Hyperpolarized Nuclei for NMR Imaging and Spectroscopy - Lunds ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Abbreviations and Symbols 2D Two-dimensional 3D Three-dimensional ADC Apparent diffusion coefficient [cm 2 s –1 ] Main magnetic field [T] B0 B1 viii Magnetic field created by the RF transmit coil (B 1 ⊥ B 0) [T] CPMG Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill CSI Chemical shift imaging CT Computerized tomography D Diffusion constant [cm 2 s –1 ] DNP Dynamic nuclear polarization EPI Echo-planar imaging FID Free induction decay FLASH Fast low-angle shot γ Gyromagnetic ratio [s –1 T –1 ] LPS Lipopolysaccaride MRA Magnetic resonance angiography MRI Magnetic resonance imaging MRS Magnetic resonance spectroscopy NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance ω Angular resonance frequency [s –1 ] P Nuclear polarization pO2, pO2 Partial oxygen pressure [mbar] PSF Point-spread function RARE Rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement RBC Red blood cells RF Radio frequency ROI Region of interest SD Standard deviation SE Spin echo SNR Signal-to-noise ratio Longitudinal (spin-lattice) relaxation time [s] T1 T2 Transverse (spin-spin) relaxation time [s] T2* T rans ve rse relaxa tio n t ime in cludin g s tatic ma gne tic inho mo ge neit ie s [s] TE Echo time TR Repetition time trueFISP True fast imaging with steady-state precession V · A/Q · Ventilation-perfusion ratio VI Ventilation index
Table of Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Aim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.1 NMR physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.1.1 The nuclear spin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.1.2 Nuclear polarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2 Hyperpolarization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2.1 The “brute-force” approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2.2 Optical pumping methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2.3 The DNP method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.3 Properties of hyperpolarized 3 He, 129 Xe, and 13 C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.3.1 Properties of the noble gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.3.2 Properties of potential 13 C imaging agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.4 Transportation and handling of hyperpolarized substances. . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.4.1 T 1 relaxation mechanisms for hyperpolarized gases . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.4.2 T 1 relaxation of 13 C and 129 Xe in liquids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.5 SNR considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.5.1 Calculations of signal and noise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.5.2 NMR sensitivity of various nuclei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.6 Medical applications of hyperpolarized nuclei — a brief overview . . . . . 19 2.6.1 Lung imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.6.2 Hyperpolarized gases in other organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.6.3 Vascular imaging with hyperpolarized 13 C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.1 Hyperpolarization equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.1.1 Polarization and handling of 3 He and 129 Xe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.1.2 Polarization and handling of 13 C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.2 Mechanical ventilator for hyperpolarized gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3.3 MR equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.3.1 Pulse sequences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.4 Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.5 Investigation of dissolved 129 Xe for MRA applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.5.1 Properties of hyperpolarized 129 Xe dissolved in ethanol. . . . . . . . 30 3.5.2 Imaging of flowing 129 Xe and image analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 ix
Page 1: ��
Page 4 and 5: DOKUMENTDATABLAD enl SIS 61 41 21 O
Page 6 and 7: Doctoral Dissertation Department of
Page 9 and 10: Abstract Based on the principle of
Page 11: Original papers This thesis is base
Page 15 and 16: 1 Introduction The phenomenon of nu
Page 17 and 18: By using hyperpolarized imaging age
Page 19 and 20: vector addition of all the magnetic
Page 21 and 22: illustrates the difference between
Page 23 and 24: pumping process (Colegrove and Fran
Page 25 and 26: thetic effects, and has been used a
Page 27 and 28: 1 T 1,O2 p = ξ O2 [11] where ξ Xe
Page 29 and 30: 1 2 2 −6 ∝ γC γHrτ c. [17] T
Page 31 and 32: and thus breaks down at very low fr
Page 33 and 34: 230 mT, e.g., Tseng et al. 1998, Du
Page 35 and 36: lation-perfusion ratio (V · A/Q ·
Page 37 and 38: after gas inhalation, due to the wa
Page 39 and 40: tion of an NMR signal from a small
Page 41 and 42: larized gas with air took place as
Page 43 and 44: Table 5. Parameters of the imaging
Page 45 and 46: The images were evaluated with resp
Page 47 and 48: partial pressure present within the
Page 49 and 50: 3.8.2 Measurement procedure The spe
Page 51 and 52: 4.2 Vascular imaging of a 13 C-base
Page 53 and 54: gions. In central lung areas, regio
Page 55 and 56: 4.5 Diffusion capacity and perfusio
Page 57 and 58: 5 Discussion In this thesis, three
Page 59 and 60: due to the increased demand on the
Page 61 and 62: 5.3 Hyperpolarized 3 He ventilation
Page 63 and 64:
a theoretical T 1 of ∼38 min in t
Page 65 and 66:
eath-holding periods during, e.g.,
Page 67 and 68:
6 Conclusions The phantom study in
Page 69 and 70:
8 References ABRAGAM A, GOLDMAN M.
Page 71 and 72:
CHEN XJ, MÖLLER HE, CHAWLA MS, COF
Page 73 and 74:
GIERADA DS, SAAM B, YABLONSKIY D, C
Page 75 and 76:
KAUCZOR HU, HANKE A, VAN BEEK EJ. A
Page 77 and 78:
OLSSON LE, MAGNUSSON P, DENINGER AJ
Page 79 and 80:
TILTON RF, JR., KUNTZ ID, JR. Nucle
Page 81:
Paper I
Page 84 and 85:
formance of the gradient system, si
Page 86 and 87:
S. MÅNSSON ET AL. Fig. 2. a-h) EPI
Page 88 and 89:
though several technical issues rem
Page 91 and 92:
Hyperpolarized 13 C MR angiography
Page 93 and 94:
Introduction The most widespread te
Page 95 and 96:
of the gradient moments prior to ea
Page 97 and 98:
Methods Polarization procedure The
Page 99 and 100:
secutive trueFISP images were acqui
Page 101 and 102:
also to several other sources such
Page 103 and 104:
low γ of 13 C reduces the sensitiv
Page 105 and 106:
9. Chawla MS, Chen XJ, Möller HE,
Page 107 and 108:
My 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 50 100 150
Page 109 and 110:
Signal [a.u] 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
Page 111 and 112:
a b Figure 5. Series of angiograms
Page 113:
Paper III
Page 116 and 117:
224 Deninger et al. FIG. 1. Sketch
Page 118 and 119:
226 Deninger et al. FIG. 2. Coronal
Page 120 and 121:
228 Deninger et al. FIG. 6. Histogr
Page 122 and 123:
230 Deninger et al. FIG. 9. Monte C
Page 124 and 125:
232 Deninger et al. 5. Gur D, Draye
Page 127 and 128:
3 He MRI-based measurement of posit
Page 129 and 130:
Introduction It is well known that
Page 131 and 132:
3 He imaging All experiments were p
Page 133 and 134:
coefficients b 1 and b 2, respectiv
Page 135 and 136:
Using VI data after subtraction of
Page 137 and 138:
To investigate whether the calculat
Page 139 and 140:
14. Gur D, Drayer BP, Borovetz HS,
Page 141 and 142:
Table 1. Gradient of VI [cm −1 ]
Page 143 and 144:
Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 4 2 s
Page 145 and 146:
a Prone Ventilation index c Supine
Page 147 and 148:
a Prone Supine 0 b 1 R 2 Prone Supi
Page 149:
Paper V
Page 152 and 153:
Abstract The ability to quantify pu
Page 154 and 155:
lation and perfusion information by
Page 156 and 157:
Applying the conditions at the inne
Page 158 and 159:
where L is obtained from Eq. [8]. V
Page 160 and 161:
After tracheal intubation, the anim
Page 162 and 163:
Parametric analysis The fit of the
Page 164 and 165:
in the LPS-treated group is consist
Page 166 and 167:
3. Worsley DF, Palevsky HI, Alavi A
Page 168 and 169:
enin activity in rats chronically e
Page 170 and 171:
V-20 blood without Xe C a V a (t) L
Page 172 and 173:
V-22 Error in estimated diffusion l
Page 174 and 175:
V-24 NMR Ventilator repetition loop
Page 176:
Figure 7. The peak amplitudes (circ
show all

Hyperpolarized Nuclei for NMR Imaging and Spectroscopy - Lunds ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?