- Page 1: NUTRITION IN SPORT VOLUME VII OF TH
- Page 4 and 5: IOC MEDICAL COMMISSION SUB-COMMISSI
- Page 6 and 7: © 2000 by Blackwell Science Ltd Ed
- Page 8 and 9: vi contents 18 Gastrointestinal Fun
- Page 11 and 12: List of Contributors K.P. AULINMD,
- Page 13: Quaker Oats Company, 617 West Main
- Page 17 and 18: Preface At an international Consens
- Page 19: PART 1 NUTRITION AND EXERCISE
- Page 23 and 24: quantifying exercise is with SI uni
- Page 25 and 26: Endurance time to exhaustion (min)
- Page 27 and 28: age body fat. Therefore, each muscl
- Page 29 and 30: ance in the blood of lactic acid, a
- Page 31 and 32: Q . ), the total circulating haemog
- Page 33 and 34: A combination of strength and anaer
- Page 35 and 36: Chapter 2 Biochemistry of Exercise
- Page 37 and 38: the myosin head changes from its ac
- Page 39 and 40: chemical energy in the form of ATP;
- Page 41 and 42: tion. This decline occurs principal
- Page 43 and 44: Sugar activation Cleavage SUBSTRATE
- Page 45 and 46: Malate dehydrogenase NADH + H + Fum
- Page 47 and 48: Carbohydrate and fat stores Carbohy
- Page 49 and 50: Muscle glycogen + 1 - Liver glycoge
- Page 51 and 52: cortisol secretion is stress-induce
- Page 53 and 54: In the latter hypothesis, accumulat
- Page 55 and 56: only the central nervous system. Ap
- Page 57 and 58: Chapter 3 Exercise, Nutrition and H
- Page 59 and 60: 1986); the risk of first attack was
- Page 61 and 62: with regular aerobic exercise. The
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- Page 65 and 66: press release of NEFA from adipose
- Page 67 and 68: trols). The high LPL levels probabl
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Chapter 4 Energy Costs of Exercise
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Fig. 4.1 In most games, the exercis
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elationship is linear over much of
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The numerical values in the third c
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cal exercises. Internationale Zeits
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energy costs of exercise 63 kJ·h-1
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energy costs of exercise 65 kJ·h-1
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energy costs of exercise 67 kJ·h-1
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energy costs of exercise 69 kJ·h-1
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energy costs of exercise 71 kJ·h-1
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Chapter 5 Dietary Carbohydrates LOU
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Limitations of the ‘simple’ vs.
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enefits via this process and the su
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complementation of amino acids occu
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Fig. 5.1 Athletes making food choic
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consistent with the guidelines abov
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Chapter 6 Carbohydrate Metabolism i
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small increase in AMP concentration
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Fig. 6.1 Rates of anaerobic ATP for
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Fig. 6.2 Hepatic glucose release du
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sis is occurring at a near maximal
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Wahren, J. (1974) Substrate turnove
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Chapter 7 Optimization of Glycogen
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normal (Bergström et al. 1967). Th
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diet, the muscle glycogen concentra
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exercise was conducted by Burke et
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approached 1-1.5g·kg -1 body weigh
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sugars. Fructose metabolism takes p
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References Adolfsson, S. (1973) Eff
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ate-limiting for glycogen depositio
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carbohydrate replacement during exe
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to its slower rate of absorption, w
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carbohydrate replacement during exe
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Chapter 9 Amino Acid Metabolism in
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degradation (Rennie et al. 1982; Ch
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According to the original formulati
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used as a fuel in the gut (Souba 19
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glycogen is available and the muscl
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anaplerotic reactions are not as ef
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Matthews, D.E., Marano, M.A. & Camp
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Chapter 10 Effects of Exercise on P
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which all amino acids must pass) is
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have measured a 113% increase in th
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effects of exercise on protein meta
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Fig. 10.9 Estimated dietary require
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effects of exercise on protein meta
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effects of exercise on protein meta
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experimental data that have been co
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effects of exercise on protein meta
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effects of exercise on protein meta
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Chapter 11 Amino Acids, Fatigue and
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amino acids, fatigue and immunodepr
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amino acids, fatigue and immunodepr
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amino acids, fatigue and immunodepr
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amino acids, fatigue and immunodepr
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tary population or with non-competi
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amino acids, fatigue and immunodepr
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amino acids, fatigue and immunodepr
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amino acids, fatigue and immunodepr
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Chapter 12 Nutrition, Neurotransmit
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nutrition, neurotransmitters and cn
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nutrition, neurotransmitters and cn
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nutrition, neurotransmitters and cn
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nutrition, neurotransmitters and cn
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nisms and the well-established bene
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nutrition, neurotransmitters and cn
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Fig. 13.1 The storage and mobilizat
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to total energy expenditure decreas
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egulated by malonyl-CoA (Winder et
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(ed. M. Hargreaves), pp. 99-130. Hu
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fat-rich diet have shown a positive
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ingestion of caffeine appears to st
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egimen lasting 7 days. The runners
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training-induced increase in endura
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Time to exhaustion (min) 120 100 80
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Chapter 15 Temperature Regulation a
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Reflected solar radiation rates or
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1954 Empire Games marathon in Vanco
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components will occur where large v
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the glomerular filtrate. Most of th
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water and electrolyte balance are t
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changes during a marathon race. Int
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Fig. 16.1 An approximation of hourl
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Fig. 16.2 Relationship between hypo
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only elevates core temperature resp
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potential affect being greater in w
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effects of dehydration and rehydrat
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water and electrolyte loss and repl
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water and electrolyte loss and repl
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energy density: at low (about 4%) c
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water and electrolyte loss and repl
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water and electrolyte loss and repl
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water and electrolyte loss and repl
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water and electrolyte loss and repl
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Chapter 18 Gastrointestinal Functio
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gastrointestinal function and exerc
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gastrointestinal function and exerc
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(r =-0.54, P
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gastrointestinal function and exerc
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gastrointestinal function and exerc
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gastrointestinal function and exerc
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gastrointestinal function and exerc
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Hypohydration Exercise undertaken b
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petition is short in weight categor
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Fig. 19.2 Cumulative urine output o
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volume of fluid is given, this is n
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ehydration and recovery after exerc
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organs, anatomical systems or the h
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Two important enzyme complexes of g
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with known nutritional deficiencies
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deviate from reference values (Fair
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et al. 1990), a vitamin C restricte
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enal and cardiovascular damage (Dav
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Bolton-Smith, C. (1993) Fat-soluble
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Chapter 21 Vitamins: Effects of Exe
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vitamins: effects of exercise on re
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vitamins: effects of exercise on re
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vitamins: effects of exercise on re
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vitamins: effects of exercise on re
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vitamins: effects of exercise on re
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oxidative stress and antioxidant nu
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tive stress are cigarette smoking,
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1996) that physical exercise induce
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oxidative stress and antioxidant nu
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odies such as carrot, papaya or squ
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for cysteine by the ASC system is a
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oxidative stress and antioxidant nu
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oxidative stress and antioxidant nu
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oxidative stress and antioxidant nu
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animals is often heavily enriched w
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oxidative stress and antioxidant nu
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oxidative stress and antioxidant nu
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oxidative stress and antioxidant nu
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Bone matrix is a mixture of tough f
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depending on the persistence of the
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Apart from the implications for the
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thyroid hormone levels increase dur
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nor less. The question is, which is
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ut no boys developed iron deficienc
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third of the male and two thirds of
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than 20mg·l -1 (vs. only one of 11
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Roberts et al. 1988). Finally, in t
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Nishiyasu, T. & Nadel, E.R. (1991)
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Chapter 25 Trace Minerals PRISCILLA
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zinc supplementation. Lukaski et al
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findings is unclear. Because most o
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Selenium intake and plasma levels w
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when given in conjunction with vita
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Negative effects of chromium supple
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that zinc supplements produced some
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Dentkowski, A., Sawicka, T. & Drozd
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Stoecker, B.J. (1996) Chromium. In
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hydroxy-b-methylbutyrate (HMB) from
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catabolic, effect of HMB supplement
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improve prolonged aerobic endurance
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nor was there any effect on perform
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References Bahrke, M. & Morgan, W.
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Chapter 27 Creatine PAUL L. GREENHA
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Osterberg 1923; Chanutin 1926). Fro
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Fig. 27.4 Mean and individual value
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the creatine precursor glycine to t
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during two bouts of maximal exercis
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phocreatine energy shuttle in exerc
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Chapter 28 Caffeine LAWRENCE L. SPR
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Time (min) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
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events at power outputs correspondi
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ic energy provision from glycogen b
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(ii) subjects accomplished a greate
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een caught with illegal levels duri
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Daly, J.W. (1993) Mechanism of acti
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Chapter 29 Bicarbonate and Citrate
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Fig. 29.2 The relationship between
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control during the dosing phase and
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Blood bicarbonate (mM) 40 30 20 10
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pH of less than 6.8, whereas in the
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Kindermann, W., Keul, J. & Huber, G
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Chapter 30 Alcohol in Sport LOUISE
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Aldehyde dehydrogenase catalyses th
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more quickly absorbed and has incre
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Another likely effect of cutaneous
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solutions or salt-containing foods
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PART 2 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
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418 special considerations minimum
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420 special considerations in the t
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422 special considerations levels m
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424 special considerations (Recker
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426 special considerations research
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428 special considerations Tarnopol
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430 special considerations can lead
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432 special considerations Influenc
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434 special considerations exercise
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436 special considerations perature
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438 special considerations are susc
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440 special considerations young at
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Chapter 33 The Vegetarian Athlete J
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444 special considerations food int
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446 special considerations tarians
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448 special considerations of athle
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450 special considerations purely v
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452 special considerations induce p
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454 special considerations however,
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456 special considerations James, W
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458 special considerations mation o
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460 special considerations concentr
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462 special considerations is there
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464 special considerations and good
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466 special considerations Wahren,
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Chapter 35 The Overweight Athlete M
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Protein oxidation (g . day -1 ) (a)
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75 50 25 % of daily energy expendit
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effect of food composition, meal si
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used, and the accuracy with which t
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knowing menstrual history will also
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ture, weight will be lost. Increase
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Schutz, Y., Flatt, J.P. & Jequier,
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availability and food safety. Jet-l
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Fig. 36.1 In many sports, elite per
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sidered safe. However, when in doub
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Acknowledgements The authors would
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Performance Undertraining 1 Mechani
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overtraining: nutritional intervent
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Chapter 38 Exercise at Climatic Ext
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ingestion during exercise (Costill
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literature suggests that exercise a
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stress, in horses exercising in the
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5 Febbraio, unpublished observation
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tory and metabolic effects in rats.
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human muscle during prolonged exerc
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classified as having a subclinical
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turn may elicit biological and soci
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9 restlessness —relaxing is diffi
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cal maturation and growth have been
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If the athlete is ready to get over
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Brownell, K.D., Steen, S.N. & Wilmo
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Chapter 40 Sports Nutrition Product
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your body use oxygen more efficient
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supplements, and vitamin and minera
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antistress formula’). In most cas
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Ergogenics: Enhancement of Performa
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Chapter 41 Sprinting CERI W. NICHOL
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from 17 top level athletes within 1
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Fig. 41.4 Muscle phosphocreatine co
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protein·kg -1 body mass ·day -1 (
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6-s maximal sprints on a cycle ergo
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have failed to observe an increase
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Greenhaff, P.L., Nevill, M.E., Sode
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D.A.D. Macleod, R.J. Maughan, C. Wi
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from CHO, with approximately 15% fr
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In contrast, there is some evidence
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competitor other than that provided
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mize the rate of CHO ingestion and
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Conclusions and recommendations for
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Influence of carbohydrate supplemen
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employed indirect calorimetry or do
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Fig. 43.2 Pre-exercise feedings wil
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should be ingested during exercise
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Fig. 43.4 Feeding zone where bags w
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index enter the bloodstream relativ
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longed exercise. Journal of Applied
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Fig. 44.1 Examples of pattern of ex
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glycogen is the most important subs
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End pedalling frequency (rev . min
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increase in body weight. The maxima
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creatine. In addition, very little
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centration every 10-15 min. In a so
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4 h pre-exercise carbohydrate feedi
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gymnasts must learn increasingly di
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Table 45.1 Gymnastics disciplines a
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day -1 (1223 or 1495kcal ·day -1),
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drate and lowest fat intake is seen
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ing complex carbohydrates, are cons
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Inventory (Garner et al. 1983) and
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as ‘pathogenic’ (Rosen et al. 1
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efore and during puberty do, if fac
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Therefore, gymnasts should have car
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Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and
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Chapter 46 Swimming RICK L. SHARP I
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explanation is that although runnin
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Lamb et al. (1990) tested whether a
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fatigue during the latter part of t
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Micronutrient requirements in compe
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Costill, D.L., Flynn, M.G., Kirwan,
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Chapter 47 Weightlifting and Power
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• Weightlifting: open to men only
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enced by the hormonal environment:
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effort itself, but there must be, d
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the space of 3-4 days) by a combina
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R.H. Adrian & S.R. Geiger), pp. 555
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Fig. 48.1 The intermittent nature o
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mance (serve velocity/accuracy, err
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Chapter 49 Weight Category Sports J
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Fig. 49.1 Rapid weight loss to make
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ments. It has been estimated that t
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of the function and performance tha
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Jeffery, R.W. (1996) Does weight cy
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Table 50.1 Current fastest recorded
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Fig. 50.3 Long-track speed skater p
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events if time permits. A high-carb
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Characteristics of figure skaters F
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esponses and comparison with roller
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able. A similar pattern has been fo
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oxygen uptake and, in these cases,
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exercise will also enhance performa
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Index Page numbers in bold refer to
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postprandial response to carbohydra
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cold stress 497 body fat compositio
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essential amino acids 153 estimated
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high-fat diet adaptation 199-200 in
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training effects 327-30 dilutional
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palmitate 184, 185-6 pancreatic isl
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myofibrillar proteins 119 pH values
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vegans athletic performance 443 cal