RTO-TR-HFM-121-Part-II - FTP Directory Listing - NATO

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INTRODUCTION The definition considers conceptual as well as technological aspects. It addresses the subjective, individual impressions of Virtual Reality (or Virtual Environments, respectively), which are caused by natural perceiving and experiencing computer-generated scenarios. The first goal of the new Task Group was to update national activities in this field. Therefore, the main national activities were surveyed. The comprehensive results of the survey were published as first report (NATO TR-HFM-121-Part-I). Based on these findings, the group organized a NATO RTO-workshop on Virtual Media for Military Applications at the US Military Academy in West Point, NY, to bring together specialists from academia, developers, and military users. The goal of the workshop was to assess operational capabilities and potentials of AMVE. Promising (future) and successful (present) applications were presented. Keys for implementation of ready-to-use technology and knowledge gaps and thrusts were identified. A general roadmap for future development and application was discussed with the participants. The proceedings were independently published by NATO RTO as NATO MP-HFM-136. They specify the users’ perspective and the operational needs for AMVE technology. A summary of the important findings is also included in this report. It was apparent to the Task Group that there is a need for qualitative and quantitative measures to differentiate between AMVE-technologies. They define relevant criteria for applicability of special technology for a special purpose. Given the background of the Task Group under the Human Factors and Medicine Panel, these measures refer primarily to ergonomic measures, and not to technical measures (e.g., weight, transportability) or computer science (e.g., rendering). The report is structured to mirror different aspects of AMVE technology. It refers to human factors issues in the design of AMVE systems, general relevant issues evolving from practical use and application, methods for evaluating performance and benefits of the new technology for special applications, and recommendations for the military user community. From a technical perspective, it is important for the design of such systems to consider relevant human information processing resources and capabilities. This affects usability of the system as well as willingness and compliance of the user when working with the system strongly. There are several factors: general ergonomic factors (e.g., weight and fit of devices); physiological factors (e.g., visual, acoustic, haptic perception); psychological factors (e.g., scene realism, breaks in presence). Chapter 2 addresses these factors in details and specifies the according ergonomic requirements on system properties. It describes visual requirements, audio requirements, haptic feedback, and also exotic feedback modalities as olfactory feedback. In addition to the resulting fundamental issues, the concept of presence or immersion is tightly connected to AMVE. Presence may be loosely described as the feeling of “being there”, in the virtual world instead of just experiencing stimuli from displays. The topic has caught a lot of attention in research. The according Chapter 3 presents an overview of research on presence. It introduces theories, definitions, multi-dimensionality of affecting factors, effects, measurement, and determinants. The following three chapters refer to human factors evolving from practical use and application of AMVE systems, especially in training. They should be considered when determining usability and benefits or shortcomings of AMVE system usage. Generally speaking, workload, especially mental workload, is a factor resulting from the use of new technology affecting usability and effectiveness. There is a vast diversity of literature about research on workload and workload measurement techniques available. It is structured, described, and referenced in Chapter 4. Mental workload is multidimensional and not seriously challenged today. Yet, the application of different workload measurement techniques appears to be most reasonable. Psychophysiological measures are not recommended for applied problems until researchers can develop a formal, unifying theory that gives explanations. Instead, subjective ratings like NASA TLX or SWAT are a reasonable alternative. The following Chapter 5 deals with a negative side effect of AMVE technology, which is simulator sickness. Simulator sickness is a form of motion sickness that does not require motion. Motion sickness is multi-symptom due to abrupt, periodic, or unnatural accelerations. 1 - 2 RTO-TR-HFM-121-Part-II
INTRODUCTION Simulation sickness is primarily caused by these accelerative forces or by visual motion cues without actual movement. This chapter is the result of a comprehensive research in this area. It describes methods for determining and quantifying simulator sickness due to AMVE technology. When deciding about practical applicability it is important to have means for performance evaluation at hand. Performance evaluation refers to application-dependent measures, and not to global concepts and issues as described in the prior chapters. The following set of three chapters addresses topics for performance evaluation of AMVE systems. A specific concern of training systems is situational awareness, which is the topic of Chapter 6. It is especially important with present military scenarios, characterized by great uncertainty of own and opponent forces. Understanding who are the combatants, civilians, and allied personnel, as well as knowing the rules of engagement for the given situation are all part of the soldiers’ situational awareness. General performance measures are particularly relevant for developing methods and metrics to assess usability of AMVE for training purposes. Chapter 7 refers to team and collective performance. It describes different techniques and measures for collective team performance in connection with VR-systems. The final chapter on performance evaluation deals with a special method in simulation-based training: the after action review. The method is well-established for training sessions, but by applying AMVE-technology for training it is possible to use it more extensively. Chapter 8 describes the methodological background for it and presents capabilities of an after action review tool for mission analysis using VR technology. This way a mixture of intrinsic and extrinsic feedback can prepare individuals for their later task and enhances training effectiveness. So far, the chapters gave recommendations about systems’ design and use, as well as methods and technologies for performance evaluation. Another goal of this report was to give recommendations for military applications and future development. Because this was the motivation of the NATO HFM-136 workshop, Chapter 9 summarizes the main points of the workshop. It describes the technological development in recent years, the development in the main application areas, and future potential applications. Main keyword and topics are highlighted. The final chapter of this report summarizes the main findings of the three years duration and several meetings of the group. It puts the development and the (past) promises into perspective. Moreover, the conclusion drafts a general roadmap for the future maturity of AMVE-technology in different military domains. RTO-TR-HFM-121-Part-II 1 - 3
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CONCLUSIONS training systems. As in
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RTO-TR-HFM-121-Part-II - FTP Directory Listing - NATO

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