perennials - Natives Coming in 2010
perennials - Natives Coming in 2010
perennials - Natives Coming in 2010
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Table of Contents<br />
Perennials ............................................................ 3<br />
Hard<strong>in</strong>ess Zone Map .......................................... 8<br />
Hardy Ferns ...................................................... 59<br />
Ornamental Grasses .......................................... 67<br />
Sources ............................................................... 75<br />
Index by Plant Name ........................................ 76<br />
2
PERENNIALS<br />
ACHILLEA (a-kil-lee-a )<br />
After Achilles of Greek mythology<br />
who reportedly used it to staunch his soldier’s wounds.<br />
One legend tells that Achillea sprung from the metal<br />
scrap<strong>in</strong>gs off his spear.<br />
Asteracea Family<br />
Achillea millefollium( meel-lee-fo-lee-um)- thousand-leaved, referr<strong>in</strong>g to the<br />
f<strong>in</strong>ely divided leaves.<br />
Common Name: Yarrow Naturalized<br />
Zone: 4 – 9 Flower Color: see cultivars Height: see cultivars Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
Although native to Europe & Asia, Achillea millefoliums have naturalized<br />
themselves <strong>in</strong> every state <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Hawaii and Alaska. They were cultivated <strong>in</strong><br />
Europe before 1440. A similar species, A. lanulosa, also grows <strong>in</strong> North<br />
America and is referred to <strong>in</strong>terchangeably with A. millefolium. The flower is a<br />
white color and the green foliage has a f<strong>in</strong>e texture. Its rhizomatous nature will<br />
spread <strong>in</strong>to a large clump. Flower<strong>in</strong>g occurs from June to August. Achilleas are<br />
very adaptable to different soil types, preferr<strong>in</strong>g well-dra<strong>in</strong>ed and lean soils. If<br />
the soil is too rich, they will tend to flop over. Achilleas are not particular about<br />
degrees of moisture <strong>in</strong> the soil and is quite drought tolerant once established.<br />
Yarrows grow to 3 feet <strong>in</strong> height and will spread to 2 feet, with a moderate<br />
growth rate. They prefer full sun but will grow <strong>in</strong> partial shade.<br />
Achillea millefoliums are found grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> meadows, pastures, disturbed areas,<br />
and along power l<strong>in</strong>es. They can be used <strong>in</strong> the landscape as a ground cover, <strong>in</strong><br />
orchards, butterfly gardens, conta<strong>in</strong>ers, mixed borders, maritime gardens (salt<br />
tolerant), and can be walked on as a lawn substitute, or meadow, tolerat<strong>in</strong>g close<br />
cutt<strong>in</strong>g. Yarrows are an important nectar source for many <strong>in</strong>sects, especially<br />
bees. They provide an important addition to fresh or dried arrangements.<br />
Cutt<strong>in</strong>g back after flower<strong>in</strong>g will encourage re-bloom<strong>in</strong>g. Deer do not like the<br />
aromatic foliage but bears will eat them.<br />
Yarrow has been used medic<strong>in</strong>ally <strong>in</strong> the treatment of wounds by stopp<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
flow of blood, and also to treat colds, fevers, kidney diseases and menstrual<br />
pa<strong>in</strong>. As with all herbal medic<strong>in</strong>es, always consult with a professional before<br />
us<strong>in</strong>g. Other uses <strong>in</strong>clude: as a repellant of beetles, ants, and flies, (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
burn<strong>in</strong>g it to ward off mosquitoes); as an herbal compost activator; as a liquid<br />
plant food, a cosmetic cleanser for greasy sk<strong>in</strong>, or as a pleasant tea (the leaves);<br />
as a pleasant addition to pot-pourri (the seeds); and the flowers as a yellow or<br />
3
green dye. Follow<strong>in</strong>g contact with Europeans, Native Americans developed<br />
many uses for Yarrow such as mak<strong>in</strong>g cologne, perfume, and bath powder from<br />
the leaves.<br />
Hybrids:<br />
m. x ‘Fireland’ was named for Tierra del Fuego, the land of fire, and <strong>in</strong>troduced<br />
by Ernst Pagels. Brilliant card<strong>in</strong>al red flowers with yellow centers. Thick,<br />
f<strong>in</strong>ely dissected 3’ evergreen foliage.<br />
m. x ‘Oertel’s Rose’ was selected by Goodness Grows Nursery <strong>in</strong> Lex<strong>in</strong>gton,<br />
GA, ‘Oertel’s Rose’ is rosy p<strong>in</strong>k with deep green evergreen ferny foliage.<br />
Grows to only 12”high.<br />
m. x ‘Paprika’ is of garden orig<strong>in</strong>, ‘Paprika’ has ruby red flowers with a<br />
yellow center above green evergreen ferny foliage. At 18-24 <strong>in</strong>ches tall it is a<br />
mid sized Achillea.<br />
Tutti Frutti Series:<br />
Introduced by Blooms of Bress<strong>in</strong>gham<br />
m. x ‘P<strong>in</strong>k Grapefruit’ will grow to 29” with a 28 <strong>in</strong>ch spread. F<strong>in</strong>e ferny<br />
green foliage that is evergreen. The rose colored flowers will fade to a light<br />
rose.<br />
m. x ‘Pomegranate’ has strik<strong>in</strong>g magenta colored flowers atop f<strong>in</strong>ely dissected<br />
evergreen green foliage, grow<strong>in</strong>g to 29” high and spread<strong>in</strong>g to 28 <strong>in</strong>ches wide.<br />
Seduction Series:<br />
This group of Achilleas is known for their compact, sturdy growth habit, long<br />
bloom time and <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g flowers.<br />
m. x ‘Strawberry Seduction’ has brilliant red flowers with bright gold<br />
centers. The deep green foliage is evergreen and ferny. 18-24” tall and spread<br />
to 18”.<br />
Better and Better.<br />
Achilleas are one of a group of plants that were <strong>in</strong>troduced and naturalized <strong>in</strong> the<br />
United States, returned to Europe for improvements, and then brought back to<br />
us. The orig<strong>in</strong>al plants were perhaps brought over to America with settlers, who<br />
then headed westward to new settlements, carry<strong>in</strong>g some seeds from there<br />
favorite plants. Along the way, seeds may have spilled when the wagons hit the<br />
ruts and dips along the wagon tra<strong>in</strong> trail as they crossed the prairie.<br />
4
AGASTACHE (a-gah-sta-kee )<br />
Lamiaceae Family<br />
Agastache foeniculum (foe-nick-ew-lum)<br />
‘Golden Jubilee’<br />
Common Name: Anise Hyssop North America<br />
Zones: 5 – 8 Flower Color: Blue Height: 18-24” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
This will be a great addition to your garden with golden foliage and<br />
complimentary blue flowers. Blooms mid summer to fall with 3” bottlebrushlike<br />
flower spikes and grows to a height of 20”. Good w<strong>in</strong>ter dra<strong>in</strong>age is a must<br />
for best performance.<br />
AMSONIA (am-son-ee-a)<br />
Named for Dr. Charles Amson, 18 th century Virg<strong>in</strong>ia physician.<br />
Apocynaceae Family<br />
Amsonia hubrichtii (ew-breckt-ee-eye) named after Leslie Hubricht, who found<br />
the plant <strong>in</strong> the early 1940’s.<br />
Common Name: Thread-leaf Blue Star South Central United States<br />
Zones: 6 – 9 Flower Color: Powder Blue Height: 2 – 3’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
The powdery blue star-like flowers of Amsonia hubrichtii will start bloom<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
early summer on top of 2-3 feet stems and will last for 2-3 weeks. The cool blue<br />
flowers can be used to tone down flower colors surround<strong>in</strong>g it. The thread-like<br />
medium green foliage will turn a golden yellow <strong>in</strong> the fall, mak<strong>in</strong>g quite a<br />
statement! Its globular mound<strong>in</strong>g habit will look especially well with grasses.<br />
This native of tall grass prairies can also be found <strong>in</strong> dry, rocky outcrops and<br />
well-dra<strong>in</strong>ed creek banks & bottomlands. The wonderful f<strong>in</strong>e texture of this<br />
perennial will add air<strong>in</strong>ess to a bouquet and a fluff<strong>in</strong>ess to the mixed border,<br />
look<strong>in</strong>g like a cloud of yellow <strong>in</strong> the fall. Cutt<strong>in</strong>g back the flower<strong>in</strong>g stems will<br />
keep this plant neat and tidy. The blue, star-like clusters of flowers, comb<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
with the clear green, ferny foliage dur<strong>in</strong>g the summer and the <strong>in</strong>tense yellow<br />
foliage <strong>in</strong> the fall make this a three season of <strong>in</strong>terest plant. Give this plant<br />
plenty of room to spread with good air circulation. The milky sap of Amsonias<br />
will discourage munch<strong>in</strong>g by deer, rabbits, and other critters. Amsonias are also<br />
free of most <strong>in</strong>sect pests.<br />
Amsonia hubrichtii enjoys a wide range of soils from sand to clay and is not<br />
fussy about pH levels. This plant grows well <strong>in</strong> full sun or very light shade and<br />
average moisture and is tolerant of heat and drought. Too much shade or too<br />
5
ich a soil may result <strong>in</strong> an open and floppy habit. It is best planted <strong>in</strong> full sun<br />
for a beautiful fall foliage display. A backdrop of dark green foliage will really<br />
show off this Blue Star.<br />
Strange but True.<br />
In 1942, Leslie Hubricht, a specialist <strong>in</strong> fresh water mollusks, was on a<br />
collect<strong>in</strong>g trip for the Field Museum of Natural History <strong>in</strong> Chicago. He was <strong>in</strong><br />
Garland County, <strong>in</strong> the Ouachita Mounta<strong>in</strong>s of Arkansas and Oklahoma<br />
search<strong>in</strong>g for mollusks when he encountered a plant with <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g foliage.<br />
Robert Woodson, a botanist, at the Missouri botanic Gardens, recognized that<br />
this plant was a dist<strong>in</strong>ct species by us<strong>in</strong>g plant material provided by Leslie<br />
Hubricht. The plant had been collected periodically s<strong>in</strong>ce 1879 but had been<br />
consistently misidentified as A. ciliata var. filifolia. Woodlanders Nursery<br />
<strong>in</strong>troduced this plant to the trade and <strong>in</strong> 1999 Amsonia hubrechtii was selected<br />
as a Theodore Kle<strong>in</strong> Plant Award w<strong>in</strong>ner.<br />
Amsonia tabernaemontana (ta-ber-nie-mon-tah-na)<br />
x‘Blue Ice’<br />
Common Name: Blue Star Eastern United States<br />
Zones: 5 – 9 Flower Color: Lavender-Blue Height: 15-18” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
‘Blue Ice’ was a seedl<strong>in</strong>g found by an eagle-eyed employee of The White<br />
Flower Farm grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a group of Amsonia tabernaemontana and selected for<br />
its larger and darker lavender-blue flowers. The exact parentage is not known<br />
but it is thought to be a cross between A. montana and A. tabernaemontana. A.<br />
‘Blue Ice’ has dark green narrow, willow shaped leaves that turn a clear yellow<br />
<strong>in</strong> the fall. For the best fall color, be sure to plant ‘Blue Ice’ <strong>in</strong> full sun. The<br />
buds are a darker blue, start bloom<strong>in</strong>g later, and last longer than the straight<br />
species. Amsonia’s live up to their common name, Blue Star by cover<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
plant with its starry blue colored flowers <strong>in</strong> late spr<strong>in</strong>g throughout the summer<br />
on an average of 5 weeks. This clump former is late to emerge so be careful not<br />
to dig <strong>in</strong>to it dur<strong>in</strong>g spr<strong>in</strong>g plant<strong>in</strong>g. A sweep of A. ‘Blue Ice’ will not only be<br />
attractive <strong>in</strong> the spr<strong>in</strong>g/summer when bloom<strong>in</strong>g, but aga<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> the fall when the<br />
lovely yellow fall foliage will steal the show.<br />
Plant<strong>in</strong>g ‘Blue Ice’ <strong>in</strong> full sun to light shade and average soil, provid<strong>in</strong>g<br />
sufficient moisture to survive dry periods until established, will ensure the<br />
survivability of this quite drought tolerant plant. A. ‘Blue Ice’ is an excellent<br />
edg<strong>in</strong>g plant and will grow to a compact 15-18 <strong>in</strong>ches high with a 2 foot wide<br />
arch<strong>in</strong>g habit. The comb<strong>in</strong>ation of larger blue star shaped flowers <strong>in</strong> the spr<strong>in</strong>g<br />
followed by beautiful yellow foliage <strong>in</strong> the fall adds several seasons of <strong>in</strong>terest<br />
to your garden.<br />
6
AQUILEGIA (a-kwi-lee-gee-a)<br />
From the Lat<strong>in</strong> aquila, <strong>in</strong>to the claws of an eagle, allud<strong>in</strong>g to the project<strong>in</strong>g<br />
spurs on the back of the flowers<br />
Ranunculacea Family<br />
Aquilegia canadensis (kan-a-den-sis) mean<strong>in</strong>g belong<strong>in</strong>g to Canada<br />
‘Little Lanterns’<br />
Common Name: Little Lanterns Wild Columb<strong>in</strong>e Eastern United States<br />
Zones: 3 – 8 Flower Color: Yellow/Red Height: 10” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
‘Little Lanterns’ is of garden orig<strong>in</strong>. It was discovered among cultivated plants<br />
and <strong>in</strong>troduced by Jelitto Perennial Seed <strong>in</strong> 2002. This Aquilegia will bloom <strong>in</strong><br />
May and June, and grow to be 10” high. It attracts humm<strong>in</strong>gbirds and butterflies<br />
<strong>in</strong>to your garden.<br />
Aquilegia canadensis is native to the Eastern United States. Moist well-dra<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
soil and filtered shade will keep this plant happy. Columb<strong>in</strong>es tend to rot if the<br />
soil is poorly dra<strong>in</strong>ed as they are naturally found grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> rocky woods and<br />
slopes. The bright scarlet and yellow colors of the flowers attract<br />
humm<strong>in</strong>gbirds, the only creatures hav<strong>in</strong>g a long enough tongue to poll<strong>in</strong>ate the<br />
flowers while they are extract<strong>in</strong>g the nectar. The basal row of leaves is graygreen<br />
and f<strong>in</strong>e textured.<br />
As early as the 1600’s, Europeans began import<strong>in</strong>g our native Aquilegia<br />
canadensis <strong>in</strong> to their own gardens. Native Americans had found many uses for<br />
the wild Columb<strong>in</strong>e. Meskwaki Indians were known to mix ripe Aquilegia seed<br />
capsules with their smok<strong>in</strong>g tobacco to help make it smell better. Young<br />
unmarried men would use the crushed seed to make a powder to rub on their<br />
hands as a love charm or to concoct a love potion when court<strong>in</strong>g. The roots<br />
were eaten by other groups of Indians and a tea from the seeds was used to treat<br />
headaches and fever<br />
Imag<strong>in</strong>e If You Will<br />
One spr<strong>in</strong>g morn<strong>in</strong>g, Abigail Goodman was walk<strong>in</strong>g her cows to their pasture<br />
along the stream that runs through her family farm. The path led her by a<br />
wooded hillside where she spied, at the edge of the woods among the rocks,<br />
bright yellow and red flowers wav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the breeze. She returned <strong>in</strong> the summer<br />
to carefully collect some seeds (leav<strong>in</strong>g some to reseed themselves <strong>in</strong> gay<br />
abandonment). Abigail sowed her wild Columb<strong>in</strong>e seeds <strong>in</strong> her garden at the<br />
side of the house. After the seeds germ<strong>in</strong>ated the plants grew to be large and<br />
healthy. Abigail especially loved the bright colors of the flowers and brought<br />
them <strong>in</strong>to the house whenever she could, plac<strong>in</strong>g them <strong>in</strong> a vase or Mason jar<br />
with some fern fronds, on the kitchen table.<br />
7
Zone Map<br />
8
ASCLEPIAS (a-sklay-pee-as)<br />
From the Greek name <strong>in</strong> honor of the god of heal<strong>in</strong>g and medic<strong>in</strong>e ‘Asklepios’.<br />
Asclepiadaceae Family<br />
Asclepias <strong>in</strong>carnata(<strong>in</strong>-kar-nah-ta) from the Lat<strong>in</strong>, <strong>in</strong>, “<strong>in</strong>”, carn, “flesh”, -atus,<br />
“like, resembl<strong>in</strong>g”; hence “flesh colored”, a reference to the pale rose color of<br />
the flower.<br />
Common Name: Swamp Milkweed North America<br />
Zones: 3 – 9 Flower Color: Rose P<strong>in</strong>k Height: 3 – 4’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 24”<br />
Ascelepias <strong>in</strong>carnata has a narrow upright form with flat-topped clusters of rose<br />
p<strong>in</strong>k blossoms that will grow to 3-4 feet high and start bloom<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> July and last<br />
through September. The flowers have a fa<strong>in</strong>t vanilla scent and make lovely cut<br />
flowers; however, the milky sap <strong>in</strong> the stems may be somewhat messy. The<br />
narrow seed pods are about 3” long and hang on a short stem. The seeds have<br />
tufted silky hairs which are spread by the w<strong>in</strong>d. Easy to grow <strong>in</strong> medium wet to<br />
wet soils <strong>in</strong> full sun, Swamp Milkweed will also tolerate well-dra<strong>in</strong>ed soils.<br />
These plants are naturally found grow<strong>in</strong>g at the edges of ponds, wet meadows,<br />
shallow waters, ditch edges, dikes, and poorly dra<strong>in</strong>ed spots.<br />
Swamp Milkweed, or pleurisy root as it is also named, served as an <strong>in</strong>ternal and<br />
external remedy for many ailments amongst Native Americans. Asclepias<br />
<strong>in</strong>carnata was used by the Chippewa and Iroquois for a variety of pediatric aids,<br />
from a strengthen<strong>in</strong>g bath to heal<strong>in</strong>g a baby’s navel. The Iroquois also used this<br />
plant for kidney problems, lame backs, and as a toothache remedy. The<br />
Meskwaki used an <strong>in</strong>fusion of root as a diuretic, a cathartic, an emetic, and a<br />
carm<strong>in</strong>ative. Other Native American Indians found this plant useful as a<br />
laxative, for treatment of asthma, rheumatism, syphilis, and as a heart tonic. The<br />
ground up seeds were used <strong>in</strong> a poultice to draw the poison from a rattlesnake<br />
bite and the sap was rubbed on warts to help make them disappear.<br />
Asclepias <strong>in</strong>carnata provided food for Native American tribes <strong>in</strong> the form of a<br />
crude sugar from the flowers, as well as a sugary syrup. Also, the young seed<br />
pods were boiled and eaten with buffalo meat and the flower heads were used <strong>in</strong><br />
soup, and added to cornmeal mush. Unopened flower buds were also cooked,<br />
tast<strong>in</strong>g somewhat like peas, and young shoots eaten as an asparagus substitute.<br />
As with any plant, research first to be sure that it can be eaten safely. The bark<br />
and the seed floss of Asclepias <strong>in</strong>carnata were used by the Chippewa Tribe as a<br />
source of fiber. When harvested <strong>in</strong> late autumn, after the plants have died down,<br />
the bark can be pulled apart to make a good quality fiber to make tw<strong>in</strong>e, cloth,<br />
etc. The seed floss is used to stuff pillows or can be mixed with other fibers to<br />
make a cloth.<br />
9
Asclepias tuberosa (tew-be-row-sa) mean<strong>in</strong>g “tuberous”<br />
Common Name: Butterfly Weed Eastern North America<br />
Zones: 3 – 9 Flower Color: Orange Height: 12 – 24” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
The vibrant orange flowers will bloom June through August followed by green 4<br />
– 5”seed pods. Asclepias tuberosa grows to 1-2’ high and tends to emerge from<br />
the ground <strong>in</strong> the late spr<strong>in</strong>g. It prefers average, dry to medium wet, welldra<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
soils <strong>in</strong> full sun. Butterfly Weed is a clump form<strong>in</strong>g medium-sized plant<br />
that gets bushier as it grows older. Its large taproot will make A. tuberosa<br />
difficult to re-locate but serves it well for drought resistance. The <strong>in</strong>tense orange<br />
color is a magnet for butterflies. Milkweeds are used by the Monarch butterfly<br />
as caterpillar food; however, the sap which deters other animals from enjoy<strong>in</strong>g<br />
A.<strong>in</strong>carnata is almost non existent <strong>in</strong> A. tuberosa.<br />
Asclepias tuberosa will make a lovely cut flower for bouquets with a little bit of<br />
preparation. Immediately place them <strong>in</strong> warm water follow<strong>in</strong>g cutt<strong>in</strong>g and then<br />
refrigerate for 12 hours before us<strong>in</strong>g. Re-bloom<strong>in</strong>g may occur if the flowers are<br />
cut. Flowers that rema<strong>in</strong> on the plant will develop <strong>in</strong>to <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g seed heads<br />
that should be removed before splitt<strong>in</strong>g, as they can be somewhat messy.<br />
Butterfly Weed is found grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> open areas, prairies, along old country<br />
roads, abandoned roads, and abandoned railroad right-of-ways. It is attractive<br />
planted <strong>in</strong> mixed borders, meadows, butterfly gardens, and naturalized areas.<br />
Asclepias tuberosa is considered a perennial herb and has many uses <strong>in</strong><br />
medic<strong>in</strong>al and cul<strong>in</strong>ary recipes and as a fibrous material. Pioneers and Native<br />
Americans used boiled Butterfly Weed roots to treat diarrhea, asthma and other<br />
respiratory illnesses. Some Native American legends tell of the roots be<strong>in</strong>g used<br />
as a body wash to provide strength <strong>in</strong> lift<strong>in</strong>g and runn<strong>in</strong>g. Dur<strong>in</strong>g WWII, the sap<br />
of the milkweed family plants was used experimentally to provide a rubber<br />
substitute. The down from milkweed seeds was spun to make candlewicks and<br />
the floss has been used to mop up oil spills at sea.<br />
The Bright and the Beautiful.<br />
The <strong>in</strong>tense orange color of Asclepias tuberosa flowers makes quite a statement<br />
<strong>in</strong> the landscape. A staple <strong>in</strong> the butterfly garden, this milkweed was also an<br />
important plant to the Native Americans. Pioneers who became friendly with<br />
the Native Americans quickly learned to use these easy to obta<strong>in</strong> plants for their<br />
own health reasons.<br />
10
ASTER (a-ster)<br />
From the Lat<strong>in</strong> mean<strong>in</strong>g a star,<br />
referr<strong>in</strong>g to the flower heads.<br />
Asteraceae Family<br />
Aster divaricatus* (div-var-i-cah-tus)<br />
*Taxonomists have reclassified Aster divaricatus to the genus of Eurybia,<br />
(daughter of Pontus and Gaeae (Gaia), and a sea goddess <strong>in</strong> Greek mythology),<br />
and divaricata mean<strong>in</strong>g spread<strong>in</strong>g, diverg<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Common Name: White Wood Aster North America<br />
Zones: 3 – 8 Flower Color: White Height: 2 – 4’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
Aster divaricatus brightens up dark shady areas with its ¾ - 1-<strong>in</strong>ch starry shaped<br />
white flowers arranged <strong>in</strong> a flat-topped <strong>in</strong>florescence. The flowers will provide<br />
nectar for poll<strong>in</strong>ators <strong>in</strong> the fall. On 1-2 foot twiggy stems, these Asters will<br />
carpet your woodland gardens with its rhizomatous roots, spread<strong>in</strong>g 2-4 feet.<br />
The th<strong>in</strong>, purple-black, cascad<strong>in</strong>g branches are filled with white flowers mid-<br />
July through September. After the spent blooms are cut back, the semievergreen<br />
heart shaped leaves can be enjoyed the rest of the year. They have<br />
been referred to as spread<strong>in</strong>g semi-creepers. Flower<strong>in</strong>g will be stronger <strong>in</strong> more<br />
sunlight. In shady areas where it tends to be leggy, it can be cut back to 12<br />
<strong>in</strong>ches <strong>in</strong> mid-June. White Wood Aster prefers soil that is well dra<strong>in</strong>ed, and<br />
once established, can be quite drought tolerant.<br />
Aster divaricatus grows naturally <strong>in</strong> deciduous woods, clear<strong>in</strong>gs, thickets, dry<br />
woods, and along roadsides. In the landscape, plant <strong>in</strong> a cutt<strong>in</strong>g garden, shade<br />
garden, Butterfly and Humm<strong>in</strong>gbird garden, or use <strong>in</strong> a border. White Wood<br />
Aster is perfect for the dry shade garden. Deer will travel right by this Aster to<br />
munch on Hostas and other exotic <strong>perennials</strong>. Include <strong>in</strong> a sea of white to<br />
separate colors that may otherwise clash.<br />
Aster novae-angliae* (no-vie-ang-glee-ie)<br />
*Taxonomists have reclassified Aster novae-angliae to the genus of<br />
Symphyotrichum, from the Greek symphysis mean<strong>in</strong>g borne together or grow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
together and trichos, hair, or a s<strong>in</strong>gle-hair and nove-angliae from the Lat<strong>in</strong> novus<br />
mean<strong>in</strong>g new and angliae mean<strong>in</strong>g England of New England.<br />
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A. novae-angliae ‘Purple Dome’<br />
Common Name: New England Aster Eastern United States<br />
Zones: 3 – 9 Flower Color: Purple Height: 18” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
The 18 <strong>in</strong>ch stems of ‘Purple Dome’ are topped with bright purple semi-double<br />
daisy shaped flowers. It grows best <strong>in</strong> full sun to light shade <strong>in</strong> moist, welldra<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
soil. New England Aster can be planted <strong>in</strong> mass for a knock out sight or<br />
<strong>in</strong> a small clump to blend or contrast with other sun lov<strong>in</strong>g <strong>perennials</strong>.<br />
Bloom<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> August through September, this Aster will attract birds and<br />
butterflies. The showy flowers are useful <strong>in</strong> cut flower arrangements as well as<br />
planted <strong>in</strong> the landscape. The shorter height of this cultivar makes it a good fall<br />
bloom<strong>in</strong>g plant for the front of the mixed border and should not need stak<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Aster novae-angliae AKA New England Aster<br />
In the huge genus of Aster there are various characteristics such as tall and short,<br />
narrow and wide, upright and cascad<strong>in</strong>g, even trail<strong>in</strong>g. An <strong>in</strong>tense purple aster<br />
grow<strong>in</strong>g 18 <strong>in</strong>ches tall was spotted on Pennsylvania’s Rte. 100 below<br />
Allentown, PA. It was one of those “60 mile an hour” plants that we talk about.<br />
If you can see it out of the corner of your eye while travel<strong>in</strong>g on a highway, it is<br />
pretty spectacular. Dr. Dick Lightly, former Director of Mt. Cuba Center <strong>in</strong><br />
Delaware is one of those people who just seem to notice plants that are out of<br />
the ord<strong>in</strong>ary. Us<strong>in</strong>g material provided by Robert G. Seip of Lennilea Farm, Mt.<br />
Cuba <strong>in</strong>troduced A. ‘Purple Dome’. It was registered <strong>in</strong> 1989 and first<br />
mentioned <strong>in</strong> F<strong>in</strong>e Garden<strong>in</strong>g magaz<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> the May-June 1992 issue.<br />
Aster novi-belgii* (no-vee-bel-gee-ee) novi-belgii mean<strong>in</strong>g of New York<br />
* Reclassified as Symphyotrichum novi-belgii<br />
Common Name: New York Aster Eastern United States<br />
Zones: 3 – 9 Flower Color: see Cultivars Height: see Cultivars<br />
A. novi-belgii ‘Alert’<br />
Alert has purplish red, daisy like flowers, late summer <strong>in</strong>to fall. This native<br />
aster has a compact growth habit grow<strong>in</strong>g 12-15” tall. It provides a nice punch<br />
of color when used with ornamental grasses, and Amsonia hubrichtii.<br />
A. novi-belgii (A. x dumosus) ‘Wood’s Blue’, ‘Wood’s P<strong>in</strong>k’ and Wood’s<br />
Purple’<br />
These native Asters provide shade gardeners with delightful fall color, <strong>in</strong><br />
September and October, above sh<strong>in</strong>y dark green leaves. ‘Wood’s’ Asters have a<br />
compact habit, are mildew and rust resistant, and stand just 12-16” <strong>in</strong> height.<br />
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BAPTISIA (bap-tis-ee-a)<br />
From the Greek bapto-to dye<br />
Fabaceae Family<br />
Baptisia alba<br />
Common Name: White Indigo Southeastern United States<br />
Zones: 5 – 9 Flower Color: White Height: 4’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
Baptisia alba has white pea-like flowers on charcoal gray stems. The contrast<br />
between the flowers and the stems serves as a great design feature. Grow<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
4 feet high, this Baptisia is as easy to grow as the blue form with the same<br />
requirements. In the early spr<strong>in</strong>g the unique bare stalks look like charcoal gray<br />
asparagus shoots emerg<strong>in</strong>g from the soil. The bluish-green leaves are trifoliate<br />
and look like clover. The black seedpods turn brown and then black and are<br />
considered ornamental <strong>in</strong> the landscape and used <strong>in</strong> dried arrangements.<br />
White Indigo is native from Maryland to central Florida, north to M<strong>in</strong>nesota and<br />
Nebraska, west to Texas. It occurs <strong>in</strong> dry, sandy habitats, prairies, stream sides,<br />
roadsides, and open disturbed lands and old fields. It is slow to become<br />
established but will be extremely long lived. The deep taproot helps the plant to<br />
survive periods of drought but makes it hard to transplant.<br />
B. australis (ow-strah-lis) mean<strong>in</strong>g southern.<br />
Common Name: False Indigo Eastern United States<br />
Zones: 3 – 9 Flower Color: Blue Height: 3 – 4’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
Baptisia australis can be considered a sub-shrub because of its size and<br />
structure. A 3-4 foot mound of soft gray-green foliage will start to emerge <strong>in</strong><br />
spr<strong>in</strong>g and will be topped <strong>in</strong> June by <strong>in</strong>tense violet-blue pea-shaped flowers<br />
followed by prom<strong>in</strong>ent dark seedpods. Grow False Indigo <strong>in</strong> full sun to part sun,<br />
although too much shade will cause this plant to require stak<strong>in</strong>g. Baptisia<br />
australis can be considered a substitution for Lup<strong>in</strong>es, which are difficult to<br />
grow <strong>in</strong> many locations. Use Baptisia as a cut flower and its dried seedpods <strong>in</strong><br />
dried arrangements. The nice form and bold texture of False Indigo make it an<br />
important addition to your garden. Comb<strong>in</strong>e with ornamental grasses,<br />
Rudbeckia ‘Autumn Glory’, Rudbeckia maxima, Boltonia asteroides, and native<br />
shrubs for a bold and beautiful mixed border. Baptisia are valued for their spiky<br />
architectural form, useful as a focal po<strong>in</strong>t, and as an attractive space filler dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the summer season. As a specimen plant, their structural form can be best<br />
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appreciated by plant<strong>in</strong>g them among ground covers to show off their best<br />
features. This durable, long-lived native perennial is extremely weatherresistant<br />
and looks great aga<strong>in</strong>st a stone wall, or at the back of the border.<br />
Extremely drought tolerant, this plant prefers a deep, rich, well-dra<strong>in</strong>ed neutral<br />
to slightly acid soil <strong>in</strong> full sun. False Indigo has a very deep root system and<br />
dislikes be<strong>in</strong>g relocated. This native North American wildflower attracts<br />
butterflies and is deer and rabbit resistant.<br />
Native Americans used False Indigo as a dye and to treat cuts and scrapes.<br />
Other tribes used this plant by pulveriz<strong>in</strong>g the seeds and mix<strong>in</strong>g the result<strong>in</strong>g<br />
powder with buffalo fat to treat colic. A cold tea was given to stop vomit<strong>in</strong>g and<br />
a hot tea was used as a purgative. A poultice of the root is anti-<strong>in</strong>flammatory<br />
and is held <strong>in</strong> the mouth to treat toothaches. Parts of this plant may be<br />
poisonous if <strong>in</strong>gested.<br />
A Baptisia monograph (family history), published <strong>in</strong> 1940 by Mary Max<strong>in</strong>e<br />
Larisey, <strong>in</strong>cluded descriptions, maps and directions to f<strong>in</strong>d the orig<strong>in</strong>al plant<br />
colony locations. Most orig<strong>in</strong>al locations still conta<strong>in</strong> populations of plants.<br />
Many locations are found <strong>in</strong> pastures, and as a result of loss of habitat, this plant<br />
is considered threatened and even endangered <strong>in</strong> several states. Baptisia are<br />
found grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> scrub and prairie areas, rich woods, alluvial thickets, as well as<br />
on riverbanks, often <strong>in</strong> rocky soil.<br />
Hybrids:<br />
a. x ‘Purple Smoke’<br />
Zone: 4 – 9<br />
This naturally occurr<strong>in</strong>g hybrid of B. alba and B. australis has all of the<br />
attributes of its parents plus wonderful dusty violet flowers. Rob Gardner,<br />
former curator at the NC Botanical Garden found ‘Purple Smoke’. It was<br />
<strong>in</strong>troduced jo<strong>in</strong>tly by Niche Gardens and NC Botanical Garden.<br />
a. x “Carol<strong>in</strong>a Moonlight’<br />
Zones: 4 - 8<br />
This perennial hybrid has spires of buttery yellow flowers <strong>in</strong> late spr<strong>in</strong>g/early<br />
summer and beautiful blue-green foliage. It is considered the southern substitute<br />
for the much sought after lup<strong>in</strong>e. It has an adaptable, easy-to-grow nature and<br />
makes a great companion for other rugged plants such as ornamental grasses.<br />
Useful as well as Pretty.<br />
What would our lives be like if we did not have the <strong>in</strong>digo dyed jeans? Imag<strong>in</strong>e<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g to use a dye from Baptisia australis, a quick fix substitute but not long<br />
last<strong>in</strong>g. The Cherokee Indians were collect<strong>in</strong>g and us<strong>in</strong>g Baptisia for medic<strong>in</strong>e<br />
and dye at the time of European contact. Dur<strong>in</strong>g colonial times it was named<br />
False Indigo as the real Indigo, (Indigofera t<strong>in</strong>ctoria), was imported from south<br />
Asia and was not always easy to obta<strong>in</strong>.<br />
14
BOLTONIA (bowl-tone-ee-a)<br />
Named for naturalist James Bolton (1750-1799).<br />
Asteraceae Family<br />
Boltonia asteroides (as-tur-oide-ees) mean<strong>in</strong>g resembl<strong>in</strong>g Aster<br />
‘P<strong>in</strong>k Beauty’<br />
Common Name: White Doll’s Daisy Eastern United States<br />
Zones: 5 – 8 Flower Color: P<strong>in</strong>k Height: 3 – 5’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
A multitude of soft p<strong>in</strong>k 1” daisies are carried like a cloud on this 3-5’ tall native<br />
plant that will reach 4’ wide. The first flowers open <strong>in</strong> August with gray-green<br />
foliage that never gets mildew, and looks marvelous among dark green<br />
evergreens by itself, or paired with ‘Snowbank’. Great cut flower.<br />
a. ‘Snowbank’<br />
Common Name: White Doll’s Daisy Eastern United States<br />
Zones: 4 – 8 Flower Color: White Height: 3 – 4’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
Start<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> early September, Native Boltonia is a shower of t<strong>in</strong>y white daisies on<br />
3-4’ stalks that rarely need stak<strong>in</strong>g. The flowers withstand light frosts that make<br />
them effective <strong>in</strong> Maryland and <strong>in</strong>to October. An easy-to-grow graceful<br />
perennial, it prefers a light soil and full sun, looks great at the back of the<br />
border, <strong>in</strong> the wildflower garden, or as a most unusual fall-flower<strong>in</strong>g hedge. Try<br />
it with purple or blue ‘Wood’s’ Asters.<br />
CHELONE (chel-o-nee)<br />
From the Greek chelone mean<strong>in</strong>g tortoise, referr<strong>in</strong>g to the flowers which look<br />
like a tortoise’s head.<br />
Scrophurlariaceae Family<br />
Chelone glabra (gla-bra) mean<strong>in</strong>g glabrous-not hairy<br />
Common Name: White Turtlehead United States<br />
Zones: 5 – 8 Flower Color: White Height: 2 – 3’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
The ½ <strong>in</strong>ch white snapdragon-like flowers will open <strong>in</strong> late summer and autumn.<br />
They have two lips that look like a turtle’s head. This hardy native perennial<br />
prefers moist soil and will grow to 2-3 feet high with glossy green foliage <strong>in</strong> full<br />
sun to part sun and is tolerant of a variety of soils except dry soils. Good air<br />
circulation is necessary to prevent powdery mildew. Stak<strong>in</strong>g is not needed if<br />
grown <strong>in</strong> full sun; too much shade may cause it to flop. White Turtlehead is a<br />
stiffly erect, clump-form<strong>in</strong>g perennial attract<strong>in</strong>g butterflies and birds. Use<br />
15
Chelone <strong>in</strong> a moist meadow, on the edge of woodland, or <strong>in</strong> a butterfly, bog, or<br />
native garden. Used widely <strong>in</strong> Europe as a cut flower, White Turtlehead will<br />
provide a great deal of attention. It is also deer resistant.<br />
Chelone is a very bitter herb with a tea-like flavor that acts ma<strong>in</strong>ly as a tonic for<br />
the liver and digestive system. This plant also has anti-depressant and laxative<br />
effects. It is used <strong>in</strong>ternally <strong>in</strong> the treatment of consumption debility, diseases of<br />
the liver, gallbladder problems, and gallstones. White Turtlehead is also used to<br />
relieve nausea and vomit<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>al colic and to expel worms. Its tonic effect<br />
upon the digestive system has made it of benefit <strong>in</strong> the treatment of anorexia<br />
nervosa. It can be used as a sooth<strong>in</strong>g o<strong>in</strong>tment to piles, <strong>in</strong>flamed tumors, irritable<br />
ulcers, <strong>in</strong>flamed breasts etc. Native Americans also used this plant as a<br />
contraceptive. The plant is harvested when <strong>in</strong> flower and dried for later use, or<br />
young shoots and leaves are boiled, fried, and eaten.<br />
Chelone lyonii (lie-on-ee-eye) After Scottish gardener John Lyon (1765-1814).<br />
‘Hot Lips’<br />
Common Name: P<strong>in</strong>k Turtlehead Southeastern United States<br />
Zones: 5 – 8 Flower Color: P<strong>in</strong>k Height: 2 – 3’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
A hardy native plant that <strong>in</strong>habits boggy areas or the banks of streams, they<br />
prefer some shade and deep, moist soil, thus mak<strong>in</strong>g great woodland plant<strong>in</strong>gs.<br />
The P<strong>in</strong>k Turtlehead has rosy-p<strong>in</strong>k snapdragon like flowers <strong>in</strong> August and<br />
September 2-3’ high that form sizable clumps with glossy leaves.<br />
Zoo <strong>in</strong> the Garden.<br />
Turtles, spiders, snakes, oh my!... Chelone glabra, known as Turtlehead,<br />
Tradescantia, known as Spiderwort, Actaea (Cimicifuga) as Snakeroot or<br />
Bugbane. There are many more native plants that have a descriptive common<br />
name from the wild animal k<strong>in</strong>gdom. Lobelia card<strong>in</strong>alis, or Red Card<strong>in</strong>al<br />
flower, Matteuccia pensylvanica as Ostrich Fern and Blechnum spicant as Deer<br />
Fern. Enchant a child with a garden filled with plants named for their favorite<br />
animals and familiar <strong>in</strong>sects.<br />
16
CHRYSOGONUM (kris-og-o-num)<br />
From the Greek chrysos, golden, and gonu, a knee, referr<strong>in</strong>g to the yellow<br />
flowers and jo<strong>in</strong>ted stem.<br />
Asteraceae Family<br />
Chrysogonum virg<strong>in</strong>ianum (vir-j<strong>in</strong>-ee-aye-num) mean<strong>in</strong>g of Virg<strong>in</strong>ia.<br />
Common Name: Green and Gold Eastern United States<br />
Zones: 5 – 9 Flower Color: Yellow Height: 6 – 8” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 12”<br />
This is a low grow<strong>in</strong>g, low ma<strong>in</strong>tenance, spread<strong>in</strong>g perennial with bright green<br />
leaves. It has yellow star shaped flowers which bloom <strong>in</strong> the spr<strong>in</strong>g and then<br />
sporadically throughout the summer. Grows 6-8” <strong>in</strong> well-dra<strong>in</strong>ed soil.<br />
CIMICIFUGA (sim-me-sif-fyou-ga)<br />
From Lat<strong>in</strong> cimex, a bug, and fugo, to repel. Reclassified as Actea from the<br />
Greek word, elder, referr<strong>in</strong>g to the similar leaves.<br />
Ranunculaceae Family<br />
Cimicifuga racemosa, (Actaea racemosa)<br />
(ray-ce-mo-sa) mean<strong>in</strong>g hav<strong>in</strong>g racemes (flowers open<strong>in</strong>g along a central stalk<br />
from the bottom up)<br />
Common Name: Snakeroot Eastern United States<br />
Zones: 5 – 8 Flower Color: White Height: 2 – 3’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
This large, ferny green leafed plant will grow to about 30 <strong>in</strong>ches high, with the<br />
flowers 2-3 feet above on long branch<strong>in</strong>g stems and will spread to 2-4 feet.<br />
Bloom<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> July, the lovely white flowers will lighten up woodland gardens.<br />
The flowers are very effective aga<strong>in</strong>st the dark green foliages found <strong>in</strong> most<br />
shady locations. The f<strong>in</strong>e foliage will add excellent texture throughout the<br />
grow<strong>in</strong>g season. In moist, hummus rich soil it is long-lived, drought-tolerant,<br />
and a vigorous grower. Actaea will grow best <strong>in</strong> partial shade, but will tolerate<br />
full sun with adequate moisture.<br />
You can f<strong>in</strong>d these <strong>perennials</strong> grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> moist, mixed deciduous forests,<br />
wooded slopes, rav<strong>in</strong>es, the sides of creeks, thickets, moist meadowlands, edges<br />
of forests, and mounta<strong>in</strong>ous terra<strong>in</strong>.<br />
Grow Cimicifuga racemosa as a cut flower for its lovely blossoms <strong>in</strong> woodland<br />
gardens, dappled shady beds, edges of woods, and along streambeds.<br />
Cimicifuga will add architectural height to the shaded part of a border or shade<br />
garden. Butterflies and Humm<strong>in</strong>gbirds are attracted to Snakeroot and it is also<br />
17
deer resistant. Cimicifuga (Actaea) racemosa is endangered <strong>in</strong> several states due<br />
to excessive commercial harvest<strong>in</strong>g from the wild.<br />
Cimicifuga racemosa was first described by botanists <strong>in</strong> 1705. It was <strong>in</strong>troduced<br />
<strong>in</strong> English gardens as a hardy ornamental perennial by 1732. Native American<br />
Indians were us<strong>in</strong>g the root of Cimicifuga racemosa to treat the symptoms of<br />
menopause as well as other women’s ailments long before Europeans landed <strong>in</strong><br />
America and has been widely used <strong>in</strong> Western cultures s<strong>in</strong>ce the early 1800’s.<br />
This herb is still popular today for a variety of uses. It is also used <strong>in</strong> the<br />
treatment of rheumatism, as a sedative, <strong>in</strong> the treatment of t<strong>in</strong>nitus, and high<br />
blood pressure, as a tonic, diuretic, and as an anti-<strong>in</strong>flammatory for arthritis.<br />
One of the common names, “Snakeroot”, refers to its use <strong>in</strong> treat<strong>in</strong>g snake bites.<br />
What If?<br />
In the early 1800s, an older pioneer woman named Sally was travel<strong>in</strong>g to the<br />
American West with her family. She was suffer<strong>in</strong>g from a common female<br />
ailment known as menopause. The settlers had been befriended by a friendly<br />
tribe of Native Americans. One of the older Native American women, named<br />
Shy Fawn, was close to the pioneer woman’s age. They became friends and<br />
Sally expla<strong>in</strong>ed to Shy Fawn about her difficulties. Shy Fawn shared with Sally<br />
the treatment the women <strong>in</strong> her tribe had been us<strong>in</strong>g for a long time<br />
18
COREOPSIS (ko-ree-op-sis)<br />
From the Greek word koris a bug,<br />
and opsis, resembl<strong>in</strong>g, as the seeds resemble ticks.<br />
Asteraceae Family<br />
Coreopsis grandiflora (gran-di-flo-ra) mean<strong>in</strong>g largeflowered.<br />
Common Name: Tickseed Southern United States<br />
Zones: 4 – 9 Flower Color: see Cultivar Height: see Cultivar Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
Cultivars:<br />
g. ‘Early Sunrise’<br />
This award w<strong>in</strong>ner here and <strong>in</strong> Europe covers itself with golden-yellow, semidouble<br />
blooms from early summer <strong>in</strong>to the fall, reaches 18” <strong>in</strong> height, is<br />
carefree, and provides a wealth of cut flowers, especially if spent blooms are<br />
removed. It won’t need stak<strong>in</strong>g either, as other tall Coreopsis do.<br />
g. ‘Heliot’<br />
‘Heliot’ has s<strong>in</strong>gle daisy like bloom of golden yellow and crimson r<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the<br />
center. Will bloom <strong>in</strong> the summer, June through August. Grows 18-24” with a<br />
nice habit that will make this a great addition to you perennial garden or<br />
conta<strong>in</strong>er garden.<br />
Hybrid:<br />
g. x ‘Tequila Sunrise’<br />
You would th<strong>in</strong>k the vibrant foliage of this Coreopsis would be startl<strong>in</strong>g enough,<br />
but add the delightful bright yellow flowers with a reddish-brown eye that<br />
appear <strong>in</strong> May and June, and you have a unique new hybrid for the garden. The<br />
leaves <strong>in</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g have a p<strong>in</strong>kish-red t<strong>in</strong>t as well as cream and yellow. The s<strong>in</strong>gle<br />
flowers are close to the compact, rounded clump of 15”. You have to see this<br />
bright beauty to believe it.<br />
Coreopsis lanceolata (lan-cee-o-lah-ta) mean<strong>in</strong>g lanceolate, the leaves.<br />
‘Walter’<br />
Common Name: Lanceleaf Coreopsis/ Tickseed Eastern United States<br />
Zones: 4 – 9 Flower Color: Yellow/Red Height: 10 -12” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
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Golden Yellow s<strong>in</strong>gle ray flowers are 2” wide and have a red center on 10-12”<br />
strong stems held close above the elongated green leaves. Longer bloom<strong>in</strong>g<br />
than other lanceolatas, this improved cultivar is compact and not at all floppy.<br />
Deadhead<strong>in</strong>g will guarantee the longest bloom period.<br />
Coreopsis rosea (rose-ee-a) mean<strong>in</strong>g rose-like, the flower.<br />
‘American Dream’<br />
Common Name: P<strong>in</strong>k Coreopsis/ Tickseed Eastern United States<br />
Zones: 4 – 10 Flower Color: P<strong>in</strong>k Height: 12 – 18” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
A rare p<strong>in</strong>k accented by a golden-yellow center, this native Coreopsis is the only<br />
one that prefers moist soil, mak<strong>in</strong>g it well suited to waterside plant<strong>in</strong>gs and<br />
moist locations other Coreopsis don’t like. It does have the same enthusiasm for<br />
bloom<strong>in</strong>g as its yellow cous<strong>in</strong>s, do<strong>in</strong>g so above f<strong>in</strong>e, needle-like foliage of rich<br />
green to a height of 12-18” <strong>in</strong> June and July.<br />
Coreopsis verticillata (ver-ti-si-lah-ta) mean<strong>in</strong>g hav<strong>in</strong>g whorls, the leaves<br />
around the stem.<br />
Common Name: Threadleaf Coreopsis/ Tickseed Eastern United States<br />
Zones: 4 – 9 Flower Color: see cultivar Height: see cultivar Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
v. ‘Moonbeam’<br />
This native is one of the very best! Its delicate lemon yellow s<strong>in</strong>gle flowers are<br />
profusely produced throughout the summer (June to frost) above lacy foliage<br />
that is drought, mildew, and <strong>in</strong>sect resistant. A compact grower 15-18” high, it<br />
blends well with a multitude of colors and seems to fit anywhere. Perennial<br />
Plant Association Plant of the Year for 1992.<br />
v. ‘Zagreb’<br />
This bushy 18” native Coreopsis is covered from July to September with masses<br />
of starry s<strong>in</strong>gle flowers <strong>in</strong> a bright golden yellow with delicate fern-like foliage.<br />
Ideal for limited-space gardens, ‘Zagreb’ is handsome even when not <strong>in</strong> bloom,<br />
and handles average to dry conditions.<br />
20
DICENTRA (dy-sen-tra)<br />
From the Greek di (two) and kentron (a spur), the flowers have two spurs.<br />
Fumariaceae Family<br />
Dicentra eximia (eks-ee-mee-a) mean<strong>in</strong>g dist<strong>in</strong>guished, extraord<strong>in</strong>ary.<br />
Common Name: Cutleaf Bleed<strong>in</strong>g Heart Eastern United States<br />
Zones: 4 – 9 Flower Color: Rose-P<strong>in</strong>k Height: 12- 18” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
Cutleaf Bleed<strong>in</strong>g Heart has small rose p<strong>in</strong>k heart shaped flowers that bloom<br />
start<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> May and cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to the fall, ris<strong>in</strong>g above the foliage. The fernlike<br />
leaves are an attractive gray-green and comb<strong>in</strong>e well with the flowers.<br />
Grow <strong>in</strong> part shade to full shade or locations with full morn<strong>in</strong>g sun when<br />
moisture is available. Cutleaf Bleed<strong>in</strong>g Heart prefers rich, moist woods, and<br />
areas along stream banks. Use this perennial <strong>in</strong> borders, shady rock gardens, <strong>in</strong><br />
woodland gardens, <strong>in</strong> conta<strong>in</strong>ers and for cut flowers. It attracts bees, butterflies,<br />
and humm<strong>in</strong>gbirds, but deer are not <strong>in</strong>terested.<br />
Forever Flower<strong>in</strong>g Bleed<strong>in</strong>g Hearts.<br />
The Bleed<strong>in</strong>g Hearts beloved by our grandmothers orig<strong>in</strong>ated <strong>in</strong> Japan. These<br />
old-fashioned Bleed<strong>in</strong>g Hearts die out <strong>in</strong> the heat of summer and become<br />
“summer” dormant. The New World species, eximia , will cont<strong>in</strong>ue to bloom all<br />
summer long and <strong>in</strong>to the fall. The flowers have been described as hav<strong>in</strong>g t<strong>in</strong>y<br />
p<strong>in</strong>k hearts with drops of blood on the bottom. Travelers walk<strong>in</strong>g through the<br />
Southern Appalachian Mounta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> the hardwood forests may come upon very<br />
lacy foliaged plants with da<strong>in</strong>ty p<strong>in</strong>k flowers dangl<strong>in</strong>g down. They are the<br />
Cutleaf or Fernleaf Bleed<strong>in</strong>g Hearts. These Dicentras are found along the Blue<br />
Ridge Parkway, <strong>in</strong> the Shenandoah National Park, and <strong>in</strong> the Great Smoky<br />
Mounta<strong>in</strong> National Park, as well as many other locations. Loss of native habitat<br />
has caused these plants to become threatened <strong>in</strong> Maryland and endangered <strong>in</strong><br />
New Jersey and Pennsylvania.<br />
Related Hybrids:<br />
x ‘Aurora’<br />
Clusters of creamy white flowers appear at a height of 12-18” <strong>in</strong> May over<br />
clean blue-green fr<strong>in</strong>ged leaves. Moist, well-dra<strong>in</strong>ed soil, with morn<strong>in</strong>g sun,<br />
will ensure plenty of flower clusters all summer long.<br />
x ’Luxurient’<br />
When given the moist, partly shaded areas it prefers, ‘Luxurient’ will not stop<br />
bloom<strong>in</strong>g from May through September. Its cherry-red hearts appear <strong>in</strong><br />
clusters on stems ris<strong>in</strong>g above its ferny green foliage. It tolerates more sun and<br />
heat, but will still flower heaviest <strong>in</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g and fall with moderate bloom<br />
production <strong>in</strong> the hottest part of the summer. Height is 12-18”.<br />
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ECHINACEA (ek-<strong>in</strong>-ay-see-a)<br />
From the Greek word “ech<strong>in</strong>os” for “hedgehog” or “sea urch<strong>in</strong>” referr<strong>in</strong>g to the<br />
spiky cone at the center of these flowers.<br />
Asteraceae Family<br />
Ech<strong>in</strong>acea purpurea (pur-pewr-ree-a) from the Greek word mean<strong>in</strong>g “purple”.<br />
Common Name: Purple Coneflower Central United States<br />
Zones: 3 – 9 Flower Color: see cultivar/hybrid Height: see cultivar/hybrid<br />
John Banister, the Virg<strong>in</strong>ia botanist, first exported Purple Coneflowers from<br />
North America to Europe <strong>in</strong> 1699. One of the ma<strong>in</strong> stays of the mixed perennial<br />
border, Ech<strong>in</strong>acea purpurea is also famous for its many cultivars. The straight<br />
species, purpurea has rose to purple slightly droop<strong>in</strong>g daisy-like petals<br />
surround<strong>in</strong>g a large cone of seed that is highly regarded as food for songbirds.<br />
Ech<strong>in</strong>acea purpurea is native to prairies and dry open woods. The Coneflowers<br />
have such good root systems that they are known as “clay busters”, tough<br />
enough to handle difficult clay soils. The plants are very drought tolerant and<br />
handle summer heat well, but will not tolerate wet feet at any time. They grow<br />
best <strong>in</strong> full sun and do not require additional fertilization. In fact, too much<br />
fertilizer can lead to leggy plants that will require stak<strong>in</strong>g. Plant Ech<strong>in</strong>aceas <strong>in</strong><br />
mixed borders, wildflower beds, cut flower gardens, butterfly gardens, or <strong>in</strong><br />
conta<strong>in</strong>ers. Coneflowers provide <strong>in</strong> mass a wide sweep of color and fragrance.<br />
Butterflies and Humm<strong>in</strong>gbirds are attracted to them and they are deer resistant<br />
due to their rugged texture.<br />
The genus of Ech<strong>in</strong>acea is considered one of the most effective herbs used<br />
medic<strong>in</strong>ally. It is used for the circulatory, lymphatic and respiratory systems.<br />
Native American Indians had a very wide range of uses for Ech<strong>in</strong>acea; many of<br />
these uses have been confirmed by modern science. The Choctaw used the roots<br />
of Ech<strong>in</strong>acea purpurea as a cough medic<strong>in</strong>e by chew<strong>in</strong>g them and by extract<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the liquid out of the roots. Other tribes used this plant for venereal disease.<br />
Ech<strong>in</strong>acea has a general stimulatory effect on the immune system and is widely<br />
used <strong>in</strong> modern herbal treatments. The roots and the whole plant are considered<br />
particularly beneficial <strong>in</strong> the treatment of sores, wounds, and burns as well as<br />
many other treatments as they possess cortisone-like antibacterial activity.<br />
Native American Indians used this plant as a universal application to treat the<br />
bites and st<strong>in</strong>gs of all types of <strong>in</strong>sects. An <strong>in</strong>fusion of the plant was also used to<br />
treat snakebites. The root is harvested <strong>in</strong> the autumn and dried for later use.<br />
The named cultivars have been developed for their ornamental value and not for<br />
their use medic<strong>in</strong>ally.<br />
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Ech<strong>in</strong>acea purpurea , cont.<br />
Cultivars:<br />
p. ‘Kim’s Knee High’, known as the Dwarf Purple Coneflower is shorter than<br />
most of the other Ech<strong>in</strong>acea purpureas. At 18-20”, this coneflower came up to<br />
the knee of Kim Hawke, founder of Niche Gardens. ‘Kim’s Knee High’ is the<br />
product of years of trial<strong>in</strong>g seeds Kim collected from the garden of her friends,<br />
Becky and Jimmy Stewart, <strong>in</strong> Decatur, Georgia. It was <strong>in</strong>troduced to the<br />
garden<strong>in</strong>g public by Sunny Border Nursery <strong>in</strong> 1999. A compact version of<br />
Purple Coneflower, this one is covered <strong>in</strong> 3-<strong>in</strong>ch rosy-p<strong>in</strong>k flowers that have<br />
droop<strong>in</strong>g petals. This Coneflower will beg<strong>in</strong> bloom<strong>in</strong>g a week or two before the<br />
other Ech<strong>in</strong>acea’s. It is the ideal addition to smaller landscapes where the birds<br />
and butterflies roam, but where there is not enough space for the bigger<br />
selections.<br />
p. ‘Magnus’ is the most popular cultivar with 3-4 <strong>in</strong>ch rose-colored petals that<br />
do not droop as much as the straight species. ‘Magnus’ is the result of over ten<br />
years of careful selection by Swedish nurseryman, Magnus B. Nilsson. It was<br />
<strong>in</strong>troduced <strong>in</strong>to the trade <strong>in</strong> 1985. Bloom<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> mid-summer, some re-bloom<strong>in</strong>g<br />
may occur <strong>in</strong> early fall. ‘Magnus’ was the PPA Plant of the Year for 1998. This<br />
coneflower will grow to 3’ high.<br />
p. ‘Prairie Splendor’ is another coneflower with a compact, well branched<br />
habit, grow<strong>in</strong>g 24” <strong>in</strong> height. It has rose-p<strong>in</strong>k flowers and an earlier bloom time<br />
than other varieties, from late June to frost.<br />
p. ‘Ruby Star’ is a deep magenta red color on 2-3’ stems. The petals are <strong>in</strong> a<br />
horizontal arrangement and do not droop at all. The bloom<strong>in</strong>g starts <strong>in</strong> midsummer<br />
and cont<strong>in</strong>ues <strong>in</strong>to fall. The showy flowers will attract birds and<br />
butterflies. Introduced to the trade <strong>in</strong> 2000.<br />
p. ‘White Swan’ is the White Coneflower with the same large flowers as<br />
‘Magnus’. This Ech<strong>in</strong>acea cultivar is a naturally occurr<strong>in</strong>g selection. ‘White<br />
Swan’ has a sweet honey-like fragrance that will attract butterflies as it grows to<br />
2-3’ <strong>in</strong> height<br />
Hybrids:<br />
x ‘Avalanche’ is a compact 18-20” tall, which will make it perfect for smaller<br />
spaces or mid border placement. It has white daisy like flowers and reliable<br />
uniform habit. Plant <strong>in</strong> average well dra<strong>in</strong>ed soil. Once established, it is very<br />
drought tolerant. PP#18597<br />
x ‘Hot Papaya’ is the first hybrid double, br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g us a wonderful fiery shade<br />
to double flowered Ech<strong>in</strong>aceas, which were previously either p<strong>in</strong>k or white. The<br />
blooms emerge with papaya colored ray petals and a deep orange-yellow cone.<br />
23
The flower matures to rich orange ray petals that are topped by a double,<br />
reddish-orange pompom. Each pompom has a remarkable papaya colored halo<br />
<strong>in</strong> the center that grows as it ages. It has sturdy stems grow<strong>in</strong>g 30-36” tall. Hot<br />
Papaya will def<strong>in</strong>itely spice up your garden. PPAF.<br />
Confection Series:<br />
‘P<strong>in</strong>k Double Delight’ is one of the newest additions to the coneflower l<strong>in</strong>e up.<br />
It is a profusion of true bright p<strong>in</strong>k, pompom-like flowers with a row of long,<br />
slender s<strong>in</strong>gle petals below. The long-last<strong>in</strong>g flowers will fade to lavender p<strong>in</strong>k<br />
and are about 3 <strong>in</strong>ches wide. It grows to 18-24” tall.<br />
‘Coconut Lime’ is the first white double-flower<strong>in</strong>g Ech<strong>in</strong>acea. Start<strong>in</strong>g out<br />
pale green with a rich amber-brown flat cone, it will mature to a creamy white<br />
with hardly any cone show<strong>in</strong>g. ‘Coconut Lime’ has the same pompom-like<br />
flowers with the circle of s<strong>in</strong>gle petals below as ‘P<strong>in</strong>k Double Delight’. The<br />
unique flowers are best appreciated when viewed close-up so site this perennial<br />
<strong>in</strong> the front to middle of the flowerbed. This mid-sized Coneflower will grow to<br />
18-24 <strong>in</strong>ches high and spread 12-18 <strong>in</strong>ches wide. Both of these Ech<strong>in</strong>aceas can<br />
be dried for future arrangements.<br />
Big Sky TM Series:<br />
‘After Midnight’ is a new dwarf member of the Series with fragrant, dark<br />
magenta purple flowers and a reddish cone. Ideal for conta<strong>in</strong>ers s<strong>in</strong>ce it<br />
stands at only 12” and blooms <strong>in</strong> the summer.<br />
‘Harvest Moon’ lives up to its reference to the song “Sh<strong>in</strong>e on Harvest Moon”.<br />
The deep golden-yellow petals surround an orange cone. The petals are<br />
slightly reflexed and overlapp<strong>in</strong>g, giv<strong>in</strong>g the blossoms a full, substantial<br />
presence. The rose-like fragrance is delightful and should be planted near the<br />
walkway to be enjoyed. It reaches 24-30” <strong>in</strong> height.<br />
‘Sundown’ has fragrant red-orange flowers with the occasional magenta color<br />
that you see <strong>in</strong> the late afternoon sky. Grows to 24-30” <strong>in</strong> height.<br />
‘Sunrise’ will be covered <strong>in</strong> buttery yellow 4-5 <strong>in</strong>ch blossoms that are sweetly<br />
fragrant. The petals will fade to shades of primrose and cream. The central<br />
cone starts out green and then expands and turns gold as it ages. The nice wide<br />
flower petals are slightly reflexed and overlap. Sturdy stems that are 30-36” tall<br />
will hold up the flowers July through September. ‘Sunrise’ looks especially<br />
nice with blue flower<strong>in</strong>g <strong>perennials</strong>.<br />
‘Twilight’ has unusual red cones that are surrounded by fragrant rose-red<br />
colored petals. The nice wide petals are slightly reflexed and overlap. Plant<br />
this coneflower close enough to the flowerbed edge to enjoy the wonderful<br />
fragrance. This 24” tall coneflower is also heavily branched.<br />
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EUPATORIUM (yew-pa-tor-ium)<br />
From the Greek name of the<br />
K<strong>in</strong>g of Pontus, Eupator, who used<br />
one species as an antidote for poison.<br />
Asteraceae Family<br />
Joe –Pye (or Jopi), the common name for Eupatorium,<br />
was an American Native medic<strong>in</strong>e man, liv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> New England around the time<br />
of the American Revolution. He was known for <strong>in</strong>duc<strong>in</strong>g sweat<strong>in</strong>g and help<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to break fevers, especially typhus by us<strong>in</strong>g the root of Eupatorium.<br />
Eupatorium can be found <strong>in</strong> wet meadows, damp thickets, shores, and along the<br />
side of roads. They grow best <strong>in</strong> full sun but can also grow <strong>in</strong> semi-shade. It<br />
grows best <strong>in</strong> well-dra<strong>in</strong>ed soil that is moisture retentive. This plant is not<br />
especially particular about soil type or pH. Joe-Pye Weed is perfect for the back<br />
of the border, where its size and substance will make a splendid background. It<br />
is also effective as a s<strong>in</strong>gle specimen, screen or <strong>in</strong> mass. The bold, architectural<br />
shape of this perennial will be perfect to make a statement <strong>in</strong> your garden. Use<br />
this versatile plant <strong>in</strong> woodland gardens, butterfly gardens, meadows, dappled<br />
shade areas, shady edges, at the waterside, <strong>in</strong> wild flower gardens, and to collect<br />
as a cut flower. Birds and butterflies are attracted to Joe Pye Weed and it is also<br />
deer and rabbit resistant.<br />
Native Americans made a tea from the entire plant as a diuretic and for treat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
dropsy, pa<strong>in</strong>ful ur<strong>in</strong>ation, gout, kidney <strong>in</strong>fections and rheumatism. Tea made<br />
from the root was used to treat fevers, colds, and chills, post childbirth pa<strong>in</strong>s of<br />
the womb, diarrhea, gas, kidney & liver trouble. It was also used as a<br />
Tuberculosis remedy, venereal disease aid, and as a wash for rheumatism.<br />
Roots were harvested <strong>in</strong> the autumn and dried for later use. The hollow stems<br />
were used to blow or spray medic<strong>in</strong>e. The Chippewa used the root <strong>in</strong> a quiet<strong>in</strong>g<br />
bath for a fretful child.<br />
E. dubium ‘Little Joe’<br />
Common Name: Dwarf Eastern Joe-Pye Weed Eastern North America<br />
Zones: 4 – 9 Flower Color: Pale P<strong>in</strong>k Height: 3 – 4’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
This dwarf variety of Eupatorium dubium was found at Conard Pyle Nursery <strong>in</strong><br />
Pennsylvania by Steve Lighty. It has the same vivid color of the cultivar<br />
‘Gateway’ but at 3-4 feet tall it has a height suitable for smaller gardens. ‘Little<br />
Joe’ is well suited for borders, mass plant<strong>in</strong>gs, conta<strong>in</strong>ers, as an edg<strong>in</strong>g plant,<br />
25
attract<strong>in</strong>g butterflies, and has fragrant flowers with a long bloom period. Joe-<br />
Pye Weed is the exception to the rule that deadhead<strong>in</strong>g will encourage rebloom<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Instead, let them go to seed to provide nest<strong>in</strong>g material for birds.<br />
d. ‘Baby Joe’<br />
Common Name: Dwarf Eastern Joe-Pye Weed Eastern North America<br />
Zones: 4 – 9 Flower Color: Magenta P<strong>in</strong>k Height: 2 – 3’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
Great for mid to back of the border, this dwarf is shorter than Little Joe and<br />
grows to 2-3’ tall. Baby Joe has dome like heads of magenta-p<strong>in</strong>k flowers <strong>in</strong> the<br />
summer on coarse green leaves. Great magnet for butterflies and can handle<br />
moist soil. PPAF.<br />
E. purpureum subsp.maculatum (pur-pur-ee-um/ mak-ew-lah-tum) ‘Gateway’<br />
Common Name: Joe- Pye Weed Eastern North America<br />
Zones: 5 – 9 Flower Color: Dusty Rose Height: 5 – 6’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 24”<br />
A slightly smaller plant than the straight species at 5 feet, it is more compact,<br />
and bushier with tighter and thicker dusty rose-p<strong>in</strong>k <strong>in</strong>florescences. Kurt<br />
Bluemel found this plant at his nursery <strong>in</strong> Monkton, Maryland and <strong>in</strong>troduced it<br />
<strong>in</strong>to the garden<strong>in</strong>g world.<br />
E. rugosum ‘Chocolate’<br />
Common Name: White Snakeroot Eastern North America<br />
Zones: 4 – 8 Flower Color: White Height: 3 – 4’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 24”<br />
Shrub-like <strong>in</strong> size at 3–4', what a gorgeous Eastern U.S. native Eupatorium<br />
‘Chocolate’ is. Its chocolate-colored leaves have deep sh<strong>in</strong>y purple stems with<br />
clusters of contrast<strong>in</strong>g starry-white t<strong>in</strong>y flowers <strong>in</strong> September and October. It<br />
wants average to moist soil, quite a bit of shade, and makes an excellent cut<br />
flower. Lovely naturalized <strong>in</strong> the shade garden.<br />
Beautiful and Useful.<br />
Dur<strong>in</strong>g the heat of summer the huge clusters of dusty rose-p<strong>in</strong>k flowers become<br />
covered with butterflies. Eupatorium can be found grow<strong>in</strong>g along the side of the<br />
road, where moisture collects, and enjoyed from a distance due to its large<br />
stature. Also quite strik<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the back of the mixed border, Joe-Pye Weed can<br />
serve as a ma<strong>in</strong> component <strong>in</strong> your garden. Beyond the roadside and garden,<br />
Eupatorium has served as an important source of medic<strong>in</strong>e for Native<br />
Americans. Travel<strong>in</strong>g medic<strong>in</strong>e man, Joe Pye, (the Johnny Appleseed of<br />
Weeds) was <strong>in</strong>strumental <strong>in</strong> promot<strong>in</strong>g Eupatorium as a fever reducer.<br />
26
FILIPENDULA (fil-i-pen-dew-la)<br />
From the Lat<strong>in</strong> filum, a thread, and pendulus, hang<strong>in</strong>g, referr<strong>in</strong>g to the threads<br />
connect<strong>in</strong>g the root tubers.<br />
Rosaceae Family<br />
Filipendula rubra (rew-bra)<br />
Common Name: Queen-of-the-Prairie Central & Eastern United States<br />
Zones: 5 – 7 Flower Color: Pale P<strong>in</strong>k Height: 3 – 7’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 24”<br />
A native perennial that forms large clumps of deeply divided foliage grows 3-7’.<br />
In the summer, tall stems of pale p<strong>in</strong>k Astilbe-like flowers rise above the bright<br />
green leaves. It prefers moist soil and is great for naturalized areas, wet<br />
meadows or moist areas along streams or ponds.<br />
GAILLARDIA (gay-lard-ee-a)<br />
Named after Gaillard de Charentonneau, 18 th century French magistrate and<br />
botanical patron.<br />
Asteraceae Family<br />
Gaillardia x grandiflora (grand-i-flo-ra)<br />
Common Name: Blanket Flower Western United States<br />
Zones: see cultivar Flower Color: see cultivar Height: see cultivar<br />
Found, native to Western North America, grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> dry grasslands, dry<br />
meadows, and prairies, the bright red and yellow flowers of Blanket Flower<br />
resemble the colors used to make Indian blankets. Gaillardia was discovered<br />
around 1825 <strong>in</strong> the Rocky Mounta<strong>in</strong>s. One Native American legend tells of a<br />
gift from the spirits of a blanket of ever-bloom<strong>in</strong>g flowers cover<strong>in</strong>g a blanket<br />
maker’s grave. This plant performs best when grown <strong>in</strong> full sun with fertile,<br />
well-dra<strong>in</strong>ed soil, but will tolerate poorer soils and is considered drought tolerant<br />
when established. Grow Gaillardias for cut flowers, to attract butterflies and<br />
birds. Use as a bedd<strong>in</strong>g plant, <strong>in</strong> borders, conta<strong>in</strong>ers, and along walkways. This<br />
plant is also deer and rabbit resistant.<br />
Native Americans used Gaillardia as a cure for all k<strong>in</strong>ds of medical ailments.<br />
Poultice of chewed, powdered roots were applied to sk<strong>in</strong> disorders. Infusion of<br />
the plant was used as eyewash, nose drops, and cancer treatments. An <strong>in</strong>fusion<br />
of roots was taken for gastroenteritis. An <strong>in</strong>fusion of flower heads was used as a<br />
foot wash. Decoction of the plant was taken for kidney problems, venereal<br />
disease, Tuberculosis, headaches, and general <strong>in</strong>disposition. Poultice of mashed<br />
plant was applied for backaches. Poultice of lightly toasted, pounded plant<br />
mixed with bear grease was used for “mumps”. Flower heads were used to<br />
27
absorb soups and broth and as spoons for the sick and <strong>in</strong>valid. Flowers heads<br />
were also rubbed on rawhide bags for waterproof<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Cultivars:<br />
x ‘Arizona Sun’ is an outstand<strong>in</strong>g new variety that produces a profusion of<br />
large fiery red and yellow flowers <strong>in</strong> June through August. The daisy like<br />
flowers with red petals are tipped <strong>in</strong> golden yellow surround<strong>in</strong>g prom<strong>in</strong>ent<br />
central disks that will put you <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d of the desert sky at twilight. Deadhead<strong>in</strong>g<br />
will improve the appearance of this plant. With a compact mound<strong>in</strong>g habit, this<br />
12” high Gaillardia will be perfect for the front of the border. Spread<strong>in</strong>g to 10-<br />
12”, space these Blanket Flowers 12-15” apart. ‘Arizona Sun’ is salt tolerant<br />
and will be an excellent plant for the seashore. Zones 3 - 8<br />
x ‘Burgundy Silk’ is part of the Sunburst TM Series, which has been bred to be<br />
the ideal semi-compact, uniform and great bloom<strong>in</strong>g blanket flower. It has solid<br />
burgundy-red petals surround<strong>in</strong>g a darker eye and is a long summer bloom<strong>in</strong>g<br />
perennial. Remov<strong>in</strong>g faded flowers will extend the bloom time. Grows 14-20”<br />
<strong>in</strong> height and is well suited to hot sunny sites. Zones 3 – 9<br />
x ‘Fanfare’ looks like little red trumpets flar<strong>in</strong>g to a yellow burst of color at<br />
the tips from a center cone. It will bloom June to August, grow<strong>in</strong>g 18-20” tall.<br />
Loves the sun and good dra<strong>in</strong>age. Deadhead<strong>in</strong>g spent blooms will prolong the<br />
bloom time. PP15892. Zones 3 – 8<br />
x ‘Gobl<strong>in</strong>’ is a dwarf variety of Gaillardia. ‘Gobl<strong>in</strong>’ grows 12" high and has<br />
many large, s<strong>in</strong>gle, deep red flowers with a yellow border from June through<br />
August. Great for small gardens, it does like a rich, light, well-dra<strong>in</strong>ed soil, and<br />
requires little water. A lovely cut flower. Zones 3 – 9<br />
x ‘Oranges & Lemons’ is a breakthrough <strong>in</strong> gaillardia with peachy orange<br />
flowers and yellow tips grow<strong>in</strong>g 18-22” <strong>in</strong> height. Blooms throughout the<br />
summer, deadhead<strong>in</strong>g spent blooms will prolong the bloom time. PPAF.<br />
Zones 5 - 10<br />
Bright and Cheerful.<br />
Bluebird and Pretty Bird went out on the prairie grasslands to gather roots and<br />
flower heads of Gaillardia to use for medic<strong>in</strong>es. The vibrant colors of the<br />
flowers made them easy to f<strong>in</strong>d. Many hours were spent reduc<strong>in</strong>g the roots to<br />
powder for sk<strong>in</strong> disorders, mash<strong>in</strong>g the plant for backaches, and add<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
flower heads to water for a foot wash. All work made pleasant by the bright and<br />
cheerful Blanket Flowers.<br />
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GAURA (gaw-ra)<br />
Onagraceae Family<br />
Gaura l<strong>in</strong>dheimeri (l<strong>in</strong>d-hay-mer-eye)<br />
‘So White’<br />
Common Name: White Gaura Louisiana, Texas<br />
Zones: 5 – 9 Flower Color: White Height: 12 - 18” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
Bright white flowers appear <strong>in</strong> wand-like panicles above the green foliage<br />
through the summer. Among the most prolific and longest flower<strong>in</strong>g <strong>perennials</strong>,<br />
it will tolerate heat and humidity. Good dra<strong>in</strong>age is essential. Grows 12–18”<br />
tall.<br />
l. ‘Siskiyou P<strong>in</strong>k’<br />
Common Name: P<strong>in</strong>k Gaura Louisiana, Texas<br />
Zones: 5 – 9 Flower Color: P<strong>in</strong>k Height: 30” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
The clusters of nodd<strong>in</strong>g small flowers are p<strong>in</strong>k with white t<strong>in</strong>ts here and there on<br />
arch<strong>in</strong>g stems above solid green foliage. As suitable to our long, hot summers as<br />
‘Whirl<strong>in</strong>g Butterflies’, this native P<strong>in</strong>k Gaura is gorgeous <strong>in</strong> the border all<br />
summer <strong>in</strong> a natural, <strong>in</strong>formal sort of way. Figure its height at about 30". Try<br />
Gaura with low-mound<strong>in</strong>g <strong>perennials</strong> like the Verbenas, Geraniums, or Sedums.<br />
They are also beautiful <strong>in</strong> late summer with ornamental grasses.<br />
HELIANTHUS (hee-lee-an-thus)<br />
From Greek helios, the sun, and anthos, a flower.<br />
Asteraceae Family<br />
Helianthus salicifolius ‘First Light’<br />
Common Name: Willow Leaf Sunflower Central United States<br />
Zones: 5 – 9 Flower Color: Yellow Height: 4’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 24”<br />
Blooms golden yellow with dark brown eyes <strong>in</strong> mid fall. It is a self-support<strong>in</strong>g<br />
plant with narrow elongated foliage grow<strong>in</strong>g about 4’ tall, which makes it great<br />
for back of the bed plant<strong>in</strong>g. Try leav<strong>in</strong>g the stalks and seed heads up <strong>in</strong> the<br />
w<strong>in</strong>ter for <strong>in</strong>terest and the birds. PP13150.<br />
Hybrids:<br />
x ‘Lemon Queen’ is a tall and stately perennial sunflower that will reach 5-8’<br />
high and flowers July-September. S<strong>in</strong>gle layered lemon yellow flowers are 2”<br />
across offer<strong>in</strong>g masses of simple daisies.<br />
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HELIOPSIS (hee-lee-op-sis)<br />
From Greek helios, the sun,<br />
and opsis, resemblance,<br />
referr<strong>in</strong>g to the flower heads.<br />
Asteraceae Family<br />
Heliopsis helianthoides (hee-lee-anth-oi-deez) mean<strong>in</strong>g like Helianthus.<br />
‘Summer Sun’<br />
Common Name: False Sunflower North America<br />
Zones: 5 – 9 Flower Color: Golden-Yellow Height: 3 – 4’<br />
Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
'Summer Sun' is rugged, vigorous at 3-4'. This native provides a never-end<strong>in</strong>g<br />
supply of golden-yellow semi-double long-stemmed daisies that resemble small<br />
sunflowers, above glossy deep green foliage. Great for cutt<strong>in</strong>g and def<strong>in</strong>itely<br />
attracts butterflies.<br />
HEUCHERA (hew-ker-a)<br />
Named after He<strong>in</strong>rich von Heucher (1677-1747), a German botanist.<br />
Saxifragaceae Family<br />
Draw<strong>in</strong>g from the native Heuchera species on both coasts, a huge diversity of<br />
leaf shades, sizes, textures, and colors has entered the garden<strong>in</strong>g market. The<br />
east coast Heucheras add silver color, heat and humidity tolerance and more<br />
drought tolerance. The west coast Heucheras add purple color. The southern<br />
Heucheras will add green color and hair<strong>in</strong>ess. These are low grow<strong>in</strong>g, mounded<br />
and clump<strong>in</strong>g <strong>perennials</strong>. Native Heucheras are found naturally <strong>in</strong> dry locations<br />
such as rocky open woodlands, along ledges, and <strong>in</strong> crevices of bluffs .<br />
The foliage is usually 1-2 feet high with da<strong>in</strong>ty flower stalks that rise above the<br />
foliage up to 3 feet. The leaves are lobed and often toothed, rounded to heart<br />
shaped, with mostly evergreen basal foliage. W<strong>in</strong>ter mulch<strong>in</strong>g is recommended<br />
after the ground freezes to prevent root heav<strong>in</strong>g (clumps are shallow-rooted and<br />
will develop woody bases).<br />
The flowers are varied <strong>in</strong> color, grow<strong>in</strong>g 15-20 <strong>in</strong>ches tall, bloom<strong>in</strong>g May <strong>in</strong>to<br />
June. Heucheras grow best <strong>in</strong> humus rich well-dra<strong>in</strong>ed soil of average fertility<br />
<strong>in</strong> partial shade; adequate moisture ensures new foliage all season. The worst<br />
pests are the black v<strong>in</strong>e weevil. The larvae feed on the underground plant roots<br />
and crowns. The attractive foliage and airy flower stalks provide color and<br />
contrast.<br />
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HEUCHERA, cont.<br />
Parents of Many.<br />
Out of the huge number of new Heuchera <strong>in</strong>troductions, Heuchera americana is<br />
often one of the parents. The eastern Heucheras add silver color, heat and<br />
humidity, and drought tolerance to hybrids. Their mottled green leaves with<br />
greenish white to purplish flowers are attractive but their claim to fame is be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
one of the parents of the popular cultivars that create such <strong>in</strong>terest.<br />
Heuchera americana (a-me-ri-kah-na)<br />
‘Green Spice’<br />
Common Name: American Alumroot Eastern North America<br />
Zones: 3 – 8 Flower Color: White Height: 8 – 10” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 15”<br />
This will spice up your garden with foliage of green, a silvery overlay, darker<br />
green edges and burgundy ve<strong>in</strong>s. Blooms of creamy white <strong>in</strong> late spr<strong>in</strong>g to early<br />
summer stand above the 8-10" mound. In the fall, ‘Green Spice’ has an added<br />
bonus- the leaves turn pumpk<strong>in</strong> orange. It will grow at its best when given<br />
morn<strong>in</strong>g sun and afternoon shade with organic matter and good dra<strong>in</strong>age.<br />
Heuchera sangu<strong>in</strong>ea (sang-gu<strong>in</strong>-ee-a) mean<strong>in</strong>g blood-red, the flowers.<br />
Common Name: Coral Bells<br />
Hybrid:<br />
x ‘Snow Angel’<br />
Common Name: Coral Bells New Mexico, Arizona<br />
Zones: 3 – 8 Flower Color: P<strong>in</strong>k Height: 12” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
Throughout the doughty summer our trial crops of ‘Snow Angel’ looked fat and<br />
happy. The bright variegated light green and cream mottled leaves are smallish,<br />
mak<strong>in</strong>g tidy clumps at 12" <strong>in</strong> the part-shade garden. P<strong>in</strong>k blooms <strong>in</strong> June above<br />
the arrest<strong>in</strong>g foliage are an added bonus.<br />
Heuchera villosa (vil-lo-sa) from the Lat<strong>in</strong> for covered with soft hairs.<br />
Common Name: Hairy Alumroot Southeastern United States<br />
Zones: 4 – 9 Flower Color: see cultivar Height: see cultivar<br />
The foliage on Heuchera villosa is light green, softly hairy, oval or rounded and<br />
about 4-6 <strong>in</strong>ches long. The softly hairy stems form a mound 1-2 feet tall with<br />
large, airy, long last<strong>in</strong>g flower stalks that rise to 3 feet high. The small creamcolored<br />
flowers will bloom <strong>in</strong> August and September. This is the last Heuchera<br />
to bloom. Native to the southeastern part of the United States, they have more<br />
31
heat tolerance and are more reliable <strong>in</strong> the hot, wet summers. Naturally found <strong>in</strong><br />
rocky wooded slopes and rock outcrops. It grows well <strong>in</strong> moist, well-dra<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
soil of average fertility conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g organic matter. Additional moisture is<br />
needed dur<strong>in</strong>g times of drought and site this perennial <strong>in</strong> light to partial shade. It<br />
can handle full sun but it will not flower as heavily. Mulch after the ground<br />
freezes to prevent frost heav<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Cultivars:<br />
v. ‘Autumn Bride’<br />
A fall bloom<strong>in</strong>g Heuchera with large, velvety, light green leaves that are semievergreen.<br />
The wands of white flower clusters are thick <strong>in</strong> September-October<br />
at 24” tall. Deadhead<strong>in</strong>g will encourage more flower<strong>in</strong>g. ‘Autumn Bride’ is a<br />
good addition to the fall garden and will cont<strong>in</strong>ue to be attractive dur<strong>in</strong>g mild<br />
w<strong>in</strong>ters. It does well <strong>in</strong> dry shade. ‘Autumn Bride’ was named and <strong>in</strong>troduced<br />
by Bluemount Nurseries <strong>in</strong> Monkton, MD.<br />
v. ‘Caramel’<br />
Thierry Delabroye, a French breeder, developed ‘Caramel’. The golden caramel<br />
colored leaves grow to 10” and the plant will spread 18-24”. In the fall the<br />
foliage color turns to an <strong>in</strong>tense salmon red. The evergreen nature will add<br />
<strong>in</strong>terest to your garden all w<strong>in</strong>ter. The white flowers are held above the foliage<br />
and will flower <strong>in</strong> early to mid summer. They will re-bloom if deadheaded. A<br />
strong grower with good heat tolerance.<br />
v. ‘Encore’<br />
This plant is an H. villosa hybrid which exhibits an <strong>in</strong>creased tolerance of high<br />
heat and humidity. It displays beautiful mounds of colorful foliage, start<strong>in</strong>g out<br />
with deep rose-purple colored leaves that have a light silver<strong>in</strong>g on top, darker<br />
ve<strong>in</strong>s and reddish-purple underside. As they mature, the foliage turns lighter<br />
rose with a heavy silver overlay and smoky purple ve<strong>in</strong>s grow<strong>in</strong>g 12” tall.<br />
Although grown for its foliage display, it has creamy white bell shaped flowers.<br />
v. ‘Miracle’<br />
This Heuchera is truly a "miracle" s<strong>in</strong>ce it goes through several changes <strong>in</strong> leaf<br />
coloration throughout the season. It starts with young chartreuse leaves and a<br />
smatter<strong>in</strong>g of reddish-purple <strong>in</strong> the center, then turn<strong>in</strong>g brick red with dist<strong>in</strong>ct<br />
chartreuse to gold edge and strik<strong>in</strong>g silver underside at maturity. This H. villosa<br />
hybrid grows 8-10” tall and has p<strong>in</strong>k bell shaped flowers <strong>in</strong> midsummer. PPAF.<br />
v. ‘Tiramisu’<br />
Tiramisu is another H. villosa hybrid offer<strong>in</strong>g different foliage colors dur<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
season. In cooler weather the chartreuse foliage has heavy splashes of brick red<br />
that radiates out from the midrib of each leaf. Dur<strong>in</strong>g the summer, the brick red<br />
portion lightens to chartreuse and develops a light silver overlay. Late blooms<br />
of creamy white flowers are above the 8-10” foliage. PPAF.<br />
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HIBISCUS (hi-bis-cus)<br />
From Greek for mallow<br />
Malvaceae Family<br />
Hibiscus moscheutos (mos-kew-tas) mean<strong>in</strong>g musk-scented.<br />
Common Name: Hardy Hibiscus, Marsh Mallow Eastern United States<br />
Zones: see hybrid Flower Color: see hybrid Height: see hybrid<br />
Hibiscus moscheutos can be considered a sub-shrub. The woody stems will<br />
grow 3 to 6 feet high depend<strong>in</strong>g on the cultivar. Mother’s Day is a good time to<br />
start look<strong>in</strong>g for sprouts as Hardy hibiscus is late to emerge <strong>in</strong> the spr<strong>in</strong>g. The<br />
large, up to 8 <strong>in</strong>ches across, flowers run the gambit from pure white, with eye<br />
zones, to solid dark, dark red depend<strong>in</strong>g on the cultivar. The straight species<br />
flowers are either white or p<strong>in</strong>k. Each flower only lasts one day. Flower<strong>in</strong>g will<br />
start <strong>in</strong> mid-summer and last through fall. Remove spent flowers for appearance<br />
as flower petals will turn slimy when left on the plant. Some reseed<strong>in</strong>g will<br />
occur, although most will not breed true from the seed. The thick stalks should<br />
be cut down after a heavy frost after the leaves have turned black. Japanese<br />
Beetles can be a concern.<br />
Hardy Hibiscus will like to be <strong>in</strong> a warm and sunny location with moisture<br />
retentive, rich soil with plenty of organic matter. Well-dra<strong>in</strong>ed soil and a<br />
protective cover of mulch are beneficial. Hardy Hibiscus can be grown <strong>in</strong><br />
conta<strong>in</strong>ers and moved around on the patio or garden. W<strong>in</strong>ter proof pots can be<br />
left outside with m<strong>in</strong>imal protection dur<strong>in</strong>g the w<strong>in</strong>ter months. Naturally moist<br />
areas, brackish marshes, swamps, and lakeshores are where you can f<strong>in</strong>d Hardy<br />
Hibiscus <strong>in</strong> the wild. Butterflies and Humm<strong>in</strong>gbirds visit Hardy Hibiscus on a<br />
regular basis.<br />
Hybrids:<br />
x ‘Fantasia’<br />
The 8-9 <strong>in</strong>ch wide rose-p<strong>in</strong>k flowers has a red eye that will bloom midsummer<br />
until early fall. This heavily flower<strong>in</strong>g hybrid is 3’ tall and is a mounded,<br />
compact, and shrub-like plant. ‘Fantasia’ has a dist<strong>in</strong>ctively lobed, maple like<br />
leaves. (A Flem<strong>in</strong>g Brothers hybrid) Zones 4 - 8<br />
x ‘Fireball’<br />
True to its name ‘Fireball’ has huge 12-<strong>in</strong>ch wide flam<strong>in</strong>g red blooms with<br />
overlapp<strong>in</strong>g petals. The bloom time is mid to late summer. The f<strong>in</strong>ely textured<br />
dissected foliage has a purplish blush over green and sturdy stems display<strong>in</strong>g red<br />
ve<strong>in</strong>s and will grow to 4’ tall. (A Flem<strong>in</strong>g Brothers hybrid) Zones 4 - 9<br />
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x ‘Kopper K<strong>in</strong>g’<br />
The startl<strong>in</strong>g contrast of copper-red leaves and large white flowers with a red<br />
eye, (with some red streak<strong>in</strong>g through its ve<strong>in</strong>ation), made the trial crops of<br />
‘Kopper K<strong>in</strong>g’ one of the most talked-about <strong>perennials</strong>. Bloom<strong>in</strong>g from late<br />
July to September at 3-4’. (A Flem<strong>in</strong>g Brothers hybrid) Zones 4 - 9<br />
x ‘Lady Baltimore’<br />
Big deep p<strong>in</strong>k flowers sport a red eye zone from July-September with deep<br />
green cut-leaf foliage. Mature size is 4-5’. (A Robert Darby Hybrid)<br />
Zones 5 - 9<br />
x ‘Lord Baltimore’<br />
Huge 9-10” ruffled crimson-red, saucer-shaped flowers are spaced evenly<br />
among dark green cut-leaf foliage. You can expect this Hibiscus to grow to 5-6’<br />
high. Bloom time is late July and it can cont<strong>in</strong>ue bloom<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to September. (A<br />
Robert Darby Hybrid) Zones 5-9<br />
x ‘Sweet Carol<strong>in</strong>e’<br />
Large bright p<strong>in</strong>k flowers have some dark ve<strong>in</strong>ation and a darker center.<br />
Swell<strong>in</strong>g buds look like p<strong>in</strong>k roses, and when fully <strong>in</strong> flower the petals are<br />
ruffled. This will still bloom<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> mid-September. Grows to 4-6’. (Hybrid by<br />
Harold W<strong>in</strong>ters) Zones 5 - 9<br />
Carafe Series:<br />
x ‘Bordeaux’<br />
The Carafe Series boasts more flowers, a denser, fuller habit and average 3’ <strong>in</strong><br />
height. The 9-10 <strong>in</strong>ch flowers are red, softened with an <strong>in</strong>fusion of p<strong>in</strong>k and<br />
will flower mid summer through fall. Zones 5-9<br />
x ‘Chablis’<br />
‘Chablis’ has large 9-10 <strong>in</strong>ch white flowers with the fa<strong>in</strong>test h<strong>in</strong>t of p<strong>in</strong>k<br />
surround<strong>in</strong>g the center. Only 3 feet high, the flowers will cover the dense<br />
mound<strong>in</strong>g habit of this plant mid summer through fall. Zones 5 – 9<br />
x ‘Grenache’<br />
‘Grenache’ has solid, pure p<strong>in</strong>k flowers that measure 7-8 <strong>in</strong>ches across and will<br />
bloom <strong>in</strong> mid summer. It is a sturdy Hibiscus with excellent branch<strong>in</strong>g and a<br />
dense mound<strong>in</strong>g habit grow<strong>in</strong>g 3’ <strong>in</strong> height. Zones 5 – 9<br />
Large Flowers with Big Impact.<br />
This perennial, with one of the largest flower heads, can be found along many of<br />
our waterways. It would be safe to say that Pocahontas and John Smith saw<br />
these beautiful flowers as they traveled <strong>in</strong> coastal Virg<strong>in</strong>ia. The outstand<strong>in</strong>g<br />
variety of cultivars <strong>in</strong>cludes copper colored foliage, and pure white to pure red<br />
flowers, some with a strik<strong>in</strong>g red eye.<br />
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IRIS (eye-ris)<br />
After the Greek goddess of the ra<strong>in</strong>bow.<br />
Iridaceae Family<br />
Iris cristata (kris-tah-ta) for crested, the falls<br />
Common Name: Dwarf Crested Iris Eastern North America<br />
Zones: 5 – 9 Flower Color: Pale Blue Height: 6” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 12”<br />
The Dwarf Crested Iris grows from a rhizome to form great drifts <strong>in</strong> the<br />
woodland garden. The bright green 4-<strong>in</strong>ch fans support 6-<strong>in</strong>ch flower stalks.<br />
Charm<strong>in</strong>g 2 to 3 <strong>in</strong>ch wide-blue-violet flowers with gold crested falls are<br />
produced <strong>in</strong> mid to late spr<strong>in</strong>g. This Iris will enjoy part to heavy shade, but is<br />
sun tolerant with plenty of moisture. The shallow rhizomes creep along the<br />
surface of the soil, tolerat<strong>in</strong>g many well dra<strong>in</strong>ed soil types, but they like plenty<br />
of moisture dur<strong>in</strong>g the summer. Plants can be found grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> rich woods,<br />
rocky wooded slopes, wooded bottoms, along streams, shady hillsides, and<br />
rav<strong>in</strong>es. Dwarf Crested Iris is endangered <strong>in</strong> some states. Deer and rabbits do<br />
not usually trouble this plant; however slugs may be a problem. The mat<br />
form<strong>in</strong>g habit of Iris cristata makes it perfect for woodland gardens, dappled<br />
shade, shady edges, ground covers, rock gardens, perennial borders, and as a cut<br />
flower for m<strong>in</strong>iature arrangements.<br />
Cultivars:<br />
c. ‘Alba’ is the pure white form of this lovely native iris. The gold crests really<br />
stand out aga<strong>in</strong>st the white petals. It serves as a ground cover to brighten up<br />
dark corners of the garden. The leaves are narrow and yellowish-green <strong>in</strong> color<br />
and stand about 6”tall.<br />
c. ‘Powder Blue Giant’ has huge soft powder blue with deep blue and white<br />
mark<strong>in</strong>gs and gold crested blooms. Also bloom<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the spr<strong>in</strong>g it has larger<br />
leaves than the straight species. This cristata grows taller to 10”with a vigorous<br />
growth habit.<br />
Iris Louisiana ‘Black Gamecock’<br />
Common Name: Louisiana Iris Southeastern United States<br />
Zones: 5 – 9 Flower Color: Purple Height: 24” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
Born of the bayous of Louisiana and the Gulf Coast where moist soil is a given,<br />
the Louisiana Iris loves water. The green strap-like foliage and June flowers<br />
will handle our hottest Maryland summer temperatures easily. ‘Black<br />
Gamecock’ has deep purple, almost black flowers. A prolific grower, it is not<br />
<strong>in</strong>vasive. It is a short one at 24".<br />
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Iris versicolor (ver-si-ko-lor) mean<strong>in</strong>g variously colored.<br />
Common Name: Blue Flag Eastern & Central United States<br />
Zones: 4 – 9 Flower Color: Bluish Purple Height: 24 -30” Spac<strong>in</strong>g:18”<br />
Iris versicolor grows <strong>in</strong> a clump that will reach 24-30” high and 18-24” wide<br />
and will bloom bluish purple <strong>in</strong> May-June. The sword-shaped green foliage is<br />
handsome and is attractive all season long. The rhizome will lie along the<br />
surface of the soil. This Iris will grow <strong>in</strong> full or part sun <strong>in</strong> heavy, rich, medium<br />
to moist soils and even <strong>in</strong> stand<strong>in</strong>g water; perfect <strong>in</strong> shallow ponds or on the<br />
moist shorel<strong>in</strong>e. In wetland areas, this Iris will provide cover for aquatic and<br />
semi-aquatic wildlife. Blue Flag will also absorb nutrients from ponds and can<br />
improve the quality of the water. Found along shores, swamps, scrubs, by lakes<br />
and rivers, and <strong>in</strong> thickets, marshes, and wet meadows, Iris versicolor is<br />
believed to be a naturally occurr<strong>in</strong>g hybrid that arose when glaciers advanced<br />
southward push<strong>in</strong>g Iris setosa <strong>in</strong>to contact with Iris virg<strong>in</strong>ica. Rabbits and deer<br />
do not usually bother this plant. The only know pests are Moose and aquatic<br />
rodents like muskrats that feed upon the rootstock.<br />
This Iris may be poisonous; especially the raw rhizome and the sap which can<br />
cause dermatitis. Iris versicolor, however, has many medic<strong>in</strong>al purposes<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g: detoxify<strong>in</strong>g the body, <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g ur<strong>in</strong>ation and bile production and as<br />
a mild laxative. This plant can be used as a decoction, t<strong>in</strong>cture, poultice or<br />
<strong>in</strong>fusion. As a tea, the root has been used as a strong laxative or emetic that also<br />
acts strongly on the liver and promotes the excretion of excess body fluids. It is<br />
also a stimulant for the circulatory and lymphatic system. As a detoxifier it is<br />
useful <strong>in</strong> the treatment of arthritis, swollen glands, migra<strong>in</strong>e (sick headaches),<br />
syphilis, goiter, and pelvic <strong>in</strong>flammatory disease. Externally, it is applied to<br />
sk<strong>in</strong> diseases (psoriasis and eczema), wounds, sores, burns, and rheumatic jo<strong>in</strong>ts.<br />
The rootstock (rhizome) is gathered <strong>in</strong> the fall. The fresh root is quite acrid and<br />
when taken <strong>in</strong>ternally causes nausea, vomit<strong>in</strong>g, colic, and purg<strong>in</strong>g. The dried<br />
root is much less acrid. A f<strong>in</strong>e blue <strong>in</strong>fusion is obta<strong>in</strong>ed from the flowers that<br />
can be used as a litmus substitute to test for acids and alkalis. .<br />
Don’t Try This At Home<br />
The Arizona Hopi Nation performs a Snake Ceremony, handl<strong>in</strong>g rattlesnakes, as<br />
a traditional praise and thanksgiv<strong>in</strong>g offer<strong>in</strong>g for the bless<strong>in</strong>gs of ra<strong>in</strong> to the<br />
Hopi Nation. The Hopi are thought to be descended from the Anasazi (Ancient<br />
People). By handl<strong>in</strong>g the root of Iris versicolor and hav<strong>in</strong>g the scent of the root<br />
permeat<strong>in</strong>g their person and clothes, it was believed it protected them from<br />
rattlesnake bites. As long as their clothes are fumigated with the scent, the<br />
snakes never strike them. They also chew the root before plac<strong>in</strong>g a rattlesnake<br />
<strong>in</strong> their mouths dur<strong>in</strong>g the ceremony. Try<strong>in</strong>g this snake handl<strong>in</strong>g might lead<br />
someone to get a migra<strong>in</strong>e headache. Fortunately, a detoxifier made from Iris<br />
versicolor is also used for treat<strong>in</strong>g migra<strong>in</strong>es.<br />
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LIATRIS (lie-a-tris)<br />
Derivation of mean<strong>in</strong>g obscure.<br />
Liatris spicata (spi-kah-ta) mean<strong>in</strong>g flowers <strong>in</strong> a spike.<br />
Common Name: Gay Feather Ma<strong>in</strong>e to Florida and Louisiana<br />
Zones: 4 – 9 Flower Color: see cultivar Height: 24 – 20” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 24”<br />
Although Liatris belongs to the Aster Family, the purple flowers consist of disc<br />
flowers only. Bloom<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> July and August, the bottlebrush-shaped flower stalk<br />
sits on top of grassy leaves. Gay Feather does not like soggy soils dur<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
w<strong>in</strong>ter and care must be taken to <strong>in</strong>sure that the soil is well dra<strong>in</strong>ed. It is fairly<br />
drought tolerant when established. Good air circulation is essential to avoid<br />
powdery mildew. This is one of the few plants <strong>in</strong> cultivation that has the unusual<br />
habit of flowers open<strong>in</strong>g from the top of the <strong>in</strong>florescence to the base. After<br />
frost, the blackened flower stalks can be cut down to improve the attractiveness<br />
of the garden or left for f<strong>in</strong>ches and other small birds that eat the feathery seeds.<br />
Liatris has become an important flower <strong>in</strong> the cut flower trade. Florists will<br />
<strong>in</strong>clude Liatris <strong>in</strong> most of their bouquets and arrangements. They are long<br />
last<strong>in</strong>g after cutt<strong>in</strong>g and comb<strong>in</strong>e well with other cut flowers for an attractive<br />
arrangement. They will last up to 2 weeks at room temperature if re-cut and<br />
fresh water is added daily. Gay Feather also works well as a dried flower <strong>in</strong><br />
dried bouquets.<br />
Found naturally <strong>in</strong> meadows, borders of marshes, savannahs, prairies, damp<br />
slopes and poor dry ridges, Liatris spicata is easily grown <strong>in</strong> full sun <strong>in</strong> average<br />
to medium wet, well-dra<strong>in</strong>ed soils. Tolerant of poor soils, they will prefer<br />
moist, fertile soils. Try plant<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> borders, meadows, woodland gardens, wild<br />
garden, cutt<strong>in</strong>g gardens, and butterfly gardens. Long-tongued bees, butterflies,<br />
and skippers will visit Liatris for the nectar as well as day-fly<strong>in</strong>g moths, and bee<br />
flies. Short-tongued Halictid bees collect pollen and caterpillars of the rare<br />
Glorious Flower Moths use Liatris as a food source. Groundhogs and rabbits<br />
may chew on the young plants while voles have been known to eat the corms.<br />
Deer, however do not feed on Liatris .<br />
Native Americans used Liatris to treat poisonous snakebites, rubbed or taken<br />
for affected rheumatic parts. The root is used <strong>in</strong> a decoction or t<strong>in</strong>cture for<br />
backache and limb pa<strong>in</strong>s, as a carm<strong>in</strong>ative, sudorific, a diuretic, expectorant,<br />
colic, dropsy, stimulant, and for a weak heart.<br />
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Cultivars:<br />
s. ‘Kobold’ (Purple Gay Feather) has tall spikes that will grow to 24-30 <strong>in</strong>ches.<br />
The rosy purple spikes will comb<strong>in</strong>e well with oranges and strong blues.<br />
s. ‘Floristan White’ (White Gay Feather) flower stalks can be used with almost<br />
any other color plant. Also grow<strong>in</strong>g 24-30 <strong>in</strong>ches, White Gay Feather can be<br />
used as an accent plant or to keep bold colors separated.<br />
Color on the Prairie.<br />
As the settlers pushed westward they found the prairies full of new and excit<strong>in</strong>g<br />
flower<strong>in</strong>g plants. Among the tall and short grasses, Liatris spicata stood out<br />
with its spikes of purple. Grow<strong>in</strong>g along the east coast from Massachusetts<br />
down to Florida & west to Missouri, Gay Feather seeds were gathered to take<br />
with the settlers to their new home. The corms were also dug up and transported<br />
many miles to their new homes. Far away from stores of any k<strong>in</strong>d, the<br />
homesteaders used the aromatic leaves and roots to add to other flower parts to<br />
make pot-pourri and <strong>in</strong>sect repellent herbal mixtures. As with many of our<br />
native plants, Liatris spicata has been transported to Europe, where they were<br />
“educated” and sent back to us with cultivars of many hues.<br />
LOBELIA (lo-bee-lia)<br />
After Mathias de l‘Obel (1538-1616), Flemish botanist.<br />
Campanulaceae Family<br />
Lobelia card<strong>in</strong>alis (kar-di-nah-lis) mean<strong>in</strong>g Scarlet, the flower.<br />
Common Name: Card<strong>in</strong>al Flower North America<br />
Zones: 5 – 9 Flower Color: Red Height: 36” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
Brilliant red spikes up to 36" rise above the bronzy light green foliage on this<br />
native perennial that is happy <strong>in</strong> a moist, part-shady spot, or <strong>in</strong> the sun. You will<br />
see its flowers from August <strong>in</strong>to September along a woodland path or by the<br />
edge of a pond, and if you wait a m<strong>in</strong>ute you may see how much humm<strong>in</strong>gbirds<br />
enjoy it as well.<br />
Lobelia siphilitica (si-fi-li-ti-ka) referr<strong>in</strong>g to the supposed medic<strong>in</strong>al properties.<br />
Common Name: Big Blue Lobelia Eastern United States<br />
Zones: 5 – 9 Flower Color: Blue Height: 3 – 4’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
A bit more sun-tolerant than the Red Lobelia, the blue spikes of this native<br />
flower <strong>in</strong> August and September with the same upright growth habit and a<br />
bushier shape. Grow<strong>in</strong>g 3–4' tall. The blue Lobelia likes a moist to average<br />
grow<strong>in</strong>g situation.<br />
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MERTENSIA (mer-ten-see-a)<br />
Named after Franz Karl Mertens (1764-1831), a German botanist.<br />
Borag<strong>in</strong>aceae Family<br />
Mertensia virg<strong>in</strong>ica (vir-j<strong>in</strong>-i-ka) mean<strong>in</strong>g of or belong<strong>in</strong>g to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia.<br />
Common Name: Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Blue Bells Eastern United States<br />
Zones: 5 – 8 Flower Color: Blue Height: 2’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
One of the most exquisite of spr<strong>in</strong>g’s ephemeral plants, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Blue Bells<br />
heralds the start of the spr<strong>in</strong>g season. The leaves are a lovely purple like “mouse<br />
ears” when emerg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the spr<strong>in</strong>g and expand to a bluish green. The stems and<br />
leaves are sub-succulent (fleshy) and will crush easily. The upright leafy stems<br />
will grow to a 1-2 feet high clump and if happy will spread to form a nice<br />
colony. The p<strong>in</strong>k buds will open to sky-blue flowers <strong>in</strong> loose, nodd<strong>in</strong>g, term<strong>in</strong>al<br />
racemes, resembl<strong>in</strong>g clusters of blue bells. The <strong>in</strong>dividual flowers are tubular, 1<br />
<strong>in</strong>ch long and will bloom <strong>in</strong> April and early May. The pastel colors of the<br />
foliage and flowers are soft and sooth<strong>in</strong>g. Due to the depth of the flower tube,<br />
butterflies, long tongued bees, humm<strong>in</strong>gbirds, and moths are among the few<br />
poll<strong>in</strong>ators. A moist humus rich soil is best and a cool root zone is desirable.<br />
Avoid plant<strong>in</strong>g where water collects for extended periods of time or <strong>in</strong> soils with<br />
poor dra<strong>in</strong>age. Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Blue Bells can be found <strong>in</strong> their native habitat of upland<br />
forests, rich wooded bottomlands, floodpla<strong>in</strong> forests, wetlands, low wooded<br />
hillsides, along streams, and wooded valleys,<br />
Use this spr<strong>in</strong>g bloom<strong>in</strong>g perennial <strong>in</strong> the shade border, woodland, perennial<br />
border, shaded areas of rock gardens, and native gardens. Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Blue Bells<br />
are most effective when planted <strong>in</strong> mass. Ephemerals are the k<strong>in</strong>d of plants that<br />
will go summer dormant so it is important to mark the spot where they are<br />
panted to keep from digg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to them. Plan to plant ferns or other spread<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>perennials</strong> to fill <strong>in</strong> the space that Mertensia will leave vacant.<br />
The Cherokees used Mertensia virg<strong>in</strong>ica as a pulmonary aid, taken for<br />
whoop<strong>in</strong>g cough, as a Tuberculosis remedy, and to relieve consumption. The<br />
Iroquois used a compound <strong>in</strong>fusion of roots as an antidote for poisons. A<br />
decoction of roots was also taken for venereal disease.<br />
A Special Place <strong>in</strong> Time<br />
William Rob<strong>in</strong>son (Ireland, 1838-1935) published ‘The English Flower’ <strong>in</strong><br />
1883. It was illustrated with etch<strong>in</strong>gs and conta<strong>in</strong>ed an encyclopedia list of the<br />
best flowers, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Mertensia, and ideas on garden design and features.<br />
William was an avid gardener & horticulturist, whose ideas were <strong>in</strong>strumental <strong>in</strong><br />
the English cottage garden movement. His garden, Gravetye Manor <strong>in</strong> East<br />
Gr<strong>in</strong>stead, England near London is still be<strong>in</strong>g visited today by garden<br />
enthusiasts.<br />
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MONARDA (mo-nard-a)<br />
named after Dr. Nicholas Monardas (1493-1588)<br />
Lamiaceae Family<br />
Monarda didyma (di-di-ma)mean<strong>in</strong>g tw<strong>in</strong><br />
or <strong>in</strong> pairs; two-fold (the stamens or the leaves)<br />
Common Name: Bee Balm, Oswego Tea Eastern North America<br />
Zones: 3 – 8 Flower Color: see cultivar Height: see cultivar Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
As part of the M<strong>in</strong>t Family, Monarda has square stems and gray-green leaves,<br />
with a slightly ‘m<strong>in</strong>ty’ scent. The whorled clusters of petals are <strong>in</strong> a variety of<br />
colors. This plant likes to grow <strong>in</strong> average to well-dra<strong>in</strong>ed soil <strong>in</strong> full sun. Good<br />
air circulation surround<strong>in</strong>g the plant is essential to avoid<strong>in</strong>g powdery mildew.<br />
Very tolerant of heat and humidity, this plant is excellent <strong>in</strong> the mixed border <strong>in</strong><br />
the Mid-Atlantic States. Monarda didyma is known to have a calm<strong>in</strong>g effect on<br />
bees and yields a high amount of nectar, hence the name Bee Balm. Monardas<br />
will also attract butterflies and humm<strong>in</strong>gbirds and are deer resistant.<br />
John Bartram, the foremost Quaker botanist from Philadelphia traveled through<br />
the countryside <strong>in</strong> northern New York State <strong>in</strong> 1743 gather<strong>in</strong>g seeds to take back<br />
with him. On the journey to Fort Oswego on Lake Ontario, he collected an<br />
assortment of Monardas. Return<strong>in</strong>g to Philadelphia, he gave some of the<br />
didyma seeds to Peter Coll<strong>in</strong>son who later called it Oswego Tea after it bloomed<br />
<strong>in</strong> his garden <strong>in</strong> 1745. After the Boston Tea Party, the colonists substituted<br />
Monarda for the imported tea that was <strong>in</strong> very short supply. Dr<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g this tea<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g the boycott was considered very patriotic.<br />
Cultivars:<br />
d. ‘Jacob Cl<strong>in</strong>e’ is a cultivar named after the son of Don Cl<strong>in</strong>e, a Georgia<br />
plantsman and garden designer Jean Cl<strong>in</strong>e and was <strong>in</strong>troduced <strong>in</strong>to the trade by<br />
Saul Brothers. Its deep red flowers and mildew resistant leaves make it one of<br />
the most sought after Monardas.<br />
d. ‘Petite Delight’ is a short 15-18” clump form<strong>in</strong>g Monarda with clean leaves<br />
and good mildew resistance. The p<strong>in</strong>k-lavender flowers will bloom <strong>in</strong> July and<br />
August.<br />
d. ‘Coral Reef’ is a bright salmon p<strong>in</strong>k Bee Balm which will grow to be 3-4’<br />
with good mildew resistance.<br />
x ‘Marshall’s Delite’ was developed <strong>in</strong> Morden, Manitoba from a cross<br />
between ‘Cambridge Scarlet’ and Monarda fistulosa var. menthaefolia.<br />
Beautiful p<strong>in</strong>k flowers on 2-3’ stems are relatively mildew-free plants.<br />
40
OENOTHERA (ee-no-the-ra)<br />
From the Greek o<strong>in</strong>os mean<strong>in</strong>g w<strong>in</strong>e, and ther<br />
mean<strong>in</strong>g wild animal, it designated the roots,<br />
which were soaked <strong>in</strong> w<strong>in</strong>e, would enable the<br />
ancients to tame wild beasts.<br />
Onagraceae Family<br />
Oenothera speciosa (spee-se-o-sa) mean<strong>in</strong>g showy<br />
‘Siskiyou’<br />
Common Name: Even<strong>in</strong>g Primrose South Central United States<br />
Zones: 4 – 9 Flower Color: P<strong>in</strong>k Height: 8 – 10” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
‘Siskiyou’ has a mound<strong>in</strong>g habit and will grow to 8-10 <strong>in</strong>ches tall and will<br />
spread 12-18 <strong>in</strong>ches. The delicate, cup shaped, light p<strong>in</strong>k flowers will bloom <strong>in</strong><br />
late May to early June. Oenthera speciosa are best planted <strong>in</strong> lean soils. Given<br />
moderately good soil and full sun, good-look<strong>in</strong>g compact plants will result. In<br />
rich fertile soils or heavily fertilized soils they will spread rapidly and may<br />
become weedy. The stoloniferous root stock will advance this Even<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Primrose as far as there is soil to root <strong>in</strong>. Due to its exuberant nature, plant<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Even<strong>in</strong>g Primroses <strong>in</strong> conta<strong>in</strong>ers will help keep them conta<strong>in</strong>ed. Another good<br />
idea is to plant them as a ground cover and, after flower<strong>in</strong>g, set the mower on<br />
high and give them a good haircut. This will encourage re-bloom<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Oenothera speciosa is the exception to the rule that Even<strong>in</strong>g Primroses bloom at<br />
night as this one does not and will open its flowers <strong>in</strong> the morn<strong>in</strong>g and close at<br />
night. The green foliage will turn burgundy red <strong>in</strong> the fall. Even<strong>in</strong>g Primroses<br />
attract bees, day-fly<strong>in</strong>g Sph<strong>in</strong>x moths, butterflies, and humm<strong>in</strong>gbirds<br />
Beauty and the Beast<br />
At the Zilker Botanical Garden <strong>in</strong> Aust<strong>in</strong>, Texas is the Hartman Prehistoric<br />
Garden. Among the sculptures of d<strong>in</strong>osaurs, replicas of tracks found <strong>in</strong> the<br />
garden, petrified wood, plants that evolved by the Cretaceous period, 100<br />
million years ago, are native plants. As opposed to the slightly tacky roadside<br />
attractions with their garishly pa<strong>in</strong>ted d<strong>in</strong>osaurs, the Hartman Prehistoric garden<br />
is as accurately landscaped as possible. One of the native plants that is<br />
displayed is Oenothera speciosa. It is placed so that the competition from other<br />
plants keeps it <strong>in</strong> its place!<br />
41
PENSTEMON (pen-stay-mon)<br />
From Greek ,pente, five, and stemon, a stamen referr<strong>in</strong>g to the five stamens.<br />
Scrophulariaceae Family<br />
Penstemon digitalis ‘Husker Red’<br />
Common Name: Beard Tongue Eastern United States<br />
Zones: 3 – 9 Flower Color: White Height: 2 – 3’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
The 1996 Perennial of the Year and an American native, this<br />
under-used perennial has reddish-purple leaves and stems, is evergreen, and<br />
produces nodd<strong>in</strong>g, tubular white flower bells with just a h<strong>in</strong>t of p<strong>in</strong>k on open<br />
th<strong>in</strong> spikes <strong>in</strong> June. The flowers of ‘Husker Red’ reach a height of 2–3'. An<br />
excellent cut flower easily grown if given adequate water <strong>in</strong> the summer to<br />
prolong bloom time, it can also handle quite a bit of dry sun.<br />
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PHLOX (floks)<br />
From the Greek mean<strong>in</strong>g a flame <strong>in</strong> reference to the sprays of flowers.<br />
Polemoniaceae Family<br />
Phlox divaricata ( di-vah-ri-kah-ta) mean<strong>in</strong>g spread<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Common Name: Woodland Phlox Eastern North America<br />
Zones: 4 – 8 Flower Color: see cultivar Height: see cultivar Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
The semi-evergreen stems of Phlox divaricata will form loose creep<strong>in</strong>g mats.<br />
Woodland Phlox has a shallow root system that will benefit from a summer<br />
mulch to conserve soil moisture. Too much sun or too dry soil will result <strong>in</strong><br />
brown<strong>in</strong>g foliage and dim<strong>in</strong>ished flower<strong>in</strong>g. The fragrant flowers are <strong>in</strong> vary<strong>in</strong>g<br />
shades of blue atop of 15-<strong>in</strong>ch stalks. One of the earliest of the spr<strong>in</strong>g bloomers,<br />
Woodland Phlox will bloom for 4-6 weeks. This Phlox grows best <strong>in</strong> moist,<br />
humus rich, well-dra<strong>in</strong>ed soil and <strong>in</strong> partial to full shade.<br />
Woodland Phlox is sometimes found <strong>in</strong> rich or rocky open woods, fields, along<br />
streams, and slopes. It is now considered endangered <strong>in</strong> the state of New Jersey.<br />
In the garden, Phlox divaricata is a good plant for mass<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the front of the<br />
border, <strong>in</strong> a shady fragrant garden, wildflower garden, rock garden, or as a<br />
ground cover, edg<strong>in</strong>g, or <strong>in</strong> conta<strong>in</strong>ers. Comb<strong>in</strong>e with spr<strong>in</strong>g flower<strong>in</strong>g bulbs or<br />
plant under deciduous trees. Woodland Phlox provides early spr<strong>in</strong>g nectar for<br />
humm<strong>in</strong>gbirds and butterflies. Powdery mildew and rabbits can be a problem.<br />
Provided good air circulation or cutt<strong>in</strong>g back after flower<strong>in</strong>g can reduce<br />
problems with powdery mildew.<br />
Cultivars:<br />
d. ‘London Grove’ is a delightful shade of pale blue flowers <strong>in</strong> May-June that<br />
will carpet the ground <strong>in</strong> shady areas. Low grow<strong>in</strong>g to 10-12” with burgundy<br />
w<strong>in</strong>ter foliage. Cutt<strong>in</strong>g back may promote new growth.<br />
d. ‘May Breeze’ has so pale a shade of blue that it appears to be white and will<br />
lighten up any shady woodland garden. Weav<strong>in</strong>g through other <strong>perennials</strong>, this<br />
sweet fragrant plant will fill <strong>in</strong> open areas. Grow<strong>in</strong>g to 8-10” and bloom<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
April, this Phlox will spread slowly with little ma<strong>in</strong>tenance.<br />
d. ‘Montrose Tricolor’ has the unusual variegated foliage of p<strong>in</strong>k, green, and<br />
white. The new foliage <strong>in</strong> spr<strong>in</strong>g is lavender p<strong>in</strong>k, changes gradually to almost<br />
white and then to white and green. Lavender blue flowers will bloom May to<br />
July. With a height of 8 <strong>in</strong>ches, the front of the border is the place to plant this<br />
Phlox. Shady areas <strong>in</strong> full to part shade.<br />
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Phlox paniculata (pa-nic-ew-lah-ta) mean<strong>in</strong>g with flowers <strong>in</strong> panicles.<br />
Common Name: Garden Phlox Eastern North America<br />
Zones: 5 – 9 Flower Color: see cultivar Height: see cultivar Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
Cultivars:<br />
p. ‘David’ was 2002 Perennial Plant of the Year. A word about Summer<br />
Phlox—it is the ma<strong>in</strong>stay of many perennial gardens with large full heads of<br />
fragrant flowers <strong>in</strong> delightful colors need<strong>in</strong>g little attention, unequaled as a cut<br />
flower, and bloom<strong>in</strong>g for long periods on sturdy stems. Cut back faded blooms<br />
for prolonged flower<strong>in</strong>g. Our varieties are chosen for their mildew resistance,<br />
but it can only help to avoid water<strong>in</strong>g at night or directly on the foliage. Native<br />
‘David’ is a superb fragrant white, grows to a height of 3' plus, is popular for its<br />
July to September bloom time.<br />
p. ‘David’s Lavender’ is a wonderful addition to the paniculata family, as a<br />
sport from Phlox David. It has the same mildew resistance, with a lavender<br />
bloom mid summer. Grows 3-4’ <strong>in</strong> height. PPAF.<br />
p. ‘Nicky’ In addition to its compact height of 24-30", ‘Nicky’ has magnificent<br />
deep rose-purple flower clusters dur<strong>in</strong>g July-August. Mildew-resistant (we<br />
cautiously confirm no signs of mildew on our trial crops) and sweetly fragrant,<br />
butterflies and humm<strong>in</strong>gbirds will f<strong>in</strong>d it as appeal<strong>in</strong>g. ‘Nicky’s’ startl<strong>in</strong>g color<br />
is captivat<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
p. ‘Robert Poore’ was added to our selections of Summer Phlox for its<br />
spectacular lack of mildew. Try this p<strong>in</strong>k-flower<strong>in</strong>g Mississippi native—we’re<br />
talk<strong>in</strong>g hot and humid now. From July to September the 4–5' multiple stems<br />
will provide you with rich medium p<strong>in</strong>k bold flower heads for cutt<strong>in</strong>g with that<br />
unforgettable soft fragrance. Forget those fungicides.<br />
p. ‘Sandra’ has showy, cherry red flower heads that are a bit shorter than the<br />
norm at 24", but native ‘Sandra’ blooms away throughout the summer from July<br />
on, and is mildew resistant, with a delicate fragrance. Butterflies love all<br />
Summer Phlox, and humm<strong>in</strong>gbirds will put this scarlet red to the test.<br />
p. ‘Shortwood’ This summer Phlox has <strong>in</strong>herited excellent traits from its<br />
parents: ‘David’ for high mildew resistance and bright p<strong>in</strong>k blossoms from<br />
‘Eva Cullum’. It will bloom over a long period of time throughout the summer<br />
and grows best <strong>in</strong> rich, moist soil <strong>in</strong> full sun. Grows to about 42". PP#10379.<br />
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Phlox stolonifera (sto-lo-ni-fe-ra) mean<strong>in</strong>g bear<strong>in</strong>g stolons.<br />
Common Name: Creep<strong>in</strong>g Phlox Eastern North America<br />
Zones: 5 – 9 Flower Color: see cultivar Height: 8” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
Cultivars:<br />
s. ‘Blue Ridge’ Our shade garden<strong>in</strong>g customers love the native Creep<strong>in</strong>g Phlox<br />
for its glossy, semi-evergreen foliage with masses of bloom <strong>in</strong> May about 8"<br />
above the mat of leaves. No wonder Creep<strong>in</strong>g Phlox was chosen the 1990<br />
Perennial Plant of the Year. The lavish, light blue flowers of ‘Blue Ridge’<br />
appear <strong>in</strong> April and May when spr<strong>in</strong>g bulbs are at their peak.<br />
s. ‘Home Fires’ The rich, deep p<strong>in</strong>k color make native ‘Home Fires’ glow<br />
above the deep green mat of spread<strong>in</strong>g foliage. Under trees and shrubs the<br />
evergreen foliage is exceptional. Blooms <strong>in</strong> April and May to 8".<br />
Phlox subulata (sub-ew-lah-ta) for the awl-shaped leaves<br />
Common Name: Moss p<strong>in</strong>ks, Creep<strong>in</strong>g Phlox Eastern North America<br />
Zones: 5 – 9 Flower Color: see cultivar Height: 4 – 6” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
Phlox subulata are considered one of the ma<strong>in</strong> components of the spr<strong>in</strong>g garden.<br />
Unnoticed the rest of the year, they will spr<strong>in</strong>g to glorious life. At 4-6” high<br />
they will spread 1-2’ wide, grow<strong>in</strong>g by stolons <strong>in</strong> fertile, moist, well-dra<strong>in</strong>ed soil<br />
<strong>in</strong> full sun to part shade. Some shade is important especially <strong>in</strong> the hot summers<br />
of the Deep South, although they are somewhat drought tolerant. Star-shaped<br />
blossoms are produced <strong>in</strong> April-May <strong>in</strong> many colors. The colors range from<br />
pure white to a dark rose, with blues added <strong>in</strong>to the mix. The needle-like f<strong>in</strong>e<br />
textured foliage stays evergreen dur<strong>in</strong>g the w<strong>in</strong>ter, the mats of foliage are<br />
thought to resemble moss hence the common name of Moss P<strong>in</strong>ks.<br />
Traditionally, they have been used as a flat mass cover<strong>in</strong>g the ground, usually on<br />
banks, resembl<strong>in</strong>g a patchwork quilt. This use as a ground cover has changed as<br />
garden<strong>in</strong>g trends progressed. The one season appeal of Moss P<strong>in</strong>ks can be<br />
augmented with other ground covers that bloom at other times of the year or<br />
have <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g foliage. Your grandmother probably had a bank of this plant<br />
and everyone looked forward to it bloom<strong>in</strong>g as the beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of the warm<strong>in</strong>g up<br />
of the seasons.<br />
Native to somewhat dry, rocky or sandy places, open woodland areas and<br />
slopes, they were first <strong>in</strong>troduced <strong>in</strong> 1745 to the American garden<strong>in</strong>g public by<br />
John Bartram. By 1850 gardeners were familiar with p<strong>in</strong>k, white, lilac with a<br />
dark eye, p<strong>in</strong>k with a red eye, and red varieties. Phlox subulata is a tough,<br />
adaptable, mat or cushion form<strong>in</strong>g Phlox that will work well <strong>in</strong> rock gardens,<br />
around stepp<strong>in</strong>g-stones, as an edg<strong>in</strong>g, along walkways, <strong>in</strong> sunny areas of<br />
woodland gardens, on slopes, with spr<strong>in</strong>g bloom<strong>in</strong>g bulbs, <strong>in</strong> native plant<br />
45
gardens, planted <strong>in</strong> cracks of walls, or as a very short ground cover. Moss P<strong>in</strong>ks<br />
have been called creep<strong>in</strong>g, slow-grow<strong>in</strong>g, cascaders, and ramblers.<br />
Deadhead<strong>in</strong>g will encourage reflower<strong>in</strong>g and plants can be sheared back after<br />
frost.<br />
Cultivars:<br />
Phlox subulata‘Candy Stripes’<br />
Soft, evergreen, mossy foliage underlies this 4-6” bicolor; the flower color is<br />
white with a wide bright p<strong>in</strong>k stripe. This colorful native reaches full bloom<br />
<strong>in</strong> April-May, but will often re-bloom <strong>in</strong> the fall.<br />
s.‘Emerald Blue’<br />
A popular color of the native Moss P<strong>in</strong>ks is this blue with the same evergreen<br />
mossy foliage, bloom<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> April at 4-6”.<br />
s. ‘Millstream Daphne’<br />
Same low mat of rich evergreen foliage smothered with <strong>in</strong>tense p<strong>in</strong>k flowers <strong>in</strong><br />
April-May at 4-6” <strong>in</strong> height. ‘Millstream Daphne’ has a more compact habit.<br />
It prefers a sunny well-dra<strong>in</strong>ed site, is fairly drought-tolerant, spreads quickly,<br />
and certa<strong>in</strong>ly looks cheerful when used as edg<strong>in</strong>g or <strong>in</strong> the rock garden.<br />
s.‘Scarlet Flame’<br />
This native Phlox is scarlet red <strong>in</strong> April and May, and grows to a height of 4-6”<br />
with that soft evergreen mossy foliage.<br />
s.‘White Delight’<br />
Prist<strong>in</strong>e white flowers are profuse on this old favorite <strong>in</strong> April and May. Dense<br />
and compact, the white flowers cover the evergreen mossy foliage to a height of<br />
4-6”.<br />
Here Comes Spr<strong>in</strong>g!<br />
We have many memories of spr<strong>in</strong>g plant<strong>in</strong>gs that consist of blankets of Phlox<br />
subulata creep<strong>in</strong>g down slopes border<strong>in</strong>g lush lawns. Blocks of color consist<strong>in</strong>g<br />
of white, p<strong>in</strong>k, blue, and red. Creep<strong>in</strong>g Phlox or Phlox subulata has been one of<br />
the first flowers of spr<strong>in</strong>g s<strong>in</strong>ce 1745 when botanist John Bartram first<br />
<strong>in</strong>troduced it to the public. By 1850 this ground cover was planted by gardeners<br />
everywhere. As suburbia spread out <strong>in</strong>to the farmland, Phlox subulata became<br />
THE spr<strong>in</strong>gtime plant. It really lived up to its name as a ground cover. At 4-6”<br />
high, the ground appears to be carpeted with them. Many old publications show<br />
hand colored pictures of gardens with creep<strong>in</strong>g phlox as the ma<strong>in</strong>stay. As<br />
enlightened gardeners, we have come to realize that the diversity of plant<br />
material is better than a huge spread of one plant. Use Phlox subulata <strong>in</strong> pockets<br />
of a rock garden, to edge beds, to fill <strong>in</strong> spaces around stepp<strong>in</strong>g-stones, and<br />
lighten up pathways <strong>in</strong> sunny areas.<br />
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PHYSOSTEGIA (fie-so-stee-gee-a)<br />
From the Greek for “bladder cover<strong>in</strong>g” referr<strong>in</strong>g to the <strong>in</strong>flated appearance of<br />
the flowers.<br />
Lamiaceae Family<br />
Physostegia virg<strong>in</strong>iana (vir-j<strong>in</strong>-ee-ah-na) mean<strong>in</strong>g “of Virg<strong>in</strong>ia” referr<strong>in</strong>g to the<br />
location where it was first found and studied.<br />
Common Name: Obedient Plant, False Dragonhead Eastern United States<br />
Zones: 4 – 9 Flower Color: see cultivar Height: see cultivar Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
In native conditions such as moist to wet woodlands along stream banks and <strong>in</strong><br />
thickets, Physostegia virg<strong>in</strong>iana can grow to 4 feet tall on creep<strong>in</strong>g rhizomes.<br />
The snapdragon-like flower will bloom from June to September on the square<br />
stems that are typical of the m<strong>in</strong>t family. The flower head is composed of<br />
vertical rows of <strong>in</strong>dividual flowers. If the flowers are pushed to one side or the<br />
other, they will tend to stay <strong>in</strong> that position for a while as if they were h<strong>in</strong>ged<br />
expla<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the common name of Obedient Plant. False Dragonhead refers to the<br />
shape of the flowers that are suggestive of Dragonhead (Dracocephalum). Easy<br />
to grow <strong>in</strong> average to wet, well-dra<strong>in</strong>ed soils <strong>in</strong> full sun, avoid too much<br />
fertilizer or they may flop and will need stak<strong>in</strong>g. Physostegia virg<strong>in</strong>iana attracts<br />
Humm<strong>in</strong>gbirds and is deer resistant. It is excellent as a cut flower, good for a<br />
wildflower garden or native plant garden or planted <strong>in</strong> a prairie or meadow.<br />
Cultivars:<br />
v. ‘Miss Manners’has graduated from the horticultural school of etiquette.<br />
With its clump<strong>in</strong>g habit it will stay where you plant it, not run for the hills. It is<br />
2’ high and 2-3’ wide with a moderate growth rate. The spikes of flowers are<br />
pure white. If the first flush of flowers is cut back, there should be additional<br />
flower<strong>in</strong>g. ‘Miss Manners’ is a good nectar source for butterflies and other<br />
poll<strong>in</strong>ators. A light summer mulch will help reta<strong>in</strong> soil moisture that dur<strong>in</strong>g dry<br />
spells and will keep the roots cool.<br />
v. ‘Vivid’ has the same rapid growth habit as the straight species, ‘Vivid’ with<br />
bright p<strong>in</strong>k flowers and will attract humm<strong>in</strong>gbirds. This is an excellent plant<br />
for naturaliz<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a wildflower garden, native plant garden, prairie or meadow.<br />
It is 2-3’ tall and it is very compact and upright.<br />
Obedient Dragons.<br />
Are the flowers shaped like dragonheads or are the <strong>in</strong>dividual flowers on the<br />
stalk obedient to where you push them? Physostegia virg<strong>in</strong>iana are both.<br />
Although they were not obedient to stay<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the area you placed them, until<br />
‘Miss Manners’ came along. She will stay where you put her. ‘Miss Manners’<br />
was selected by Darell Probst <strong>in</strong> the late 1990’s. ‘Vivid’ has bright p<strong>in</strong>k flowers<br />
and is a great plant for naturaliz<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
47
POLEMONIUM (po-lee-mo-nee-um)<br />
From polemonion, the Greek name of a plant.<br />
Polemoniaceae Family<br />
Polemonium reptans (rep-tanz) means creep<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
‘Stairway to Heaven’<br />
Common Name: Variegated Jacob’s Ladder Eastern North America<br />
Zones: 2 – 9 Flower Color: Lavender Blue Height: 12” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 12”<br />
The list of variegated Jacob’s Ladders that have been <strong>in</strong>troduced to the<br />
garden<strong>in</strong>g trade and have quickly dropped off is long. Most will not tolerate our<br />
hot humid summers here <strong>in</strong> the mid-Atlantic region. ‘Stairway to Heaven’ is the<br />
exception. Polemonium reptans ‘Stairway to Heaven’ has tri-colored foliage of<br />
green leaves with white leaf marg<strong>in</strong>s that have a hit of p<strong>in</strong>k. The leaves have<br />
long, ladder-like leaves. The common name, Jacob’s Ladder, refers to the<br />
ladder that Jacob dreamed about and the rest of us climbed. The lavender blue<br />
flowers will emerge above the mounded, spread<strong>in</strong>g plant grow<strong>in</strong>g to the height<br />
of 12 <strong>in</strong>ches tall and 18 <strong>in</strong>ches wide. The growth rate is medium and the foliage<br />
is medium textured. The sprays of blue flowers will arrive <strong>in</strong> late spr<strong>in</strong>g and<br />
summer. Plant <strong>in</strong> part shade to full shade. Plant <strong>in</strong> average to moist soils with<br />
organic matter added to the plant<strong>in</strong>g hole. Use organic mulch to spread around,<br />
but not on top of the plants to help keep weeds away and conserve moisture.<br />
Deadhead<strong>in</strong>g will keep ‘Stairway to Heaven’ look<strong>in</strong>g tidy and may encourage<br />
re-bloom<strong>in</strong>g. Clean up the plants <strong>in</strong> the early spr<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Polemonium reptans ‘Stairway to Heaven’ makes a good accent plant, as well as<br />
a border plant. ‘Stairway to Heaven’ will attract butterflies and is deer resistant.<br />
Use this plant <strong>in</strong> woodland gardens, wild flower beds, as a s<strong>in</strong>gle specimen or<br />
mass plant<strong>in</strong>gs. Variegated Jacob’s Ladder is fragrant, makes a nice cut flower<br />
and works well <strong>in</strong> a conta<strong>in</strong>er.<br />
We are Climb<strong>in</strong>g…<br />
When look<strong>in</strong>g at Polemonium reptans ‘Stairway to Heaven’ you can see how the<br />
leaf structure resembles a ladder. One of the hardiest variegated Jacob ’s<br />
Ladder; it will withstand a multitude of situations. Another sharp-eyed wild<br />
flower enthusiast, Bill Cull<strong>in</strong>a, nursery director at the New England Wild<br />
Flower Society found ‘Stairway to Heaven’ <strong>in</strong> a flat of P. reptans var. reptans<br />
seedl<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> 1999. Know<strong>in</strong>g the potential of this plant he nurtured it for several<br />
years mak<strong>in</strong>g sure it did not revert back to green. If you ever have the<br />
opportunity to hear Bill lecture about Wild Flowers, you will be amazed at his<br />
knowledge and desire to share his experiences with the audience.<br />
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RUDBECKIA (rud-bek-ee-a)<br />
After Olof Rudbeck the elder (1630-1702) and the younger (1660-1740)<br />
Asteraceae Family<br />
Rudbeckia fulgida var. fulgida (ful-gi-da) mean<strong>in</strong>g sh<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, referr<strong>in</strong>g to the<br />
orange color highlight<strong>in</strong>g the ray bases.<br />
Common Name: Orange Coneflower, Black-Eyed Susan Eastern U.S.<br />
Zones: 3 – 9 Flower Color: Orange Height: 24 – 30” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
This fast grow<strong>in</strong>g native has orange-yellow ray petals with a brown center and<br />
sh<strong>in</strong>y, more elongated lobed leaves than ‘Goldsturm’. It blooms from late July<br />
<strong>in</strong>to October, a good six weeks longer that ‘Goldsturm’, and grows 24-30” tall.<br />
Black Eyed Susans are rhizomatous and form very large clumps. Not<br />
considered <strong>in</strong>vasive, the colonies will form rapidly <strong>in</strong> rich loose soil. Rudbeckia<br />
fulgida grows well <strong>in</strong> full sun to part shade and most soils except those that are<br />
too dry.<br />
Rudbeckia attracts butterflies and humm<strong>in</strong>gbirds. It provides seeds for birds <strong>in</strong><br />
the w<strong>in</strong>ter and nectar for butterflies. This plant is great for dry sunny areas, as a<br />
cut flower, <strong>in</strong> borders, <strong>in</strong> a wildflower garden, as a ground cover, <strong>in</strong> conta<strong>in</strong>ers,<br />
along roadways, <strong>in</strong> mass plant<strong>in</strong>gs, and <strong>in</strong> meadows. Black Eyed Susan is also<br />
nice as a cut flower.<br />
Found <strong>in</strong> meadows, prairies, and woodlands, the Cherokee used the processed<br />
roots of Rudbeckia fulgida as a wash for “swell<strong>in</strong>g caused by worms”. A warm<br />
<strong>in</strong>fusion of the root was used to bathe sores. The root ooze was used for<br />
earaches. It was also used as a gynecological and venereal aid.<br />
R. fulgida var. sullivantii ‘Goldsturm’<br />
1999 Perennial Plant of the Year. Certa<strong>in</strong>ly one of America’s favorite native<br />
<strong>perennials</strong>, this 2' beauty has golden yellow flowers 3–4" across with a black<br />
cone, and blooms from July through September. It is easy to grow, long-lived,<br />
makes a great cut flower, and handles any soil. It comb<strong>in</strong>es well with a vast<br />
number of other <strong>perennials</strong>, especially those with complementary warm colors,<br />
as well as many with contrast<strong>in</strong>g colors. It’s a classic comb<strong>in</strong>ed with numerous<br />
grasses and foliage plants. Cut back after flower<strong>in</strong>g to prevent fungal problems.<br />
Rudbeckia hirta (hir-ta) mean<strong>in</strong>g hairy. (Designated the Maryland State Flower<br />
<strong>in</strong> 1918 by the Maryland General Asssembly)<br />
Common Name: Black-Eyed Susan Eastern United States<br />
Zones: see cultivar Flower Color: see cultivar Height: see cultivar<br />
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h. ‘Autumn Color’<br />
This is a beautiful bi-colored Black-Eyed Susan. The 5-7" flower may have<br />
bronze petals or sunny yellow or rich gold petals and darker red r<strong>in</strong>g toward<br />
the base of the petals. The flower color resembles the full spectrum of autumn<br />
leaf color, bloom<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the summer. This is a biennial and will self-seed. Grows<br />
18-24”. Zones 4 - 9.<br />
h. ‘Indian Summer’<br />
Has large flower heads of golden yellow with dark eyes that bloom July to<br />
September. Best grown as biennial or short-lived perennial and it will freely<br />
self-seed. Grows 36-42” tall. Zones 5 – 10.<br />
Rudbeckia lac<strong>in</strong>ianta (la-s<strong>in</strong>-ee-ah-ta) mean<strong>in</strong>g deeply cut.<br />
‘Goldquelle’<br />
Common Name: Cutleaf Coneflower North America<br />
Zones: 4 – 9 Flower Color: Lemon Yellow Height: 3 – 4’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 24”<br />
This 3-4' tall native coneflower is a perennial favorite among our customers. It<br />
sports shaggy double lemon yellow flowers from August well <strong>in</strong>to September<br />
above its large green jagged-edged leaves, and forms substantial clumps <strong>in</strong> short<br />
order.<br />
Rudbeckia maxima (max-i-ma) mean<strong>in</strong>g larger.<br />
Common Name: Giant Coneflower United States<br />
Zones: 5 – 9 Flower Color: Deep Yellow Height: 5 – 9 Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
Here’s a bold and excit<strong>in</strong>g native plant that’s perfect at the edge of your pond or<br />
stream. It has huge powder blue leaves 2–3' tall from which flower spikes<br />
appear to 5–6' <strong>in</strong> June and July with large deep yellow coneflowers. Bloom<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong>to September, it prefers deep, moist soil, but will thrive <strong>in</strong> average garden<br />
conditions as long as it is kept moist. Maxima makes quite a statement.<br />
Rudbeckia nitida ‘Autumn Glory’<br />
Common Name: Coneflower North America<br />
Zones: 3 – 10 Flower Color: Yellow Height: 5 – 6’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 24”<br />
Large yellow coneflowers stand boldly 5–6' above the foliage <strong>in</strong> July and<br />
August, and are easy to grow <strong>in</strong> any fertile garden soil. This native perennial<br />
has great architectural qualities, and comb<strong>in</strong>es well with our tall grasses,<br />
Heliopsis, and ‘Black Eyed Susan’. Butterflies love it, and you will too.<br />
50
SALVIA (sal-vee-a)<br />
From the Lat<strong>in</strong> name slavus, safe, referr<strong>in</strong>g to the medic<strong>in</strong>al properties.<br />
Lamiaceae Family<br />
Salvia lyrata ‘Purple Knockout’<br />
Common Name: Lyreleaf Sage Eastern United States<br />
Zones: 5 – 9 Flower Color: Blue-Bronze Height: 3’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
The wide bronze-red leaves of ‘Purple Knockout’ are t<strong>in</strong>ged with green toward<br />
the center, are purple on the underside, and rema<strong>in</strong> neat and tight to the soil<br />
surface. You will not likely have seen Salvia quite like this eastern U.S. native.<br />
The stiff flower stems shoot up from the base to 3' with small blue-bronze<br />
flower bracts swirl<strong>in</strong>g up the stem. The blooms appear <strong>in</strong> June–July, turn<br />
bronzy-red, and keep their form well through the summer, perform<strong>in</strong>g much like<br />
Lavender blooms do.<br />
SISYRINCHIUM (si-see-r<strong>in</strong>g-kee-um)<br />
From the Greek name of a plant.<br />
Iridaceae Family<br />
Sisyr<strong>in</strong>chium angustifolium (ang-gus-ti-fo-lee-um) mean<strong>in</strong>g narrow leaved.<br />
‘Lucerne’<br />
Common Name: Narrow Leaf Blue-Eyed Grass Eastern United States<br />
Zones: 5 – 8 Flower Color: Blue Height: 8” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 12”<br />
This is a selection made by plantsman Robert Herman, formerly of White<br />
Flower Farm, while <strong>in</strong> Lucerne, Switzerland. Bright blue star-shaped flowers<br />
with a gold center appear from May until July. The flowers are located just<br />
above the Iris-like foliage on this charm<strong>in</strong>g native. At about 8”, the ¾” flowers<br />
look sweet as an edg<strong>in</strong>g or <strong>in</strong> the rock garden. While tolerant of partial shade,<br />
Blue-eyed Grass prefers full sun and moist well-dra<strong>in</strong>ed soil. The flowers are<br />
followed by the seed heads that appear to be t<strong>in</strong>y green balls hang<strong>in</strong>g from the<br />
tips of the leaves. They will self-seed when happy. Seedl<strong>in</strong>gs are easily<br />
transplanted and will form a nice colony if left alone. Shear Sisyr<strong>in</strong>chium back<br />
after flower<strong>in</strong>g to improve appearance and to avoid reseed<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
This perennial herb is found along the edges of woods, <strong>in</strong> damp open woods, on<br />
slopes, along stream banks, <strong>in</strong> open grassy areas, meadows, and pla<strong>in</strong> prairies,<br />
Jersey P<strong>in</strong>e Barrens, grassy open<strong>in</strong>gs, all along the eastern seacoast and half way<br />
across the United States. Include Blue-Eyed Grass <strong>in</strong> the butterfly garden or<br />
naturalized area as it is an important nectar source for poll<strong>in</strong>ators and provides<br />
good cover and food for small wildlife.<br />
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SOLIDAGO (so-li-dah-go)<br />
From the Lat<strong>in</strong> solido (to make whole or strengthen), referr<strong>in</strong>g to the medic<strong>in</strong>al<br />
properties.<br />
Asteraceae Family<br />
Solidago rugosa (roo-go-suh) mean<strong>in</strong>g wr<strong>in</strong>kled<br />
‘Fireworks’<br />
Common Name: Rough- Stem Goldenrod Central &Eastern North America<br />
Zones: 4 – 9 Flower Color: Yellow Height: 3 – 4’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
This cultivar has golden-yellow flowers that arch gracefully downward like the<br />
glitter<strong>in</strong>g trails from Fourth of July fireworks. To encourage further bloom<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Solidago ‘Fireworks’ should be cut back after bloom<strong>in</strong>g. At 3-4” tall, this<br />
compact clump form<strong>in</strong>g perennial will be the highlight of the landscape from<br />
late summer to early fall.<br />
Native habitat <strong>in</strong>cludes roadsides, thickets, fields, meadows and prairies. They<br />
are good for fall conta<strong>in</strong>ers, meadows, cut flower gardens, naturalized areas,<br />
mixed borders, and butterfly gardens. Their rhizomatous nature will ensure a<br />
nice stand of plants to enjoy. F<strong>in</strong>ches, Juncos, Sparrows, and Ruffed Grouse<br />
will eat the seeds. Migrat<strong>in</strong>g butterflies will use the nectar to fuel their fall<br />
migration. Bees use the pollen and nectar to build up their w<strong>in</strong>ter supply. .<br />
A Field of Sunsh<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
The genus of Solidago can be found grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> all the states of the cont<strong>in</strong>ental<br />
US and Alaska and Hawaii. The species rugosa is found <strong>in</strong> the states of Ma<strong>in</strong>e<br />
to Florida, Michigan to Texas. In New England, S. rugosa is one of two species<br />
that provide the most nectar to bees for honey production. A pound of S. rugosa<br />
seed conta<strong>in</strong>s 1,000,000 seeds compared to Sunflower seeds that conta<strong>in</strong><br />
350,000 seeds. These bright colored flowers attract color-sensitive <strong>in</strong>sects to<br />
poll<strong>in</strong>ate them. A reliable yellow dye for cloth has been made from Goldenrods,<br />
used ma<strong>in</strong>ly <strong>in</strong> homes, not commercially.<br />
Solidago sphacelata ‘Golden Fleece’<br />
Common Name: Dwarf Goldenrod Central &Eastern United States<br />
Zones: 4 – 9 Flower Color: Golden Yellow Height: 18 – 24” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
This Solidago has showy sprays of golden yellow flowers <strong>in</strong> late summer to fall<br />
and provides a great backdrop for other late bloom<strong>in</strong>g <strong>perennials</strong> like Asters.<br />
This native has nice textured dark green leaves that are more rounded or heart<br />
shaped.<br />
52
STOKESIA (stoks-ee-a)<br />
After Dr. Jonathan Stokes (1755-1831), Ed<strong>in</strong>burgh physician and botanist.<br />
Asteraceae Family<br />
Stokesia laevis (lay-vis) mean<strong>in</strong>g smooth<br />
Common Name: Stoke’s Aster Southeastern United States<br />
Zones: 5 – 9 Flower Color: see cultivar Height: see cultivar Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
Cultivars:<br />
l. ‘Blue Danube’ is the strongest light blue imag<strong>in</strong>able with just a h<strong>in</strong>t of<br />
lavender. It has the same fr<strong>in</strong>ged Aster-like flower as the white variety, grow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to a height of 12" or so. Start<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> June, it blooms away <strong>in</strong>to September, and<br />
can provide you with up to 14 weeks of showy color <strong>in</strong> the border or as a cut<br />
flower. Blooms often close <strong>in</strong> the even<strong>in</strong>g and reopen <strong>in</strong> the morn<strong>in</strong>g. It is<br />
tolerant of heat, drought, and different k<strong>in</strong>ds of soil, as long as it is well-dra<strong>in</strong>ed,<br />
especially <strong>in</strong> w<strong>in</strong>ter.<br />
l. ‘Color Wheel’ is a strik<strong>in</strong>g new variety of an old-fashioned garden perennial.<br />
3" flowers open white on branched bloom stems, then fade to lavender,<br />
followed by dark blue-purple, ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g three to five different color flowers<br />
all at one time. Bloom stems reach 18-24" above the classic green elongated<br />
leaves. Keep spent bloom stems snipped for an extended May-June bloom time.<br />
This drought-tolerant native looks tidy <strong>in</strong> a pot as well as the garden, and is easy<br />
to grow. But remember, no wet feet, especially <strong>in</strong> w<strong>in</strong>ter. Try it with purple<br />
Salvia, hardy Geraniums, and Siberian Iris. PP#12718.<br />
l. ‘Peachie’s Pick’ has not only dense and tight clumps, but the densly compact<br />
upright flower spikes are topped with dozens of large, blue flowers, from late<br />
June to early July. The deep green foliage rema<strong>in</strong>s attractive all season grow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
to 18” tall. Peachie’s Pick occurred as a seedl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Peachie’s garden and, due<br />
to her generosity, the rest is history.<br />
53
TIARELLA (tee-a-rel-a)<br />
Dim<strong>in</strong>utive of the Greek tiara,<br />
a small crown, referr<strong>in</strong>g to the fruit.<br />
Saxifragaceae Family<br />
Tiarella cordifolia (kor-di-fo-lee-a) is from the<br />
Lat<strong>in</strong> cordi mean<strong>in</strong>g heart and folia mean<strong>in</strong>g leaf, referr<strong>in</strong>g to the heart shaped<br />
leaves.<br />
Common Name: Allegheny Foam Flower Eastern North America<br />
Zones: 4 – 8 Flower Color: see cultivar Height: see cultivar Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
Tiarella cordifolia plants are 1-2’ wide clumps formed by a stoloniferous habit,<br />
spread<strong>in</strong>g around the garden at will. Generally, T. cordifolia is considered the<br />
“runn<strong>in</strong>g” form of the eastern Tiarellas, though some of the cultivars are more<br />
“clump<strong>in</strong>g”. The evergreen leaves are heart shaped <strong>in</strong> a basal rosette. The<br />
leaves usually have dark midribs and often they have attractive fall color. T<strong>in</strong>y,<br />
white flowers grow to 10-12” high <strong>in</strong> the spr<strong>in</strong>g, for up to 6 weeks, with some<br />
Tiarellas hav<strong>in</strong>g p<strong>in</strong>k flower buds. They require moisture retentive, welldra<strong>in</strong>ed,<br />
highly organic soils with medium to heavy shade. Well-rotted oak<br />
leaves are excellent organic matter to enrich your soil. Soil should not be<br />
allowed to dry out; however, wet feet <strong>in</strong> the w<strong>in</strong>ter can cause the roots to rot.<br />
Found <strong>in</strong> its native habitat <strong>in</strong> rich woods, along the banks of streams, wet<br />
hollows, and mossy places <strong>in</strong> deciduous and mixed woods. A perennial herb<br />
that provides a good source of nectar <strong>in</strong> the early spr<strong>in</strong>g, Tiarella cordifolia this<br />
as a shady ground cover, <strong>in</strong> woodland gardens, <strong>in</strong> conta<strong>in</strong>ers, at the front of the<br />
border, and <strong>in</strong> moist areas along stream banks and naturalized areas.<br />
Native Americans used Tiarellas as an oral aid <strong>in</strong> which an <strong>in</strong>fusion was held <strong>in</strong><br />
the mouth to treat sore mouths. A poultice of smashed roots was applied to<br />
wounds and an <strong>in</strong>fusion of roots and leaves were given to fatten little children.<br />
A compound poultice of smashed roots was applied to sore backs and a<br />
decoction of dried roots was given as a tonic. The whole plant is rich <strong>in</strong> tann<strong>in</strong>,<br />
a natural astr<strong>in</strong>gent.<br />
Cultivars:<br />
c. ‘Brandyw<strong>in</strong>e’ was <strong>in</strong>troduced by S<strong>in</strong>clair Adam of Dunvegan Nursery. This<br />
Tiarella has large 3-4” wide light green heart-shaped leaves, with red venation<br />
and white flowers. It will grow to 8” high.<br />
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c. var. coll<strong>in</strong>a ‘Oakleaf’ is a rhizomanous, clump-form<strong>in</strong>g foamflower that is<br />
noted for its bright bronze oak-like foliage and its spires of p<strong>in</strong>k flowers <strong>in</strong><br />
spr<strong>in</strong>g. The foliage is 8-10” tall and 12-18” wide. ‘Oakleaf’ is an <strong>in</strong>troduction<br />
from the University of Delaware, the Brandyw<strong>in</strong>e Conservancy and Dunvegan<br />
Nursery.<br />
c. ‘Runn<strong>in</strong>g Tapestry’ has masses of t<strong>in</strong>y white flowers that appear <strong>in</strong> the<br />
spr<strong>in</strong>g for about 6 weeks. Grows to 12” and spreads 15-18”. It has burgundy<br />
marbl<strong>in</strong>g and deeply dissected heart shaped foliage. ‘Runn<strong>in</strong>g Tapestry’ was<br />
discovered by Jim Pyler of Natural Landscapes Nursery <strong>in</strong> West Grove, PA.<br />
This foamflower grows well around tree roots, runn<strong>in</strong>g here and there while<br />
form<strong>in</strong>g a tapestry of velvety marbled foliage.<br />
Hybrids:<br />
x ‘Dark Star’ has leaves that are star-shaped, and maple-like with a dark center.<br />
At 6-9” tall and 12” wide it will spread slowly by stolons to 24” wide. The<br />
foliage will turn an attractive reddish-bronze <strong>in</strong> the spr<strong>in</strong>g. The p<strong>in</strong>kish-white<br />
flowers are a nice contrast. A Don Heims of Terra Nova Nurseries <strong>in</strong>troduction.<br />
x ‘Elizabeth Oliver’ is a Primrose Path <strong>in</strong>troduction via Charles Oliver. A tidy<br />
clump<strong>in</strong>g habit, strik<strong>in</strong>g red streaked leaves and delicate flowers t<strong>in</strong>ged with<br />
p<strong>in</strong>k. Rich purple fall color. Height is 8-10”. The cut-leaved habit of this<br />
Foam Flower has made it an important parent <strong>in</strong> the bread<strong>in</strong>g of fancy-leaved<br />
Tiarellas<br />
Related Species:<br />
Tiarella wherryi blooms heavily <strong>in</strong> the spr<strong>in</strong>g with white flower spikes, then<br />
occasionally flowers until frost. The clump form<strong>in</strong>g foliage often turns red when<br />
it gets cold and grows 10-12” tall. This native is a good choice for shady or<br />
woodland garden.<br />
Nancy-Over-The-Ground.<br />
If you have ever been to Peirce’s Woods at Longwood Gardens <strong>in</strong> Pennsylvania<br />
or to Mt. Cuba <strong>in</strong> Delaware <strong>in</strong> the month of May, you have seen the huge drifts<br />
of Tiarella cordifolia. The airy white flowers are held above the mottled<br />
foliage. Nancy-over-the-ground, as it is also known, is a ma<strong>in</strong> stay of the shady<br />
garden, hav<strong>in</strong>g been transplanted from their native habitat by early settlers and<br />
passed from family to family. They adapt easily to a difficult situation under<br />
deciduous trees where there is competition from the tree roots for moisture and<br />
nutrients. Through the efforts of plant breeders the flower colors and especially<br />
the foliage colors have been greatly expanded with the <strong>in</strong>troduction of new<br />
cultivars.<br />
56
TRADESCANTIA (tra-des-kant-ee-a)<br />
Named by Carl L<strong>in</strong>naeus to honor John Tradescant (1608-1662)<br />
Commel<strong>in</strong>aceae Family<br />
Tradescantia virg<strong>in</strong>iana (T. x andersoniana)<br />
Named after Edgar Anderson (1897-1969) U.S. botanist who published papers<br />
on Tradescantia.<br />
Common Name: Spiderwort United States<br />
Zones: 4 – 9 Flower Color: see cultivar Height: see cultivar Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
Spiderworts are clump-form<strong>in</strong>g <strong>perennials</strong> herbs with a medium growth rate.<br />
They grow from 12-36” tall. The arch<strong>in</strong>g iris-like leaves are about 1” wide and<br />
fold lengthwise form<strong>in</strong>g a groove. The stems are fleshy and mucilag<strong>in</strong>ous.<br />
When the stems of Spiderworts are cut, a viscous stem secretion is released that<br />
becomes threadlike and silky upon harden<strong>in</strong>g (like a spider’s web), hence the<br />
common name. Bloom<strong>in</strong>g from June to October <strong>in</strong> a variety of flower hues,<br />
from pure white to deep purple, each flower will last only one day.<br />
Tradescantias grow well <strong>in</strong> most moist soils <strong>in</strong> partial shade. They will tolerate<br />
poor soils but the tips may become brown dur<strong>in</strong>g prolonged drought. If they<br />
become too leggy, cut them back to encourage new growth and blooms.<br />
Tradescantias are found <strong>in</strong> woods, prairies, open wood slopes, moist shaded<br />
bluff ledges, meadows, and roadsides. Use these plants <strong>in</strong> woodland gardens,<br />
wild gardens, naturalized areas, borders, sunny edges, dappled shade, edges of<br />
streams, <strong>in</strong> mass, as a ground cover, <strong>in</strong> rock gardens, conta<strong>in</strong>ers, and pond<br />
edges.<br />
The Cherokee Indians had been us<strong>in</strong>g Spidewort for a variety of medical<br />
ailments: an <strong>in</strong>fusion for stomachache from overeat<strong>in</strong>g; a compound <strong>in</strong>fusion<br />
“female aliments or rupture”; a poultice from the root for cancers; the roots are a<br />
laxative; a tea <strong>in</strong> the treatment of kidney and stomach ailments and women’s<br />
compla<strong>in</strong>ts; and a poultice of the leaves applied to st<strong>in</strong>gs, <strong>in</strong>sect bites and<br />
cancers.<br />
Hybrids:<br />
x ‘Bilberry Ice’ is a native species with a lovely new color. The white threepetal<br />
flowers have a lavender splash that gives a cool look <strong>in</strong> June and July. It<br />
is a more compact grower at 15". Cut it back hard after flower<strong>in</strong>g for a second<br />
flush of blooms and thicker foliage. Afternoon shade and moist, but welldra<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
soil are essential for good performance. By the same token, ‘Bilberry<br />
Ice’ handles drought with grace.<br />
x ‘Red Grape’ is a compact at 12–18", and produces a bounty of bright redviolet<br />
flowers <strong>in</strong> June, July and onward. More flowers are open <strong>in</strong> the morn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
57
hours. Moist well-dra<strong>in</strong>ed soil, <strong>in</strong> sun to part shade, is its preference, but<br />
through <strong>in</strong>tense drought it rema<strong>in</strong>s very attractive.<br />
x ‘Snowcap’ blooms’ are large and white at 15" <strong>in</strong> June and July with thick<br />
green grass-like foliage. If the foliage gets leggy <strong>in</strong> the heat, a haircut to about<br />
4–6" will revive it and make for more blooms.<br />
x ‘Sweet Kate’<br />
This Spiderwort is a contrast of colors that will brighten the shady garden. The<br />
bright golden-yellow foliage is topped with gentian blue flowers. This is one of<br />
the taller Tradescantias at 24”. ‘Sweet Kate’ will benefit from be<strong>in</strong>g cut back to<br />
allow the foliage to flush out aga<strong>in</strong> with vivid color. A U.S. hybrid from Kent,<br />
Hillier Nursery <strong>in</strong>troduced this plant at the Chelsea Flower Show <strong>in</strong> 2000.<br />
Tolerant of wet soils and attractive to Butterflies, this is good plant to plant<br />
around spr<strong>in</strong>g bloom<strong>in</strong>g bulbs to hide the foliage as it ripens. Use ‘Sweet Kate’<br />
as a specimen or accent plant, <strong>in</strong> a mass, conta<strong>in</strong>er, or border.<br />
Strange Name, Nice Plant.<br />
John Tradescant, the younger, who was head gardener to Charles the First and<br />
Charles the Second, traveled to Virg<strong>in</strong>ia <strong>in</strong> the early 1600s on several flowerhunt<strong>in</strong>g<br />
journeys. After travel<strong>in</strong>g many months by ship, the weary travelers had<br />
to camp out <strong>in</strong> the wilderness. Perhaps grow<strong>in</strong>g next to their campsite they<br />
found a plant grow<strong>in</strong>g with purple flowers and po<strong>in</strong>ted green leaves. After<br />
pick<strong>in</strong>g the flowers they discovered that the sap became threadlike and silky<br />
resembl<strong>in</strong>g a spider’s web, and gave it the common name “Spiderwort”.<br />
Collect<strong>in</strong>g the seeds became the best way to take plant material home due to the<br />
long voyage. John Tradescant found and collected Spiderwort grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
Virg<strong>in</strong>ia and returned to England with his collection to study. Carl L<strong>in</strong>naeus<br />
named this plant Tradescantia to honor John Tradescant.<br />
VERBENA (ver-been-a)<br />
From Lat<strong>in</strong> word for ceremonial and medic<strong>in</strong>al plants.<br />
Verbenaceae Family<br />
v. canadensis<br />
Common Name: Rose Verbena North America<br />
Zones: 7 – 10 Flower Color: Purple Height: 6 – 10” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
x. ‘Homestead Purple’<br />
Few plants bloom so extravagantly for so long as this one. Deep purple flower<br />
clusters bloom from May to frost over the vigorous, ground cover<strong>in</strong>g foliage of<br />
6–10". Maryland heat and drought tolerant, it is hardy <strong>in</strong> the w<strong>in</strong>ter to 9<br />
degrees. You’ll f<strong>in</strong>d it thrives on ‘haircuts’ throughout the grow<strong>in</strong>g season to<br />
keep it tidy and m<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g its manners.<br />
58
HARDY FERNS<br />
ATHYRIUM (a-thi-ree-um)<br />
Possibly from the Greek athyros, doorless, referr<strong>in</strong>g to the late open<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong>dusium.<br />
Dryopteridaceae Family<br />
Athyrium filix-fem<strong>in</strong>a (fi-liks fem-mi-na) referr<strong>in</strong>g to the delicate fronds<br />
Common Name: Lady Fern Northern Hemisphere<br />
Zones: 4 – 8 Height: 18 – 24” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
The Lady Fern has lacy lime green fronds with reddish stems. One of the most<br />
popular ferns dur<strong>in</strong>g the Victorian era, very da<strong>in</strong>ty and delicate look<strong>in</strong>g, this fern<br />
is quite hardy. As a pioneer species, Lady Fern has been known to grow <strong>in</strong><br />
cracks and crevices between rocks. The fronds, however, are brittle and will<br />
snap off if mishandled. Grow<strong>in</strong>g to 18-24 <strong>in</strong>ches high, they will grow <strong>in</strong>to a<br />
deciduous asymmetric clump formed by short-creep<strong>in</strong>g rhizomes. The Lady<br />
Fern cont<strong>in</strong>ues to send up fronds all dur<strong>in</strong>g the grow<strong>in</strong>g season. In water<br />
retentive soils, this fern will handle quite a bit of sun. It prefers light to full<br />
shade <strong>in</strong> average soils. Lady Fern is found <strong>in</strong> nature <strong>in</strong> meadows, open thickets,<br />
moist woodlands, rav<strong>in</strong>es, and swamps.<br />
Native Americans used Athyrium filix-fem<strong>in</strong>a for a variety of reasons. A tea<br />
made from the roots acted as a diuretic and a tea made from the stems was used<br />
to ease labor pa<strong>in</strong>s. It was also used to treat many gynecological related<br />
ailments <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g cancer of the womb and childbirth. New shoots and the<br />
rhizomes were roasted, peeled, and the centers eaten. The leaves were used to<br />
clean eels and fish after be<strong>in</strong>g caught and to cover camas while bak<strong>in</strong>g. Fronds<br />
were used to separate food layers <strong>in</strong> steam<strong>in</strong>g pits. They were also used to cover<br />
berry baskets. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to some folklore, f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g this fern grow<strong>in</strong>g wild was<br />
considered to be a sign that water was nearby.<br />
Cultivars:<br />
A. filix-fem<strong>in</strong>a ‘Lady <strong>in</strong> Red’<br />
This selection has vibrant burgundy colored stems (stipe). John Lynch, a<br />
member of The New England Wildflower Society, found this fern grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a<br />
population <strong>in</strong> Vermont <strong>in</strong> 1998. The best color will be apparent after the second<br />
year of growth. Just as hardy and attractive as the straight species, this fern<br />
br<strong>in</strong>gs another color element to the shady garden.<br />
59
A. filix-fem<strong>in</strong>a ‘Frizelliae’ (Tatt<strong>in</strong>g Fern)<br />
The Tatt<strong>in</strong>g Fern is a very unique lady fern from Europe. It was found <strong>in</strong> 1857<br />
by Mrs. Frizell <strong>in</strong> her Ireland garden. It has narrow fronds 12-18” long with a<br />
green fan shaped p<strong>in</strong>nae flared out on either side of the stem. It forms a<br />
deciduous clump and prefers light shade.<br />
Delicate but Strong.<br />
Popular s<strong>in</strong>ce the Victorian era, the Lady Ferns are da<strong>in</strong>ty-look<strong>in</strong>g but very<br />
hardy. While walk<strong>in</strong>g through a shaded forest with a lush growth of ferns under<br />
the deciduous trees, a delicate lacy lime green fern was spotted. Upon close<br />
<strong>in</strong>spection it was noted that the reproductive structures were borne<br />
<strong>in</strong>conspicuously along the leaf marg<strong>in</strong> and concealed <strong>in</strong> a manner deemed<br />
“female”. It was given the common name of “Lady Fern”. Also noted were the<br />
‘hairy’ scales on the stipe (stem). Another way to remember this fern it is to<br />
th<strong>in</strong>k of it as be<strong>in</strong>g a “delicate lady with hairy legs”.<br />
DENNSTAEDTIA (den-stet-ee-a)<br />
After August Wilhelm Dennstedt (1776-1826), German botanist.<br />
Dennstaedtiaceae Family<br />
D. punctilobula (punk-tee-lob-ew-la) mean<strong>in</strong>g with dotted lobules.<br />
Common Name: Eastern Hayscented Fern Eastern North America<br />
Zones: 3 – 8 Height: 3’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
A rapidly grow<strong>in</strong>g lime green deciduous native fern with a lacy texture, it<br />
spreads from rhizomes and is useful as a ground cover. It grows to 3' and its<br />
fronds smell like fresh-cut hay if crushed or bruised.<br />
60
DRYOPTERIS (dree-op-te-ris)<br />
From the Greek drys, oak, and pteris, a fern.<br />
Dryopteridaceae Family<br />
D. x australis<br />
Common Name: Dixie Wood Fern Southeastern United States<br />
Zones: 5 – 9 Height: 4 – 5’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
This cross between the Log Fern and the Southern Wood Fern is rich <strong>in</strong> color<br />
and is semi-evergreen with large, erect, tall fronds at 4-5' when fully grown.<br />
This is a particularly big, strong fern for the woodland garden.<br />
D. marg<strong>in</strong>alis<br />
Common Name: Evergreen Wood Fern Eastern North America<br />
Zones: 2 – 8 Height: 2 – 3’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
Also commonly called the Leatherwood Fern or Marg<strong>in</strong>al Shield Fern, this<br />
native clump-grower has dark green, upright fronds between 2-3' <strong>in</strong> length, and<br />
handles shade or part shade.<br />
D. celsa<br />
Common Name: Log Fern Eastern United States<br />
Zones: 5 – 9 Height: 3 – 4’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
Semi-evergreen, fast grow<strong>in</strong>g, and a tough native wood fern; its upright stems<br />
reach 36-48". Hardly surpris<strong>in</strong>g it’s a Dryopteris!<br />
MATTEUCIA (ma-too-see-a)<br />
Named after Carlo Matteucci (1811-1863), a physicist at the University of<br />
Florence, Italy and later a politician.<br />
Dryopteridaceae Family<br />
M. struthiopteris (stroo-thee-op-te-ris) (syn. M. pensylvanica)<br />
From Greek, struthokamelos, an ostrich, and pteris, a fern, as the fronds<br />
resemble ostrich feathers. (pensylvanica of or from Pennsylvania, United<br />
States.)<br />
Dryopteridaceae Family<br />
Common Name: Ostrich Fern Northeast & Central U.S, Canada<br />
Zones 2 – 8 Height: 3 – 4’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
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This bold, vase-shaped fern has two different types of fronds (leaves). The large<br />
deciduous sterile feathery fronds are deeply cut <strong>in</strong>to lobes and will grow to be 3-<br />
4 feet tall and 24 <strong>in</strong>ches wide. They form a vase-like crown around the fertile,<br />
dark glossy green, deciduous fronds that emerge later. Stiffly erect <strong>in</strong> the center<br />
the fertile fronds will emerge <strong>in</strong> July-August. They will turn brown and rema<strong>in</strong><br />
upright and ornamental throughout the w<strong>in</strong>ter. The fertile fronds are useful <strong>in</strong><br />
holiday decorations and will last for years. Mov<strong>in</strong>g Ostrich Ferns can be<br />
difficult when they reach mature height as they are somewhat brittle and may<br />
break off easily. Transplant<strong>in</strong>g should be done when they are dormant or before<br />
excessive new growth. Ostrich Ferns grow best <strong>in</strong> average to moist or wet<br />
humus rich (high <strong>in</strong> organic material) soil, keep<strong>in</strong>g consistently moist. Do not<br />
allow them to dry out between water<strong>in</strong>g, and with sufficient moisture they will<br />
grow to over 6 feet; planted next to a streambed is an ideal location. Requir<strong>in</strong>g<br />
partial to full shade, they are <strong>in</strong>tolerant of drought and dry<strong>in</strong>g w<strong>in</strong>ds as this will<br />
cause the fronds to scorch. This fern will tolerate sun if grown <strong>in</strong> swampy areas.<br />
Dur<strong>in</strong>g drought conditions, Ostrich Ferns can be cut back and they will flush out<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>. Ostrich Ferns grow from stem-like rhizomes and the stolons can be quite<br />
vigorous and cover large areas and may also provide erosion control. Keep this<br />
fern away from your da<strong>in</strong>ty and expensive plants. Deer do not like to eat ferns<br />
<strong>in</strong> general.<br />
Ostrich Ferns make quite a statement when used <strong>in</strong> moist woodlands, ponds or<br />
stream edges. They grow natively <strong>in</strong> swampy areas where it can reach 6 feet or<br />
taller. The architectural form of this fern can be used as a backdrop for statuary,<br />
to block an unsightly view, to direct foot traffic, as a focal po<strong>in</strong>t, or <strong>in</strong> mass.<br />
Use the cut fronds (sterile) <strong>in</strong> cut flower bouquets, and the dried fronds (fertile)<br />
<strong>in</strong> dried flower arrangements and holiday decorations.<br />
Tasty Feathers<br />
Ostrich Fern fiddleheads are edible and are the only fern available for sale to the<br />
public <strong>in</strong> this stage. The flavor has been compared to asparagus. Ostrich Fern<br />
fiddleheads were a regular part of the diet of Canadian settlers by the early<br />
1700’s. Today they can be found canned, frozen, or fresh. Many restaurants<br />
serve them when they become available <strong>in</strong> the spr<strong>in</strong>g. The state of Ma<strong>in</strong>e<br />
produces a great amount of canned fiddleheads each year. One company<br />
reported that they process an average of 25-30 tons of fiddleheads each year.<br />
The young fiddleheads (young coiled sterile fronds) are collected <strong>in</strong> the early<br />
spr<strong>in</strong>g by several cann<strong>in</strong>g companies. Do not consume any wild gathered plant<br />
without consult<strong>in</strong>g an expert <strong>in</strong> the field. Fiddleheads are usually boiled for 15<br />
m<strong>in</strong>utes or steamed for 10-12 m<strong>in</strong>utes before eat<strong>in</strong>g to be safe. The edible<br />
fiddlehead is the state vegetable of Vermont.<br />
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ONOCLEA (on-oh-klee-uh)<br />
From the Greek ono,s mean<strong>in</strong>g vessel, and kleio, to close, refers to the closely<br />
rolled fertile fronds.<br />
Dryopteridaceae Family<br />
O. sensibilis (sen-si-bi-lis)from the Lat<strong>in</strong>, sensitive.<br />
Common Name: Sensitive Fern Eastern & Central North America<br />
Zones: 2 – 10 Height: 18” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
The fronds of the Sensitive Fern are very coarsely textured, hav<strong>in</strong>g one of the<br />
broadest leaves found <strong>in</strong> the mid-Atlantic region. The deciduous, 18 <strong>in</strong>ches<br />
high, sterile fronds are light green and leathery, and very dist<strong>in</strong>ctive. The edges<br />
of the marg<strong>in</strong>s are wavy, not toothed like most ferns. The fertile fronds are<br />
brown and shorter than the sterile fronds. The fertile fronds are produced <strong>in</strong><br />
August thru September and persist <strong>in</strong>to the next year, creat<strong>in</strong>g w<strong>in</strong>ter <strong>in</strong>terest.<br />
The fertile fronds are hardy enough to be used <strong>in</strong> dried and holiday<br />
arrangements. The sterile fronds turn brown and die back to the ground with the<br />
first frost, earn<strong>in</strong>g its common name of Sensitive Fern. Onoclea sensibilis<br />
grows from a root system of creep<strong>in</strong>g rhizomes near the surface of the soil. The<br />
roots are extensively branched and spread quickly.<br />
Sensitive Fern is found grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> wet meadows, thickets, woods, banks of<br />
streams and river, swamps, and <strong>in</strong> bogs. Sometimes these ferns are found<br />
grow<strong>in</strong>g along dried up streambeds and dra<strong>in</strong>age ditches that will fill up with<br />
water when heavy ra<strong>in</strong>s fall. This fern tolerates the toughest of conditions and is<br />
considered a low ma<strong>in</strong>tenance plant for moist sites. Onocolea sensibilis will<br />
want to have shade or part shade, but will tolerate sun with adequate moisture.<br />
Average garden soil on the acidic side with extra moisture will provide this fern<br />
with what it needs to grow well. Sensitive fern will tolerate wet soils and is very<br />
useful planted near water. Caution: this fern may cause poison<strong>in</strong>g and <strong>in</strong> some<br />
cases death <strong>in</strong> older horses.<br />
Prehistoric and Still Popular.<br />
From the D<strong>in</strong>osaur era to the modern world of today, Sensitive Fern cont<strong>in</strong>ues as<br />
it was grow<strong>in</strong>g several million years ago. Fossils of this fern have been found<br />
dat<strong>in</strong>g back more than 60 million years and look remarkably similar to today’s<br />
Sensitive Fern. This and other ferns have been popular <strong>in</strong> gardens for many<br />
years as well. Evolution gardens, or’ Jurassic’ gardens can turn a shady corner<br />
<strong>in</strong>to a prehistoric wonderland. By us<strong>in</strong>g Gymnosperms (conifers) and seedless<br />
plants such as ferns, and Selag<strong>in</strong>ellas you can replicate the plant culture that<br />
early man might have recognized.<br />
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OSMUNDA (os-mun-da)<br />
Derivation obscure.<br />
Osmundaceae Family<br />
O. c<strong>in</strong>namomea (s<strong>in</strong>-a-mo-mee-a) mean<strong>in</strong>g brown, from the Lat<strong>in</strong> “c<strong>in</strong>namon”.<br />
Common Name: C<strong>in</strong>namon Fern Eastern United States<br />
Zones: 2 – 10 Height: 3 – 4’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
The C<strong>in</strong>namon Fern is identified by the fuzzy c<strong>in</strong>namon fertile fronds that<br />
appear <strong>in</strong> the center of the green sterile fronds <strong>in</strong> the early spr<strong>in</strong>g. Sometimes<br />
confused with the Ostrich Fern, this fern is somewhat shorter at 3-5 feet with the<br />
sterile brown fronds disappear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> mid summer while the fertile fronds of the<br />
Ostrich Fern are just start<strong>in</strong>g to turn brown. Small tufts at the base of each<br />
leaflet of the C<strong>in</strong>namon Fern are another identify<strong>in</strong>g feature. This slow grow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
fern has a coarse texture and is one of the first ferns to emerge <strong>in</strong> the spr<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
This woodland fern will enjoy constant moisture <strong>in</strong> an acidic soil. It will handle<br />
wet, swampy land and some direct sun if kept moist. Osmunda c<strong>in</strong>namomea<br />
natively grows <strong>in</strong> bogs, peat lands, thickets, wet woods, swamps, ditches, and<br />
streambeds. The fiddleheads are eaten by Ruffed Grouse. These ferns also<br />
provide seasonal coverage for birds and other wildlife. Humm<strong>in</strong>gbirds<br />
sometime use the fuzz on young fronds to l<strong>in</strong>e their nests. Fossil records<br />
<strong>in</strong>dicate that members of the Osmundaceae family are among the oldest of ferns.<br />
C<strong>in</strong>namon Ferns have a light, feathery look to them, are easy to grow and very<br />
showy. Plant them at a streamside, <strong>in</strong> a damp woodland garden, shade border,<br />
conta<strong>in</strong>ers, or <strong>in</strong> a collection of ferns. Comb<strong>in</strong>e with other ferns, bold textured,<br />
or use as a specimen. C<strong>in</strong>namon fern will naturalize well <strong>in</strong> wet woodlands and<br />
is useful as a background for smaller, colorful ferns and <strong>perennials</strong>.<br />
Pretty and Useful.<br />
Dur<strong>in</strong>g the early years of Orchid collect<strong>in</strong>g, a root<strong>in</strong>g medium was needed to<br />
keep the Orchids alive and thriv<strong>in</strong>g. Sphagnum moss was used <strong>in</strong>itially and then<br />
Osmunda fiber was <strong>in</strong>troduced. At the time Osmunda were readily available<br />
and reasonably priced. The Osmunda fiber came from the roots and rhizomes of<br />
ferns <strong>in</strong> the Osmundaceae Family. Osmunda roots were harvested from old fern<br />
colonies where the roots accumulated <strong>in</strong> extensive mats. The fibers were tough<br />
and spr<strong>in</strong>gy, giv<strong>in</strong>g the roots plenty of air and with the process of decay<strong>in</strong>g<br />
would furnish all the nutrients the orchids needed. The demand for Osmunda<br />
fibers <strong>in</strong>creased caus<strong>in</strong>g them to become scarce and expensive. Today there are<br />
many alternatives to the Osmunda fiber and Sphagnum moss, sav<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
depletion of these natural resources<br />
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OSUMNDA regalis (ray-gah-lis) mean<strong>in</strong>g royal.<br />
Common Name: Royal Fern Eastern & Central North America<br />
Zones: 2 – 10 Height: 3 – 4’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
The Osmundaceae Family of ferns are the most widespread ferns and grow on<br />
all cont<strong>in</strong>ents except Antarctica. Royal Ferns are the only vascular plant<br />
reported to grow on all the cont<strong>in</strong>ents except Australia. Osmunda regalis is a<br />
handsome fern that does not really look fern-like. The fronds resemble the<br />
leaves of the Locust Tree, (Rob<strong>in</strong>ia pseudoacacia), and the habit is almost shrub<br />
like. This fern is also made up of fertile and sterile fronds. The sterile fronds<br />
will grow to 3-4’ tall and sometimes, <strong>in</strong> damp sheltered places, this fern will<br />
grow to be 8-10’ high. The fertile fronds will develop <strong>in</strong> April. Stiff and upright,<br />
this fern makes a formal statement <strong>in</strong> the shady garden. Grow <strong>in</strong> moist to wet<br />
soils, full shade to part shade. Osmundas are frequently referred to as a<br />
flower<strong>in</strong>g fern due to the appearance of the fertile fronds.<br />
Legends <strong>in</strong> Their Own Time.<br />
Many legends exist of the orig<strong>in</strong>ation of Royal Fern. One legend <strong>in</strong> Great Brita<strong>in</strong><br />
is of a wife and daughter of Osmunder, a waterman of Loch Tyne, who took<br />
refuge among Osmunda (the fern) dur<strong>in</strong>g an <strong>in</strong>vasion of the Danes. Another<br />
legend describes Osmunda as the Saxon equivalent of the Norse god Thor. In<br />
Europe, Royal Fern became known as St. Christopher’s herb as Christianity<br />
spread. The legend states that travelers, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the Christ-child were carried<br />
safely over rivers by the sa<strong>in</strong>t as a test of faith. St. Christopher is the patron<br />
sa<strong>in</strong>t of waterman, seafarers, boatmen and all other travelers. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
Slavic mythology, the sporangia (the fertile frond) of Royal Fern, called<br />
“Perun’s flowers’, had assorted magical powers <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g giv<strong>in</strong>g their holders<br />
the ability to defeat demons, fulfill wishes, unlock secrets, and understand the<br />
language of trees.<br />
POLYSTICHUM (po-lis-ti-kum)<br />
From the Greek polys, many and stichos, row. The sori are <strong>in</strong> many rows.<br />
Polypodiaceae Family<br />
P. acrostichoides (a-kro-sti-koi-deez) mean<strong>in</strong>g resembl<strong>in</strong>g the Acrostichum<br />
fern, a tropical genus, where the sori completely cover the undersurface.<br />
Common Name: Christmas Fern North America<br />
Zones: 3 – 9 Height: 2’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
This hardy evergreen fern is similar <strong>in</strong> looks to the <strong>in</strong>door Boston Fern Santa’s<br />
boots. Some sources suggest that the common name comes from the fact that<br />
this fern is still green at Christmas time. Christmas Fern grows well <strong>in</strong> rocky<br />
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soil <strong>in</strong> shade, but will tolerate some sun if it stays moist. Extremely drought<br />
tolerant, this fern will do well <strong>in</strong> dry shade. It prefers sandy and loamy moist<br />
soils <strong>in</strong> full to semi-shade <strong>in</strong> a variety of pH levels. The 2 feet tall fronds are<br />
dark green, sh<strong>in</strong>y, and evergreen, creat<strong>in</strong>g w<strong>in</strong>ter <strong>in</strong>terest. A characteristic of the<br />
genus Polystichum is the bent-over-backwards tassel-like form of the unfurl<strong>in</strong>g<br />
fronds. This rhizomatous fern will <strong>in</strong>crease its founta<strong>in</strong>-like asymmetric clumps<br />
but will not spread. Christmas Fern can be found grow<strong>in</strong>g natively on forest<br />
shady floors, and rocky slopes. It is also found grow<strong>in</strong>g on banks of streams,<br />
through out the woods, and along trails <strong>in</strong> the woods. Dur<strong>in</strong>g the w<strong>in</strong>ter,<br />
Christmas Fern stands out aga<strong>in</strong>st the brown leaves on the forest floor. Use this<br />
popular fern <strong>in</strong> woodland gardens, shade gardens, on the edges of shady areas, <strong>in</strong><br />
deep shade, as cut greens <strong>in</strong> arrangements, and <strong>in</strong> conta<strong>in</strong>ers. Old fronds should<br />
be removed <strong>in</strong> the spr<strong>in</strong>g to improve the appearance of the plant and to remove<br />
potential areas that may harbor fungal diseases.<br />
Native Americans used this fern to treat a variety of compla<strong>in</strong>ts. A tea from the<br />
roots was used as a blood purifier, emetic, and febrifuge and <strong>in</strong> the treatment of<br />
chills, fevers, pneumonia, stomach or bowel compla<strong>in</strong>ts and rheumatism. The<br />
root was also used as a poultice or decoction <strong>in</strong> the treatment of rheumatism.<br />
The Cherokee used the fiddleheads for food.<br />
Christmas all Year Long.<br />
As early settlers moved from the east coast to Kansas and Texas they would<br />
keep see<strong>in</strong>g this remarkable fern <strong>in</strong> the woods and along the shady pathways.<br />
Evergreen <strong>in</strong> the w<strong>in</strong>ter, it was sometimes the only plant that was still green.<br />
From their Native American friends, they learned to use this plant for medic<strong>in</strong>e<br />
and food. Settlers from New England carried their holiday traditions to their<br />
new homes, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g us<strong>in</strong>g this fern for decorations.<br />
THELYPTERIS (thel-ip-ter-is)<br />
Thelypteridaceae Family<br />
T. noveboracensis<br />
Common Name: New York Fern Eastern North America<br />
Zones: 4 – 8 Height: 1 – 2’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
Looks like Hayscented Fern but has fronds that taper at both ends, unlike<br />
Hayscented that are triangular shaped. Native to moist woodlands and pastures,<br />
rav<strong>in</strong>es, bogs, swamps, and field marg<strong>in</strong>s of Eastern deciduous forests. New<br />
York Fern grows <strong>in</strong> a variety of soils, on banks of streams, form<strong>in</strong>g large<br />
colonies. It has a moderate growth rate and spreads easily. New York and<br />
Hayscented are the most sun-tolerant of the native ferns.<br />
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ORNAMENTAL GRASSES<br />
CAREX (kah-reks)<br />
From the Greek keiro mean<strong>in</strong>g to cut, referr<strong>in</strong>g to the sharp edge of the leaf<br />
marg<strong>in</strong>s.<br />
Cyperaceae Family<br />
C. flacca (glauca) glauca referr<strong>in</strong>g to glaucous leaves (covered with a th<strong>in</strong> waxy<br />
cover<strong>in</strong>g that rubs off easily) or usually appears blue-gray and the term may be<br />
used to refer to such a color.<br />
Common Name: Blue Sedge Northeastern United States, Canada<br />
Zones: 5 - 9 Height: 6 – 8” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
Accord<strong>in</strong>g to some sources this Sedge is native to the United States while others<br />
say that it has been naturalized or <strong>in</strong>troduced. Concentrated <strong>in</strong> the states of New<br />
York and Michigan, Carex glauca is a cool season grass. It will start to grow<br />
early <strong>in</strong> the spr<strong>in</strong>g and look its best when the weather is cool. In the spr<strong>in</strong>g<br />
brown or w<strong>in</strong>ter <strong>in</strong>jured foliage should be trimmed off. There is no need to cut<br />
the whole plant back. The arch<strong>in</strong>g shape of this blue leaved Carex lends itself to<br />
many design possibilities. Blue Sedge is also know as Carnation Grass because<br />
of its narrow, evergreen, blue leaves that grow 6-8 <strong>in</strong>ches high with a 3/16 <strong>in</strong>ch<br />
width. Dur<strong>in</strong>g the year the leaf blades can be green to blue. The flowers that<br />
appear <strong>in</strong> late spr<strong>in</strong>g are relatively <strong>in</strong>significant and can be purple-black <strong>in</strong> color.<br />
Very rhizomatous, this Carex will spread slowly but steadily. A f<strong>in</strong>e textured<br />
mass; it will work well as a ground cover or as a lawn substitute and is adaptable<br />
to a wide range of soils. Carex flacca (glauca) prefers moist soil but is drought<br />
tolerant when established. It can also be lightly walked on and carries some salt<br />
tolerance. Use <strong>in</strong> full sun to partial shade.<br />
Native to grasslands, sand dunes and marshes, Blue Sedge is very effective with<br />
bold textured plants. It serves well as a fill <strong>in</strong> plant and is great for edg<strong>in</strong>g and<br />
borders, mass<strong>in</strong>g, low ma<strong>in</strong>tenance gardens, conta<strong>in</strong>ers, rock gardens, shaded<br />
areas near ponds or streams, ground cover, and for erosion control on shore<br />
banks. Blue sedge can also grow 2 <strong>in</strong>ches below the surface of the water,<br />
mak<strong>in</strong>g them useful <strong>in</strong> a bog or water feature.<br />
Good to have Around.<br />
Carex glauca helps to keep flower borders neat and tidy as it weaves around<br />
plants, forms a nice groundcover, spreads around stepp<strong>in</strong>g stones, and separates<br />
flowers that would otherwise compete with foliage or flower color. When they<br />
<strong>in</strong>trude <strong>in</strong>to the surround<strong>in</strong>g plants, simply scoop clumps up from around the<br />
edges and move them around to spread them out.<br />
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C. pensylvanica<br />
Common Name: Pennsylvania Sedge Eastern North America<br />
Zones: 4 – 9 Height: 15” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
This native grows <strong>in</strong> dry to moist woods <strong>in</strong> the mounta<strong>in</strong>s from West Virg<strong>in</strong>ia to<br />
Alabama and Georgia. It forms soft, grass-like, 15” lumps of very narrow,<br />
bright green leave. The clumps spread quickly and are soft and curl gently<br />
turn<strong>in</strong>g pale brown <strong>in</strong> the w<strong>in</strong>ter. Use this <strong>in</strong> masses to soften/brighten a damp<br />
shady are.<br />
CHASMANTHIUM (chas-man-the-um)<br />
From the Greek chasma, chasmatos, open,<br />
any wide open<strong>in</strong>g, and anthos, flower<br />
Poaceae Family<br />
C. latifolium (la-ti-fo-lee-um) mean<strong>in</strong>g wide leaves.<br />
Common Name: Northern Sea Oats Eastern & Central United States<br />
Zones: 5 – 9 Height: 3’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 30”<br />
This shade tolerant warm season Ornamental Grass is upright, clump form<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
3-4 feet high and spread<strong>in</strong>g to 1½ feet. The leaf blades are ½ <strong>in</strong>ches wide and<br />
emerge green <strong>in</strong> the spr<strong>in</strong>g, turn<strong>in</strong>g to gold <strong>in</strong> the autumn. The Bamboo like<br />
foliage has very ornamental green oat like spikelets that are suspended<br />
gracefully at the term<strong>in</strong>al end. They will turn gold <strong>in</strong> the autumn and then fade<br />
to a light brown and persist throughout w<strong>in</strong>ter. Cut them back <strong>in</strong> the spr<strong>in</strong>g. The<br />
dried seed heads and leaves will rustle <strong>in</strong> the w<strong>in</strong>d, provid<strong>in</strong>g sound as well as<br />
movement to your w<strong>in</strong>ter garden.<br />
Chasmanthium latifolium is tolerant of many soil types, except for overly moist<br />
soils, as well as be<strong>in</strong>g salt tolerant. They will be more upright <strong>in</strong> full sun but<br />
taller and more relaxed <strong>in</strong> full shade. Found <strong>in</strong> woodland open<strong>in</strong>gs, along stream<br />
and river banks, rich deciduous woods, and edges of woodlands. Northern Sea<br />
Oats is great for fill<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> large spaces quickly but do not plant around da<strong>in</strong>ty,<br />
expensive plants. To prevent reseed<strong>in</strong>g, cut flower heads off as soon as<br />
possible. Grow Chasmanthium <strong>in</strong> woodland gardens, borders, hedges, shade<br />
gardens, naturalized areas, accents, native gardens, under oaks and hickory trees,<br />
conta<strong>in</strong>ers, fresh flower and dried arrangements, mass, or specimen. Card<strong>in</strong>als,<br />
Towhees, Juncos, Sparrows, and F<strong>in</strong>ches will visit these grasses for food. Quail<br />
f<strong>in</strong>d grasses like Northern Sea Oats useful for nest<strong>in</strong>g and w<strong>in</strong>ter cover.<br />
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DESCHAMPSIA (des-camp-see-a)<br />
Named for Louis Deschamps (1765-1842), a French naturalist.<br />
D. caespitosa (ces-pi-tose-a) refers to grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> tufts.<br />
Common Name: Tufted Hair Grass North America (except Southeast)<br />
Zones: 4 - 9 Height: 18 Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
Deschampsia caespitosa is clump form<strong>in</strong>g with a 2-3 foot height and a 2-foot<br />
spread. The semi-evergreen basal foliage is green and f<strong>in</strong>ely textured. Narrow<br />
1/8” wide leaves are topped with f<strong>in</strong>ely branched flower clusters that turn to a<br />
hazy cloud like effect <strong>in</strong> July. This cool season grass will do most of its grow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g the spr<strong>in</strong>g and fall and slow down dur<strong>in</strong>g the warm season.<br />
Found <strong>in</strong> its natural habitat <strong>in</strong> damp grasslands, woods, and moorlands, and<br />
badly dra<strong>in</strong>ed clay soils, this grass is tolerant of a wide range of soil conditions.<br />
Rabbits are known to feed on this grass as well as moths and other <strong>in</strong>sects.<br />
Use as a mass plant<strong>in</strong>g, for fresh and dried arrangements, <strong>in</strong> a woodland garden,<br />
dappled shade, shady edge, moist areas along ponds or streams, meadow, w<strong>in</strong>ter<br />
garden, mixed border, bog garden, or use as a specimen. Tufted Hair Grass<br />
makes a nice cover for small mammals and is grazed upon by wildlife. Birds are<br />
attracted to the seed heads. A captivat<strong>in</strong>g design feature for the garden us<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Tufted Hair Grass is to site this grass so it can be backlit by early morn<strong>in</strong>g or<br />
late even<strong>in</strong>g light.<br />
Plant Expedition.<br />
In 1791, the French National Assembly sent two ships on a search and rescue<br />
mission to f<strong>in</strong>d the explorer La Perouse, who had been miss<strong>in</strong>g s<strong>in</strong>ce 1788. On<br />
one of the ships, the ‘Recherche’ (search or research), was Louis Deschamps, a<br />
French naturalist. While the expedition was stranded <strong>in</strong> Java, Deschamps was<br />
asked to conduct natural history <strong>in</strong>vestigations. He settled at Batavia, and after<br />
several years returned to France. His collections and journal were reportedly<br />
seized by the Royal Navy when his ship was captured <strong>in</strong> 1803.<br />
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ELYMUS (e-li-mus)<br />
From elymos, the Greek name for millet.<br />
Poaceae Family<br />
E. arenarius (a-ray-nah-ree-us)<br />
‘Blue Dune’<br />
Common Name: Blue Lyme Grass Northeastern U.S. & Canada<br />
Zones: 4 – 8 Height: 24 – 30” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
Bright blue-gray blades grow 24-30” and produce stiff, upright, flower spikes<br />
that turn buff <strong>in</strong> late summer. Spreads vigorously by rhizome, fill<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> large<br />
areas quickly, may require conta<strong>in</strong>ment. It is an important problem solver for<br />
w<strong>in</strong>d, salt air and sandy soils along the immediate coast. Tolerant of seasonal<br />
clean up by mow<strong>in</strong>g at w<strong>in</strong>ter’s end.<br />
ERAGROSTIS (e-ra-gros-tis)<br />
From the Greek eros, love, and agrsotis, a grass.<br />
Poaceae Family<br />
E. spectabilis<br />
Common Name: Purple Love Grass Eastern & Central North America<br />
Zones: 5 – 8 Height: 12 – 18” Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 16”<br />
This North American native grows low to the ground <strong>in</strong> dense green tufts, 12-<br />
18” <strong>in</strong> height. The large <strong>in</strong>florescence is attractive, form<strong>in</strong>g a purple haze above<br />
the foliage when seen from a distance <strong>in</strong> late summer/early fall. Eventually, this<br />
<strong>in</strong>florescence breaks off and floats around like tumbleweed.<br />
MUHLENBERGIA (myoo-len-ber-jee-a) after Gotthilf He<strong>in</strong>rich Ernst<br />
Muhlenberg (1753-1815), botanist.<br />
Poaceae Family<br />
M. cappilaris (ca-pi-lar-is) mean<strong>in</strong>g resembl<strong>in</strong>g hair.<br />
Common Name: P<strong>in</strong>k Muhly Grass Eastern United States<br />
Zones: 6 – 9 Height: 3’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 36”<br />
A clump form<strong>in</strong>g grass with narrow, wire like dark green foliage grow<strong>in</strong>g to 3’.<br />
In mid to late August the clumps are topped with p<strong>in</strong>k <strong>in</strong>florescence, which<br />
looks like a soft mist hover<strong>in</strong>g over the f<strong>in</strong>e textured grass. Prefers sandy soil.<br />
Native to sandy p<strong>in</strong>e open<strong>in</strong>gs, prairies, and dry exposed areas.<br />
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PANICUM (pah-ni-cum)<br />
From the Lat<strong>in</strong> name for millet<br />
Poaceae Family<br />
P. virgatum (vir-gah-tum) mean<strong>in</strong>g wand-like.<br />
Common Name: Switch Grass North America<br />
Zones: 5 – 9 Height: see cultivar Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 36”<br />
Panicum virgatum has lovely blue foliage that will turn yellow <strong>in</strong> the fall. The<br />
upright habit of this warm season grass lends itself to <strong>in</strong>formal and formal<br />
designs. Switch Grass starts out as a clump and may naturalize by its rhizomes<br />
to form sizable colonies. Panicums are warm season grasses that need the<br />
warmth of the sun to get go<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the spr<strong>in</strong>g. When the soil and air temperature<br />
are warm enough this Ornamental Grasses will take off like a rocket. When<br />
temperatures are high and moisture is limited they will look their best. The airy<br />
wheat-colored flowers will turn colors <strong>in</strong> the fall and fade to tan. This native<br />
grass is easy to grow and will adapt to any well-dra<strong>in</strong>ed soil type. It will do its<br />
best <strong>in</strong> deep sandy looms but tends to flop <strong>in</strong> rich soils and will do poorly <strong>in</strong><br />
heavy soils. Switch Grass tolerates drought or stand<strong>in</strong>g water. It grows by<br />
spread<strong>in</strong>g rhizomes that grow horizontally to <strong>in</strong>terlace and form a thick, dense<br />
sod. The roots of Switch Grass may reach depths of 10 feet or more. Full sun is<br />
preferred as too much shade will cause it to be more open floppy. Switch Grass<br />
can be cut down to about 8 <strong>in</strong>ches <strong>in</strong> the w<strong>in</strong>ter, but it is important to leave some<br />
stubble for w<strong>in</strong>ter <strong>in</strong>sulation.<br />
Switch Grass, once a major component of the great American tall grass prairie<br />
can be found along creeks, streams, roadsides, pastures, and protected areas.<br />
Use this grass as a ground cover to control erosion, <strong>in</strong> native gardens, <strong>in</strong> wildlife<br />
areas, as forage for livestock, as an accent, <strong>in</strong> mass plant<strong>in</strong>gs, perennial borders,<br />
naturalized areas, and for screen<strong>in</strong>g. Use Panicum virgatum <strong>in</strong> the coastal<br />
landscape for its tolerance of w<strong>in</strong>d and salt spray. Switch Grass is an important<br />
element <strong>in</strong> wildflower meadows, pond edges, and adds fall color to naturalistic<br />
borders and woodland-edge gardens. Panicum virgatum holds up well <strong>in</strong> heavy<br />
snow and provides fall-w<strong>in</strong>ter cover for rabbits and other small mammals. The<br />
native Switch Grass prairies are a favored nest<strong>in</strong>g area for pheasants, quail,<br />
greater prairie chickens, and sharp tailed grouse, White Tailed deer, ducks,<br />
pheasants, and quail. Turkeys, pheasants, quail, doves, and songbirds will also<br />
eat the seeds.<br />
Panicum virgatum has many uses outside the garden. Switchgrass can be used<br />
as a pasture grass for livestock graz<strong>in</strong>g dur<strong>in</strong>g the spr<strong>in</strong>g and summer before the<br />
leaves become coarse and tough. A quality hay is produced when the Switch<br />
Grass is harvested before the flowers develop. Panicums are also commonly<br />
used <strong>in</strong> revegetation projects and it has been considered for biofuel production.<br />
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Cultivars:<br />
v. ‘Cloud N<strong>in</strong>e’ is a strong-grow<strong>in</strong>g, blue Switch Grass with a cloud of airy,<br />
gentle blooms from August to November. Big and bold, it can reach 6’ <strong>in</strong><br />
average-to-moist soil <strong>in</strong> full sun to light shade. Introduced by Bluemount<br />
Nursery of Monkton, Maryland.<br />
v. ‘Hanse Herms’ The airy, mist-like bloom with its reddish t<strong>in</strong>t <strong>in</strong> the fall,<br />
enable this red native Switch Grass to provide a strik<strong>in</strong>g effect <strong>in</strong> a mass or at<br />
the back of the border. The foliage is a f<strong>in</strong>ely textured green at 4-5’ with the<br />
tops turn<strong>in</strong>g reddish <strong>in</strong> the late summer, then beige <strong>in</strong> w<strong>in</strong>ter.<br />
v. ‘Heavy Metal’ achieves the open, airy look characteristic of Switch Grass,<br />
but manages to be stiff and upright <strong>in</strong> habit with sensational metallic-blue<br />
foliage. This native is drought-tolerant, hot and cold resistant, and never needs<br />
stak<strong>in</strong>g. Its seed heads float over the delicate blades <strong>in</strong> late July and August to a<br />
height of 4’, turn<strong>in</strong>g tan color over the w<strong>in</strong>ter. A great wildlife cover.<br />
Introduced by Kurt Bluemel of Maryland.<br />
v. ‘Northw<strong>in</strong>d’ has wide, thick leaf blades of deep green and will turn to golden<br />
yellow <strong>in</strong> the fall. This Panicum will grow to be 60-70” tall and will grow best<br />
<strong>in</strong> full sun with well dra<strong>in</strong>ed soil. The spread on this blue grass will be 30” plus.<br />
v. ‘Prairie Sky’ is truly the bluest of the Panicums. The blue leaves are<br />
accented by narrow stems that carry the airy, delicate-look<strong>in</strong>g blue seed heads <strong>in</strong><br />
August on 3-4’ stems. This compact Wiscons<strong>in</strong> native is a strong, upright<br />
grower, break<strong>in</strong>g dormancy sooner that other Panicums, will never need stak<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
and it’s blue, really blue.<br />
v. ‘Rotsrahlbusch’ is hardly dist<strong>in</strong>guishable from ‘Hanse Herms’,<br />
‘Rotstrahlbush’ has green leaves <strong>in</strong> summer that turn red-burgundy <strong>in</strong> autumn.<br />
Its airy panicles are also red-t<strong>in</strong>ged <strong>in</strong> fall to a height of 4-5’.<br />
v. ‘Shenandoah’ has green leaves at 4’ <strong>in</strong> early summer, then beg<strong>in</strong> turn<strong>in</strong>g<br />
dark red <strong>in</strong> July, and then turn to a rich burgundy <strong>in</strong> the fall.<br />
Blue Grass Special<br />
W<strong>in</strong>ter was com<strong>in</strong>g and Wise Owl and Day Star went look<strong>in</strong>g for someth<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
pad the <strong>in</strong>side of their moccas<strong>in</strong>s. They thought about us<strong>in</strong>g milkweed seeds but<br />
couldn’t f<strong>in</strong>d any. In the meadow, they saw the beautiful stems of Panicum<br />
virgatum with the lovely flowers wav<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the breeze. They cut some stems<br />
and used them for padd<strong>in</strong>g and warmth <strong>in</strong> their moccas<strong>in</strong>s. Their mates, Swift<br />
Eagle and Brave Hawk were gather<strong>in</strong>g the same plant to use as food for their<br />
horses. The ladies had warm moccas<strong>in</strong>s and the men were able to feed their<br />
horses, all from one plant.<br />
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PHALARIS (fa-lah-ris)<br />
From the Greek name for a grass.<br />
Poaceae Family<br />
P. arund<strong>in</strong>acea (a-rund-di-nah-see-a) mean<strong>in</strong>g reed like.<br />
Common Name: Ribbon Grass North America<br />
Zones: 4 – 9 Height: see cultivar Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 24”<br />
This rhizomatous grass will grow to 3 - 6 feet <strong>in</strong> height and spread rapidly. The<br />
arch<strong>in</strong>g effect will make it appear to be only a few <strong>in</strong>ches high. The coarse green<br />
foliage will have a yellow flower on it that will develop black seeds. The<br />
foliage is bamboo-like with flat, arch<strong>in</strong>g leaf blades. Ribbon Grass is adapted to<br />
a wide range of soils. Especially good for erosion control, it is used to stabilize<br />
seashore areas. Ribbon Grass does most of its grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the cool season and<br />
will suffer <strong>in</strong> the heat of summer. Dur<strong>in</strong>g drought conditions the foliage may<br />
become brown and will need to be cut back to new growth to ‘flush out’. It can<br />
also be mowed to 4-6 <strong>in</strong>ches <strong>in</strong> midsummer. Too much fertilizer will encourage<br />
rampant growth. Grow this ornamental grass <strong>in</strong> full sun <strong>in</strong> conta<strong>in</strong>ers, to<br />
stabilize banks, as a ground cover, and as a water plant.<br />
Native Americans used Phalaris to make the peaked hats the Indian doctors<br />
wore, eat<strong>in</strong>g mats, mats for dry<strong>in</strong>g roots and berries, and fish<strong>in</strong>g weirs. Ribbon<br />
Grass is also grown as a hay crop for forage and is fibers are used <strong>in</strong> pulp and<br />
papermak<strong>in</strong>g processes.<br />
Found throughout the United States, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Alaska and Hawaii, except for<br />
the most southern states of Texas east to Florida. This grass is so aggressive its<br />
plant<strong>in</strong>g is prohibited <strong>in</strong> Massachusetts.<br />
Cultivars:<br />
a. ‘Picta’ has bright green leaves with white stripes grow<strong>in</strong>g to 2-4’. Useful <strong>in</strong><br />
boggy areas, it can be submerged <strong>in</strong> several <strong>in</strong>ches of water, along streams or<br />
ponds. Can be used <strong>in</strong> drier conditions but the tips of the leaves will turn brown<br />
and need to be sheared off to promote new growth.<br />
a. ‘Strawberries and Cream’ (‘Feesey’) has a bit of p<strong>in</strong>k variegation along<br />
with the green and white. A little bit f<strong>in</strong>er textured foliage than ‘Picta’ it will<br />
grow to 2’ <strong>in</strong> height. This ornamental grass is named for Mervyn Feesey, a<br />
British horticulturist and ornamental grass specialist. His home, Woodside, <strong>in</strong><br />
North Devon, England is where he develops new and excit<strong>in</strong>g plants. He has<br />
also written a book on ornamental grasses and bamboos.<br />
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SCHIZACHYRIUM (ski-za-kry-ee-um)<br />
From the Greek schizo, schizam and achyron, chaff, husk, allud<strong>in</strong>g to the corona<br />
glume (trumpet shaped bract or scale located at the base of a grass spikelet) and<br />
toothed lemma (the lower, outer bract <strong>in</strong> the grass floret).<br />
Poaceae Family<br />
S. scoparium (sko-pair-ee-um) mean<strong>in</strong>g broom-like.<br />
‘The Blues’<br />
Common Name: Little Bluestem North America<br />
Zones: 3 – 10 Height: 2 – 3’ Spac<strong>in</strong>g: 18”<br />
This warm season grass is clump-form<strong>in</strong>g, f<strong>in</strong>e-textured and will grow 2-3 feet<br />
tall. The form of Little Bluestem can vary from rigidly erect to lax and arch<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Summer foliage will vary from bright green to light blue, and often has<br />
conspicuous purple t<strong>in</strong>ts. Fall and w<strong>in</strong>ter color will vary from tan to copperorange<br />
to dark orange-red. The plants with the strongest glaucous-blue summer<br />
foliage will have the most pronounced deep red color<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> autumn and w<strong>in</strong>ter.<br />
‘The Blues’ is a moderately grow<strong>in</strong>g upright clumper which will turn burgundy<br />
red <strong>in</strong> the fall. Purplish-bronze flowers appear <strong>in</strong> 3-<strong>in</strong>ch long racemes on<br />
branched stems ris<strong>in</strong>g above the foliage <strong>in</strong> August. The silvery seed heads<br />
persist <strong>in</strong>to early w<strong>in</strong>ter. The good blue summer foliage and the delightful fall<br />
color are the best ornamental features of this grass. This grass was selected by<br />
Dr. Richard Lightly, and <strong>in</strong>troduced by Tony Avent of Plants Delight<br />
Little Bluestem requires full sun and prefers good dra<strong>in</strong>age or ground that<br />
slopes. Highly fertile soils or excessively moist conditions will cause these<br />
grasses to decl<strong>in</strong>e. Over mulch<strong>in</strong>g will cause damage to the crowns. The<br />
<strong>in</strong>florescences are delicate and <strong>in</strong>conspicuous when they bloom <strong>in</strong> late summer<br />
and after they dry will become silvery and very attractive when side-lit or backlit<br />
by the autumn or w<strong>in</strong>ter sun. Schizachyrium will rema<strong>in</strong>s attractive<br />
throughout the w<strong>in</strong>ter, even after it snows. Little Bluestem requires average<br />
moisture and tolerates acid and alkal<strong>in</strong>e soils. Little Bluestem has a deep and<br />
fibrous root system mak<strong>in</strong>g it especially drought tolerant.<br />
Native to American tall-grass prairies, ridges, hilltops, droughty uplands, dry<br />
hillsides, shallow rav<strong>in</strong>es, dry fields, and open woodlands, Little Bluestem will<br />
also <strong>in</strong>vade disturbed trail edges, road cuts, sand blowouts, and old fields. In the<br />
garden, it will add color to meadows, prairies, and woodland-edge plant<strong>in</strong>gs.<br />
Ideal for managed meadows, mass plant<strong>in</strong>gs, rock gardens, wildflower gardens,<br />
w<strong>in</strong>ter gardens, borders, as a ground cover, <strong>in</strong> cut flower gardens, and for<br />
restor<strong>in</strong>g damaged wild land recreation areas. Little Bluestem is effective as a<br />
transition plant between formal areas to <strong>in</strong>formal areas (natural field or<br />
meadow). It also provides food and shelter for wildlife attract<strong>in</strong>g both bees and<br />
butterflies and provid<strong>in</strong>g nest sites, food, and protective cover for birds. Lovely<br />
<strong>in</strong> dried flower arrangements.<br />
74
Sources<br />
Armitage, Allan M. Armitage’s Native Plants for North American Gardens.<br />
Portland: Timber Press, 2006.<br />
Armitage, Allan M. Herbaceous Perennial Plants. Champaign: Stipes<br />
Publish<strong>in</strong>g, 1989.<br />
Coombes, Allen J. Dictionary of Plant Names. Portland: Timber Press, 1994.<br />
Missouri Botanical Garden, 2001-2009. < http://www.mobot.org/ ><br />
Moerman, Daniel E. Native American Ethnobotany. Portland: Timber Press,<br />
2006.<br />
North Creek Nurseries, Inc., 2008. <br />
Plant Delights Nursery, 2008. < http://www.plantdelights.com/><br />
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Plants Database. 2008<br />
< http://plants.usda.gov/><br />
Wiles, Denise Adams. Restor<strong>in</strong>g American Gardens: An Encyclopedia of<br />
Heirloom Ornamental Plants (1640-1940). Portland: Timber Press, 2004.<br />
75
Index<br />
Achillea millefolium, 3<br />
Agastache foeniculum, 5<br />
Amsonia hubrichti,i 5<br />
tabernaemontana, 6<br />
Aquilegia Canadensis, 7<br />
Asclepias <strong>in</strong>carnata, 8<br />
tuberosa, 9<br />
Aster divaricatus, 10<br />
novae-angliae, 11<br />
novae-belgii, 12<br />
Athyrium filix-fem<strong>in</strong>a, 59-60<br />
Baptisia alba, 13<br />
australis, 13<br />
hybrids, 14<br />
Boltonia asteroids, 15<br />
Carex glauca, 67<br />
pensylvanica, 68<br />
Chasmanthium latifolium, 68<br />
Chelone glabra, 15<br />
lyonii, 16<br />
Chrysogonum virg<strong>in</strong>ianum, 17<br />
Cimicifuga (Actaea) racemosa, 17<br />
Coreopsis grandiflora, 19<br />
lanceolata, 19<br />
rosea, 20<br />
verticillata, 20<br />
Dennstaedtia punctilobula, 60<br />
Deschampsia caespitosa, 69<br />
Dicentra eximia, 21<br />
formosa, 21<br />
Dryopteris australis, 61<br />
marg<strong>in</strong>alis, 61<br />
celsa, 61<br />
Ech<strong>in</strong>acea purpurea, 22-24<br />
Elymus arenarius, 70<br />
Eragrostis spectabilis, 70<br />
Eupatorium dubium, 25<br />
maculatum, 26<br />
rugosum, 26<br />
Filipendula rubra, 27<br />
Gaillardia hybrid x grandiflora, 27-28<br />
Gaura l<strong>in</strong>dheimeri, 29<br />
Helianthus salicifolius, 29<br />
Heliopsis helianthoides, 30<br />
Heuchera americana, 30-31<br />
sangu<strong>in</strong>ea, 31<br />
villosa, 31<br />
Hibiscus moscheutos, 33-34<br />
Iris cristata, 35<br />
louisiana, 35<br />
versicolor, 36<br />
Liatris spicata, 37<br />
Lobelia card<strong>in</strong>alis, 38<br />
siphilitica, 38<br />
Matteuccia struthiopteris, 61-62<br />
Mertensia virg<strong>in</strong>ica, 39<br />
Monarda didyma, 40<br />
Muhlenbergia cappilaris, 70<br />
Oenothera speciosa, 41<br />
Onoclea sensibilis, 63<br />
Osmunda c<strong>in</strong>namonea, 64<br />
Regalis, 65<br />
Panicum virgatum, 71-72<br />
Penstemon digitalis, 42<br />
Phalaris arund<strong>in</strong>acea, 73<br />
Phlox divaricata, 43<br />
paniculata, 44<br />
stolonifera, 45<br />
subulata, 46<br />
Physostegia virg<strong>in</strong>iana, 47<br />
Polemonium reptans, 48<br />
Polystichum acrostichoides, 65<br />
Rudbeckia fulgida, 49<br />
hirta, 50<br />
lac<strong>in</strong>iata, 50<br />
maxima, 50<br />
nitida, 50<br />
Salvia lyrata, 51<br />
Schizachyrium scoparium, 74<br />
Sisyr<strong>in</strong>chium angustifolium, 51<br />
Solidago rugosa, 52<br />
sphacelata, 52<br />
Stokesia laevis, 53<br />
Thelypteris noveboracensis, 66<br />
Tiarella cordifolia, 55-56<br />
wherryi, 56<br />
Tradescantia andersoniana, 57-58<br />
Verbena canadensis, 58<br />
76