Report for the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) - UMS
Report for the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) - UMS
Report for the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) - UMS
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School of International Tropical Forestry<br />
University Malaysia Sabah (<strong>UMS</strong>)<br />
Collection and evaluation of in<strong>for</strong>mation <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> preparation<br />
of a proposal <strong>for</strong> an international joint research project<br />
on climate change, carbon stocks and REDD in Borneo<br />
Projek ini disokong oleh<br />
Kerajaan Republik Persekutuan Negara Jerman<br />
melalui<br />
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (<strong>GTZ</strong>)<br />
GmbH<br />
Jan Wehberg<br />
Malaysian-<strong>German</strong> Forestry Education Project<br />
Consultancy <strong>Report</strong> No 19<br />
Kota Kinabalu, February 2009<br />
Bagi pihak
Collection and evaluation of in<strong>for</strong>mation <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> preparation<br />
of a proposal <strong>for</strong> an international joint research project<br />
on climate change, carbon stocks and REDD in Borneo<br />
Jan Wehberg<br />
February 2009<br />
Malaysian-<strong>German</strong> Forestry Education Project, School of International Tropical Forestry<br />
University Malaysia Sabah, Locked Bag 2073, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia<br />
Tel /Fax 0060/88/320658, Email: gtzpjb@ums.edu.my
Table of contents<br />
1. Summary<br />
2. Background of <strong>the</strong> mission (ToR)<br />
3. Acknowledgment<br />
4. Scientific background/Introduction<br />
4.1. Proposal<br />
5. Aims<br />
6. Structure of <strong>the</strong> project and partners<br />
6.1. Contribution of <strong>the</strong> Center <strong>for</strong> International Forestry Research CIFOR<br />
6.2. Contribution of <strong>the</strong> School of International Tropical Forestry<br />
6.3. Contribution of <strong>the</strong> University Mulawarman Samarinda UnMul<br />
6.4. Contribution of <strong>the</strong> Department of Geography, Hamburg University<br />
6.5. Organization and work packages<br />
6.5.1. Work package A: Carbon Stock<br />
6.5.2. Work package B: Implementation of REDD<br />
6.6. Niche <strong>for</strong> a new project and advantages<br />
6.7. Future actions<br />
6.8. Operation schedule<br />
7. Ongoing projects<br />
8. Available data<br />
8.1. Forest Inventories and vegetation data<br />
8.1.1. Forest types<br />
8.2. Time series of carbon stocks and flux<br />
8.2.1. Carbon flux<br />
8.2.2. Carbon stock<br />
8.3. Meteorological observations<br />
8.4. Soil data<br />
8.5. Remotely and proximal sensed satellite data<br />
8.5.1. Satellite images<br />
8.5.2. Digital elevation model (DEM)<br />
8.6. Test sites<br />
8.6.1. Terrestrial observation network of test sites<br />
9. Sources and fur<strong>the</strong>r reading<br />
10. Annexes<br />
10.1. Abbreviations and acronyms<br />
10.2. Minutes of <strong>the</strong> Meetings<br />
10.2.1. CIFOR<br />
10.2.2. BAKOSURTANAL<br />
10.2.3. Ministry of Forestry Indonesia<br />
10.2.4. BMG<br />
10.2.5. LAPAN<br />
10.2.6. University Mulawarman Samarinda<br />
10.2.7. Alfan Subekti, TNC<br />
10.2.8. World Wide Fund <strong>for</strong> Nature WWF<br />
10.2.9. Malaysia Meteorological Department MMD<br />
10.2.10. SITF<br />
10.3. Statements of <strong>the</strong> researchers<br />
10.3.1. CIFOR<br />
10.3.2. SITF<br />
10.3.3. UnMul<br />
10.4. Time Sheet<br />
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1. Summary<br />
On an international Workshop at <strong>the</strong> University Malaysia Sabah, four partners, <strong>the</strong> School of<br />
International Tropical Forestry (SITF), Malaysia, <strong>the</strong> Center <strong>for</strong> International Forestry<br />
Research Indonesia, <strong>the</strong> Faculty of Forestry at <strong>the</strong> University Mulawarman Samarinda<br />
Indonesia and <strong>the</strong> Department of Geography at Hamburg University <strong>German</strong>y agreed to<br />
submit a joint research proposal to <strong>the</strong> Beratungsgruppe Entwicklungsorientierte<br />
Agrar<strong>for</strong>schung BEAF on climate change, carbon stocks and REDD (Reducing Emissions<br />
from De<strong>for</strong>estation and Degradation) in Borneo. Due to <strong>the</strong>ir fields of research on carbon<br />
stock and flux, implementation of REDD as well as general approaches such as remote<br />
sensing, GIS and modeling, <strong>the</strong>y could offer a valuable scientific contribution on this issue.<br />
On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, a common project would streng<strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> standing of <strong>the</strong> local partners at<br />
<strong>the</strong> Universities in Malaysia and Indonesia which is <strong>the</strong> primary objective of <strong>the</strong> Malaysian-<br />
<strong>German</strong> Forestry Education Project at <strong>the</strong> SITF implemented by <strong>GTZ</strong> and SITF. The<br />
consultant should provide an overview of activities on <strong>the</strong> above-mentioned fields of research<br />
in Borneo to prepare a basis <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> preparation of a joint research proposal in <strong>the</strong> targeted<br />
fields.<br />
On <strong>the</strong> basis of <strong>the</strong> main fields of research of <strong>the</strong> partners it becomes clear that <strong>the</strong><br />
scheduled project should be built on two pillars: Carbon stock and <strong>the</strong> implementation of<br />
REDD in general. The field of action regarding carbon stock is intended to include <strong>the</strong><br />
development of easy tools <strong>for</strong> local users and stakeholders to assess <strong>the</strong> amount of carbon<br />
in stock. This means field research and allometric data as well as remote sensing techniques<br />
and GIS. All partners could contribute to this task especially <strong>the</strong> SITF to remote sensing, <strong>the</strong><br />
Hamburg University to GIS and CIFOR to carbon stock. The Mulawarman University could<br />
possibly deliver data on carbon flux measurements from <strong>the</strong> Bukit Suharto research <strong>for</strong>est.<br />
The second field of research deals with <strong>the</strong> implementation of REDD in which primarily<br />
CIFOR has good experiences. The Universities in Sabah and Samarinda are qualified to<br />
contribute to this task through field work in <strong>the</strong>ir respective countries. Never<strong>the</strong>less <strong>the</strong><br />
project should be organized on a cross-national level (Indonesian and Malaysian as part of<br />
Borneo) or at least be supervised by one person to guarantee well-balanced processing of<br />
<strong>the</strong> tasks and to integrate <strong>the</strong> Malaysian and Indonesian into an international research<br />
context.<br />
During <strong>the</strong> mission <strong>the</strong> consultant met <strong>the</strong> prospective partners and some departments to<br />
collect data and assess <strong>the</strong> scientific structures, methods, and findings. All partners were<br />
highly interested in co-operation within <strong>the</strong> project and offered to deliver data and in<strong>for</strong>mation<br />
under certain terms and conditions. To <strong>the</strong> knowledge of <strong>the</strong> consultant <strong>the</strong> data supply in<br />
connection with remote sensing imagery as well as meteorological and wea<strong>the</strong>r records and<br />
<strong>for</strong>est inventories seems to be sufficient. However, soil data and in<strong>for</strong>mation about below<br />
ground biomass are unsatisfactory.<br />
As CIFOR is <strong>the</strong> only partner in <strong>the</strong> position to write <strong>the</strong> application, Dr. Markku Kanninen will<br />
start writing <strong>the</strong> proposal in late February. There are some indications with regard to <strong>the</strong><br />
content and prevalent conditions that <strong>the</strong> request will be successful. Advantageous seems to<br />
be <strong>the</strong> suitable combination of <strong>the</strong> two fields of interests of <strong>the</strong> partners, <strong>the</strong> carbon stocks<br />
and <strong>the</strong> implementation of REDD, as well as <strong>the</strong> completion of activities. The scheduled<br />
project would be a great achievement both <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> partners and <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> discussion of REDD<br />
i.e. <strong>the</strong> tropical rain<strong>for</strong>est.<br />
1
The main activities of <strong>the</strong> project are:<br />
• to assess <strong>the</strong> amount of carbon stored in <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>ests of Borneo i.e. to generate a detailed<br />
analysis of <strong>the</strong> carbon stock on <strong>the</strong> basis of different techniques.<br />
• to establish easy-to-manage tools in <strong>the</strong> practice of <strong>the</strong> local stakeholders like methods to<br />
estimate <strong>the</strong> carbon in <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>ests by calculating <strong>the</strong> quantum of wood available<br />
• to design simple software applications <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> use of <strong>the</strong> local stakeholders.<br />
• to develop a model to show <strong>the</strong> impact of climate change on <strong>the</strong> carbon stocks under<br />
different scenarios.<br />
• to show how to implement REDD to bring a financial benefit of <strong>the</strong>se sources to <strong>the</strong> local<br />
people.<br />
• to elaborate <strong>the</strong> possibility to assess <strong>the</strong> economic value of carbon stocks and to<br />
determine how to convert <strong>the</strong> specific amount of carbon in an accordant amount of<br />
money.<br />
• to show how <strong>the</strong> money should be distributed to <strong>the</strong> people and who is eligible to get <strong>the</strong><br />
payments.<br />
• to point out how local communities can adjust <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>for</strong>est management practices to create<br />
sustainable income<br />
• to enhance capacity building and to connect local scientists as well as stakeholders <strong>for</strong> a<br />
fur<strong>the</strong>r co-operation.<br />
2. Background of <strong>the</strong> mission (ToR)<br />
The School of International Tropical Forestry (SITF) at <strong>the</strong> University Malaysia Sabah (<strong>UMS</strong>)<br />
is <strong>the</strong> only institution <strong>for</strong> higher education in <strong>for</strong>estry in Sarawak and Sabah. SITF is a young<br />
faculty that was founded in 1996 and still is in <strong>the</strong> process of development. Since July 2003<br />
<strong>the</strong> Malaysian-<strong>German</strong> Forestry Education Project (MGFEP) assists SITF in academic<br />
education, applied research and <strong>the</strong> development of professional consultancy services. The<br />
project is geared towards capacity building <strong>for</strong> sustainable <strong>for</strong>est resources management and<br />
environmental awareness according to <strong>the</strong> demand in <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est and environmental sectors.<br />
An essential element of MGFEP’s assistance to SITF is human resource development. To<br />
gain reputation SITF needs cooperation with internationally recognized universities and<br />
research institutes. Against this background <strong>the</strong> consultancy shall support <strong>the</strong> preparation<br />
and realization of an international joint research project with partners from Malaysia,<br />
Indonesia and <strong>German</strong>y in order to streng<strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> research capacities and <strong>the</strong> scientific<br />
reputation of SITF. These partners should be besides <strong>the</strong> SITF, <strong>the</strong> Center <strong>for</strong> International<br />
Forestry Research CIFOR in West Java, Indonesia, <strong>the</strong> University Hamburg, <strong>German</strong>y and<br />
<strong>the</strong> University Mulawarman Samarinda according to an agreement made in November 2008.<br />
The objective of <strong>the</strong> consultancy is to provide an overview of past, current and future<br />
research projects and activities on carbon stocks and dynamics in tropical <strong>for</strong>ests in Borneo<br />
and <strong>the</strong> impacts of climate change on carbon stocks and dynamics as well as REDD as a<br />
basis <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> preparation of a joint research proposal in <strong>the</strong> targeted fields of investigation.<br />
The consultant shall collect in<strong>for</strong>mation about past, current and future research activities and<br />
scientific findings required to cover <strong>the</strong> state-of-<strong>the</strong>-art aspect in <strong>the</strong> targeted fields of<br />
investigation. There<strong>for</strong>e he has to assess, evaluate and collect time series of carbon stocks<br />
and flux, climate time series (meteorological network observations), soil data (soil profiles or<br />
soil maps), and vegetation data (e.g. vegetation type, structure, biomass, <strong>for</strong>est parameters).<br />
The evaluation shall be based on discussions with responsible scientists and administrations.<br />
2
For <strong>the</strong> purpose of <strong>the</strong> above mentioned aims <strong>the</strong> consultant visited following universities and<br />
departments. Malaysia: School of International Tropical Forestry, Malaysia Meteorological<br />
Department, World Wide Fund <strong>for</strong> Nature WWF. Indonesia: National Coordinating <strong>Agency</strong> <strong>for</strong><br />
Surveys and Mapping Bakosurtanal, Ministry of Forestry Baplan, National Institute of<br />
Aeronautics and Space Lapan, Meteorological and Geophysical <strong>Agency</strong> BMG, The Nature<br />
Conservancy TNC, Faculty of Forestry/University of Mulawarman, Center <strong>for</strong> International<br />
Forestry Research CIFOR.<br />
3. Acknowledgment<br />
The consultant would like to thank Dr. Michael Fischer <strong>GTZ</strong> very much <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> excellent<br />
preparation and support of <strong>the</strong> mission.<br />
4. Scientific background/Introduction<br />
Countries like Indonesia and Malaysia used to be almost entirely <strong>for</strong>ested, but were nearly<br />
completely cleared to provide timber and space <strong>for</strong> agricultural use. The Indonesian islands<br />
of Java and Bali were affected in <strong>the</strong> middle of <strong>the</strong> last century because of <strong>the</strong> fertile soils<br />
while <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>ests of Sumatra and Sulawesi were reduced to remainders in <strong>the</strong> last two<br />
decades. Thus <strong>the</strong>re are only a few places left in Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia where tropical rain<strong>for</strong>ests<br />
can still be conserved on a large scale (Rautner et al. 2005). On Borneo vast <strong>for</strong>est sites still<br />
exist which are per<strong>for</strong>ming <strong>the</strong> original <strong>for</strong>est features in which <strong>the</strong>y are important <strong>for</strong> water<br />
balance, regional climate and habitat. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore <strong>the</strong>y are reservoirs <strong>for</strong> carbon and hence,<br />
extremely relevant <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> global climate particularly with regard to climate change. However,<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>ests of Borneo have decreased rapidly after <strong>the</strong> end of <strong>the</strong> Second World War (Fig. 1).<br />
So <strong>for</strong>ests provide valuable services to man because <strong>the</strong>y store and sequester carbon,<br />
conserve <strong>the</strong> diversity of life, protect soil and water resources, and are source of useful drug<br />
and food (Musa et al. 2008). Anyway, <strong>for</strong>ests are burned, logged and cleared, and replaced<br />
with agricultural land, built-up areas or plantations <strong>for</strong> oil palm or fast growing species like<br />
Acacia. Indonesia has about 100 million ha of <strong>for</strong>ested land, but <strong>for</strong>est loss averages<br />
between 1-2 million ha/year (Woods Hole Research Center).<br />
Scenarios released by UNEP (2002) suggested that most of <strong>the</strong> natural rain<strong>for</strong>est in<br />
Indonesia would be degraded by 2030. The World Bank (2001) estimated that this would<br />
include <strong>the</strong> loss of all Kalimantan’s lowland <strong>for</strong>est outside protected areas by 2010. These<br />
estimates were based on in<strong>for</strong>mation from <strong>the</strong> 1980s and 1990s on <strong>the</strong> rate of de<strong>for</strong>estation<br />
and human impact zones. Annual <strong>for</strong>est conversion to palm oil plantations increased 400-fold<br />
from 1,163 hectares in 1991 to 461,992 hectares in 2007 in Central Kalimantan, on <strong>the</strong> island<br />
of Borneo, reports a new report published by Forest Watch Indonesia, a local NGO<br />
respective <strong>the</strong> Jakarta Post (Simamora 2008).<br />
According to <strong>the</strong> FAO (2007) Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia experienced <strong>the</strong> largest decline in <strong>for</strong>est area,<br />
with an annual net loss of <strong>for</strong>ests of more than 2.8 million hectares. The greatest <strong>for</strong>est loss<br />
occurred in Indonesia, almost 1.9 million hectares per year, followed by Myanmar,<br />
Cambodia, <strong>the</strong> Philippines, Malaysia and <strong>the</strong> Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.<br />
Particularly in Borneo, <strong>the</strong> enormous conversion rates of tropical <strong>for</strong>ests lead to an<br />
irreversible degradation of vast areas. The environmental dimension of <strong>the</strong> problem becomes<br />
clear by <strong>the</strong> current facts: between 1985 and 2005, <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est cover of Borneo shrunk from<br />
75% to 50% (corresponding to an average de<strong>for</strong>estation rate of 850,000 ha per year) and – if<br />
this trend continues – will drop to less than a third by 2020 (Rautner et al. 2005). This<br />
represents amongst o<strong>the</strong>rs a massive disposal of CO2. Including CO2 emissions from LUCF<br />
Indonesia is amongst <strong>the</strong> top ten of emitting countries (Fig. 2).<br />
3
Fig. 1: Extent of de<strong>for</strong>estation in Borneo 1950-2005, and projection towards 2020. (source:<br />
http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/extent-of-de<strong>for</strong>estation-in-borneo-1950-2005-and-projectiontowards-2020<br />
Radday, M, WWF <strong>German</strong>y. 2007. 'Borneo Maps'. January 24, 2007. Hugo<br />
Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal)<br />
The emissions due to de<strong>for</strong>estation and degradation of <strong>for</strong>ests amounts a quarter to a fifth of<br />
all GHG produced by man (WWF). In order to limit <strong>the</strong> accumulation of CO2 in <strong>the</strong><br />
atmosphere and thus <strong>the</strong> global warming <strong>the</strong> conservation of <strong>for</strong>ests is of particular<br />
importance. The REDD mechanism respective initiative attaches an economic value to <strong>the</strong><br />
ability of <strong>for</strong>ests to store carbon (Tab. 1). This value is meant to be a financial resource which<br />
offers <strong>the</strong> possibility to subsist <strong>the</strong> local communities of developing countries to spare <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>for</strong>ests.<br />
Fig. 2: CO2 emissions of Top ten emitting countries. Emissions from Land Use Change &<br />
Forestry (LUCF), 2000 (source: Earthtrends 2008)<br />
4
Tab. 1: Growing stock, biomass and carbon in Indonesia and Malaysia (FAO 2007)<br />
Per<br />
hectare<br />
(m 3 /ha)<br />
Growing stock Biomass<br />
Total<br />
(million<br />
m³)<br />
Commer<br />
cial<br />
(% of<br />
total)<br />
5<br />
Per<br />
hectare<br />
(tonnes/<br />
ha)<br />
Total<br />
(million<br />
tonnes)<br />
Per<br />
hectare<br />
(tonnes/<br />
ha)<br />
Carbon in<br />
biomass<br />
Total<br />
(million<br />
tonnes)<br />
Indonesia 58.9 5 216 – 133.3 11 793 67 5 897<br />
Malaysia 250.9 5 242 – 336.0 7 020 168 3 510<br />
De<strong>for</strong>estation, particularly in tropical developing countries, is estimated by <strong>the</strong> UN to cause<br />
up to 20 per cent of global GHG emissions. Reducing de<strong>for</strong>estation and <strong>for</strong>est degradation is<br />
potentially a highly cost-effective way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The United<br />
Nations Climate Change Conference in Bali in December 2007 (COP: December 13th<br />
Decision on REDD) indicated support <strong>for</strong> demonstration activities to reduce emissions from<br />
de<strong>for</strong>estation and degradation (REDD) in developing countries, with a view to possible<br />
incorporation of REDD into a future international climate change agreement (Ausaid). The<br />
discussions on reducing emissions from de<strong>for</strong>estation and degradation as a greenhouse gas<br />
(GHG) mitigation strategy are ongoing under <strong>the</strong> United Nations Framework Convention on<br />
Climate Change (UNFCCC). In <strong>the</strong> light of <strong>the</strong>se considerations, it is necessary <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
countries to be able to determine <strong>the</strong> relative likelihood of de<strong>for</strong>estation and per<strong>for</strong>m a first<br />
order estimation of <strong>the</strong> carbon stock associated with various protection scenarios. The<br />
principles are accepted but now negotiations focus on being more precise about <strong>the</strong><br />
methodological and policy issues. Most of <strong>the</strong> protective roles of <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>ests are difficult to<br />
place a dollar value but <strong>the</strong> carbon management can be valued. Thus <strong>the</strong> aim of <strong>the</strong> ef<strong>for</strong>ts<br />
on REDD is to allow developing countries to receive payments <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> value <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>for</strong>ests<br />
provide. Thus, it supports countries with low and stable de<strong>for</strong>estation rates. For this reason a<br />
good estimation and monitoring of carbon stocks is necessary. That means remote sensing<br />
assessments and ground measurements according to <strong>the</strong> IPCC Guidelines on<br />
methodologies as guide. Forest degradation is more difficult than de<strong>for</strong>estation but knowing<br />
<strong>the</strong> causes of degradation may help in estimating of associated losses of carbon. To achieve<br />
that goal capacity building is required at different levels as well as pilot projects.<br />
De<strong>for</strong>estation is still high in Kalimantan because <strong>the</strong>re are no screening tools <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
conversion of <strong>for</strong>est (TNC tries to achieve that). Kalimantan is beside Papua <strong>the</strong> only area<br />
still interesting <strong>for</strong> timber logging. 2.5 million m³ wood is allocated <strong>for</strong> annual allowable cutting<br />
in East Kalimantan <strong>for</strong> 2009, which is <strong>the</strong> highest amount in Indonesia (Alfan Subekti TNC).<br />
According to <strong>the</strong> <strong>GTZ</strong>-Indonesia regarding REDD East Kalimantan is <strong>the</strong> leader within <strong>the</strong><br />
Kalimantan districts, but <strong>the</strong>re is still a lot of knowledge, data, etc. missing. For example <strong>the</strong><br />
rate of de<strong>for</strong>estation in detail <strong>for</strong> different <strong>for</strong>est types is crucial. To make <strong>the</strong> next move it is<br />
essential to know how to share <strong>the</strong> benefits of REDD. For that, good governance is important<br />
as well as local and traditional knowledge. How to design and implement a mechanism to<br />
achieve REDD is proving exceptionally complex and controversial, inspiring uncertainty that<br />
it will generate real benefits <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> global climate, <strong>for</strong>ests and <strong>for</strong>est communities<br />
(Earthtrends 2008).<br />
Against <strong>the</strong> background of this context <strong>the</strong> partners of <strong>the</strong> scheduled project see <strong>the</strong> need of<br />
<strong>the</strong> development and Implementation of an integrated Forest In<strong>for</strong>mation & Inventory System<br />
<strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> assessment and evaluation of sustainable management strategies, mitigating<br />
greenhouse gas emissions and safeguarding environmental goods and services of natural<br />
and managed <strong>for</strong>est ecosystems in Borneo under climate and land use change conditions<br />
under various aspects.
4.1. Proposal<br />
The four partners should be involved in <strong>the</strong> project in accordance with <strong>the</strong>ir respective main<br />
research. Each partner in <strong>the</strong> project potentially should have a main focus on its own. CIFOR<br />
could be <strong>the</strong> “REDD/Carbon Stock-Group”, Hamburg <strong>the</strong> “Modelling/GIS-Group”, SITF <strong>the</strong><br />
“Remote Sensing-Group”, Mulawarman ano<strong>the</strong>r “Carbon-Group” even though each partner<br />
deals with more or less every single task. The local partners in Sabah and Kalimantan could<br />
possibly take over tasks of <strong>the</strong> field work. The organization will probably be in <strong>the</strong> hands of<br />
CIFOR <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> most part because <strong>the</strong> center is <strong>the</strong> applicant body (see Fig. 3 and chapter<br />
6.1). During <strong>the</strong> mission of <strong>the</strong> consultant <strong>the</strong>re was no o<strong>the</strong>r working group of CIFOR<br />
looking <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> BEAF-grant. Possibly Malaysia put not as much interest on <strong>the</strong> issue of REDD<br />
as Indonesia do.<br />
Fig. 3: Scheme of <strong>the</strong> procedure<br />
It will be an important challenge to combine <strong>the</strong> different skills of <strong>the</strong> partners <strong>for</strong> an effective<br />
workflow. The project has to be positioned within Priority Area 4a of <strong>the</strong> <strong>GTZ</strong>/BMZ-<br />
Guidelines: “Integrated land, water and <strong>for</strong>est management at landscape level” even if<br />
climate change does not belong to <strong>the</strong> main CGIAR-issues or priorities. Thus climate<br />
modeling seems to be an outlier in <strong>the</strong> master plan <strong>the</strong>re<strong>for</strong>e it has to be clarified how to link<br />
this topic to <strong>the</strong> structure of <strong>the</strong> project. CIFOR is already involved in a BEAF-Project with <strong>the</strong><br />
University of Göttingen (Indonesia, Vietnam). The conception of that project leads to a lack of<br />
effective co-operation due to communication difficulties what should be avoided in our<br />
project.<br />
Some members suggested that our joint project could be an “umbrella” under which o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
subprojects could be summarized. For example <strong>the</strong>re is also <strong>the</strong> possibility to look <strong>for</strong> grants<br />
at <strong>the</strong> Asia-Pacific Network (APN) or within internal/own budget. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore <strong>the</strong> project<br />
could possibly contribute to o<strong>the</strong>r projects as <strong>the</strong> NCAS-Project by BAPLAN and above all to<br />
<strong>the</strong> project of <strong>the</strong> Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau KfW.<br />
6
5. Aims<br />
As mentioned above <strong>the</strong> project should aim in two directions: <strong>the</strong> assessment of <strong>the</strong> amount<br />
of carbon stored in <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>ests of Borneo and <strong>the</strong> implementation of REDD to bring a financial<br />
benefit of <strong>the</strong>se sources to <strong>the</strong> local people and thus protect <strong>the</strong> services that <strong>the</strong> ecosystem<br />
provides. As a first step it is decisive to generate a detailed analysis of <strong>the</strong> carbon stock on<br />
<strong>the</strong> basis of different techniques. It seems to be possible to establish methods to estimate <strong>the</strong><br />
carbon in <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>ests by calculating <strong>the</strong> quantum of wood available. That means counting<br />
trees in a certain area, measuring <strong>the</strong> diameter at breast height as well as tree height.<br />
Presumably, it doesn’t matter which species are present particularly in a heterogeneous<br />
<strong>for</strong>est. But this has to be reviewed. This simple method of collecting data is useful <strong>for</strong> an<br />
assessment of carbon stock in <strong>the</strong> field but it is best to support <strong>the</strong> remote sensing approach<br />
as well. The mentioned approach is intended to cover larger areas and is affiliated with <strong>the</strong><br />
modeling by GIS. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore all received data shall contribute to <strong>the</strong> modeling approach<br />
which will give a reproduction of climate parameter data at high spatial resolution. This will<br />
reveal <strong>the</strong> alteration in <strong>the</strong> vegetation cover under changing climatic and land-use conditions<br />
which <strong>the</strong>n leads to variations in biomass and carbon stock. However, field-work, remote<br />
sensing and GIS are to be developed to be easy-to-manage tools in <strong>the</strong> practice of <strong>the</strong> local<br />
stakeholders. For that reason it is necessary to design simple software applications which<br />
could be web-based as well. Regarding <strong>the</strong> handling of carbon stock <strong>the</strong> local communities<br />
<strong>the</strong>n have <strong>the</strong> ability to adjust <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>for</strong>est management practices. It is substantial to<br />
determine how to convert <strong>the</strong> specific amount of carbon in an accordant amount of money.<br />
As REDD means to provide money to <strong>the</strong> local communities, one has to ask how <strong>the</strong> money<br />
should be distributed to <strong>the</strong> people and who is eligible to get <strong>the</strong> money. A model <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
division of <strong>the</strong> payments is to be developed in <strong>the</strong> project. These aims are suitable to support<br />
<strong>the</strong> economic, ecological and social development, and thus improve living conditions of <strong>the</strong><br />
Malaysian and Indonesian communities. The sound use of <strong>for</strong>est resources will help to<br />
maintain income security and <strong>the</strong> development of opportunities <strong>for</strong> future generations. On <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r hand <strong>the</strong> mitigation of greenhouse gases will slow down global warming and contribute<br />
to <strong>the</strong> benefit of all.<br />
The objectives of <strong>the</strong> planned project are:<br />
1. The actual carbon stocks of Borneo are known and <strong>the</strong> impact of climate change on <strong>the</strong><br />
carbon stocks are shown under different climate scenarios.<br />
2. The knowledge of <strong>the</strong> carbon stocks can be used to create additional income <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> local<br />
population in <strong>the</strong> context of REDD.<br />
3. The methodology to assess carbon stocks on local level is part of a technical,<br />
administrative, legislative and economic implementation concept of REDD in Borneo.<br />
6. Structure of <strong>the</strong> project and partners<br />
The scheduled project should deal with two aspects (Fig. 4). The implementation of REDD<br />
on <strong>the</strong> one hand including <strong>the</strong> economic aspects and <strong>the</strong> assessment of carbon stock on <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r hand. For both directions different techniques and methods of resolutions are<br />
necessary. However, <strong>the</strong> common denominator could be <strong>the</strong> adaptability at <strong>the</strong> community<br />
respective stakeholder level. All possibly partners involved could contribute to <strong>the</strong> one or<br />
more of <strong>the</strong> required field of activities.<br />
7
Fig. 4: Fields of activities<br />
6.1. Contribution of <strong>the</strong> Center <strong>for</strong> International Forestry Research CIFOR<br />
According to <strong>the</strong> BEAF-guidelines only CIFOR is in <strong>the</strong> position to apply <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> grant (Fig. 3).<br />
That means presumably that CIFOR will be <strong>the</strong> main contractor whereas <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r partners<br />
are subcontractors. Besides <strong>the</strong> scientific input <strong>the</strong> preparatory work and <strong>the</strong> writing of <strong>the</strong><br />
proposal is also to be done by CIFOR which in this case means Dr. Markku Kanninen.<br />
Regarding <strong>the</strong> research proposal it is essential that <strong>the</strong> “Climate Change” does not belong to<br />
<strong>the</strong> priority areas of BEAF but <strong>for</strong>est management. The main focus of CIFOR is on REDDimplementation<br />
(<strong>the</strong> “second D” in special) and on carbon stocks (direct to <strong>the</strong> benefit of local<br />
people). A preliminary working title <strong>for</strong> CIFOR could be like “The role of sustainable <strong>for</strong>est<br />
management and carbon stock as income generation <strong>for</strong> local communities and civil<br />
societies in <strong>the</strong> REDD-context”. CIFORs ef<strong>for</strong>ts aiming to simple tools <strong>for</strong> local stakeholders<br />
to estimate carbon stocks (including GIS, remote sensing). CIFOR could compile a “manual”<br />
<strong>for</strong> local stakeholders to estimate carbon stock according to <strong>the</strong> one <strong>the</strong>y made <strong>for</strong><br />
biodiversity called “Exploring biological diversity, environment and local people’s<br />
perspectives in <strong>for</strong>est landscapes”. The ideas of Gen tend to <strong>the</strong> same direction (RS <strong>for</strong> local<br />
stakeholders). CIFOR has possibly to develop <strong>the</strong> methods which are to be used under <strong>the</strong><br />
project phase. Possible contribution of <strong>the</strong> CIFORs members could be as follows: Stibniati<br />
Atmadja (Distribution of compensation), Elizabeth Linda Yuliani (Simple tools <strong>for</strong> local<br />
stakeholders to estimate carbon stocks), Dr. Herry Purnomo (make people ready <strong>for</strong> REDD),<br />
Dr. Daniel Murdiyarso (Assessing C-stock in <strong>for</strong>est landscape), Dr. Gen Takao (leaves<br />
CIFOR next year, RS <strong>for</strong> local stakeholders), Hari Priyadi: (Reduced impact logging, models<br />
<strong>for</strong> specific allometric relationship, C-stock), Dr. Markku Kanninen (Proposal writing,<br />
organization).<br />
6.2. Contribution of <strong>the</strong> School of International Tropical Forestry<br />
The School of International Tropical Forestry in Sabah has <strong>the</strong> ability to contribute to <strong>the</strong> two<br />
directions of <strong>the</strong> project whereas <strong>the</strong> estimation of carbon stock using remote sensing<br />
techniques could be a special quality. Dr. Phua has achieved good reputation in this field.<br />
The assessment of carbon stock will be carried out via remote sensing techniques and by<br />
field inventory/work as well. Regarding remote sensing Dr. Phua is an approved expert and<br />
should play a prominent role (co-ordinator of <strong>the</strong> subproject). The remote sensing task<br />
should be fulfilled <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> entire Borneo Island to avoid differences in classification and quality<br />
<strong>for</strong> Malaysia and Indonesia. Field work means to carry out measurements directly in <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>for</strong>ests. The easiest way to estimate <strong>the</strong> carbon stock in <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est is to calculate <strong>the</strong> amount<br />
of wood present i.e. to count trees and measure its height, diameter, etc. Due to <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
competences Dr. Normah and Dr. Andy of SITF could both contribute to this topic. The areas<br />
<strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> fieldwork will be <strong>for</strong> practical reasons not in Kalimantan but in both Sarawak and<br />
Sabah. The analysis regarding <strong>the</strong> implementation of REDD as <strong>the</strong> second component of <strong>the</strong><br />
project could be done by Hardawati. She has strong experience with <strong>the</strong> economics and<br />
participatory approaches of local communities and such she is dedicated to fulfill this task<br />
within <strong>the</strong> SITF. Bernaulus Saragih from Mulawarman University might be her Indonesian<br />
counterpart.<br />
8
6.3. Contribution of <strong>the</strong> University Mulawarman Samarinda UnMul<br />
According to <strong>the</strong> design of <strong>the</strong> project as it is discussed at CIFOR and accepted by <strong>the</strong> local<br />
partners two elements are to be executed. The implementation of REDD at <strong>the</strong> community<br />
resp. stakeholder level on <strong>the</strong> one hand including <strong>the</strong> economic aspects and <strong>the</strong> assessment<br />
of carbon stock on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand (see above). The Faculty of Forestry at <strong>the</strong> University<br />
Mulawarman Samarinda could contribute to <strong>the</strong> requirements as following: Economic aspect<br />
of REDD implementation: economic valuation of carbon stock, distribution and contribution of<br />
finacial gain, mechanism of distribution, etc. (Bernaulus Saragih). Institutional and capacity<br />
building (Mustofa Agung Sarjono). Above and below ground carbon stock in natural<br />
secondary vegetation, fast growing trees plantation and palm trees plantation and coal<br />
mining reclamation (Deddy Hadriyanto, Rita Diana, Syahrinudin, Sadeli Ilyas). Emission flux<br />
in some urban area in East Kalimantan (Ali Suhardiman). Carbon flux in secondary and<br />
primary <strong>for</strong>est environment in Bukit Suharto (Deddy Hadriyanto, Rita Diana, Sadeli Ilyas,<br />
Karyati). Rate of De<strong>for</strong>estation and Degradation (conversion). Land use and land use change<br />
of <strong>for</strong>estry. It is debatable if <strong>the</strong> expertise of Dr. Rudianto Amirta which is biomass conversion<br />
(biofuels) and <strong>the</strong> potency <strong>for</strong> tropical wood is needed.<br />
6.4. Contribution of <strong>the</strong> Department of Geography, Hamburg University<br />
The Hamburg working group suggests contribution particularly to <strong>the</strong> determination of<br />
biomass and carbon storage capacity of different natural, semi-natural and managed <strong>for</strong>est<br />
ecosystems, derived from comprehensive <strong>for</strong>est inventory data; analyze <strong>the</strong> causal relation<br />
of boundary layer dynamics and turbulent energy and gas exchange fluxes at <strong>the</strong> test sites,<br />
using eddy covariance measurements. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore <strong>the</strong> Hamburg team could design a model<br />
chain <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> dynamical simulation of meteorological parameters, vegetation responses and<br />
turbulent energy and gas exchange fluxes in appropriate spatio-temporal scales (coupling<br />
GCM, RCM and SVAT); predict <strong>the</strong> effects of possible future land use and climatic changes<br />
under consideration of alternative climatic and land use change scenarios.<br />
Regarding integration <strong>the</strong> Hamburg group likes to offer <strong>the</strong> development of data base<br />
management structures to support <strong>the</strong> integration of and <strong>the</strong> access to data sets, in<strong>for</strong>mation<br />
and knowledge including an easily to handle GIS-based decision support systems <strong>for</strong><br />
politicians and managers, capable to predict and assess potential effects and critical<br />
implications of short term and long term management decisions. However, if required, <strong>the</strong>y<br />
may likewise support <strong>the</strong> development of a suitable sampling design <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> test sites and<br />
instrumentation and <strong>the</strong> implementation of a spatiotemporal high resolution monitoring<br />
system with particular emphasizes on active remote sensing techniques.<br />
6.5. Organization and work packages<br />
The research topics should be established on a cross-national level (Indonesian and<br />
Malaysian part of Borneo) or at least be supervised by one person to guarantee a wellbalanced<br />
processing of <strong>the</strong> tasks. Every field of activity could be fulfilled by a multinational<br />
working group which could be established as following (see below). Never<strong>the</strong>less <strong>the</strong><br />
Universities of Sabah and Samarinda may work on a more regional scale. Data have to be<br />
collected <strong>for</strong> practical reasons possibly on national level.<br />
6.5.1. Work package A: Carbon Stock<br />
Dr. Phua is an approved expert in remote sensing techniques and should play a prominent<br />
role (co-ordinator of <strong>the</strong> subproject). Dr. Gen Takao (CIFOR) has already agreed to support<br />
his research, whereas Dr. Gen is planning to bring even <strong>the</strong> possibility of using remote<br />
sensing to <strong>the</strong> local communities. Ali Suhardiman from <strong>the</strong> University Mulawarman<br />
Samarinda may support <strong>the</strong> working group in Kalimantan just as <strong>the</strong> Hamburg University.<br />
Probably it would be possible to use satellite images from local partners as<br />
BAKOSURTANAL and LAPAN (both from Indonesia). A basis <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> classification is possibly<br />
9
to be found in <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est inventory data of <strong>the</strong> Ministry of Forestry Indonesia and hopefully<br />
Malaysia. The Hamburg University is in <strong>the</strong> position to depict possibilities of <strong>the</strong><br />
establishment of a reliable carbon stock monitoring system at different levels (remote<br />
sensing, field inventory, GIS). One of <strong>the</strong> main objectives is <strong>the</strong> involvement of <strong>the</strong> local<br />
stakeholders (benefit to local people). Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore to implement a monitoring system <strong>for</strong><br />
land use change as well as <strong>for</strong> land cover change. This includes an assessment of <strong>the</strong><br />
conversion rates and a modeling of future scenarios including climate change. Hamburg<br />
should apply adequate models that not only describe <strong>the</strong> actual processes and effects, but<br />
permit <strong>the</strong> calculation (i.e., prediction) of <strong>the</strong> effects of climate changes and/or changes in<br />
human activity (e.g. <strong>for</strong>estry management practices etc.) and develop easily to handle GIS<br />
(Geographic In<strong>for</strong>mation System) based modelling and decision support systems <strong>for</strong> decision<br />
makers, capable to predict and assess ‘just in time’ potential effects and implications of long<br />
term management decisions. The land-system-approach by BAKOSURTANAL may be<br />
useful <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> purposes of <strong>the</strong> project as far as it is supplemented by a land cover unit.<br />
However, Mulyanto Darmawan could be very important partner <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> SITF regarding<br />
remote sensing. Dr. Normah and Dr. Andy from <strong>the</strong> SITF could contribute to <strong>the</strong> allometric<br />
data collection in <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>ests to assist <strong>the</strong> work package A. Syahrinudin from UnMul is an<br />
expert on below ground biomass and carbon stock and has developed methods <strong>for</strong><br />
estimations of <strong>the</strong>se factors in Acacia and Oil Palm plantations. He says <strong>the</strong>re may be<br />
possibilities to develop such methods <strong>for</strong> primary and secondary <strong>for</strong>ests as well. It is in<br />
question if it would not be possible to deal with belowground biomass or soil, because that<br />
would exceed <strong>the</strong> capacities. That could be a task <strong>for</strong> Rita Diana from UnMul and Deddy<br />
Hadriyanto while Dr. Deddy would be in charge <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> coordination of <strong>the</strong> Faculty of<br />
Forestry’s contribution as well. In <strong>the</strong> opinion of Dr. Phua and o<strong>the</strong>rs an examination of<br />
carbon flux will not be realistic. O<strong>the</strong>r professionals in <strong>the</strong> field of carbon stock are Daniel<br />
Murdiyarso CIFOR and Hari Priyadi CIFOR. For an effective implementation of REDD simple<br />
tools <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> assessment of carbon stocks are needed. In this domain Linda Yuliani CIFOR is<br />
an expert and intended to develop simple tools and <strong>for</strong>mulas <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> carbon-assessment.<br />
6.5.2. Work package B: Implementation of REDD<br />
In order to support <strong>the</strong> development of future <strong>for</strong>est policies and environmental legislation at<br />
<strong>the</strong> regional and national level <strong>the</strong> research on implementation of REDD is essential. Herry<br />
Purnomo CIFOR field of research is to “make people ready <strong>for</strong> REDD” while Stibniati<br />
Atmadja is working on distribution of compensation. Herry basic approach is <strong>the</strong> multistakeholder<br />
processes on land use planning at different levels, carbon stock assessment (RS<br />
use) and how to provoke participation of local communities. For that it is important to make<br />
REDD work at local level (both <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> first and second D), including connecting to potential<br />
carbon credit buyers and power balancing, payment mechanism and institutional<br />
arrangement at different levels. Stibniati could complete this works through <strong>the</strong> more<br />
economic aspects which is assessing livelihood impacts of REDD demonstration projects on<br />
local communities, particularly looking at changes in local market conditions,<br />
incentives/disincentives in investments, and movements of capital, labor and land use. Since<br />
this assessment can be done at all scales, one of <strong>the</strong> main tasks is to choose <strong>the</strong> scale. This<br />
analysis can be used to determine potential leakage pathways of <strong>the</strong> project, and provide<br />
insights on economic winners vs. losers in <strong>the</strong> short, medium and possibly long term. Note<br />
that this is not limited to <strong>the</strong> economics. There is a lot of environmental and governance<br />
factors that must be taken under consideration, to <strong>for</strong>m a realistic assessment of how REDD<br />
can bring about <strong>the</strong>se economic shifts. Locally partners could be Dr. Hardawati Yahya SITF<br />
and her Indonesian counterpart Bernaulus Saragih UnMul.<br />
6.6. Niche <strong>for</strong> a new project and advantages<br />
The niche <strong>for</strong> our project could be <strong>the</strong> “entire Borneo-approach” and <strong>the</strong> social adaptations<br />
which could be part of <strong>the</strong> development of Borneo. Climate change even if it’s not one of <strong>the</strong><br />
priority areas could be a new approach as well. According to <strong>the</strong> partners <strong>the</strong>re is not much<br />
10
e done about carbon stocks and flux and <strong>the</strong> implementation of REDD in Indonesia and<br />
Malaysia at all. For that reason <strong>the</strong> outlook to get <strong>the</strong> grant seems to be very good.<br />
Never<strong>the</strong>less <strong>the</strong>re are some plus factors <strong>for</strong> a successful proposal as well. BEAF as a unit<br />
of <strong>the</strong> <strong>GTZ</strong> will probably support <strong>the</strong> MGFEP. Currently no o<strong>the</strong>r working group of CIFOR is<br />
looking <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> BEAF-grant. Forestry is at present a well discussed issue as well as REDD.<br />
The project could contribute to <strong>the</strong> KfW-Project in Kalimantan as scientific advisor.<br />
6.7. Future actions<br />
The project will be likely in line with CIFOR’s ongoing domains. In <strong>the</strong> CIFOR’s medium term<br />
plan (MTP), monitoring and measuring carbon will be done in <strong>the</strong> near future both in<br />
degraded <strong>for</strong>est and in <strong>the</strong> peat area (prob. in Central Kalimantan) (minutes of <strong>the</strong> 4 th of<br />
November). The partners should agree upon <strong>the</strong> classification and definition of <strong>for</strong>est types<br />
early to contribute this to <strong>the</strong> proposal (<strong>for</strong>est types could be classified according to FAO,<br />
WWF, etc.). It could be useful to get in contact with o<strong>the</strong>r potential partners like <strong>the</strong> Ministry<br />
of Environment Indonesia (or Sarawak) or Forest Planning Bureau respective Forestry<br />
Planning <strong>Agency</strong> (FPA) (Dephut).<br />
6.8. Operation schedule<br />
• January 31st – Delivery of <strong>the</strong> consultant report by Jan Wehberg.<br />
• Early February – Submission of <strong>the</strong> project basic concept to <strong>the</strong> Director General of<br />
CIFOR by Markku. Circulation of budget table <strong>for</strong>m<br />
• February 28th – Beginning of proposal writing by Markku Kanninen. Than he needs a<br />
nearby final version of <strong>the</strong> research plans of <strong>the</strong> partners including budget<br />
• March 31st – Deadline <strong>for</strong> BEAF proposal<br />
• August/September – Start of <strong>the</strong> project phase at <strong>the</strong> earliest<br />
7. Ongoing projects<br />
Carbon stock and REDD are integral parts of some activities and projects in SE-Asia and<br />
especially in Indonesia. According to a statement by Alfan Subekti TNC Indonesia has<br />
currently 15-18 projects implemented by various institutions/organizations (5- 6 ongoing,<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rs planned) with total investment of 150 to 160 million USD. Countries involved in <strong>the</strong><br />
REDD implementation are Australia, USA, Norway (highest fund but no project so far. Maybe<br />
WWF, TNC), Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands (Central Kalimantan, Tropenbos and Wetland with <strong>the</strong> University<br />
of Palangkaraya), Japan, and <strong>German</strong>y. Projects in Central Kalimantan are funded by FFI,<br />
WWF, Tropenbos, Wetlands (Center <strong>for</strong> International <strong>Cooperation</strong> in Sustainable<br />
Management of Tropical Peatland CIMTROP, University of Palangkaraya)<br />
For Borneo in <strong>the</strong> REDD context <strong>the</strong>se projects are relevant in <strong>the</strong> broadest sense:<br />
• The Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau KfW is planning a pilot project <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> implementation<br />
of REDD in Kalimantan. The KfW-project seems to be a potential partner as a client using<br />
our findings which could give us a fur<strong>the</strong>r advantage. But it will not start until our project<br />
begins in August or September 2009 (Daniel).<br />
• TNC. Berau-Carbon-Program (Project by The Nature Conservancy in Kalimantan). Since<br />
2008, only TNC-funded. District level. The identification period will be finalized by June or<br />
July 2009 starting <strong>the</strong> strategic period. The next phase (test period/ demonstration<br />
activities) will run until 2012/2013. Than investors/buyers will hopefully be interested. The<br />
project includes RIL and SFM and also modeling is planned (expected under co-operation<br />
with <strong>the</strong> University of Queensland. But <strong>the</strong>re is no model yet). The REDD task <strong>for</strong>ce is<br />
also active <strong>the</strong>re. All activities should be implemented through <strong>the</strong> task <strong>for</strong>ce. The Director<br />
of TNC terrestrial program is Dicky Simorangkir (was in Göttingen and 1993 to 1999 <strong>GTZ</strong><br />
11
staff). They try to develop national demonstration objects. CBD should be part of <strong>the</strong><br />
project as well. Location: Borneo, Berau district. Size: 971,000 ha. Emissions reductions:<br />
5 MtCO2e per year. Project activities: Forest management, wildlife protection, local<br />
economic development, capacity building, land use planning, habitat conservation, carbon<br />
offset sales. Co-benefits: Water resource protection, food security, financial growth.<br />
Partners: indigenous groups, government agencies, The Nature Conservancy and o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
international NGOs, local and global businesses. Description: Logging, mining and <strong>the</strong><br />
rapidly growing oil palm industry are killing off <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>ests of Indonesia faster than<br />
anywhere else on earth. The destruction of <strong>the</strong>se <strong>for</strong>ests produces 80 percent of<br />
Indonesia’s carbon emissions, placing it among <strong>the</strong> world’s top emitters of climate<br />
changing greenhouse gases, alongside. <strong>the</strong> United States and China.<br />
• <strong>GTZ</strong> and Global Eco-Rescue GER: Balikpapan/Malinau District: (economic level, profit<br />
agreement). GER has already expended 89,000 Euros <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> preparation of a proposal<br />
<strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> Malinau <strong>for</strong>est (89,000 ha). REDD will be implemented in Malinau (pilot project). At<br />
least three districts are needed <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> REDD research.<br />
• Fauna & Flora International FFI (Frank Momberg). Aceh and West Kalimantan. Funded<br />
also by USAid (not definitive). “Fauna and Flora International and Australia’s Macquarie<br />
Group have signed a deal to invest in six Redd projects globally, three of <strong>the</strong>m in<br />
Indonesia. Two are in West Kalimantan, on Borneo island, <strong>for</strong> which memorandums of<br />
understanding (MOUs) have been signed with <strong>the</strong> local government and <strong>the</strong> third is in<br />
Papua province on New Guinea island. The o<strong>the</strong>r three projects are in Cambodia, Liberia<br />
and Ecuador.” (conservation)<br />
• WWF: Heart of Borneo: Network Initiative (SFM, freshwater, biodiversity, strategies <strong>for</strong><br />
adaptation. It has a co-operation with <strong>the</strong> Ministry of Forestry Indonesia (Directorate<br />
General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation). Surin Suksuwan WWF assumes<br />
that no strategies have been drawn up yet (conservation;<br />
http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/asia_pacific/our_solutions/borneo_<strong>for</strong>es<br />
ts/).<br />
• WWF and Tropenbos: Forest partnership: from Kalimantan districts to <strong>the</strong> global market<br />
place (http://www.asia<strong>for</strong>ests.org/files/_ref/about/activities/workplan/wp_kalimantan.htm.<br />
Time frame: 2 years (July 2004 – June 2006) with possible extension of 3 years (July<br />
2006 – June 2009).<br />
• Center <strong>for</strong> Tropical Forest Research PPHT and JICA (Japan International <strong>Cooperation</strong><br />
<strong>Agency</strong>, comparable to <strong>GTZ</strong>-<strong>German</strong>y). Aboveground biomass and carbon stock in<br />
Acacia plantations in East Kalimantan. JICA will use <strong>the</strong> ALOS PALSAR-Satellite System.<br />
• JICA: Bornean Biodiversity and Ecosystems Conservation BBEC (long running, focus on<br />
Sabah). Phase II from October 2007 through September 2012. Aims to support <strong>the</strong><br />
implementation of <strong>the</strong> Sabah Biodiversity Enactment 20001 in order to achieve a balance<br />
between development and conservation by linking conservation activities and decisionmaking<br />
process. (http://www.bbec.sabah.gov.my/index.asp).<br />
• Forest Based Carbon FBC Network Initiative: Input to <strong>the</strong> Kyoto Protocol, aim <strong>for</strong> REDDpilot<br />
projects, still being developed, multi country ef<strong>for</strong>t, Ivy Wong (iwong@wwf.org.my).<br />
• Winrock International (will start in March): Carbon stock identification: Oil palm,<br />
community areas. Winrock International, Sandra Brown (East Kalimantan).<br />
• BAKOSURTANAL. There already exists a partnership of Bakosurtanal within <strong>the</strong> project<br />
“Forest Degradation and Vegetation Mapping in East Kalimantan” (including Sabah) by<br />
Dr. Kitayama and Dr. Tay (since last year?). The project “Land cover change in South<br />
Kalimantan” by Bakosurtanal starts now (three years by 25,000 $/year). It is expected to<br />
be extended.<br />
12
Fig. 5: Project areas of <strong>the</strong> WWF<br />
13<br />
Fig. 6: Forest loss and Heart of Borneo area<br />
• Projects of <strong>the</strong> Ministry of Forestry Indonesia:<br />
o Ministry of Forestry Indonesia. There a two ongoing tasks on a large scale in <strong>the</strong><br />
Department at national level (and around 50 smaller activities) about how to<br />
calculate carbon and land cover change (<strong>for</strong> three years). FRIS: Forest Resource<br />
In<strong>for</strong>mation System (since 2005/2006) and NCAS: National Carbon Accounting<br />
System (since 2008). The project could contribute to this project. There is also a cooperation<br />
with <strong>the</strong> Malaysian Ministry of Forestry about illegal logging in <strong>the</strong><br />
borderline area (to make sure please check at <strong>the</strong> Directorate General of Forest<br />
Protection and Nature Conservation - Ministry of Forestry).<br />
o The Ministry of Forestry Indonesia has a co-operation with <strong>the</strong> International Center<br />
<strong>for</strong> Research on Agro<strong>for</strong>estry (ICRAF, which is comparable to CGIAR) about<br />
contribution of compensation <strong>for</strong> local stakeholders. The cooperation also supports<br />
<strong>the</strong> establishment of <strong>the</strong> national carbon accounting system. Five areas have been<br />
set as pilots i.e. Jambi, South Kalimantan, Gorontalioo, Papua and Pasuruan.<br />
o The Ministry of Forestry Indonesia. The establishment of <strong>the</strong> System to estimate<br />
carbon stock has being supported by international institutions such as World Bank<br />
and Word Resource Institute, research institutions such as ICRAFT, and bilateral<br />
co-operation (AusAID, US Forest Service). Not completed so far.<br />
o •There will be a new program about climate change “Forest and Climate Change” <strong>for</strong><br />
12 years toge<strong>the</strong>r with <strong>the</strong> Ministry of Forestry Republic of Indonesia (no<br />
reinvention). CIFOR will be involved?<br />
• Projects of LAPAN:<br />
o Co-operation with Ministry of Research and Technology, LAPAN, Indonesian<br />
Institute of Science LIPI, University Palangkaraya, and Hokkaido University: Wildfire
and Carbon Management in Peat Forest in Indonesia. Proposal submitted, from<br />
June 2009 up to three years. Research area is Palangkaraya and its surrounding<br />
(ex Mega Rice field Project) in Central Kalimantan (Orbita)<br />
o HARIMAU-project toge<strong>the</strong>r with Japan: monsoon rainfall, inter-seasonal variation,<br />
automonitoring<br />
o Merang REDD Pilot Project (MRPP): South Sumatra peat area, starting in late 2008,<br />
satellite and ground data <strong>for</strong> Carbon Stock and Carbon Emission. Follows <strong>the</strong> South<br />
Sumatra Forest Fire Management Project (SSFFMP) funded by <strong>the</strong> EU (and<br />
possibly <strong>GTZ</strong>) from 2003 to 2008<br />
o LAPAN co-operates with CIFOR already, currently in modeling <strong>the</strong> impacts of<br />
climate change on <strong>for</strong>est fire risks in Indonesia.<br />
o LAPAN has until now not much to do with carbon stocks. No belowground biomass<br />
measurements but peat distribution. Aboveground biomass estimations are planned<br />
(not yet decided where <strong>the</strong> research sites should be)<br />
• <strong>GTZ</strong>. In East Kalimantan and <strong>the</strong> SGCP (Streng<strong>the</strong>n in Governmental Capacity Program)<br />
• Japan: Site factors influencing <strong>the</strong> growth rates of Acacia<br />
• Forest Planning Bureau: Forest inventories 2003-2006 (with Department of Forestry)<br />
• CIDA from Canada toge<strong>the</strong>r with <strong>the</strong> Center <strong>for</strong> social <strong>for</strong>estry at UnMul (not specifically<br />
REDD)<br />
• Spatial analyses including a comprehensive carbon assessment are already done by<br />
SEKALA from Bali (only via remote sensing) and by ICRAF (via remote sensing and<br />
ground survey, some areas in Berau)<br />
• Sarvision, Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands has done a lot of research in Borneo (www.sarvision.nl/projects/projects.php).<br />
For example <strong>the</strong> “ALOS Kyoto & Carbon (K&C) Initiative” in Malaysia,<br />
Indonesia and o<strong>the</strong>r countries. The goal was to define, develop and validate radar<br />
mapping and monitoring products derived primarily from ALOS PALSAR l-band radar data<br />
<strong>for</strong> both <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est and wetlands <strong>the</strong>mes covering Insular SE Asia. Products are to meet<br />
<strong>the</strong> specific in<strong>for</strong>mation requirements relating to international environmental conventions,<br />
carbon cycle science and conservation of <strong>the</strong> environment.<br />
• The Royal Society's South East Asia Rain<strong>for</strong>est Research Programme (SEARRP)<br />
supports o<strong>the</strong>r projects and high quality applied research in <strong>the</strong> rain<strong>for</strong>ests of SE Asia.<br />
The goal is to contribute not only to <strong>the</strong> science base, but also to <strong>the</strong> conservation and<br />
sustainable use of rain<strong>for</strong>ests.<br />
• Indonesia-Australia Forest Carbon Partnership. The Prime Minister of Australia and <strong>the</strong><br />
President of Indonesia announced <strong>the</strong> Indonesia - Australia Forest Carbon Partnership on<br />
13 June 2008. The Partnership builds on and <strong>for</strong>malizes existing long-term practical<br />
cooperation between Indonesia and Australia on reducing greenhouse gas emissions<br />
from de<strong>for</strong>estation and <strong>for</strong>est degradation. It incorporates <strong>the</strong> existing $30 million<br />
Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership and <strong>the</strong> $10 million bilateral package of<br />
support <strong>for</strong> Indonesia on <strong>for</strong>ests and climate. The Partnership will operate in three key<br />
areas: strategic policy dialogue on climate change; increasing Indonesia's carbon<br />
accounting capacity; and identifying and implementing incentive-based demonstration<br />
activities. Indonesia and Australia have also agreed to develop a Roadmap <strong>for</strong> Access to<br />
International Carbon Markets, to assist Indonesia to participate in international carbon<br />
markets (from http://www.climatechange.gov.au/international/publications/fs-ifci.html)<br />
• Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership. Australia has committed $30 million to<br />
establish <strong>the</strong> Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership. This Partnership will be<br />
developed as <strong>the</strong> first, large-scale demonstration activity of its kind in <strong>the</strong> world. It will aim<br />
to trial an innovative, market-oriented approach to financing and implementing measures<br />
to reduce emissions from de<strong>for</strong>estation and <strong>for</strong>est degradation in Central Kalimantan,<br />
Indonesia (from http://www.climatechange.gov.au/international/publications/fs-ifci.html).<br />
14
• Australia/CIFOR. Research partnership on reducing emissions from de<strong>for</strong>estation. A<br />
research partnership of up to $3 million to help meet <strong>the</strong> need <strong>for</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>r research on<br />
policy and technical issues associated with reducing emissions from de<strong>for</strong>estation (from<br />
http://www.climatechange.gov.au/international/publications/fs-ifci.html).<br />
• FFI and Macquarie Group. Fauna and Flora International and Australia’s Macquarie<br />
Group have signed a deal to invest in six Redd projects globally, three of <strong>the</strong>m in<br />
Indonesia. Two are in West Kalimantan, on Borneo island, <strong>for</strong> which memorandums of<br />
understanding (MOUs) have been signed with <strong>the</strong> local government and <strong>the</strong> third is in<br />
Papua province on New Guinea island. The o<strong>the</strong>r three projects are in Cambodia, Liberia<br />
and Ecuador.<br />
• See also Indonesian Forest and Climate Change Program (IFCCP).<br />
• The Biocarbon-Network is active in Malaysia but <strong>the</strong>y state “<strong>for</strong>est rich and stable <strong>for</strong>est<br />
cover countries like Malaysia can’t reduce de<strong>for</strong>estation rates much fur<strong>the</strong>r due to heavy<br />
investments in <strong>for</strong>est conservation over <strong>the</strong> decades.”<br />
• Conservation of Biodiversity Project (CBIOD): Conservation of Biological Diversity through<br />
Improved Forest Planning Tools Project in Malaysia.<br />
Completed projects:<br />
• SFMP (<strong>GTZ</strong>), already finished (five years ago)<br />
• There was a project about biomass of Eucalyptus deghipta and primary <strong>for</strong>est which was<br />
Dadis PhD-Thesis in Göttingen. Funded by <strong>the</strong> <strong>GTZ</strong> but finished long time ago<br />
• A <strong>GTZ</strong> project in South Sumatra called South Sumatra Forest Fire Management Project<br />
SSFFMP has been closed and get new injection from BMZ <strong>for</strong> REDD project in same<br />
location. (30,000 to 40,000 ha)<br />
• “Sabah/Sarawak Highlands Study”. Economic Planning Unit of <strong>the</strong> Prime Minister’s<br />
Department (project ended about two years ago; report available)<br />
• <strong>GTZ</strong> and <strong>the</strong> International Centre <strong>for</strong> Research in Agro<strong>for</strong>estry ICRAF. Nunukan: CARE-<br />
Project from Canada: Assessment of carbon stocks in crops at Nunukan near Malinau<br />
(already finished). It was ongoing still under Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)<br />
instead of REDD<br />
• Projects by Winrock<br />
o GER Indonesia I. Increasing <strong>for</strong>est conservation values through climate change<br />
actions in Malinau, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Duration: 2007-2008. Funding:<br />
Global Eco Rescue Limited (GER). Budget: $337,670. Division: Forestry & Natural<br />
Resource Management.<br />
o Carbon Storage and Co-Benefit Initiative Project. Expand <strong>the</strong> quality and availability<br />
of data <strong>for</strong> a range of carbon-storage projects to assist USAID in reporting <strong>the</strong><br />
carbon benefits achieved through its portfolio of <strong>for</strong>estry projects. Duration: 2003-<br />
2007. Funding: U.S. <strong>Agency</strong> <strong>for</strong> International Development. Budget: $906,000.<br />
Division: Ecosystem Services. Countries: Republic of Congo, Mexico, Brazil,<br />
Indonesia.<br />
o Peat Forest Carbon Reduction. Providing data and increased knowledge to aid in<br />
<strong>the</strong> improvement and focus of conservation ef<strong>for</strong>ts in Indonesia. Duration: 2007-<br />
2008. Funding: Shell Canada Energy. Budget: $48,494. Division: Ecosystem<br />
Services.<br />
o Sourcebook <strong>for</strong> REDD. Developing a user-friendly sourcebook to provide guidance<br />
<strong>for</strong> carrying out national-level <strong>for</strong>est carbon inventories and <strong>for</strong> monitoring and<br />
estimating changes in carbon stocks from de<strong>for</strong>estation and degradation <strong>for</strong> use as<br />
a capacity building tool <strong>for</strong> developing countries. Duration: 2007-2008. Funding: The<br />
Nature Conservancy. Budget: $59,295. Division: Ecosystem Services. Countries:<br />
Global.<br />
15
O<strong>the</strong>r REDD programs<br />
• World Bank Forest Scheme. The bank’s <strong>for</strong>est carbon partnership facility aims to ga<strong>the</strong>r<br />
$300 million in contributions from rich nations to help at least a dozen developing<br />
countries, such as Vietnam, Costa Rica and Madagascar, prepare <strong>for</strong> Redd schemes. The<br />
programme aims to help nations figure out credible estimates of <strong>the</strong>ir national <strong>for</strong>est<br />
carbon stocks as well as offer technical aid to design individual Redd projects.<br />
• UN-Redd Programme. The UN is running a separate Redd programme to help developing<br />
nations get ready <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> scheme. So far, $35 million has been committed.<br />
A FAO-Global <strong>Report</strong> available in <strong>the</strong> internet about <strong>for</strong>est resource assessment and<br />
recalculation of land cover (in Bahasa Indonesia at www.dephut.go.id). According to BMG<br />
<strong>the</strong> Indonesian Science Institute LIPI in Jakarta could be ano<strong>the</strong>r address <strong>for</strong> inquiries about<br />
ongoing projects. Projects conducted by <strong>the</strong> partners are amongst o<strong>the</strong>rs from Mr. Sadely<br />
UnMul about Acacia stands in coal mining areas, from Dr. Syahrinudin UnMul about carbon<br />
stock below ground in <strong>for</strong>est plantations at Sabulu 60 km from Samarinda. He works toge<strong>the</strong>r<br />
with Dr. Dady Ruhiyat, Soil Forest Laboratory.<br />
8. Available data<br />
This chapter deals with data and in<strong>for</strong>mation available from <strong>the</strong> prospective partners of <strong>the</strong><br />
project. This includes also departments like <strong>the</strong> National Coordinating <strong>Agency</strong> <strong>for</strong> Surveys<br />
and Mapping Indonesia, Ministry of Forestry Indonesia, Meteorological and Geophysical<br />
<strong>Agency</strong> Indonesia, The National Institute of Aeronautics and Space Indonesia, or <strong>the</strong><br />
Malaysia Meteorological Department. The Indonesian contacts as public utilities are not<br />
permitted to sell data but to exchange <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
8.1. Forest Inventories and vegetation data<br />
For <strong>the</strong> purpose of <strong>the</strong> project it is crucial to maintain <strong>for</strong>est inventory data from local sources<br />
because it might be too expensive and time-consuming to collect <strong>the</strong>m during <strong>the</strong> working<br />
phase. CIFOR underlined <strong>the</strong> possibility to receive such data from sources like <strong>the</strong> Ministry of<br />
<strong>for</strong>estry Indonesia, diverse timber companies (cooperation with CIFOR), <strong>the</strong> Project by <strong>the</strong><br />
Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (see below), and o<strong>the</strong>r sources. The Ministry of Forestry<br />
Indonesia BAPLAN uses <strong>for</strong> <strong>for</strong>est inventory a grid of 20 x 20 kilometer with a single plot<br />
(“kluster”) of 100 x 100 m (divided in 16 subplots of 25 x 25 m). In Borneo 465 of <strong>the</strong>se<br />
klusters are found whereas <strong>the</strong> plots are both temporarily and permanent. The inventories at<br />
BAPLAN contain topography, height and diameter of trees, kind of species, seedlings,<br />
saplings, canopy cover, disturbance of <strong>the</strong> canopy, and soil. So far <strong>the</strong>y use 23 classes of<br />
land cover and 6-7 types of <strong>for</strong>est. According to IPCC <strong>the</strong>re shall be six classes at all in <strong>the</strong><br />
near future. BAPLAN basically agreed to share <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>for</strong>est inventory data with members of<br />
<strong>the</strong> project under certain conditions. UnMul can provide data about fast growing species from<br />
plantations taken <strong>for</strong> three years every September in Bukit Suharto. These data contain tree<br />
high, diameter, saplings, etc. and are still not published. They have photosyn<strong>the</strong>sis<br />
measurements as well. Surin Suksuwan from WWF in Kuala Lumpur recommended to ask<br />
<strong>the</strong> Sabah Forestry Department in Sandakan (<strong>for</strong> Sabah) respective in Kuching (<strong>for</strong> Sarawak)<br />
<strong>for</strong> <strong>for</strong>est inventory data. The UnMul Faculty of Forestry has a research <strong>for</strong>est between<br />
Balikpapan and Samarinda, <strong>the</strong> Bukit Suharto (ca. 20,000 ha), ano<strong>the</strong>r one is close to<br />
Samarinda.<br />
8.1.1. Forest types<br />
Several distinct ecosystems are found across Borneo as well as different types of <strong>for</strong>ests.<br />
The partners should agree upon <strong>the</strong> classification and definition of <strong>for</strong>est types early to<br />
16
contribute this to <strong>the</strong> proposal (<strong>for</strong>est types could be classified according to FAO, WWF,<br />
etc.). Dr. Phua from <strong>the</strong> SITF recommends a classification in three types (lowland <strong>for</strong>ests,<br />
montane <strong>for</strong>ests and peat swamp <strong>for</strong>ests) or five (subalpine, montane, lowland, peat swamp,<br />
mangroves). However, in my opinion it could be useful to adapt <strong>the</strong> plantations of fast<br />
growing species and oil palm into <strong>the</strong> system. Different <strong>for</strong>est types are reviewed in WWF's<br />
"Borneo: Treasure Island at Risk" report (Rautner et al. 2005): Mangroves, peat swamp<br />
<strong>for</strong>ests, montane <strong>for</strong>ests, heath <strong>for</strong>ests, Dipterocarp <strong>for</strong>ests. However, <strong>the</strong> map by Langner<br />
and Siegert (2005) in <strong>the</strong> same publication divides <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est in six units using MODIS<br />
satellite imagery: evergreen lowland <strong>for</strong>est, <strong>for</strong>est regrowth, mangrove, montane rain<strong>for</strong>est,<br />
peat swamp <strong>for</strong>est, and plantations.<br />
8.2. Time series of carbon stocks and flux<br />
8.2.1. Carbon flux<br />
The Faculty of Forestry UnMul has a CO2-measurement tower in Bukit Suharto research<br />
<strong>for</strong>est and one <strong>for</strong> climate measurements. The towers were built by JICA toge<strong>the</strong>r with <strong>the</strong><br />
Mulawarman University Tropical Rain<strong>for</strong>est Resource Centre = PPHD. The Japanese<br />
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST, which has a new<br />
director, installed <strong>the</strong> equipment. A 60 m high tower in primary <strong>for</strong>est and a 30 m high tower<br />
in secondary <strong>for</strong>est. They worked from 2000 to 2003 until <strong>the</strong> equipment was stolen. A report<br />
of <strong>the</strong> measurements exists. It is not possible to buy new equipment due to <strong>the</strong> lack of<br />
funding. Co-operation <strong>for</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>r operating is needed. It is not possible <strong>for</strong> Dr. Deddy to<br />
estimate <strong>the</strong> costs of fur<strong>the</strong>r measurements. The CO2-measurement data from Bukit Suharto<br />
are not published yet. Rita Diana will send <strong>the</strong> raw-data to <strong>the</strong> Hamburg group.<br />
LAPAN conducts CO2-measurements in Pontianak/West Kalimantan as part of a study about<br />
CO2 sinks and sources from ground measurements (<strong>the</strong>y use also any available related<br />
satellite data). LAPAN has one tower (Fig. 7, Fig. 8) working since last year but <strong>the</strong>y try to<br />
put more in whole Kalimantan (3-5 towers, 10, 25, and 50 meters high) through<br />
domestic/international collaboration. The tower is also measuring methane but <strong>the</strong>y failed to<br />
get a CH4-Sensor. Data are not yet published and <strong>the</strong>re is no co-operation until now so it is<br />
possible to share <strong>the</strong>se data. One tower is about 100 million Rupiahs <strong>for</strong> its erection (around<br />
7,000 to 8,000 Euro), not included transport. The CO2 Measurement tower at Pontianak/West<br />
Kalimantan is 12 meters high and <strong>the</strong> CO2 Sensor is Vaisala (lifetime ~ 5 years, calibration<br />
every 2 years).<br />
The measurement program at <strong>the</strong> Danum Valley GAW station in Sabah includes amongst<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rs carbon dioxide (using Loflo Mk2 analyser) (http://www.searrp.org/danum_atmospehere_watch.cfm).<br />
BMG Indonesia has a Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) station in<br />
West Sumatra to monitor Green House Gases (WMO network station). A publication is<br />
available by Hirano et al. (2007) about Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan. In Sarawak Lulie<br />
Melling et al. (2005) made CO2 measurements in <strong>the</strong> vicinity of Kuching. The abstract reads<br />
as follows. “Soil CO2 flux was measured monthly over a year from tropical peatland of<br />
Sarawak, Malaysia using a closed-chamber technique. The soil CO2 flux ranged from 100 to<br />
533 mg C m−2 h−1 <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est ecosystem, 63 to 245 mg C m−2 h−1 <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> sago and 46 to<br />
335 mg C m−2 h−1 <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> oil palm. Based on principal component analysis (PCA), <strong>the</strong><br />
environmental variables over all sites could be classified into three components, namely,<br />
climate, soil moisture and soil bulk density, which accounted <strong>for</strong> 86% of <strong>the</strong> seasonal<br />
variability. A regression tree approach showed that CO2 flux in each ecosystem was related<br />
to different underlying environmental factors. They were relative humidity <strong>for</strong> <strong>for</strong>est, soil<br />
temperature at 5 cm <strong>for</strong> sago and water-filled pore space <strong>for</strong> oil palm. On an annual basis,<br />
<strong>the</strong> soil CO2 flux was highest in <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est ecosystem with an estimated production of 2.1 kg<br />
C m−2 yr−1 followed by oil palm at 1.5 kg C m−2 yr−1 and sago at 1.1 kg C m−2 yr−1. The<br />
different dominant controlling factors in CO2 flux among <strong>the</strong> studied ecosystems suggested<br />
that land use affected <strong>the</strong> exchange of CO2 between tropical peatland and <strong>the</strong> atmosphere.”<br />
Ano<strong>the</strong>r tower is planned in <strong>the</strong> surroundings of Sibu/Sarawak.<br />
17
Fig. 7: CO2-tower in Pontianak/West Kalimantan (12 m high)<br />
Konsentrasi CO2 ppm<br />
600,0<br />
500,0<br />
400,0<br />
300,0<br />
200,0<br />
100,0<br />
Grafik Perbandingan Konsentrasi CO2<br />
antara Bandung dengan Pontianak<br />
tanggal 25-28 Nopember 2008<br />
0,0<br />
14 18 22 2 6 10 14 18 22 15 20 24 4 8 12 16 20 24<br />
18<br />
Waktu<br />
Pontianak Bandung<br />
Fig. 8: Data sampling of CO2-measurement at Pontianak/West Kalimantan (compared to<br />
Bandung/West Java)<br />
8.2.2. Carbon stock<br />
The researchers at CIFOR and from <strong>the</strong> SITF have a reputation in this field of research and<br />
thus collected some data in this issue. Results of this chapter are partly mentioned in <strong>the</strong><br />
chapter about remote sensing data (chapter 8.5). There are general in<strong>for</strong>mation about<br />
carbon to be found in <strong>the</strong> literature. E.g. Sorensen (1993) estimated <strong>the</strong> total amount of<br />
carbon sequestered in peat in Indonesia at 15.93–19.29 Gt (1 Gt = 1015 g) assuming that C<br />
content is constant at 53.44% and bulk density of 114 kg m−3. Peat deeper than 6 m was not<br />
considered, this accounts <strong>for</strong> 3–4% C mass of peatland C pools (329–525 Gt) of <strong>the</strong> world<br />
(Shimada et al. 2001).<br />
8.3. Meteorological observations<br />
The Meteorological and Geophysical <strong>Agency</strong> – Research and Development Center in<br />
Indonesia BMG has 178 climate stations in <strong>the</strong> whole country which are situated mostly at<br />
airports. 20 of <strong>the</strong>m are to be found in Kalimantan, mostly at coastal areas (Fig. 9, Tab. 2).<br />
The oldest ones are working since about 20 years. The synoptic data (meteorological) are<br />
e.g. temperature, air humidity, rainfall, visibility, sunshine (full parameter set, every single<br />
hour since 1971). Climate stations measure climate data are e.g. rainfall, temperature, wind<br />
(direction and speed), pressure (basic parameter set, every 3 hours). Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore “rain<br />
gauges” measure daily rainfall on monthly basis (4000 to 5000 stations in Indonesia) since<br />
1980s. These “rain gauges” belong partly to o<strong>the</strong>r authorities like <strong>the</strong> agriculture and <strong>for</strong>estry.<br />
There are 44 stations in Indonesia regarding to air quality. The BMG uses different
ma<strong>the</strong>matical/statistical approaches like ARIMA, ANFIS, and Wavelet models. They are not<br />
working on carbon flux, gas exchange or remote sensing but BMG has a Global Atmospheric<br />
Watch (GAW) station in West Sumatra to monitor Green House Gases (WMO network<br />
station).<br />
Fig. 9: Meteorological observation network in Kalimantan (source: Meteorological and<br />
Geophysical <strong>Agency</strong>)<br />
Tab. 2: Meteorological observation network in Kalimantan (source: Meteorological and<br />
Geophysical <strong>Agency</strong>)<br />
19
The Malaysian Meteorological Department operates ten meteorological stations in Sabah<br />
and Sarawak. They provide measurements of temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind,<br />
pressure, evaporation, sunshine and solar radiation in monthly/daily/hourly recordings. Most<br />
of <strong>the</strong> stations have data record of more than 30 years and some are much longer (see<br />
below). O<strong>the</strong>r rainfall data are collected by third parties but may be available as well.<br />
Meteorological satellite images are available from MODIS and NOAA/FY1D (China). All<br />
meteorological data supplied are subject to a fee. Additional in<strong>for</strong>mation about climate are<br />
available at <strong>the</strong> World Meteorological Organization WMO homepage at www.wmo.int (Fig.<br />
11). The Asian Meteorological Specialized Center in Singapore provides a summary of<br />
available data.<br />
Fig. 10: Wea<strong>the</strong>r stations of <strong>the</strong> MMD in Sabah and Sarawak showing <strong>the</strong> rainfall amount (mm)<br />
in December 2008. The record period of all stations is from 1951-2008, except Sri Aman which<br />
starts in 1983, Sibu in 1962, and Kudat in 1982 (source: Malaysian Meteorological Department)<br />
Fig. 11: SE Asia wea<strong>the</strong>r data overview (source: Meteorological and Geophysical <strong>Agency</strong>)<br />
20
8.4. Soil data<br />
Accordant to BAKOSURTANAL a digital soil map of Indonesia will be available at <strong>the</strong><br />
Ministry of Agriculture Republic of Indonesia (http://www.deptan.go.id/index1.php). However,<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est inventories of BAPLAN also contain some soil data. For Malaysia possible sources<br />
are <strong>the</strong> NASA (http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/GCMD_BANd0091_113.html) or <strong>the</strong><br />
International Plant Nutrition Institute IPNI which provides a soil classification <strong>for</strong> Malaysia<br />
under <strong>the</strong> USDA system as to be seen in <strong>the</strong> annex (http://www.ipni.net). Also <strong>the</strong> Malaysian<br />
Society of Soil Science MSSS (http://www.e-msss.com) could provide assistance in finding<br />
addition data.<br />
Surin Suksuwan WWF considers that maps from Malaysia are easy accessible <strong>for</strong> Sabah but<br />
difficult <strong>for</strong> Sarawak. For a digital soil map possibly <strong>the</strong> Department of Agriculture, Malaysia<br />
is responsible which provides soil management and conservation services (www.doa.gov.my).<br />
Some general in<strong>for</strong>mation are available in Potts et al. 2003.<br />
Experts on Soil within <strong>the</strong> project partners are Normah Awang Besar at SITF and <strong>the</strong> Soil<br />
Forest Laboratory at UnMul as well as Syahrinudin from <strong>the</strong> Soil Sciences and Forest<br />
Nutrition Department, Forestry Faculty – UnMul. TNC recommended to contact a student<br />
from Utrecht who is working on soil (Harmens Smith).<br />
Two measuring towers (60 m and 30 m height) and soil microclimate (soil water, soil<br />
temperature) but program stopped, measurement data are available 2001 to 2005.<br />
Established research cooperation with Waseda University on carbon flux has successfully<br />
measured in various secondary vegetation (Alang alang grassland, peper aduncum,<br />
macaranga association and o<strong>the</strong>r fast growing plantation in 2003) (Minutes of 4th of<br />
November).<br />
8.5. Remotely and proximal sensed satellite data<br />
The remote sensed data <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> most part belong to <strong>the</strong> sections mentioned above but are<br />
listed here <strong>for</strong> synopsis.<br />
8.5.1. Satellite images<br />
BAKOSURTANANL recommends <strong>for</strong> future works to use SRTM-Data with resolution of 30<br />
meters from NASA/ USGDS and LDR (<strong>German</strong>y) (maybe <strong>the</strong>y are free because of research<br />
purpose). A lot of data exist already at BAKOSURTANAL which are scattered over entire<br />
Indonesia. They have spatial data <strong>for</strong> whole Indonesia while hyperspectral data shall be<br />
acquired in <strong>the</strong> coming years. Mulyanto prefers <strong>the</strong> land-system-approach <strong>for</strong> climate change<br />
study which classifies areas by same geomorphological properties as soil or climate (<strong>for</strong><br />
example: one land-system-unit could be covered by primary <strong>for</strong>est as well as by plantations).<br />
A land-system-map of Kalimantan is just finished. Biomass is mapped only <strong>for</strong> small areas so<br />
far by BAKOSURTANAL. To Mulyantos knowledge it is possible to “look” into <strong>the</strong> peat up to<br />
three meters depth which opens a way to estimate biomass through volume. Maybe it is<br />
feasible to estimate <strong>the</strong> belowground biomass by o<strong>the</strong>r technique. Tab. 3 shows <strong>the</strong> digital<br />
maps available at BAKOSURTANAL. More data are accessible at http://www.bakosurtanal-<br />
.go.id go to layanan public (public service) and indeks produk.<br />
BAPLAN uses Landsat images (7 ETM+) of 2000, 2003, 2006 (and 2009) by a visual<br />
classification. Some maps are available at <strong>the</strong> homepage at “Peta Tematik Kehutan” (in<br />
Indonesian). An exchange of in<strong>for</strong>mation is possible through a co-operation with <strong>the</strong> Ministry/<br />
Department (in order to avoid overlap activities concerning with climate change issue). The<br />
partners have to talk to Mr. Hermawan Indrabudi, Director of Forest Inventory & Mapping<br />
Center. The data of LAPAN origin from NOAA, LandSat, SPOT-2 and SPOT-4, Terra/Aqua<br />
MODIS, ALOS (mostly). It is possible to share <strong>the</strong>se data with <strong>the</strong> Hamburg group or SITF.<br />
For that purpose Dr. Orbita Roswintiarti provided a list of available images (Tab. 1). In<br />
general LAPAN is interested in a co-operation especially with University of Hamburg and<br />
SITF/MGFEP.<br />
21
Tab. 3: List of available data <strong>for</strong> Kalimantan at BAKOSURTANAL<br />
No Type of map in digital scale note<br />
1 Topographic map 1:50.000 and<br />
1:250.000 or smaller<br />
22<br />
For free<br />
2 Landsystem map 1:250.000 For free but need time to collect<br />
3 Land cover map 1:250.000 Multi year 1997, 2001, 2003,<br />
2006<br />
4 Land suitability map 1:250.000 Derived from landsystem map<br />
take time to collect<br />
5 Global Climate map 1:500.000 Part of land system map is free<br />
need time to collect<br />
6 Forest and land status<br />
map<br />
1:250.000 Old map (2000)<br />
7 Watershed map 1:250.000 Delineated from topomap<br />
1:250.000<br />
8 Drainage pattern 1:250.000 Need interpretation from<br />
topographic map<br />
9 DEM from SRTM 90” Resolution 90 m<br />
Tab. 4: Remote sensing data available at Lapan:<br />
NOAA: from 1980s to now (have to check <strong>the</strong> quality of old data)<br />
Terra/Aqua: from 2007 to now (good data from 2008 to now)<br />
Landsat: from 1990s to now (since <strong>the</strong> 2002 <strong>the</strong> quality of Landsat data are not good/SLCoff)<br />
SPOT-2 and SPOT-4: from 2002 to now<br />
ALOS: LAPAN is <strong>the</strong> national distributor of ALOS, so many data are available though not<br />
yet <strong>for</strong> all Indonesia areas<br />
Some IKONOS and Quickbird data: resulted from previous research collaborations<br />
8.5.2. Digital elevation model (DEM)<br />
BAKOSURTANAL created already a Digital Elevation Model <strong>for</strong> Kalimantan which <strong>the</strong><br />
Hamburg group may use <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> modeling. Michael Bock from <strong>the</strong> Hamburg University has<br />
received <strong>the</strong> DEM and will check <strong>the</strong> quality and value. Malaysian authorities are assumed to<br />
have an own one <strong>for</strong> Sabah and Sarawak.<br />
8.6. Test sites<br />
8.6.1. Terrestrial observation network of test sites<br />
Important Test Sites in Kalimantan are <strong>the</strong> Bukit Suharto which belongs to <strong>the</strong> University<br />
Mulawarman (see above). In addition, CIFOR has also maintain a long term research site in<br />
Malinau Research Forest, East Kalimantan since 1998, <strong>for</strong> example, monitoring permanent<br />
sample plots (PSPs) <strong>for</strong> tree growth and yield and o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>for</strong>est dynamic issues. In <strong>the</strong> Danum<br />
Valley in Sabah an automatic wea<strong>the</strong>r station is located on a 5 meter rooftop plat<strong>for</strong>m and a<br />
100 m tower. Test sites in Sarawak are known from Potts et al. (2003). They analyzed 105<br />
Plots including vegetation and soils.
9. Sources and fur<strong>the</strong>r reading<br />
Achard, F., Stibig, H.J., Eva, H. & P. Mayaux (2002): Tropical <strong>for</strong>est cover monitoring in <strong>the</strong><br />
humid tropics – TREES project. Tropical Ecology 43 (1): 9-20.<br />
Achard, F., Eva, H.D., Stibig, H.-J., Mayaux, P., Gallego, J., Richards, T. & J.-P. Malingreau<br />
(2002): Determination of de<strong>for</strong>estation rates of <strong>the</strong> world’s humid tropical <strong>for</strong>ests.<br />
Science 297, 999.<br />
Ardiansyah, M. & Widiatmaka (2007): Changes in soil organic carbon related to land use<br />
change during two decades: A case study in <strong>the</strong> Bogor District, West Java. Kappas, M.,<br />
Kleinn, C. & B. Sloboda (Eds.): Global Change Issues in Developing and Emerging<br />
Countries.<br />
Ashton, P.S. & P. Hall (1992): Comparisons of structure among mixed Dipterocarp <strong>for</strong>ests of<br />
north-western Borneo. Journal of Ecology 80: 459-481.<br />
Baillie, I.E., Ashton, PS., Court, M.N., Anderson, J.A.R., Fitzpatrick, E.A. & J. Tinsley (1987):<br />
Site characteristics and <strong>the</strong> distribution of tree species in Mixed Dipterocarp Forest on<br />
Tertiary sediments in central Sarawak. Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Ecology 3: 201-<br />
220.<br />
Baillie, I.C., Ashton, P.S., Chin, S.P., Davies, S.J., Palmiotto, P.A., Russo, S.E. & S. Tan<br />
(2006): Spatial associations of humus, nutrients and soils in mixed Dipterocarp <strong>for</strong>est at<br />
Lambir, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Journal of Tropical Ecology 22: 543–553.<br />
Boehm, H.-D. V. & F. Siegert (2002): Strapeat state of knowledge report. Monitoring land<br />
cover and impacts, remote sensing (RS) and GIS used <strong>for</strong> Kalteng and Sarawak<br />
Borneo. Kalteng Consultants.<br />
Boehm, H.-D.V. & F. Siegert (2001): Ecological impact of <strong>the</strong> One Million Hectare Rice<br />
Project in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, using Remote Sensing and GIS. Paper<br />
presented at <strong>the</strong> 22nd Asian Conference on Remote Sensing (ACRS), 5–9 November<br />
2001, Singapore.<br />
Boehm, H.-D.V. & Y. Sulistiyanto (2006): Carbon storage in <strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Sebangau Area<br />
between Tangkiling and Kasongan, Central Kalimantan [PowerPoint-Presentation]. 5th<br />
European Conference on Ecological Restoration 2006. Paper <strong>for</strong> SER2006 in<br />
Greifswald, <strong>German</strong>y.<br />
Brown, S. (2003): Measuring and monitoring carbon <strong>for</strong> land-use change and <strong>for</strong>estry<br />
projects. PowerPoint-Presentation.<br />
Brown, S., Iverson L.R. & A. Prasad (2001): Geographical distribution of biomass carbon in<br />
tropical Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asian <strong>for</strong>ests: A database. Prepared <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> Environmental Sciences<br />
Division Office of Biological and Environmental Research. Carbon Dioxide In<strong>for</strong>mation<br />
Analysis Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory. 59p.<br />
Center <strong>for</strong> International Forestry Research CIFOR (2007): Climate change at CIFOR: A rapid<br />
inventory of on-going CIFOR activities in climate change research.<br />
Chave, J., Condit, R., Muller-Landau H.C., Thomas S.C., Ashton, P.S. et al. (2008):<br />
Assessing evidence <strong>for</strong> a pervasive alteration in tropical tree communities. PLoS Biol<br />
6(3): e45.<br />
Climate, Community and Biodiversity Alliance (CCBA) (2008): Climate, community &<br />
biodiversity project design standards second edition. CCBA, Arlington, VA. December,<br />
2008.<br />
Center <strong>for</strong> International Forestry Research CIFOR (2007/2008): Publications 1993-2007.<br />
Center <strong>for</strong> International Forestry Research CIFOR (2008): CIFOR summary report. Asia-<br />
Pacific <strong>for</strong>estry week, Hanoi, 21-26 April 2008.<br />
Center <strong>for</strong> International Forestry Research CIFOR (2008): CIFOR's strategy, 2008-2018.<br />
Making a difference <strong>for</strong> <strong>for</strong>ests and people.<br />
23
Center <strong>for</strong> International Forestry Research CIFOR (2008): Integrating REDD into <strong>the</strong> global<br />
climate protection regime: proposals and implications. Background paper <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
introductory meeting <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> collaborative analysis coordinated by CIFOR, IPAM and<br />
ODI (Tokyo, 24th June 2008).<br />
Cramer, W., Bondeau, A., Schaphoff, S., Lucht, W., Smith, B. & S. Sitch (2004): Tropical<br />
<strong>for</strong>ests and <strong>the</strong> global carbon cycle: impacts of atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate<br />
change and rate of de<strong>for</strong>estation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 359 (1443): 331-<br />
343.<br />
Curran, L.M., Caniago, I., Paoli, G.D., Astianti, D., Kusneti, M., Leighton, M., Nirarita, C.E. &<br />
H. Haeruman (1999): Impact of El Ninno and logging on canopy tree recruitment in<br />
Borneo. Science 286 (2184).<br />
Curran, L.M., Trigg, S.N., McDonald, A.K., Astiani, D., Hardiono, Y.M., Siregar, P., Caniago,<br />
I. & E. Kasischke (2004): Lowland <strong>for</strong>est loss in protected areas of Indonesian Borneo.<br />
Science 303: 1000-1003.<br />
Davies, Stuart J. & L. Unam (1999): Smoke-haze from <strong>the</strong> 1997 Indonesian <strong>for</strong>est fires:<br />
effects on pollution levels, local climate, atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and tree<br />
photosyn<strong>the</strong>sis. Forest Ecology and Management 124: 137-144.<br />
DeFries R., Houghton R.A., Hansen M., Field C., Skole D.L. & Townshend J. (2002): Carbon<br />
emissions from tropical de<strong>for</strong>estation and regrowth based on satellite observations <strong>for</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> 1980s and 1990s. Proceedings of <strong>the</strong> National Academy of Sciences. 99(22),<br />
14256-14261.<br />
DeFries, Ruth & F. Achard (2002): New estimates of tropical de<strong>for</strong>estation and terrestrial<br />
carbon fluxes: Results of two complementary studies. LUCC Newsletter 8: 7-9.<br />
DeFries, R., Achard, F., Brown, S., Herold, M., Murdiyarso, D., Schlamadinger, B. & C. de<br />
Souza Jr. (2006): Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from de<strong>for</strong>estation in developing<br />
countries: Considerations <strong>for</strong> monitoring and measuring. GTOS - Land Cover. GOFC-<br />
GOLD Global Observation of Forest and Land Cover Dynamics. GOFC-GOLD <strong>Report</strong><br />
No. 26., GTOS <strong>Report</strong> No. 46.<br />
DeFries, R., Achard, F., Brown, S., Herold, M., Murdiyarso, D., Schlamadinger, B. & C. de<br />
Souza Jr. (2007): Earth observations <strong>for</strong> estimating greenhouse gas emissions from<br />
de<strong>for</strong>estation in developing countries. Environmental Science & Policy 10: 385–394.<br />
Dennis, R.A. & P. Colfer (2006): Impacts of land use and fire on <strong>the</strong> loss and degradation of<br />
lowland <strong>for</strong>est in 1983–2000 in East Kutai District, East Kalimantan, Indonesia.<br />
Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 27: 30-48.<br />
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit <strong>GTZ</strong> (2007): Reducing emissions<br />
from de<strong>for</strong>estation in developing countries.<br />
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit <strong>GTZ</strong> (2008): Zusammenfassender<br />
Bericht zum Workshop "Wald und Klima".<br />
Earthtrends (2008): By <strong>the</strong> World Resources Institute. http://earthtrends.wri.org/updates/node/303.<br />
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (2001): Global <strong>for</strong>est resources assessment 2000.<br />
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (2007): State of <strong>the</strong> world’s <strong>for</strong>ests 2007.<br />
Fuller, D.O. (2006): Tropical <strong>for</strong>est monitoring and remote sensing: A new era of<br />
transparency in <strong>for</strong>est governance? Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 27: 15-29.<br />
Gibbs, H.K, Brown, S., Niles, J.O. & J.A. Foley (2007): Monitoring and estimating tropical<br />
<strong>for</strong>est carbon stocks: making REDD a reality. Environ. Res. Lett. 2 045023. 13 pp.<br />
Greer, T., Jessen, O., Mtunjau, C. & S.F. Yap (2005): Hydrological assessment of <strong>the</strong> Klias<br />
Forest Reserve. Kugan, F. & Chey, V. K. (Eds.) Conservation and Management of O<strong>the</strong>r<br />
Wetlands in Sabah: Issues and Challenges. – Proceedings of <strong>the</strong> 9th SITE Research<br />
Seminar. Sandakan, Malaysia: 39-49.<br />
24
Gustafsson, L., Nasi, R.; Dennis, R., Nguyen H.N., Sheil, D., Meijaard, E.; Dykstra, D.P.,<br />
Priyadi, H. & P.Q. Thu (2007): Logging <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> ark: improving <strong>the</strong> conservation value of<br />
production <strong>for</strong>ests in South East Asia. CIFOR Occasional Paper No. 48. Center <strong>for</strong><br />
International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia. 74p.<br />
Hanafi M., Gan, H.Y. & L. Melling (2007): Dissolved organic carbon from three ecosystems in<br />
tropical peatland of Sarawak, Malaysia. Jol, H., Joo, G.K., Ishak, C.F. et al. (Eds.)<br />
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Hardcastle, P.D. & D. Baird (2008): Capability and cost assessment of <strong>the</strong> major <strong>for</strong>est<br />
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Hashimotioa, T., Kojimab, K., Tangea, T. & S. Sasaki (2000): Changes in carbon storage in<br />
fallow <strong>for</strong>ests in <strong>the</strong> tropical lowlands of Borneo. Forest Ecology and Management 126:<br />
331-337.<br />
Hecker, J.H. (2005): Promoting environmental security and poverty alleviation in <strong>the</strong> peat<br />
swamps of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. EnviroSense - Commissioned by <strong>the</strong> Institute<br />
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Hirai, H., Matsumura, H., Hirotani, H., Sakurai, K., Ogino, K. & H.S. Lee (1997): Soils and <strong>the</strong><br />
distribution of Dryobalanops aromática and Dryobalanops lanceolata in mixed<br />
Dipterocarp <strong>for</strong>est - a case study at Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak. Malaysia<br />
Tropics 1: 21-33.<br />
Hirano, T., Segah, H., Harada, T., Limin, S., June, T., Hirata, R. & M. Osaki (2007): Carbon<br />
dioxide balance of a tropical peat swamp <strong>for</strong>est in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Global<br />
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Hirata, R., Saigusa, N., Yamamoto, S., Ohtani, Y., Ide, R., Asanumae, J., Gamo, M., Hirano,<br />
T., Kondo, H., Kosugi, Y., Li, S.-G., Nakai, Y., Takagi, M., Tani, K. & H. Wang (2008):<br />
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Research 18: 307–320.<br />
Jaenicke, J., Rieley, J.O., Mott, C., Kimman, P. & F. Siegert (2008): Determination of <strong>the</strong><br />
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Jauhiainen J., Takahashi, H., Heikkinen, J.E.P., Martikainen. P.J. & H. Vasander (2005):<br />
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Wertz-Kanounnikoff, S. (2008): Monitoring <strong>for</strong>est emissions: a review of methods. CIFOR<br />
Working Paper No. 39. 19 pp. Bogor, Indonesia.<br />
31
Wertz-Kanounnikoff, S. & M. Kongphan-Apirak (2008): Reducing <strong>for</strong>est emissions in<br />
Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia: A review of drivers of land-use change and how payments <strong>for</strong><br />
environmental services (PES) schemes can affect <strong>the</strong>m. CIFOR Working Paper No. 41.<br />
19 pp. Bogor, Indonesia.<br />
World Bank (2001): Indonesia: Environment and natural resource management in a time of<br />
transition. World Bank, February 2001. 154 pp.<br />
World Wide Fund For Nature WWF (2008): Forests of Borneo - Forest area key facts and<br />
carbon emissions from de<strong>for</strong>estation.<br />
Yamakura, T., Hagihara, A., Sukardjo, S. & H. Ogawa (1986): Aboveground biomass of<br />
tropical rain <strong>for</strong>est stands in Indonesian Borneo. Plant Ecology 68 (2): 71-82.<br />
10. Annexes<br />
10.1. Abbreviations and acronyms<br />
BEAF Beratungsgruppe Entwicklungsorientierte Agrar<strong>for</strong>schung<br />
CDM Clean Development Mechanism<br />
CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural<br />
CIFOR Center <strong>for</strong> International Forestry Research<br />
GIS Geographic In<strong>for</strong>mation System<br />
JICA Japan International <strong>Cooperation</strong> <strong>Agency</strong><br />
LUCF Land-Use Change and Forestry<br />
MGFEP Malaysian-<strong>German</strong> Forestry Education Project<br />
REDD Reducing Emissions from De<strong>for</strong>estation and Degradation<br />
SFM Sustainable Forest Management<br />
SITF School of International Tropical Forestry<br />
UnMul University Mulawarman Samarinda (Kalimantan/Indonesia)<br />
<strong>UMS</strong> University Malaysia Sabah<br />
10.2. Minutes of <strong>the</strong> Meetings<br />
10.2.1. CIFOR<br />
Minutes of <strong>the</strong> Meeting with members of <strong>the</strong> Center <strong>for</strong> International Forestry Research<br />
CIFOR - Meetings and Discussion about a joint research proposal<br />
Stibniati Atmadja, Elizabeth Linda Yuliani, Dr. Daniel Murdiyarso, Dr. Gen Takao, Dr. Herry<br />
Purnomo, Hari Priyadi, Dr. Markku Kanninen, Jan Wehberg<br />
Bogor/Indonesia, 8 th to 9 th of January 2009<br />
• The main focus of CIFOR is on REDD-implementation (<strong>the</strong> “second D” in special) and on<br />
carbon stocks (direct to <strong>the</strong> benefit of local people)<br />
• Possible contribution of <strong>the</strong> CIFORs members could be as follows<br />
32
o Stibniati Atmadja: Distribution of compensation<br />
o Elizabeth Linda Yuliani: Simple tools <strong>for</strong> local stakeholders to estimate carbon<br />
stocks<br />
o Dr. Herry Purnomo: make people ready <strong>for</strong> REDD<br />
o Dr. Daniel Murdiyarso: Assessing C-stock in <strong>for</strong>est landscape<br />
o Dr. Gen Takao (leaves CIFOR next year): RS <strong>for</strong> local stakeholders<br />
o Hari Priyadi: Reduced impact logging, models <strong>for</strong> specific allometric relationship, Cstock<br />
o Dr. Markku Kanninen: Proposal writing, organization<br />
• CIFOR could compile a “manual” <strong>for</strong> local stakeholders to estimate carbon stock<br />
according to <strong>the</strong> one <strong>the</strong>y made <strong>for</strong> biodiversity called “Exploring biological diversity,<br />
environment and local people’s perspectives in <strong>for</strong>est landscapes” (Markku).<br />
o The ideas of Gen tend to <strong>the</strong> same direction (RS <strong>for</strong> local stakeholders)<br />
• Working title <strong>for</strong> CIFOR could be “The role of sustainable <strong>for</strong>est management and carbon<br />
stock as income generation <strong>for</strong> local communities and civil societies in <strong>the</strong> REDD-context”<br />
• Climate Change is not one of <strong>the</strong> main CGIAR-issues or priorities. Our project has to be<br />
positioned within Priority Area 4a of <strong>the</strong> <strong>GTZ</strong>/BMZ-Guidelines: “Integrated land, water and<br />
<strong>for</strong>est management at landscape level”<br />
• There is no need <strong>for</strong> <strong>for</strong>est inventory done by us because <strong>the</strong>re are o<strong>the</strong>r sources<br />
(Markku):<br />
o Ministry of <strong>for</strong>estry<br />
o Timber companies (cooperation with CIFOR)<br />
o KfW-Project (see below)<br />
o O<strong>the</strong>r sources<br />
• The research topics should be established on a cross-national level (Indonesian and<br />
Malaysian part of Borneo) or at least be supervised by one person to guarantee a wellbalanced<br />
processing of <strong>the</strong> tasks.<br />
o Never<strong>the</strong>less <strong>the</strong> Universities of Sabah and Samarinda may work on a more<br />
regional scale (data collection primarily on national level?)<br />
• To Markkus knowledge <strong>the</strong>re is currently no o<strong>the</strong>r working group of CIFOR looking <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
BEAF-grant (but <strong>the</strong>re is one ongoing project with <strong>the</strong> University Göttingen)<br />
• Probably Malaysia put not as much interest on <strong>the</strong> issue of REDD as Indonesia do (to <strong>the</strong><br />
knowledge of Stibniati and Jan)<br />
• Climate modeling seems to be an outlier in <strong>the</strong> master plan <strong>the</strong>re<strong>for</strong>e we have to clarify<br />
how to link this topic to <strong>the</strong> structure of <strong>the</strong> project (Markku)<br />
• CIFOR is involved in already existing projects of related types with <strong>German</strong> partners:<br />
o Institut für Welt<strong>for</strong>stwirtschaft, Prof. Dr. Michael Köhl, Dr. Joachim Krug, Hamburg<br />
(more an idea than a project)<br />
o BEAF-Project with <strong>the</strong> University of Göttingen (Indonesia, Vietnam). The conception<br />
of that project leads to a lack of effective co-operation what should be avoided in our<br />
project. An ongoing project is no reason <strong>for</strong> a refusal.<br />
• Some projects of Borneo:<br />
o AusAID (Markku) REDD demonstration project on a large scale supported by<br />
CIFOR<br />
o FFI (Flora-Fauna-International, Frank Momberg)<br />
o Heart of Borneo (WWF)<br />
o Forest Partnership (WWF and Tropenbus)<br />
o The Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau is planning a pilot project <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> implementation<br />
of REDD in Kalimantan. The KfW-project seems to be a potential partner as a client<br />
33
using our findings which could give us a fur<strong>the</strong>r advantage. But it will not start until<br />
our project begins in August or September 2009 (Daniel)<br />
o SFMP (<strong>GTZ</strong>), already finished (five years ago)<br />
• Dr. Phua could be <strong>the</strong> expert <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> remote sensing tasks (Gen)<br />
• Each partner in <strong>the</strong> project potentially should have a main focus on its own. CIFOR could<br />
be <strong>the</strong> “REDD/Carbon Stock-Group”, Hamburg <strong>the</strong> “Modelling-Group”, SITF <strong>the</strong> “Remote<br />
Sensing-Group”, Mulawarman ? (even though each partner deals with more or less every<br />
single task)<br />
• Questions: What <strong>for</strong>est types could be used? What about peatlands?<br />
• Funding: CIFOR and Hamburg University will get more than <strong>the</strong> local partners (Markku)<br />
• A comprehensive survey of relevant literature could be one of <strong>the</strong> first tasks in <strong>the</strong> project<br />
• Operation schedule:<br />
o January 31st – Delivery of <strong>the</strong> consultant report by Jan<br />
We should agree of what we do on early stage (Markku)<br />
o Early February – Submission of <strong>the</strong> project basic concept to <strong>the</strong> Director General of<br />
CIFOR by Markku.<br />
Circulation of budget table <strong>for</strong>m<br />
o February 28th – Beginning of proposal writing by Markku. He needs a nearby final<br />
version of <strong>the</strong> research plans of <strong>the</strong> partners including budget (everybody knows<br />
and agrees of what is to do)<br />
o March 31st – Deadline <strong>for</strong> BEAF proposal<br />
o August/September – Start of <strong>the</strong> project phase at <strong>the</strong> earliest (Michael Fischer)<br />
10.2.2. BAKOSURTANAL<br />
Minutes of <strong>the</strong> Meeting with Mulyanto Darmawan at Bakosurtanal<br />
National Coordinating <strong>Agency</strong> <strong>for</strong> Surveys and Mapping<br />
Cibinong, 12 th January 2009, 09:00 to 12:00<br />
(Partly joined by Dr. Ade Komara Mulyana)<br />
• Concerning image processing or remote sensing analysis <strong>for</strong> climate change modeling in<br />
Borneo, Bakosurtanal is in <strong>the</strong> position to support analysis (sub analysis), <strong>the</strong> Hamburg<br />
group is expected to be <strong>the</strong> main focal point <strong>for</strong> analysis (“I think Dr. Phua had been<br />
involved in many remote sensing project such as with Montreal University on Borneo<br />
Mapping project and UK OP-3 project. That will him access many satellite data. So it<br />
might he don’t need such data. As <strong>for</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r GIS Data, as long as he need <strong>for</strong> Kalimantan<br />
project sure He sure may able to use.”)<br />
• A Digital Elevation Model already exists <strong>for</strong> Kalimantan which <strong>the</strong> Hamburg group may<br />
use <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> modeling. Malaysian authorities are assumed to have an own one <strong>for</strong> Sabah<br />
and Sarawak. Mulyanto gave a CD with DEM-data to Jan<br />
• The CD includes also three PowerPoint-Presentations as examples <strong>for</strong> Mulyantos work<br />
and a map of East Kalimantan<br />
• For future works it is recommended to use SRTM-Data with resolution of 30 meters from<br />
NASA/ USGDS and LDR (<strong>German</strong>y) (maybe <strong>the</strong>y are free because of research purpose)<br />
• If <strong>the</strong> project requires data <strong>for</strong> soil <strong>the</strong> Hamburg group/project team is supposed to buy a<br />
digital soil map which is available at Ministry of Agriculture in Indonesia (Malaysia: Soil<br />
<strong>Agency</strong>?). [it is not clear if <strong>the</strong> Ministry may sell products]<br />
34
• Mulyanto prefers <strong>the</strong> land-system-approach <strong>for</strong> climate change study which classifies<br />
areas by same geomorphological properties as soil or climate (<strong>for</strong> example: one landsystem-unit<br />
could be covered by primary <strong>for</strong>est as well as by plantations). A land-systemmap<br />
of Kalimantan is just finished<br />
• Mulyanto suggests that our joint project could be an “umbrella” under which o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
subprojects could be summarized. For example <strong>the</strong>re is also <strong>the</strong> possibility to look <strong>for</strong><br />
grants at <strong>the</strong> Asia-Pacific Network (APN) or within internal/own budget. Jan explained <strong>the</strong><br />
background of <strong>the</strong> proposal and <strong>the</strong> funding by BEAF<br />
• There already exists a partnership of Bakosurtanal within <strong>the</strong> project “Forest Degradation<br />
and Vegetation Mapping in East Kalimantan” (including Sabah) by Dr. Kitayama and Dr.<br />
Tay (since last year?)<br />
• Bakosurtanal has a strong interest in international cooperation whereas climate change is<br />
of main interest (which is not directly linked to <strong>the</strong> BEAF-grant). They are open to carbon<br />
stock as well. The agency wishes to be more involved in research<br />
• A lot of data exist already which are scattered over entire Indonesia. Bakosurtanal has<br />
spatial data <strong>for</strong> whole Indonesia. Hyperspectral data shall be acquired in <strong>the</strong> coming years<br />
• Bakosurtanal has no climate data and <strong>the</strong>y have not worked on carbon stocks yet<br />
• The niche <strong>for</strong> our project could be <strong>the</strong> “entire Borneo-approach” and <strong>the</strong> social adaptations<br />
which could be part of <strong>the</strong> development of Borneo. Climate change could be a new<br />
approach as well.<br />
• To Mulyantos knowledge it is possible to “look” into <strong>the</strong> peat up to three meters depth<br />
which opens a way to estimate biomass through volume. Maybe it is feasible to estimate<br />
<strong>the</strong> belowground biomass by o<strong>the</strong>r technique<br />
• Biomass is mapped only <strong>for</strong> small areas so far by BAKOSURTANAL<br />
• They have not worked with carbon flux yet but Deddy Hadriyanto at University<br />
Mulawarman Samarinda might has<br />
• The project “Land cover change in South Kalimantan” by Bakosurtanal starts now (three<br />
years by 25,000 $/year). It is expected to be extended<br />
• Many thanks to Mulyanto Darmawan <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> review of <strong>the</strong> minutes<br />
10.2.3. Ministry of Forestry Indonesia<br />
Minutes of <strong>the</strong> Meeting with Lely Rulia and Saipul Rahman at BAPLAN<br />
Ministry of Forestry Indonesia<br />
Jakarta, 12 th January 2009, 13:45 to 15:30 PM<br />
Lely Rulia is a remote sensing and GIS specialist, Saipul Rahman an expert <strong>for</strong> carbon<br />
stocks<br />
• There a two ongoing tasks on a large scale in <strong>the</strong> Department at national level (and<br />
around 50 smaller activities) about how to calculate carbon and land cover change (<strong>for</strong><br />
three years)<br />
o FRIS: Forest Resource In<strong>for</strong>mation System (since 2005/2006)<br />
o NCAS: National Carbon Accounting System (since 2008)<br />
• For <strong>for</strong>est inventory BAPLAN uses a grid of 20 x 20 kilometer with a single plot (“kluster”)<br />
of 100 x 100 m (divided in 16 subplots of 25 x 25 m).<br />
o There a 2,735 plots in Indonesia (except Java) whereas 465 are on Borneo<br />
o The plots are both temporarily and permanent<br />
o The inventories at BAPLAN contain topography, height and diameter of trees, kind<br />
of species, seedlings, saplings, canopy cover, disturbance of <strong>the</strong> canopy, soil<br />
35
• BAPLAN uses Landsat images (7 ETM+) of 2000, 2003, 2006 (and 2009) and a visual<br />
classification which takes a lot of time<br />
• There is a FAO-Global <strong>Report</strong> available in <strong>the</strong> internet about <strong>for</strong>est resource assessment<br />
and recalculation of land cover (in Bahasa Indonesia at www.dephut.go.id)<br />
• There are maps available at <strong>the</strong> homepage at “Peta Tematik Kehutan” (in Indonesian)<br />
• An exchange of in<strong>for</strong>mation is possible through a cooperation with <strong>the</strong> Ministry/<br />
Department (in order to avoid overlap activities concerning with climate change issue). We<br />
have to talk to Mr. Hermawan Indrabudi, Director of Forest Inventory & Mapping Center<br />
• They have a co-operation with <strong>the</strong> International Center <strong>for</strong> Research on Agro<strong>for</strong>estry<br />
(ICRAF, which is comparable to CGIAR) about contribution of compensation <strong>for</strong> local<br />
stakeholders. The cooperation also supports <strong>the</strong> establishment of <strong>the</strong> national carbon<br />
accounting system. Five areas have been set as pilots i.e. Jambi, South Kalimantan,<br />
Gorontalioo, Papua and Pasuruan<br />
• There is also co-operation with <strong>the</strong> Malaysian Ministry of Forestry about illegal logging in<br />
<strong>the</strong> borderline area (to make sure please check at <strong>the</strong> Directorate General of Forest<br />
Protection and Nature Conservation - Ministry of Forestry)<br />
• There is also a co-operation with JICA of Japan (Japan International <strong>Cooperation</strong> <strong>Agency</strong>,<br />
comparable to <strong>GTZ</strong>-<strong>German</strong>y) on remote sensing. They will use <strong>the</strong> ALOS PALSAR-<br />
Satellite System<br />
• The “Heart of Borneo”-Project by <strong>the</strong> WWF has a co-operation with <strong>the</strong> Ministry but not<br />
with BAPLAN but with <strong>the</strong> Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature<br />
Conservation<br />
• They have no Eddy-Flux-Towers and hardly any experience with gas exchange<br />
• They don’t have <strong>the</strong> system to estimate carbon stock yet but <strong>the</strong>y are working on it. The<br />
establishment of <strong>the</strong> System has being supported by international institutions such as<br />
World Bank and Word Resource Institute, research institutions such as ICRAFT, bilateral<br />
co-operation (AusAID, US Forest Service). The NCAS estimations will be very accurate<br />
• Our project could possibly contribute to <strong>the</strong> NCAS-Project<br />
• They use 23 classes of land cover and 6-7 types of <strong>for</strong>est. According to IPCC <strong>the</strong>re shall<br />
be six classes at all<br />
• Many thanks to Lely Rulia and Saipul Rahman <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> review of <strong>the</strong> minutes<br />
10.2.4. BMG<br />
Minutes of <strong>the</strong> Meeting with Dr. Dodo Gunawan and Guswanto Abdul Gani at BMG<br />
Meteorological and Geophysical <strong>Agency</strong> – Research and Development Center<br />
Jakarta 13 th January 2009, 10:00 to 11:30 AM<br />
(Joined by o<strong>the</strong>r BMG members)<br />
• The BMG supports <strong>the</strong> operational work <strong>for</strong> various institutes but is on research by itself<br />
since 2004. The BMG uses different ma<strong>the</strong>matical/statistical approaches like ARIMA,<br />
ANFIS, Wavelet models<br />
• They are not working on carbon flux, gas exchange or remote sensing. BMG has a Global<br />
Atmospheric Watch (GAW) station in West Sumatra to monitor Green House Gases<br />
(WMO network station)<br />
• The BMG is interested in a co-operation within <strong>the</strong> project and <strong>the</strong> Hamburg University.<br />
The Hamburg group has to send a letter including a work plan to <strong>the</strong> Director General (Dr.<br />
Sri Woro B. Harijono, email : sriworo@bmg.go.id). As return service <strong>the</strong> capacity building<br />
36
is accepted (depends on DG) or <strong>the</strong> access to own measurements done by Hamburg<br />
University. A memorandum of understanding is possibly needed<br />
• The BMG could take part in climate modeling<br />
• They have a co-operation with <strong>the</strong> Universities of Göttingen and Kassel in a project called<br />
STORMA (Stability of Rain<strong>for</strong>est Margin) and ano<strong>the</strong>r one with France and Australia (on<br />
operational of wea<strong>the</strong>r <strong>for</strong>ecast) and Canada on Forest Fire monitoring<br />
• The BMG is working on <strong>the</strong> International Forest Fire Monitoring (IFFM) which runs from<br />
2000 to 2006 (KBDI-approach, only project). Anja Hoffmann a urban planning expert from<br />
<strong>German</strong>y was involved (now in Banda Aceh)<br />
• The BMG has a co-operation with <strong>the</strong> ASEAN member countries within <strong>the</strong> subcommittee<br />
<strong>for</strong> Meteorology and Geophysic (SCMG) of <strong>the</strong> ASEAN<br />
• There are four Departments Meteorology, Climatology, Geophysics and Communication &<br />
Instrumentation<br />
• They have 178 climate stations in Indonesia (mostly at airports) whereas 20 are at Borneo<br />
(mostly at coastal areas). The oldest ones are working since about 20 years.<br />
o Climate data are e.g. rainfall, temperature, wind (direction and speed), pressure<br />
(basic parameter set, every 3 hours)<br />
o Synoptic data (meteorological) are e.g. temperature, air humidity, rainfall, visibility,<br />
sunshine (full parameter set, every single hour since 1971)<br />
o Rainfall (4000 to 5000 stations in Indonesia) since 1980s. These “rain gauges”<br />
belong partly to o<strong>the</strong>r authorities like <strong>the</strong> agriculture and <strong>for</strong>estry<br />
o There are 44 stations in Indonesia regarding to air quality<br />
• The Indonesian Science Institute LIPI in Jakarta could be ano<strong>the</strong>r address <strong>for</strong> inquiries<br />
about ongoing projects. The Asian Meteorological Specialized Center in Singapore<br />
provides a summary of available data. See also www.wmo.ch<br />
• Jan received a file containing a list of wea<strong>the</strong>r stations, a map of Borneo with<br />
climate/wea<strong>the</strong>r-stations, and a presentation of BMG (Guswanto)<br />
• BMG is waiting <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> work plan (<strong>the</strong> proposal should indicate in which area <strong>the</strong>y are<br />
responsible)<br />
• Many thanks to Dr. Dodo Gunawan <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> review of <strong>the</strong> minutes<br />
10.2.5. LAPAN<br />
Minutes of <strong>the</strong> Meeting with Dr. Erna Sri Adiningsih, Dr. Orbita Roswintiarti, Dr.<br />
Thomas Djamaluddin, Alex Sudibyo, Ph.D., Mardianis and Akhmad Subekhi at LAPAN<br />
The National Institute of Aeronautics and Space<br />
Jakarta, 13 th January 2009, 14:00 to 16:30 PM<br />
• Tasks of LAPAN amongst o<strong>the</strong>rs atmospheric science (atmospheric modeling, air<br />
pollution, acid rain, GHG, and ozone monitoring, local and global climate change studies),<br />
applications of remote sensing, recommendations <strong>for</strong> national policy makers related to<br />
aerospace activities/programs, monitoring wea<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>for</strong>est fire monitoring, etc.<br />
• Used data origin from NOAA, LandSat, SPOT-2 and SPOT-4, Terra/Aqua MODIS, ALOS<br />
(mostly). It is possible to share <strong>the</strong>se data with <strong>the</strong> Hamburg group or SITF<br />
o Orbita will send a list of available images<br />
• LAPAN is interested in a co-operation especially with University of Hamburg and<br />
SITF/MGFEP. LAPAN asks if it is possible to integrate one or two researchers in <strong>the</strong> new<br />
project, as well as possibility to get master or doctor degree from collaboration studies<br />
37
• Projects of LAPAN:<br />
o Co-operation with Ministry of Research and Technology, LAPAN, Indonesian<br />
Institute of Science LIPI, University Palangkaraya, and Hokkaido University: Wildfire<br />
and Carbon Management in Peat Forest in Indonesia. Proposal submitted, from<br />
June 2009 up to three years. Research area is Palangkaraya and its surrounding<br />
(ex Mega Rice field Project) in Central Kalimantan (Orbita)<br />
o LAPAN and RSS <strong>German</strong>y-consulting group: TerraSar-X data, Focus in fisheries,<br />
mangroves, proposal to ESA (not confirmed yet)<br />
o HARIMAU-project toge<strong>the</strong>r with Japan: monsoon rainfall, inter-seasonal variation,<br />
automonitoring<br />
o Merang REDD Pilot Project (MRPP): South Sumatra peat area, starting in late 2008,<br />
satellite and ground data <strong>for</strong> Carbon Stock and Carbon Emission. Follows <strong>the</strong> South<br />
Sumatra Forest Fire Management Project (SSFFMP) funded by <strong>the</strong> EU (and<br />
possibly <strong>GTZ</strong>) from 2003 to 2008<br />
• LAPAN co-operates with CIFOR already, currently in modeling <strong>the</strong> impacts of climate<br />
change on <strong>for</strong>est fire risks in Indonesia.<br />
• LAPAN has until now not much to do with carbon stocks. No belowground biomass<br />
measurements but peat distribution. Aboveground biomass estimations are planned (not<br />
yet decided where <strong>the</strong> research sites should be)<br />
• CO2-measurements take place in Pontianak - West Kalimantan as part of study CO2 sinks<br />
and sources from ground measurements (<strong>the</strong>y use also any available related satellite<br />
data). LAPAN has one tower working since last year. They try to put more in whole<br />
Kalimantan (3-5 towers, 10, 25, and 50 meters high) through domestic/international<br />
collaboration. The tower is also measuring methane but <strong>the</strong>y failed to get CH4-Sensor.<br />
Data are not yet published and <strong>the</strong>re is no co-operation until now. It is possible to share<br />
<strong>the</strong>se data. One tower is about 100 million Rupiahs <strong>for</strong> its erection (around 7,000 to 8,000<br />
Euro), not included transport cost. Below is <strong>the</strong> picture of <strong>the</strong> tower (12 meter high) and<br />
data sampling of CO2 measurement at Pontianak/West Kalimantan (compared to that at<br />
Bandung/West Java)<br />
• The Ministry of Environment Indonesia (or Sarawak) could be a partner <strong>for</strong> our project<br />
• Niche: There is not much be done about carbon stocks and flux in Indonesia at all.<br />
Implementation of REDD is an important issue as well<br />
• Many thanks to Dr. Erna Sri Adiningsih, Dr. Orbita Roswintiarti and Dr. Thomas<br />
Djamaluddin <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> review of <strong>the</strong> minutes<br />
10.2.6. University Mulawarman Samarinda<br />
Minutes of <strong>the</strong> Meeting with Members of Mulawarman University<br />
Faculty of Forestry, University Mulawarman Samarinda<br />
Samarinda, 15 th January 2009, 10:00 to 13:00<br />
Attended by <strong>the</strong> Dean of <strong>the</strong> Faculty Professor Afif, Dr. Deddy Hadriyanto, Dr. Rudianto<br />
Amirta, Sadely Ilyas M.Agr., Dr. Sumaryono, Karyati MP, Rita Diana MSc, Ali Suhardiman S<br />
Hut, Bernaulus Saragih M Sc., Jan Wehberg<br />
• The meeting was partly held in Indonesian language and translated in short summaries<br />
into English<br />
• Research focus:<br />
o Deddy Hadriyanto: Carbon flux<br />
o Dr. Rudianto Amirta: Biomass conversion<br />
o Sadely Ilyas: Acacia stands in mining areas. Will work with Karyati<br />
38
o Karyati (will leave UnMul <strong>for</strong> Australia): Biomass on fast growing species, Teakplantations<br />
in East Kalimantan. She will work with Sadely<br />
o Rita Diana: Accumulation of carbon, carbon flux<br />
o Ali Suhardiman S Hut: Remote sensing<br />
o Bernaulus Saragih: Economics of REDD<br />
• The Faculty has a research <strong>for</strong>est between Balikpapan and Samarinda, <strong>the</strong> Bukit Suharto<br />
(ca. 20,000 ha), ano<strong>the</strong>r one is close to Samarinda.<br />
• The Faculty has a CO2-measurement tower in Bukit Suharto (tower built by JICA toge<strong>the</strong>r<br />
with <strong>the</strong> Mulawarman University Tropical Rain<strong>for</strong>est Resource Centre = PPHD). AIST,<br />
which has a new director, installed <strong>the</strong> equipment. A 60 m high tower in primary <strong>for</strong>est and<br />
a 30 m high tower in secondary <strong>for</strong>est. They worked from 2000 to 2003 until <strong>the</strong><br />
equipment was stolen. A report of <strong>the</strong> measurements exists. It is not possible to buy new<br />
equipment due to <strong>the</strong> lack of funding. Co-operation is needed. It is not possible <strong>for</strong> Dr.<br />
Deddy to estimate <strong>the</strong> costs of fur<strong>the</strong>r measurements<br />
• The Faculty has already presented results of carbon stock assessments<br />
• A climate change co-operation with Hamburg seems to be possible (<strong>the</strong> Faculty needs<br />
more (international) co-operation to develop capacities)<br />
• Dr. Deddy: is it possible to look <strong>for</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r funds like from WWF or “Department of Primary<br />
Industry” from Australia (ongoing project, but not AusAid)?<br />
• Questions by Mulawarman members:<br />
o Is it possible to renew <strong>the</strong> Indonesian-<strong>German</strong> Forestry Education Project?<br />
o How long is <strong>the</strong> duration of <strong>the</strong> project?<br />
o Will <strong>the</strong>re be money <strong>for</strong> material and equipment?<br />
o Will it be possible to estimate <strong>the</strong> emission of CO2 in Indonesia? [The duration of<br />
<strong>the</strong> project will be three years and <strong>the</strong> fund is 1.2 million Euros, so <strong>the</strong> budget could<br />
be up to 100,000 Euro <strong>for</strong> each partner/year. CIFOR as a main contractor will<br />
possibly get more money. CIFOR and BEAF guidelines are determining in that<br />
issue]<br />
o Will it be possible to support an already planned conference with <strong>the</strong> BEAF-fund?<br />
Policy makers don’t know much about REDD. Promotion of knowledge is needed<br />
(Mr. Saragih)<br />
o Is it possible to look <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> BEAF grant by <strong>the</strong> UnMul itself? No, it is not possible <strong>for</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Faculty to look <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> grant because only CIFOR is in <strong>the</strong> position to apply<br />
o How to avoid from mistakes made by <strong>the</strong> CDM?<br />
• Ongoing projects:<br />
o Are funded by <strong>the</strong> <strong>GTZ</strong> in East Kalimantan and <strong>the</strong> SGCP (Streng<strong>the</strong>n in<br />
Governmental Capacity Program)<br />
o Mr. Sadely from <strong>the</strong> Department is working on Acacia stands in coal mining areas<br />
(Nickel and Gold at Borneo as well)<br />
o Japan: Site factors influencing <strong>the</strong> growth rates of Acacia<br />
• It will be possible <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> Faculty to cover <strong>the</strong> entire Borneo within <strong>the</strong> project<br />
• The best thing to avoid from emissions is preventing from Oil Palm (Mr. Saragih)<br />
• Economics of REDD (to community level) could be part of <strong>the</strong> Faculties input to <strong>the</strong><br />
project (national/local guidance). How to share <strong>the</strong> benefit?<br />
• Niche: How does site factors influence growth rates of fast growing species?<br />
• Rita compiles <strong>the</strong> results of <strong>for</strong>mer projects by <strong>the</strong> Faculty. The Faculty will prepare a list<br />
of <strong>the</strong> research topics. The Faculty needs <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>mat <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> proposal to go into <strong>the</strong> details<br />
• Dr. Deddy talked to Mr. Priyadi of CIFOR straight after <strong>the</strong> meeting<br />
39
Minutes of <strong>the</strong> Meeting with Members of <strong>the</strong> REDD task <strong>for</strong>ce<br />
Attended by <strong>the</strong> Dr. Deddy Hadriyanto, Dr. Rudianto Amirta, Tunggul Butarbutar (<strong>GTZ</strong>), Jan<br />
Wehberg<br />
Faculty of Forestry, University Mulawarman Samarinda<br />
Samarinda, 15 th January 2009, 14:00 to 14:30<br />
• There will be a new program about climate change “Forest and Climate Change” <strong>for</strong> 12<br />
years toge<strong>the</strong>r with DEPHUT (no reinvention). CIFOR will be involved?<br />
• REDD will be implemented in Malinau (pilot project). At least three districts are needed <strong>for</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> REDD research<br />
• See also Indonesian Forest and Climate Change Program (IFCCP)<br />
• CIFOR has already discussed with <strong>the</strong> KfW<br />
• The <strong>for</strong>mer <strong>GTZ</strong> leader was Georg Buchholz, <strong>the</strong> current one is Rolf Krezdon<br />
• Tunggul: There a two approaches:<br />
o <strong>Technical</strong> <strong>Cooperation</strong> (<strong>GTZ</strong>):<br />
1. Forest and climate (Ministry of Forestry) and 2. Climate change mitigation<br />
(Ministry of Environment)<br />
o Financial <strong>Cooperation</strong> (KfW)<br />
Minutes of <strong>the</strong> Meeting with Rita<br />
Samarinda, 16 th January 2009, 10:30 to 11:00<br />
• Currently no own research because of <strong>the</strong> lack of funding<br />
• She handed out two publications about her research topic to Jan<br />
• She also prepared two research proposals<br />
o CO2 uptake and carbon balance in <strong>the</strong> tropical rain <strong>for</strong>est (secondary <strong>for</strong>est and<br />
<strong>for</strong>est plantation).<br />
o Carbon stocks in Secondary <strong>for</strong>est and Plantation <strong>for</strong>est<br />
• In<strong>for</strong>mation about ongoing projects:<br />
o One from Hari Priyadi in Malinau Research Forest<br />
o CARE-Project from Canada: Assessment of carbon stocks in crops at Nunukan near<br />
Malinau (already finished). It was ongoing still under Clean Development<br />
Mechanism (CDM) instead of REDD<br />
o Dr. Syahrinudin (Mulawarman): Carbon Stocks below ground in <strong>for</strong>est plantations.<br />
Sabulu 60 km from Samarinda. He works toge<strong>the</strong>r with Dr. Dady Ruhiyat, Soil<br />
Forest Laboratory<br />
o One project in Sumatra/Riau <strong>for</strong>m <strong>the</strong> Kyoto University (Marobeni-Company)<br />
• There are CO2-measurement data from Bukit Soeharto which are not published yet. She<br />
will send me <strong>the</strong> raw-data.<br />
• There are o<strong>the</strong>r data about fast growing species (taken <strong>for</strong> three years every September)<br />
in Bukit Sueharto still not published (tree high, diameter, saplings)<br />
• She likes to collect allometric data (dried leaves, wood, etc <strong>for</strong> biomass estimation<br />
combined with tree high, diameter, etc.)<br />
• They have photosyn<strong>the</strong>sis measurements as well<br />
• She will work in whole Kalimantan<br />
40
Minutes of <strong>the</strong> Meeting with Syahrinudin<br />
Samarinda, 16 th January 2009, 11:00 to 11:30<br />
syahri@ymail.com<br />
• He is an expert on below ground biomass and carbon stock and has developed methods<br />
<strong>for</strong> estimations of <strong>the</strong>se factors in Acacia and Oil Palm plantations<br />
o There may be possibilities to develop such methods <strong>for</strong> primary and secondary<br />
<strong>for</strong>ests as well<br />
• He gave me his publication “The potential of oil palm <strong>for</strong>est plantations <strong>for</strong> carbon<br />
sequestration on degraded land in Indonesia”<br />
• There is an ongoing project of Pusrehut (Tropical Rain<strong>for</strong>est Research Center PPHT) and<br />
JICA<br />
o Aboveground biomass and carbon stock in Acacia plantations in East Kalimantan<br />
• There was a project about biomass of Eucalyptus deghipta and primary <strong>for</strong>est which was<br />
Dadis PhD-Thesis in Göttingen. Funded by <strong>the</strong> <strong>GTZ</strong> but finished long time ago<br />
Minutes of <strong>the</strong> Meeting with <strong>the</strong> REDD-Task Force members<br />
Samarinda, 16 th January 2009, 15:00 to 17:00<br />
• The meeting was partly held in Indonesian language and translated in short summaries<br />
into English<br />
• O<strong>the</strong>r projects (Tunggul)<br />
o Bedrau-District: REDD, TNC-funded<br />
o Winrock International, Sandra Brown (East Kalimantan?)<br />
o PhD-Student from ITC: carbon<br />
o WWF: Heart of Borneo<br />
o Forest Planning Bureau: Forest inventories 2003-2006 (with Department of Forestry)<br />
• East Kalimantan is <strong>the</strong> leader within <strong>the</strong> Kalimantan districts regarding to REDD, but <strong>the</strong>re<br />
is still a lot of knowledge, data, etc. missing<br />
• Most of <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est in Kalimantan is state <strong>for</strong>est<br />
• Tunggal: We need to know <strong>the</strong> rate of de<strong>for</strong>estation<br />
• Tunggal: How to share <strong>the</strong> benefits of REDD? Good governance is important as well as<br />
local and traditional knowledge<br />
• Forest Planning Bureau: Forest inventories?<br />
• Syahrinudin: Oil palm plantations can be positive <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est.<br />
• “Forest” by law has not necessarily to be real <strong>for</strong>est and vice versa<br />
• Bernaulus: Where is <strong>the</strong> position/expertise of Mulawarman University?<br />
• What’s about Non-timber-<strong>for</strong>est products?<br />
• How to convince CIFOR?<br />
• “The Nature Conservation” (TNC) could be an interesting source of in<strong>for</strong>mation<br />
41
10.2.7. Alfan Subekti, TNC<br />
Minutes of <strong>the</strong> Meeting with Alfan Subekti, The Nature Conservancy TNC<br />
Balikpapan, 17 th January 2009, 21:30 to 22:30, Airport Hotel<br />
• Ongoing project by TNC in Kalimantan: Berau-Carbon-Program<br />
o Since 2008, only TNC-funded. District level. The identification period will be finalized<br />
by June or July 2009 starting <strong>the</strong> strategic period. The next phase (test period/<br />
demonstration activities) will run until 2012/2013. Than investors/buyers will<br />
hopefully be interested. The project includes RIL and SFM and also modeling is<br />
planned (expected under co-operation with <strong>the</strong> University of Queensland. But <strong>the</strong>re<br />
is no model yet). The REDD task <strong>for</strong>ce is also active <strong>the</strong>re. All activities should be<br />
implemented through <strong>the</strong> task <strong>for</strong>ce. The Director of TNC terrestrial program is Dicky<br />
Simorangkir (was in Göttingen and 1993 to 1999 <strong>GTZ</strong> staff). They try to develop<br />
national demonstration objects. CBD should be part of <strong>the</strong> project as well<br />
• O<strong>the</strong>r projects regarding REDD/carbon stock<br />
o <strong>GTZ</strong> and <strong>the</strong> International Centre <strong>for</strong> Research in Agro<strong>for</strong>estry ICRAF: Nunukan<br />
o <strong>GTZ</strong> and Global Eco-Rescue GER, Balikpapan: Malinau District. GER has already<br />
expended 89,000 Euros <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> preparation of a proposal <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> Malinau <strong>for</strong>est<br />
(89,000 ha): Economic level, profit agreement<br />
o Winrock International will start in March: carbon stock identification (Oil palm,<br />
community areas)<br />
o CIDA from Canada toge<strong>the</strong>r with <strong>the</strong> Center <strong>for</strong> social <strong>for</strong>estry at UnMul (not<br />
specifically REDD)<br />
o Fauna & Flora International FFI: Aceh and West Kalimantan. Funded also by USAid<br />
(not sure in<strong>for</strong>mation)<br />
o A <strong>GTZ</strong> project in South Sumatra called South Sumatra Forest Fire Management<br />
Project SSFFMP has been closed and get new injection from BMZ <strong>for</strong> REDD project<br />
in same location. (30,000 to 40,000 ha)<br />
• Countries involved in <strong>the</strong> REDD: Australia, USA, Norway (highest fund but no project so<br />
far. Maybe WWF, TNC), Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands (Central Kalimantan, Tropenbos and Wetland with<br />
<strong>the</strong> University of Palangkaraya), Japan, <strong>German</strong>y<br />
• Projects in Central Kalimantan: FFI, WWF, Tropenbos, Wetlands (Center <strong>for</strong> International<br />
<strong>Cooperation</strong> in Sustainable Management of Tropical Peatland CIMTROP, University of<br />
Palangkaraya)<br />
• Indonesia has currently 15-18 projects implemented by various institutions/organizations<br />
(5- 6 ongoing, o<strong>the</strong>rs planned) with total investment of 150 to 160 million USD<br />
• Spatial analyses including a comprehensive carbon assessment are already done by<br />
SEKALA from Bali (only via remote sensing) and by ICRAF (via remote sensing and<br />
ground survey, some areas in Berau)<br />
• A TNC-Workshop will take place in Jakarta in February<br />
• De<strong>for</strong>estation is still high in Kalimantan because <strong>the</strong>re are no screening tools <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
conversion of <strong>for</strong>est (TNC tries to achieve that). Kalimantan is beside Papua <strong>the</strong> only area<br />
still interesting <strong>for</strong> timber logging. 2.5 million m³ wood is allocated <strong>for</strong> annual allowable<br />
cutting in East Kalimantan <strong>for</strong> 2009, which is <strong>the</strong> highest amount in Indonesia<br />
• 50 to 60 timber companies are active in Indonesia. “Inhutani” is <strong>the</strong> state corporation (in<br />
Java as “Perhutni”)<br />
• The illegal logging is reduced<br />
• We should talk to Krystoff from CIFOR: High conservation value <strong>for</strong>est (HCVF) and to<br />
John Barnes Payne (Junaidi) <strong>the</strong> director of WWF in Kota Kinabalu who has worked on<br />
mammalian in Borneo (<strong>for</strong>est conditions, diversity, flora/fauna)<br />
42
• TNC has no data about soil or belowground biomass. A student from Utrecht is working<br />
on soil (Harmens Smith, called Hans)<br />
• www.tnc.org (Washington). Balikpapan main office <strong>for</strong> <strong>for</strong>est program in Indonesia<br />
• Many thanks to Alfan Subekti <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> review of <strong>the</strong> minutes<br />
10.2.8. World Wide Fund <strong>for</strong> Nature WWF<br />
Minutes of <strong>the</strong> Meeting with Surin Suksuwan<br />
Chief <strong>Technical</strong> Officer (Peninsular Malaysia), WWF-Malaysia<br />
Petaling Jaya/Kuala Lumpur, 19 th January 2009, 12:00 to 12:30<br />
• Contact person <strong>for</strong> Borneo (Sabah/Sarawak) is Dr. Rahimatsah Amat<br />
(ramat@wwf.org.my)<br />
• Borneo-Projects:<br />
o Heart of Borneo: Network Initiative (SFM, freshwater, biodiversity, strategies <strong>for</strong><br />
adaptation (this is only a possibility at <strong>the</strong> moment but Surin Suksuwan believes no<br />
strategies have been drawn up yet)<br />
o Forest Based Carbon FBC Network Initiative: Input to <strong>the</strong> Kyoto Protocol, aim <strong>for</strong><br />
REDD-pilot projects, still being developed, multi country ef<strong>for</strong>t, Ivy Wong<br />
(iwong@wwf.org.my)<br />
• O<strong>the</strong>r projects:<br />
o Ano<strong>the</strong>r project by JICA: Bornean Biodiversity and Ecosystems Conservation BBEC<br />
(long running, focus on Sabah). Data on <strong>the</strong> Website?<br />
(http://www.bbec.sabah.gov.my/index.asp)<br />
o “Sabah/Sarawak Highlands Study”. Economic Planning Unit of <strong>the</strong> Prime Minister’s<br />
Department (project ended about two years ago; report available)<br />
• Data about <strong>for</strong>est inventories are possibly available at <strong>the</strong> Sabah Forestry Department in<br />
Sandakan (<strong>for</strong> Sarawak in Kuching)<br />
• Maps are easy accessible <strong>for</strong> Sabah but difficult <strong>for</strong> Sarawak. For a digital(?) soil map<br />
possibly <strong>the</strong> Department of Agriculture is responsible<br />
• Many thanks to Surin Suksuwan <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> review of <strong>the</strong> minutes<br />
10.2.9. Malaysia Meteorological Department MMD<br />
Minutes of <strong>the</strong> Meeting with Tan Huvi Vein<br />
Director of <strong>the</strong> Commercial, Climatology and Hydrology Division<br />
Malaysia Meteorological Department MMD<br />
Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia 19 th of January 2009, 14:15 to 15:15<br />
• There are ten meteorological stations in Sabah and Sarawak Malaysia<br />
o Temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind, pressure, evaporation, sunshine and<br />
solar radiation<br />
o Monthly/daily/hourly recordings<br />
o Most of <strong>the</strong> stations have data record of more than 30 years and some are much<br />
longer (see below)<br />
o O<strong>the</strong>r rainfall data are collected by third parties<br />
43
• Remote sensing, meteorological satellite images available are from MODIS and<br />
NOAA/FY1D (China)<br />
• MMD currently has no section <strong>for</strong> carbon stocks and flux<br />
• MMD has co-operations with some local universities<br />
• Research funds are available <strong>for</strong> local scientists from <strong>the</strong> Ministry of Science, Technology<br />
and Innovation, Malaysia<br />
• All meteorological data supplied are subject to a fee<br />
• The consultant received a “Monthly Wea<strong>the</strong>r Bulletin – December 2008” which amongst<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rs contains <strong>the</strong> record periods of <strong>the</strong> stations<br />
• Many thanks to Tan Huvi Vein <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> review of <strong>the</strong> minutes<br />
10.2.10. SITF<br />
Minutes of <strong>the</strong> 2. SITF-Meeting<br />
Dr. Normah, Dr. Phua, Dr. Andy, Dr. Michael Fischer<br />
Kota Kinabalu, 21 st January 2009, 08:45 to 10:30<br />
• Presentation of <strong>the</strong> findings of <strong>the</strong> trip by Jan<br />
o Two aspects: REDD on <strong>the</strong> one hand and assessment of carbon stock on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
• Possible contribution<br />
o Dr. Phua: Remote sensing (possibly as co-ordinator)<br />
o Dr. Normah and Dr. Andy: Carbon stock<br />
o Dr. Hardawati: Implementation of REDD<br />
• Development of tools <strong>for</strong> an assessment of carbon stocks (field work, GIS, remote<br />
sensing) would be a good selling point<br />
• The land-system-approach by Mulyanto/Bakosurtanal may be useful <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> purposes of<br />
<strong>the</strong> project<br />
o It has to be supplemented by a land cover unit<br />
o Bakosurtanal is a very important partner <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> SITF<br />
• The partners should agree upon <strong>the</strong> classification and definition of <strong>for</strong>est types early to<br />
contribute this to <strong>the</strong> proposal<br />
• As regards research topics three members of <strong>the</strong> UnMul seems to be qualified to <strong>the</strong> joint<br />
research proposal: Rita, Ali, and Bernaulus. Dr. Deddy should be <strong>the</strong> co-ordinator.<br />
• CIFOR may be on <strong>the</strong> top of <strong>the</strong> partners or at <strong>the</strong> same level as Hamburg and SITF<br />
• It would not be possible to deal with belowground biomass or soil, because that would<br />
exceed <strong>the</strong> capacities. In <strong>the</strong> opinion of Dr. Phua an examination of carbon flux will not be<br />
realistic<br />
• CIFOR has to develop <strong>the</strong> methods which are to be used under <strong>the</strong> project phase<br />
• Jan will prepare a rough sketch of SITFs Input to <strong>the</strong> project which should be discussed<br />
with <strong>the</strong> SITF-staff tomorrow as well as with <strong>the</strong> Hamburg University be<strong>for</strong>e it will be send<br />
to CIFOR<br />
44
10.3. Statements of <strong>the</strong> researchers<br />
10.3.1. CIFOR<br />
Atmadja, Stibniati<br />
• Assessing livelihood impacts of REDD demonstration projects on local communities,<br />
particularly looking at changes in local market conditions, incentives/disincentives in<br />
investments, and movements of capital, labor and land use. Since this assessment can be<br />
done at all scales, one of <strong>the</strong> main tasks is to choose <strong>the</strong> scale. This analysis can be used<br />
to determine potential leakage pathways of <strong>the</strong> project, and provide insights on economic<br />
winners vs. losers in <strong>the</strong> short, medium and possibly long term.<br />
• Note that this is not limited to <strong>the</strong> economics. There is a lot of environmental and<br />
governance factors that must be taken under consideration, to <strong>for</strong>m a realistic assessment<br />
of how REDD can bring about <strong>the</strong>se economic shifts.<br />
• Design, conduct, and analyze data from market and household surveys.<br />
Purnomo, Herry<br />
• Multi-stakeholder processes on land use planning at different levels<br />
• C-stock assessment (RS use) and how to bring participation of local communities<br />
• Make REDD work at local level (both <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> first and second D), including connecting to<br />
potential carbon credit buyers<br />
• Power balancing, payment mechanism and institutional arrangement at different levels<br />
Priyadi, Hari<br />
• Due to lack baseline data on C-stock in Indonesia, we should develop models <strong>for</strong> specific<br />
allometric relationships in <strong>the</strong> specific type of <strong>for</strong>ests, and later we can estimate C-stock in<br />
that particular type of <strong>for</strong>est and/ or landscape.<br />
• If we talk about SFM, it is important to do “Comparison study on Carbon stock between<br />
e.g. reduced-impact logging (RIL) and conventional logging”<br />
• My early finding from <strong>the</strong> data in Malinau Research Forest shows that RIL could retain<br />
carbon 15 tons/ha (38.8%) higher than using conventional techniques (in prep.)<br />
• Then, we should promote RIL to be really implemented by timber companies in <strong>the</strong><br />
country ei<strong>the</strong>r voluntarily or mandatory not only because of retaining carbon but also<br />
maintaining biodiversity in <strong>for</strong>ests landscape.<br />
• Under REDD regime, should those timber companies that implementing best practices be<br />
giving an ‘incentive’? If it so, what is <strong>the</strong> mechanism, what kind of incentives?<br />
Murdiyarso, Daniel<br />
• Assessing C-stock in <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est landscape<br />
• Three basic components of a biomass measurement system that are later converted into<br />
carbon stocks could include:<br />
o Models (e.g. allometric equations)<br />
o Field measurements (e.g. tree diameter and height measures)<br />
o Field measurements on water level in peat swamp ecosystems to estimate CO2 and<br />
non-CO2 emissions<br />
o Remote sensing (with various type sensors and resolutions)<br />
45
Yuliani, Linda<br />
• Developing simple tool(s) (e.g. <strong>for</strong>mula) that can be used by local stakeholders (local<br />
communities, local government) to estimate carbon stocks in <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>for</strong>est, and at <strong>the</strong> same<br />
time acceptable by <strong>the</strong> carbon buyers. The tools should simple and easy to use, so that<br />
<strong>the</strong> local stakeholders can estimate and monitor <strong>the</strong> carbon stocks by <strong>the</strong>mselves, and<br />
enter <strong>the</strong> carbon market with very minimum roles of brokers.<br />
• In my idea, we can perhaps develop <strong>for</strong>mula/tools to estimate carbon stocks in different<br />
<strong>for</strong>est ecosystem types in Borneo. So in your proposal, you could probably put that in <strong>the</strong><br />
initial stage, we need to conduct a workshop to get an agreed <strong>for</strong>est ecosystem types we<br />
want to refer, and <strong>the</strong>n develop <strong>for</strong>mula <strong>for</strong> each type.<br />
• The methods to develop <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>mula is open <strong>for</strong> discussion, but need to be field tested.<br />
• Developing legal and institutional mechanisms to ensure that benefits from carbon market<br />
are distributed equally <strong>for</strong> long term benefits of <strong>the</strong> local communities (note: I put equally<br />
and long term in bold to emphasize <strong>the</strong> importance). Long term benefits is important to<br />
avoid short term benefits that could create dependency of local communities to external<br />
assistance (thus, reduce social resilience).<br />
Gen Takao<br />
• Regarding RS, cost-per<strong>for</strong>mance comparisons among sensors/methods would be useful.<br />
The cost should include that of field works <strong>for</strong> models and <strong>for</strong> evaluation. Documenting <strong>the</strong><br />
procedure of designing <strong>the</strong> monitoring would be as important as publishing <strong>the</strong> resultant<br />
data/models so as to disseminate <strong>the</strong> results to <strong>the</strong> outside of <strong>the</strong> pilot fields.<br />
10.3.2. SITF<br />
Mui-How Phua<br />
Biomass Borneo/Research topics<br />
1. Multitemporal vegetation change in Sabah & Sarawak<br />
-Supervised classification and/ or spectral change detection approach<br />
-Landsat data, freely distributed since 2008, as <strong>the</strong> main satellite data. MODIS data<br />
(500m/1km resolution) may be considered if Landsat data over <strong>the</strong> whole Borneo is not<br />
available.<br />
2. Estimation of vegetation biomass using satellite remote sensing (Sabah).<br />
-Process satellite data and analyze against field survey data (primary & secondary data) on<br />
selected <strong>for</strong>est ecosystem.<br />
-Collaborate with Hamburg Univ. This provide crude estimate of biomass to be improved by<br />
GIS modeling.<br />
Normah Awang Besar<br />
Carbon sink in soil<br />
Study location: Sabah and Sarawak<br />
Methodology<br />
Soil sampling and analysis<br />
Soil will be sampling randomly at 0-30 cm depth. Several profile will be describe to<br />
representative <strong>the</strong> soil in <strong>the</strong> study area.<br />
Mixed soil will be sampled randomly at 0-5cm, 5-10cm and 10-30 cm depth. Three replicate<br />
each depth..Soil samples will air dry and passed through a 2mm sieve to separate <strong>the</strong> fine<br />
46
oots and coarse roots. Soil sample will be determined <strong>for</strong> standard soil physical and<br />
chemical characteristics such as pH, Electric conductivity, texture, bulk density, Carbon<br />
content and etc.<br />
Subsamples will analysis <strong>for</strong> total C using CNS elemental analyzer.<br />
5 Undisturbed soil samples were collected in 100 ml cylindrical steel cylinders at 0-5 cm, 5-<br />
10 cm and 10-30 cm depth <strong>for</strong> bulk density measurement.<br />
Andy Russel Mojiol<br />
Field : Mangrove and Coastal <strong>for</strong>est ecology<br />
Title: Terrestrial and coastal vegetation survey<br />
Specific objective<br />
1. To investigate <strong>the</strong> type of plants and vegetation in those area by analysing <strong>the</strong> tree stands<br />
and vegetations structures<br />
2. To identify <strong>the</strong> biodiversity richness of tree species in those potential area<br />
3. To highlight <strong>the</strong> function of <strong>for</strong>est based on it ecological aspect: protection, habitat and<br />
conservation<br />
Methodology<br />
Study Site – Will be specified by <strong>the</strong> project later<br />
The terrestrial data collection comprises into four fields: (1) tree inventory, (2) stand stucture<br />
analysis, and (3) <strong>for</strong>est functions.<br />
A. Tree inventory/ survey<br />
In this study a sampling plots will be use to investigate <strong>the</strong> plant community of <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est<br />
stand. The goal of <strong>the</strong> detailed plot analysis is to conduct an exemplary and more detailed<br />
vegetation structure and natural regeneration among <strong>the</strong> chosen representative stands.<br />
Within a plot, all trees with diameter at breast height greater than 10 cm and <strong>the</strong> quantity of<br />
natural regeneration will also be recorded. “Preferred Check-List Trees of Sabah” (Lee,<br />
1998) and “Tree Flora of Malaya” (Whitmore, 1983) will be used.<br />
B. Stand structure analysis<br />
The collected data <strong>the</strong>n will be classify, tabulate and analyse in accordance with <strong>the</strong><br />
objectives of <strong>the</strong> study Microsoft Office Excel 2003 and Statistica 6.0 software. The stand<br />
density expresses to which extent a given area is cover with trees. It is an indicator <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
productivity of a stand and can be used to estimate <strong>the</strong> potential yield (Sterba, 1981). Basal<br />
area and volume are two parameters that are easy to measure, are commonly used to<br />
describe stand density (Van Laar and Akça, 1997).<br />
C. Forest Function<br />
Remote sensing images will used to give an overview of different characteristics of land<br />
cover <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> purpose of <strong>the</strong> classification and functioning processes. “goal assessment<br />
matrices” were used based on scale and rating of <strong>the</strong> areas in terms of <strong>the</strong>ir priorities e.g.<br />
“very important area, fair but important and, not so important” (Volk and Schirmer, 2004).<br />
This evaluation will be done based on <strong>the</strong> estimation of: (1) ecological site conditions; (2)<br />
human influence; (3) conservation requirements, and (4) <strong>the</strong> potential impact of <strong>the</strong><br />
landscape elements that possibly affect <strong>the</strong> surrounding areas. The <strong>for</strong>est functions <strong>the</strong>n<br />
were mapped using Geographic In<strong>for</strong>mation System (GIS) software e.g. ArcView 3.1, Erdas<br />
Imagine 8.6 and Arc-Info.<br />
Hardawati Yahya<br />
Research on carbon storage<br />
Scope proposed:<br />
1. Participatory approaches of local community to carbon <strong>for</strong>est projects/ carbon storage.<br />
2. Community-based <strong>for</strong>est restoration towards carbon storage.<br />
47
3. Assessing <strong>the</strong> potential of community <strong>for</strong>estry in social aspect on carbon storage.<br />
Expected:<br />
1. Involve local community to understand how to valuing carbon storage and to protect <strong>for</strong>est.<br />
2. Verifying and assessing local community knowledge, in<strong>for</strong>mation and activity to monitor<br />
carbon storage.<br />
3. Identify <strong>the</strong> potential of local community participation on <strong>for</strong>est restoration as well as in<br />
carbon storage investments.<br />
4. Provide recommendation and plan how to transferring carbon credit to local community<br />
benefits.<br />
5. Enhancing <strong>the</strong> behavior and interest of local community in restoring <strong>for</strong>est.<br />
Methodologies:<br />
- Data collection: (1) <strong>the</strong> interest of local community in <strong>for</strong>est restoration project (eg.<br />
agro<strong>for</strong>estry , rehabilitation, plantation project); (2) community perception on <strong>for</strong>est<br />
restoration, carbon storage and etc. (3) Species selection and plantation system appropriate<br />
or prefered by community (4) perception on how much land or area to help storage <strong>the</strong><br />
carbon.<br />
- Assessment of social aspect: social variables (social, cultural, economic, education,<br />
knowledge, and production systems, and etc.)<br />
- Tools: interview, group discussion, and an open-ended set of questions.<br />
10.3.3. UnMul<br />
Sadeli Ilyas and Karyati<br />
Stock of Carbon Sequestration of Acacia mangium and Falcataria moluccana on<br />
Reclamation Forest After Coal Minning PT Multi Sarana Avindo at East Kalimantan<br />
(Laboratory of Forest Climatology, Forestry Faculty, Mulawarman University)<br />
Introduction<br />
Carbon sequestration is one of <strong>the</strong> mechanism to decrease green house gas effect<br />
particularly CO2 in <strong>the</strong> atmosphere. The ef<strong>for</strong>t is <strong>the</strong> responsibility of every developed<br />
countries, <strong>the</strong> largest green house gas contributors. Developing countries, participate in this<br />
mechanism and seek <strong>for</strong> incentives through trade and non trade agreements. The ef<strong>for</strong>t to<br />
decrease green house gas emission is important in global environment. Uncontrolled<br />
increase of gas emission is predicted to increase sea level and narrowing land area and can<br />
cause inundation of archipelago, as well as increase of air temperature and climate change.<br />
Agro<strong>for</strong>estry is one of <strong>the</strong> ef<strong>for</strong>ts <strong>for</strong> carbon sequestration that meet <strong>the</strong> requirements of both<br />
Kyoto and Non-Kyoto protocol.<br />
Acacia mangium and Falcataria moluccana are <strong>the</strong> fast growing species which planted in <strong>the</strong><br />
reclamation area after coal mining at East Kalimantan.<br />
Objective<br />
The purpose of this research is to measure stock of carbon sequestration (above and under<br />
ground) of Acacia mangium and Falcataria moluccana on reclamation <strong>for</strong>est after coal mining<br />
at East Kalimantan (2, 4, and 6 years old).<br />
Methodology<br />
CO2 stock (above and under ground) is measured by destructive sampling technique to<br />
Acacia mangium and Falcataria moluccana on reclamation <strong>for</strong>est after coal mining at East<br />
Kalimantan (2, 4, and 6 years old). Biomass of Acacia mangium and Falcataria moluccana is<br />
estimated with allometric equation.<br />
48
Bernaulus Saragih<br />
REDD in East Kalimantan, <strong>the</strong> economic challenge: Potential and opportunity, who will pay<br />
<strong>the</strong> cost?<br />
Research rational and objective (in Brief)<br />
Bali conference on climate change (COP 13) in December 2007 has issued many<br />
international agreements on combating climate change and one of <strong>the</strong>m is <strong>the</strong> reduction of<br />
<strong>the</strong> carbon emission from de<strong>for</strong>estation and degradation.<br />
Indonesia as a host of <strong>the</strong> conference wants to implement REDD policy following <strong>the</strong><br />
potential of reduction of <strong>the</strong> emission that could be released as an aim of preventing <strong>for</strong>est<br />
from destruction and developing <strong>the</strong> economy of <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est dependent community.<br />
Many seminars and meetings have been made following <strong>the</strong> high interest of local<br />
government and <strong>for</strong>est stakeholders in East Kalimantan on <strong>the</strong> REDD program. But, <strong>the</strong>se<br />
seminars could not determine what is <strong>the</strong> potential cost and benefit that could be gained and<br />
paid by <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>est management. Who will pay <strong>the</strong> cost of being involved in REDD scheme,<br />
where <strong>the</strong> benefit is coming from, will <strong>the</strong> benefit from REDD can compensate <strong>the</strong> lost of<br />
opportunity to gain benefit from timber?<br />
This research is made as an ef<strong>for</strong>t to get <strong>the</strong> answer of <strong>the</strong>se questions, and based on this<br />
answer fur<strong>the</strong>r decision can be made whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>for</strong>est manager, policy makers, and local<br />
government will be interested in <strong>the</strong> implementation of RED<br />
Research site and duration:<br />
Research area is East Kalimantan, <strong>the</strong> research will be conducted <strong>for</strong> 3 years of 2009-2011.<br />
Research will be conducted in some steps,<br />
STEP ONE.<br />
The research will be started with <strong>the</strong> determination of <strong>the</strong> potential cost dealing with <strong>the</strong><br />
process of being involved in REDD.program. Cost items will be listed consist of what is <strong>the</strong><br />
cost and how much? How <strong>the</strong> cost will be paid? And what is <strong>the</strong> source of cost?<br />
next step is to determine <strong>the</strong> potential market and <strong>for</strong>eign buyers of <strong>the</strong> emission. What is <strong>the</strong><br />
process and how <strong>the</strong> agreement will be made and what is <strong>the</strong> benefit<br />
<strong>the</strong>n assessing <strong>the</strong> value of <strong>for</strong>est <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> local people based on <strong>the</strong> local economic and<br />
perspectives and valuate <strong>the</strong>m in currency (Rupiah or Dollar). Valuation will be made on<br />
hectare base. For this purpose <strong>the</strong> pilot research area will be selected on <strong>the</strong> basis of<br />
community level<br />
Results of step one is<br />
The comparison of current <strong>for</strong>est economic value of gained by local community with <strong>the</strong><br />
potential benefit gained from <strong>the</strong> REDD program.<br />
Output of step one<br />
The willingness of local community to be part of <strong>the</strong> REDD program is identified<br />
STEP TWO<br />
Determine <strong>the</strong> benefit and cost of <strong>for</strong>est conservation and conversion <strong>for</strong> palm oil plantation.<br />
Assess <strong>the</strong> cost of conservation and <strong>the</strong> benefit that could be gained from REDD. Assess <strong>the</strong><br />
cost of conversion and <strong>the</strong> benefit that could be gained from palm oil plantation. Preparing<br />
two plot experiments one in proposed or conservation or <strong>for</strong>est protection, and <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r one<br />
is in <strong>the</strong> proposed conversion <strong>for</strong>est area <strong>for</strong> palm oil plantation<br />
Result of step two<br />
Return to investment of REDD PROGRAM compare with PALM OIL PLANTATION <strong>the</strong><br />
comparison of Nett present value (NPV), Internal rate of return (IRR), and <strong>the</strong> benefit cost<br />
ratio (BCR) of REDD implementation and Palm oil plantation<br />
49
Output of step two<br />
Private sector and local government as well as policy makers have an in<strong>for</strong>mation about <strong>the</strong><br />
financial review of <strong>the</strong> REDD program and its competitiveness with palm oil program<br />
The willingness of local government and private sectors to be involved in REDD program will<br />
be identified.<br />
Research methods will be fur<strong>the</strong>r developed<br />
Rita Diana<br />
Research Proposal 1: CO2 uptake and carbon balance in <strong>the</strong> tropical rain <strong>for</strong>est (secondary<br />
<strong>for</strong>est and <strong>for</strong>est plantation)<br />
Introduction<br />
The knowledge of <strong>the</strong> sources and sinks of carbon dioxide (CO2) is not sufficient. Recently,<br />
<strong>the</strong> estimations of CO2 fluxes in <strong>the</strong> temperate <strong>for</strong>ests have been begun to appear in<br />
publications. While <strong>the</strong>re are few data in <strong>the</strong> tropical area where absorption of carbon dioxide<br />
by <strong>for</strong>ests seem to large. Especially, <strong>the</strong>re is no long-term data in Kalimantan. This makes<br />
difficult to estimate CO2 balance in <strong>the</strong> global scale. Our purpose is estimate CO2 balances<br />
in <strong>the</strong> secondary <strong>for</strong>est and plantation <strong>for</strong>est which occupy relatively large areas in <strong>the</strong><br />
tropical regions especially in Kalimantan.<br />
Objectives<br />
The purpose of this research is to conduct <strong>the</strong> CO2 flux measurements at most through <strong>the</strong><br />
several years, and estimate <strong>the</strong> production by photosyn<strong>the</strong>sis of <strong>the</strong> growing secondary<br />
<strong>for</strong>est and plantation <strong>for</strong>est. The correlation method will be used <strong>for</strong> estimating CO2<br />
absorption and emission. Recent studies have shown CO2 flux is highly sensitive to ambient<br />
environmental parameters, such as, solar radiation, temperature, humidity, and o<strong>the</strong>rs.<br />
There<strong>for</strong>e, we can understand <strong>the</strong> structure of photosyn<strong>the</strong>sis of community by clarifying <strong>the</strong><br />
relations between CO2 flux and ambient parameters. Ano<strong>the</strong>r purpose is to present a way to<br />
parameterize <strong>the</strong> carbon balance in order to understand <strong>the</strong> role of <strong>the</strong> factors controlling <strong>the</strong><br />
carbon budget of <strong>the</strong> tropical secondary <strong>for</strong>est and plantation <strong>for</strong>est ecosystem.<br />
Methodology CO2 concentration is measured by CO2 analyzer CO2 flux is measured by eddy<br />
correlation method which is a combination of CO2 concentration and vertical velocity<br />
fluctuations. CO2 concentration and vertical wind velocity are measures on <strong>the</strong> plat<strong>for</strong>m over<br />
<strong>the</strong> canopy layer, using 30-m tower located in tropical secondary <strong>for</strong>est. Decomposition of<br />
CO2 in <strong>the</strong> soil is measured by <strong>the</strong> gas chronometer. Growing rate of biomass, and litterfall is<br />
measured by tree enumeration. Photosyn<strong>the</strong>tic analysis is made to clarify <strong>the</strong><br />
ecophysiological process in <strong>the</strong> growing secondary <strong>for</strong>est. The plat<strong>for</strong>m is also used to<br />
monitor <strong>the</strong> relevant meteorological conditions; wind speed and direction, temperature and<br />
humidity, precipitation, photon flux density and net radiation, water content, soil temperature,<br />
etc.<br />
Concepts<br />
CO2 is most important global warming compounds. CO2 flux observed above canopy is NEP<br />
(Net Ecosystem Production) which is important <strong>for</strong> estimating of global warming in tropical<br />
area, where very few data are obtained. Net Primary Production NPP, Gross Primary<br />
Production GPP, Respiration R will be estimated by observed NEP, observed soil respiration,<br />
and measured biomass increment. These ecological parameters of community are related<br />
with meteorological conditions, including heat balance, water cycle and CO2 budget.<br />
Research Proposal 2: Proposal of Carbon stocks in Secondary <strong>for</strong>est and Plantation <strong>for</strong>est<br />
Background<br />
Tropical rain <strong>for</strong>est has played an important role on carbon accumulation throughout of<br />
photosyn<strong>the</strong>tic activity of it diverse species and vegetation. There are various vegetation of<br />
tropical rain <strong>for</strong>est both naturally and artificially type with different level of carbon gain<br />
capability. However, <strong>for</strong>est deflation has lead decreasing capacity of its carbon dioxide<br />
absorption. Even though, regeneration has been made through manual as well as<br />
50
mechanical means to sustain <strong>the</strong> carbon accumulation ability, such kind of in<strong>for</strong>mation is<br />
considerably rare if not none. This is <strong>the</strong>re<strong>for</strong>e, research on carbon accumulation in tropical<br />
rain <strong>for</strong>est is ultimately important.<br />
Vegetation types<br />
Vegetation types proposed in this research are:<br />
1. Natural secondary <strong>for</strong>est consisting of Imperata grassland, Trema and macaranga<br />
association and Mixed secondary <strong>for</strong>est. Most of this <strong>for</strong>est could be found in secondary<br />
<strong>for</strong>est after <strong>for</strong>est fire and natural revegetation in reclamation area in East Kalimantan.<br />
2. Artificial plantation consisting of Acacia mangium, Gmelina arborea or Eucalyptus spp.<br />
plantation.<br />
3. Palm oil plantation<br />
Ali Suhardiman<br />
Summary of current research or project that have been done using GIS and Remote Sensing<br />
application<br />
1. Zonation of Mahakam Delta Region, East Kalimantan<br />
a. Objectives<br />
To provide zonation map of Mahakam Delta <strong>for</strong> rehabilitation purpose based<br />
on existing land cover classification derived from satellite interpretation<br />
(Quickbird, coverage in 2006)<br />
b. Methodology<br />
• Land cover classification by visual interpretation using satellite<br />
imagery<br />
• Defining a critical area by land cover (<strong>for</strong> instance : open area<br />
should be <strong>the</strong> most critical area)<br />
• Defining a suitable zonation based on critical areal to 3 different<br />
zones which are Protected zone, Conservation zone (limited utilization<br />
allowed) and O<strong>the</strong>r utilization zone<br />
• Defining suitable activities according to existing condition in <strong>the</strong><br />
field which is dominated mostly by fish ponds ra<strong>the</strong>r than mangrove<br />
<strong>for</strong>est (ratio 60 : 40)<br />
c. Result (shows in several figures below)<br />
51
Figure 1. Land cover map of Delta Mahakam<br />
52
Figure 2. Map of critical land in Mahakam Delta<br />
Figure 3. Map of proposed zonation in Mahakam Delta<br />
53
2. Map of <strong>for</strong>est rehabilitation priorities area in Bulungan District, East<br />
Kalimantan<br />
a. Objectives<br />
To provide <strong>for</strong>est rehabilitation priorities map of Bulungan District as guidance<br />
to local government authorities to define and conduct rehabilitation.<br />
b. Methodology<br />
• Land cover classification by visual and computer based<br />
interpretation (supervised or unsupervised classification tools in GIS<br />
software)using Landsat imagery<br />
• Defining a critical area by set of criteria develop by Indonesian<br />
Forestry Departement<br />
c. Result (shows in several figures below)<br />
Figure 4. Land use and land cover of Bulungan District in East Kalimantan<br />
3. Master plan of <strong>for</strong>est rehabilitation in Paser District, East Kalimantan<br />
a. Objectives<br />
To provide multi years <strong>for</strong>est rehabilitation plan of Paser District as guidance<br />
to local government authorities to define and conduct rehabilitation.<br />
b. Methodology<br />
• Land cover classification by visual and computer based<br />
interpretation (supervised or unsupervised classification tools in GIS<br />
software)using Landsat imagery<br />
• Defining a critical area by set of criteria develop by Indonesian<br />
Forestry Department<br />
c. Result (shows in several figures below)<br />
54
Figure 5. Paser District (study area) in Landsat image<br />
Figure 6. Map of rehabilitation priority area in Paser District.<br />
55
Sources available<br />
• Spatial data of East Kalimantan region, comprise:<br />
o Several series of Landsat imagery, specific path of SPOT imagery,<br />
specific site of Quickbird imagery.<br />
o East Kalimantan SRTM data<br />
o Geodata derived from satellite interpretation in <strong>for</strong>med *.shp files<br />
o Non spatial database of East Kalimantan, such as distribution of<br />
villages, etc<br />
o Wa<strong>the</strong>rshed data East Kalimantan region<br />
o<br />
• Human resources that meet with GIS and RS specialization. There are 4<br />
lecturer of Forestry Faculty UNMUL graduate from International Institute of Geoin<strong>for</strong>mation<br />
and Earth Observation (ITC) in Enschede, The Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands.<br />
Future Research and interest<br />
• Calculation of carbon emission produce from daily activities in small scale pilot<br />
project. Target areas are government office, school, and small resident<br />
• Mangrove carbon stock calculation using different source of satellite data<br />
(optic and non optic sensor)<br />
• Providing in<strong>for</strong>mation about green investment in local district based on annual<br />
local government budget.<br />
10.4. Time Sheet<br />
Saturday/Sunday, 3 rd and 4 th of January<br />
08:00 Airport: Flight from Hamburg via Frankfurt via Kuala Lumpur to Kota Kinabalu<br />
12:00 Arrival at Kota Kinabalu. Drive to <strong>the</strong> Hotel<br />
14:30 Visiting <strong>the</strong> Wisma Merdeka Mall and a book store<br />
19:00 Dinner with Michael Fischer<br />
Monday, 5 th of January<br />
07:30 Departure at <strong>the</strong> hotel with Michael Fischer<br />
09:45 Meeting with <strong>the</strong> dean of <strong>the</strong> SITF Dr. Mahmud Hj. Sudin<br />
10:15 Revision of SITF/<strong>GTZ</strong>-files and literature (to 11:45)<br />
14:00 Meeting with members of <strong>the</strong> SITF: Hardawati, Dr. Normah, Dr. Phua, Dr. Andy<br />
16:30 Interview with Dr. Phua<br />
17:00 Interview with Dr. Andy<br />
Tuesday, 6 th of January<br />
07:30 Departure at <strong>the</strong> hotel with Michael Fischer<br />
08:00 SITF. Preparatory work <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> field trip<br />
13:00 Meeting with John Tay, deputy <strong>for</strong> research and innovation<br />
13:30 Preparatory work <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> field trip<br />
15:30 Visit to <strong>the</strong> Mangroves<br />
17:00 Dinner with Michael Fischer<br />
56
Wednesday, 7 th of January<br />
07:30 Departure at <strong>the</strong> hotel with Michael Fischer<br />
08:00 Interviews with Dr. Normah and Hardawati<br />
12:00 Airport: Flight from Kota Kinabalu via Kuala Lumpur to Jakarta<br />
18:00 Bus to Bogor. Taxi to CIFOR (Guesthouse)<br />
Thursday, 08 th of January<br />
08:15 Meeting with Hari Priyadi. Talk about activities during <strong>the</strong> stay and introduction in<br />
<strong>the</strong> work of CIFOR<br />
09:00 Meeting with Hari Priyadi and Dr. Markku Kanninen. Talk about <strong>the</strong> proposal<br />
10:00 Meeting with <strong>the</strong> potential participants Stibniati Atmadja, Elizabeth Linda Yuliani,<br />
Dr. Daniel Murdiyarso, Dr. Gen Takao, Dr. Herry Purnomo, Hari Priyadi, Dr.<br />
Markku Kanninen. Talk about contents of <strong>the</strong> planned project and <strong>the</strong> possible<br />
input of CIFOR<br />
11:30 Second meeting with Hari Priyadi and Dr. Markku Kanninen<br />
12:00 Lunch<br />
Meetings with CIFOR members. Possible personal contribution to <strong>the</strong> project<br />
13:00 Elizabeth Linda Yuliani<br />
13:30 Dr. Gen Takao<br />
14:00 Dr. Herry Purnomo<br />
14:30 Stibniati Atmadja<br />
15:00 Dr. Daniel Murdiyarso,<br />
15:30 Talk with Hari Priyadi about organization and findings<br />
16:30 Closing time at CIFOR Office. Tour about <strong>the</strong> CIFOR area<br />
17:00 Summary of <strong>the</strong> day and working on <strong>the</strong> literature survey and minutes<br />
19:00 Dinner<br />
19:30 Mails to <strong>the</strong> Hamburg group, literature survey<br />
Friday, 9 th of January<br />
09:15 Meeting with Dr. Markku Kanninen<br />
09:30 Library, Mail to Michael Fischer<br />
12:00 Lunch<br />
13:00 Library: Bullet Points<br />
14:00 Meeting with Dr. Gen Takao. Talk about o<strong>the</strong>r projects and cooperation with SITF<br />
15:00 Meeting with Hari Priyadi. Talk about o<strong>the</strong>r projects, bullet points and clarification<br />
of questions<br />
15:30 Library: editing of bullet points<br />
16:00 Final meeting with Dr. Markku Kanninen and Hari Priyadi. Discussion of <strong>the</strong> bullet<br />
points<br />
16:30 Guesthouse<br />
17:00 Summary of <strong>the</strong> day and working on <strong>the</strong> literature survey and minutes<br />
19:00 Dinner<br />
19:30 Mails to <strong>the</strong> Hamburg group, literature survey<br />
57
Saturday, 10 th of January<br />
09:30 Visit of <strong>the</strong> Botanical Garden in Bogor<br />
14:00 Rework of <strong>the</strong> bullet points (at 20:00 sent via Mail to Markku Kanninen)<br />
Sunday, 11 th of January<br />
09:00 Visit of <strong>the</strong> local market<br />
14:00 Editing of <strong>the</strong> contribution of <strong>the</strong> Hamburg working group. Preparation of <strong>the</strong> visits<br />
<strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> next two days<br />
Monday, 12 th of January<br />
07:30 Departure at <strong>the</strong> CIFOR-Guesthouse<br />
09:00 Meeting with Mulyanto Darmawan at Bakosurtanal (until 12:00)<br />
12:30 Bus to Jakarta<br />
13:45 Meeting with Lely Rulia and Saipul Rahman at BAPLAN/Ministry of Forestry<br />
Indonesia (until 15:30)<br />
18:30 Editing of <strong>the</strong> Minutes from <strong>the</strong> meetings that day<br />
Tuesday, 13 th of January<br />
10:00 Meeting with Dr. Dodo Gunawan and Guswanto Abdul Gani at <strong>the</strong> Meteorological<br />
and Geophysical <strong>Agency</strong> – Research and Development Center (to 11:30)<br />
14:00 Minutes of <strong>the</strong> Meeting with Dr. Erna Sri Adiningsih, Dr. Orbita Roswintiarti, Dr.<br />
Thomas Djamaluddin, Alex Sudibyo, Ph.D., Mardianis and Akhmad Subekhi at<br />
<strong>the</strong> National Institute of Aeronautics and Space LAPAN (to 16:30)<br />
18:00 Editing of <strong>the</strong> Minutes from <strong>the</strong> meetings that day<br />
Wednesday, 14 th of January<br />
10:00 Airport: Flight from Jakarta to Balikpapan/Kalimantan<br />
15:00 Ride to Samarinda (plus one hour time shift). Arrival at 17:00<br />
19:00 Dinner with Dr. Deddy Hadriyanto and Dr. Rudianto Amirta of <strong>the</strong> University<br />
Mulawarman Samarinda<br />
Thursday, 15 th of January<br />
09:30 Meeting with Dr. Rudianto<br />
09:45 Meeting with <strong>the</strong> dean of <strong>the</strong> Faculty of Forestry, University Samarinda<br />
10:15 Meeting. Attended by <strong>the</strong> Dean of <strong>the</strong> Faculty Professor Afif, Dr. Deddy<br />
Hadriyanto, Dr. Rudianto Amirta, Sadely Ilyas M.Agr., Dr. Sumaryono, Karyati<br />
MP, Rita Diana MSc, Ali Suhardiman S Hut, Bernaulus Saragih M Sc. (to 13:00)<br />
14:00 First meeting with <strong>the</strong> members of <strong>the</strong> REDD-Task<strong>for</strong>ce in Indonesia (to 14:30)<br />
15:00 Discussion with Dr. Deddy and Dr. Rudianto. Editing of <strong>the</strong> minutes (to 17:00)<br />
17:30 Rework of <strong>the</strong> minutes<br />
Friday, 16 th of January<br />
09:00 Meeting with Dr. Rudianto<br />
10:00 Discussion with members of <strong>the</strong> Faculty of Forestry about <strong>the</strong> input of <strong>the</strong> working<br />
group. Generation of a working plan<br />
15:00 Second meeting with <strong>the</strong> REDD-Task<strong>for</strong>ce in Indonesia (to 16:30)<br />
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Saturday, 17 th of January<br />
08:00 Departure at <strong>the</strong> Hotel<br />
09:30 Visiting of <strong>the</strong> Bukit Suharto Research Forest of <strong>the</strong> University Mulawarman.<br />
Visiting of <strong>the</strong> Orang Utan-Rehabilitation Centre BOS<br />
15:00 Arrival in Balikpapan<br />
21:30 Meeting with Alfan Subekti, The Nature Conservancy TNC (to 22:30)<br />
Sunday, 18 th of January<br />
09:00 Airport: Flight from Balikpapan to Jakarta (one flight earlier than booked)<br />
15:45 Flight from Jakarta to Kuala Lumpur (19:00 arrival)<br />
Monday, 19 th of January<br />
12:00 Meeting with Surin Suksuwan, WWF-Malaysia, Chief <strong>Technical</strong> Officer (to 12:30)<br />
14:15 Minutes of <strong>the</strong> Meeting with Tan Huvi Vein, Director of <strong>the</strong> Commercial,<br />
Climatology and Hydrology Division, Malaysia Meteorological Department MMD<br />
(to 15:15)<br />
16:00 Airport: Flight from Kuala Lumpur to Kota Kinabalu (arrival at 22:00 because of<br />
bad wea<strong>the</strong>r)<br />
Tuesday, 20 th of January<br />
08:30 Departure at <strong>the</strong> hotel with Michael Fischer<br />
09:00 <strong>Report</strong>ing of <strong>the</strong> Mission to Indonesia and Kuala Lumpur. Preparation of a<br />
presentation (to 17:00)<br />
Wednesday, 21 st of January<br />
07:30 Departure at <strong>the</strong> hotel with Michael Fischer<br />
08:30 Meeting with Members of <strong>the</strong> SITF. Presentation of <strong>the</strong> findings of <strong>the</strong> consultancy<br />
mission<br />
13:00 Editing of <strong>the</strong> minutes and preparation of a sketch <strong>for</strong> a working plan (to 17:00)<br />
Thursday/Friday, 22 nd and 23 rd of January<br />
09:00 Departure at <strong>the</strong> hotel with Michael Fischer. Visiting of <strong>the</strong> Monsopiad Cultural<br />
Village<br />
13:00 SITF. Final discussion and preparatory work <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> sketch<br />
17:00 Ride to <strong>the</strong> Airport. Flight from Kota Kinabalu via Kuala Lumpur via Frankfurt to<br />
Hamburg<br />
59
Fig. 12: Malaysian Soil Series classified by USDA Soil Orders, Sub-orders and Great Groups<br />
(source: International Plant Nutrition Institute)<br />
60