Stationary Source Control Techniques Document for Fine Particulate ...

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CONTENTS (continued) 7.1.2 Fine 1.1 dtex Fibers .........................................7-1 7.1.3 Electrostatically-Stimulated Fabric Filtration (ESFF) .................7-4 7.2 EMERGING ESP TECHNOLOGIES .................................7-4 7.2.1 Sonic Horn Rappers .........................................7-4 7.2.3 Cold-Pipe ESP Precharger ....................................7-4 7.2.2 Alternating Charging and Short ESP Collector Sections (SUPER ESP) ...7-5 7.2.4 Advanced Computer-Based ESP Control Systems ..................7-5 7.3 EMERGING COMBINATION DEVICES ..........................7-5 7.4 EMERGING SCRUBBER TECHNOLOGIES ..........................7-6 7.4.1 Annular Orifice Venturi Scrubber ...............................7-6 7.4.2 Waterweb Mesh Scrubber ....................................7-6 7.5 EMERGING MECHANICAL COLLECTOR TECHNOLOGIES ...........7-7 7.6 EMERGING FUGITIVE DUST CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES ............7-7 7.6.1 High-Voltage PM Ionizer .....................................7-7 7.6.2 Dry Fog ..................................................7-8 7.7 EMERGING SIMULTANEOUS POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES ...............................................7-8 7.7.1 SNRB (SO x-NO x-Rox Box) Catalytic Fabric Filter .................7-8 7.7.2 Catalyst-Coated Fabric Filters .................................7-8 7.8 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 7 ...................................7-9 APPENDIX A: LIST OF RESOURCE DOCUMENTS FOR PM AND PM PRECURSOR CONTROL .............................................. A-1 APPENDIX B: VATAVUK AIR POLLUTION CONTROL COST INDEXES .......B-1 viii
TABLES Table 2-1 Summary of Trends in PM 10 Emissions from 1987 through 1993 (Reference 2) .................................. 2-3 Table 3-1 EPA Test Methods for PM ........................................ 3-2 Table 3-2 EPA Test Methods 1 through 4: General Stack Sampling Procedures ......... 3-4 Table 4-1 Potential PM 10 Emission Reductions with Fuel Switching (References 1, 4, and 5) ........................................... 4-3 Table 4-2 Potential PM 2.5 Emission Reductions with Fuel Switching (References 1, 4, and 5) ........................................... 4-3 Table 4-3 Average Prices of Coal, Oil, and Natural Gas (References 6, 7, and 8) ........................................... 4-5 Table 4-4 Potential SO x Reductions with Fuel Switching ........................... 4-6 Table 5.1-1 Characteristics of Common Cyclones ...............................5.1-11 Table 5.1-2 Annual Cost Parameters for Cyclones (Reference 9). ...................5.1-25 Table 5.1-3 Annual Cost Factors for Cyclones (Reference 20). .....................5.1-26 Table 5.1-4 Costs of Flue Gas Conditioning ...................................5.1-33 Table 5.2-1 PM-10 and PM-2.5 Cumulative Collection Efficiencies for ESPs at Coal Combustors, Primary Copper Operations, and Iron and Steel Production Operations (Reference 11) ...................5.2-18 Table 5.2-2 Typical Industrial Applications of Electrostatic Precipitators (References 2 and 12) ..........................................5.2-18 Table 5.2-3 Capital Cost Factors for Electrostatic Precipitators (Reference 10) .........5.2-20 Table 5.2-4 Annual Cost Parameters for Electrostatic Precipitators (Reference 14) ................................................5.2-25 Table 5.2-5 Annual Cost Factors for Electrostatic Precipitators (Reference 14) .........5.2-26 Table 5.3-1 Recommended Gas-to-Cloth Ratios (acfm/ft 2 ) for Common Industrial Applications of Fabric Filters (References 4 and 13) .................................5.3-5 Table 5.3-2 Temperature Ranges, and Physical and Chemical Resistances of Common Industrial Fabrics (Reference 2) ..........................5.3-16 Table 5.3-3 PM-10 and PM-2.5 Cumulative Collection Efficiencies for Fabric Filters at Coal Combustors, Ferroalloy Electric Arc Furnaces, and Iron and Steel Production Operations (Reference 15) ....5.3-19 Table 5.3-4 Typical Cleaning Methods and Fabrics for Industrial Applications of Fabric Filters (Reference 2) ....................................5.3-19 Table 5.3-5 Capital Cost Factors for Fabric Filters (Reference 16) ..................5.3-22 Table 5.3-6 Annual Cost Parameters for Fabric Filters (Reference 17) ................5.3-28 Table 5.3-7 Annual Cost Factors for Fabric Filters (Reference 17) ..................5.3-29 Table 5.4-1 PM-10 and PM-2.5 Cumulative Collection Efficiencies for Wet Scrubbers at Coal, Oil, Wood, and Bark Combustors; and Coke Production Units (Reference 6). ..............................5.4-21 ix
Page 1 and 2: Stationary Source Control Technique
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS TABLES ...................
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS (continued) 5.1.1.5 Cyclon
Page 7: CONTENTS (continued) 5.4.5.1 Capita
Page 11 and 12: FIGURES Figure 2-1 PM 2.5 Compositi
Page 13 and 14: FIGURES (continued) Figure 5.4-2 Sc
Page 15 and 16: SECTIONS 1 and 2 1. INTRODUCTION ..
Page 17 and 18: programs, and major current sources
Page 19 and 20: 2. BACKGROUND National ambient air
Page 21 and 22: 2-3
Page 23 and 24: 2.3 SOURCES OF PM 10 AND PM 2.5 EMI
Page 25 and 26: 2-7
Page 27 and 28: 2-9
Page 29 and 30: 2.5 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 2 1. Rev
Page 31 and 32: 3 MEASUREMENT The determination of
Page 33 and 34: description of these methods, the E
Page 35 and 36: Figure 3-1. EPA Test Method 5 Sampl
Page 37 and 38: C Method 5E: Determination of PM Em
Page 39 and 40: dissolved sulfur dioxide gases from
Page 41 and 42: long time while others have been de
Page 43 and 44: C Portable Wind Tunnel Method. This
Page 45 and 46: particles either above and below a
Page 47 and 48: provide this type of analysis. 64,6
Page 49 and 50: 3.6.3 Spectrometry Spectrometry is
Page 51 and 52: Methods for estimating the total ma
Page 53 and 54: Waste Management Association, Pitts
Page 55 and 56: 33. Pilat, M.J. D. S. Ensor, and J.
Page 57 and 58: 57. Cushing, K.M., R.R. Wilson, W.E
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78. Snell, F.D. Photometric and Flu
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SECTION 4 4. FUEL SUBSTITUTION AND
Page 63 and 64:
Table 4.1. Potential PM 10 Emission
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4.1.3 Costs The costs associated wi
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4.2 Process Modification/Optimizati
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a fluidized bed of alumina particle
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5. EXHAUST GAS CLEANING SYSTEMS FOR
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5.1 PRETREATMENT The performance of
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5.1-3
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5.1-5
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5.1-7
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5.1-9
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Table 5.1-1 Characteristics of Comm
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A multiple cyclone, shown in Figure
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Fractional Collection Efficiency (%
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Fractional Collection Efficiency (%
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where d 50 is the diameter of parti
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Cumulative Collection Efficiency (%
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5.1.4 Costs of Precollectors The co
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Total Capital Investment ($ x 10 )
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Table 5.1-3. Annual Cost Factors fo
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C Increase sparkover voltage of flu
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unconditioned ash. Ammonia conditio
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Costs of flue gas conditioning vary
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5.1.9 References for Section 5.1 1.
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5.2 ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS ...
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5.2-2
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5.2.1.3 Particle Charging Particle
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Dust reentrainment associated with
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In a wire-pipe ESP, a wire that fun
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5.2-10
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5.2-12
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5.2-14
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Pulses can be used alone or in addi
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5.2-18
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5.2-20
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For coal fly ash, surface resistanc
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5.2-24
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Utility Boilers (Coal, Oil) Table 5
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5.2.6 Costs of Electrostatic Precip
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Table 5.2-3. Capital Cost Factors f
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Total Capital Investment ($ x 10 )
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where Q l is the liquid flow rate (
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Direct Costs Labor Table 5.2-5. Ann
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5..3 FABRIC FILTERS ...............
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Collection by diffusion occurs as a
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Gravitational sedimentation, i.e. t
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Table 5.3-1. Recommended Gas-to-Clo
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5.3-8
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shaking. In order to accomplish thi
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5.3-12
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elatively recent development has be
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5.3-16
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5.3.3 Fabric Characteristics Fabric
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Table 5.3-2. Temperature Ranges, an
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5.3-22
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a Application Copper 3-03-005 3-04-
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The potential for explosion is also
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Cleaning Mechanism: The fabric filt
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Particle Characteristics: Particle
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5.3-32
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Annual Operating Cost ($ x 10 ) Tab
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5.3.7 Energy and Other Secondary En
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15. Compilation of Air Pollutant Em
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5.4 WET SCRUBBERS Wet scrubbers are
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5.4.2.1 Spray Chambers Spray chambe
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5.4-5
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5.4-7
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5.4.2.3 Impingement Plate Scrubbers
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5.4-11
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5.4.2.5 Venturi Scrubbers A venturi
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5.4-15
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5.4.2.7 Condensation Scrubbers Cond
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5.4-19
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5.4.3 Collection Efficiency Collect
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5.4-23
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Table 5.4-2 lists current applicati
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Scrubber Type Table 5.4-3. PM 10/PM
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Table 5.4-4. Capital Cost Factors f
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5.4-31
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electricity, sludge disposal, waste
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Figura 5.4-16. Impiggemennt Scrubbe
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Table 5.4-6. Annual Cost Parameters
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5.5 INCINERATORS ..................
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For particles smaller than 100 µm
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enhanced via vanes or other physica
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premixing chamber fitted with a (au
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5.5-8
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limited only by cost. On the basis
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C Petroleum and Coal Production C C
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5.5.5.1 Capital Costs The total cap
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Total Capital Investment ($) 700,00
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operate 8,000 hours per year, at a
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Table 5.5-5. Annual Cost Factors fo
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1. Control Techniques for Particula
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6. INDUSTRIAL FUGITIVE EMISSION CON
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enefication, such as crushing, scre
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6-4
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fugitive PM is greater than 90 perc
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C Changing from a cupola to an elec
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For information on the control of f
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6.5 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 6 1. Est
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7. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES This secti
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Table 7-1. Summary of Emerging PM C
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more filter surface area. This enab
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C Less sensitive to changes in fuel
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7.6.2 Dry Fog A device to control f
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14. Miller, R.L. "Combining ESPs an
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AMMONIA ApSimon, H.M., D. Cowell, a
Page 281 and 282:
Control of Volatile Organic Emissio
Page 283 and 284:
APPENDIX B VATAVUK AIR POLLUTION CO
Page 285 and 286:
Devices, Fine Particulate Matter, C
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