Cortical and subcortical mechanisms in persistent stuttering ...

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Appendix B - Stuttering and acquired brain lesions .............................................................. 137 Appendix C - Psycholinguistic approaches to explain stuttering ........................................... 143 Appendix D - Transcranial magnetic stimulation .................................................................. 145 Literatur .................................................................................................................................. 147 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ 161 6
Abbreviations AADC Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase AI ambivalence interval AMT active motor threshold ANOVA analysis of variance AWNS adults who do not stutter AWS adults who stutter CS conditioning stimulus CV consonant-vowel CVS consonant-vowel-syllable-continua DBS deep brain stimulation DIVA directions into velocities of articulators model DTI diffusion tensor imaging EEG electroencephalography EMG electromyogram FA fractional anisotropy FDI first dorsal interosseous fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging FS fluent speaker GABA γ-Aminobutyric acid ICCunjust unjust intra-class correlation coefficient ICD International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health ICF intracortical facilitation IFG inferior frontal gyrus ISI inter-stimulus interval ITI inter-tap interval M1 primary motor cortex MEG magnetencephalography MEP motor evoked potential MMN mismatch negativity MRI magnetic resonance imaging MT motor threshold NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate PB phoneme boundary PET positron emissions tomography 7
Page 1 and 2: Cortical and subcortical mechanisms
Page 3: Statement of Originality I hereby d
Page 8 and 9: PM premotor cortex PMd dorsolateral
Page 10 and 11: addition I conducted an fMRI study
Page 12 and 13: movements which enable a fast detec
Page 14 and 15: aforementioned description of the s
Page 16 and 17: encoding lexical, grammatical, phon
Page 18 and 19: 1.5.1 The cerebral dominance hypoth
Page 20 and 21: motor hand area in adults who stutt
Page 22 and 23: Figure 1-1 from Mink, 1996: Schemat
Page 24 and 25: dystonia (Berardelli et al., 2008).
Page 26 and 27: Table 1-2 Results from diffusion te
Page 29: Chapter 2 Original articles 2 Origi
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 2 Study 1 Non-speech motor
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Chapter 2 Study 1 Non-speech motor
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Chapter 2 Study 1 Non-speech motor
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Chapter 2 Study 2 Excitability of t
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Chapter 2 Study 3 Phoneme Categoriz
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Chapter 4 Conclusions and future pr
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include the conceptualizer, the for
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ω σ´ σ σ st� t� r�� Fi
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Figure A-5 Directions into velociti
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associated with dysarthria, aphasia
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Table B-2 Tuning of fluency by Deep
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A Appendix C Appendix C - Psycholin
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are useful tools to investigate int
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Benabid AL, Pollak P, Louveau A, He
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De Nil LF, Kroll RM, and Houle S. F
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Hickok G and Poeppel D. The cortica
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Levelt WJM. Speaking: from intentio
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Neef N, Paulus W, and Sommer M. Dem
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Smith A and Kelly E. Stuttering: A
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160 unilateral left subthalamic bra
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I thank Tibor Auer for his constant
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