Flora and Vegetation of Vlora Bay

Abstract 

Flora and Vegetation of Vlora Bay 

Elona Bahiti, Peçi Naqellari, Vitori Hasani 

Faculty of Natural Sciences, University "A. Xhuvani”, Elbasan, Albania, 

HSM Department, Public Health Faculty, University of Vlora 

elonabahiti@gmail.com 

In this paper are shown the results of a study on the floristic diversity of the Bay of Vlora. Subject of this 

study are the plant communities, plant diversity of the area and their scientific and practical values. 

This is an observing and examining study that was conducted in three phases: 

a) Preparatory phase (preparatory work) 

b) Field work phase (data collection in the field environment) 

c)Laboratory phase (data processing in the laboratory or cabinet) 

The study results show the different habitats in some areas of vegetation. The most significant areas 

indentified in the study are: 

a) Flora of Mediterranean forest and scrubland: Quercus coccifera, Quercus ilex, Quercus macrolepis; 

b) The flora of coastal dunes and sandbanks: Zostera nana, Eryngium maritimum, Inula crithmoides; 

c) The flora of rocky coast line and mountainous environments: Crithmum maritimum, Brassica oleracea, 

etc. 

The highest percentages of vegetation species identified in this area are as following: Hemikriptofite with 

43 species, with 36 species Fanerofite, Terofite with 28 species, with 24 species Geofitet and 4 species 

Hidrofite. 

The floristic spectrum of this area contains this most important species: European-Mediterranean 

37species, Mediterranean 28 species, Cosmopolitan 12 species and 2 endemic and sub-endemic 

species. 

The study identified 50 species medicinal and aromatic plant like Melissa officinalis, Orchis spp., Salvia 

officinalis, Teucrium polium, Saunguisorba officinalis etc. 

Keywords: Bay of Vlora, Zostera nana, biodiversity of flora, endemic, Quercus coccifera 

Introduction 

Flora represents a considerable number of plant species that populate a certain area such as a 

mountain, a valley, a region, a continent. Floristic property varies according to many factors, the diversity 

of ecological conditions is the most important. (Mitrushi I., 1966) Plants play an important role on the 

living world. Therefore, it is very important studying of vegetable associations and their relationships with 

soil, climate and environmental factors. The bay of Vlora is noted for a high diversity of ecosystems and 

habitats: marine ecosystems, coastal lagoons, sand dunes, Mediterranean shrublands, broadleaf forest, 

coniferous etc. The survey data represent a great contribution on the knowledge of flora and vegetation 

in the current situation, by recognizing plant communities we reach conclusions and recommendations 

for fair and science treatment of the environmental in this area. (Naqellari P., 2000) 

The objects of the study are plant communities, diversity of plants, scientific and practical values that 

represents floristic diversity of the area. 

BALWOIS 2012 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 28 May, 2 June 2012 

1

The main issues of the study are: 

- Distinguishing flora and different spectrum of the area. 

- The determination of the main plants associations 

- Determination of the main structure of each association found with its data. 

- The environmental assessment and its impact on natural situation, highlighting the rare plants, 

with scientific and practical value. 

Flora and vegetation of an area are a great resource for national economic and scientific value. 

Therefore we try to find a definition on plants that are grown in our environment, in our case we have 

analyzed some of them in this study. 

Material and Methods 

Vlora is situated in a subtropical area with Mediterranean climate. This climate combines warm 

seawaters and fresh mountain air. Its mild climate, which gets even milder due to the special locations of 

Vlora among high mountains next to the sea. Vlora Bay is located in eastern coast of the southeastern 

Adriatic Sea. 

Major roles in the floristic diversity of this area have Geomorphologic, climatic and environmental factors. 

This area has a high diversity of habitats. Mediterranean forests and shrublands represent a variety of 

types, where are mentioned Pinus pinea, Erica arborea, etc. In shrubs are raised Quercus coccifera. 

Sandbanks area and coastal dunes consists of species such as, Eryngium maritimum and Inula 

crithmoides while rocky coastal areas consist of Sedum album, Ceterach officinarum, etc. 

As plants have an important role on living world, in this case study of plant associations and their relation 

with land,climate, and enviromental factors have a great impact. Nowadays floristic studies have 

received several dimensions and deepening.What puts flora in danger in regional and world level is the 

reduction of plant, this dangerous phenomena reduce genetik fond of plants.( Ruci B., 1983) 

There are used two well-known methods to conduct this study: Physiognomic method and floristic 

method. (Xhulaj M., 2005: Buzo K., 2000) 

Physiognomic method is based on the outer morphological construction of plants cover and in the vital 

forms. According to this method, the plants are grouped in some forms, which are based on the height of 

the vegetative buds from the earth surface. 

Floristic method based on the identification of plant species, which are present in their habitats. The 

process is divided in three phases: completing the surveys; evaluating of the plant species abundance – 

dominance; the determination of the species that were in the analyzed place. The determination is 

realized by identifying and nominating them using the appropriate literature. (Demiri M., 1983: Group of 

Authors, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000; Tutin T. G. etj., 1964-1980: Ruci B., 2000; Xhulaj M., Kashta L., 2003.) 

This study is conducted according to a methodology divided in three phases: 

a) Preparatory phase during this phase, there are gathered general data on the area as: physicalgeographical 

conditions, terrestrial and climatic conditions, and data on previous studies on this field. It is 

gathered all necessary materials and there are organized expeditions in the area. 

b) Field work phase (data collection in the field environment) 

This survey was carried in different seasons in the area. This was realized in order to obtain many 

fenofaze and different types of plants. We have made a complete description of the environment for each 

surveying parcels, and gathered other data such as scientific name of plant, geographic location and vital 

form for each type, etc., according to the respective methodologies. 

c) Laboratory phase (data processing in the laboratory or cabinet) 

In this phase, there are named the collected plants and their communities; realizing floristic and biological 

spectra. 

The study is illustrated with graphics, tables and photos.(Figure 9 – 33) 


2

Results and discussion 

This study is based on the separation of habitat in three areas of study: 

1. Flora of Mediterranean forest and scrubland: 

Mediterranean forest represents a diversity of species on floristic composition. 

There are some locations dominated by Pinus pinea, accompanied by Myrtus communis, Carpinus 

orientalis, Erica arborea, Pinus halepensis. This area is known for oaks vegetations, which belongs to 

Oleo-Ceratonion and Quercion ilicis alliances. Plant communities of the alliance Oleo-Ceratonion grow 

up in dry rocky areas and near the seacoast. Typical species are: Ceratonia siliqua, Juniperus 

oxycedrus, Thymus capitatus etj. 

Vegetable associations of the alliance Quercion ilicis are expanded in locations with limestone cliffs and 

flysch or close to coast protected by wind (Sazan) 

This alliance included groups with Quercus coccifera, located in rocky areas. Typical species are : 

Smilax aspera, Pistacia lentiscus etj. Associations with Quercus ilex are located in Sazan, Karaburun and 

Llogara. Associations with Quercus macrolepis, are located in Karaburun, which constitutes the northern 

limit of its expand. 

Most common species in this area are: Phlomis fruticosa, Thymus capitatus, Origanum vulgare, Salvia 

officinalis, etc (Figure 1-4) 

Fig. 1 Quercus coccifera 


2. Flora of coastal dunes and sandbanks 


Fig. 2 Pinus nigra 

Fig. 4 Smilax aspera 

The bay of Vlora distinguishes by a variety of marine habitats: sandy substrates, rocky areas battered by 

waves, microenvironments affected by fresh waters, etc. This area has the kseromorfe structure. On the 

Bay of Vlora are found 4 marine phanerogams: Zostera nana, Posidonia oceanica, Cymodocea nodosa 

and Halophila stipulacea. Associated species of laguna are represented by halophilic species such as 

3

Inula crithmoides, Juncus maritimus, Limonium vulgare, Atriplex hastata etc. While the vegetation of 

sand dunes is represented by: Cakile Maritima, Salsola horse, Cyperus capitatus, Echinophora spinosa, 

Eryngium maritimum etc.(Figure 5-6) 

Fig. 5 Juncus maritimus 

Fig. 6 Eryngium maritimum 

3. Flora of rocky coast line and mountainous environments 

This area includes plant species that live in the clefts of rocks and dust. These species have a high 

resistance on humidity and changes of temperatures. This area has the kseromorfe structure. Extends in 

the form of a narrow band of 2-3 m above sea level, across the rocky coast of Vlora bay (Uji i Ftohte, 

Jonufër etc.) . Typical species are: Crithmum maritimum, Limonium anfractus, Brassica oleracea, etc. 

Suculente species are : genders of Sedum, Sempervivum, etc. (Figure 7-8) 

Fig. 7 Brassica oleracea 


Fig. 8 Sedum album 

For each area are shown systematic, biological and florystic spectrum. Based on data for the study 

areas we conclude that: The highest percentages of vegetation species identified in this area are as 

following: Hemikriptofite with 43 species, with 36 species Fanerofite, Terofite with 28 species, with 24 

species Geofitet and 4 species Hidrofite. The floristic spectrum of this area contains this most important 

species: European-Mediterranean 37species, Mediterranean 28 species, Cosmopolitan 12 species and 2 

Endemic and Sub-endemic species. (Figure1; Figure 2) 

During expeditions we identified 187 plants.A part of them are shown in Table 1. This area is well known 

for medicinal and aromatic plants, which have wide use ranging from popular to pharmaceuticals. Their 

popular use is very helpful for our health without side effects. List of medicinal and aromatic plants are 

given in Table 2. 

Two endemic types are: 

1). Valentinum subsp. vlorense – Bilbylbardha e Vlorës 

Located in coastal rocks in Jonufer and near Orikum. With a height of 10-15 m above the sea level. 

2). Hypericum haplophylloides – Lulebasani në trajtë haplofille. 

Located in Llogara, up to 750 m above the sea level. 

4

2 

6 

3 

4 

6 

Figure 1: Spectrum of vital forms Figure 2: Floristic spectrum 

2% 

8% 

8 

0% 

Conclusions 

2% 

31 

44% 

36 

% 3% 3% 3% 

% 

2% 

Figure 3: Family richness 

The vegetation area from the description shows that it is well known for a variety of habitats, associations 

and plant species. Here are distinguished varieties of habitats such as lagoon, marine, coastal rocks, oak 

spaces, shrub lands, sand dunes, etc. In this area are gathered special taxon as endemic (2 types), sub 

endemic (3 types), and 50 types of medical and aromatic plants. 

During this study, we have described three areas: a) Flora of Mediterranean forest and scrublands, b) 

the flora of coastal dunes and sandbanks c) the flora of rocky coastline and mountainous environments. 

For each zone are presented systematic, biological and florisistic spectrum that show how plant species 

adapted the environmental conditions in the study area. During expeditions in the field were evidenced 

approximately 187 plant species, grouped in 79 families. In which families with a high percentage of 

species are: Labiatae,(%) Leguminosae dhe Cruciferae. Boraginaceae, Graminae dhe Chenopodiaceae 

Cupressaceae etj. All in all these focuses on a rich flora of the area, even though in the study it is shown 

only a small part of this floristic diversity. Therefore we should try to protect plants and threatened kinds, 

not wanting the extinction of irreplaceable species, knowing that plants provide a great contribution to 

ecosystems. 


6 

4 % 

45% 

6 

32 

3 

42 

4 

2 

2 

4 % 

4 % 

0 

31 

43 3 3 

5

References 

Tables 

Buzo K., 2000: Gjeobotanika. Tiranë. 

Demiri M., 1983: Flora ekskursioniste e Shqipërisë.Tiranë. 

Group of Authors, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000: Flora e Shqipërisë, vol. 1, 2, 3, 4. Tiranë. 

Group of Authors, 1997 Libri i Kuq. Bimë, shoqërime bimore dhe kafshë të kërcënuara. Tiranë. 

Mitrushi I., 1966: Dendroflora e Shqipërisë. Tiranë. 

Naqellari P., 2000: Biodiversiteti, bimët e rralla dhe endemike në rajon. Together for a cleaner 

environment. Elbasan. 

Kabo M., 1998: Gjeografia fizike e Shqipërisë, vol. 2. Tiranë. 

Ruci B., 1983: Buletini i shkencave të natyrës. Tiranë. 

Tutin T. G. etj., 1964-1980: Flora Europaea, vol. 1-5. Cambridge. 

Xhulaj M., 2005: Udhëheqës për praktikat mësimore në botanikë. Tiranë. 

Xhulaj M., Ruci B., 2000: Botanika 2 (Sistematika e bimëve) Fanerogamet. Tiranë. 

Xhulaj M., Kashta L., 2003: Botanika 2 (Sistematika e bimëve) Kriptogamet. Tiranë. 

1. www.botany.wisc.edu/courses/botany_/Lecture/Lect04VegFlora.html 

2. www.climatetemp.info/albania/vlore.html 

Table 1: List of plant species 

Bilogichal spectrum Phanerophytes (Ph), Geophytes (G), Hemicryptophytes (He), Therophytes (Th), 

Hydrophytes (Hydro), Liane, Chamephyte (Cha) 

VITAL FLORISTIC ELEMENTS 

No 

FAMILY 

SPECIES 

FORMS 

1 PINACEAE Abies borisii-regis Ph Balkan 

2 COMPOSITAE Achillea grandifolia He Balkan 

3 AGAVACEAE Agave americana He Decorative 

4 LABIATAE Ajuga reptans He EuroAsian 

5 BORAGINACEAE Alkanna tinctoria He Mediterranean 

6 GRAMINEAE Ammophila arenaria Th Euri Mediterranean 

7 PRIMULACEAE Anagallis arvensis Th Euri Mediterranean 

8 COMPOSITAE Anthemis tinctoria Cha EasternEuropeanPo 

9 COMPOSITAE Anthemis arvensis Th Mediterranean 

10 LEGUMINOSAE Anthylis hermanniae Cha Mediterranean 

11 CRUCIFERAE Arabis pseudoturritis Th Subcbalkanic 

12 COMPOSITAE Artemisia vulgaris H Circumboreale 

13 LILIACEAE Asparagusacutifolius Ge Mediterranean 

14 CHENOPODIACEAE Atriplex hastata Th Circumboreale 

15 SOLANACEAE Atropa bella-donna He Mediterranean 

16 UMBELLIFERAE Athamanta macedonica He Eastern-European 

17 GRAMINEAE Avena fatua Th EuroAsian 


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18 BORAGINACEAE Borago officinalis Th Euri Mediterranean 

19 NYCTAGINACEAE Bougainvillaea glabra Liane Decorative 

20 GRAMINEAE Brachypodium retusum He Mediterranean 

21 CRUCIFERAE Brassica oleracea He Mediterranean 

22 BUXACEAE Buxus sempervirens N/ Ph Sub Mediterranean 

23 CRUCIFERAE Cakile maritima Th Mediterranean –Atlantic 

24 CAMPANULACEAE Campanula pyramidalis He Illyrian 

25 CAPPARACEAE Capparis spinosa Ph EuroAsian 

26 CRUCIFERAE Capsella bursa-pastoris Th Cosmopolite 

27 CYPERACEAE Carex extensa He Mediterranean Atlantike 

28 CORYLACEAE Carpinus orientalis Ph Pontike 

29 AIZOACEAE Carpobrotus edulis He South African 

30 ULMACEAE Celtis australis Ph Euri Mediterranean 

31 GENTIANACEAE Centaurium tenuiflorum Th Paleotemperuar 

32 CARYOPHYLLACEAE Cerastium glomeratum Th Euri- Mediterranean 

33 LEGUMINOSAE Ceratonia siliqua Ph Mediterranean 

34 LEGUMINOSAE Ceratonia siliqua Ph Mediterranean 

35 ASPLENIACEAE Ceterach officinarum G EuroAsian 

36 CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodium album Th Sub Cosmopolite 

37 COMPOSITAE Cichorium intybus He Cosmopolite 

38 RANUNCULACEAE Clematis flammula Lianas Eurimesdhetare 

39 LEGUMINOSAE Colutea arborescens Ph Euri Mediterranean 

40 CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus elegantissimus He Steno Mediterranean 

41 CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus arvensis G Paleotemperuar – Cos 

42 CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus saldonella G Cosmopolite 

43 ROSACEAE Crataegus monogyna Ph Paleotemperuar 

44 ROSACEAE Crataegus heldreichii Ph Balkan 

45 UMBELLIFERAE Crithmum maritimum Cha Euri Mediterranean 

46 GRAMINEAE Cynodon dactylon He / G Cosmopolite 

47 BORAGINACEAE Cynoglossum officinale He European 

48 GRAMINEAE Cynosurus echinatus Th Euri Mediterranean 

49 CUCURBITACEAE Ecballium elaterium G Euri Mediterranean 

50 UMBELLIFERAE Echinophora spinosa He Euri Mediterranean 

51 BORAGINACEAE Echium plantagineum He- Th Euri Mediterranean 

52 EPHEDRACEAE Ephedra distachya Cha Mediterranean 

53 EPHEDRACEAE Ephedra fragilis Cha Mediterranean 

54 ERICACEAE Erica arborea Ph Mediterranean 

55 UMBELLIFERAE Eryngium maritimum G Mediterranean 

56 MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus camaldulensis Ph Australian 

57 EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia dendroides Cha Mediterranean 

57 EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia helioscopia Th Cosmopolite 

58 ROSACEAE Fragaria vesca He Eurosiberian 

59 FUMARIACEAE Fumaria officinalis Th Paleotepemperuar 

60 RUBIACEAE Galium album He EuroAsian 

61 GERANIACEAE Geranium molle Th EuroAsian – SubCosmp 

62 PAPAVERACEAE Glaucium flavum H Euri Mediterranean 

63 HYDROCHARITACEAE Halophila stipulacea Hyd Mediterranean 

64 ARALIACEAE Hedera helix Ph SubMediterraneanSubA 

65 RANUNCULACEAE Helleborus odorus G Eastern-European 

66 GRAMINEAE Hordeum marinum Th Eurimediterranean 

67 GRAMINEAE Hordeum murinum Th Circumboreale 

68 HYPERICACEAE Hypericum haplophylloides He / G Endemic 

69 AQUIFOLIACEAE Ilex aquifolium Ph Submediterranean SubA 

70 COMPOSITAE Inula crithmoides Cha Southwest -European 

71 JUNCACEAE Juncus maritimus G Subcosmopolite 

72 CUPRESSACEAE Juniperus phoenicea Ph Eurimediterranean 


7

73 GRAMINEAE Lagurus ovatus Th Eurimediterranean 

74 LEGUMINOSAE Lathyrus aphaca Th Eurimediterranean 

75 AMARYLLIDACEAE Leucojum valentinum subsp. 

vlorense 

G Endemic 

76 LEGUMINOSAE Lotus coniculatus He Paleotemperuar 

77 MALVACEAE Malva sylvestris He Euro - Siberian 

78 LABIATAE Melissa officinalis He Western Asian 

79 EUPHORBIACEAE Mercurialis annua Th Paleotemperuar 

80 BORAGINACEAE Myosotis sylvatica He Paleotemperuar 

81 MYRTACEAE Myrtus communis Ph Mediterranean 

82 RANUNCULACEAE Nigella damascena Th Euri Mediterranean 

83 OLEACEAE Olea europaea var. sylvestris Ph Mediterranean 

84 ORCHIDACEAE Orchis maculata subsp. 

Macrostachys 

G South European 

85 PAPAVERACEAE Papaver rhoeas Th Mediterranean – Lindore 

86 LEGUMINOSAE Petteria ramentacea Ph Sub Endemic 

87 LABIATAE Phlomis fruticosa Cha Steno Mediterranean 

88 PINACEAE Pinus nigra Ph South European 

89 PINACEAE Pinus pinaster Ph Mediterranean 

90 PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago coronopus Th Euri Mediterranean 

100 GRAMINEAE Poa bulbosa He Paleotemperuar 

101 POLYGONACEAE Poligonum aviculare Th Cosmopolite 

102 POSIDONIACEAE Posidonia oceanica Hydro Mediterranean 

103 PRIMULACEAE Primula vulgaris He Eurocaucasian 

104 LEGUMINOSAE Psoralea bituminosa He Mediterranean 

105 FAGACEAE Quercus coccifera Ph Eastern Mediterranean 

106 FAGACEAE Quercus ilex Ph Mediterranean 

107 RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus sardous Th Europiane 

108 EUPHORBIACEAE Ricinus communis T/ Cha Paleotropical 

109 RUPPIACEAE Ruppia cirrhosa Hydro Cosmopolite 

110 RUTACEAE Ruta graveolens Cha Subontike 

111 SALICACEAE Salix incana Ph South European 

112 LABIATAE Salvia officinalis Ch Eastern Mediterranean 

113 CYPERACEAE Scirpus maritimus G Cosmopolite 

114 CRASSULACEAE Sedum album He Euri Mediterranean 

115 CRASSULACEAE Sedum hispanicum Th Eastern - European 

116 CARYOPHYLLACEAE Silene colorata Th Mediterranean 

117 CARYOPHYLLACEAE Silene vulgaris He Paleotemporal 

118 LILIACEAE Smilax aspera G Paleosubtropicale 

119 CRUCIFERAE Sisymbrium officinale Th Paleotemporal 

120 LABIATAE Teurcium polium Cha Mediterranean 

121 LEGUMINOSAE Trifolium campestre Th Paleotemporal 

121 LEGUMINOSAE Trifolium nigrescens Th Euri Mediterranean 

122 LEGUMINOSAE Trifolium repens He European 

123 LABIATAE Thymus capitatus Cha Mediterranean 

124 SCROPHULARIACEAE Veronica anagallis-aquatica He Cosmopolite 

125 SCROPHULARIACEAE Veronica persica Th Subcosmopolite 

126 APOCYNACEAE Vinca balcanica Cha Balkan – Endemic 

127 VIOLACEAE viola odorata He Euri - Mediterranean 

128 LORANTHACEAE Viscum album Cha EuroAsian 

129 ZOSTERCEAE Zostera nana Hydro Mediterranean 


8

No 

Table 2: List of medicinal and aromatic plants 

SPECIES 


FAMILY 

1 Abies borissi – regis Pinaceae 

2 Adiantum capillus – veneris Adiantaceae 

3 Arbutus unedo Ericaceae 

4 Asplenium trichomanes Aspleniaceae 

5 Brassica oleracea Cruciferae 

6 Buxus sempervirens Buxaceae 

7 Carlina acualis Compositae 

8 Centaurium erythrea Gentianaceae 

9 Ceratonia siliqua Caesalpinaceae 

10 Crataegus monogyna Rosaceae 

11 Crithmum maritimum Umbelliferae 

12 Cyclamen hederifolium Primulaceae 

13 Dictamnus albus Rutaceae 

14 Digitalis lanata Scrophulariaceae 

15 Ephedra distachya Ephedraceae 

16 Equisetum arvense Equisetaceae 

17 Eryngium maritimum Umbelliferae 

18 Galanthus nivalis Amaryllidaceae 

19 Galium odoratum Rubiaceae 

20 Geranium sanguineum Geraniaceae 

21 Glaucium flavum Papaveraceae 

22 Ilex aquifolium Aquifoliaceae 

23 Inula helenium Compositae 

24 Juniperus communis Cupressaceae 

25 Juniperus oxyccedrus Cupressaceae 

26 Laurus nobilis Lauraceae 

27 Marrubium vulgare Labiatae 

28 Melissa officinalis Labiatae 

29 Mentha pulegium Labiatae 

30 Myrtus communis Myrtaceae 

31 Nerium oleander Apocynaceae 

32 Opuntia ficus- indica Cactaceae 

33 Orchis spp. Orchidaceae 

34 Plantago major Plantaginaceae 

35 Polygala vulgare Polygalaceae 

36 Primula veris Primulaceae 

37 Ruscus aculeatus Liliaceae 

38 Salvia officinalis Labiatae 

39 Satureja montana Labiatae 

40 Saunguisorba officinalis Rosaceae 

41 Scilla bifolia Liliaceae 

42 Smilax aspera Liliaceae 

43 Stenbergia lutea Amaryllidaceae 

44 Taxus baccata Taxaceae 

45 Teucrium polium Labiatae 

46 Thymus capitatus Labiatae 

47 Urginea maritima Liliaceae 

48 Viscum album Loranthaceae 

49 Vitex agnus- castus Verbenaceae 

50 Vitis sylvestris Vitaceae 

9

Photos 

Fig. 9 Bougainvillea glabra 

Fig. 12 Brassica oleracea 

Fig. 15 Agave americana 

Fig. 18 Eryngium maritimum 

Fig. 10 Arabis pseudoturritis 

Fig. 13 Capparis spinosa 

Fig. 16 Convolvulus 

elegantissimus 

Fig. 19 Borago officinalis 


Fig. 11 Briza maxima 

Fig. 14 Clematis vitalba 


Fig. 20 Paronychia kapela 

10

Fig. 21 Euphorbia dendroides 

Fig. 24 Spartium junceum 

Fig. 27 Primula vulgaris 

Fig. 30 Veronica persica 

Fig. 22 Viola odorata 

Fig. 25 Pistacia terebinthus 

Fig. 28 Sambucus nigra 

Fig. 31 Viola odorata 


Fig 23 Euphorbia paralis 

Fig. 26 Psoralea bituminosa 

Fig. 29 Pistacia terebinthus 

Fig. 33 Hypericum haplophylloides 

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Flora and Vegetation of Vlora Bay

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