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Promote economic instruments for efficient and sustainable water resource management Though water is unquestionably a fundamental right of every human being, its growing scarcity severely jeopardizes the ability of citizens in many parts of India to exercise this right. The way water is currently used in agriculture, industry and the human habitat is not sustainable. Already, the scarcity of water in many areas of the country has become a major constraint on the economy, not to mention its highly negative impact on the health and well-being of people and the cause of community and inter-state conflict. Today's water management practices are definitely not sustainable. Economic instruments are recognized as an essential component for efficient and sustainable management of resource. However, economic instruments are very often politically difficult to implement. The government of India can play a critical role in promoting appropriate economic instruments for the various components of water resource management to: �Evolve pricing mechanisms for irrigation, urban and rural water supply systems that include the full cost of providing it. These should include the costs not only of the infrastructure, operations and maintenance, capital servicing, and other financial costs, but also the broader economic, ecological and social costs incurred in the process of acquiring, transporting and delivering it. At the same time, these pricing mechanisms have to be adjusted to ensure universal service provision, and especially to cater to the special needs of the poor and underserved. �Demonstrate pilot projects in cooperative, enterprise and other institutional modes, with community participation, for providing water services to communities. �Provide time-bound subsidies for development, testing and scaling up of tools and techniques (e.g. drip irrigation) for efficient use of irrigation water with the aim of enabling 114 State Of Environment Report-2009 Box 3.3.5: Water Security – Financial Constraints Operation and Maintenance (O & M) of the water distribution systems, reservoirs, canals and other infrastructure requires financial inputs from the central and state governments, although in some cases the cost of O & M is also shared by the users. In the past, allocation of funds has been inadequate to properly maintain the existing structures and many have fallen into disrepair with consequent losses in efficiency. Even current construction projects suffer from lack of funding and lengthy delays are not uncommon. With water consumption estimated to double in the next twenty years (World Bank, 1999), greater emphasis will have to be placed on the financial requirements of the water sector. Due to its important contribution to the Indian economy, the agricultural sector receives greater attention in terms of financing and subsidies. Not surprisingly, irrigation has been the largest recipient of government funds. Over US$ 9 billion were spent in this area during the Eigth Plan and subsidies to this sector accounted for almost 0.3 per cent of the GDP during the 1994-95 fiscal year (World Bank, 1999). The Drinking Water and Sanitation Supply sector in both rural and urban areas has also been subjected to subsidies and rate structures that have not reflected the true cost of the resource and discouraged conservation. For the most part, government spending in all water-related sectors is running at a deficit. Development of new water supply schemes and maintenance of older structures will continue to exhaust government funds while new issues, such as water pollution and scarcity, will require greater investment over the long term. such practices to become economically viable and widely adopted without continuing subsidies. �Evolve fiscal incentives like rebates on excise, customs and other duties, or tax exemptions for industrial operations that adopt pollution prevention and treatment measures, particularly for systems aimed at zero emission.. �Provide incentives to domestic water suppliers that integrate water reuse and recycling measures in their operations. �Devise fiscal instruments such as taxes, penalties on industrial polluters for discharging effluents in water bodies based on the 'Polluter Pays' principle. �Promote establishment of water markets that encourage water trading among farmers themselves and also with urban or industrial users. Support innovative approaches to water resource management The environmental and other challenges of water resource development and management in India require a whole range of innovative approaches. Some of the areas of innovation include: �Technology packages for : - Up-gradation of traditional water harvesting and conveyance structures - Cost-effective systems for conjunctive use of surface and groundwater - Improved agriculture and irrigation practices to achieve 'more crop per drop' - Low-cost water purification systems - Water reuse and recycling systems - Zero emission industrial estates �Water resources planning and management - Scientific assessment of water requirements for ecosystem security - Development of knowledge base and analytical
framework for integrated water resource development - Institutional and financial mechanisms for decentralization of water resource management REFERENCES �Central Water Commission, Government of India �Hanumantha Rao CH (2000). Watershed Development in India: Recent Experience and Emerging Issues, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 35 No. 45, 3943-3948 �Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India �McCartney M.P., Sullivan C. and Acreman M.C. Ecosystem Impacts of Large Dams, Background Paper Nr. 2 for IUCN / UNEP / WCD �Operations Evaluation Department, Bridging Troubled Waters Assessing the Water Resources Strategy since 1993, A lake in Tikamgarh District Volume I: Main Report, World Bank, October 15, 2001 �Pitman G. T. Keith ,India: World Bank Assistance for Water Resources Management, A Country Assistance Evaluation,World Bank, 2002 �Rangachari R., Sengupta N., Iyer R.R., Banerji P., and Singh S. (2000). Large Dams: India's Experience, a World Commission on Dams case study �Ringskog Klas and Chow Nola, India: Environmental Sustainability in the 1990s; A Country Assistance Evaluation, The World Bank, 2002 �Rita Pandey, Water Demand Management: Issues in Pricing and Cost Recovery, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, New Delhi, December 1997 �Rupesh Kumar (2003). Water Pricing in India. Journal of Hydrology Vol 26, Number1-2 Key Environmental Issues-Water Security 115
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lR;eso t;rs State of Environment Re
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© Ministry of Environment and Fore
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Executive Summary In the global con
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guideline to help planners and mana
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CHAPTER - 1 OVERVIEW
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in the world, India stands apart fr
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India’s forest cover ranges from
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These include increasing importance
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LAND India is the seventh largest c
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The varying degrees and types of de
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The total tree cover of the country
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thematic maps like land capability
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A view of Annamalai forest machine
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AIR In India, air pollution is prov
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Air borne emissions emitted from va
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almost all the locations as per the
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3 Concentration (µg/m ) 3 Concentr
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3 Concentration (µg/m ) 3 Concentr
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Sl. No. per cent), pharyngitis (16.
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2 Sl.No. Cooking fuel Tuberculosis
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Source: Central Pollution Control B
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identified sixteen cities namely; H
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issued for adherence to idling emis
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WATER From the East to the West and
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yields or even total crop failure.
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Source: Ministry of Water Resources
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Wastewater from industrial activiti
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�Socially disadvantaged groups su
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BIODIVERSITY India is one of the 17
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Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in a smal
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Table 2.4.1: State-wise List of Wet
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Meghalaya as well as the plain regi
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2 while open mangrove covers an are
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infant mortality and are susceptibl
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iii. Regulation of introduction of
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The role and the reach of various m
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processes, goods and services, faci
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168 State Of Environment Report-200
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Table 3.4.3 Type-wise and Category-
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172 Sensitization/Stakeholders Work
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15. Mr. Prakash Rao Senior Coordina
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176 Consultation Workshop on ‘Dra
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15. Ms. Shipla Chohan Advocate Envi
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Ministry of Environment & Forests P
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