Cortical and subcortical mechanisms in persistent stuttering ...

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Content Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... 7 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 9 1.1 Components of the process of fluent articulation ...................................................... 10 1.2 What is stuttering? ..................................................................................................... 12 1.3 Subtypes of stuttering ................................................................................................ 13 1.3.1 Acquired stuttering ....................................................................................................... 13 1.3.2 Psychogenic stuttering .................................................................................................. 13 1.3.3 Persistent stuttering ...................................................................................................... 13 1.4 Approaches to explain stuttering ............................................................................... 15 1.4.1 Psycholinguistic approach ............................................................................................ 15 1.4.2 Motor deficit perspective .............................................................................................. 16 1.5 Neurophysiological approaches to explain stuttering ................................................ 17 1.5.1 The cerebral dominance hypothesis ............................................................................. 18 1.5.2 The basal ganglia hypothesis ........................................................................................ 21 1.5.3 The disconnection hypothesis ....................................................................................... 24 1.6 Scope of the dissertation ............................................................................................ 27 2 Original Articles ................................................................................................................... 29 2.1 Right-shift for non-speech motor processing in adults who stutter ................................ 31 2.2 Reduced intracortical inhibition and facilitation in the primary motor tongue representation of adults who stutter ...................................................................................... 61 2.3 Instable phoneme categorization in adults who stutter ................................................... 95 3 Summary ............................................................................................................................ 123 4 Conclusions and Future Prospects ...................................................................................... 125 4.1 The TMS approach ....................................................................................................... 125 4.2 The speech perception approach ................................................................................... 126 4.3 Future directions ........................................................................................................... 129 Appendix A – Levelt’s psycholinguistic model and the DIVA model .................................. 131 5
Page 1 and 2: Cortical and subcortical mechanisms
Page 3: Statement of Originality I hereby d
Page 7 and 8: Abbreviations AADC Aromatic L-amino
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Introducti
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 1 Introduction The respirat
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1 Introduction according to
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 Introduction Genetic susc
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1 Introduction independent
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 Introduction al., 2004).
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 Introduction The cerebral
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1 Introduction Table 1-1 Re
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 1 Introduction The first as
Page 27: Chapter 1 Scope of the dissertation
Page 31: Chapter 2 Study 1 Non-speech motor
Page 34 and 35: Introduction Fluent speech requires
Page 36 and 37: al., 2009), as well. Recent studies
Page 38 and 39: German version of the SSI-3 (Sandri
Page 40 and 41: To control for group differences in
Page 42 and 43: are used for motor preparation (Ben
Page 44 and 45: elicit an effect, we assume that th
Page 46 and 47: References (WHO) WHO. ICD-10 F98.5
Page 48 and 49: Fox PT, Ingham RJ, Ingham JC, Zamar
Page 50 and 51: Koch G, Franca M, Del Olmo MF, Chee
Page 52 and 53: O'Shea J, Sebastian C, Boorman ED,
Page 54 and 55:
Spencer RM, Ivry RB, and Zelaznik H
Page 56 and 57:
Tab. 1 Characteristics of participa
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Fig. 1: Mean values (± standard er
Page 61:
Chapter 2 Study 2 Excitability of t
Page 64 and 65:
64 1. Introduction Speech-relevant
Page 66 and 67:
Before experimental measures were o
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Experiment 2 Motor threshold was re
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Experiment 2 Motor threshold compar
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group F(1,24) = 4.59, p = .043; and
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of the left hemisphere (1.29± 1.06
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plasma concentration correlates pos
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dependent modulation of intracortic
Page 80 and 81:
Di Lazzaro V, Restuccia D, Oliviero
Page 82 and 83:
Roca DJ, Schiller GD, Friedman L, R
Page 84 and 85:
Figure 1 Intracortical inhibition a
Page 86 and 87:
Figure 2 Reduction of intracortical
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Figure 3 Steeper MEP recruitment in
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Table 1 Description of the samples.
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Table 3 Group differences for intra
Page 95:
Chapter 2 Study 3 Phoneme Categoriz
Page 98 and 99:
Introduction Stuttering is characte
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publication by Möttönen and Watki
Page 102 and 103:
continua were presented in separate
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epetition 2, t(19) = 3.713, p = .00
Page 106 and 107:
exhibited broader ambivalence inter
Page 108 and 109:
Direction into Velocities of Articu
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work was suppo
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speech motor contro. Neuroimage: do
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114 pathways for language. Proceedi
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estimated by computing the absolute
Page 118 and 119:
Figure 1. Standardized Distribution
Page 120 and 121:
Figure 3. Descriptive Statistics. (
Page 123:
Chapter 3 Summary 3 Summary The thr
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contribute to the intermittent invo
Page 128 and 129:
Continuous performance Besides the
Page 131 and 132:
A Appendix A Appendix A - Levelt’
Page 133 and 134:
A Appendix A progressive tense stu
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A Appendix A antagonistic pairs of
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A Appendix B Appendix B - Stutterin
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A Appendix B ceased stuttering (Mur
Page 141:
A Appendix B adjusted stimulation o
Page 145 and 146:
A Appendix D Appendix D - Transcran
Page 147 and 148:
L LiteratureD Literatur Ackermann H
Page 149 and 150:
L Literature Burghaus L, Hilker R,
Page 151 and 152:
L Literature Fox PT, Ingham RJ, Ing
Page 153 and 154:
L Literature Kell CA, Neumann K, vo
Page 155 and 156:
L Literature Max L, Caruso AJ, and
Page 157 and 158:
L Literature Riaz N, Steinberg S, A
Page 159 and 160:
L Literature genetics of stuttering
Page 161 and 162:
A Acknowledgements D Acknowledgemen
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