Spring Conference 2011 - Society for General Microbiology

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Please note: Abstracts are published as received from the authors and are not subject to editing. 47 Spring Meeting 11–14 April 2011 Harrogate – www.sgmharrogate2011.org.uk SESSION AbSTrACTS ↑Contents HA09 Cont. & HA10 rots and is responsible for losses of α30 Million annually in the Netherlands alone. Since 2006, a monitoring programme has been running to ensure that Scottish potato production remains free of this pathogen. This programme targets imported potatoes for immediate processing, potato seed, growing crops and water samples from sources of irrigation. results from these surveys confirm that the majority of imports, crops and watercourses used to irrigate potatoes are free of the pathogen, but that a small number of imports, crops and one irrigation source are infected/infested with ‘D. solani’. results from recent MlST studies into strain diversity will be presented as will the growing body of data on disease epidemiology. How these latter data sets have shaped legislation to halt the further introduction and spread of this pathogen will also be discussed. Offered paper Environmental transmission of Escherichia coli in a cereal trial NiCOlA HOlDEN, Jacub Firowicz-Krosko, Frank Wright, Susan Mitchell, Tim Daniell, ron Wheatly Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee Escherichia coli comprise a large, diverse species commonly found in the intestinal tracts of mammals. However, a number of E. coli are able to adapt to alternative environments; some can colonize non non-mammalian host species, while others have become ‘naturalised’, that is they are adapted to persist in environmental habitats such as water and soil. recent work has also shown that food-borne pathogenic E. coli can colonize plant hosts and present a health risk in fresh fruit and vegetables. The aim of this study was to determine whether E. coli present in soil amendments applied to a barley trial were transmitted into growing crops. MlST of the E. coli isolates showed discrete populations grouped largely by their source: slurry, compost, soil, plant-associated. isolates with closely related STs from slurry or from compost were present in bulk soil sampled several months after the amendments were applied. Barley grain and barley rhizosphere isolates formed a distinct and separate group. Phylogenetic analysis showed the present of recombination in the population. Two of the bulk soil isolates and two of the barley grain isolates share ST with pathogenic isolates, suggesting that pathogenic bacteria persist in the soil and are present on harvested crops. Offered paper Dynamics of herd infection: multiple enteric pathogens in pigs HElEN DAViES, laura Hancox, Christine Dodd, Sabine Tötemeyer, Julian Wiseman, Kenneth Mellits University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire incidence of enteric disease is highest in young pigs, particularly during the post-weaning period due to environmental and nutritional stressors. infections with various enteric pathogens can occur simultaneously; the presence of a secondary pathogen can cause extensive gut damage. Although checks have been established to control zoonotic pathogens such as Salmonella and Enteroxigenic E.coli (ETEC) on an individual basis, co-infections may increase susceptibility therefore control of one pathogen may aid control of another. Excretion of Salmonella, ETEC and rotavirus were tracked in pre and post weaning pigs from a commercial herd. Both semi-quantitative classical enrichment methods and a new rapid, sensitive PCr were employed to detect the bacterial pathogens. rotavirus was detected using an immunoCard STAT rotavirus kit. rotavirus, Salmonella and ETEC were all detected in sequential excretions in the pig herd. rotavirus was most predominant at weaning, preceding bacterial infection, which then occurred post-weaning. The predominant bacterial pathogen was Salmonella Typhurimum u288; however, additional Salmonella and ETEC strains were present. PCr detection enabled a rapid but accurate approach to testing for Salmonella and ETEC in pigs.Knowledge of co-infection dynamics will enable enhanced understanding and control of pathogens in pig herds, and potential transmission to the human food chain. HA10 Insect symbiosis ↑Contents Genome reduction of symbiotic micro-organisms: how small can they get? John McCutcheon University of Montana – Missoula, USA Bacterial genomes vary in size over two orders of magnitude. The 580 kilobase Mycoplasma genitalium genome has historically defined the extreme small end of this spectrum, and has therefore heavily informed theoretical and experimental work aimed at determining the minimal gene content necessary to support cellular life. recent genomic data from insect symbionts have revealed bacterial genomes that are incredibly small—two to four times smaller than M. genitalium—and these tiny genomes have raised questions about the limits of genome reduction and have blurred the once-clear distinction between autonomous cellular life and highly integrated organelle. New data s o c i e t y f o r g e n e r a l Microbiology
Please note: Abstracts are published as received from the authors and are not subject to editing. 48 Spring Meeting 11–14 April 2011 Harrogate – www.sgmharrogate2011.org.uk SESSION AbSTrACTS ↑Contents HA10 Cont. from various systems with symbiotic bacterial or archaeal partners have begun to shed light on how these bacteria may function with such small gene sets, but major mechanistic questions remain. Comparative genomic data for the five smallest cellular genomes will be presented, along with a discussion of the minimal gene content necessary to survive as a symbiotic bacterium. Novel biological functions conferred by insect endosymbionts Takema Fukatsu National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan (Email: t-fukatsu@aist.go.jp; website http://staff.aist.go.jp/t-fukatsu/English%20Top.html) in nature, organisms are living in close association with surrounding physical environment as well as other organisms. Thus, each of the organisms is regarded as a component of the ecosystem. Considering the diverse microbial community found inside the organisms in general, each of the organisms can also be regarded as constituting an ecosystem. Many animals and other organisms constantly harbor micro-organisms inside their body, which has been referred to as ‘endosymbiosis’. Due to the close spatial proximity, extremely intimate biological interactions and inter-dependency are commonly found between the partners called host and symbiont. Novel biological properties are often generated through such associations. in many cases, host and symbiont are integrated into an almost inseparable entity. Here we present a series of our works on the evolutionary origins and biological functions of insect endosymbionts. recombination and gene transfer in Wolbachia infecting Drosophila Siv Andersson University of Uppsala, Norbyvägen 18 C S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden See Additional Abstracts (pp. 172–173) Metabolic coevolution between symbiotic micro-organisms and their hosts Angela E. Douglas Sarkaria Institute of Insect Physiology & Toxicology, Dept of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA intracellular symbiotic bacteria with a long evolutionary history of obligate vertical transmission tend to have much reduced genomes, as a consequence of relaxed selection and genomic deterioration. Genes lost commonly include those coding for metabolic pathways also present in the host. The sequenced genomes of the intracellular symbiont Buchnera and its aphid host reveals additionally that Buchnera has incomplete metabolic pathways for the synthesis of key nutrients transferred to the host, and that metabolism genes of the host can potentially compensate for these deficiencies, resulting in coupled metabolic pathways between the partners. This condition is evident for five of the ten essential amino acids that Buchnera provides to the host, supplementing the low essential amino acid content of the aphid diet of plant phloem sap. Coupled metabolic pathways between host and symbiont, as inferred from analysis of the annotated gene content of the partners, is supported by evidence from metabolic modeling, quantitative analysis of the proteomes of Buchnera and the aphid host cells, and studies on metabolite flux between the partners. Understanding whole system immunity: the coupling of host defences and symbiont-conferred protection in the pea aphid immune response Nicole Gerado O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Room 2006, Mail Stop #1940-001-1AC, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Disease in animals is mitigated both through immune-system based defences and through non-immunological mechanisms of resistance and tolerance. These non-immunological mechanisms include behaviors to avoid infection, increasing reproduction prior to death, and reliance on symbiotic microbes that can provide protection and disease threats. The reliance of pea aphids on bacterial symbionts that provide protection, and the availability of new genomic tools to study the immune system of these insects, provides an opportunity to allow us to understand how immune-system based and non-immunological defences may be paired to define the total immune capacity of these host insects. Here, i will briefly review our current understanding of immunity in these hosts, focusing on responses to fungal and bacterial pathogens. i will also explore the possibility that symbiont-conferred protection may have shaped the evolution of the total aphid immune system. s o c i e t y f o r g e n e r a l Microbiology
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Spring Conference 2011 - Society for General Microbiology

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