Stationary Source Control Techniques Document for Fine Particulate ...

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Table 6-1. Estimated Control Efficiencies for Drop Height Reduction Techniques (from Reference 6) Technique 6-7 Control Efficiency (percent) Lowering well or perforated pipe 80 Telescoping chute 75 Rock ladder 50 C Washing down or scraping conveyor belts regularly; 1 C Performing PM-generating activities only as needed, e.g. in secondary lead production, breaking of batteries only as needed to keep pace with the furnace; 1 C Monitoring of feed materials to identify high PM-generating conditions; 1 C Use of clean scrap in metal-melting furnaces; 7 and C Removing crankcase oil prior to automobile salvage. 7 6.2.2 Process Optimization/Modification Process optimization and/or modification can be an effective preventive measure for process fugitive emission control. Also included in this category is the optimization of the primary PM control devices and their capture systems. Some general techniques are: C Mass transfer frequency reduction, C Improved operational efficiency, and C Use and proper operation of point-of-generation dust collection devices. Some process-specific optimization techniques are: C Designing a sulfuric acid plant at a primary lead smelter with sufficient capacity to preclude the creation of back pressure and excess venting of the sinter machine. 1
C Changing from a cupola to an electric arc furnace. 7 C Changing from an (open) bucket elevator to more efficient (closed) pneumatic conveyor. 7 C Screening out undersized coke (
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Stationary Source Control Technique
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CONTENTS TABLES ...................
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CONTENTS (continued) 5.1.1.5 Cyclon
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CONTENTS (continued) 5.4.5.1 Capita
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TABLES Table 2-1 Summary of Trends
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FIGURES Figure 2-1 PM 2.5 Compositi
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FIGURES (continued) Figure 5.4-2 Sc
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SECTIONS 1 and 2 1. INTRODUCTION ..
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programs, and major current sources
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2. BACKGROUND National ambient air
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2-3
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2.3 SOURCES OF PM 10 AND PM 2.5 EMI
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2-7
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2-9
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2.5 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 2 1. Rev
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3 MEASUREMENT The determination of
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description of these methods, the E
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Figure 3-1. EPA Test Method 5 Sampl
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C Method 5E: Determination of PM Em
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dissolved sulfur dioxide gases from
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long time while others have been de
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C Portable Wind Tunnel Method. This
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particles either above and below a
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provide this type of analysis. 64,6
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3.6.3 Spectrometry Spectrometry is
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Methods for estimating the total ma
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Waste Management Association, Pitts
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33. Pilat, M.J. D. S. Ensor, and J.
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57. Cushing, K.M., R.R. Wilson, W.E
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78. Snell, F.D. Photometric and Flu
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SECTION 4 4. FUEL SUBSTITUTION AND
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Table 4.1. Potential PM 10 Emission
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4.1.3 Costs The costs associated wi
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4.2 Process Modification/Optimizati
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a fluidized bed of alumina particle
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5. EXHAUST GAS CLEANING SYSTEMS FOR
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5.1 PRETREATMENT The performance of
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5.1-3
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5.1-5
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5.1-7
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5.1-9
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Table 5.1-1 Characteristics of Comm
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A multiple cyclone, shown in Figure
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Fractional Collection Efficiency (%
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Fractional Collection Efficiency (%
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where d 50 is the diameter of parti
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Cumulative Collection Efficiency (%
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5.1.4 Costs of Precollectors The co
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Total Capital Investment ($ x 10 )
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Table 5.1-3. Annual Cost Factors fo
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C Increase sparkover voltage of flu
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unconditioned ash. Ammonia conditio
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Costs of flue gas conditioning vary
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5.1.9 References for Section 5.1 1.
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5.2 ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS ...
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5.2-2
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5.2.1.3 Particle Charging Particle
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Dust reentrainment associated with
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In a wire-pipe ESP, a wire that fun
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5.2-10
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5.2-12
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5.2-14
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Pulses can be used alone or in addi
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5.2-18
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5.2-20
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For coal fly ash, surface resistanc
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5.2-24
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Utility Boilers (Coal, Oil) Table 5
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5.2.6 Costs of Electrostatic Precip
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Table 5.2-3. Capital Cost Factors f
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Total Capital Investment ($ x 10 )
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where Q l is the liquid flow rate (
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Direct Costs Labor Table 5.2-5. Ann
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5.2.8 References for Section 5.2 1.
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5..3 FABRIC FILTERS ...............
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Collection by diffusion occurs as a
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Gravitational sedimentation, i.e. t
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Table 5.3-1. Recommended Gas-to-Clo
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5.3-8
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shaking. In order to accomplish thi
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5.3-12
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elatively recent development has be
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5.3-16
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5.3.3 Fabric Characteristics Fabric
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Table 5.3-2. Temperature Ranges, an
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5.3-22
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a Application Copper 3-03-005 3-04-
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The potential for explosion is also
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Cleaning Mechanism: The fabric filt
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Particle Characteristics: Particle
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5.3-32
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Annual Operating Cost ($ x 10 ) Tab
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5.3.7 Energy and Other Secondary En
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15. Compilation of Air Pollutant Em
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5.4 WET SCRUBBERS Wet scrubbers are
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5.4.2.1 Spray Chambers Spray chambe
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5.4-5
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5.4-7
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5.4.2.3 Impingement Plate Scrubbers
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5.4-11
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5.4.2.5 Venturi Scrubbers A venturi
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5.4-15
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5.4.2.7 Condensation Scrubbers Cond
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5.4-19
Page 209 and 210: 5.4.3 Collection Efficiency Collect
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Page 213 and 214: Table 5.4-2 lists current applicati
Page 215 and 216: Scrubber Type Table 5.4-3. PM 10/PM
Page 217 and 218: Table 5.4-4. Capital Cost Factors f
Page 219 and 220: 5.4-31
Page 221 and 222: electricity, sludge disposal, waste
Page 223 and 224: Figura 5.4-16. Impiggemennt Scrubbe
Page 225 and 226: Table 5.4-6. Annual Cost Parameters
Page 227 and 228: 5.4.7 References for Section 5.4 1.
Page 229 and 230: 5.5 INCINERATORS ..................
Page 231 and 232: For particles smaller than 100 µm
Page 233 and 234: enhanced via vanes or other physica
Page 235 and 236: premixing chamber fitted with a (au
Page 237 and 238: 5.5-8
Page 239 and 240: limited only by cost. On the basis
Page 241 and 242: C Petroleum and Coal Production C C
Page 243 and 244: 5.5.5.1 Capital Costs The total cap
Page 245 and 246: Total Capital Investment ($) 700,00
Page 247 and 248: operate 8,000 hours per year, at a
Page 249 and 250: Table 5.5-5. Annual Cost Factors fo
Page 251 and 252: 1. Control Techniques for Particula
Page 253 and 254: 6. INDUSTRIAL FUGITIVE EMISSION CON
Page 255 and 256: enefication, such as crushing, scre
Page 257 and 258: 6-4
Page 259: fugitive PM is greater than 90 perc
Page 263 and 264: For information on the control of f
Page 265 and 266: 6.5 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 6 1. Est
Page 267 and 268: 7. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES This secti
Page 269 and 270: Table 7-1. Summary of Emerging PM C
Page 271 and 272: more filter surface area. This enab
Page 273 and 274: C Less sensitive to changes in fuel
Page 275 and 276: 7.6.2 Dry Fog A device to control f
Page 277 and 278: 14. Miller, R.L. "Combining ESPs an
Page 279 and 280: AMMONIA ApSimon, H.M., D. Cowell, a
Page 281 and 282: Control of Volatile Organic Emissio
Page 283 and 284: APPENDIX B VATAVUK AIR POLLUTION CO
Page 285 and 286: Devices, Fine Particulate Matter, C
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