Phan Coxhead Vietnam Wage Paper April 14 2011 - Agricultural ...

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Liu, A. Y.C. (2005) “Impact of economic reform on wage structure in Viet Nam” East Asian Economic Perspectives, 16(2): 46-‐57. 24 Liu, A. Y.C. (2004a) “Changes in gender wage gap in Vietnam”, Journal of Comparative Economics 32(3): 586-‐596. Liu, A. Y.C. (2004b) “Sectoral gender wage gap in Vietnam” Oxford Development Studies 32(4): 225-‐239 Mincer, J. (1974). Schooling, Experience, and Earnings. New York: NBER (distributed by Columbia University Press). Moock, P R., H.A. Patrinos, and M. Venkataraman (2003). “Education and earnings in a transition economy: the case of Vietnam.” Economics of Education Review 22(5): 503-‐510. Nguyen, Cong Gian, Doan, Hong Quang, Nguyen, Thi Lan Huong, and Remco H. Oostendorp (2006) “Trade Liberalization, The Gender Wage Gap, and Returns to Education in Vietnam” Working Paper available at http://vern.org.vn/rs/Document/Gender%20Wage%20Gap.pdf (accessed April 12 2011) Oostendorp, Remco H. and Doan, Hong Quang (2010) “The Impact of Trade Liberalization on the Return to Education in Vietnam: Wage versus Employment Effect” Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper 2011-‐ 060/3 Pham, Hung and Reilley Barry (2007a) “The Gender Pay Gap in Vietnam, 1993-‐2002: A Quintile Regression Approach,” Journal of Asian Economics 185(5): 775-‐806 Pham, Hung and Reilley Barry (2007b) “Ethnic Wage Inequality in Vietnam: Empirical Evidence from 2002” MPRA Working Paper #6477, Department of Economics, University of Sussex, November, available at http://mpra.ub.uni-‐muenchen.de/6477/1/MPRA_paper_6477.pdf (accessed April 12 2011) Sakellariou, Chris and Zheng Fang (2010) “After the Reforms: Determinants of Wage Growth and Change in Wage Inequality in Vietnam 1998-‐2008” Working Paper #1020/06, Economic Growth Centre, Division of Economics, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Wood, Adrian (1997) “Openness and Wage Inequality in Developing Countries: The Latin American Challenge to East Asian Conventional Wisdom” World Bank Economic Review 11(1), pp. 33-‐57. World Bank (1995). Viet Nam: Economic Report on Industrialization and Industrial Policy. Country Operations Division, East Asia and Pacific Region, Country Report No. 14645-‐VN. Zhu, Chun, and Daniel. Trefler (2005) “Trade and inequality in developing countries: A general equilibrium analysis.” Journal of International Economics Vol. 65, pp. 21-‐48.
Appendix A: Data Notes 25 The primary source of data is the Vietnamese Living Standard Surveys (VLSS 1993 and 1998, and VHLSS 2002, 2004, 2006, and 2008). These are all standard World-‐Bank-‐type income and expenditure household survey, designed to study living conditions and poverty and inequality issues. They have employment modules that produce employment and wage data used in this paper. The earlier rounds (VLSS 1993 and 1998) were smaller in size (4,800 and 6,000 households respectively) and were representative at the national, rural/urban, and regional levels. The survey year 2002 had the most number of households at 29533. For the last there rounds, the number of households stayed constant at 9189. In our empirical work, we include all individuals in the working age (15-‐60 years of age) with reported wages. Hourly wage (thousand VND per hours worked) is calculated by dividing annual total wage (main salary plus other bonuses and cash benefits) by the estimated number of hours work during the year. Only the primary job is counted. Within each survey year, wages are regionally deflated to the January of the year using the provided deflators in the surveys (rcpi and mcpi). For year 2002, there are no data on experience. So we replace it with the minimum of age-‐17 and age – schooling years – 17. Most other papers that use the VHLSS data use the survey’s original schooling year variable, which ranges from 0 through 12 years only. In our paper, we adjusted education years for highest educational level (a junior college degree means 14 years of education, a college degree 16 years of education, master degree 18 years, and PhD 22 years). As a result, average years of schooling that we present are higher than that found in most other studies also using the VHLSS. This might also lead to lower estimates of returns to schooling years.
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Page 3 and 4: 2. Vietnam’s wage growth and wage
Page 5 and 6: 5 Our descriptive analysis so far s
Page 7 and 8: China has undergone such a sweeping
Page 9 and 10: 9 In stylized form, we can think of
Page 11 and 12: 11 where Year2 is a dummy for the l
Page 13 and 14: premium actually decreased during 1
Page 15 and 16: 15 Each individual’s wage is dete
Page 17 and 18: 17 Table 1: Mean hourly wages (thou
Page 19 and 20: Table 3a: Determinants of Wage - OL
Page 21 and 22: 21 Table 6: returns to education in
Page 23: References Arbache, J. A. Dickerson
Page 27 and 28: 27 Electricity, gas, and water prod

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