Spring Conference 2011 - Society for General Microbiology

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Please note: Abstracts are published as received from the authors and are not subject to editing. 27 Spring Meeting 11–14 April 2011 Harrogate – www.sgmharrogate2011.org.uk SESSION AbSTrACTS ↑Contents HA04 Cont. & HA05 Harnessing cytomegaloviral immune evasion mechanisms for vaccine development Klaus Früh Oregon Health & Science University, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute The ultimate goal of our research is to understand the balance between immune stimulation and immune evasion of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and to use this understanding for the development of new treatments and vaccines. One of the major challenges for CMV vaccine development is the fact that CMV establishes secondary persistent infections in CMV-immune individuals despite the presence of significant antibody and T cell responses. However, this unique ability also represents an opportunity for the design of CMV-based vaccine vectors that can be used repeatedly despite pre-existing immunity to the vector. An additional unique feature of CMV-vectored vaccines is that persistent infection with CMV continuously stimulates a large percentage of T cells resulting in effector memory type T cell (TEM) responses. TEM-inducing vaccine vectors hold great promise for the development of vaccines for AiDS and other chronic infectious diseases. We are currently in the process to improve vaccine safety while retaining or increasing vaccine efficacy by modulating viral immune evasion mechanisms. recent results and developments will be discussed. HA05 Meningitis ↑Contents Neisseria population structure: integrating whole genome data with multilocus approaches to epidemiology and population biology Martin C.J. Maiden Dept of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS Pathogenesis has emerged from commensalism in the genus Neisseria on a number of occasions, once to give rise to the gonococcus and several times within N. meningitidis populations, resulting in the meningococcal hyperinvasive lineages. This emergence of virulence form organisms with a fundamentally non-pathogenic lifestyle is yet to be fully understood as it is a complex polygenic trait with little or no apparent advantage to the micro-organism. Comparative whole genome studies of multiple bacterial isolates with defined phenotypes provides a powerful approach to this question, but such studies present challenges in integrating and analysing large, complex datasets. We have adopted a scalable isolate-centric approach to whole genome analysis and have developed and implemented internet-based software that realises this paradigm (Bacterial isolate Genome Sequence Database, BiGSdb). This generalizable platform enables the integration phenotypes, multilocus sequence typing (MlST), whole genome sequence and other data in the study Neisseria population structure and evolution. Currently these combined data are illuminating the following areas of study: (i) the emergence of distinct microbiological species in the Neisseria; (ii) the structuring of Neisseria meningitidis populations into clonal complexes; (iii) the emergence of virulence within clonal complexes. Effect of vaccines on the population biology of the pneumococcus W.P. Hanage Dept of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place London W2 1PG While highly effective at preventing disease due to vaccine serotypes, and with a large beneficial herd effect in unvaccinated groups, pneumococcal conjugate vaccines target a small fraction of total serotype diversity. in vaccinated communities non-vaccine types have increased in prevalence, a process called ‘serotype replacement’ resulting in no overall change in the prevalence of pneumococcal carriage. The consequences for invasive disease have been mixed, apparently due to variation among the replacing serotypes in their propensity to cause invasive disease. in the uS for instance, there has been a sustained net reduction in invasive disease due to all serotypes, while in the uK the benefit of vaccination has been far smaller, apparently at least in part because of the invasive properties of the replacing serotypes. The pneumococcus, like other bacteria, has a remarkable capacity to respond to medical interventions. We will review and discuss replacement in different settings. using lessons learned from carriage data collected in 2001, 2004, 2007 and 2009 from children in Massachusetts, following vaccination starting in 2000, we will try to draw conclusions as to which non-vaccine serotypes are likely to enjoy the greatest benefit following the implementation of a 13-valent vaccine. s o c i e t y f o r g e n e r a l Microbiology
Please note: Abstracts are published as received from the authors and are not subject to editing. 28 Spring Meeting 11–14 April 2011 Harrogate – www.sgmharrogate2011.org.uk SESSION AbSTrACTS ↑Contents HA05 Cont. The influence of host and bacterial genotype on the development of tuberculosis disease Maxine Caws Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Vietnam, Oucru Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 190 Ben Ham To, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Susceptibility to tuberculosis is still poorly understood. The vast majority of individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis will never develop active disease and among those who do there is a wide spectrum of clinical presentation. Approximately 5% will develop primary pulmonary tuberculosis with a further 5% initially containing the infection as latent tuberculosis but developing reactivation disease later in life. The most severe form of tuberculosis, tuberculous meningitis, represents only approximately 1% of clinical cases but has high morbidity and mortality, with only around one-third of treated cases having a good outcome. Outcomes in HiV co-infected individuals are extremely poor. Susceptibility to tuberculosis is influenced by host genetic, environmental and pathogen virulence factors all of which interplay to determine the outcome of exposure. Studies in Vietnam have begun to examine the interaction between innate immune host susceptibility factors with the major lineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the impact of these factors on clinical diseases presentation and pathogenesis. Evidence suggests that the long co-evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with human host populations may have led to complex geographical variations in susceptibility and virulence which we are only beginning to unravel. Streptococcus suis: a new emerging or an old neglected zoonotic pathogen? Marcelo Gottschalk Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada infections caused by Streptococcus suis are considered as one of the most important economical problems in the swine industry worldwide. Moreover, S. suis is an agent of zoonosis that afflicts people in contact with pigs or pork-derived products. Described during the last 40 years in Occident as a cause of ‘sporadic cases of S. suis meningitis’, S. suis is now one of the most common causes of meningitis in adult people in Asian countries. S. suis was in the spotlight last years due to a large human outbreak in China, where the severity of the infection (shorter incubation time, rapid disease progression and higher rate of mortality) attracted the attention from the scientific community and the general press. in fact, the number of publications on human S. suis infections significantly increased during the recent years. The pathogenesis of the infection caused by this pathogen is complex and far from being completely elucidated. However, studies in vivo (with a new developed animal model) and in vitro (with microglia cells, astrocytes, and brain microvascular endothelial cells) clearly showed that central nervous system inflammation induced by S. suis virulence factors is a key player in the development of clinical signs of meningitis. Virulence review of Streptococcus pneumoniae Peter Andrew University of Leicester Abstract not received Influenza A virus facilitates Streptococcus pneumoniae transmission and disease DiMiTri A. DiAVATOPOulOS 1† , Kirsty r. Short 1† , John T. Price 2 , Jonathan J. Wilksch 1 , lorena E. Brown 1 , David E. Briles 3 , richard A. Strugnell 1,4 , Odilia l. Wijburg 1,4 1 Dept of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; 2 Dept of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; 3 Dept of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; 4 Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia † These authors contributed equally to this study. Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) kills approximately 1.6 million people annually. Pneumococcal infections predominantly manifest as pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis and otitis media. S. pneumoniae is also a member of the normal nasopharyngeal flora, colonizing up to 80% of children. infection with influenza A virus (iAV) has been associated with both pneumococcal disease and transmission. However, to date no animal model has been available to investigate the role of iAV in the spread of S. pneumoniae. Here, we investigate pneumococcal-influenza synergism with a particular focus on the role of iAV on pneumococcal transmission. infant mice were colonized with S. pneumoniae and subsequently infected with iAV three days later. using this novel model we show increased pneumococcal colonization and disease in the presence of iAV. importantly, in vivo imaging showed that iAV was essential for the transmission of S. pneumoniae from colonized (‘index’) mice to their naïve co-housed littermates (‘contacts’). Transmission only occurred s o c i e t y f o r g e n e r a l Microbiology
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Spring Conference 2011 - Society for General Microbiology

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