discuss in future government-NGO<br />
coordination forums. Despite this, from <strong>the</strong> nature of project settings and activities it is possible<br />
to conclude that significant proportion of <strong>the</strong> target population is benefiting from <strong>the</strong> operation.<br />
For example, <strong>the</strong> community works associated with <strong>the</strong> PSNP, <strong>the</strong> irrigation and access road<br />
construction activities directly involve rural community members.<br />
Table 5: Financial values of ongoing NGO Programmes in Amhara<br />
No. of<br />
The NSA (e.g.)<br />
Ongoing Value of <strong>the</strong><br />
Typology of NSA No Projects project, Birr<br />
15 37<br />
ORDA, GRRDA,<br />
Kindu Erdata, Albuko,<br />
<strong>Regional</strong> NGOs<br />
272,793,969 etc.<br />
1 8<br />
Amhara Development<br />
<strong>Regional</strong> Devt. Association<br />
28,577,682 Association<br />
PLWHA Association 1 1 1,999,374 MEKDIM<br />
41 89<br />
Eth. AID, PADET,<br />
National NGOs<br />
176,067,370 ANPPCAN, EDA<br />
34 103<br />
SCD, MfM, SC/UK,<br />
International NGOs<br />
1,012,945,214 AAE<br />
14 79<br />
WVE, LWF,<br />
Faith-based Organizations<br />
389,495,217 EOC/CYFAD<br />
Total 106 317 1,881,878,826<br />
112
Source: Based on FSPC&DPP Office Data<br />
4.3. Zonal Distribution of Ongoing Projects<br />
In terms of NGO distribution intensity North Shoa zone stands first, and is followed by South<br />
Wollo. Table 6, below presents <strong>the</strong> distribution of projects and pledged financial values across<br />
zones of <strong>the</strong> region. When it comes to resource allocation, North Shoa, South Gonder and North<br />
Wollo are <strong>the</strong> relatively best-served zones, and Awi, Oromia and East Gojjam are on <strong>the</strong> opposite<br />
end. The distribution is consistent with <strong>the</strong> established pattern of more NGO presence in droughtprone<br />
and food-insecure parts of <strong>the</strong> country.<br />
Table 6 - Zonal distribution of NGO projects<br />
No of No of Total Project Project<br />
S/No Admin. Zones NGO's Projects Budget in Birr Beneficiaries<br />
1 North Shoa 34 61 409,802,222 1,679,715<br />
2 South Gonder 16 38 284,696,519 2,708,867<br />
3 North Wollo 22 45 241,278,532 1,682,742<br />
4 North Gonder 24 29 224,405,272 2,181,911<br />
5 South Wollo 30 51 175,937,847 1,799,858<br />
6 Waghimra 6 9 156,459,576 907,359<br />
7 Region-wide 11 15 104,085,232 10,186,665<br />
8 West Gojjam 10 14 79,526,871 919,524<br />
9 Bahir Dar 22 31 77,959,344 647,933<br />
10 East Gojjam 11 16 59,547,462<br />
11 Oromia 4 4 55,970,927 618,832<br />
12 Awi 4 4 12,209,022 532,284<br />
Total 317 1,881,878,826<br />
Source <strong>Regional</strong> FSPC&DPO<br />
4.4. Sectoral Participation<br />
The data from <strong>the</strong> regional food security programme coordination and disaster prevention Office<br />
points that <strong>the</strong> larger share of programme resources is dedicated to <strong>the</strong> food security and disaster<br />
prevention work in rural areas. Table 7 below shows <strong>the</strong> disaggregated sectoral allocation. About<br />
50% of <strong>the</strong> resource is tied to implementing integrated or specialized rural development projects.<br />
Support to child development and provision of alternative basic education is <strong>the</strong> second distinct<br />
participation area in terms of resource allocation. The various health sector activities including<br />
HIV/AIDS, reproductive health, nutrition, and o<strong>the</strong>r preventive health education against trachoma<br />
and communicable diseases are <strong>the</strong> third important participation areas.<br />
The clustering of sectoral programmes, below, is simply an attempt to shed light on <strong>the</strong> major<br />
focuses of ongoing projects. O<strong>the</strong>rwise, <strong>the</strong> study team is aware that <strong>the</strong>re is an overlap and<br />
integration of activities in each o<strong>the</strong>r. For example, most of <strong>the</strong> integrated rural development<br />
programmes have components on education, HIV/AIDS, potable water development and<br />
environmental protection. Because of such configuration of projects and programmes, it can be<br />
said that, agriculture, education, health water development and environment are <strong>the</strong> core priorities<br />
of NGOs in <strong>the</strong> region.<br />
As a new development, <strong>the</strong> survey found some unique types of NGO projects that are best<br />
described as advocacy and good governance focused interventions. The woreda capacity building<br />
for responsive planning & service delivery (SC/UK), <strong>the</strong> South Wollo Good Governance<br />
Programme (HELVETAS - Ethiopia), <strong>the</strong> capacity building training for <strong>the</strong> social court judges as<br />
a means to enhancing <strong>the</strong> rule of law (AARDR), <strong>the</strong> Older Citizens Basic <strong>Service</strong> Delivery<br />
Monitoring Project (WSA) and Child Rights Committee streng<strong>the</strong>ning engagements (ANPPCAN,<br />
FSCE and PADET) are some of <strong>the</strong> examples in this regard. Through such projects <strong>the</strong> respective<br />
113
NGOs are aiming to capacitate local officials and governance structures, while at <strong>the</strong> same time<br />
promoting accountability to citizens in delivering <strong>the</strong> various socio-economic services. The<br />
interventions are mostly in a pilot phase and closer follow-up is needed to tap from <strong>the</strong> lessons.<br />
Table 7: Sectoral/<strong>the</strong>matic focuses of ongoing NGO Programmes in Amhara<br />
Core Project Focus No of Value of<br />
Projects Projects, Birr Examples<br />
Education and Child 104 391,788,099 Child sponsorship, OVC care & support<br />
Development<br />
services, provision of alternative/NFE<br />
education, & streng<strong>the</strong>ning infrastructure<br />
Health, including RH and<br />
HIV/AIDS<br />
75 325,951,175<br />
Integrated rural<br />
68 946,004,281 Includes projects entitled as food<br />
development and food<br />
Security, PSNP, ADPs, IRDP and<br />
security programmes<br />
specialized agricultural projects<br />
Water supply and 19 125,594,759 hand-dug and deep wells, gravity<br />
sanitation<br />
schemes, etc.<br />
Women and girls<br />
empowerment<br />
7 4,406,597<br />
Environment<br />
17 43,187,525 Ecological protection, reforestation and<br />
(rehabilitation &<br />
protection)<br />
community management<br />
Advocacy and good 16 28,741,468 Child rights, HTPs, training to judges of<br />
governance focused<br />
social courts, good governance, support<br />
educational and capacity<br />
to planning and local monitoring of<br />
streng<strong>the</strong>ning projects<br />
public service delivery<br />
Support for Persons with 5 3,395,308 Community based rehabilitation, and<br />
Disabilities<br />
education<br />
O<strong>the</strong>rs 6 12,809,615 shelter and relief services for <strong>the</strong> ill<br />
Total 317 1,881,878,827<br />
4.5. Qualitative Information on NSA Contributions<br />
4.5.1. Innovation in Alternative Basic Education<br />
Amhara region was one of <strong>the</strong> first to adopt and scale of <strong>the</strong> alternative basic education strategies<br />
promoted by NGOs. Various NGOs including SCNE, SCD, AAE, ADA, Pact Ethiopia Plan<br />
Ethiopia piloted and demonstrated <strong>the</strong> effectiveness of <strong>the</strong> ACCESS and ABE approaches for<br />
improving <strong>the</strong> educational participation of children from remote areas. Since 2005, <strong>the</strong> regional<br />
education bureau has assigned personnel and reserves budget for facilitating <strong>the</strong> operation of <strong>the</strong><br />
teaching centres. At local level, <strong>the</strong> woreda Education Bureau does also allocate budget to top-up<br />
<strong>the</strong> community resources for running <strong>the</strong> centres.<br />
According to <strong>the</strong> Head of <strong>the</strong> regional education bureau 12 about four million school-age children<br />
have already gone through <strong>the</strong> alternative systems of basic-education delivery, and close to<br />
400,000 children are currently enrolled across <strong>the</strong> region. Moreover, <strong>the</strong> Bureau head<br />
acknowledged that <strong>the</strong> alternative approaches promoted has enabled <strong>the</strong> region to raise <strong>the</strong> basic<br />
education access and enrolment to over 99%.<br />
12 from <strong>the</strong> ER News of 17 February 2008<br />
114
On <strong>the</strong> part of NGOs, <strong>the</strong> engagement in alternative basic education has to a large extent has<br />
produced <strong>the</strong> desired outcome. As an indicator to this some of <strong>the</strong> actors (for example SCD) are<br />
in <strong>the</strong> process of phasing-out operational presence at zonal levels, and instead reposition presence<br />
at strategic level for higher level advocacy.<br />
4.5.2. Innovation in Agricultural intensification<br />
One of <strong>the</strong> areas where NGOs have had a visible contribution relates to <strong>the</strong> collective<br />
participation in agricultural intensification. A study commissioned by CRDA and World Vision<br />
Ethiopia 13 concluded that <strong>the</strong>re was a trend of NGO-led agricultural intensification process that<br />
involved moves from field to garden and from cereals to fruits and vegetables production,<br />
complemented with irrigation. One can note such developments in programme areas of NGOs<br />
like WVE, LWF, ORDA, ASE and MfM, in parts of north and south Wollo, Oromiya and North<br />
Shoa zones of <strong>the</strong> region. The beneficiary communities from <strong>the</strong>se programmes have increasingly<br />
become suppliers of high-value agricultural produce (fruits and vegetables). In summary, selected<br />
NGOs in Amhara have demonstrated <strong>the</strong> approaches to agricultural intensification and marketbased<br />
production which is adopted and being scaled-up by government at <strong>the</strong> moment.<br />
4.5.3. Empowering Community self-help structures<br />
Most NGOs ei<strong>the</strong>r make-use of existing community structures or establish new ones' as entry<br />
points for or facilitators of project delivery. In <strong>the</strong> past, it was common to hear <strong>the</strong> collapse of<br />
such structures upon withdrawal of <strong>the</strong> NGO support. But, this time <strong>the</strong> survey has detected a<br />
pattern on <strong>the</strong> emergence of vibrant local level civil society actors as a direct effect of deliberate<br />
NGO actions. Some specific developments observed are outlined below.<br />
In Bahir Dar <strong>the</strong> Community Development Committees established by JeCCDO for coordinating<br />
project implementation are by now independent and registered organizations, recognized and<br />
supported by o<strong>the</strong>r actors and involved in scaling-up and diversifying programmatic actions.<br />
In Woldiya town <strong>the</strong> unionized Iddirs through <strong>the</strong> facilitative work of PADET and <strong>the</strong> Woldiya<br />
Labour and Social Affairs Office are accepted local actors and participants in <strong>the</strong> local socioeconomic<br />
governance structure (consultative). In a similar way, <strong>the</strong> Bahir Dar Iddir Union (with<br />
28 member Iddirs, comprising 6,643 households) is establishing its participation in innovative<br />
social services delivery by mobilizing resources from within <strong>the</strong> constituency and from o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
governmental and non-governmental sources.<br />
Information from <strong>the</strong> regional cooperative agency indicate that <strong>the</strong> regional cooperative<br />
streng<strong>the</strong>ning process was strongly supported and facilitated by NGOs, like VOCA, WVE, LWF,<br />
SoS Sahel and Plan International.<br />
It is true that some o<strong>the</strong>r factors too have contributed to <strong>the</strong> emergence of stronger local self-help<br />
structures. For example, <strong>the</strong> simplification of regional NGO registration and availability some<br />
fund (like for HIV/AIDS) at local levels are important external factors. In addition <strong>the</strong> capacity<br />
streng<strong>the</strong>ning and regulatory roles of <strong>the</strong> cooperative agency can be counted. Despite <strong>the</strong>se,<br />
NGOs are establishing <strong>the</strong>mselves as actors contributing to <strong>the</strong> streng<strong>the</strong>ning of local level selfhelp<br />
and community empowerment structures.<br />
4.5.4. Awareness and <strong>Action</strong>s for Child Rights Promotion<br />
During <strong>the</strong> last five years, some NGOs have made focused and intensive investments in <strong>the</strong> area<br />
of child rights promotion in Amhara. A mix of national and international organizations, including<br />
13 NGO Contributions to Food Security in parts of Amhara Region, 2004, by Dejene Aredo<br />
115
SCNE, SCD, FSCE, ANPPCAN and PADET, are <strong>the</strong> key actors in this field. In selected woredas<br />
of North Wollo, SCD and its two-partner national NGOs (PADET and ANPPCAN) have<br />
successfully accomplished <strong>the</strong> tasks of general child rights awareness creation, mobilizing and<br />
organizing child rights clubs and community structures, and also in streng<strong>the</strong>ning capacities of<br />
governmental institutions (example <strong>the</strong> judiciary and Law enforcement bodies) for <strong>the</strong> protection<br />
of child rights.<br />
ANPPCAN alone is behind <strong>the</strong> formation and participation of over 50 child rights clubs in<br />
schools across North Wollo woredas. It has also similar project in North Gondor (Dabat and<br />
Wogera). Likewise, PADET and ANPPCAN have jointly mobilized o<strong>the</strong>r local level NGOs,<br />
CBOs like Iddirs, religious leaders and local officials (Woreda and Kebeles) in Woldiya town,<br />
Gubalafto, Kobo and Habru woredas, and this has contributed to both enhanced local level care<br />
and support for OVC and to <strong>the</strong> nurturing of non-tolerant culture against child abuse.<br />
The following are some of <strong>the</strong> indicators learned from <strong>the</strong> field work:<br />
� In Kobo and Mersa towns, Kebele-based OVC committees have established income<br />
generating schemes for targeted OVCs,<br />
� Child Rights Clubs from schools in Mersa town and <strong>the</strong> surroundings are actively<br />
participating in <strong>the</strong> protection and prevention of harmful tradition of early marriage and<br />
abduction affecting educational participation of <strong>the</strong> girl child,<br />
� With <strong>the</strong> support of <strong>the</strong> above mentioned NGOs, Police stations in selected woredas of<br />
<strong>the</strong> zone have established children and mo<strong>the</strong>rs protection units.<br />
� At zonal level, an initiative of forming all inclusive child rights advocacy forum is in<br />
motion.<br />
On a region-wide scale, <strong>the</strong> FSCE has facilitated <strong>the</strong> introduction as well as <strong>the</strong> operation of <strong>the</strong><br />
Children and Mo<strong>the</strong>rs' Protection Units in <strong>the</strong> Police Commission Structures. The supports<br />
provided include training of personnel in child rights, developing formats for compilation of<br />
information on incidences of child rights abuses and children in conflict with <strong>the</strong> law. With <strong>the</strong>se<br />
supports, <strong>the</strong> regional police commission has started producing monthly statistical reports on<br />
cases of children and mo<strong>the</strong>rs rights, which is shared and fed into <strong>the</strong> FSCE data-base in Addis<br />
Ababa. Moreover, as part of a phase-out strategy, FSCE is currently coordinating a task of<br />
developing a regional Guideline for Police Officers in Managing Cases related to Child Rights.<br />
By taking into account <strong>the</strong>se diversified actions and <strong>the</strong> corresponding results at different levels;<br />
<strong>the</strong> survey is convinced that child rights promotion is one of <strong>the</strong> visible contributions of NGOs in<br />
Amhara. The current children who are well aware of child rights, when grown up, will not allow<br />
<strong>the</strong> perpetuation of such abuses as early marriage, abduction, and denial of education rights of<br />
children.<br />
4.5.5. Environmental protection and community asset creation<br />
This is one of <strong>the</strong> long-established engagement areas of NGOs and MBAs in Amhara. Physical<br />
conservation structures like terraces, hill side tree plantations and backyard tree plots have<br />
become common features of <strong>the</strong> regional landscape. Of course, <strong>the</strong> credit is shared among various<br />
stakeholders. But NGOs like ORDA, FHI, SC/UK, WVE and EOC/DICAC, through <strong>the</strong>ir safety<br />
net and o<strong>the</strong>r agricultural extension programmes have played vital role in promoting <strong>the</strong><br />
environmental rehabilitation and protection agenda in <strong>the</strong> region. In <strong>the</strong> 14 woredas where NGOs<br />
coordinate implementation of <strong>the</strong> ongoing PSNP, environmental rehabilitation and community<br />
asset creation are core activities.<br />
116
“Our finger-prints are visible on <strong>the</strong> hills and <strong>the</strong> valleys of <strong>the</strong> region”<br />
Ato Wuletaw, Director of ORDA<br />
As recent additions, organizations like: Lem Ethiopia; Ethiopian Wetlands and Natural Resources<br />
Association; Sustainable Natural Resources Management Association (SuNRMA), Frankfurt<br />
Zoological Society (FZS), SLUF and TT&T, Green Horizon Ethiopia and Albuko and Zuriawa<br />
Limat mahiber are engaged in community and education based activities for forest and watershed<br />
management.<br />
The environmental rehabilitation work has also contributed to community asset creation as sale of<br />
harvests from <strong>the</strong> plantations is being used to supplement local financial resources for service<br />
delivery. At household level, income from sale of tree and tree products is contributing to<br />
improved food security (examples WVE target groups in Kemisse area of Oromiya Zone).<br />
5. The dynamics in <strong>the</strong> sector at regional level<br />
In summary <strong>the</strong> survey has observed <strong>the</strong> following developments in <strong>the</strong> regional NSA landscape:<br />
� National and regional NSA are strongly coming into <strong>the</strong> picture - Sizable number of<br />
national NGOs has established operational presence in Amhara. NGOs like, PADET,<br />
ANPPCAN, EDA, ASE, FCR, EA, FCO, CHAD-Et, AARDR and HORCO have ongoing<br />
projects in <strong>the</strong> region, and this is encouraging as most used to have projects at close<br />
proximity to Addis in <strong>the</strong> past. Likewise, <strong>the</strong> regional NGO, ORDA has expanded its<br />
operational coverage.<br />
� <strong>Regional</strong> MBA learning to co-exist with <strong>the</strong> smaller regional associations and<br />
organizations - as explained elsewhere, at zonal and regional levels diverse groups of<br />
NSA that share <strong>the</strong> constituency base of <strong>the</strong> bigger regional membership organizations<br />
have been forming. Because of this dynamics, <strong>the</strong> regional associations like ADA have<br />
already decided to cooperate (instead of competing) with such local NSAs. This can be<br />
counted as a positive development contributing to <strong>the</strong> diversity of NSA.<br />
� Networking - regional networking is a live agenda being promoted by lead organizations<br />
like CRDA, AAE, ORDA and SCF/UK. This is taken as an indicator of maturity of <strong>the</strong><br />
NSA, and is fur<strong>the</strong>r discussed under section 5, below.<br />
� <strong>Regional</strong> presence of INGOs - <strong>the</strong> survey has noted that some stronger NGOs have<br />
established regional offices as means to providing closer support to <strong>the</strong> regional process<br />
and also establish closer linkage with <strong>the</strong> regional government. The establishment of <strong>the</strong><br />
CRDA/RLO, <strong>the</strong> opening of regional coordination offices of AAE, PFI, SCF/UK and<br />
WVE are important indicators.<br />
� The survey noted that some international NGOs have withdrawn <strong>the</strong>ir operation in <strong>the</strong><br />
region. Examples to this effect include OXFAM/GB and CPAR. Save <strong>the</strong> Children<br />
Denmark and Lu<strong>the</strong>ran World Federation (LWF) are uncertain of <strong>the</strong>ir next step<br />
programmes. Some are justifying <strong>the</strong> withdrawal in relation to programme success<br />
(Alternative Education). On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand <strong>the</strong> survey has learned <strong>the</strong> arrival of new<br />
generation of international NGOs like Carter Centre, Frankfurt Zoological Society, and<br />
PFI; having focused/specialized participation, some as intermediaries and all not engaged<br />
in area based programmes.<br />
6. Networking<br />
The CRDA Amhara <strong>Regional</strong> Liaison Office (RLO) came into picture since July 2006.<br />
Establishment of <strong>the</strong> RLO was necessitated and justified in light of <strong>the</strong> operational presence of<br />
sizable number of CRDA members in <strong>the</strong> region and also in relation to <strong>the</strong> need for engaging<br />
117
with <strong>the</strong> decentralized government structure. Accordingly, delegates from <strong>the</strong> 82 CRDA-member<br />
agencies in Amhara on 25 July 2006 decided to establish a CRDA regional platform, and<br />
established a steering committee composed of seven members 14 .<br />
Since establishment, <strong>the</strong> Office is involved in: compiling and making accessible information on<br />
regional NGOs; in organizing regional group-events, for CRDA as well as o<strong>the</strong>r donor initiatives<br />
(for example: DFID – Civil Society views on PBS, GTZ-IS – Orientation workshop on PBS<br />
funding); in supporting <strong>the</strong> emergence and re-vitalization of <strong>the</strong>matic regional networks;<br />
facilitating <strong>the</strong> organization and conducting of regional training courses and workshops; and also<br />
in representing CRDA on <strong>the</strong> various relevant regional forums. In addition <strong>the</strong> Office will be<br />
shortly finalizing a regional CBO mapping exercise that is aimed at facilitating <strong>the</strong> collaboration<br />
between such institutions and NGOs in <strong>the</strong> region.<br />
Officials from <strong>the</strong> regional government as well as <strong>the</strong> NSA community are appreciative of <strong>the</strong><br />
starts made by <strong>the</strong> RLO, particularly with respect to facilitating access to region specific NSA<br />
information and in facilitating <strong>the</strong> arrangement of group-events.<br />
It is noted that <strong>the</strong> Office can be more useful and effective if more resources (finance and<br />
personnel) are made available. Moreover, it is advisable that <strong>the</strong> Office, as a matter of priority,<br />
aligns and plans its activities in relation to <strong>the</strong> provisions of <strong>the</strong> regional Government - NGO<br />
Collaboration Guideline and <strong>the</strong> corresponding structures and events of consultation and<br />
dialogue. This is not to conclude that <strong>the</strong> Guideline is perfect, and also to disregard o<strong>the</strong>r policy<br />
frameworks. Instead, <strong>the</strong> suggestion is to point that this is an agenda for which <strong>the</strong> RLO is best<br />
placed to mobilize members and sustain productive engagements for a more enabling operational<br />
environment.<br />
NSA in Amhara have also established <strong>the</strong>ir regional chapter of <strong>the</strong> Poverty <strong>Action</strong> Network<br />
(PANE-ARC). The chapter has already acquired a legal-personality by registering at <strong>the</strong> Bureau<br />
of Justice in 2008. The chapter so far is involved in <strong>the</strong> promotion of PASDEP and in<br />
coordinating Citizen Report Card (CRC) exercises as a monitoring tool on PASDEP<br />
implementation.<br />
One of <strong>the</strong> interesting developments in <strong>the</strong> region is <strong>the</strong> formation of a range of PLWHA<br />
Associations at all levels of administration. It looks that all towns in <strong>the</strong> region have specific<br />
PLWHA associations of <strong>the</strong>ir own. To facilitate coordinated participation and representation a<br />
registered <strong>Regional</strong> PLWHA Network is already in place, and is actively participating in <strong>the</strong><br />
national PLWHA Associations movement.<br />
As a new development, NSA in Amhara will have a legally registered network on food security.<br />
The decision to forming <strong>the</strong> network (<strong>Regional</strong> Food Security Network of CSOs in Amhara)<br />
was taken in December 2007, and <strong>the</strong> steering committee delegated to take <strong>the</strong> initiative forward<br />
has submitted <strong>the</strong> application for registration to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Regional</strong> Justice Bureau in February 2008. In<br />
<strong>the</strong> application letter, <strong>the</strong> objectives of <strong>the</strong> network is outlined to show that it will be engaged in<br />
enhancing <strong>the</strong> institutional capacity of <strong>the</strong> members as a means to facilitating closer cooperation<br />
and stronger partnership with government and communities and <strong>the</strong>reby make more meaningful<br />
and tangible contribution to <strong>the</strong> efforts of ensuring food security at regional, community,<br />
household and individual levels. The promoters of <strong>the</strong> network (ORDA, <strong>Action</strong> Aid, SC/UK and<br />
CRDA/RLO) are confident that <strong>the</strong>ir request for registration will be favourably responded to by<br />
<strong>the</strong> Justice Bureau.<br />
14 ORDA; Save <strong>the</strong> Children UK; Cheshire Foundation Ethiopia; Agri-<strong>Service</strong> Ethiopia; Food for <strong>the</strong><br />
Hungry International; World Vision Ethiopia; and Anti-Malaria Association<br />
118
Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, some regional NSAs are promoting a parallel initiative of establishing an Amhara<br />
CSO Forum. The intention is to broaden <strong>the</strong> typologies (and also avoid some who do not qualify<br />
to be CSOs) and facilitate direct engagement with <strong>the</strong> regional governance structures on issues of<br />
interest to <strong>the</strong> regional CSOs.<br />
During <strong>the</strong> regional debriefing session, <strong>the</strong> study team has appreciated <strong>the</strong> enhanced NSA interest<br />
and actions in networking. At <strong>the</strong> same time <strong>the</strong> team has also suggested <strong>the</strong> need to coordinate<br />
<strong>the</strong> regional networking process. With <strong>the</strong> emergence many networks having overlapping<br />
constituency, objectives and targets, <strong>the</strong> positive interest and accommodative environment could<br />
be affected.<br />
7. Dialogue and cooperation between NSA and Local Government<br />
In general, <strong>the</strong> framework for dialogue and cooperation between NSA and local governments is<br />
still undeveloped. However, <strong>the</strong>re is an encouraging start of rolling out <strong>the</strong> available frameworks<br />
to <strong>the</strong> local levels. In this regard <strong>the</strong> major instrument is <strong>the</strong> Government - NGO Forum which is<br />
based on <strong>the</strong> regional collaboration Guideline.<br />
As part of <strong>the</strong> regional Government - NGO Collaboration Guideline, Woreda Sector offices are<br />
mandated to enter implementation agreements with NGOs submitting proposals <strong>the</strong> total value of<br />
which is less than 2 million Birr. This process has definitely contributed to enhancing <strong>the</strong> role of<br />
local authorities in coordinating NGO projects. In <strong>the</strong> Woredas where NGOs coordinate PSNP<br />
implementation, <strong>the</strong>re is closer cooperation between local authorities and <strong>the</strong> NGOs with respect<br />
to system of authorization of public work and effecting payments or distribution of food.<br />
In Gubalafto woreda of North Wollo, <strong>the</strong> Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Desk Officer,<br />
under <strong>the</strong> Agriculture and Rural Development Office has recently started a monthly discussion<br />
session with <strong>the</strong> three operational NGOs in <strong>the</strong> Woreda (PADET, ORDA and SCF/UK). It is too<br />
early to speak of <strong>the</strong> effects, but <strong>the</strong> participating NGOs see it as a good opportunity to reflect on<br />
operational issues and reach consensus on what needs to be done.<br />
The above mentioned Woreda level periodic discussion has more to do with NGO project<br />
implementation monitoring than a partnership based broader development dialogue and<br />
cooperation. In <strong>the</strong> above mentioned Gubalafto Woreda, for example, representatives of <strong>the</strong><br />
Women and Youth Associations 15 are invited to observe <strong>the</strong> quarterly Woreda Council Meetings<br />
as civil society representatives. But, representatives of <strong>the</strong>se organizations are not attendants of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Woreda level government - NGO forums. Hence, much more work is needed for systematic<br />
integration of an all inclusive dialogue and cooperation framework at local levels.<br />
8. Engagement in Policy Dialogue<br />
Indicators of active NSA participation in <strong>the</strong> regional policy processes are scanty. Organizations<br />
engaged in regional policy research and monitoring are lacking. With <strong>the</strong> coming into operation<br />
of <strong>the</strong> regional networks, this could improve in <strong>the</strong> coming years. The review learned that some<br />
NSAs get invitations from government to participate in regional consultations and sectoral<br />
taskforces. But, since <strong>the</strong> participation is called for in an individual capacity (that is not sectoral<br />
representation) and not often supported by systematically compiled data and information, <strong>the</strong><br />
effects are minimal. For example, <strong>the</strong> inputs and agenda of discussion in <strong>the</strong> government NGO<br />
15 Some of whom are as well elected deputies<br />
119
forums are not supported by advance discussions amongst <strong>the</strong> NGOs, and hence <strong>the</strong> discussion in<br />
<strong>the</strong> meetings is often focused on performance monitoring.<br />
The growing preparedness of NSA for participation in policy dialogue has to be matched with a<br />
corresponding interest in government to engage in this area. If not, <strong>the</strong> starts could fail to deliver<br />
what is expected. For example, <strong>the</strong> Bahir Dar Chamber of Commerce and Sector Associations<br />
have developed an advocacy action plan entitled as Bahir-Dar Business Agenda. On its part <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Regional</strong> Office of CETU has a negotiation plan with <strong>the</strong> over 20 shortly anticipated investors in<br />
<strong>the</strong> floriculture field over <strong>the</strong> issue of employee's health safety (agrichemical poisoning). Such<br />
attempts should be encouraged by all stakeholders. During <strong>the</strong> time of <strong>the</strong> field work, for<br />
example, <strong>the</strong> regional chapter of EWLA had a validation workshop on action research findings<br />
about domestic violence against women 16 . This being an important engagement, elaborating<br />
existing legal gaps and also outlining actions needed by <strong>the</strong> various stakeholders, one expects<br />
active participation of officials and leaders responsible for <strong>the</strong> protection of women rights.<br />
However, during <strong>the</strong> first day session of <strong>the</strong> above workshop some vital institutions were<br />
missing 17 . More capacity building is needed on both sides to maximize gains from policy<br />
dialogue.<br />
On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand <strong>the</strong> BOFED and CRDA have initiated a taskforce (Population, Health and<br />
Environment - PHE Taskforce) for regularizing discussions on <strong>the</strong>se topics. The fact that <strong>the</strong><br />
BOFED is involved in <strong>the</strong> initiation of this taskforce is encouraging. Once more <strong>the</strong>re is a need to<br />
harmonize <strong>the</strong> initiative with o<strong>the</strong>r frameworks.<br />
9. Engagement in Political Dialogue<br />
As in most o<strong>the</strong>r regions, NSA participation in political dialogue processes is ra<strong>the</strong>r lacking.<br />
Regarding acceptability of such role, Speaker of <strong>the</strong> Council 18 pointed that <strong>the</strong> regional<br />
constitution has a unique provision (compared to federal and o<strong>the</strong>r regions) that allow and<br />
welcome organized community groups not only to observe, but also to present draft bills for<br />
deliberation by <strong>the</strong> Council. So far, <strong>the</strong> regional MBAs get invitations as observers and attend <strong>the</strong><br />
Council meetings. But, no one has used <strong>the</strong> opportunity to voice on issues of relevance to <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
constituency.<br />
As a new development, <strong>the</strong> regional Council has started drafting a guideline for facilitating <strong>the</strong><br />
participation of organized community groups in <strong>the</strong> Councils at <strong>the</strong> different layers of<br />
administration. If finalized this initiative could be counted as a regional progress in facilitating<br />
CSO participation in governance as pledged in <strong>the</strong> PASDEP policy matrix.<br />
10. Internal Organisation and Resources<br />
The emergence of more and more membership based associations and clubs is an encouraging<br />
trend. Some are demonstrating <strong>the</strong> possibility of mobilizing resources from within <strong>the</strong> community<br />
to respond to local needs. The unionized Iddir in Bahir Dar is typical example. Using <strong>the</strong><br />
organizational profile (big membership) o<strong>the</strong>rs have managed to influence local authorities<br />
positively and <strong>the</strong>reby access community resources in pursuit of operational objectives. For<br />
example, <strong>the</strong> legally registered Community Development Committees in Bahir Dar have<br />
facilitated for JeCCDO to access plot of land for implementing environmental health and income<br />
generating activities.<br />
16 Project supported by CSF, through OXFAM/GB<br />
17 It was learned that <strong>the</strong> Head of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Regional</strong> Women Affairs' Bureau, despite <strong>the</strong> invitation did not showup<br />
or delegate some one to <strong>the</strong> meeting. Likewise, <strong>the</strong> Speaker of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Regional</strong> Council, a woman, was not<br />
invited to <strong>the</strong> session.<br />
18 From <strong>the</strong> discussion with HE Dr Misrak Mekonnen<br />
120
The bigger region-wide membership-based associations (Youth, Women, and ADA) collect<br />
regular subscriptions that are shared proportionally with <strong>the</strong> structures at <strong>the</strong> different<br />
administrative layers. For example <strong>the</strong> Amhara Women Association claims to have about 600,000<br />
members each contributing 3 Birr per annum. Of <strong>the</strong> total amount, 75% is shared by Association<br />
units at zone, woreda and kebele levels. Mobilizing members to effect <strong>the</strong> annual subscriptions is<br />
one of <strong>the</strong> major roles of elected officials at local levels. Failure to mobilize and collect fairly<br />
good amount of membership fee can result in <strong>the</strong> withholding of salary for <strong>the</strong> full-time officials<br />
at woreda level 19 . Because of this situation <strong>the</strong> local level MBA officials are not in a position to<br />
develop <strong>the</strong>ir own action plans and undertake activities that serve <strong>the</strong> interests of <strong>the</strong>ir members.<br />
Instead <strong>the</strong> offices are physically located within <strong>the</strong> respective woreda offices (that is youth in <strong>the</strong><br />
Youth and sport Office, and Women in Women Affairs Office), and are financially subsidized for<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir outreach programmes (mostly accompanying staff from <strong>the</strong> sector offices).<br />
NSA involved in HIV/AIDS prevention and control programme do still get funding from <strong>the</strong><br />
MAP II and GFTAM programmes. In addition, <strong>the</strong> regional programmes of AAE and PFI have<br />
been supporting projects and programmes of regional NGOs. The resources from <strong>the</strong>se windows<br />
have enabled many of <strong>the</strong> regional organization to start and/or scale up operation.<br />
The PSNP participation of NGOs is financially supported by USAID. Only international NGOs<br />
having origins/presence in <strong>the</strong> USA are allowed to apply and access <strong>the</strong> resources. Amongst <strong>the</strong><br />
national and regional NGOs only ORDA has managed to establish partnership in implementing<br />
<strong>the</strong> PSNP with <strong>the</strong> international NGOs. The Glamour of Hope Foundation, <strong>the</strong> <strong>European</strong> Union,<br />
and <strong>the</strong> PEFAR (USAID) are amongst <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r major fund sources for environmental, water<br />
resources and child development programmes of major NGOs in <strong>the</strong> region.<br />
11. Capacity Building Needs<br />
The following are major actions needed to enhance <strong>the</strong> regional NSA evolvement and<br />
participation process in <strong>the</strong> coming years:<br />
a) Support <strong>the</strong> regional networking initiatives - coordination and linkages, streng<strong>the</strong>ning<br />
constituency support, multi-year programme development, roll-out to zonal and woreda levels,<br />
and facilitating experience exchange,<br />
b) Support initiatives for organizational development in <strong>the</strong> emerging regional associations -<br />
promotion of best practices, experience exchanges, tailored training courses, support for<br />
systems and manuals development,<br />
c) Support initiatives of data and information collection, analysis and dissemination,<br />
d) Promote strategies that facilitate joint implementation and integration between <strong>the</strong> different<br />
typologies of <strong>the</strong> regional NSA (international, national, regional, FBO, Chambers, Trade<br />
Unions and Professional Associations, etc.),<br />
e) Promote initiatives that bring toge<strong>the</strong>r regional/local authorities and NSA in researching, joint<br />
appraisal and planning,<br />
f) Support initiatives that facilitate dialogue and cooperation between <strong>the</strong> bigger membershipbased<br />
associations and <strong>the</strong> emerging related localized groups (for example; <strong>the</strong> ADA entering<br />
into dialogue and cooperation with <strong>the</strong> localized development associations, or <strong>the</strong> Amhara<br />
Women Association with <strong>the</strong> various specialized Associations of women).<br />
g) Support NSA initiatives of scaling-up success stories in community organizing for sustained<br />
and enhanced participation in local governance process,<br />
h) Support initiatives of enhancing NSA skills and structures for resource mobilization, and<br />
19 From <strong>the</strong> discussion with Beletu Desale, Secretary Gubalafto Woreda Women Association, Woldiya<br />
121
i) Facilitate and provide decentralized small-scale funding programme to improve <strong>the</strong> access for<br />
<strong>the</strong> large numbers of emerging regional NSA.<br />
9. Benishangul Gumuz <strong>Regional</strong> Report<br />
1. General remarks on NSA at territorial level<br />
1.1. Background about BSG<br />
� Benishangul Gumuz Region is a multi-ethnic region where four indigenous (Berta, Gumuz,<br />
Boro Shinasha and Mao-Komo) and significant size of settlers from Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Ethiopia (since<br />
<strong>the</strong> early 1980s) live toge<strong>the</strong>r. The current population size of <strong>the</strong> region is projected to be<br />
560,000. In addition to <strong>the</strong> remoteness of <strong>the</strong> region from <strong>the</strong> centre, it is one of <strong>the</strong> most<br />
sparsely settled. Hence, developing infrastructure and making services available to <strong>the</strong><br />
population is an expensive undertaking.<br />
� Because of <strong>the</strong> predominant backward agricultural practices, primarily of <strong>the</strong> indigenous<br />
population (which is hunter ga<strong>the</strong>rer kind) and also because of absence of specially tailored<br />
extension package suited to <strong>the</strong> agro-ecology of <strong>the</strong> region, agricultural production and<br />
productivity in <strong>the</strong> region is very low. On top of this, <strong>the</strong> regional five-year development plan<br />
acknowledges that <strong>the</strong>re is a rapid deterioration of soil fertility, partly due to massive<br />
deforestation of forest resources. With <strong>the</strong> high level of dependency on rain-fed agriculture,<br />
variability in seasonal patterns of rainfall is also considered as a key challenge. Moreover,<br />
because of <strong>the</strong> remote location, low and undeveloped agricultural credit and marketing<br />
systems has been amongst <strong>the</strong> challenges to boosting production and productivity.<br />
� According to <strong>the</strong> regional five year development plan, attaining <strong>the</strong> education goal of <strong>the</strong><br />
MDG by 2015 is possible, and <strong>the</strong> region is working towards that end. By 2007, <strong>the</strong> gross<br />
school enrolment used to be 107.3 %, while <strong>the</strong> net enrolment was 83.6%. The participation<br />
of girls is about 89. High level of wastage (high drop-out and repetition) in <strong>the</strong> education<br />
systems is amongst <strong>the</strong> key challenges being addressed by <strong>the</strong> regional education sector<br />
partners.<br />
� Low implementation capacity in <strong>the</strong> public sector, across <strong>the</strong> different sectors and at <strong>the</strong><br />
different levels of administration is still one of <strong>the</strong> challenges being faced by <strong>the</strong> regional<br />
administration.<br />
� Ensuring equity in <strong>the</strong> basic services delivery is among <strong>the</strong> strategic issues being handled by<br />
<strong>the</strong> regional government. The regional administration is analysing equity at different layers.<br />
122
First, <strong>the</strong>re is a need to ensure equity between <strong>the</strong> indigenous communities and <strong>the</strong> recent<br />
settlers. For example, in <strong>the</strong> education sector equity is addressed with regard to <strong>the</strong><br />
participation of students from indigenous and settler communities. Same is analysed<br />
regarding <strong>the</strong> accessibility of health services. Secondly, equity is considered with respect to<br />
<strong>the</strong> participation of women/girls in <strong>the</strong> education system.<br />
� Compared to o<strong>the</strong>r emerging regions, BSGNRS has had a relatively stable government 20 ,<br />
peaceful and improving security contexts over <strong>the</strong> last one decade. In terms of infrastructure<br />
development, <strong>the</strong> upgrading of <strong>the</strong> major road leading to <strong>the</strong> regional capital has reached a<br />
final stage, and <strong>the</strong> construction of ano<strong>the</strong>r highway linking Asossa to Metekel Zone, across<br />
<strong>the</strong> Nile and with <strong>the</strong> main road leading to Bahir Dar (Amhara), is as well started.<br />
1.2. NSA in BSG - from <strong>the</strong> previous mapping<br />
The previous mapping noted that <strong>the</strong>re were very few NSAs in this region and those that do exist<br />
were also categorised as weak. On <strong>the</strong> basis of feedbacks from stakeholders interviewed, it was<br />
reported that, for various reasons, NGOs were by <strong>the</strong>n reluctant to come and operate in <strong>the</strong><br />
region.<br />
Ano<strong>the</strong>r aspect highlighted in <strong>the</strong> 2004 mapping was about <strong>the</strong> four ethnic-based development<br />
associations. The report showed that except for <strong>the</strong> Benishangul Relief and Development<br />
Association, <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r three (that is Boro Shinasha, Tikuret legumuz and Mao Komo<br />
Development Associations) were at initial stage of formation, hence without actual work on <strong>the</strong><br />
ground. It was highlighted that <strong>the</strong> leadership of <strong>the</strong>se ethnic-based development Associations are<br />
also respective high-level government officials representing <strong>the</strong> specific ethnic groups, and <strong>the</strong><br />
team projected that <strong>the</strong>re is a competitive dynamic in multi-ethnic regions such as Benishangul<br />
Gumuz where each ethnic group through its elites feels that it has to establish its own<br />
development association and secure as many resources as possible for development work.<br />
1.3. Major highlights of current findings<br />
� Apparently many reproductive health and anti-AIDS associations - that of <strong>the</strong> youth;<br />
organized in geographical (Kebele or town) and in interest groups; formally registered by <strong>the</strong><br />
Notary office of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Regional</strong> Justice Bureau; and supported by HAPCO and NGOs (FHI,<br />
AAE and AIDWO),<br />
� <strong>Regional</strong> Development Associations coming to <strong>the</strong> picture - unlike <strong>the</strong> 2004 finding, one<br />
RDA (Tikret to Gumuz People) actively operational, while o<strong>the</strong>rs have developed some<br />
experiences of implementing HIV/AIDS projects,<br />
� International NGOs and Faith-based Organizations still active in field-based operations -<br />
cases of World Vision, Water Aid, CVM, FHI, AAE, and OXFAM/GB<br />
� Only few national level registered NGOs operating in <strong>the</strong> region (Hope Enterprises, Welfare<br />
for Street Mo<strong>the</strong>rs and Children Organization, Initiative Africa and EFDA),<br />
� Most regionally registered NGOs having no formal project agreements with sector Bureaus -<br />
only one has a project agreement known by <strong>the</strong> regional Finance and economic Development<br />
Bureau.<br />
� High level of openness and accommodative environment for cooperation between NSA and<br />
government,<br />
20<br />
<strong>the</strong> regional president is one of <strong>the</strong> longest serving in same position compared to those in <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
regions<br />
123
� Good starts in NSA networking - amongst Youth associations and clubs, and amongst NGOs<br />
and regional CSOs.<br />
� Access to donor resources for organizational development and programme implementation<br />
limiting <strong>the</strong> enhanced participation potentials of regional NSA<br />
� The dynamics in Iddir unionization affected by absence of facilitator governmental and nongovernmental<br />
institutions.<br />
2. Profile and distribution of NSA at <strong>Regional</strong> Level<br />
2.1. Profile of NSA<br />
Table 1, below presents <strong>the</strong> profile of NSA typologies in Benishangul Gumuz Region. As can be<br />
seen, NSAs representing nearly all <strong>the</strong> typologies set during <strong>the</strong> inception phase of this exercise<br />
are found in <strong>the</strong> region, and it is learned that <strong>the</strong> NSA mix is not that different from <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
regions. One of <strong>the</strong> deviations relates to <strong>the</strong> relative size of international NGOs; in o<strong>the</strong>r regions<br />
<strong>the</strong>se categories are relatively less compared to <strong>the</strong> national and regional NGOs. The geographical<br />
(remoteness) as well as undeveloped infrastructural contexts would explain as to why <strong>the</strong>re are<br />
more of <strong>the</strong> international than <strong>the</strong> national and regional NGOs.<br />
Table 1. BSG NSA typologies and size<br />
NSA Categories<br />
46. NGOs = 41<br />
International NGOs = 14 AAE, Water Aid, Oxfam UK, FHI,<br />
National NGOs = 3 WeSMCO, Hope Enterprises,<br />
EFDA<br />
<strong>Regional</strong> Registered NGOs = 24<br />
47. <strong>Regional</strong> Development Associations = 4 B-SDA, TGPDA, MKDA, BGRDA<br />
48. FBOs (national and international) = 12 EMWBCDO, WVI, EOC/DICAC,<br />
EMDA<br />
49. Reg. apex/Networking Organisations = 2 Youth Alliance and Timret<br />
50. Advocacy and Human rights Organizations<br />
51. Economic and business interest groups Asossa Chamber of Comm. &<br />
Sector Asso.<br />
Cooperatives 121<br />
Chamber of Commerce and Sector Asso. = 1<br />
52. Trade and labour unions<br />
53. Professional Associations = 1 BSG <strong>Regional</strong> Teachers<br />
54.<br />
Age, gender, health-status and o<strong>the</strong>r occupation<br />
related Associations<br />
Association<br />
BSG Youth & Women<br />
Association<br />
Anti-Drug Youth<br />
<strong>Regional</strong>ly registered Youth Association = 3<br />
� Region-wide basic Youth Asso. = 376<br />
� Region-wide Youth Clubs = 446<br />
Reg. registered Associations of/for Women = 5 BSG Women Asso.; Mizezego<br />
Loka Women Devt Asso; Asossa<br />
Town Women Traders<br />
Association; Asossa Muslim<br />
Women Association;<br />
Reg. registered Elderly and Disability Asso. = 4<br />
124
Reg. registered Asso. of PLWHA = 3<br />
55. Free Press;<br />
56. Community based organisations - 48 basic<br />
Iddirs in Asossa Town<br />
Selam and Weyisho Iddirs in<br />
Asossa<br />
2.2. \Distribution of NSA in BSG<br />
There is a general concentration of NSA in Asossa Town and <strong>the</strong> corresponding zone, which is<br />
Asossa Zone. As can be seen from Table 2 below, out of <strong>the</strong> total 34 operational NGOs in <strong>the</strong><br />
region, eleven are operational in Asossa Zone. Likewise, according to <strong>the</strong> information from <strong>the</strong><br />
Cooperatives Promotion Agency 21 , about 70% registered Cooperatives are from <strong>the</strong> Asossa Zone,<br />
while <strong>the</strong> remaining 20% from Metekel and 10% from Kamash Zones. The distribution pattern of<br />
<strong>the</strong> various associations of youth (reproductive health, anti-AIDS, etc.) is some what identical, as<br />
most are concentrated in Asossa and <strong>the</strong> surrounding areas.<br />
Most of <strong>the</strong> international NGOs and <strong>the</strong> FBOs have programmes focusing on <strong>the</strong> rural based<br />
population. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, <strong>the</strong> various regionally formed NGOs and membership-based clubs<br />
and associations of youth, women and <strong>the</strong> few iddirs taking part in social services for OVC are<br />
primarily active in urban and semi-urban set-ups.<br />
Table 2. Zonal Distribution and Participation of 'NGOs' in BSG<br />
S. No Zone No of NGOs %<br />
1 Asossa 11 32<br />
3 Metekel 10 29<br />
2 Kamash 8 24<br />
4 Region-wide operation 5 15<br />
Total 34<br />
Based on BOFED Info<br />
3. Activities and Sectoral Contributions<br />
General Overview<br />
The regional government is well aware on importance of <strong>the</strong> participation as well as contributions<br />
of <strong>the</strong> different elements of NSA in <strong>the</strong> regional socio-economic development process. To this<br />
effect, <strong>the</strong> government encourages <strong>the</strong> emergence, growth in number and supports capacity<br />
building for NSA participation. The following three observations could be counted as verifiers of<br />
<strong>the</strong> above generalization:<br />
� During <strong>the</strong> establishment phase of <strong>the</strong> Asossa Chamber of Commerce, <strong>the</strong> office of <strong>the</strong><br />
regional president has donated Birr 3,000 to assist <strong>the</strong> take-off process 22 ,<br />
� The <strong>Regional</strong> Finance and Economic Development Bureau as part of its five year<br />
development plan have a goal of increasing <strong>the</strong> number of operational NGOs to 51 from<br />
<strong>the</strong> reference of less than 30 23 . It is learnt that <strong>the</strong> regional officials do visit head offices<br />
of stronger NGOs and lobby <strong>the</strong>m to start operation in <strong>the</strong>ir region.<br />
21<br />
Ato Mulugeta Teffera, Team Leader BSG Coop. Promotion Agency<br />
22<br />
From <strong>the</strong> discussion with Ato Kidane-Mariam Abera, President, Asossa Chamber of Commerce & Sector<br />
Asso.<br />
23<br />
From <strong>the</strong> discussion with Ato Mamo Gentse and Ato Girma Fufa, <strong>Regional</strong> BOFED<br />
125
� A five-day training was given to 33 regional NGOs in PME by <strong>the</strong> Finance and<br />
Economic Development Bureau so as to improve <strong>the</strong>ir preparedness to implement<br />
effective projects and programmes aligned to <strong>the</strong> regional development plan,<br />
As it stands now <strong>the</strong> activities as well as sectoral contributions of international NGOs and<br />
FBOs is outweighing <strong>the</strong> participation and contributions of <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r typologies of NSA. With<br />
<strong>the</strong> multi-years and rural-focused programmes organizations like World Vision Ethiopia,<br />
<strong>Action</strong> Aid Ethiopia, Oxfam/GB, FHI and Water Aid have managed to implement activities<br />
that produced encouraging results. Improving access to basic education, health and water<br />
supply services; supporting local initiatives for agricultural intensification and livelihood<br />
promotion, and educational campaigns against vulnerabilities and harmful practices are key<br />
activities undertaken by INGOs and FBOs in <strong>the</strong> region.<br />
The activities of <strong>the</strong> national and regional NSA mostly revolve around sensitizing and<br />
mobilizing community members against HTPs and vulnerabilities, like HIV/AIDS. Activities<br />
are ra<strong>the</strong>r campaign and project-based with short duration, and most of <strong>the</strong> target groups are<br />
located in urban and sub-urban setups. For <strong>the</strong> future, with enhanced technical and<br />
programmatic supports <strong>the</strong> contributions of <strong>the</strong> regionally registered NSA segments could<br />
become <strong>the</strong> most important one.<br />
Summary of Values and Beneficiaries of Ongoing NGO Projects<br />
Table 3, below, shows <strong>the</strong> total values (financial pledges) and total number of beneficiaries to be<br />
reached by <strong>the</strong> ongoing NGO projects and programmes. It is worth noting that both <strong>the</strong> actual<br />
number of beneficiaries and <strong>the</strong> budget allocated can be by far less than what was declared or<br />
pledged to <strong>the</strong> regional government at <strong>the</strong> project signing stage. Regarding number of<br />
beneficiaries, <strong>the</strong> possibilities of double-counting due to targeting in successive years and/or<br />
targeting of same person by differing component activities promoted ei<strong>the</strong>r by same or more than<br />
one organization have tended to inflate <strong>the</strong> number. The statistics is presented for comparative<br />
analysis with similar information from o<strong>the</strong>r regions.<br />
Table 3. No of beneficiaries and total budget of ongoing NGO Projects in BSGR<br />
No of No of<br />
Projected<br />
No of Total budget<br />
NSA Typology Agencies Projects Benef. pledged Birr Remark 1<br />
Benf of 8 projects and<br />
budget of 5 projects not<br />
International NGOs 14 19 239,948 76,392,830 shown<br />
Ben of 6 projects and<br />
Faith based Nat and<br />
budget of 2 projects not<br />
International Orgs 12 19 342,310 64,652,081 shown<br />
Ben of 4 projects and<br />
budget of 4 projects not<br />
National NGOs 3 5 53,257 3,020,144 shown<br />
Ben of 2 projects and<br />
<strong>Regional</strong> Dev't<br />
budget of 1 projects not<br />
Associations 3 6 43,743 1,815,456 shown<br />
<strong>Regional</strong> NGOs 2 2 13,787 8,009,144<br />
Total 34 51 153,889,655<br />
Based on BOFED Data<br />
126
Zonal Distribution of Ongoing Projects<br />
As can be seen from Table 4 below, 45% of <strong>the</strong> financial resource for ongoing NGO projects is<br />
allocated to activities in Asossa zone. This amount is more than double what is pledged for<br />
operations in <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r two zones (Metekel 18% and Kamash 16%). Moreover, it is learned that<br />
<strong>the</strong> bigger share of <strong>the</strong> financial resource of <strong>the</strong> five region-wide projects as well is disbursed for<br />
projects in Asossa town and <strong>the</strong> surrounding woredas. From this observation it can be concluded<br />
that Asossa Zone is relatively well served and advantaged from NGO operation in <strong>the</strong> region.<br />
S.<br />
No of No Value of ongoing % No of<br />
No Zone<br />
NGOs projects projects Beneficiaries %<br />
1 Asossa 11 15 68,615,535 45 271,901 39<br />
2 Metekel 9 17 27,428,897 18 345,076 50<br />
3 Kamash 7 12 25,316,112 16 64,068 9<br />
4 Multi-Zone (Metekel &<br />
kamash) 2 2 2,007,008 1 12,000 2<br />
5 Region-wide operation 5 5 30,522,103 20<br />
Total 34 51 153,889,655 693,045<br />
Based on BOFED Data<br />
Sectoral Participation<br />
Education and Child development are <strong>the</strong> major areas where NGOs have established stronger<br />
participation. Sixteen of <strong>the</strong> 51 ongoing NGO projects are tailored to support education, mostly in<br />
<strong>the</strong> alternative or non-formal approaches. Likewise, <strong>the</strong> health sector activities in reproductive<br />
health and HIV/AIDS stand as <strong>the</strong> second core participation areas of NGOs in <strong>the</strong> region. (Refer<br />
Table 5 overleaf). Since most of <strong>the</strong> integrated rural programmes have components on <strong>the</strong> above<br />
two sectoral activities it can be said that education and Health are <strong>the</strong> most important<br />
participation areas of NGOs in <strong>the</strong> region. The importance of <strong>the</strong>se sectors can be fur<strong>the</strong>r<br />
streng<strong>the</strong>ned as most of <strong>the</strong> emerging regional NSA are involved in <strong>the</strong> same areas.<br />
Table 5. Sectoral Focuses of NGO Projects<br />
Core Project Focus No of<br />
Projects<br />
Remark<br />
Child Development 5 19,481,330<br />
Education 14 30,910,231 Mostly, alternative or non-formal basic<br />
education; pre-school education and support<br />
for OVC to participate in formal education<br />
Health, 5 1,493,155<br />
HIV/AIDS 4 6,577,071<br />
Integrated<br />
4 52,424,329 Including irrigation, support to cooperatives,<br />
programmes (food<br />
basic education, potable water, RH and<br />
security)<br />
HIV/AIDS<br />
Water supply and 6 16,570,555 Drilling, spring-protection, pit latrines and<br />
sanitation<br />
community organizing around <strong>the</strong>se actions<br />
Women and girls 6 10,316,952 Sensitization, technical skills development,<br />
empowerment<br />
income generation<br />
O<strong>the</strong>rs 7 16,116,032 Capacity building for government, GG and<br />
local NSA; research; entrepreneurship; refugee<br />
support<br />
Total 51 153,889,655<br />
127
4. Qualitative Information on NSA Contributions<br />
a) HIV/AIDS<br />
o Participating NSA - Association of Youth, Women, Faith leaders (Ethiopian Muslim<br />
Agency and EOC/DICAC), IRC in and around refugee sites at Sherkole and Kurmuk,<br />
CPAR, FHI and AAE,<br />
o Activities undertaken - awareness creation, campaigns for behavioural change in<br />
prevention, addressing stigma and discrimination; and providing care and support for<br />
those affected and infected; facilitating VCT; supporting <strong>the</strong> establishment of PLWHA<br />
associations and clubs of youth,<br />
o Recognition by government - According to Ato Gemechu Abose (A/Head of <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Regional</strong> HAPCO), NSA have been major actors in <strong>the</strong> regional HIV/AIDS response so<br />
far, and conditions are being facilitated for <strong>the</strong>ir continued and enhanced participation in<br />
<strong>the</strong> coming years. The social mobilization work for prevention and control of <strong>the</strong><br />
epidemic accomplished so far by NSA is counted as particular important contribution.<br />
o Result - <strong>the</strong> combined effort of NSA and <strong>the</strong> government has enabled <strong>the</strong> region to bring<br />
down and stabilize <strong>the</strong> prevalence to 1.8% from <strong>the</strong> 2.6%,<br />
o Next step - through HAPCO, additional financial support is pledged for continued<br />
participation of <strong>the</strong> regional NSA from MAP II and GFTAM.<br />
o Lessons - most of <strong>the</strong> regional NSA have undeveloped policies and systems of resource<br />
management. As a result, despite <strong>the</strong> generally satisfactory performance in reaching<br />
targets and delivering expected services, according to <strong>the</strong> HAPCO information, sizable<br />
number of regional NSA failed to ensure timely and proper financial accountability<br />
(settlement) and also demonstrate judicious and responsible use of <strong>the</strong> resource allocated.<br />
For enhanced participation this aspect should be addressed through organizational<br />
development supports.<br />
b) Innovation in Alternative Basic Education (ABE)<br />
o Participating NSA - AAE and Oxfam GB<br />
o Approach - demonstration and lobby for mainstreaming in local government<br />
development plan and budget<br />
o Activities undertaken - community structures establishment; support for teach-centre<br />
construction (top-up to community resources); covering costs of: training facilitators<br />
from <strong>the</strong> community; printing text-books and salary of <strong>the</strong> facilitators (for defined<br />
period); assist community structure to start income generating scheme for <strong>the</strong> Centre; and<br />
lobby local government to take-over and budget for running <strong>the</strong> centres.<br />
o Recognition by government - According to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Regional</strong> Coordinator, AAE in<br />
collaboration with communities established 60 ABE centres in its target woredas.<br />
Through <strong>the</strong> demonstration and lobbying work, <strong>the</strong> local authorities appreciated <strong>the</strong><br />
outcome, and currently Woreda Education Offices provide coordination and support to<br />
<strong>the</strong> ABE centres (including salary for facilitators) as part of <strong>the</strong>ir regular programmes.<br />
o Result - The region has a high percentage ratio of school enrolment (GER=107 and NER<br />
= 83.6%, 2007), and according to <strong>the</strong> five year development plan, attaining <strong>the</strong> MDG in<br />
education by 2015 is possible,<br />
128
o Next steps - NGOs moving into new engagement areas in <strong>the</strong> education sector. It is<br />
learned that <strong>the</strong> next phase programme of Oxfam/UK will shift to streng<strong>the</strong>ning formal<br />
education and <strong>the</strong> management information system in education.<br />
c) Streng<strong>the</strong>ning Cooperatives<br />
o NSA involved - CISP, OXFAM/GB, World Vision and <strong>Action</strong> Aid Ethiopia<br />
o Activities undertaken<br />
� Facilitating <strong>the</strong> establishment of water user cooperatives - by developing <strong>the</strong><br />
infrastructure, facilities like stores, and providing equipment, etc. Examples included<br />
<strong>the</strong> work of CISP in Metekel and World Vision Ethiopia in Asossa - Homosha areas.<br />
� Assisting/supporting a Cooperative Union to venture into agricultural product<br />
processing so as to add-value and maximize gains. The example in this regard is <strong>the</strong><br />
Oxfam/GB support in Oil Mill Centre construction for <strong>the</strong> Asossa Cooperative Union,<br />
and <strong>the</strong> understanding reached for next-stage collaboration in Mango processing, and<br />
� Assisting a Cooperative Union to establish and function properly. Specific example in<br />
this regard is <strong>the</strong> <strong>Action</strong> Aid Ethiopia support in furnishing and equipping <strong>the</strong> office<br />
base of <strong>the</strong> Asossa Cooperative Union.<br />
o Recognition by government - The regional Cooperatives Promotion Office recognizes<br />
that <strong>the</strong> emergence of most of <strong>the</strong> registered irrigation-based cooperatives was supported<br />
and facilitated by <strong>the</strong> NGOs.<br />
o Result - Interest and practices in irrigation-based intensive farming is one <strong>the</strong> increase<br />
and cooperatives motivated to diversify engagements, including agro-processing.<br />
o Next steps - by taking into account <strong>the</strong> remoteness of <strong>the</strong> region from <strong>the</strong> centre,<br />
particularly NGOs should be encouraged to assist regional NSA to venture into value<br />
chain development for <strong>the</strong> major agricultural produces and natural resources (e.g.<br />
bamboo) available in <strong>the</strong> region and improve marketability.<br />
d) Water Supply and Sanitation<br />
� NSA involved - Water Aid Ethiopia, Menge Woreda<br />
� Objective - piloting and demonstration of full-coverage of WATSAN services<br />
� The Approach - Woreda level Water and Sanitation Technical Coordination Forum of 10<br />
sector offices and 2 NGOs (Oxfam/GB and WAE) provide overall leadership. NGO and<br />
Woreda Water Resources Desk jointly implement <strong>the</strong> project. NGO injects additional<br />
financial resources and core professional (a Geologist). Government makes available<br />
equipment (e.g. drilling machine) and provides office space for NGO. In targeted kebeles<br />
user committees are organized and provided with guidelines for managing facilities. Stepby-step,<br />
<strong>the</strong> project has been expanding coverage of Kebeles.<br />
� Progress - 95% coverage of WATSAN services in a Woreda to be attained in a four-year<br />
operation that started in 2005.<br />
� Key lessons<br />
� Specialized approach,<br />
� Intensive work on defined project target area,<br />
� Community organizing - <strong>the</strong> kebele WATSAN Committees have managed to collect and<br />
accumulate up to 30,000 Birr from user fees during <strong>the</strong> last three years.<br />
� Strong cooperation and making maximum use of <strong>the</strong> governmental structures and<br />
resources<br />
129
e) Responding to needs of vulnerable groups - OVC support<br />
NSA involved - Ethiopian Mulu-wongel Believers Church Development Organization and<br />
Asossa iddirs<br />
Approach - 3-tier approach: World Vision mobilizes PEFAR fund from USAID and supported<br />
Mulu-Wongel Church Development Organization as sub-grantee to in turn involve and support<br />
CBOs and <strong>the</strong> local churches. Recipient CBOs (Iddirs) and Churches screened and provided<br />
integrated supports to OVCs residing in geographically defined segments of Asossa town.<br />
Progress - Project has already reached and extended support to 3,214 children (50% Girls).<br />
Moreover, <strong>the</strong> OVC support Core Committees established in conjunction with <strong>the</strong> project have<br />
started mobilizing local level resources and actors to extend <strong>the</strong>ir share of contributions in<br />
support of <strong>the</strong> OVC agenda. For example, some of <strong>the</strong> Asossa based private schools have<br />
enrolled agreed number of OVC for free (that is no tuition fee).<br />
Results - enhanced CBO interest in social services for <strong>the</strong> weak segments of society, and<br />
model for community participation in addressing local needs.<br />
The dynamics in <strong>the</strong> sector at regional level<br />
Compared to <strong>the</strong> 2004 observation, <strong>the</strong> quantities, mix and profiles of NSA in BSG has grown<br />
and come to prominence. Various factors appear to have contributed to this development, and <strong>the</strong><br />
major ones' are outlined below:<br />
� As indicated elsewhere in this report <strong>the</strong> regional government has deliberately lobbied<br />
and attracted some international NGOs to start operation in <strong>the</strong> region. As a result <strong>the</strong><br />
number of operational international NGOs have increased,<br />
� As part of implementation strategy, selected NGOs (like AAE, FHI and CISP) have<br />
extended technical and financial supports for associations or groupings of youth to<br />
participate in <strong>the</strong> regional HIV/AIDS response. This could have been one of <strong>the</strong> pullfactors<br />
for <strong>the</strong> emergence of <strong>the</strong> various associations in <strong>the</strong>se fields. On <strong>the</strong> part of <strong>the</strong><br />
government, availability of <strong>the</strong> small HIV/AIDS grants from HAPCO could have same<br />
effects;<br />
� By <strong>the</strong> time of <strong>the</strong> field work 44 regional NSA have acquired legal personality as not-forprofit<br />
entity from <strong>the</strong> regional Bureau of Justice and Security. Hence, it can be said that<br />
<strong>the</strong> commencement of registration by <strong>the</strong> Notary Office, under <strong>the</strong> Bureau of Justice and<br />
Security could have simplified <strong>the</strong> procedure and resulted in legal registration of<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rwise informal groupings.<br />
� The multi-ethnic nature of <strong>the</strong> regional population appears to have contributed to <strong>the</strong><br />
emergence and participation of diverse groups of NSA. For example as indicated in <strong>the</strong><br />
previous mapping study <strong>the</strong> leaders of <strong>the</strong> four indigenous ethnic groups are supporting<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir respective regional development associations, and by doing so <strong>the</strong>y contribute for<br />
<strong>the</strong> co-existence of multiple NSA competing for resources and recognition. The same<br />
holds true for <strong>the</strong> associations of youth and women, where localized and focused<br />
associations are equally accepted and accommodated as <strong>the</strong> hierarchical regional<br />
associations. As a matter of fact, much more self-organizing work is still needed in order<br />
to build <strong>the</strong> legitimacy of <strong>the</strong> hierarchical regional Associations.<br />
Typology Number<br />
130
<strong>Regional</strong> NGOs 12<br />
Anti-AIDS & Reproductive Health<br />
Associations<br />
9<br />
Associations of Women or those<br />
exclusively targeting women<br />
5<br />
<strong>Regional</strong> Development Associations 4<br />
Associations of <strong>the</strong> Elderly and<br />
PWDs<br />
4<br />
Association of PLWHA 3<br />
Associations of <strong>the</strong> Youth 3<br />
Apex Organization 2 *<br />
Art and Culture Associations 2<br />
Total 44<br />
Compared to o<strong>the</strong>r regions, <strong>the</strong> dynamics in <strong>the</strong> BSG NSA is deficient in <strong>the</strong> following aspects:<br />
� Registration of Civil Associations is done at regional level only. Hence, <strong>the</strong> arrangement<br />
can be cumbersome and costly venture for those aspiring to register from Zonal and Woreda<br />
levels. It would have been sensible if at least <strong>the</strong> far-off Zone of Metekel is delegated to<br />
handle <strong>the</strong> Zonal registration,<br />
� No governmental and non-governmental agency has ventured into assisting <strong>the</strong> Iddir<br />
unionization process in <strong>the</strong> region. As a result <strong>the</strong> attempt of three local iddirs to establish a<br />
Union of <strong>the</strong> 48 Iddirs in Asossa has not succeeded, and potentials of increasing <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
participation in socio-economic processes is under-utilized,<br />
Networking<br />
� Starts have already been made towards establishing regional CSO network. Initially <strong>the</strong> plan<br />
was to establish a <strong>Regional</strong> Chapter of PANE. Through fur<strong>the</strong>r consultations, <strong>the</strong> plan is<br />
adjusted to establishing and legalizing a <strong>Regional</strong> CSO Forum. It is anticipated that <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Regional</strong> CSO Forum will be a counterpart to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Regional</strong> Government - NGO Forum<br />
which already constituted.<br />
� While <strong>the</strong> general networking is in good course, <strong>the</strong>re are outstanding challenges in forming<br />
focused regional networks, particularly relating to regional network of PLWHA<br />
Associations. It is learned that <strong>the</strong> leadership competition among <strong>the</strong> two Asossa-based<br />
PLWHA associations has hindered formation of a regional network that is expected to relate<br />
to <strong>the</strong> Associations of Ethiopian Living HIV/AIDS (AELHA).<br />
� To coordinate and support efforts of <strong>the</strong> various groups, <strong>the</strong> Union of BSG <strong>Regional</strong> Anti-<br />
AIDS Clubs and Associations was established at <strong>the</strong> beginning of 2007. The establishment<br />
as well as participation of <strong>the</strong> Union is supported by AAE and <strong>the</strong> <strong>Regional</strong> HAPCO. It can<br />
be an effective structure for streng<strong>the</strong>ning capacities of <strong>the</strong> member clubs and associations<br />
and also for dissemination of education messages.<br />
Dialogue and cooperation between NSA and Local Government<br />
In general terms, local government in BSG is still undeveloped - hence, dialogue is limited.<br />
Ra<strong>the</strong>r demonstration-based and action-learning approaches leading to dissemination of<br />
successful practices is taking place in some localities. For example, <strong>the</strong> work of water Aid in<br />
Menge Woreda (explained under section 3.5) presents a model of cooperation between local<br />
government and NSA. The 10 person Water and Sanitation Technical Coordination Forum of all<br />
131
elevant woreda offices and NGOs (Oxfam UK and Water Aid) coordinated implementation of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Community Water Supply and Sanitation Project. The representation and participation of <strong>the</strong><br />
various offices was necessitated so that some are able to contribute resources at <strong>the</strong>ir disposal<br />
(mostly technical personnel), and o<strong>the</strong>rs are able to learn and prepare for active participation in<br />
subsequent stages of operation. With such arrangement, some made available machinery, <strong>the</strong><br />
NGO covered costs of well-sinking/drilling and developing <strong>the</strong> systems for storage and<br />
distribution. The Health and Education Offices participated in promoting hygiene education and<br />
simple sanitary technologies. On its part, <strong>the</strong> Woreda Agriculture and Cooperative Promotion<br />
offices participated in establishing Community Structures and developing <strong>the</strong> system for costrecovery<br />
and management.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> above case, cooperation between NSA and <strong>the</strong> local government has improved successful<br />
accomplishment of <strong>the</strong> project, and <strong>the</strong> regional Water Resources Bureau is planning to replicate<br />
<strong>the</strong> approach to o<strong>the</strong>r woredas. In o<strong>the</strong>r words, <strong>the</strong> dialogue on approaches of improving water<br />
supply and sanitation coverage has been done through action and demonstration. The experience<br />
of AAE in promoting and mainstreaming <strong>the</strong> alternative basic education system in Bambasi<br />
woreda, too, is a result of demonstration and lobbying.<br />
In Benishangul Gumuz, dialogue and cooperation between NSA and <strong>the</strong> regional government<br />
stands as one of <strong>the</strong> best so far, and from some of <strong>the</strong> trends it is likely to fur<strong>the</strong>r improve in <strong>the</strong><br />
years to come. To mention few major aspects: 1) NSA supported (financially as well as<br />
technically) <strong>the</strong> regional 5-yr development planning process. Some served on <strong>the</strong> Committee that<br />
coordinated <strong>the</strong> planning process. 2) separate consultations was held with NSA in <strong>the</strong> planning<br />
process, and recommendations incorporated, 3) as a result <strong>the</strong>re is shared understanding on <strong>the</strong><br />
roles of each party, and provisions that facilitate active NSA participation in all stages of<br />
programming at different levels are included.<br />
The <strong>Regional</strong> Government has also adopted a <strong>Regional</strong> GO - NGO Guideline, and as per this<br />
Guideline periodic dialogue forums are expected to be constituted at zonal and woreda levels.<br />
The level of cooperation between NSA and government in <strong>the</strong> region extends as far as<br />
government organizing training course in PCM for regional NGOs and CBOs. According to <strong>the</strong><br />
coordinators in <strong>the</strong> BOFED office this is a desired step to contribute to increasing operational<br />
NSAs.<br />
In summary, <strong>the</strong> local-level cooperation and dialogue between NSA and government in <strong>the</strong><br />
Region is encouraging and present some best practices. NGOs that utilized strategies of piloting<br />
and demonstrating and that involved in or maintained close-contact with local officials have<br />
managed to successfully attain results.<br />
Engagement in Policy Dialogue<br />
The fact that NSA were part of <strong>the</strong> regional development planning process can be counted as<br />
indicator of <strong>the</strong> presence of some kind of policy dialogue. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, as <strong>the</strong> visions, priorities<br />
and strategies incorporated in <strong>the</strong> 5-year programme are in line with and acceptable to that of <strong>the</strong><br />
NSA (in general) it can be said that <strong>the</strong> dialogue has been fruitful.<br />
With regard to <strong>the</strong> future, for example, as shown below, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Regional</strong> Programme pledges to<br />
establish a permanent Forum with NSA including <strong>the</strong> Private Sector. The NSA have to remind<br />
and assist <strong>the</strong> government so that such forum with articulated objectives and code of business is<br />
established as pledged.<br />
132
Establish inclusive development partner's forums (government-private-CSOs, and/or<br />
government-private sector and Government-CSOs, as appropriate) for planning,<br />
integration of efforts, consultation on developments objectives; and for joint review of<br />
performances.<br />
Page 66, streng<strong>the</strong>ning partnerships for effective implementation of<br />
<strong>the</strong> BSGR 5-year Development Plan<br />
In addition to <strong>the</strong> above, <strong>the</strong> plan has also activity lines that are aimed at enhanced and<br />
institutionalizing dialogue on policy and development aspects (refer insert below). Perhaps,<br />
encouraged by <strong>the</strong> provisions in <strong>the</strong> five-year plan, a joint proposal for establishing Government-<br />
NSA Food Security Policy Dialogue Forum has been submitted to <strong>the</strong> officials (by TGPDA and<br />
OXFAM/GB) and an agreement has been reached to launch it. The region has some unique<br />
development challenges and potentials to unleash. Hence, <strong>the</strong> positive starts have to be sustained<br />
and enhanced.<br />
• Support establishment of new CSOs and streng<strong>the</strong>n capacities of <strong>the</strong> existing ones so as<br />
to ensure active participation of <strong>the</strong> population and civil society in good governance and<br />
programme implementation<br />
• Organize forums that enable/facilitate continuous consultations between <strong>the</strong> regional<br />
government, <strong>the</strong> population and civil society<br />
Focal activities in Good Governance and Capacity Building, BSGR 5-<br />
Yr Development Plan<br />
Engagement in Political Dialogue<br />
Much can not be said about political dialogue as indicators are scanty. For improvements in this<br />
are <strong>the</strong> capacity gap on both sides has to be addressed. Some segments of NSA get invitations to<br />
<strong>Regional</strong> and Woreda Council meetings. For example, AAE <strong>Regional</strong> Branch Office indicated<br />
that <strong>the</strong>y usually get <strong>the</strong>se invitations, and do send staff members. In relation to this, <strong>the</strong> survey<br />
has detected three interrelated problems. In <strong>the</strong> first place, most of <strong>the</strong> NSA appeared to have<br />
limited or even low level of understanding on <strong>the</strong> relevance of <strong>the</strong> avenue of participation.<br />
Hence, <strong>the</strong> common practice is to delegate and send some unprepared or even junior staff for<br />
such occasions. Secondly, it looks that some of <strong>the</strong> participating NSA are not aware of <strong>the</strong> rules<br />
and corresponding powers <strong>the</strong>y have as participants in <strong>the</strong> meetings. For example, <strong>the</strong> Secretary<br />
of <strong>the</strong> BSG Hagere Sibket expressed that ".. We are <strong>the</strong>re only to observe. It would have been<br />
better if we have <strong>the</strong> chance to comment or express our views". O<strong>the</strong>r NSA are aware of <strong>the</strong><br />
rules that <strong>the</strong>y are only not allowed to vote. Thirdly, even where <strong>the</strong>re is appreciation and better<br />
understanding of <strong>the</strong> opportunity provided, <strong>the</strong> NSA participation is not supported by advance<br />
discussions and joint formulation of <strong>the</strong> idea, issue or position to air or express in <strong>the</strong> Council<br />
meetings. Because of this, so far no one from <strong>the</strong> NSA has managed to promote an issue through<br />
<strong>the</strong> Council meeting avenues.<br />
Internal Organisation and Resources<br />
Financial Resources<br />
� International NGOs - implementing agreement bound multi-year programmes; with secured<br />
funding,<br />
� <strong>Regional</strong> Development Associations - collecting subscriptions from members - but not<br />
adequate enough to undertake/implement activities in <strong>the</strong> core mandate area<br />
133
� Associations of Women and Youth - supposed to collect prescriptions from members - but<br />
not yet.<br />
� Some of <strong>the</strong> regional development associations, FBOs and MBAs and regionally registered<br />
CSOs depending on supports from international NGOs (AAE, FHI, CISP) and government<br />
managed donor resources - HAPCO,<br />
� Some have managed to access a one-off type support - hence continued participation is at<br />
stake,<br />
� O<strong>the</strong>rs who have failed to mobilize resources in <strong>the</strong> process of disappearing from <strong>the</strong><br />
landscape.<br />
Human Resources<br />
� International NGOs and FBOs - having few full-time key professionals - primarily to top-up<br />
local governmental technical capacity - Positive<br />
� Some of <strong>the</strong> stronger National and <strong>Regional</strong> NGOs - having some project-based full-time<br />
professionals in <strong>the</strong> key engagement areas - but finding it challenging to maintain due to<br />
turnover<br />
� Most of <strong>the</strong> regional CSOs (including <strong>the</strong> regionally registered NGOs, Associations of Youth,<br />
Development Associations, FBOs, and CBOs like Iddir) have no full-time staff at all.<br />
� Opportunities for exposure and skill development for CSO personnel are limited.<br />
Policies, Systems and Structures<br />
� The piloting and <strong>the</strong>n scaling-up strategy of INGOs - is understood well and is producing<br />
results<br />
� Contextual participation and longer term visioning by some of <strong>the</strong> international NGOs -<br />
multi-sectoral and strategic interventions<br />
� Few of <strong>the</strong> emerging NSAs have policy manuals and multi-year programmes (Strategic Plan)<br />
that guide <strong>the</strong>ir participation<br />
� Opportunities for learning on aspects of organizational development; including governance,<br />
constituency streng<strong>the</strong>ning, resource mobilization; accountability are not available for <strong>the</strong><br />
majority of NSAs,<br />
� Most NSAs are concentrated in Asossa Town and <strong>the</strong> surrounding Zones - outreach!<br />
Facilities<br />
� Some NSA having <strong>the</strong>ir own office facilities - Iddirs, Women Association and WVE<br />
� O<strong>the</strong>rs housed in government offices - Water Aid<br />
� But, most operating from rented compounds (from private owners) - including RDAs,<br />
PLWHAAs,<br />
� Still o<strong>the</strong>rs having no separate office of <strong>the</strong>ir own!!<br />
Capacity Building Needs<br />
� Need for organizational development supports for <strong>the</strong> various emerging regional NSA -<br />
planning, developing systems and policies<br />
� Need to have decentralized funding mechanism to improve donor access,<br />
134
� Need to support <strong>the</strong> regional NSA develop logistical and infrastructure capacity for sustaining<br />
participation, including outreach to remote parts of <strong>the</strong> region,<br />
� Need for supporting self-organization in NSA and also dialogue between NSA and<br />
government<br />
� Need to support national offices of <strong>the</strong> FBOs and Chamber of Commerce's to provide<br />
outreach assistants (backstopping) to <strong>the</strong>ir regional counterparts,<br />
10. Gambella <strong>Regional</strong> Report<br />
1. General remarks on NSA at territorial level<br />
1.1. Background about Gambella Region<br />
� Gambella is one of <strong>the</strong> emerging regions, located at <strong>the</strong> far south-western end of Ethiopia. It is<br />
a multi-ethnic region where four indigenous groups (Agnuwak, Nuer, Mejenger, Opo and<br />
Komo) coexist with considerable number of highlanders settled by <strong>the</strong> previous government.<br />
Some of <strong>the</strong> ethnic groups have shared identity with clans in Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Sudan, thus <strong>the</strong> region<br />
has been hosting hundreds of thousands of refugees displaced by <strong>the</strong> prolonged conflict in <strong>the</strong><br />
Sudan. During <strong>the</strong> field visit, it was seen that a large scale repatriation programme was in<br />
motion. It looks, large scale population movement across <strong>the</strong> political boundary is left<br />
unregulated, and this seems to be affecting <strong>the</strong> regional socio-economic and political process,<br />
both positively and negatively.<br />
� Gambella is a low-lying area through which <strong>the</strong> major rivers arising from <strong>the</strong> South-Western<br />
highlands flow into <strong>the</strong> Sudan. Traditional and subsistence agriculture is <strong>the</strong> mainstay of <strong>the</strong><br />
population. The population of <strong>the</strong> region is estimated to be about 160,000. On observing <strong>the</strong><br />
large number of youth strolling on <strong>the</strong> main-roads of that small city, one does not need<br />
additional statistics to appreciate <strong>the</strong> severity of unemployment or <strong>the</strong> underutilization of<br />
available human capacity in <strong>the</strong> region.<br />
� Of <strong>the</strong> ethnic groups, <strong>the</strong> Nuer is primarily agro-pastoral communities, while <strong>the</strong> Agnuwak<br />
are mostly sedentary small scale farmers across <strong>the</strong> routes of <strong>the</strong> major rivers. Fishing is an<br />
important source of nutrition and cash income. Unlike, <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs, <strong>the</strong> Mejenger are hunterga<strong>the</strong>rer<br />
people settled in <strong>the</strong> coffee-rich natural forests of Godere Woreda.<br />
� Because of <strong>the</strong> remoteness as well as o<strong>the</strong>r special contexts, local traditions and customs are<br />
major factors dictating social life and well-being. Even within Gambella town, <strong>the</strong> two major<br />
ethnic groups have separate neighbourhoods; intermarriage is uncommon and collective<br />
identity is undeveloped. In <strong>the</strong> face rapid population growth, movement and adverse climate<br />
change effects, this context could contribute to fur<strong>the</strong>r perpetuation of conflicts and<br />
instabilities in <strong>the</strong> region.<br />
� Administratively <strong>the</strong> region is divided into four zones including <strong>the</strong> regional capital. The road<br />
and communication networks are relatively undeveloped. According to key informants 24 , <strong>the</strong><br />
swelling of rivers and/or flooding of fields in some remote areas still cause untimely<br />
termination of educational services as <strong>the</strong> pupils could not make it to <strong>the</strong> schools. Moreover,<br />
flooding during <strong>the</strong> rainy seasons is a regular event resulting in <strong>the</strong> destruction of property and<br />
life of <strong>the</strong> population. Supporting flood victims is amongst <strong>the</strong> important preoccupations of <strong>the</strong><br />
disaster prevention office. As indicated earlier, instability in wea<strong>the</strong>r patters could be fur<strong>the</strong>r<br />
exacerbated due to climate change.<br />
24 From <strong>the</strong> discussion with Ato Tesfahun, President GNRS Teachers Association<br />
135
� After <strong>the</strong> 2004 conflict, <strong>the</strong> regional government has been engaged in <strong>the</strong> delicate conflict<br />
transformation and peace building process. The ethnic based parties have been transformed<br />
and an all inclusive party ( ) is in place. However, political positions are allocated with due<br />
consideration of equity amongst <strong>the</strong> groups. The President and <strong>the</strong> vice presidents are from <strong>the</strong><br />
Agnuak and Nuer groups, respectively, while <strong>the</strong> speaker is from Mejenger.<br />
� Regarding overall development coordination and service delivery, it appears that <strong>the</strong> region is<br />
still feeble and wanting in many aspects. Major national initiatives like civil service reform<br />
and woreda decentralization are not fully executed. Donor supported projects and programmes<br />
are also scanty.<br />
� Thus, NSA profile, participation and contributions in GNRS should be assessed with <strong>the</strong><br />
understanding of <strong>the</strong> above contexts.<br />
1.2. NSA in GNRS as described in <strong>the</strong> previous mapping<br />
Because of <strong>the</strong> security concerns, <strong>the</strong> team involved in <strong>the</strong> previous mapping did not visit<br />
Gambella, thus profiles and nature of participation of NSA in <strong>the</strong> region is not covered. The<br />
presence of a branch office of EWLA in Gambella is only mentioned when describing <strong>the</strong><br />
operational profile of EWLA.<br />
1.3. Major Highlights of Current Findings<br />
� <strong>Regional</strong> Development Associations disbanded in relation to <strong>the</strong> 2003 conflict,<br />
� NSA are active participants in conflict transformation and peace building (ACORD, Pact<br />
Ethiopia, GPDC),<br />
� Relatively, active participation of NSA in education (formal and non-formal): ECS/Don<br />
Bosco, Hope Enterprises, Pact Ethiopia, ANFEAE),<br />
� Some NSA participate in emergency response and recovery (ZOA Refugee Care,<br />
MSF/Switzerland, Oxfam America, ECS/Missionaries of Charity, ECMY)<br />
� NSA landscape is undeveloped and thin (few regional and national NGOs, no Iddir<br />
unionization process; no <strong>Regional</strong> Women Association, and Youth at early stage)<br />
� In general, NSA contribution to <strong>the</strong> regional development process is diminutive,<br />
� NSA cooperation and dialogue with government remains undeveloped (areas of participation<br />
of key NSA (NGOs) not fitting with traditional coordination fields of DPPB, that is food<br />
security, and<br />
� Cooperation between <strong>the</strong> different typologies and elements of NSA is undeveloped.<br />
2. Profile and distribution of NSA at <strong>Regional</strong> Level<br />
2.1. Profile of NSA<br />
The mix of formal NSA in GNRS is outlined below. As can be seen both <strong>the</strong> number and mix are<br />
on <strong>the</strong> lower side, compared to <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r regions.<br />
Table 1: GNRS NSA typologies and size<br />
NSA Typologies<br />
57. NGOs = 12<br />
International NGOs = 7 ACORD, Pact Ethiopia, Carter Centre,<br />
Zoa Refugee Care, MSF/CH, VIPLS,<br />
Home Care Int<br />
National NGOs = 1 Hope Enterprises<br />
136
<strong>Regional</strong> NGOs = 4 Wanthia, Asso for Rural Devt,<br />
Association for Shentawa Community<br />
Development, Agnwaha berre tesfa<br />
Dirijit,<br />
58. <strong>Regional</strong> Development Associations = 0<br />
59. FBOs (national and international) = 10 EECMY (Gambella E & W Betel), EOC,<br />
GISC, ECC/ECS, Nuer Council of<br />
Churches, Evangelical Fellowship<br />
Mission, HEKs, EKHC, Seven Day Adv.<br />
Believers Asso. & The Anglican Church<br />
in Ethiopia<br />
60. Reg. apex/Networking Organisations =<br />
61. Advocacy and Human rights Organizations = 3 Gambella Intellectual Committee,<br />
Gambella Peace and Development<br />
Council and Research Centre for Civic<br />
and Human Rights Education<br />
62. Economic and business interest groups<br />
Cooperatives = 85<br />
Chamber of Commerce and Sector Asso. = 1 Gambella CC and Sector Associations<br />
63. Trade and labour union<br />
64. Professional Associations = 2 <strong>Regional</strong> Teachers Association<br />
65. Age, gender, health-status and o<strong>the</strong>r occupation<br />
related Associations<br />
<strong>Regional</strong>ly registered Youth Association = 2 Gambella Youth Club and GNRS Youth<br />
Culture and Anti-AIDS Union<br />
� Region-wide basic Youth Asso.<br />
� Region-wide Youth Clubs<br />
Reg. registered Asso. of/for Women = 0<br />
Reg. registered Elderly and Disability Asso. =<br />
Registered Asso. of PLWHA = 1 Save Generation,<br />
66. Free Press;<br />
67. Community based organisations = 2 Lul Tsera-AIDS Club and G.A.M.A.<br />
Christian Anti-AIDS Club<br />
3. Activities and Sectoral Contributions<br />
3.1. Summary of Values of Ongoing NGO Projects<br />
The partial information from <strong>the</strong> regional DPP office shows that NGOs are involved in<br />
implementing projects at a total budget of about 31.3 M Birr. Compared to o<strong>the</strong>r regions this<br />
amount is small.<br />
Table 3: Financial values of ongoing NGO Programmes in GNRS<br />
Typology of NSA No<br />
No. of<br />
Ongoing<br />
Projects<br />
Value of <strong>the</strong><br />
project, Birr<br />
<strong>Regional</strong> NGOs 2 2 66,667.00<br />
The NSA (e.g.)<br />
Asso for Rural Devt, &<br />
Wanthoa Vision for<br />
Peace & Devt.<br />
Association<br />
PLWHA Association - - -<br />
National NGOs 1 1 5,388,470 Hope Enterprises<br />
137
7 9<br />
ACORD, Pact Ethiopia,<br />
International NGOs<br />
11,924,793 Carter Centre, MSF/CH<br />
4 7<br />
EECMY, ECC/SDCO,<br />
Faith-based Organizations<br />
13,970,726.00 HEKs,<br />
Total 14 19 31,350,656.00<br />
Source: Based on Federal DPPA and <strong>Regional</strong> DPP<br />
data<br />
3.2. Zonal Distribution of Ongoing Projects<br />
There is no disaggregated data on <strong>the</strong> regional distributions of NSA projects. However, it is learnt<br />
that most of <strong>the</strong> projects are targeted to Gambella town.<br />
3.3. Sectoral Participation<br />
Aggregation of ongoing projects into sectoral and <strong>the</strong>matic clusters is shown on Table 5 below.<br />
The combined data from regional DPP office and from that of <strong>the</strong> federal DPPA shows that<br />
significant portion of <strong>the</strong> NSA resource is allocated to formal basic education. In this regard, <strong>the</strong><br />
ECS/Don Bosco stands as key actor, in both investment as well as coverage. It has hostels in four<br />
woredas (Pungido, Lari, Itang and Gambella), and this are valued supports enabling continued<br />
educational participation of youth from <strong>the</strong> indigenous communities.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> health sector, MSF Switzerland has implemented successive emergency-type health<br />
projects, and this has constituted major share of <strong>the</strong> resource allocation. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, <strong>the</strong><br />
Carter Centre has been executing <strong>the</strong> Onchocerciasis Control Programme in parts of Mejenger<br />
zone.<br />
Most of <strong>the</strong> NGO projects under <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>matic area of food security are indeed emergency relief<br />
operations. Projects of EECMY, East and West Be<strong>the</strong>ls are titled as rehabilitation of victims of<br />
conflicts. O<strong>the</strong>rs, for example EKHCDP and Oxfam/America had projects involving grain<br />
distribution. From <strong>the</strong>se observations, it appears that no NSA is involved in implementing<br />
integrated food security or rural development project/programme in GNRS.<br />
Despite <strong>the</strong> above generalization, it is interesting to note that NSA are active participants in <strong>the</strong><br />
conflict transformation and peace building process. Both ACORD and Pact Ethiopia are<br />
promoting community dialogue and interactions between leaders of <strong>the</strong> different ethnic groups<br />
and also amongst different social groups of an ethnic group. Through such approaches, factors<br />
contributing to <strong>the</strong> perpetuation of conflict are identified and, where possible, technical and<br />
financial supports are provided by <strong>the</strong> NGOs so that community takes <strong>the</strong> action for mitigation.<br />
For example, Pact Ethiopia in collaboration with Pact Sudan is involved in revitalizing <strong>the</strong> tradelink<br />
between communities on both-sides of <strong>the</strong> border as means to mitigating conflict.<br />
Accordingly, cooperatives are streng<strong>the</strong>ned to maximize gain from transactions.<br />
Table 5: Sectoral focuses of ongoing NSA projects in GNRS<br />
Areas of Participation<br />
Value of ongoing<br />
projects, Birr<br />
No<br />
of<br />
NSA<br />
No. of<br />
Projects NSAs involved, examples<br />
Education (formal<br />
education) 17,756,870 2 2 HOPE & ECS/Don Bosco<br />
Health 10,478,660 2 4 MSF/CH & Carter Centre<br />
Wanthoa Vision, Home Care<br />
HIV/AIDS 145,049 3 3 Int & ARD<br />
Food Security mostly<br />
EECMY, EKHCDP,<br />
relief & Rehab 0 3 5 OXFAM/America<br />
138
Peace building 0 3 3 PACT ETH, ACORD, HEKS<br />
Social Welfare 1,602,326 1 1 ECS/SDCO/MMM<br />
WATSAN 1,367,751 1 1 VIS<br />
Total 31,350,656 15 19<br />
Source - based on DPPA and <strong>Regional</strong> DPP information<br />
The peace building participation is not only limited to <strong>the</strong> 3 international NGOs (Pact, ACORD<br />
and HEKS). Instead, all <strong>the</strong> FBOs and <strong>the</strong> national human rights and research organization (that is<br />
RCCHRE) are involved through <strong>the</strong> joint framework of Gambella Peace and Development<br />
Council (GPDC). More information is provided on <strong>the</strong> GPDC under section 5.<br />
4. The dynamics in <strong>the</strong> sector at regional level<br />
All <strong>the</strong> three ethnic-based <strong>Regional</strong> Development Associations (Agnewak, Nuer and Mejenger)<br />
were outlawed from operation in 2005byy <strong>the</strong> decision of <strong>the</strong> regional administrative Council.<br />
The decision was taken following <strong>the</strong> allegation that leaders of one of <strong>the</strong> Associations were<br />
involved in fuelling <strong>the</strong> conflict. It looks; <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs were banned so as to impart <strong>the</strong> political<br />
fairness or non-discriminatory nature of <strong>the</strong> decision made. From <strong>the</strong> discussion with key regional<br />
actors, <strong>the</strong>re is renewed interest of reviving <strong>the</strong> RDAs. For example, representatives from<br />
Gambella have started communicating <strong>the</strong> federal MOJ regarding <strong>the</strong> reconstitution of <strong>the</strong><br />
Mejenger Development Association.<br />
5. Networking<br />
The progress in networking amongst <strong>the</strong> regional NSA is one of <strong>the</strong> weakest. No one has<br />
attempted to bring toge<strong>the</strong>r NSA belonging to <strong>the</strong> different typologies. International NGOs used<br />
to participate in a monthly status review meetings organized in collaboration with UN<br />
organizations. Issues/queries emanating from such meetings were shared with appropriate<br />
regional authorities for <strong>the</strong>ir respective actions.<br />
The initiative taken by <strong>the</strong> inter-faith groups in establishing <strong>the</strong> Gambella Peace and<br />
Development Council (GPDC) could be counted as a collective effort or a networked approach.<br />
Founders of GPDC have had important contributions in <strong>the</strong> arbitration and reconciliation phase.<br />
However, <strong>the</strong> momentum created is not maintained, and as a result potentials of enhancing role<br />
and participation are being wasted.<br />
ACORD and Pact Ethiopia are renowned NGOs for promoting networking at national level. In<br />
<strong>the</strong> case of Gambella, both have taken <strong>the</strong> back-seat in this regard.<br />
6. Dialogue and Cooperation between NSA and Government<br />
The government to some extent has encouraged <strong>the</strong> emergence and participation of strategically<br />
important regional NSA like GPDC, GIC and EWLA. In <strong>the</strong> case of GPDC and GIC, <strong>the</strong> support<br />
extended includes allocation of initial budget and office furniture. The EWLA branch office in<br />
Gambella often depends and gets transport services from sector bureaus for its educational<br />
outreach programmes to rural areas. A specific case arising from Mejenger zone shows that local<br />
government could even endorse informal CBO initiatives for accessing donor support. (Refer<br />
insert below).<br />
Since 2000, a dedicated young-man called Afera Alemu has been coordinating summer literacy<br />
and tutorial classes in rural kebeles of Godere Woreda. The aim of <strong>the</strong> initiative was to contribute<br />
to contribute to education enrolment and quality. Teachers and o<strong>the</strong>r college students were<br />
voluntarily mobilized to implement <strong>the</strong> programme. Over <strong>the</strong> years, participating children<br />
displayed attractive performance in academic standards, and this sent messages to key actors:<br />
139
parents and community members extended more supports for <strong>the</strong> programme, while government<br />
wanted to assist expansion of <strong>the</strong> coverage.<br />
Then <strong>the</strong> CB Office wrote a letter endorsing a funding proposal of <strong>the</strong> founder (Afera Alemu) for<br />
consideration by <strong>the</strong> UNICEF regional office in Gambella. Accordingly, <strong>the</strong> regional Education<br />
Bureau endorsed <strong>the</strong> proposal and is scheduled to be supported by UNICEF.<br />
On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, some of <strong>the</strong> NSA consulted expressed <strong>the</strong> concern that lack of skilled and<br />
experienced counterparts in <strong>the</strong> regional and local government structures is hindering or affecting<br />
<strong>the</strong> quality of cooperation and dialogue. As a result, for example, projects of NSA are treated not<br />
as integral parts of <strong>the</strong> overall development endeavour, and this leads to reduced cooperation in<br />
facilitating smooth operation. Under <strong>the</strong> given regional context this is naturally expected, and<br />
both state and NSA should be supported to facilitate sharing of experiences from within and<br />
without <strong>the</strong> region. The BOFED has plan of developing regional guideline for government-NGO<br />
collaboration and establishing regular forum for dialogue. It would be beneficial if this endeavour<br />
is made participatory and all inclusive.<br />
7. Engagement in Policy Dialogue<br />
Much can not be said about <strong>the</strong> regional experiences in policy dialogue between NSA and <strong>the</strong><br />
governmental counterparts. The nature of project activities implemented are fragmented, hence<br />
potentials of compiling information and lessons having policy-level relevance is low. As<br />
formality, sector bureaus extend invitations and solicit participation of relevant NSA segments.<br />
For example, <strong>the</strong> Education Bureau invites NGOs and <strong>the</strong> Teachers Association to participate in<br />
<strong>the</strong> annual education forum. But, so far participating NSA did not use <strong>the</strong> opportunity to initiate<br />
evidence-based dialogue on <strong>the</strong> performance of <strong>the</strong> education sector programme.<br />
Because of <strong>the</strong> status of organization, membership-based Associations of Youth and Women and<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r local level CSOs, so far, are not involved in Woreda and <strong>Regional</strong> Council meetings.<br />
Despite <strong>the</strong>se current contexts, <strong>the</strong> following perspective from <strong>the</strong> deputy head of BOFED points<br />
<strong>the</strong> evolving appreciation on <strong>the</strong> importance of policy dialogue by NSA.<br />
Since resources are limited, government can not try-out or venture into all kinds of alternatives.<br />
On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand NSA are courageous in taking risks and experimenting with alternatives. If<br />
<strong>the</strong>y succeed in demonstrating better results, government goes along with in promoting and upscaling.<br />
Hence, we would like to see more of such actors in <strong>the</strong> region. Ato Oman Omulu,<br />
D/Head of BOFED.<br />
To facilitate effective policy dialogue supports are needed for action researching, sectoral<br />
networking and for regularizing forums for discussion between <strong>the</strong> key actors.<br />
8. Engagement in Political Dialogue<br />
Following <strong>the</strong> bloody conflict of, 2003 <strong>the</strong> regional government has sought <strong>the</strong> support of NSA<br />
and <strong>the</strong> regional intelligentsia to assist <strong>the</strong> process of conflict transformation. In <strong>the</strong> process two<br />
NSA actors, GPDC and GIA were formed, and have participated to varying scale in arbitration<br />
and facilitating dialogue. It looks <strong>the</strong> initial momentum is not maintained, and both organizations<br />
have not scaled-up or intensified <strong>the</strong>ir engagements.<br />
140
Both organizations usually get <strong>the</strong> invitations to observe Council meetings. In addition, <strong>the</strong>y have<br />
both <strong>the</strong> constituency and government access to systematically initiate political dialogue. It is<br />
appropriate that due support is provided to <strong>the</strong> organizations to facilitate political dialogue. It was<br />
learned that a workshop aimed at sharing findings of research work coordinated by ACORD on<br />
<strong>the</strong> regional conflict was last minute cancelled by <strong>the</strong> regional government from taking place.<br />
Perhaps, <strong>the</strong> officials wouldn't have taken such action if one of <strong>the</strong> regional organizations were on<br />
<strong>the</strong> front.<br />
We have accomplished a lot in cooling-down tempers and in <strong>the</strong> normalization of life after <strong>the</strong><br />
conflict. ….. But, we admit that <strong>the</strong> root cause is yet to be addressed.<br />
Ato Jobi Omad, Director, GPDC<br />
9. Internal Organisation and Resources<br />
Even <strong>the</strong> membership-based NSA are not able to mobilize subscriptions from members - GPDC<br />
founders not having financial commitments, Youth association have no and teachers association<br />
….<br />
The few regional NGOs are not active - no strategic or multi-year programmes; no project<br />
agreements with government; and no active engagement with o<strong>the</strong>r NSA (for example with<br />
international NGOs).<br />
The international NGOs in <strong>the</strong> region are mostly direct implementing - hence <strong>the</strong> interdependence<br />
between <strong>the</strong> regional, national and international NSAs is undeveloped. (exceptions are ACORD<br />
and to some extent, Pact Ethiopia)<br />
Because of weak support base, some of <strong>the</strong> NSA are highly dependent on regional government.<br />
This may affect <strong>the</strong> quality of dialogue.<br />
10. Capacity Building Needs<br />
o Opportunities for learning on aspects of organizational development; including<br />
governance, constituency streng<strong>the</strong>ning, resource mobilization; accountability are not<br />
available for <strong>the</strong> majority of NSAs,<br />
o Most NSAs are concentrated in Gambella Town and <strong>the</strong> surrounding Zones - outreach!<br />
o MBAs not able to mobilize <strong>the</strong> subscriptions - indicators of commitment or support<br />
missing<br />
o Already organized groupings of Youth and Women not strategically linked to <strong>the</strong> forming<br />
regional Associations of Youth and Women respectively,<br />
o Founders of GPDC not contributing financially; and <strong>the</strong>re is no plan of co-opting o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
relevant NSA as members,<br />
o Domestic resource mobilization for NSA activities not developed,<br />
141