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Propagation ASTRANTIA MAJOR 135 Astrantia major ‘Lars’ Seed: Sow seed in moist medium and place at 60–65F (15–18C) for 2–4 weeks. Seed flats should then be placed at 30–35F ( − 1–2C) for a minimum of 4–6 weeks. After the cold treatment, put flat in cold frame or a greenhouse at 50–55F (10– 13C). Alternating temperatures are beneficial for germination. Growing-on Grow seedlings at 55F (13C) for 4–6 weeks. Fertilize with 50–75 ppm N from potassium nitrate then increase to 100 ppm N of a complete fertilizer. High
136 ASTRANTIA MAJOR nitrogen results in poorly colored flowers. Plant in the field as soon as ground is workable. Spacing of 12 × 12" (30 × 30 cm) is appropriate. Plants flower more prolifically the second year than the first. Field Performance Constant moisture is necessary for best growth. Yields in the Netherlands were reported as approximately 7 flowers/ft2 (75 flowers/m2 ) the first year and 10–12 flowers/ft2 (107–129 flowers/m2 ) the following year. Plants may require support the second year. Longevity: Expect 3–5 years of production. Stage of Harvest Harvest time is critical. Harvest when the uppermost flowers are open; if harvested too early, plants will wilt and flowers will not open (similar to yarrow). If harvest is further delayed, vase life will suffer. Postharvest Fresh: Flowers persist 5–7 days in water (Vaughan 1988), but immediate hydration after cutting is recommended. Dried: Flowers may be dried with silica gel; they shrink less with desiccants than by air drying alone. Cover the bottom of a box with silica gel or borax. Carefully work the crystals between the petals and lay the stems in the box. Once stems are in place, cover with additional desiccant and leave for 5–6 days (Bullivant 1989). Cultivars ‘Alba’ bears white flowers. Quite uncommon. subsp. involucrata includes a number of cultivars with an extra long collar of pink bracts. One of the most impressive cultivars is ‘Margery Fish’, better known as ‘Shaggy’, a most apt description of the flowers. Plants may not produce sufficient yield to make a profitable cut flower crop. The true cultivar should be vegetatively reproduced from cuttings, although some seedlings with long bracts will occur. ‘Lars’ is a vigorous selection with improved vigor and spectacular dark red flowers. ‘Moira Reid’ is a most interesting plant with large pink flowers and salmonpeach collars. ‘Primadonna’, a seed-propagated cultivar with 24–30" (60–75 cm) stems, bears many rose-red flowers. ‘Rainbow’ is another seed variety with a long bloom season, large flowers, and a good mix of colors. Plants grow to 28" (70 cm). ‘Rosea’ bears rose-colored flowers with deeply incised leaves.
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SPECIALTY CUT FLOWERS
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Photographs by Allan M. Armitage un
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10 PREFACE and eggplant would be co
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The information con
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14 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Ed Pincus, Third
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16 INTRODUCTION increase if they ar
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18 INTRODUCTION market outlets. Spe
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POSTHARVEST CARE Whether flowers ar
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22 POSTHARVEST CARE later in this s
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24 POSTHARVEST CARE dangerously hig
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26 POSTHARVEST CARE Aquilegia hybri
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28 POSTHARVEST CARE extends vase li
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DRYING AND PRESERVING Dried flowers
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32 DRYING AND PRESERVING longer to
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34 DRYING AND PRESERVING freeze-dry
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38 ACHILLEA ‘CORONATION GOLD’ P
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40 ACHILLEA FILIPENDULINA Stage of
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42 ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM AND HYBRIDS
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50 ACHILLEA PTARMICA Environmental
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52 ACONITUM Reading Armitage, A. M.
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54 ACONITUM A cold period of 32-35F
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56 ACONITUM Variety’ and ‘Kelms
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58 AGASTACHE FOENICULUM Agastache f
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60 AGERATUM HOUSTONIANUM ‘Apricot
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62 AGERATUM HOUSTONIANUM but if acc
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64 AGERATUM HOUSTONIANUM Pests and
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66 AGROSTEMMA GITHAGO 12-hour day m
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68 ALLIUM Grower Comments “Spacin
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Allium christophii
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72 ALLIUM GIGANTEUM Field Performan
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Allium sphaerocephalon
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76 ALLIUM SPHAEROCEPHALON Allium at
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78 ALSTROEMERIA Alstroemeria Peruvi
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80 ALSTROEMERIA Photoperiod: Long d
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82 ALSTROEMERIA Cultivars Most of t
Page 85 and 86: 84 AMARANTHUS CAUDATUS Propagation
Page 87 and 88: 86 AMARANTHUS CAUDATUS of 8-10 hour
Page 89 and 90: 88 AMARANTHUS CAUDATUS ‘Flaming F
Page 91 and 92: 90 AMMI MAJUS Harvesting of Ammi ma
Page 93 and 94: 92 AMMI MAJUS Cultivars ‘Queen of
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Page 97 and 98: 96 ANEMONE CORONARIA The effect of
Page 99 and 100: 98 ANEMONE CORONARIA Mona Lisa Grou
Page 101 and 102: Antirrhinum majus ‘Potomac Yellow
Page 103 and 104: 102 ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS Field Perform
Page 105 and 106: 104 ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS light intensi
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Page 109 and 110: 108 ARTEMISIA Reid, M., M. Cantwell
Page 111 and 112: 110 ARTEMISIA LUDOVICIANA Stage of
Page 113 and 114: 112 ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA Asclepias tu
Page 115 and 116: 114 ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA Field Perfor
Page 117 and 118: 116 ASTER Wilt is caused by Pythium
Page 119 and 120: 118 ASTER Propagation Most cultivar
Page 121 and 122: 120 ASTER Pinching: Plants may be p
Page 123 and 124: 122 ASTER used for late spring and
Page 125 and 126: 124 ASTER Stage of Harvest Cut stem
Page 127 and 128: 126 ASTER ‘Winston Churchill’ w
Page 129 and 130: 128 ASTILBE ×ARENDSII Leaf nematod
Page 131 and 132: 130 ASTILBE ×ARENDSII forced at 65
Page 133 and 134: 132 ASTILBE ×ARENDSII Cultivar Pla
Page 135: 134 ASTRANTIA MAJOR Reading Beattie
Page 139 and 140: 138 BAPTISIA AUSTRALIS Vaughan, M.
Page 141 and 142: 140 BAPTISIA AUSTRALIS Germination
Page 143 and 144: 142 BUDDLEIA DAVIDII plants ‘last
Page 145 and 146: 144 BUDDLEIA DAVIDII Stage of Harve
Page 147 and 148: 146 BUDDLEIA DAVIDII Additional Spe
Page 149 and 150: 148 CALLICARPA Seed: Seed should be
Page 151 and 152: 150 CALLICARPA ing. The fruit falls
Page 153 and 154: 152 CALLISTEPHUS CHINENSIS Calliste
Page 155 and 156: 154 CALLISTEPHUS CHINENSIS in the f
Page 157 and 158: 156 CALLISTEPHUS CHINENSIS Dried: H
Page 159 and 160: 158 CALLISTEPHUS CHINENSIS in trial
Page 161 and 162: 160 CALLISTEPHUS CHINENSIS whitefli
Page 163 and 164: 162 CAMPANULA Temperature: All pere
Page 165 and 166: 164 CAMPANULA ‘Moerheimii’ bear
Page 167 and 168: 166 CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS Wiel, A. v
Page 169 and 170: 168 CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS Greenhouse
Page 171 and 172: 170 CARYOPTERIS ×CLANDONENSIS Fiel
Page 173 and 174: 172 CARYOPTERIS INCANA Propagation
Page 175 and 176: 174 CARYOPTERIS INCANA in the “re
Page 177 and 178: 176 CELOSIA ARGENTEA flower heads m
Page 179 and 180: 178 CELOSIA ARGENTEA Harvesting: Fl
Page 181 and 182: 180 CELOSIA ARGENTEA Cultivars Chil
Page 183 and 184: 182 CELOSIA ARGENTEA Year of Stem S
Page 185 and 186: 184 CENTAUREA AMERICANA, C. CYANUS,
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186 CENTAUREA AMERICANA, C. CYANUS,
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188 CENTAUREA MACROCEPHALA Florence
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190 CENTAUREA MACROCEPHALA Environm
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192 CENTRANTHUS RUBER Laurie, A., a
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194 CIRSIUM JAPONICUM Pests and Dis
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196 CIRSIUM JAPONICUM Environmental
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198 CLARKIA Nau, J. 1999. Ball Cult
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200 CLARKIA (60 cm) centers, depend
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202 CLARKIA Postharvest Fresh: In w
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204 CONSOLIDA plants come and go. C
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206 CONSOLIDA (21C). The elongation
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208 CONSOLIDA stem for fresh flower
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210 CONSOLIDA root bound, so as soo
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212 COREOPSIS, RUDBECKIA, LEUCANTHE
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214 COREOPSIS, RUDBECKIA, LEUCANTHE
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216 CORNUS people ask when it will
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218 CORNUS FLORIDA A few cultivars
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220 COSMOS BIPINNATUS Additional Sp
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222 COSMOS BIPINNATUS Propagation S
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224 COSMOS BIPINNATUS Greenhouse Pe
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226 COSMOS BIPINNATUS Greenhouse st
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228 CROCOSMIA HYBRIDS although that
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230 CROCOSMIA HYBRIDS Corms did not
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232 DAHLIA HYBRIDS Reading Armitage
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234 DAHLIA HYBRIDS Growing-on Trans
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236 DAHLIA HYBRIDS Pinching: As wit
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238 DELPHINIUM HYBRIDS Moser, B. C.
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240 DELPHINIUM HYBRIDS moved outdoo
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242 DELPHINIUM HYBRIDS sulphate, if
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244 DELPHINIUM HYBRIDS Phoma xanthi
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246 DIANTHUS BARBATUS can be vernal
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248 DIANTHUS BARBATUS ‘Hollandia
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250 DIGITALIS PURPUREA Grower Comme
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252 DIGITALIS PURPUREA greenhouse o
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254 ECHINACEA PURPUREA the next Jun
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256 ECHINACEA PURPUREA Propagation
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258 ECHINACEA PURPUREA ‘Bravado
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260 ECHINOPS BANNATICUS Propagation
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262 ECHINOPS BANNATICUS Shelley McG
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264 EMILIA JAVANICA Emilia javanica
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266 EREMURUS all sides. The inflore
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268 EREMURUS dried out, soak them f
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270 ERYNGIUM PLANUM placed in the s
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272 ERYNGIUM PLANUM are guidelines
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Eryngium alpinum
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276 EUPHORBIA MARGINATA Growth of E
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278 EUPHORBIA MARGINATA hour photop
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280 EUSTOMA GRANDIFLORUM Eustoma gr
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282 EUSTOMA GRANDIFLORUM Field Perf
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284 EUSTOMA GRANDIFLORUM problems.
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286 EUSTOMA GRANDIFLORUM mately 2'
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288 EUSTOMA GRANDIFLORUM Reading Al
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290 FREESIA ×HYBRIDA Freesia ×hyb
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292 FREESIA ×HYBRIDA Stage of Harv
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294 GLADIOLUS CALLIANTHUS per corm,
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296 GLADIOLUS CALLIANTHUS Postharve
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Gladiolus hybrid
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300 GLADIOLUS HYBRIDS 29C) for 10-1
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302 GLADIOLUS HYBRIDS drained and s
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304 GOMPHRENA GLOBOSA comments of o
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306 GOMPHRENA GLOBOSA Temperature:
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308 GOMPHRENA GLOBOSA Additional Sp
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310 GONIOLIMON TATARICUM ers, where
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312 GYPSOPHILA PANICULATA Reading H
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314 GYPSOPHILA PANICULATA Rooted cu
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316 GYPSOPHILA PANICULATA ‘Bristo
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318 GYPSOPHILA PANICULATA Additiona
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Helianthus annuus ‘Sunrich Orange
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322 HELIANTHUS ANNUUS strong to car
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324 HELIANTHUS ANNUUS been trialed
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326 HELIANTHUS ANNUUS ‘Red Treasu
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328 HELIANTHUS ANNUUS Additional Sp
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330 HELIANTHUS ANNUUS “The ‘Sun
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332 HELICHRYSUM BRACTEATUM Growing-
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334 HELICHRYSUM BRACTEATUM Cultivar
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336 HELLEBORUS ORIENTALIS Helleboru
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338 HELLEBORUS ORIENTALIS Stage of
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340 HYDRANGEA MACROPHYLLA Hydrangea
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342 HYDRANGEA MACROPHYLLA Shade: Hy
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344 HYDRANGEA MACROPHYLLA ‘Nikko
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346 HYDRANGEA MACROPHYLLA Hydrangea
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348 HYPERICUM Pinching: Plants shou
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350 ILEX Ilex deciduous holly Aquif
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352 ILEX “gatherers,” with thei
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354 IRIS use a method similar to th
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356 IRIS XIPHIUM Iris xiphium group
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358 IRIS XIPHIUM weeks of 48F (9C).
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360 IRIS XIPHIUM Ideal Group 50-60
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362 IRIS XIPHIUM Max. Plant Bulb gr
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364 LATHYRUS ODORATUS taken them to
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366 LATHYRUS ODORATUS If sowing in
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368 LATHYRUS ODORATUS Houck fertili
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370 LAVATERA TRIMESTRIS Propagation
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372 LAVATERA TRIMESTRIS ‘Loveline
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374 LIATRIS SPICATA Liatris spicata
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376 LIATRIS SPICATA Three weeks’
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378 LIATRIS SPICATA Additional Spec
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380 LILIUM HYBRIDS Zieslin, N. 1985
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382 LILIUM HYBRIDS Growing-on Bulbs
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384 LILIUM HYBRIDS peratures, the p
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386 LILIUM HYBRIDS Lilium formosanu
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388 LIMONIUM HYBRIDS species are us
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390 LIMONIUM PEREZII Environmental
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Limonium sinuatum ‘Sunset Blue’
Page 395 and 396:
394 LIMONIUM SINUATUM The effect of
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396 LIMONIUM SINUATUM Stem quality:
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398 LIMONIUM SINUATUM New Wonder se
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400 LIMONIUM TETRAGONUM a lot of my
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402 LIMONIUM TETRAGONUM of flower b
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404 LOBELIA Lobelia Campanulaceae a
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406 LOBELIA ‘Russian Princess’
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408 LOBELIA field or 4" (10 cm) con
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410 LYSIMACHIA CLETHROIDES Reading
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412 LYSIMACHIA CLETHROIDES Two-year
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Greenhouse schedules for Lysimachia
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416 MATTHIOLA INCANA ally seen in n
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418 MATTHIOLA INCANA The effect of
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420 MATTHIOLA INCANA Approximately
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422 MATTHIOLA INCANA Vegmo series o
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424 NARCISSUS Post, K. 1942. Effect
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426 NARCISSUS Planting time: In cli
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428 NIGELLA DAMASCENA veins. The di
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430 NIGELLA DAMASCENA Environmental
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432 ORNITHOGALUM ARABICUM Nigella s
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434 ORNITHOGALUM ARABICUM temperatu
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436 ORNITHOGALUM ARABICUM Storage:
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Paeonia ‘Bowl of Beauty’ (Japan
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440 PAEONIA HYBRIDS Garden Flowers
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442 PAEONIA HYBRIDS sistently produ
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444 PAEONIA HYBRIDS Cultivars Many
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446 PAEONIA HYBRIDS dwarfed. Dwarfi
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448 PAPAVER NUDICAULE container can
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450 PAPAVER NUDICAULE Papaver somni
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452 PHLOX PANICULATA Phlox panicula
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454 PHLOX PANICULATA Field Performa
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456 PHLOX PANICULATA Purple, lavend
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458 PHYSALIS ALKEKENGI Growing-on P
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460 PHYSOSTEGIA VIRGINIANA Physoste
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462 PHYSOSTEGIA VIRGINIANA LD plant
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464 PHYSOSTEGIA VIRGINIANA day/nigh
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466 PLATYCODON GRANDIFLORUS Kelly,
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468 PLATYCODON GRANDIFLORUS pot cul
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470 POLIANTHES TUBEROSA Song, C. Y.
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472 POLIANTHES TUBEROSA however, wa
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474 POLIANTHES TUBEROSA The effect
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Ranunculus asiaticus ‘Tecolote’
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478 RANUNCULUS ASIATICUS As Mike Me
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480 SALIX Horovitz, A. 1985. Ranunc
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Salix chaenomeloides
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484 SALVIA Reading Dirr, M. A. 1998
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486 SALVIA LEUCANTHA date. This can
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488 SALVIA LEUCANTHA wide with deep
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490 SCABIOSA ATROPURPUREA Ore., pla
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492 SCABIOSA CAUCASICA Scabiosa cau
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494 SCABIOSA CAUCASICA Forcing: Fie
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496 SOLIDAGO HYBRIDS, ×SOLIDASTER
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504 THALICTRUM Thalictrum delavayi
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506 THALICTRUM mately 18 months. Cr
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508 TRACHELIUM CAERULEUM ters consi
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510 TRACHELIUM CAERULEUM Overwinter
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512 TRACHELIUM CAERULEUM ‘Merii B
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514 TRITELEIA Planting time: Corms
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516 TULIPA De Hertogh, A. A. 1996.
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518 TULIPA Field Performance Bulb s
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520 TULIPA significant differences
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522 TWEEDIA CAERULEA Many thanks to
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524 TWEEDIA CAERULEA Light: High li
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526 VERBENA BONARIENSIS Two to 3" (
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528 VERONICA Reading Nau, J. 1999.
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530 VERONICA field-grown plants are
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532 VERONICA Postharvest Fresh: Flo
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Veronicastrum virginicum
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536 ZANTEDESCHIA Shade: Shading is
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Zantedeschia aethiopica
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540 ZANTEDESCHIA eral, horns are pr
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542 ZANTEDESCHIA 64/61F (18/16C) da
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544 ZANTEDESCHIA ‘Cameo’ produc
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546 ZINNIA ELEGANS Post, K. 1936. F
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548 ZINNIA ELEGANS Postharvest Fres
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550 ZINNIA ELEGANS Additional Speci
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554 REFERENCES A delightful book wr
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556 REFERENCES ber of seeds needed
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558 REFERENCES Excellent catalogs a
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560 STAGE OF HARVEST Ageratum houst
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562 STAGE OF HARVEST when the folli
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564 STAGE OF HARVEST Physalis Harve
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566 ADDITIONAL PLANTS SUITABLE FOR
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U.S.D.A. HARDINESS MAP
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574 INDEX OF BOTANICAL NAMES [Amara
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576 INDEX OF BOTANICAL NAMES [Delph
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578 INDEX OF BOTANICAL NAMES [Limon
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580 INDEX OF BOTANICAL NAMES [Trite
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582 INDEX OF COMMON NAMES calendula
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584 INDEX OF COMMON NAMES Michaelma
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586 INDEX OF COMMON NAMES willow 48
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