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GENERAL India is one of the oldest civilizations in the world with a kaleidoscopic variety and rich cultural heritage. It has achieved multifaceted socio-economic progress during the last sixty-one years of its independence. India has become self-sufficient in agricultural production, and is now the tenth most industrialized country in the world and the sixth nation to have gone into outer st space. India's population as on 1 March, 2001, was 1,028 2 State Of Environment Report-2009 PROFILE Figure 1.1 : Administrative Map of India Source: State of Environment Atlas of India 2007, MoEF million (532.1 million males and 496.4 million females). India accounts for a meagre 2.4 per cent of the world surface area of 135.79 million sq. km. Yet, it supports and sustains a whopping 16.7 per cent of the world population. It covers an area of 3,287,263 sq. km., extending from the snowcovered Himalayan heights in the North to the tropical rain forests of the South (Figure 1.1). As the seventh largest country
in the world, India stands apart from the rest of Asia, marked off as it is by mountains and the sea, which give the country a distinct geographical entity. Bounded by the Great Himalaya in the North, it stretches southwards and at the Tropic of Cancer, tapers off into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal in the East and the Arabian Sea in the West. India has a land frontier of about 15,200 km. The total length of the coastline, including the mainland, Lakshadweep Islands, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is 7, 517 km. PHYSIOGRAPHY & RELIEF Countries sharing a common border with India are Afghanistan and Pakistan in the North-West, China, Bhutan and Nepal in the North and Myanmar and Bangladesh in the East. Sri Lanka is separated from India by a narrow channel of sea formed by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar. The mainland comprises of four regions, namely, the Great Mountain Zone, the Indo-Gangetic Plains, the Desert Region and the Southern Peninsula. Valley of flowers The Himalaya comprises of three near parallel ranges interspersed with large plateaus and valleys, some of which, like the Kashmir and Kullu valleys, are fertile, extensive and of great scenic beauty. Some of the highest peaks in the world are found in these ranges. In the East, between India and Myanmar, and India and Bangladesh, the hill ranges are much lower. The Garo, Khasi, Jaintia and Naga hills, running almost East-West, join the chain of the Mizo and Arakan hills running North-South. The Indo-Gangetic Plains, about 2,400 km long and ranging from 240 to 320 km in width, are formed by the basins of three distinct river systems - the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. They are one of the world's greatest stretches of flat alluvium and also one of the most densely populated areas on Earth. The Desert Region can be divided into two parts - the great Thar desert and the ‘little desert’. The great Thar desert extends from the edge of the Rann of Kutch beyond the Luni River northwards. The whole of Rajasthan-Sind frontier runs through this. The ‘little desert’ extends from the Luni between Jaisalmer and Jodhpur up to the Northern West. Between the great Thar desert and the little desert, lies a zone of absolutely sterile country, consisting of rocky land cut by limestone ridges. The Peninsular Plateau is marked off from the plains of river Ganga and the Indus by a mass of mountain and hill ranges, varying from 460 to 1,220 meters in height. Prominent among these are the Aravali, Vindhya, Satpura, Maikala and Ajanta. The Peninsula is flanked on one side by the Eastern Ghats with an average elevation of about 610 meters, and on the other by the Western Ghats where the average elevation varies between 915 to 1,220 meters, rising in places to over 2,440 meters. The southern point of the plateau, where the Eastern and the Western Ghats meet is formed by the Nilgiri Hills. The Cardamom Hills lying beyond may be regarded as a continuation of the Western Ghats. COASTAL AREA India’s coast is 7,517 km (4,671 miles) long; of this distance, 5,423 km (3,370 miles) belongs to peninsular India, and 2,094 km (1,301 miles) to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep Islands. According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the mainland coast consists of the following: 43 per cent sandy beaches, 11 per cent rocky coast including cliffs, and 46 per cent mud flats or marshy coast. Notable coastal features of India comprise the marshy Rann of Kutch in the West and the alluvial Sundarbans Delta in the East, which India shares with Bangladesh. India has two archipelagos - the Lakshadweep, coral atolls beyond India’s South-Western coast, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a volcanic island chain in the Andaman Sea. RIVERS OF INDIA The rivers of India can be classified into four groups viz., the Himalayan rivers, the Deccan rivers, the coastal rivers, and rivers of the inland drainage basin. The main Himalayan River System includes the Indus and the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna system. The Indus originates near Mansarovar in Tibet, flows through India and Pakistan, and finally falls into the Arabian Sea near Karachi. Its important tributaries flowing through Indian territory are Sutlej (originating in Tibet), Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum. The Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna river system creates principal subbasins of the Bhagirathi and the Alaknanda, which join at Dev Prayag to form the Ganga. It then traverses through Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal. Below the Rajmahal hills, Bhagirathi, which used to be the main course in the past, takes off, while Padma continues eastwards and enters Bangladesh. The Yamuna, Ramganga, Ghaghra, Gandak, Kosi, Mahananda and Sone are the important tributaries of Ganga. Rivers Chambal and Betwa are the important sub-tributaries, which join Yamuna before it merges with Ganga. The Padma and the Brahmaputra Overview 3
Page 1 and 2: lR;eso t;rs State of Environment Re
Page 5: © Ministry of Environment and Fore
Page 10 and 11: Executive Summary In the global con
Page 12 and 13: guideline to help planners and mana
Page 15: CHAPTER - 1 OVERVIEW
Page 19 and 20: India’s forest cover ranges from
Page 21: These include increasing importance
Page 24 and 25: LAND India is the seventh largest c
Page 26 and 27: The varying degrees and types of de
Page 28 and 29: The total tree cover of the country
Page 30 and 31: thematic maps like land capability
Page 32 and 33: A view of Annamalai forest machine
Page 34 and 35: AIR In India, air pollution is prov
Page 36 and 37: Air borne emissions emitted from va
Page 38 and 39: almost all the locations as per the
Page 40 and 41: 3 Concentration (µg/m ) 3 Concentr
Page 42 and 43: 3 Concentration (µg/m ) 3 Concentr
Page 44 and 45: Sl. No. per cent), pharyngitis (16.
Page 46 and 47: 2 Sl.No. Cooking fuel Tuberculosis
Page 48 and 49: Source: Central Pollution Control B
Page 50 and 51: identified sixteen cities namely; H
Page 52 and 53: issued for adherence to idling emis
Page 54 and 55: WATER From the East to the West and
Page 56 and 57: yields or even total crop failure.
Page 58 and 59: Source: Ministry of Water Resources
Page 60 and 61: Wastewater from industrial activiti
Page 62 and 63: �Socially disadvantaged groups su
Page 64 and 65: BIODIVERSITY India is one of the 17
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Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in a smal
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Table 2.4.1: State-wise List of Wet
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Meghalaya as well as the plain regi
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2 while open mangrove covers an are
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infant mortality and are susceptibl
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iii. Regulation of introduction of
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network of biosphere reserves has i
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66 State Of Environment Report-2009
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Source: Wildlife Institute of India
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disclosure. The Act mandatorily req
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CHAPTER - 3 KEY ENVIRONME NTAL ISSU
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�Extreme rise in maximum and mini
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Figure 3.1.3: Natural Hazards Affec
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Forests Preliminary assessments, us
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drought include incurred demand of
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Development of Pre-fab modular hous
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Climate change will lead to an incr
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�Poverty Poverty has been identif
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Flood in Bihar bodies in putting in
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After registering impressive gains
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low yields of pulses, the main prot
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Table 3.2.4 : Average Annual Growth
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There are many factors limiting agr
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(ii) National Food Security Mission
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6. Establishment of a water securit
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Temporal Challenge Almost 80 per ce
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growing population, there will be g
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IMPACT Most human activities whethe
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Figure 3.3.3 : The Concept of the
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1. Chennai Petroleum Corporation Li
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for the education and training of p
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framework for integrated water reso
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anging from Andhra Pradesh, borderi
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The Ministry of Petroleum and Natur
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2. RENEWABLE ENERGY India is blesse
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d) Geothermal Energy It has been es
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Source: Annual Report 2007-08, Mini
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GW (mtoe) 900 800 700 600 500 400 3
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electricity with the focus on deman
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Energy Conservation potential in th
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engaged in the field of oilseed cul
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Census Years Source : Census of Ind
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Census Years According to the Censu
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Opportunities in urban areas for em
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6) Transport Urban areas in India,
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Figure 3.5.3: Households with Impro
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The higher percentages of urban san
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sources of pollution is to integrat
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City Lucknow Kolkata Kanpur Mumbai
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Box 3.5.4: Recycling Waste In Namak
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No. of Dumpsites Electronic Waste (
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5. National Urban Transport Policy,
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Sectors under this scheme are: �R
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Managing natural resources requires
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of time and is also constantly evol
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The role and the reach of various m
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processes, goods and services, faci
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168 State Of Environment Report-200
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Table 3.4.3 Type-wise and Category-
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172 Sensitization/Stakeholders Work
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15. Mr. Prakash Rao Senior Coordina
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176 Consultation Workshop on ‘Dra
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15. Ms. Shipla Chohan Advocate Envi
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Ministry of Environment & Forests P
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