Gliding Mammals: Taxonomy of Living and Extinct Species

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6 • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY METHODS AND FORMAT Taxonomy for genera and lower ranks generally follows Wilson and Reeder (2005) except where otherwise stated. The taxonomy of the Marsupialia above genus follows Van Dyck and Strahan (2008), with synonyms of taxa typically following those outlined by McKenna and Bell (1997). All taxa, both extant and extinct, are integrated together to reflect their phylogeny, with extinct taxa marked with a cross (†) to make them readily identifiable. Although McKenna and Bell (1997) is an excellent overview of the different groups of living and extinct mammals, it does not include the individual citations for any rank, but rather includes only the author, year, and often (though not always) page number. The ranks above genera, including synonyms, are included here (1) because publications such as McKenna and Bell (1997) do not include the citations, (2) because of the instability of many of these ranks, (3) to reflect current phylogenetic research, and (4) to highlight errors in currently accepted names (e.g., see the discussion under the order Diprotodontia). Wilson and Reeder (2005) is recognized as the standard reference for all living mammals and includes the citations for all currently accepted families, genera, and species (in abbreviated form) but does not include citations for subspecies, synonyms, or ranks above the family level. Therefore, to facilitate future research, the full citation for all ranks has been included because of the obscurity of many of them and the resulting difficulty in accurately determining their full title (as was experienced during this review). Because of the continued debate over the ability of most fossil species to be able to glide, a broad approach has been taken to include all proposed taxa within each group of gliding mammals, especially the flying squirrels of the tribe Pteromyini and the taxa within the order Dermoptera. It is recognized that many of these taxa may ultimately not be recognized as gliding mammals in time as postcranial specimens are found in the future that confirm or refute the ability to glide. Features that help to determine whether the fossil remains of a species are those of a glider include the presence of postcranial material, including limb structure, the styliform cartilage in flying squirrels, unciform cartilage in scaly- tailed flying squirrels, and, potentially, impressions of gliding membranes. Currently accepted names are placed in bold, whereas junior synonyms are listed in nonbold font below. The synonymies of species cover the original name combinations and the currently accepted name combination for senior synonyms but not all subsequent name combinations, although some of these are traceable through the relevant comments section. In order to reduce the length of this review, abbreviated references are included next to each taxon’s name in the text, with the full citation being included in the reference list. acknowledgMents We sincerely thank the following people and institutions for providing invaluable assistance with this work. Kris Helgen, Don Wilson, and Maressa Takahashi from the Smithsonian Institution provided various references and valuable advice. Hein van Grouw and Lars van den Hoek Ostende from the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum (Naturalis Museum) in Leiden, Max Barclay from the Natural History Museum, and Svetlana Nikolaeva of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) Secretariat provided valuable references and advice. Paul Andrew, Douglas Boyer, Mary Dawson, Alfred Gardner, Gudrun Höck, and Eric Sargis read sections of the manuscript and made numerous valuable suggestions. Ken Aplin provided important information on the taxonomy of the marsupial genera Acrobates and Petauroides. Two anonymous referees provided numerous comments that greatly helped shape this work. Several libraries and their associated staff were very helpful in finding and providing many references for this project. These include Paul Cooper, Nicola Gamba, Samantha Gare, Carol Gokce, Kirsten Marshall, Nadja Noel, Kamila Reekie, John Rose, Emma Solway, Angela Thresher, Lisa Di Tommaso, and Eliza Walsh from the Natural History Museum in London, who provided many of the references. Therese Nouaille- Degorce and Evelyne Bremond- Hoslet from the Bibliothèque Centrale du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris provided a number of valuable references. Staff at the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution) libraries in Washington, D.C., including Martha Rosen, Richard Greene, Ron Lindsey, David Steere, Leslie Overstreet, Daria Wingreen- Mason, and Kirstin van der Veen, helped us enormously in finding and copying references for this project. We also extend many thanks to the Australian Museum Library staff, including Fiona Simpson, Anina Hainsworth, Fran Smith, and Leone Lemmer, and staff of the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum in Leiden, including Tom Gilissen, Marianne van der Wal, and Agnes Bavelaar, for all their help.
Taxonomy of Gliding Mammals Class MaMMalia linnaeus, 1758 Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758:12. comments. McKenna and Bell (1997:35) identified several pre- Linnean synonyms, including Vivipera (Ray, 1693:53). Recognized as a cohort by Gardiner (1982:229) but at class rank by most recent authors, including Iredale and Troughton (1934:1), Simpson (1945:39), and McKenna and Bell (1997:35). The name of the class Mammalia was reviewed by Rowe and Gauthier (1992:372). See also Paclt (1960:47). Synonyms follow McKenna and Bell (1997:35). Class Mastodia Rafinesque, 1814a:47. comments. Also referred to by Rafinesque (1814b:12), who gives the spelling as Mastodologie (p. 9). Reviewed by Paclt (1960:47). Synonymized within the class Mammalia by McKenna and Bell (1997:35). Thricozoa Oken, 1847:xi. comments. Synonymized within the class Mammalia by McKenna and Bell (1997:35). Aistheseozoa Oken, 1847:563. comments. Synonymized within the class Mammalia by McKenna and Bell (1997:35). Pilifera Bonnet, 1892:236. comments. Synonymized within the class Mammalia by McKenna and Bell (1997:35). Mammaliaformes Rowe, 1988:250. comments. Name was reviewed by McKenna and Bell (1997:507). Class Mammalea Kinman, 1994:37. comments. Synonymized within the class Mammalia by McKenna and Bell (1997:35).
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