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SPECIALTY CUT FLOWERS
Page 4 and 5: SPECIALTY CUT FLOWERS The Productio
Page 6 and 7: To my wife, Susan, who constantly s
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTS Preface 9 Acknowledgments
Page 10 and 11: PREFACE The first edition of Specia
Page 12 and 13: PREFACE 11 cialty Cut Flower Grower
Page 14 and 15: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 13 Karen Gast, Kans
Page 16 and 17: INTRODUCTION In the first edition o
Page 18 and 19: INTRODUCTION 17 believe so is unrea
Page 20 and 21: Association of Specialty Cut Flower
Page 22 and 23: Considerations of the Crop in the F
Page 24 and 25: POSTHARVEST CARE 23 Having said all
Page 26 and 27: ylene, hold flowers in a cool, well
Page 28 and 29: Dicentra spectabilis POSTHARVEST CA
Page 30 and 31: POSTHARVEST CARE 29 tions that are
Page 32 and 33: DRYING AND PRESERVING 31 to compreh
Page 34 and 35: Drying temperature Exposure time 11
Page 36 and 37: CUT FLOWERS: ACHILLEA TO ZINNIA
Page 38 and 39: Achillea yarrow Asteraceae perennia
Page 40 and 41: In the sixth and last year of testi
Page 42 and 43: Environmental Factors Temperature:
Page 44 and 45: Field Performance Longevity: Plants
Page 46 and 47: ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM AND HYBRIDS 45
Page 48 and 49: Yield and stem length of yarrow cul
Page 50 and 51: ACHILLEA PTARMICA 49 not quite as r
Page 52 and 53:
Cultivars ‘Angels’ Breath’ be
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lus (common monkshood). In all spec
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ACONITUM 55 but are beneficial; beg
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Loeser, H. 1986. (Forcing of cut pe
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Environmental Factors High light an
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AGERATUM HOUSTONIANUM 61 flowers ar
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AGERATUM HOUSTONIANUM 63 to 55 plan
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AGROSTEMMA GITHAGO 65 Agrostemma gi
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Greenhouse Performance AGROSTEMMA G
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smell of onion, present in all spec
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ALLIUM GIGANTEUM 71 Koenders of The
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Storage: Stems may be stored for up
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ALLIUM SPHAEROCEPHALON 75 Harvest t
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ALLIUM SPHAEROCEPHALON 77 central s
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Alstroemeria ‘Rebecca’
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Greenhouse Performance ALSTROEMERIA
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AMARANTHUS CAUDATUS 83 Healy, W. E.
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Growing-on AMARANTHUS CAUDATUS 85 S
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AMARANTHUS CAUDATUS 87 speaking (th
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AMMI MAJUS 89 Ammi majus false quee
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AMMI MAJUS 91 should be 3-4' (0.9-1
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ANEMONE CORONARIA 93 Healy, W., and
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Environmental Factors Temperature:
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ANEMONE CORONARIA 97 often practice
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ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS 99 Gloeckner, Fre
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ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS 101 emerge in 7-1
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ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS 103 production an
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These data are averages over a wide
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ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS 107 “We’re fe
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ARTEMISIA LUDOVICIANA 109 Shelley M
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ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA 111 wormwood and
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Bare root plants can be stored up t
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Cultivars ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA 115 Fe
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ASTER 117 cut flowers. Nearly all g
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ASTER 119 Photoperiod: In general,
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Field Performance (Aster ericoides,
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cycles, 5-7 stems may be allowed to
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ASTER 125 which maintain a mounded
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ASTER 127 but larger than those of
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ASTILBE ×ARENDSII 129 384,000/oz (
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ASTILBE ×ARENDSII 131 using seed-p
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Additional Species ASTILBE ×ARENDS
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Propagation ASTRANTIA MAJOR 135 Ast
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ASTRANTIA MAJOR 137 ‘Rose Symphon
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Baptisia australis
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BAPTISIA AUSTRALIS 141 cences produ
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Buddleia davidii BUDDLEIA DAVIDII 1
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White BUDDLEIA DAVIDII 145 ‘Peace
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Reading CALLICARPA 147 Armitage, A.
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Greenhouse Performance CALLICARPA 1
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Vaughan, M. J. 1988. The Complete B
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duction, LD could be continued unti
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CALLISTEPHUS CHINENSIS 155 ter dayl
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CALLISTEPHUS CHINENSIS 157 Gala ser
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Meteor Mix 2000 14 5 Meteor Rose 20
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CAMPANULA 161 time to flowering in
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Greenhouse Performance (Campanula p
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Grower Comments CAMPANULA 165 “We
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Environmental Factors CARTHAMUS TIN
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Pests and Diseases Root rots can be
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CARYOPTERIS INCANA 171 Caryopteris
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Field Performance CARYOPTERIS INCAN
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Pests and Diseases Root rot fungi (
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With the Spicata Group, seeds are o
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Guideline for Foliar Analyses At fi
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Plumosa Group (plumose forms) CELOS
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CENTAUREA 183 capable of producing
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Environmental Factors CENTAUREA AME
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The lowest temperature for best flo
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Propagation Centaurea macrocephala
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CENTAUREA MACROCEPHALA 191 Centaure
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Environmental Factors CENTRANTHUS R
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Growing-on CIRSIUM JAPONICUM 195 Ci
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Stage of Harvest Harvest when the f
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when grown under long days and supp
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Greenhouse Performance Most plants
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Pests and Diseases CONSOLIDA 203 Ro
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Consolida ajacis ‘Giant Imperial
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CONSOLIDA 207 ters, however, seed m
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CONSOLIDA 209 QIS series (formerly
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COREOPSIS, RUDBECKIA, LEUCANTHEMUM
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year if spring-planted). Harvesting
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COREOPSIS, RUDBECKIA, LEUCANTHEMUM
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Field Performance CORNUS ALBA 217 C
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Transplanting: Usually transplanted
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Cosmos bipinnatus ‘Daydream’
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plants are grown under LD (>14-hour
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COSMOS BIPINNATUS 225 ‘Klondyke
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CROCOSMIA HYBRIDS 227 tial cuts are
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Crocosmia ‘Lucifer’ her Zone 4
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CROCOSMIA HYBRIDS 231 ‘Emily McKe
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Dahlia ‘Eveline’ DAHLIA HYBRIDS
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DAHLIA HYBRIDS 235 bamboo canes (ea
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Pests and Diseases DAHLIA HYBRIDS 2
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Growing-on DELPHINIUM HYBRIDS 239 D
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ing (>14 hours) will accelerate flo
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DELPHINIUM HYBRIDS 243 ‘Oriental
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DIANTHUS BARBATUS 245 Song, C. Y.,
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DIANTHUS BARBATUS 247 one of the pa
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Dianthus plumarius
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DIGITALIS PURPUREA 251 but a few mo
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Additional Species DIGITALIS PURPUR
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Echinacea purpurea ‘Bright Star
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ECHINACEA PURPUREA 257 disease. If
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Grower Comments ECHINOPS BANNATICUS
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Root cuttings: Take a 1-2" (2.5-5 c
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Cultivars ‘Taplow Blue’ has mor
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EREMURUS 265 warm temperatures, and
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Eremurus ×isabellinus ‘Rosalind
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Ruiter hybrids are the preferred cu
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Environmental Factors Cold is neces
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‘Slieve Donard’ has handsome li
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EUPHORBIA MARGINATA 275 are surroun
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EUPHORBIA MARGINATA 277 All taxa ha
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EUSTOMA GRANDIFLORUM 279 Many thank
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EUSTOMA GRANDIFLORUM 281 and LD for
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EUSTOMA GRANDIFLORUM 283 nitrate fo
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EUSTOMA GRANDIFLORUM 285 Single flo
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Pests and Diseases EUSTOMA GRANDIFL
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FREESIA ×HYBRIDA 289 Sclomo, E., a
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FREESIA ×HYBRIDA 291 is enhanced b
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GLADIOLUS 293 Physiological disorde
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If corms are to be replanted (not r
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Gladiolus hybrids Iridaceae bulb, Z
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GLADIOLUS HYBRIDS 299 38F (1-3C) ca
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Corms may be stored by growers afte
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Halevy, A. H. 1985. Gladiolus. In T
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GOMPHRENA GLOBOSA 305 Gomphrena ‘
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wreaths and table designs, where sh
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GONIOLIMON TATARICUM 309 plant. I d
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Field Performance Longevity: German
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Gypsophila paniculata ‘Bristol Fa
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Soil: Soil must be well drained for
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GYPSOPHILA PANICULATA 317 fungicide
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HELIANTHUS ANNUUS 319 Krogt, T. M.
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HELIANTHUS ANNUUS 321 pots) 3-4 wee
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Stage of Harvest HELIANTHUS ANNUUS
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HELIANTHUS ANNUUS 325 ‘Golden Glo
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‘Superior Sunset’ produces larg
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HELIANTHUS ANNUUS 329 Downy mildew
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———. 1998. 1998 evaluation of
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Environmental Factors HELICHRYSUM B
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Helichrysum cassianum has single to
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Helleborus orientalis
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HYDRANGEA 339 keting. I doubt we co
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Growing-on HYDRANGEA MACROPHYLLA 34
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HYDRANGEA MACROPHYLLA 343 cooler. T
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HYDRANGEA MACROPHYLLA 345 The panic
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HYPERICUM 347 Hypericum Clusiaceae
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Flair series, the most prevalent of
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Ilex verticillata ‘Winter Red’
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ILEX 353 facing the sun. Cultivars
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Iris (bearded form)
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IRIS XIPHIUM 357 Iris ‘Purple Sen
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IRIS XIPHIUM 359 Notice that little
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IRIS XIPHIUM 361 Max. Plant Bulb gr
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Pests and Diseases Dipping the bulb
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LATHYRUS ODORATUS 365 Lathyrus odor
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LATHYRUS ODORATUS 367 tures are hel
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‘Painted Lady’ is an old sweet
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Postharvest LAVATERA TRIMESTRIS 371
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Reading LIATRIS SPICATA 373 Dole, J
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shoots (Evans 1994). For greatest f
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flower opening. These are guideline
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LIATRIS SPICATA 379 “There are tw
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Lilium ‘Acapulco’ (Oriental hyb
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LILIUM HYBRIDS 383 Longevity: Most
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LILIUM HYBRIDS 385 also that ethyle
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Grower Comments LIMONIUM 387 “We
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LIMONIUM PEREZII 389 industry speci
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LIMONIUM SINUATUM 391 Limonium sinu
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LIMONIUM SINUATUM 393 and Colombia,
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larly in shorter daylength times of
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Postharvest Fresh: Flowers persist
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Wings’, ‘Cherry Wings’, ‘Co
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LIMONIUM TETRAGONUM 401 ‘Stardust
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LIMONIUM TETRAGONUM 403 Ichimura, K
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Field Performance Yield: For most l
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Lunaria annua (fruit)
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LOBELIA 409 but allow the finer one
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Field Performance LYSIMACHIA CLETHR
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The effect of cooling rhizomes on f
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Additional Species MATTHIOLA INCANA
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MATTHIOLA INCANA 417 Matthiola inca
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year polyethylene showed that when
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MATTHIOLA INCANA 421 smoother leaf
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MATTHIOLA INCANA 423 Verticillium w
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Narcissus ‘Holland Sensation’
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NARCISSUS 427 If height control is
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Nigella damascena ‘Miss Jekyll’
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NIGELLA DAMASCENA 431 Dried: Flower
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Ornithogalum thyrsoides
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ORNITHOGALUM ARABICUM 435 generally
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matures. The virus is spread by aph
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Propagation PAEONIA HYBRIDS 439 Pla
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PAEONIA HYBRIDS 441 Shading: Peonie
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PAEONIA HYBRIDS 443 tember (Wilkins
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PAEONIA HYBRIDS 445 White ‘Bowl o
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PAPAVER NUDICAULE 447 Papaver nudic
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Additional Species PAPAVER NUDICAUL
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PHLOX PANICULATA 451 “I grow ‘T
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Weeks in Flowering time in gh* Stem
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use of cutting or graded transplant
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Pests and Diseases PHYSALIS ALKEKEN
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esult in faster flowering. Temperat
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Physostegia virginiana
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Various cultivars of Physostegia vi
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Cultivars PHYSOSTEGIA VIRGINIANA 46
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PLATYCODON GRANDIFLORUS 467 Platyco
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Stage of Harvest Harvest when 2-3 f
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Polianthes tuberosa ‘The Pearl’
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POLIANTHES TUBEROSA 473 Longevity:
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Reading RANUNCULUS ASIATICUS 475 Ar
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RANUNCULUS ASIATICUS 477 Soaking tu
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Stage of Harvest RANUNCULUS ASIATIC
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Seed: Seed has no dormancy and germ
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SALIX 483 purple-black, finally sho
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Environmental Factors Photoperiod:
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Cultivars ‘Midnight’, the name
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Grower Comments “Salvia leucantha
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once the netting is up, harvesting
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Scabiosa caucasica ‘Alba’
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SCABIOSA CAUCASICA 495 ‘Blue Perf
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SOLIDAGO HYBRIDS, ×SOLIDASTER 497
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Field Performance Large acreages of
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‘Super’ (Calif.) SOLIDAGO HYBRI
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Reading Anon. 1998a. Solidago marke
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Propagation Seed: Seeds benefit fro
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TRACHELIUM CAERULEUM 507 Excellent
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Trachelium caeruleum ‘Lake Sunset
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Stage of Harvest TRACHELIUM CAERULE
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TRITELEIA 513 Triteleia brodiaea Li
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Stage of Harvest TRITELEIA 515 Some
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Tulipa ‘Fantasy’ (parrot form)
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Greenhouse Performance TULIPA 519 M
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TULIPA 521 bulbs. This problem must
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TWEEDIA CAERULEA 523 Tweedia caerul
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Cultivars ‘Heavenborn’ bears de
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VERBENA BONARIENSIS 527 sure my cus
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Veronica longifolia ‘Blauriesin
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yield was much reduced. One reason
Page 534 and 535:
Grower Comments VERONICASTRUM VIRGI
Page 536 and 537:
Growing-on Grow plants in cell pack
Page 538 and 539:
ZANTEDESCHIA 537 plicity’s sake,
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Environmental Factors Light: Calla
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The effect of shade on scape length
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Stage of Harvest (%) N P K Ca Mg 3.
Page 546 and 547:
ZANTEDESCHIA 545 logical treatments
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ZINNIA ELEGANS 547 not a problem in
Page 550 and 551:
ZINNIA ELEGANS 549 ‘Ruffles’ is
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Reading Armitage, A. M. 1985. Zinni
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REFERENCES References for specific
Page 556 and 557:
REFERENCES 555 Hyacinthus orientali
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REFERENCES 557 Vaughan, Mary Jane.
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APPENDIX I. STAGE OF HARVEST The fo
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STAGE OF HARVEST 561 Clarkia Harves
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Nerine bowdenii
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APPENDIX II. ADDITIONAL PLANTS SUIT
Page 568 and 569:
Dicentra spectabilis bleeding heart
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ADDITIONAL PLANTS SUITABLE FOR CUT
Page 572 and 573:
APPENDIX III. USEFUL CONVERSIONS To
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INDEX OF BOTANICAL NAMES Achillea 2
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Camellia sasanqua 568 Campanula 25,
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tristis 294 Godetia 198 Gomphrena 3
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alkekengi 457 franchetii 457 Physos
Page 582 and 583:
INDEX OF COMMON NAMES acidanthera 2
Page 584 and 585:
golden drumstick 566 goldenraintree
Page 586 and 587:
perennial hybrid 488 Russian 567 ve
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