Report for the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) - UMS

contribute this to the proposal (forest types could be classified according to FAO, WWF,
etc.). Dr. Phua from the SITF recommends a classification in three types (lowland forests,
montane forests and peat swamp forests) or five (subalpine, montane, lowland, peat swamp,
mangroves). However, in my opinion it could be useful to adapt the plantations of fast
growing species and oil palm into the system. Different forest types are reviewed in WWF's
"Borneo: Treasure Island at Risk" report (Rautner et al. 2005): Mangroves, peat swamp
forests, montane forests, heath forests, Dipterocarp forests. However, the map by Langner
and Siegert (2005) in the same publication divides the forest in six units using MODIS
satellite imagery: evergreen lowland forest, forest regrowth, mangrove, montane rainforest,
peat swamp forest, and plantations.
8.2. Time series of carbon stocks and flux
8.2.1. Carbon flux
The Faculty of Forestry UnMul has a CO2-measurement tower in Bukit Suharto research
forest and one for climate measurements. The towers were built by JICA together with the
Mulawarman University Tropical Rainforest Resource Centre = PPHD. The Japanese
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST, which has a new
director, installed the equipment. A 60 m high tower in primary forest and a 30 m high tower
in secondary forest. They worked from 2000 to 2003 until the equipment was stolen. A report
of the measurements exists. It is not possible to buy new equipment due to the lack of
funding. Co-operation for further operating is needed. It is not possible for Dr. Deddy to
estimate the costs of further measurements. The CO2-measurement data from Bukit Suharto
are not published yet. Rita Diana will send the raw-data to the Hamburg group.
LAPAN conducts CO2-measurements in Pontianak/West Kalimantan as part of a study about
CO2 sinks and sources from ground measurements (they use also any available related
satellite data). LAPAN has one tower (Fig. 7, Fig. 8) working since last year but they try to
put more in whole Kalimantan (3-5 towers, 10, 25, and 50 meters high) through
domestic/international collaboration. The tower is also measuring methane but they failed to
get a CH4-Sensor. Data are not yet published and there is no co-operation until now so it is
possible to share these data. One tower is about 100 million Rupiahs for its erection (around
7,000 to 8,000 Euro), not included transport. The CO2 Measurement tower at Pontianak/West
Kalimantan is 12 meters high and the CO2 Sensor is Vaisala (lifetime ~ 5 years, calibration
every 2 years).
The measurement program at the Danum Valley GAW station in Sabah includes amongst
others carbon dioxide (using Loflo Mk2 analyser) (http://www.searrp.org/danum_atmospehere_watch.cfm).
BMG Indonesia has a Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) station in
West Sumatra to monitor Green House Gases (WMO network station). A publication is
available by Hirano et al. (2007) about Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan. In Sarawak Lulie
Melling et al. (2005) made CO2 measurements in the vicinity of Kuching. The abstract reads
as follows. “Soil CO2 flux was measured monthly over a year from tropical peatland of
Sarawak, Malaysia using a closed-chamber technique. The soil CO2 flux ranged from 100 to
533 mg C m−2 h−1 for the forest ecosystem, 63 to 245 mg C m−2 h−1 for the sago and 46 to
335 mg C m−2 h−1 for the oil palm. Based on principal component analysis (PCA), the
environmental variables over all sites could be classified into three components, namely,
climate, soil moisture and soil bulk density, which accounted for 86% of the seasonal
variability. A regression tree approach showed that CO2 flux in each ecosystem was related
to different underlying environmental factors. They were relative humidity for forest, soil
temperature at 5 cm for sago and water-filled pore space for oil palm. On an annual basis,
the soil CO2 flux was highest in the forest ecosystem with an estimated production of 2.1 kg
C m−2 yr−1 followed by oil palm at 1.5 kg C m−2 yr−1 and sago at 1.1 kg C m−2 yr−1. The
different dominant controlling factors in CO2 flux among the studied ecosystems suggested
that land use affected the exchange of CO2 between tropical peatland and the atmosphere.”
Another tower is planned in the surroundings of Sibu/Sarawak.
17