The Great Dane - Breed Nutrition - Royal Canin

Great
Dane
Best balance
nutrition for
Great Danes
Royal Canin scientific research:
innovation in Health Nutrition

C o n t e n t s
The history of the Great Dane…
The breed standard
1 – Key points
of the Great Dane,
an exceptional dog
A big appetite but a fragile
digestive system
The Great Dane:
a very muscular giant
A skeleton that requires special care
throughout the Great Dane’s life
Dilated cardiomyopathy
and giant-breed dogs
2 – Best balance
nutrition for
the Great Dane
A food to improve
digestive security
Maintaining a healthy weight and
an optimal body composition
Nutrition that targets
the joints
Taurine
and L-carnitine:
heart nutrients
References
Scientific glossary
Key innovations for dogs
in the history of Royal Canin
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Vasco des Terres axonaises
© J.-M. Labat
INTRODUCTION
Knowledge is the mother of precision
Ever since Royal Canin was founded by a veterinarian,
the improvement of scientific knowledge, especially
of large-breed dogs, has always been one of
our key commitments. As a pioneer in cataloguing
the characteristics of large-breed puppies, Royal
Canin developed a food exclusively formulated to
meet their requirements, AGR 36.
Since then, Royal Canin scientists and nutritionists
have never stopped deepening their expertise with the aim of further improving
nutritional foods adapted to the individual requirements of dogs, according to their
size, breed, age, lifestyle and physiological condition.
This unique know-how has enabled the identification of a separate class within the
category of large-breed dogs – giant dogs – weighing more than 45 kg as adults
and with particular characteristics: a growth stage that extends to 18-24 months,
large jaws and teeth, constraints imposed by their joints and early signs of ageing.
In studying large dogs, as part of their commitment to ensuring the dog is always
given the best nutrition based on the latest knowledge, Royal Canin’s veterinary nutritionists
have discovered that Great Danes have unique characteristics that require a
specific nutritional response.
Studies have shown that Great Danes have a particularly elevated energy requirement,
much higher than most dogs in the same category. To keep a Great Dane at
its ideal weight, the quantity of food needed is on average more than 50% above
the theoretical feeding amount. Some studies even mention an increase of 74% or
more.
There are at least two reasons for this elevated energy requirement: a short
coat that provides little insulation and a very large muscle mass, which
makes up at least 80% of the body composition!
It is not enough to simply increase the amount fed. Great Danes are sensitive
dogs that do not tolerate too high a volume per meal, as this can create
the conditions leading to dilatation of the stomach. To reconcile digestive
security along with nutritional responses perfectly adapted to the skeleton,
musculature and life expectancy of the Great Dane, Royal Canin is
now proud to present a specially formulated food:
Great Dane 23.
Ingredients selected for their exceptional digestibility, nutrients that protect cartilage,
a blend of antioxidants to promote health and vitality with age, a specific kibble
texture and shape that is perfectly adapted to the breed’s large jaws and strong
teeth… everything has been done to help protect the health and beauty of this
exceptional dog.
This nutritional innovation, developed by the Royal Canin Research and
Development Centre, has not only already won over many Great Dane breeders,
but is evidence of our deep commitment to developing Health Nutrition, and to promoting
and preserving the health and beauty of this emblematic breed together
with you who share our passion.
Alain Guillemin
Chief Executive Office
Royal Canin Group
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Unick des Terres axonaises © J.-M. Labat

© P. Psaila
The history of the Great Dane…
One breed, many names
The Great Dane’s immediate ancestors are depicted in many Babylonian, Assyrian, Egyptian and
Roman monuments, proof of its long history as a hunting dog, particularly for wild boar.
Historically, its morphology placed it somewhere between a mastiff and a large greyhound.
The breed is also known as the German Mastiff and initially Mastiff designated any large powerful
dog not belonging to a particular breed. Later, the different types of mastiff began to be distinguished:
Ulm Dogs, English Mastiffs, Great Danes, Siberian Dogs, Hatzrüdes (a large male for
hunting) and Saupackers (pack dog), depending on the colour of their coat and their size.
In 1878, a committee of seven breeders and judges chaired by Dr Bodinus took the decision to
bring together all these different types under a single name, the Great Dane. It became the national
emblem of the German Empire under Bismarck (1815-1898), who never went out without one.
The first Great Dane standard was established in Berlin in 1880. The “Deutscher Doggen Club
1888 e.V.” was founded in Germany in 1888 and it is this club that has developed the standard
ever since.
4
The breed was wiped out in Germany during the
Second World War, but fortunately some including stud
dogs had been imported into the USA and the UK and
breeding started again in the post-war period.
The Great Dane had already become a very big dog by
the start of the twentieth century, although it was not as
stocky or imposing as it is today with a more delicate
head. Originally the coat was usually brindle or harlequin
with Fawn coming later, while black – typically with
white marks – and blue are the newest colour additions.
The Great Dane is found around the world and the importance
of the dog is shown by its different name in every language.
In Germany they are Deutsche Dogge, with the
French Dogue Allemand a direct translation, while the Italian
Alano preserves the German connection. In English the
German link is severed in favour of a Danish one, which is
mirrored in the alternative French name Grand Danois. The
reference to Denmark is said to come from the breed’s spotted coat, which is termed danoisée in
French.
The Western European countries Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands
continue to be the benchmark for breeding, but North America has the larger population. The
population is increasing in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) and Central Europe (Poland,
the Czech Republic and Hungary) too. Indeed, the Hungarian police have traditionally used Great
Danes.
The Japanese bought European champions some fifteen years ago to begin their own lines, something
that the Chinese have now also started to do.
Character and behaviour
As the calmest of the mastiffs, the Great Dane is affectionate and attached to its human companions,
especially children. It is a docile, well-balanced breed that does not bark much, although it
does have a sense of its territory and it is distant with strangers. As such it is the ideal watchdog.
It must be trained firmly from an early age, although its obedient and receptive nature means that
this is generally straightforward.
Longevity
Its life expectancy of around eight years (Michell, 1999) means that the Great Dane only lives longer
than the Saint Bernard, the Irish Wolfhound, the English Bulldog and the Bernese Mountain
Dog. Thirty-seven per cent of Great Danes live until four years of age, while nine out of ten die
before they reach ten years of age (Deeb & Wolf, 1996).
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Breeding of the Terres axonaises © J.-M. Labat

The Great Dane from the tips of its toes…
HEAD AND NECK
Head: long, straight, very expressive. Clear stop.
Parallel upper skull and face lines. Wide, well developed
jaws. From the front, the head must look
straight, with the widest possible face. The distance
from the end of the nose to the stop must correspond
to the distance from the stop to the occipital protuberance,
which is rather inconspicuous.
Neck: long, clean & muscular. Well developed at the
shoulders, a little thinner at the head.
Nose: well developed, with open nostrils. Must be
black, although the harlequin’s nose may be a little
lighter or fleshy, while the blue’s nose is anthracite.
Cheeks: dark pigmentation except in the harlequin,
whose cheeks may be completely without pigmentation
or fleshy in colour.
Eyes: Almond shaped, as dark as possible. Lighter
eyes are accepted in the blue. Clear eyes or different
coloured eyes are accepted in the harlequin.
Ears: set high, naturally pendant. Coming to a point,
the anterior edge is alongside the cheek
Large, deep-chested, powerful and slender, the line of the belly
runs under a wide croup. The figure is harmoniously athletic.
The very expressive head extends from a long neck, which is curved
and muscular, giving an impression of being sculpted in marble.
BODY
Describes a square, especially the males. The length
of the torso (from the point of the shoulder to the point
of the buttocks) must not exceed the height to the
withers by more than 5% in males or more than 10%
in females.
Chest: pronounced, descending just to the level of
the elbows. Well-arched ribs extending far towards
the rear.
Back: short and taut, almost straight, very slightly
oblique towards the rear.
Waist: wide, slightly vaulted, very muscular.
Croup: wide, muscular, slightly sloping and smoothly
attached to the tail.
Belly: well tucked up towards rear.
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TAIL
Attaches high and wide, gradually tapering to the tip,
which extends to the hocks. Curves slightly in action
in the form of a sabre.
© J.-M. Labat
… to the tip of its nose
FCI classification
Group 2 - Pinscher and Schnauzer, Molossoid breeds, and Swiss Mountain and Cattle Dogs.
Section 2.1 - Mastiff type. Without working trial.
Use: Companion, guard and protection dog.
Original prevailing standard published: 13 March 2001
LIMBS
Forelimbs
Shoulders: strongly muscled, long and oblique,
forming a 100°-110° angle with the upper arm.
Upper arm: strong and muscled, close fitting, a little
longer than the scapula.
Elbows neither inward nor outward.
Forearm: strong, Seen from front and side, completely
straight.
Pastern: robust, slightly oblique to the front of the
profile.
Feet: Rounded, well arched, well knit Cat like.
Hindquarters
The bone is fully covered with strong muscles which
make the croup, hips and thighs appear wide, &
rounded. From the back, the hind limbs are parallel
to the forelimbs.
Thighs: long, broad, very muscular.
Stifle: strong, close to the vertical of the hip.
Lower Thighs: long, almost as long as the thigh,
muscular.
Hocks: strong, firm, neither inward nor outward.
Metatarsals: short, strong, almost at right angles
to the ground.
Feet: rounded, well arched, well knit & cat-like.
COAT
The Great Dane’s coat must be very short, dense,
smooth, shiny and flat. There are three colour varieties:
fawn and brindle; black and harlequin; and
blue.
Fawn: light to dark fawn to deep gold; a black mask
is preferred.
Brindle: Basic colours, light to deep gold fawn,
always with clearly defined, black cross stripes; a
black mask is preferred.
Black: glossy black; white markings are permissible.
Specimens whose torso is black (although muzzle,
neck, chest, belly, limbs and the end of the tail may
be white) are placed in this colour category, as are
specimens whose coats are white with large black
patches (Plattenhunde).
Harlequin: (white with black) pure white background
with glossy black torn patches of differing
sizes well distributed over the entire body.
Blue: pure steel blue; white markings on the chest
and feet are acceptable.
Another colour that is not yet officially recognised is
the Boston, which is black with long white marks.
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© J.-M. Labat
SIZE AND WEIGHT
The standard only gives a minimum measurement for
the height to the withers:
- 72 cm for females
- 80 cm for males
In practice, females can be 72-82 cm and the males
84-88 cm. Some individuals can even measure more
than 90 cm to the withers. The Great Dane is a fairly
slender dog, rather lightweight for its size, at between
50 kg and 80 kg depending on the sex.

1KEY POINTS OF
THE GREAT DANE,
AN EXCEPTIONAL DOG
A big appetite but a fragile
digestive system
Great Danes are known for their low digestive tolerance: no matter what type of food they consume
(wet or dry), their faecal consistency tends to be wetter and less firm than that of smaller dogs.
Faecal moisture content (%)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
Comparison of faecal moisture content in a Great Dane
and dogs of different sizes and breeds
64.3
Miniature
Poodle
69.7
Standard
Schnauzer
(From Weber et al, 2003)
71.2
Giant
Schnauzer
74.5
a b b c
Great
Dane
The letters (a, b and c) indicate
significant differences between
the groups (p

Hours
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
a b c d
Miniature
Poodle
Standard
Schnauzer
Giant
Schnauzer
Key reasons for the Great Dane’s
low digestive tolerance
Increased
intestinal
permeability
Prolonged
colon
transit time
Comparison of the total duration of digestive transit in a Great Dane
and dogs of different sizes and breeds
22.9
32.8
Low
absorption
of electrolytes
Increased
fermentation
55.1
Predisposition
of large
dogs to
produce
wet faeces
(From Hernot et al, 2005)
43.2
Great
Dane
These concentrations are higher in Great Danes than in
Miniature Poodles. The higher level of fermentation in
Great Danes is because of the particularly long colon transit
time as mentioned above.
Lactic acid and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are normally
absorbed by the colon mucosa. When there is a
higher concentration however, as is the case in Great
Danes, they tend to accumulate in the lumen of the large
intestine, with subsequently increased water intake and
increased faecal moisture content.
The Great Dane:
a dog sensitivite to
torsion-dilatation of the stomach
Torsion-dilatation of the stomach is more common in dogs with a deep chest, such as Great Danes
(Ward et al, 2003). Most at risk are males over two years of age, especially if they have an anxious
nature and existing gastric lesions (Bright, 2003; German et al, 2006). The ingestion of a large
quantity of food all at once, excessive speed of ingestion and kibbles that are too small are dieta-
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The letters (a,b,c and d) represent
significant differences between the groups
(p < 0.05). The total digestive transit time
in Great Danes is almost double
that of Miniature Poodles.
ry factors that can give rise to torsion-dilatation of the stomach (Glickman et al, 1994; Raghavan
et al, 2004). A stress factor in the environment is also likely to increase the risk (Glickman, 1997).
After a meal, the volume of the Great Dane’s stomach can increase to eight litres. Dilatation follows
when the stomach sphincter – the pylorus – does not allow normal emptying of the stomach.
Dilatation is rapidly aggravated by accumulation of gas from the stomach contents along with air
ingested by the dog when it unsuccessfully tries to vomit.
The first signs (agitation, unsuccessful attempts to vomit, abundant salivation) may follow a large
meal preceded or followed by intense physical exercise.
If the stomach does not empty properly, the relative laxity of its attachment to the abdominal wall
may cause it to rotate 180°. This disrupts local circulation, lowers blood pressure and quickly leads
to a state of shock, worsened by the release of toxins produced by the necrosed areas of viscera.
Without rapid surgical intervention, the dog often dies.
Pylorus
Successive stages of dilatation-torsion of the stomach
stage 1 stage 2 stage 3 stage 4
Fundus
Oesophagus
Physiological position of
the stomach. Seen from
behind, the pylorus is at
three o’clock.
Simple dilatation.
The stomach can easily double
in volume. The abdomen is
distended by dilatation.
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Start of torsion.
Seen from behind, the dilated
stomach turns clockwise and
the pylorus moves ventrally
by 90° to position itself
at six o’clock.
As it continues to tip,
the pylorus is on the left
(at nine o’clock seen from
behind). Most instances
of torsion stop at 180°.

Importance of chest measurements to evaluate predisposition
to dilatation-torsion of the stomach
Height to withers
Based on measurements taken by the Royal Canin R&D Centre (2002)
L = 89.4
H = 78.1
CH = 35.6
CH = 35.6
CB = 28.1
Chest viewed from the front
CH/CB = 1.27
Dogs with a high chest height/breadth ratio appear to be particularly susceptible to
the syndrome. The Great Dane’s morphology makes it a breed that is particularly sensitive
to dilatation-torsion of the stomach.
(All measurements in cm)
Varum des Terres axonaises
© J.-M. Labat
Labrador
(n = 7)
German
Shepherd
(n = 10)
Great
Dane
(n = 7)
Length (L) 65.6 68.7 89.4
Height to withers (H) 54.1 57.5 78.1
Chest height (CH) 24.4 27.3 35.6
Chest breadth (CB) 26.5 20.2 28.1
Ratio L/H 1.21 1.19 1.14
Ratio H/CH 2.22 2.11 2.19
Ratio CH/CB 0.92 1.35 1.27
Compared with Labradors, German Shepherds and Great Danes have a relatively
high chest in proportion to its breadth. This type of conformation is a predisposing
factor for dilatation-torsion of the stomach.
(All measurements in cm)
The Great Dane:
a very muscular giant
The Great Dane has a much greater muscle mass than
other giant breeds such as the Saint Bernard and the
Newfoundland. The Great Dane’s musculature is clearly
one of the main reasons it has a high energy requirement,
as observed by owners. Muscle burns much more energy
than fat, even when the dog’s lifestyle is characterised by
moderate physical activity.
As one of the breeds with the largest proportion of muscle, the Great Dane requires around 50%
more calories (per kg of body weight) than its weight would initially suggest. This average has been
calculated following the results of several studies on the subject (Kienzle & Rainbird 1991; Blum et
al, 1992; Weber et al, 2003). The individual energy requirement clearly varies however depending
on the time of year and the conditions the dog lives in. A dog that spends most of its time
indoors does not require as much energy as a dog that lives outdoors.
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Average lean mass (%)
100
80
60
40
20
0
Comparison of the proportion of lean mass in the body composition
of giant and large breed dogs
81.5
Great Dane
(6)
(Unpublished data from the Royal Canin R&D Centre)
78.1 78.1
73.1 72.3 65.8
German Shepherd
(12)
Beauceron
(6)
Saint Bernard
(3)
Golden Retriever
(3)
The Great Dane has a much greater lean mass than other large and giant breed dogs.
The data on the Great Dane are close to those measured by Lauten et al (2001),
which measured its lean mass at 79.7 ± 3.9%, using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)
Labrador
(8)
60.7
Newfoundland
(2)
© J.-M. Labat

A skeleton that requires special care
throughout the Great Dane’s life
Following a survey into the causes of mortality in dogs of particular breeds, osteoarticular lesions
were found to be the cause in 65% of Great Danes between 4 to 7 years and 42% of Great Danes
between 7 to 10 years. In this latter age group, the risk of osteoarticular pathology is 3.75 times
greater in giant breeds compared with small breed dogs (Deeb & Wolf, 1994).
As with many giant breeds, osteoarticular complaints are among the traditional Great
Dane pathologies. At 3-5 months a Great Dane puppy gains at least 1.5 kg a week
(Royal Canin 2004). This means that nutritional errors have major consequences in
this period of very intense development. But even when the growth stage is complete,
it remains vital to give extra attention to the adult Great Dane’s skeleton to safeguard
the dog’s well-being and maximise its life expectancy.
Uchuaya des Terres axonaises
© J.-M. Labat
Elbow and hip dysplasia
The Great Dane is one of the breeds at risk of developing elbow dysplasia: the first signs are
crepitus and pain following hyperextension of the elbow.
Hip dysplasia is a disease caused by excessive laxity of the head of femur in the acetabulum
(socket). Although less at risk than Newfoundlands, Golden Retrievers or German Shepherds,
Great Danes are more than 60% more likely to contract hip dysplasia than the dog population as
a whole (Lafond et al, 2002). Warning signs include an abnormal (‘rolling’) gait viewed from the
rear, refusal to trot or jump and pain during flexion-extension of the hindlegs. A definitive diagnosis
is obtained by X-ray.
It is important that hip dysplasia is identified at the earliest opportunity:
• for individuals: 40-50% of dogs suffering from hip dysplasia show no clinical signs if they are
fed an appropriate diet from the earliest age and undertake appropriate physical exercise;
• for the breed: genetic selection is at the core of the fight to eradicate this hereditary disease.
Hip dysplasia
In a dog suffering from hip dysplasia, the poor positioning
of the joint surfaces leads to premature wear and tear and
may result in the development of arthritic lesions that can
be painful.
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Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
1. Pelvis
2. Head of femur
3. Neck of femur
4. Femur

Hypertrophic osteodystrophy
This disease is characterised by major changes to the bone tissue, resulting in excessive bone production.
Lameness is generally bilateral (front or back) and tumours at the extremities of the long
bones may be observed. Male puppies are more at risk than females.
The bones most affected are in the forelegs (radius, ulna) and the tibia (sometimes even the mandible).
Local inflammation is accompanied by bouts of fever and pain in the dog, which refuses to
eat and generally presents signs of intense exhaustion. Although the cause remains unclear, being
overweight and too high a calcium and vitamin D intake are factors that predispose to the appearance
of the disease (Hedhammar et al, 1974).
Whilst the precise cause of hypertrophic
osteodystropy is unknown, excessive
weight during growth is a risk factor,
as is excessive supplementation of
minerals and vitamin D.
Enlargement and increased density
of bone extremities: images of
bone deformity.
Radiolucent and irregular area
parallel to the epiphyseal cartilage.
Hypertrophic osteodystrophy
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© École Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes
Osteochondritis
Osteochondritis of the shoulder
Osteochondritis begins with a fissure on the surface of the joint
cartilage. Under the influence of intense activity or excess weight,
a flap of cartilage may become detached and float in the joint.
This is called a joint mouse.
Some breeds that experience rapid growth, such as the Great Dane, may develop ossification problems
that can lead to malformation of joint cartilage or abnormal growth. The most affected joints,
in descending order, are the hocks, the elbows and the shoulders (in most cases both shoulders are
affected). While lameness will most often be unilateral, the disease is frequently bilateral.
Osteochondritis is more often observed in males than females. It is one of the most common causes
of secondary arthritis in dogs. An excess of calcium in the food is a predisposing cause of osteochondritis
(Hazewinkel et al, 1985).
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1. Scapula (shoulder blade)
2. Head of the humerus
3. Joint mouse
4. cartilage lesion

Breeding of the Terres axonaises
© J.-M. Labat
Wobbler syndrome
Also known as “cervical spondylomyelopathy” and “cervical vertebral instability and deformity”,
this syndrome sees the degeneration of the intervertebral discs; the fibrous outer part
of the disc (annulus fibrosus) hypertrophies and herniates into the medullary cavity
of the spinal canal. Dobermans and Great Danes are said to account for
80% of all cases (Seim & Withrow, 1982).
Osteosarcoma
These are malignant tumours of the long bones of the limbs, which mainly
appear after the age of three years. Metastases are usually already
present at the time of diagnosis, which worsens the prognosis.
Wobbler Syndrome
The compression of the spinal cord can cause
movement difficulties of varying intensity,
including paralysis.
Dilated cardiomyopathy
and giant-breed dogs
The risk of developing heart disease is 3.7 times
higher among giant breeds aged 4-7 years than
among other breeds of the same age (Deeb &
Wolf, 1996). While it accounts for only 5-10% of
all cases of canine cardiology, dilated cardiomyopathy
(DCM) is most often observed in Great
Danes, Saint Bernards, Irish Wolfhounds, Boxers
and Dobermans. In a retrospective German study
encompassing 91 canine DCM patients, 14 were
Saint Bernards (15%) and 12 were Great Danes
(13%) (Hanichen, 1986).
DCM is a deficiency of the heart muscle, leading
to thinning of the muscle wall and dilatation of the
ventricles. The myocardium does not contract sufficiently
to pump blood effectively around the
body. Echocardiography (ECG) enables a precise
and early diagnosis of the disease, even before the
appearance of clinical signs. DCM is more prevalent
in males than females and the average age at
which the first signs are observed is five years, by
which time the prognosis is poor.
The genetic aetiology of DCM is not in doubt, although the disease is often associated with a low
plasma taurine and/or L-carnitine concentration (Costa & Labuc, 1994). Studies are ongoing into
the genetic cause of the disease (Meurs et al, 1999).
18 19
LV
Echocardiograph of a case
of dilated cardiomyopathy
in a large-breed dog
A lengthwise section of the right parasternum showing
dilatation of the left atrium (LA) and the typical
spherical shape of the left ventricle (LV).
LA
© Bussadori

2 BEST
BALANCE NUTRITION
FOR GREAT DANES
A food to improve
digestive security
Bearing in mind the low digestive tolerance of Great Danes, it is important to feed them a food
specially formulated to avoid the risk of digestive problems.
Limiting fermentation: the benefits
of low indigestible protein
The highest quality of protein is needed to reduce the fermentation process in the colon,
which affects the quality of faeces. This ensures the minimum quantity of undigested protein reaches
the colon, reducing the substrate available for bacterial populations in the colon and preventing
undesirable putrefaction reactions.
Improving digestibility to limit fermentation
in the colon
Non-LIP protein
Digested protein: 88 g
Undigested protein: 12 g
100 g of ingested protein
Digested protein: 95 g
7% increase in digestibility
Undigested protein: 5 g
Indigestible protein reduced by 58%
> Significant effect in the colon
LIP protein
The digestibility of protein used in the formulation
of dry food for dogs can vary from
87% to 99%, which translates as a protein
indigestibility of 1-13%. Setting a maximum
indigestibility threshold of 10% (or digestibility
> 90%) achieves immediately visible
results with respect to faecal quality.
The use of such low-indigestible proteins
(LIP) as animal protein hydrolysate
or vegetable protein isolate (wheat gluten)
helps further raise the bar.
Influence on faecal moisture of reducing indigestible protein in the food
(Internal Royal Canin data, 2005)
The label on a bag of dry food only gives a more or less precise list of ingredients and a concise
nutritional analysis. There is no information on the indigestibility of the protein sources in the food.
The LIP label fills this void by providing clear, good quality information. The term LIP may
refer to a raw ingredient or a mixture of raw ingredients prepared in such a way as to
guarantee less than 10% indigestible protein.
Regularising digestive transit: the role of vegetable fibre
The goals of the quantity and choice of fibre are:
• facilitating optimal digestive transit
• producing firm faeces
• contributing to the good health of the digestive mucosa
- Non-fermentable fibre (containing cellulose and lignin) remains almost totally intact in the
faeces: it plays a role in digestive hygiene by facilitating regular transit.
- fermentable fibre (e.g. fructo-oligosaccharides) is broken down by the colon microflora to provide
the necessary energy for the cells of the digestive mucosa to ensure their regeneration.
20 21
Faecal moisture (%)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2.3
76
2.0
68
1.1
Decreasing indigestible protein (3 levels)
61
5
4
3
2
1
0
Quantity of indigestible protein (g)
A very low level of indigestible protein (IP)
limits bowel fermentation and so the presence of
substances that can attract water into the colon.
In this trial, faecal moisture falls by 20% when
indigestible matter is halved. The consistency
of faeces is thus visibly improved.
Quantity of protein reaching the colon (g)
Faecal moisture

It is essential to limit the quantity of rapidly fermenting fibre for Great Danes, which naturally have
a very high fermentation activity, and to blend it with fibre that degrades more slowly (beet pulp).
Measures to help prevent
dilatation-torsion of the stomach
Vasco des Terres axonaises
© J.-M. Labat
Do Don’t
• Limit the quantities fed during meals
(Raghavan et al, 2004):
divide the daily feeding amount
to reduce the risk of overloading
the stomach.
• Add a little water to the food before
serving to speed up stomach
emptying.
• Follow a regular daily feeding
pattern as much as possible.
• Offer kibbles bigger than 3 cm to
slow down rate of ingestion (Theyse
et al, 1998). The dog will be forced
to chew, limiting the risk of
aerophagia which aggravates
dilatation.
• Thoroughly clean the bowl after
every meal. Dietary hygiene is
important, especially if water is
added to the food.
22
• Avoid creating competition
between dogs at mealtimes
• Avoid feeding just before you go
out, so that you are able to watch
while the dog eats.
• Don’t allow the dog to exercise
after a meal.
• Avoid all unnecessary stress before,
during and after the meal.
Maintaining a healthy weight
and an optimal body composition
To stay in shape, a Great Dane must receive an energy-rich diet. Its daily ration must give it all the
calories it needs in a limited volume of food.
A high energy concentration in the food
A high energy density helps reduce the volume of food given and so avoids overloading the stomach,
a risk factor for dilatation-torsion of the stomach and poor digestion in general.
The fact that oils and fats are high on the list of ingredients in food (Raghavan et al, 2006) is highly
dependent on the way ingredients are declared on the label and the number of protein, fat and
carbohydrate sources. The more varied the protein and carbohydrate sources in a food, the greater
the probability that oils and fats will be at the top of the list. The classification of ingredients by
decreasing percentage is independent of the nutritional value of the food and cannot be used as
a relevant indicator of the risk of dilatation-torsion of the stomach.
L-carnitine to support
muscle mass
The muscled figure of the Great Dane means that its
fatty tissue accounts for no more than 20% of its body
composition. Diet clearly plays a crucial role in maintaining
an ideal balance between its muscle mass and
fat mass. An intake of L-carnitine changes the body
composition in favour of muscle mass. L-carnitine is a
non-essential amino acid, which means that the body
is normally able to produce it from two other amino
acids: lysine and methionine. However, an intake
through the diet helps increase the quantity available
to the body.
fatty acid
membrane
energy
L-carnitine:
transports fatty acids into cells
exterior of the mitochondria
l-carnitine
interior of the mitochondria
L-carnitine facilitates the transport of long-chain
fatty acids into the mitochondria, where fats
are oxidised to produce energy.
23
mitochondria

Synovial fluid
Synovial membrane
Cartilage
Structure of a joint
The joint is protected by a capsule lined by
the synovial membrane. This membrane secretes
the fluid necessary for nutrition of the cartilage.
After oral administration, glucosamine
and chondroitin concentrate in the synovial fluid.
Nutrition that targets
the joints
Nutrition provides substances that are vital to maintain joint health
and activity levels. Such as chondroitin and glucoamine, which
play an important role in the hydration and regeneration of cartilage,
and omega-3 long chain fatty acids.
Glucosamine + chondroitin sulphate:
a synergistic association to protect
cartilage health
These molecules belong to the family of glycosaminoglycans
(GAGs), natural components of cartilage. GAGs facilitate cartilage
hydration, which helps it play its role as a shock absorber.
They are also found in synovial fluid, which helps lubricate the
joints. Oral administration of glucosamine and chondroitin to
arthritic dogs helps to improve joint mobility (Canapp et al, 1999;
Johnston et al, 2001).
Glucosamine is a precursor in the synthesis of many cartilage constituents. After oral administration
it is concentrated in the joints (Davidson et al, 2000) where it stimulates the production of
GAGs.
In humans the first results are seen after 4-8 weeks intake (Pavelka et al, 2002; Braham et al,
2003).
Chondroitin sulphate tends to inhibit the enzymes responsible for cartilage degradation
(Basleer et al, 1998). Like glucosamine, it concentrates in the synovial fluid and the cartilage after
oral administration (Conte et al, 1995; McLaughlin 2000). Daily administration produces a cumulative
effect (Adebowale et al, 2002).
In vitro, the synthesis of inflammatory mediators is curbed by omega 3 long-chain polyunsaturated
fatty acids (EPA and DHA), which are found in concentrated form in fish oils
(Curtis et al, 2002). In canine patients with arthritis of the elbow, an increased intake of omega 3
fatty acids helps reduce inflammation (Hazewinkel et al, 1998).
Taurine and L-carnitine:
nutrients for heart function
Encouraging good heart contractility with taurine
Taurine is an amino acid normally synthesised by the dog from methionine and cystine, although
this process appears to be less efficient in some breeds.
Taurine represents at least 40% of all free amino acids in the heart. It is essential to preserve the
integrity of heart muscle cells. Cases of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs have been associated with
extremely low plasma taurine levels (Alroy et al, 2000).
Facilitating the supply of energy to the myocardium
with L-carnitine
L-carnitine is a substance that behaves like a vitamin and is found in concentrated form in the heart.
An L-carnitine deficiency in the myocardium may accompany DCM (Pierpont et al, 1993).
Whatever the cause or consequence of DCM, an L-carnitine deficiency should be prevented in atrisk
breeds like the Great Dane. The clinical benefits of supplementation have already been proven,
although several months of treatment are needed before marked improvements are observed
on echocardiographs (ECG) (Keene et al, 1991).
Combination of ECG results
and taurine concentrations in total blood
(average nmol/mL ± standard deviation)
24 25
Average < 200 nmol/mL < 130 nmol/mL
Normal dogs (n = 49) 247 ± 73 7 3
DCM dogs (n = 11) 184 ± 62 3 4
The taurine levels are significantly lower in DCM dogs than they are in normal dogs (ANOVA p = 0.02).
A blood taurine concentration lower than 200 nmol/mL is considered to be low. If the level is lower than
130 nmol/mL, the value is considered to be very low.

References
A food to improve digestive security
1. Bliss DZ, Jung HJ, Savik K et al. – Supplementation with dietary fiber improves fecal
incontinence. Nurs Res 2001; 50(4): 203-213.
2. Bright RM - New perspectives on GDV. BSAVA Congress 2003, Scientific Proceedings:
413-415.
3. German A, Zentek J - Affections digestives les plus fréquentes : rôle de la diététique. In:
Encyclopédie de la Nutrition Clinique Canine; Royal Canin (Aniwa SAS ed), 2006: 92-
127.
4. Glickman LT, Glickman NW, Perez CM et al. – Analysis of risk factors for gastric dilatation
and dilatation-volvulus in dogs. J Am Vet Med Ass 1994 ; 204(9 ): 1465-1471.
5. Glickman LT, Glickman NW, Schellenberg DB et al. – Non-dietary risk factors for gastric
dilatation-volvulus in large and giant breed dogs. J Am Vet Med Ass 2000; 217(10):
1492-1499.
6. Hernot DC, Biourge VC, Martin LJ et al. – Relationship between total transit time and
faecal quality in adult dogs differing in body size. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)
2005; 89(3-6):189-193.
7. Hernot DC, Dumon HJ, Biourge VC et al. – Evaluation of association between body size
and large intestinal transit time in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67(2): 342-347.
8. Leib MS – Treatment of chronic idiopathic large-bowel diarrhea in dogs with a highly
digestible diet and soluble fiber: a retrospective review of 37 cases. J Vet Intern Med
2000; 14(1): 27-32.
18. Blum JW, Zentek J, Meyer H – The effect of a different energy supply on the growth
intensity and skeletal development of growing Great Danes. J Vet Med A Physiol
Pathol Clin Med 1992; 39: 568-574.
19. Kienzle E, Rainbird A – Maintenance energy requirement of dogs: what is the correct
value for the calculation of metabolic body weight in dogs? J Nutr 1991; 121(11S):
S39-S40.
Maintaining a healthy weight
and optimal body composition
26
9. Meyer H, Kienzle E, Zentek J – Body size and relative weights of gastrointestinal tract
and liver in dogs. J Vet Nutr 1993; 2: 31-35.
10. Michell AR – Longevity of British breeds of dogs and its relationships with sex, size,
cardiovascular variables and disease. Vet Rec 1999; 145(22): 625-629.
11. Raghavan M, Glickman N, Glickman L - The effect of ingredients in dry dog foods on
the risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2006;42: 28-36.
12. Raghavan M, Glickman N, McCabe G et al. – Diet-related risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus
in dogs of high-risk breeds. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2004; 40(3): 192-
203.
13. Theyse LF, van de Brom WE, van Sluijs FJ – Small size of food particles and age as risk
factors for gastric dilatation volvulus in Great Danes. Vet Rec 1998; 143(2): 48-50.
14. Ward MP, Patronek GJ, Glickman LT - Benefits of prophylactic gastropexy for dogs at
risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus. Prev Vet Med 2003; 60(4): 319-329.
15. Weber M – Influence of body size on dog digestive function – Waltham Focus 2004;
14(1): 30-34.
16. Weber MP, Hernot D, Nguyen PG et al. – Effect of size on electrolyte apparent absorption
rates and fermentative activity in dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2004;
88(9-10): 356-65.
17. Weber M, Martin L, Biourge V et al. – Influence of age and body size on the digestibility
of a dry expanded diet in dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2003; 87: 1-11.
20. Lauten SD, COX NR, Brawner WR Jr et al. – Use of dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
for noninvasive body composition measurements in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet
Res 2001; 62(8): 1295-1301.
21. Adebowale A, Du J, Liang Z et al. – The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of glucosamine
hydrochloride and low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate after single and
multiple doses to beagle dogs. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2002; 23(6): 217-225.
22. Baasler C, Rovati L, Franchimont P – Stimulation of proteoglycan production by glucosamine
sulfate in chondrocytes isolated from human osteoarthritic articular cartilage
in vitro. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1998; 6(6): 427-434.
23. Braham R, Dawson B, Goodman C -The effect of glucosamine supplementation on
people experiencing regular knee pain. Br J Sports Med 2003; 37(1): 45-49.
24. Canapp SO Jr, McLaughlin RM Jr, Hoskinson JJ et al. – Scintigraphic evaluation of dogs
with acute synovitis after treatment with glucosamine hydrochloride and chondroitin
sulfate. Am J Vet Res 1999; 60(12): 1552-1557.
25. Conte E, Volpi N, Palmieri L et al -Biochemical and pharmacokinetic aspects of oral
treatment with chondroitin sulfate. Arzneimittelforschung 1995; 45(8): 918-925.
26. Curtis CL, Rees SG, Little CB et al. – Pathologic indicators of degradation and inflammation
in human osteoarthritic cartilage are abrogated by exposure to n-3 fatty acids.
Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46(6): 1544-1553.
27. Davidson G - Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet
2000; 22(5): 454-458.
28. Deeb BJ, Wolf NS - Studying longevity and morbidity in giant and small breeds of
dogs. Vet Med 1994; Suppl Life Expectancy, 89(7): 702-713.
29. Hazewinkel HAW, Goedegebuure SA, Poulos PW et al - Influences of chronic calcium
excess on the skeletal development of growing Great Danes. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
1985; 21: 337-391.
38. Alroy J, Rush JE, Freeman L – Inherited infantile dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs:
genetic, clinical, biochemical, and morphologic findings. Am J Med Genet. 2000;
95(1): 57-66.
39. Costa ND, Labuc RH – Case report: efficacy of oral carnitine therapy for dilated cardiomyopathy
in boxer dogs. J Nutr. 1994; 124(12 Suppl): 2687S-2692S.
40. Deeb BJ, Wolf NS – Studying longevity and morbidity in giant and small breeds of
dogs. Vet Med 1996; 61(6:Suppl): 702-713.
41. Hanichen T - Cardiomyopathy in dogs and cats. Tierarztliche Umschau 1986; 41: 7:
467-474.
Nutrition that targets the joints
Taurine and L-carnitine:
nutrients for heart function
30. Hazewinkel HA, Theyse LF, Wolvekamp WT et al. – The influence of dietary omega-6:
Omega -3 ratio on lameness in dogs with osteoarthrosis of the elbow joint. In: Recent
Advances in Canine and Feline Nutrition vol II (ed GA Reinhart & DP Carey); Orange
Frazer Press, Wilmington (OH), 1998: 325-336.
31. Hedhammar A, Wu F, Krook L et al - Overnutrition and skeletal disease; an experimental
study in growing Great Danes dogs. Cornell Vet 1974; 64 (Suppl 5), 1 : 59.
32. Johnston KA, Hulse DA, Hart RC - Effects of on orally administered mixture of chondroitin
sulfate, glucosamine hydrochloride and manganese ascorbate on synovial fluid
chondroitin sulfate 3B3 and 7D4 epitope in a canine cruciate ligament transection
model of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2001; (1): 14-21.
33. LaFond E, Breur GJ, Austin CC – Breed susceptibility for developmental orthopedic
diseases in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2002; 38(5): 467-477.
34. McLaughlin R - Management of chronic osteoarthritic pain. Vet Clin North Am (Small
Anim Pract) 2000; 30: 933-947.
35. Pavelka K, Gatterova J, Olejarova M et al - Glucosamine sulfate use and delay of progression
of knee osteoarthritis: a 3-year, randomized, placebo-controlled, doubleblind
study. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162(18): 2113-2123.
36. Royal Canin - Croissance des chiots de grandes races et de races géantes. Aniwa SAS
2004.
37. Seim HB, Withrow SJ – Pathophysiology and diagnoss of caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy
with emphasis on the Doberman Pinscher. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1982;
18: 241.
42. Keene BW, Panciera DP, Atkins CE et al. – Myocardial L-carnitine deficiency in a family
of dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991; 198: 647-650.
43. Meurs KM, Spier AW, Miller MW et al. – Familial ventricular arrhythmias in Boxers. J
Vet Intern Med 1999; 13(5): 437-439.
44. Pierpont ME, Foker JE, Pierpont GL – Myocardial carnitine metabolism in congestive
heart failure induced by incessant tachycardia. Basic Res Cardiol 1993; 88(4): 362-
70.
27

Scientific glossary
Colon: one of the three segments of the large intestine, between the caecum (small in dogs) and the rectum.
The colon is where water is reabsorbed. It is home to an abundant bacterial flora.
Chondroitin (sulphate): one of the main glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), essential components of cartilage.
Body composition: distribution of weight between lean mass (all heterogeneous liquids, minerals, glycogen and protein in the body)
and fat mass, where energy is stored as fat.
Digestibility: degree to which a food or nutrient is absorbed during its transit through the small intestine. Digestibility
determines the energy value of the food in question.
EPA/DHA: omega 3 long-chain fatty acids known to curb the inflammatory activities of omega 6 fatty acid derivatives;
abundant in fish oils.
FOS (fructo-oligosaccharides): fermentable fibre that facilitates the growth of a beneficial bacterial flora (lactobacilli and bifidus) at the expense
of pathogenic bacteria (salmonella, clostridium).
Glucosamine: glycosaminoglycan (GAG): precursor that stimulates the production of cartilage cells.
Gluten: protein fraction of some cereals: wheat, rye, barley or oats. Wheat gluten contains 80-82% highly digestible
protein that is rich in glutamine, an important amino acid for the digestive mucosa.
L-carnitine: transports fatty acids and stimulates the use of fats. It facilitates the passage of fatty acids into the mitochondria,
the cell’s energy generation plant.
Intestinal permeability: in large dogs, the junctions between the cells of the intestinal mucosa can allow the passage by diffusion
of some ions, attracted by a higher concentration gradient in the intestinal lumen.
LIP: Royal Canin label guaranteeing very high protein digestibility (> 90%).
Taurine: a sulphur-amino acid, a major component of immune cells, concentrated in the retina and the heart.
Also functions as an antioxidant.
28
Key innovations for dogs
in the history of Royal Canin
A history of commitment to developing its knowledge of and respect for the
needs of small, medium and large breeds
1980
- Launch of AGR, the first food for large-breed puppies
and the first “cynotechnic” range dedicated to breeders.
1990
- Launch of the first RCCI high-nutrition foods for dogs on
the specialist circuit, including PR27, specially formulated
for small dogs.
1997
- Launch of RCCI SIZE, the world’s first nutritional programme
for dogs to take into account age, activity and
especially the size of the various breeds.
1999
- Launch of the first weaning food, STARTER, for use by
breeders.
- Launch of Vet Size, the first nutritional programme for
small, medium and large breeds, for exclusive use by
veterinarians.
2000
- Launch of SIZE NUTRITION, 3 nutritional programmes
adapted to the needs and physiological characteristics of
small, medium and large breeds.
2001
- Launch of GIANT, the first nutritional programme specially
developed for large breeds (> 45 kg).
2002
- Launch of the first immunity programme that helps support
the strength of the dog’s natural defences during
every stage of its life (MEDIUM IMMUNITY PROGRAM).
- Royal Canin innovates once again, with a made-to-measure
food for Yorkshire Terriers: MINI YORKSHIRE 28.
2003
- Nutritional precision is harnessed in GERMAN SHE-
PHERD 24 for the breed that has been the brand’s
emblem from the first day and LABRADOR RETRIEVER
30.
2004
- The launch of the Size Health Nutrition range provides
new nutritional keys for the growth stage of large and
giant breeds: MAXI BABY DOG and GIANT BABY
DOG.
- The launch of made-to-measure foods specifically developed
for two small breeds: POODLE 30 and DACH-
SHUND 28.
- Launch of the best-balance foods BOXER 26 and BULL-
DOG 24.
2005
- The breeders’ range is augmented with two new foods:
ANŒSTRUS 22 and HT 42 D, for breeding bitches.
- GERMAN SHEPHERD JUNIOR completes the nutritional programme
dedicated to the German Shepherd.
2006
- LABRADOR JUNIOR completes the nutritional programme
dedicated to the Labrador Retriever.
- The Mini range for small dogs is augmented with:
- MINI JUNIOR ULTRA SENSIBLE and DACHSHUND
JUNIOR for puppies.
- MINI INDOOR, SHIH TZU 24 AND CHIHUAHUA 28
for adults.
- Launch of the made-to-measure food MINIATURE
SCHNAUZER.
2007
- Launch of the made-to-measure food:
GREAT DANE 23.
29
Made by Aniwa S.A.S.
on behalf of Royal Canin
Publication: Direction
Communication Royal Canin
Group/Aimargues. France
Editor/Supervisor:
Pascale Pibot (Scientific
Editions Manager)
Publishing contact:
Marie-Laure Rémy-Néris
Production: Diffomédia Paris
Printed in the EU
© Royal Canin 01/2007
Artistic direction:
Élise Langellier, Guy Rolland
© Illustrations:
Diffomédia/Élise Langellier,
Mickaël Masure
Editorial coordination:
Valérie de Leval
Cover photo: Voltaire des Terres
axonaises © J.-M. Labat

From 2
to 24
months
Birth
Complements
or replaces
maternal milk
3 weeks
During the whole
of the weaning
period (first with
water then dry)
A NUTRITIONAL PROGRAMME FOR EVERY STAGE IN THE GREAT DANE’S LIFE
2 months
GROWTH PHASE
For thin puppies or puppies
with special digestive
sensitivity, including
Great Danes,
GIANT Babydog Ultra
Sensitive helps the animal
through its first months.
The transition to
GIANT Puppy is gradual
from month five.
An exclusive, patented
complex of antioxidants
(lutein, taurine, vitamins E
and C) associated with
mannan-oligosaccharides
helps the giant-breed puppy
to build strong and immune
defences.
5 months
Stage 1
GIANT Puppy helps
control the puppy’s pace
of growth and avoid
excessive weight gain.
Its nutritional balance
increases the security of
the growth period and
ensures optimal bone
mineralisation.
8 months
Stage 2
GIANT Junior protects the
joints and helps maintain
cartilage health by providing
specific cartilage
protectors: glucosamine
and chondroitin. Omega 3
fatty acids provided by fish
oil (EPA and DHA) are also
vital to maintain joint health
and activity levels.
© Renner
End of growth phase
(24 months)
from
24
months
30 31
ADULT AND MATURE PHASES
DANE 23
Made-to-measure nutritional
food exclusively formulated
for the Great Dane.
© Renner GREAT
Heightened digestive
security through the
use of highly
digestible protein and
selected fibre to
nourish the intestinal
flora.
Exclusive high energy kibble (25% fat)
that entirely meets the needs of
the Great Dane without overloading
the stomach. The shape, size and
texture restrict the speed of ingestion,
encouraging your dog to chew and
promoting good oral hygiene. It is
important to divide the daily feeding
amount into a minimum of 2 meals a day
to reduce the risk of dilatation-torsion
of the stomach.
High levels of
chondroitin &
glucosamine
(1 200 mg/kg) and
nutrients EPA & DHA
(5000 mg/kg) for joint
health.
Added vitamins E &
C, taurine and
polyphenols to help
maintain health with
age and support
heart function.

KNOWLEDGE AND RESPECT
Customer Services
Royal Canin (UK)
25 Brympton Way
Yeovil
Somerset
BA20 2JB
Tel: 0845 300 50 11
www.royalcanin.co.uk
Royal Canin brochures for individual breeds are available from: :
www.royalcanin.com