ECOWAS and Conflict Prevention in West Africa - Center on ...

endnotes
1 wrong, Michela. 2006. ‘The big men have tightened their grip’, Newstatemen, 10 July; see also ‘T<strong>and</strong>ja <strong>and</strong> the big man syndrome’, at http:www.myjoyonl<strong>in</strong>e.com accessed 10 August 2009. Particularly
poignant <strong>in</strong> this sense is U.s. President, Barak obama’s statement to the Ghanaian legislature, that “… History is on the side of these brave <strong>Africa</strong>ns, not with those who use coups or change constitutions
to stay <strong>in</strong> power. <strong>Africa</strong> does not need strongmen, it needs strong <strong>in</strong>stitutions.” see President Barack obama <strong>in</strong> Ghana. Remarks by President obama to the Ghanaian Parliament, 11 July 2009.
2 see A. sarjoh Bah <strong>and</strong> Bruce Jones, “Peace operations Partnerships: Lessons <strong>and</strong> issues from Coord<strong>in</strong>ation to Hybrid Arrangements” <strong>in</strong> Annual Review of Global Peace operations, Boulder Co: Lynne
Rienner, 2008, pp.21-29.
3 see ECowAs: Briefs Declaration of ECowAs Political Pr<strong>in</strong>ciples Lagos: Executive secretariat of ECowAs. Abuja, 6 July 1991.
4 Article 4. NEPAD Document section A (ii), 79. For two websites with <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formation on the NEPAD, see http://wwwmapstrategy.com/home.asp <strong>and</strong> http://www.g8.gc.ca/july-21-01-e.asp
5 Article 5. see NEPAD Document, section ii, sub-section 80.
6 ibid. Article 6; west <strong>Africa</strong>, 19 - 23 July 1993, p. 1247.
7 Article 4 (j).
8 ECowAs: Protocol A/sP1/12/01 on Democracy <strong>and</strong> Good Governance supplementary to the Protocol relat<strong>in</strong>g to the Mechanism for <strong>Conflict</strong> <strong>Prevention</strong>, Management, Resolution, Peacekeep<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong>
security, Executive secretariat, Dakar, December 2001.This document relates very closely to the values <strong>and</strong> norms expressed <strong>in</strong> the NEPAD <strong>in</strong>itiative document.
9 ibid, Article 38.
10 ECowAs: status of implementation of the Protocol relat<strong>in</strong>g to the Mechanism for <strong>Conflict</strong> <strong>Prevention</strong>, Resolution <strong>and</strong> Management, Peace-keep<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> security. Executive secretariat, Abuja, June 2001.
p.5.
11 ibid, para. 42.
12 Ekiyor, Thelma. 2008. ECowAs conflict <strong>Prevention</strong> Framework (ECPF): a new approach to an old challenge, wACsi op-ed, p.7.
13 There will be more substantive discussions of these identified issues <strong>in</strong> the paper.
14 Nigeria National Assembly Endorses Military Action Aga<strong>in</strong>st Togo, Letogolis.com, Lagos, 10 February, 2005. This article can be found at: http://www.letogolais.com/article.html?nid=1520. Last accessed
12/17/07.
15 see sherman, Jake. 2009. strengthen<strong>in</strong>g security sector Governance <strong>in</strong> west <strong>Africa</strong>. (New York: Centre for <strong>in</strong>ternational Cooperation) March, at http://www.cic.nyu.edu/Lead%2
Page%20PDF/ssR_w.<strong>Africa</strong>.pdf. This is a four-part comparative analysis of security sector governance processes <strong>in</strong> Ghana, sierra Leone, Liberia <strong>and</strong> Gu<strong>in</strong>ea-Bissau focus<strong>in</strong>g more on the
role that parliamentary oversight mechanisms play <strong>in</strong> ensur<strong>in</strong>g efficient security sectors.
16 some of these challenges are discussed <strong>in</strong> detail <strong>in</strong> sherman, op cit.
17 For some of the debates concern<strong>in</strong>g the MoD <strong>and</strong> M<strong>in</strong>istry of <strong>in</strong>terior budgetary estimates, see, see, ‘Government’s F<strong>in</strong>ancial Policy, 2003’, Parliamentary Debates, official Report, Fourth series, vol.
28, No. 22, 27 February, Col. 1295 ff, also see Parliamentary Debates, (official Report), Fourth series, vol 14, No. 38, Consideration of Annual Estimates, M<strong>in</strong>istry of Defence, Head 380, col. 2200, 19 March
1997. <strong>in</strong> response to the M<strong>in</strong>ister’s statement, the Chairman of the Defence & <strong>in</strong>terior Committee of Parliament, <strong>in</strong> mov<strong>in</strong>g a motion to accept the M<strong>in</strong>ister’s estimates argued that, ‘with respect to run-
n<strong>in</strong>g costs of vehicles, ships <strong>and</strong> aircraft, the Committee is of the view that, the amount voted for them was <strong>in</strong>sufficient..’, ibid, col. 2204.
18 Parliamentary oversight of the security sector <strong>in</strong> the Commonwealth, op cit, p. 24.
19 kirschke, Joseph. 2008. ‘The Coke Coast: Coca<strong>in</strong>e <strong>and</strong> Failed states <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>’, 7 october, http://www.worldpress.org/<strong>Africa</strong>/3257.cfm.
20 UNoDC. 2008. drug traffick<strong>in</strong>g as a security threat <strong>in</strong> west <strong>Africa</strong> october, p. 1.
21 ibid, p. 3.
22 This country has had its fair share of attacks, <strong>in</strong> March 2007, 500 kilos of coca<strong>in</strong>e was seized from a conta<strong>in</strong>er.
23 BBC News. 2008. ‘Drug money ‘ta<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g Ghana poll’, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7695981.stm accessed 30 october 2008. Ghana, as one of two hubs, is more of a stockpil<strong>in</strong>g place for further
distribution to other west <strong>Africa</strong>n countries.
24 <strong>in</strong> July 2008, a Caracas registered aircraft fly<strong>in</strong>g a false Red Cross flag l<strong>and</strong>ed at Lungi Airport, Freetown with 700 kilograms of coca<strong>in</strong>e. However, a trial run of a venezuelan consignment of 2.5 tons of
coca<strong>in</strong>e failed as those load<strong>in</strong>g the drugs unto a plane for a flight to sierra Leone were arrested.
25 <strong>in</strong> July 2008 500 kilos of coca<strong>in</strong>e got ‘miss<strong>in</strong>g’ at Bissau airport as soldiers <strong>and</strong> policemen quarreled about who should take control of the drugs.
26 k<strong>in</strong>g, semanticus, Jnr. 2008. ‘Ghanaians <strong>and</strong> drug traffick<strong>in</strong>g: a Liberians view’, Newliberian.com. <strong>in</strong> this case, 2.4 tons of coca<strong>in</strong>e worth UsD 500 was seized off Liberia’s shores after a French frigate
forced the Blue Atlantic vessel to dock <strong>in</strong> Monrovia.
27 BBC News. 2008. ‘Gu<strong>in</strong>ea drug agents are ‘corrupt,’ at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/<strong>Africa</strong>/7683696.stm accessed 22 october 2008.
28 ‘Nigeria: 238 women <strong>in</strong> Uk Prison over drug traffick<strong>in</strong>g,’ vanguard (Lagos) 22 November 2008.
29 BBC News 2007. ‘New senegal record coca<strong>in</strong>e haul’ at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6260708.stm accessed 30 september 2008; see also ‘Deserted coca<strong>in</strong>e boat <strong>in</strong> senegal’, at http://news.bbc.
co.uk/2/hi/africa/6254496 accessed .
30 BBC News. 2007. ‘<strong>Africa</strong> – new front <strong>in</strong> drugs war’, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6274590.stm accessed 12 september 2008.
31 see Fall, A. et al. 2008 ‘Gu<strong>in</strong>ea Bissau Report’, september.
32 ECowAs: A/REs.2/8/97.
33 see ECowAs Decision A/DEC.8/10/98.
34 ECowAs Decision/ADEC.9/12/99.
35 see ECowAs, 2008. ‘ECowAs M<strong>in</strong>isterial Conference on Drug Traffick<strong>in</strong>g as a security threat <strong>in</strong> west <strong>Africa</strong>’, october, p. 2 .
36 ibid.
37 There was an agreement between the ECowAs Commission <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternational partners about the functional utility of <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g Csos <strong>in</strong> the process <strong>in</strong> terms of their capacity to strengthen the regional
preventive, response <strong>and</strong> law enforcement strategies for drug traffick<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> west <strong>Africa</strong>. As a result, the meet<strong>in</strong>g enables Csos to review the Draft Regional Response Action Plan, generat<strong>in</strong>g ideas on how
to facilitate Cso participation <strong>in</strong> the plan, <strong>and</strong> to <strong>in</strong>crease Cso underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g of drug traffick<strong>in</strong>g challenges affect<strong>in</strong>g the region.
38 see ECowAs Commission, 2008 ‘Regional response Action Plan to address the grow<strong>in</strong>g problem of illicit drug traffick<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> related organised crime <strong>in</strong> west <strong>Africa</strong>, 2008 – 2011’, october This Re-
sponse Action Plan has five thematic areas, namely: (a) Mobilisation of ECowAs Political Leadership <strong>and</strong> need for allocation of adequate budgetary resources, (b) effective law enforcement <strong>and</strong> national/
regional cooperation, (c) appropriate <strong>and</strong> adequate legal framework for effective crim<strong>in</strong>al justice, (d) fac<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> deal<strong>in</strong>g with the emerg<strong>in</strong>g threats of <strong>in</strong>creased drug abuse <strong>and</strong> associated health
problems, <strong>and</strong> (e) valid <strong>and</strong> reliable data to assess the magnitude of the drug traffick<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> abuse problems affect<strong>in</strong>g the region on a susta<strong>in</strong>able basis.
39 An<strong>in</strong>g, kwesi. 2009. ‘organized Crime <strong>in</strong> west <strong>Africa</strong>: options for EU engagement’, Background Paper for <strong>in</strong>ternational iDEA, stockholm, sweden, April.
40 see ECowAs Commission, 2008. ‘Political declaration on Drug Traffick<strong>in</strong>g, organized Crime <strong>and</strong> Drug Abuse <strong>Prevention</strong> <strong>in</strong> west <strong>Africa</strong>’, october, Abuja, p. 6.
41 This Centre’s establishment was recognised as far back as 1999. <strong>in</strong> Article 46 of the 1999 Protocol relat<strong>in</strong>g to the Mechanism for <strong>Conflict</strong> <strong>Prevention</strong>, Management, Resolution, Peacekeep<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> secu-
ECowAs <strong>and</strong> <strong>Conflict</strong> <strong>Prevention</strong> <strong>in</strong> west <strong>Africa</strong>: Confront<strong>in</strong>g the Triple Threats
17
NYU
CIC