Karystian Marble Trade in the Roman Mediterranean Region. An ...

Maria Chidiroglou 

Karystian Marble Trade in the Roman Mediterranean Region. 

An Overview of Old and New Data 

Ever since Finley’s work in the early 70s, modern historians and economists have tried to re-evaluate 

the role of government authority and central administration in the development of ancient societies, a difficult 

task, given the fact that the only polity sufficiently known and researched even today is the city-state of 

Athens. The Weberian model of Bedarfsdeckung has been successfully applied to Roman Imperial 

government studies, since the methods used by this central regime towards covering population needs, 

securing the flow of goods and mainly maximizing profits from its provinces with the aid of local elites, have 

been amply recorded both on the inscriptional as on the archaeological record. Apart from the perennial 

Imperial government concern for staples, mining and quarrying have been shown, for different economic 

reasons, to have been centrally and systematically organized. In fact, the exploitation of mines and quarries 

is the one important sector in which the Roman government played a direct role, ever since the time of the 

Principate and throughout Roman Imperial times 1 . 

The Imperial institution that was in the 2 nd century A.D. probably called ratio marmorum or marble 

bureau 2 owned and exploited a number of stone sources located in the Roman provinces, including marmor 

Karystium or cipollino from Southern Euboea and other popular stones such as marmor Numidicum (giallo 

antico) from Chemtou in eastern Tunisia, marmor Lucullum (africano) from Teos, near Smyrna, modern 

Izmir, marmor Lacedaemonium or lapis Lacedaemonius (serpentino or porfido verde), green porphyry from 

Laconia, marmor Chium (portasanta) from Chios, marmor Troadense (granito violetto) or Troad granite from 

Kozag Dag in the Troad, as well as all exported Egyptian marbles, most notably lapis Thebaicus or 

pyrropoikilos (Aswan granite), marmor Claudianum (granito del Foro) or Mons Claudianus granite, marmor 

porphyrites (purple and black porphyry), lapis basanites (bekhen stone) from Wadi Hammamat and many 

igneous stones, quarried in limited quantities 3 . As it is well known, one of the most popular veined marbles 

used in many Roman public and private buildings was the Karystia lithos, the green-gray to white veined 

marble known today as cipollino, which was quarried in the southern part of the island of Euboea in Greece. 

Strabo refers succinctly to Karystos, Styra and Marmarion, all three South Euboean regions that produced 

Karystia lithos and many Roman sources attest to its wide distribution and trade prominence 4 . 

1 

FINLEY 1973. WEBER 1978. WALLACE-HADRILL 1992 [1991], 241–272. LO CASCIO, RATHBONE 2000. 

2 

CIL 6.8631, 301, 8482, 33790; 11.31995. FANT 1993, note 3. 

3 

OLESON 2008, 127–128. 

4 

For instance: Strabo, Geography Χ, 1, 6 and ΙΧ, 5, 16 (Lasserre). Dio Chrysostom, Orationes, LXXIX, 2. Martial, Epigrams, ΙΧ, 75, 6-7. 

Gregory of Nyssa, Homily ΙΙΙ, 653 D. Julius Capitolinus, Historia Augusta, Gordianus Tertius, XXXII. 

Bollettino di Archeologia on line I 2010/ Volume speciale/ Poster Session 7 Reg. Tribunale Roma 05.08.2010 n. 330 ISSN 2039 - 0076 

www.archeologia.beniculturali.it/pages/pubblicazioni.html 

48

Fig. 1 - Karystos, Kylindroi site. Columns 

(@ Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism/ IA EPKA). 

XVII International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Roma 22-26 Sept. 2008 

Session: Material Culture and Ancient Technology / Cultura Materiale e Tecnologia Antica 

According to numismatic evidence, Karystos, the main polis of the southern part of Euboea, is first 

attested as a city -state in the sixth century B.C. 5 During most of antiquity, its history and fortune ran parallel 

to those of the other Euboean city –states, such as Chalkis and Eretria, with some memorable exceptions, 

such as its medizing role in the Persian wars of the early 5 th century B.C. and its punishment by Athenian 

military forces in the second quarter of the same century 6 . Karystian fortunes certainly changed in Roman 

times and under Roman Imperial rule, when systematic and extensive exploitation of the region’s quarries is 

noted. 

In the last quarter of the 20 th century, systematic surveys conducted by the Canadian Archaeological 

Institute of Athens and salvage excavations by the Archaeological Service of Euboea led to extensive 

recording of a great number of sites in the ancient astu and chora region of Karystos. These include among 

others, fortified sites and blockhouses, farm houses, towers, civic and rural sanctuaries, cemeteries, small 

quarries, kilns and other workshop areas and date from prehistoric to late medieval times 7 . The large 

complexes of South Euboean marble quarries with their associated road networks, especially the ones on 

Mount Ochi to the north of Karystos and the group of Aghios Nikolaos at Styra, have however been known to 

researchers and scholarly travelers ever since the early 19 th century. The site at Kylindroi to the northeast of 

the ancient city of Karystos, with its fourteen columns ranging in length from 11.20 to 11.90 m. and 0.80 to 

1.30 m. in diameter had been noticed by J. Hawkins as early as 1820 8 (figs 1, 2). 

Horizontal exploitation areas as well as stepped platforms abound in the quarries of Myloi in 

Karystos, Obores in Marmari, Aghios Nikolaos at Styra and Pyrgari at Nimborio. In all three quarry regions 

we encounter the same types of products, such as columns and pedestals, bases, slabs and building 

material in large numbers. It is well known that the Karystian marble was almost exclusively used for building 

purposes and seldom as sculpture material. Among the very few sculptural samples we mention the 

crocodile statue in Hadrian’s villa at Tivoli and a palm tree - trunk column in the courtyard of the 

Archaeological Museum in Istanbul 9 . In all three South Euboean quarry regions we find tool marks, such as 

5 th th 

See for instance the third quarter to end of the 6 and early 5 century Karystian coin types in: SELTMAN 1965, 84, pl. XI, 4. KRAAY 

1976, 92. Also: Lanz Auktion 111, no. 546. 

6 

Herodotus, VI, 99.2. VIII, 66.2, 112.2, 121.1. IX, 105. Thucydides, Ι, 98.3. WALLACE 1972, 126–170. CHAPMAN 1993, 17–30. HANSEN, 

NIELSEN 2004, 658-659. 

7 th 

KELLER 1985. Preliminary reports of surveys: WICKENS 2003-2004. TANKOSIC, CHIDIROGLOU 2006-2007 (Archives of the 11 Ephorate 

of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities). 

8 

HAWKINS 1820, 288. RANGABÉ 1852, 34. LOLLING 1989, 420. BAUMEISTER 1864, 28–29. GOUNAROPOULOS 1979[1930], 94–95 (with 

mention of quarries at Kagiali Vrachia and Makrona – Kylindroi). PAPAGEORGAKIS 1964, 262–278. HANKEY 1965, 53–59. ZAPPAS 1981- 

82, 243–275. LAMBRAKI 1980, 31–62. VANHOVE 1996. SUTHERLAND 2002, 251–259. LAZZARINI, MASI, TUCCI 1995, 161–169. LAZZARINi 

2007, 183–198. 

9 

KLEINER 1992, 247, figs. 212, 213. GNOLI 1971, 154–156, pl. 189. LAZZARINI 2007, 185, figs. 14, 16. 



49 

Fig. 2 - Karystos, Kylindroi site. Roman quarry front 

(@ Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism/ IA EPKA).

M. Chidiroglou – Karystian Marble Trade in the Roman Mediterranean Region. An Overview of Old and New Data 

Fig. 3 - Karystos, Myloi. Block with pointillé traces 


Fig. 5 - Mount Ochi, Dragon House. South side, with entrance 




50 

Fig. 4 - Platanistos, Helleniko site. South side of ancient retaining 

terrace (@ Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism/ IA EPKA). 

of the pointillé and wedge technique, a number of 

metallurgical basins, as well as retaining walls and 

quarry road networks or lithagogiai. Some of the 

tool marks at the multiple quarries at Myloi, especially 

those of the pointillé type can be dated to the 

5 th and 4 th centuries B.C., if not earlier (fig. 3). 

The monumental retaining walls of a temple 

dedicated most probably to Athena at Helleniko 

Platanistos, a site of the eastern Karystian 

chora, were built with Karystian schist stone and 

Parian marble. On the base of two inscriptions preserved 

in situ, the temple can be dated in the late 

6 th to early 5 th century B.C. 10 (fig. 4). Great slabs of 

Karystian schist stone and marble have been used 

in the so-called Dragon House of Mount Ochi. This 

monumental building also of the Karystian chora 

has been dated between the 5 th century B.C and 

2 nd century A.D. Its architectural details, such as 

the decorative sculpted edges of some of its slabs, conform to a late 5 th to 4 th century date (fig. 5). Ceramic 

finds and graffiti attest to an early 5 th century use of the space, for religious purposes, as many of the 19 th 

century scholars had already surmised 11 . Apart from these monumental buildings of the Karystian city – state 

chora region, some cipollino and mainly schist slabs are found to have been used in installations, such as 

towers, farm houses and sanctuaries surveyed or excavated in the Karystian astu sites, as well as in 

fortifications and towers in the region of the ancient demos of Styra 12 . We can safely claim that, although 

grand scale exploitation of the Karystian quarries is attested during Roman times, a previous, smaller scale, 

local exploitation of some quarries, mostly the ones of schist limestone, which is similar and close to the 

10 BURSIAN 1856, 38. BURSIAN 1868-1872, 435. BAUMEISTER 1864, 34. LOLLING 1989, 429–430. YOUNG 1930, 20–23. GOETTE 2000, 

399–403. PAPAVASSILEIOU 1908, 101–113. SAPOUNA, SAKELLARAKI, ArchDelt 49 (1999), 298–299. GOETTE 2007, 283–291. 

11 HAWKINS 1820, 285–293. RANGABE 1852, 34. GIRARD 1851, 708–730 = GIRARD 1852, 74–91 = LACROIX 1853, 411–412. LOLLING 

1989, 421–426. BAUMEISTER 1864, 29–30. SACKETT ET ALII 1966, 81, no. 91. MOUTSOPOULOS 1982, 281–325. 

12 Constructions of Classical and Hellenistic times, built of local schist and marble stone: KELLER 1985, 87, 90, 131, 132, 142–144, 146, 

156–157. CHATZIDIMITRIOU 2006, 82–89.

Fig. 6 - Cipollino distribution map (Maria Chidiroglou 2010, in preparation). 



marble veins 13 , by the city –state of Karystos, given the easy quarrying and great construction potential of all 

local stones, should not cause surprise. In the area of Aetos, to the east of Karystos, for instance, both a 

limestone quarry and cipollino members have been located 14 . According to inscriptional testimony, the 

ancient demos of Styra, to the northwest of the Karystian region, became part of the Eretrian city-state in the 

late 5 th century B.C. 15 . In this expanded Eretrian chora region, there are also many indications of a local use 

of Styrian limestone and marble, before Roman times 16 . 

Great and systematic exploitation of South Euboean quarry complexes is first noticed in Roman 

Imperial and then in Byzantine times. Inscriptions testify that the Karystian quarries and their products were 

owned by the Emperor, who used a network of delegates and administration officials, freedmen included, to 

control and profit from this grand scale enterprise 17 . Two published inscriptions and a newly found one at 

Castel Rosso, the Medieval Castle of Karystos, attest to the high status an Augustan freedman, such as 

Hymenaios Thamyrianos, could acquire as quarry administration official in Karystos, in the early 1 st century 

13 

The Karystian cipollino marble is geologically described as deriving from marly limestones by low - grade metamorphism: LAZZARINI, 

MASI, TUCCI 1995, 161. 

14 

KELLER 1985, 150–151. 

15 

IG II², 230 b. IG XII, 162. KNOEPFLER 1971, 223–244. 

16 

Late Classical to Hellenistic square towers at Styra, known as Dragon Houses, such as the buildings preserved at Viglia - Lefka, 

Limiko - Kapsala and Ilkizes near Porto Lafia are constructed of hard, schist limestone blocks with some cipollino included. 

MOUTSOPOULOS 1982. REBER 2001, 339–351. 

17 

CIL III, Suppl. II, 12286. Karystian petition to Hadrian for the opening of new quarries: ILS 8717 = Bruzza, no. 1. BLAKE 1947, 58, n. 

38. DODGE, WARD-PERKINS 1992, 26–28. 



51


Fig. 7 - Rome. Roman Forum. Temple of Antoninus Pius and Faustina. 138-161 

A.D. (Su concessione del Ministero peri i Beni e le Attività Culturali - 

Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma.) 

Fig. 8 - Athens. Hadrian’s Library. 117-138 A.D. Western building side. Cipollino 

columns (@ Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism/ A EPKA.). 



52 

A.D. 18 . Among other officials of 

Greek descent was A. Plōtios Leōnidēs, 

the inscribed cipollino base of 

whose statue stands in Karystos Museum 

today and dates in the 1 st century 

A.D. and L. Marcius Ner[o, 

whose bilingual funerary stele is reported 

to have been found in the port 

of Karystos 19 . Pentelic marble in 

combination with good quality cipollino, 

have been used in the construction 

of a mausoleum built for a Roman 

official, near the port in the modern 

city of Karystos, in Antonine times, 

in order to emphasize the high 

status of this individual 20 . An officer 

named Claudianus is attested in the 

Pyrgari and Aghios Nikolaos quarries. 

Two cipollino columns found in 

2003 in a small stock pile in the 

sandy beach of Nimborio to the south 

of Styra, bear trade marks with the 

same name, indicating the wide range 

of activities undertaken by Roman 

quarry supervisors 21 . Sergius Longus, 

a centurion, dedicated a niche to 

Hercules, near the Kylindroi site, in 

the first half of the 2 nd century A.D., 

as the Latin inscription at its base 

testifies. The same man is known 

from an inscription in Rome 22 . 

The Karystian marble traveled 

extensively to Greece, Italy, Cyprus, 

Egypt and North Africa, Syria, 

Judaea, the region of modern Dalmatia, 

France, Britain and Spain (fig. 

6). According to the extant monuments 

where cipollino was primarily 

used, its trade peaked in Augustan, 

Hadrianic and Antonine times. Its first 

columnar use in a Roman environment is considered to have been in Mamourra’s house in the 1 st century 

B.C. 23 Exploitation, distribution and re-use of quarried members continued during Byzantine times and in 

some cases reached modern times. A large number of cipollino columns were used in Roman temples, Fora, 

18 

CIL III, 563, 987, no. 12289. FRANK 1938, 464–465 (: probator or arcarius). 

19 

IG XII.9.24 (Karystos Museum inv. no. 116). IG XII.9.32. CIL III, 12287. WALLACE 1972, 293, 300, 326–327. 

20 

PAPAVASSILEIOU 1908, 101–113. GOETTE 1994, 259–300. 

21 

Claudianus inscription at Styra: MOUTSOPOULOS 1982, 338, fig. 51. VANHOVE 1989, 226–230. VANHOVE 1996, 16. Claudianus 

inscription at Nimborio, now stored in the court of Karystos Archaeological Museum: CHIDIROGLOU 2009, 76, figs. 5-7. 

22 

CIL III, Suppl. II, 12286. IG XII.9, 154–155. CHAPMAN 1993, 69. 

23 Pliny the Elder, Natural History, XXXVI, 7.



bath complexes and colonnaded streets leading to city centers, such as for instance in Rome 24 , Ostia, 

Corinth, Cyrene and Leptis Magna. Well known instances of cipollino columns used in the construction of 

Roman monuments are the propylon of Hadrian’s Library in Athens and the preserved colonnade of the 

temple of Antoninus Pius and Faustina in Rome (figs. 7, 8). Karystian marble slabs were used as opus 

sectile in floors of monumental buildings, such as the Octagonon in Thessalonike and Agrippa’s Odeion in 

the Athenian Agora 25 . A preliminary investigation on the cipollino distribution locations leads to several 

interesting remarks, such as the emphasis given to set sizes of monolithic columns, pedestals and piers 

throughout all Roman exploitation period, the re-use of cipollino architectural members in medieval 

monuments and the symbolic connotations of cipollino colours throughout its history in Roman, Christian and 

Muslim buildings. 

We conclude that, the systematic and intensive Roman exploitation did not preclude a smaller scale, 

earlier use of some quarries in Myloi, Aetos and Styra by the city states of Karystos and Eretria 

correspondingly. The use of green limestone and cipollino marble in monuments of the 5 th to 4 th century B.C. 

in the ancient cities of Karystos and Eretria 26 , as well as tool marks and some of the known quarry 

inscriptions 27 , indicate a sporadic Classical to Hellenistic local use of this bountiful South Euboean economic 

resource, in order to cover the religious, public and private building needs of the region, with little or nonexistent 

trade orientation. Based on the finds of survey and salvage excavations in Karystia, we can claim 

that the limited local exploitation of the limestone and marble sources seems to have concentrated on 

building blocks and sarcophagi during the Classical and Hellenistic periods. The overall picture changed in 

quantitative measure and market orientation in Roman times, since a centrally organized administration, 

such as the Emperor and his regional delegates, were responsible for all marble quarrying and trade stages, 

from supervising the great numbers of workers in various quarry complexes, to systematizing the type, size 

and stock piling of products and organizing a network of near trade stations and distant destinations, based 

on well known Mediterranean sea routes and the co-ordination of local agents, rewarded by riches and 

honors at the local elite competition arena or even in Rome itself. Diocletian’s Edict, a slab of which had 

been found in Karystos, attests to the continued trade importance of the stone in late Roman times 28 . 

Maria Chidiroglou 

Ph.D. candidate at the University of Athens. 

Hellenic Ministry of Culture department of Archaeological Sites, Monuments and Research 

(formerly in the 11 th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Euboea, Greece). 

24 CORSI 1845. MAISCHBERGER 1997, 138, 142–147, 157, 164, 168. 

25 DODGE 1988, 215–230. ROMANELLI 1925. PENSABENE–LAZZARINI 2007, 306. BIERS 1985, 8, 11, 18, 26, 39, 50, 66, pls 12, 46, 47. 

HARRISON 1965, 139, 171, nos. 223, 224. THOMPSON 1950, 31–141. LAZZARINI 2007, 187, fig. 18. For Hadrian’s Library in Athens, see 

for instance: WARD-PERKINS 1970, 269–271. TRAVLOS 1971, 244–252. MARTINI 1985, 189–191. TRAVLOS 1986-1989, 343–347. SHEAR 

JR. 1981, 356–377. WILLERS 1990, 14–21. CHOREMI-SPETSIERI 1995, 137–147. GOETTE 2001 [1993], 90–91. 

26 Cipollino slabs and blocks in late Classical to Hellenistic building remains, sarcophagi and inscriptions in Karystos: CHATZIDIMITRIOU 

2006, 82–89 (4th century B.C. tower built of limestone and cipollino blocks). CHIDIROGLOU 2006, 104–118 (report on the ancient 

necropolis excavations). IG XII.9.13 & 23 (late Classical inscriptions on Karystia lithos slabs). Cipollino in Styra, in Eretrian territory: 

Moutsopoulos 1982 (construction details of the Dragon Houses in Styra), esp. 403–404. 

27 LAMBRAKI 1981: Diokles and other inscriptions in Greek letters. A Classical horos inscription of the Dē[mos] of Styra is however 

located on a slope to the south and at some distance from the quarry group at Aghios Nikolaos: MOUTSOPOULOS 1982, 338–342, figs. 

54, 55. 

28 Diocletian’s Edict stele from Karystos in the Epigraphical Museum in Athens (inv. no. ΕΜ 10067): LAUFFER 1971, 7–9, 26–27. 



53


Abbreviations 

IG XII.9. Ziebarth E1915. Inscriptiones Graecae, XII.9. Berlin. 

IG II² Kirchner J. 1913 -1940. Inscriptiones Atticae Euclidis anno posteriores II². Berlin. 

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