Report for the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) - UMS

School of International Tropical Forestry
University Malaysia Sabah (UMS)
Collection and evaluation of information for the preparation
of a proposal for an international joint research project
on climate change, carbon stocks and REDD in Borneo
Projek ini disokong oleh
Kerajaan Republik Persekutuan Negara Jerman
melalui
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)
GmbH
Jan Wehberg
Malaysian-German Forestry Education Project
Consultancy Report No 19
Kota Kinabalu, February 2009
Bagi pihak

Collection and evaluation of information for the preparation
of a proposal for an international joint research project
on climate change, carbon stocks and REDD in Borneo
Jan Wehberg
February 2009
Malaysian-German Forestry Education Project, School of International Tropical Forestry
University Malaysia Sabah, Locked Bag 2073, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Tel /Fax 0060/88/320658, Email: gtzpjb@ums.edu.my

Table of contents
1. Summary
2. Background of the mission (ToR)
3. Acknowledgment
4. Scientific background/Introduction
4.1. Proposal
5. Aims
6. Structure of the project and partners
6.1. Contribution of the Center for International Forestry Research CIFOR
6.2. Contribution of the School of International Tropical Forestry
6.3. Contribution of the University Mulawarman Samarinda UnMul
6.4. Contribution of the Department of Geography, Hamburg University
6.5. Organization and work packages
6.5.1. Work package A: Carbon Stock
6.5.2. Work package B: Implementation of REDD
6.6. Niche for a new project and advantages
6.7. Future actions
6.8. Operation schedule
7. Ongoing projects
8. Available data
8.1. Forest Inventories and vegetation data
8.1.1. Forest types
8.2. Time series of carbon stocks and flux
8.2.1. Carbon flux
8.2.2. Carbon stock
8.3. Meteorological observations
8.4. Soil data
8.5. Remotely and proximal sensed satellite data
8.5.1. Satellite images
8.5.2. Digital elevation model (DEM)
8.6. Test sites
8.6.1. Terrestrial observation network of test sites
9. Sources and further reading
10. Annexes
10.1. Abbreviations and acronyms
10.2. Minutes of the Meetings
10.2.1. CIFOR
10.2.2. BAKOSURTANAL
10.2.3. Ministry of Forestry Indonesia
10.2.4. BMG
10.2.5. LAPAN
10.2.6. University Mulawarman Samarinda
10.2.7. Alfan Subekti, TNC
10.2.8. World Wide Fund for Nature WWF
10.2.9. Malaysia Meteorological Department MMD
10.2.10. SITF
10.3. Statements of the researchers
10.3.1. CIFOR
10.3.2. SITF
10.3.3. UnMul
10.4. Time Sheet
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1. Summary
On an international Workshop at the University Malaysia Sabah, four partners, the School of
International Tropical Forestry (SITF), Malaysia, the Center for International Forestry
Research Indonesia, the Faculty of Forestry at the University Mulawarman Samarinda
Indonesia and the Department of Geography at Hamburg University Germany agreed to
submit a joint research proposal to the Beratungsgruppe Entwicklungsorientierte
Agrarforschung BEAF on climate change, carbon stocks and REDD (Reducing Emissions
from Deforestation and Degradation) in Borneo. Due to their fields of research on carbon
stock and flux, implementation of REDD as well as general approaches such as remote
sensing, GIS and modeling, they could offer a valuable scientific contribution on this issue.
On the other hand, a common project would strengthen the standing of the local partners at
the Universities in Malaysia and Indonesia which is the primary objective of the Malaysian-
German Forestry Education Project at the SITF implemented by GTZ and SITF. The
consultant should provide an overview of activities on the above-mentioned fields of research
in Borneo to prepare a basis for the preparation of a joint research proposal in the targeted
fields.
On the basis of the main fields of research of the partners it becomes clear that the
scheduled project should be built on two pillars: Carbon stock and the implementation of
REDD in general. The field of action regarding carbon stock is intended to include the
development of easy tools for local users and stakeholders to assess the amount of carbon
in stock. This means field research and allometric data as well as remote sensing techniques
and GIS. All partners could contribute to this task especially the SITF to remote sensing, the
Hamburg University to GIS and CIFOR to carbon stock. The Mulawarman University could
possibly deliver data on carbon flux measurements from the Bukit Suharto research forest.
The second field of research deals with the implementation of REDD in which primarily
CIFOR has good experiences. The Universities in Sabah and Samarinda are qualified to
contribute to this task through field work in their respective countries. Nevertheless the
project should be organized on a cross-national level (Indonesian and Malaysian as part of
Borneo) or at least be supervised by one person to guarantee well-balanced processing of
the tasks and to integrate the Malaysian and Indonesian into an international research
context.
During the mission the consultant met the prospective partners and some departments to
collect data and assess the scientific structures, methods, and findings. All partners were
highly interested in co-operation within the project and offered to deliver data and information
under certain terms and conditions. To the knowledge of the consultant the data supply in
connection with remote sensing imagery as well as meteorological and weather records and
forest inventories seems to be sufficient. However, soil data and information about below
ground biomass are unsatisfactory.
As CIFOR is the only partner in the position to write the application, Dr. Markku Kanninen will
start writing the proposal in late February. There are some indications with regard to the
content and prevalent conditions that the request will be successful. Advantageous seems to
be the suitable combination of the two fields of interests of the partners, the carbon stocks
and the implementation of REDD, as well as the completion of activities. The scheduled
project would be a great achievement both for the partners and for the discussion of REDD
i.e. the tropical rainforest.
1

The main activities of the project are:
• to assess the amount of carbon stored in the forests of Borneo i.e. to generate a detailed
analysis of the carbon stock on the basis of different techniques.
• to establish easy-to-manage tools in the practice of the local stakeholders like methods to
estimate the carbon in the forests by calculating the quantum of wood available
• to design simple software applications for the use of the local stakeholders.
• to develop a model to show the impact of climate change on the carbon stocks under
different scenarios.
• to show how to implement REDD to bring a financial benefit of these sources to the local
people.
• to elaborate the possibility to assess the economic value of carbon stocks and to
determine how to convert the specific amount of carbon in an accordant amount of
money.
• to show how the money should be distributed to the people and who is eligible to get the
payments.
• to point out how local communities can adjust their forest management practices to create
sustainable income
• to enhance capacity building and to connect local scientists as well as stakeholders for a
further co-operation.
2. Background of the mission (ToR)
The School of International Tropical Forestry (SITF) at the University Malaysia Sabah (UMS)
is the only institution for higher education in forestry in Sarawak and Sabah. SITF is a young
faculty that was founded in 1996 and still is in the process of development. Since July 2003
the Malaysian-German Forestry Education Project (MGFEP) assists SITF in academic
education, applied research and the development of professional consultancy services. The
project is geared towards capacity building for sustainable forest resources management and
environmental awareness according to the demand in the forest and environmental sectors.
An essential element of MGFEP’s assistance to SITF is human resource development. To
gain reputation SITF needs cooperation with internationally recognized universities and
research institutes. Against this background the consultancy shall support the preparation
and realization of an international joint research project with partners from Malaysia,
Indonesia and Germany in order to strengthen the research capacities and the scientific
reputation of SITF. These partners should be besides the SITF, the Center for International
Forestry Research CIFOR in West Java, Indonesia, the University Hamburg, Germany and
the University Mulawarman Samarinda according to an agreement made in November 2008.
The objective of the consultancy is to provide an overview of past, current and future
research projects and activities on carbon stocks and dynamics in tropical forests in Borneo
and the impacts of climate change on carbon stocks and dynamics as well as REDD as a
basis for the preparation of a joint research proposal in the targeted fields of investigation.
The consultant shall collect information about past, current and future research activities and
scientific findings required to cover the state-of-the-art aspect in the targeted fields of
investigation. Therefore he has to assess, evaluate and collect time series of carbon stocks
and flux, climate time series (meteorological network observations), soil data (soil profiles or
soil maps), and vegetation data (e.g. vegetation type, structure, biomass, forest parameters).
The evaluation shall be based on discussions with responsible scientists and administrations.
2

For the purpose of the above mentioned aims the consultant visited following universities and
departments. Malaysia: School of International Tropical Forestry, Malaysia Meteorological
Department, World Wide Fund for Nature WWF. Indonesia: National Coordinating Agency for
Surveys and Mapping Bakosurtanal, Ministry of Forestry Baplan, National Institute of
Aeronautics and Space Lapan, Meteorological and Geophysical Agency BMG, The Nature
Conservancy TNC, Faculty of Forestry/University of Mulawarman, Center for International
Forestry Research CIFOR.
3. Acknowledgment
The consultant would like to thank Dr. Michael Fischer GTZ very much for the excellent
preparation and support of the mission.
4. Scientific background/Introduction
Countries like Indonesia and Malaysia used to be almost entirely forested, but were nearly
completely cleared to provide timber and space for agricultural use. The Indonesian islands
of Java and Bali were affected in the middle of the last century because of the fertile soils
while the forests of Sumatra and Sulawesi were reduced to remainders in the last two
decades. Thus there are only a few places left in Southeast Asia where tropical rainforests
can still be conserved on a large scale (Rautner et al. 2005). On Borneo vast forest sites still
exist which are performing the original forest features in which they are important for water
balance, regional climate and habitat. Furthermore they are reservoirs for carbon and hence,
extremely relevant for the global climate particularly with regard to climate change. However,
the forests of Borneo have decreased rapidly after the end of the Second World War (Fig. 1).
So forests provide valuable services to man because they store and sequester carbon,
conserve the diversity of life, protect soil and water resources, and are source of useful drug
and food (Musa et al. 2008). Anyway, forests are burned, logged and cleared, and replaced
with agricultural land, built-up areas or plantations for oil palm or fast growing species like
Acacia. Indonesia has about 100 million ha of forested land, but forest loss averages
between 1-2 million ha/year (Woods Hole Research Center).
Scenarios released by UNEP (2002) suggested that most of the natural rainforest in
Indonesia would be degraded by 2030. The World Bank (2001) estimated that this would
include the loss of all Kalimantan’s lowland forest outside protected areas by 2010. These
estimates were based on information from the 1980s and 1990s on the rate of deforestation
and human impact zones. Annual forest conversion to palm oil plantations increased 400-fold
from 1,163 hectares in 1991 to 461,992 hectares in 2007 in Central Kalimantan, on the island
of Borneo, reports a new report published by Forest Watch Indonesia, a local NGO
respective the Jakarta Post (Simamora 2008).
According to the FAO (2007) Southeast Asia experienced the largest decline in forest area,
with an annual net loss of forests of more than 2.8 million hectares. The greatest forest loss
occurred in Indonesia, almost 1.9 million hectares per year, followed by Myanmar,
Cambodia, the Philippines, Malaysia and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.
Particularly in Borneo, the enormous conversion rates of tropical forests lead to an
irreversible degradation of vast areas. The environmental dimension of the problem becomes
clear by the current facts: between 1985 and 2005, the forest cover of Borneo shrunk from
75% to 50% (corresponding to an average deforestation rate of 850,000 ha per year) and – if
this trend continues – will drop to less than a third by 2020 (Rautner et al. 2005). This
represents amongst others a massive disposal of CO2. Including CO2 emissions from LUCF
Indonesia is amongst the top ten of emitting countries (Fig. 2).
3

Fig. 1: Extent of deforestation in Borneo 1950-2005, and projection towards 2020. (source:
http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/extent-of-deforestation-in-borneo-1950-2005-and-projectiontowards-2020
Radday, M, WWF Germany. 2007. 'Borneo Maps'. January 24, 2007. Hugo
Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal)
The emissions due to deforestation and degradation of forests amounts a quarter to a fifth of
all GHG produced by man (WWF). In order to limit the accumulation of CO2 in the
atmosphere and thus the global warming the conservation of forests is of particular
importance. The REDD mechanism respective initiative attaches an economic value to the
ability of forests to store carbon (Tab. 1). This value is meant to be a financial resource which
offers the possibility to subsist the local communities of developing countries to spare the
forests.
Fig. 2: CO2 emissions of Top ten emitting countries. Emissions from Land Use Change &
Forestry (LUCF), 2000 (source: Earthtrends 2008)
4

Tab. 1: Growing stock, biomass and carbon in Indonesia and Malaysia (FAO 2007)
Per
hectare
(m 3 /ha)
Growing stock Biomass
Total
(million
m³)
Commer
cial
(% of
total)
5
Per
hectare
(tonnes/
ha)
Total
(million
tonnes)
Per
hectare
(tonnes/
ha)
Carbon in
biomass
Total
(million
tonnes)
Indonesia 58.9 5 216 – 133.3 11 793 67 5 897
Malaysia 250.9 5 242 – 336.0 7 020 168 3 510
Deforestation, particularly in tropical developing countries, is estimated by the UN to cause
up to 20 per cent of global GHG emissions. Reducing deforestation and forest degradation is
potentially a highly cost-effective way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The United
Nations Climate Change Conference in Bali in December 2007 (COP: December 13th
Decision on REDD) indicated support for demonstration activities to reduce emissions from
deforestation and degradation (REDD) in developing countries, with a view to possible
incorporation of REDD into a future international climate change agreement (Ausaid). The
discussions on reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation as a greenhouse gas
(GHG) mitigation strategy are ongoing under the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC). In the light of these considerations, it is necessary for the
countries to be able to determine the relative likelihood of deforestation and perform a first
order estimation of the carbon stock associated with various protection scenarios. The
principles are accepted but now negotiations focus on being more precise about the
methodological and policy issues. Most of the protective roles of the forests are difficult to
place a dollar value but the carbon management can be valued. Thus the aim of the efforts
on REDD is to allow developing countries to receive payments for the value their forests
provide. Thus, it supports countries with low and stable deforestation rates. For this reason a
good estimation and monitoring of carbon stocks is necessary. That means remote sensing
assessments and ground measurements according to the IPCC Guidelines on
methodologies as guide. Forest degradation is more difficult than deforestation but knowing
the causes of degradation may help in estimating of associated losses of carbon. To achieve
that goal capacity building is required at different levels as well as pilot projects.
Deforestation is still high in Kalimantan because there are no screening tools for the
conversion of forest (TNC tries to achieve that). Kalimantan is beside Papua the only area
still interesting for timber logging. 2.5 million m³ wood is allocated for annual allowable cutting
in East Kalimantan for 2009, which is the highest amount in Indonesia (Alfan Subekti TNC).
According to the GTZ-Indonesia regarding REDD East Kalimantan is the leader within the
Kalimantan districts, but there is still a lot of knowledge, data, etc. missing. For example the
rate of deforestation in detail for different forest types is crucial. To make the next move it is
essential to know how to share the benefits of REDD. For that, good governance is important
as well as local and traditional knowledge. How to design and implement a mechanism to
achieve REDD is proving exceptionally complex and controversial, inspiring uncertainty that
it will generate real benefits for the global climate, forests and forest communities
(Earthtrends 2008).
Against the background of this context the partners of the scheduled project see the need of
the development and Implementation of an integrated Forest Information & Inventory System
for the assessment and evaluation of sustainable management strategies, mitigating
greenhouse gas emissions and safeguarding environmental goods and services of natural
and managed forest ecosystems in Borneo under climate and land use change conditions
under various aspects.

4.1. Proposal
The four partners should be involved in the project in accordance with their respective main
research. Each partner in the project potentially should have a main focus on its own. CIFOR
could be the “REDD/Carbon Stock-Group”, Hamburg the “Modelling/GIS-Group”, SITF the
“Remote Sensing-Group”, Mulawarman another “Carbon-Group” even though each partner
deals with more or less every single task. The local partners in Sabah and Kalimantan could
possibly take over tasks of the field work. The organization will probably be in the hands of
CIFOR for the most part because the center is the applicant body (see Fig. 3 and chapter
6.1). During the mission of the consultant there was no other working group of CIFOR
looking for the BEAF-grant. Possibly Malaysia put not as much interest on the issue of REDD
as Indonesia do.
Fig. 3: Scheme of the procedure
It will be an important challenge to combine the different skills of the partners for an effective
workflow. The project has to be positioned within Priority Area 4a of the GTZ/BMZ-
Guidelines: “Integrated land, water and forest management at landscape level” even if
climate change does not belong to the main CGIAR-issues or priorities. Thus climate
modeling seems to be an outlier in the master plan therefore it has to be clarified how to link
this topic to the structure of the project. CIFOR is already involved in a BEAF-Project with the
University of Göttingen (Indonesia, Vietnam). The conception of that project leads to a lack of
effective co-operation due to communication difficulties what should be avoided in our
project.
Some members suggested that our joint project could be an “umbrella” under which other
subprojects could be summarized. For example there is also the possibility to look for grants
at the Asia-Pacific Network (APN) or within internal/own budget. Furthermore the project
could possibly contribute to other projects as the NCAS-Project by BAPLAN and above all to
the project of the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau KfW.
6

5. Aims
As mentioned above the project should aim in two directions: the assessment of the amount
of carbon stored in the forests of Borneo and the implementation of REDD to bring a financial
benefit of these sources to the local people and thus protect the services that the ecosystem
provides. As a first step it is decisive to generate a detailed analysis of the carbon stock on
the basis of different techniques. It seems to be possible to establish methods to estimate the
carbon in the forests by calculating the quantum of wood available. That means counting
trees in a certain area, measuring the diameter at breast height as well as tree height.
Presumably, it doesn’t matter which species are present particularly in a heterogeneous
forest. But this has to be reviewed. This simple method of collecting data is useful for an
assessment of carbon stock in the field but it is best to support the remote sensing approach
as well. The mentioned approach is intended to cover larger areas and is affiliated with the
modeling by GIS. Furthermore all received data shall contribute to the modeling approach
which will give a reproduction of climate parameter data at high spatial resolution. This will
reveal the alteration in the vegetation cover under changing climatic and land-use conditions
which then leads to variations in biomass and carbon stock. However, field-work, remote
sensing and GIS are to be developed to be easy-to-manage tools in the practice of the local
stakeholders. For that reason it is necessary to design simple software applications which
could be web-based as well. Regarding the handling of carbon stock the local communities
then have the ability to adjust their forest management practices. It is substantial to
determine how to convert the specific amount of carbon in an accordant amount of money.
As REDD means to provide money to the local communities, one has to ask how the money
should be distributed to the people and who is eligible to get the money. A model for the
division of the payments is to be developed in the project. These aims are suitable to support
the economic, ecological and social development, and thus improve living conditions of the
Malaysian and Indonesian communities. The sound use of forest resources will help to
maintain income security and the development of opportunities for future generations. On the
other hand the mitigation of greenhouse gases will slow down global warming and contribute
to the benefit of all.
The objectives of the planned project are:
1. The actual carbon stocks of Borneo are known and the impact of climate change on the
carbon stocks are shown under different climate scenarios.
2. The knowledge of the carbon stocks can be used to create additional income for the local
population in the context of REDD.
3. The methodology to assess carbon stocks on local level is part of a technical,
administrative, legislative and economic implementation concept of REDD in Borneo.
6. Structure of the project and partners
The scheduled project should deal with two aspects (Fig. 4). The implementation of REDD
on the one hand including the economic aspects and the assessment of carbon stock on the
other hand. For both directions different techniques and methods of resolutions are
necessary. However, the common denominator could be the adaptability at the community
respective stakeholder level. All possibly partners involved could contribute to the one or
more of the required field of activities.
7

Fig. 4: Fields of activities
6.1. Contribution of the Center for International Forestry Research CIFOR
According to the BEAF-guidelines only CIFOR is in the position to apply for the grant (Fig. 3).
That means presumably that CIFOR will be the main contractor whereas the other partners
are subcontractors. Besides the scientific input the preparatory work and the writing of the
proposal is also to be done by CIFOR which in this case means Dr. Markku Kanninen.
Regarding the research proposal it is essential that the “Climate Change” does not belong to
the priority areas of BEAF but forest management. The main focus of CIFOR is on REDDimplementation
(the “second D” in special) and on carbon stocks (direct to the benefit of local
people). A preliminary working title for CIFOR could be like “The role of sustainable forest
management and carbon stock as income generation for local communities and civil
societies in the REDD-context”. CIFORs efforts aiming to simple tools for local stakeholders
to estimate carbon stocks (including GIS, remote sensing). CIFOR could compile a “manual”
for local stakeholders to estimate carbon stock according to the one they made for
biodiversity called “Exploring biological diversity, environment and local people’s
perspectives in forest landscapes”. The ideas of Gen tend to the same direction (RS for local
stakeholders). CIFOR has possibly to develop the methods which are to be used under the
project phase. Possible contribution of the CIFORs members could be as follows: Stibniati
Atmadja (Distribution of compensation), Elizabeth Linda Yuliani (Simple tools for local
stakeholders to estimate carbon stocks), Dr. Herry Purnomo (make people ready for REDD),
Dr. Daniel Murdiyarso (Assessing C-stock in forest landscape), Dr. Gen Takao (leaves
CIFOR next year, RS for local stakeholders), Hari Priyadi: (Reduced impact logging, models
for specific allometric relationship, C-stock), Dr. Markku Kanninen (Proposal writing,
organization).
6.2. Contribution of the School of International Tropical Forestry
The School of International Tropical Forestry in Sabah has the ability to contribute to the two
directions of the project whereas the estimation of carbon stock using remote sensing
techniques could be a special quality. Dr. Phua has achieved good reputation in this field.
The assessment of carbon stock will be carried out via remote sensing techniques and by
field inventory/work as well. Regarding remote sensing Dr. Phua is an approved expert and
should play a prominent role (co-ordinator of the subproject). The remote sensing task
should be fulfilled for the entire Borneo Island to avoid differences in classification and quality
for Malaysia and Indonesia. Field work means to carry out measurements directly in the
forests. The easiest way to estimate the carbon stock in the forest is to calculate the amount
of wood present i.e. to count trees and measure its height, diameter, etc. Due to their
competences Dr. Normah and Dr. Andy of SITF could both contribute to this topic. The areas
for the fieldwork will be for practical reasons not in Kalimantan but in both Sarawak and
Sabah. The analysis regarding the implementation of REDD as the second component of the
project could be done by Hardawati. She has strong experience with the economics and
participatory approaches of local communities and such she is dedicated to fulfill this task
within the SITF. Bernaulus Saragih from Mulawarman University might be her Indonesian
counterpart.
8

6.3. Contribution of the University Mulawarman Samarinda UnMul
According to the design of the project as it is discussed at CIFOR and accepted by the local
partners two elements are to be executed. The implementation of REDD at the community
resp. stakeholder level on the one hand including the economic aspects and the assessment
of carbon stock on the other hand (see above). The Faculty of Forestry at the University
Mulawarman Samarinda could contribute to the requirements as following: Economic aspect
of REDD implementation: economic valuation of carbon stock, distribution and contribution of
finacial gain, mechanism of distribution, etc. (Bernaulus Saragih). Institutional and capacity
building (Mustofa Agung Sarjono). Above and below ground carbon stock in natural
secondary vegetation, fast growing trees plantation and palm trees plantation and coal
mining reclamation (Deddy Hadriyanto, Rita Diana, Syahrinudin, Sadeli Ilyas). Emission flux
in some urban area in East Kalimantan (Ali Suhardiman). Carbon flux in secondary and
primary forest environment in Bukit Suharto (Deddy Hadriyanto, Rita Diana, Sadeli Ilyas,
Karyati). Rate of Deforestation and Degradation (conversion). Land use and land use change
of forestry. It is debatable if the expertise of Dr. Rudianto Amirta which is biomass conversion
(biofuels) and the potency for tropical wood is needed.
6.4. Contribution of the Department of Geography, Hamburg University
The Hamburg working group suggests contribution particularly to the determination of
biomass and carbon storage capacity of different natural, semi-natural and managed forest
ecosystems, derived from comprehensive forest inventory data; analyze the causal relation
of boundary layer dynamics and turbulent energy and gas exchange fluxes at the test sites,
using eddy covariance measurements. Furthermore the Hamburg team could design a model
chain for the dynamical simulation of meteorological parameters, vegetation responses and
turbulent energy and gas exchange fluxes in appropriate spatio-temporal scales (coupling
GCM, RCM and SVAT); predict the effects of possible future land use and climatic changes
under consideration of alternative climatic and land use change scenarios.
Regarding integration the Hamburg group likes to offer the development of data base
management structures to support the integration of and the access to data sets, information
and knowledge including an easily to handle GIS-based decision support systems for
politicians and managers, capable to predict and assess potential effects and critical
implications of short term and long term management decisions. However, if required, they
may likewise support the development of a suitable sampling design for the test sites and
instrumentation and the implementation of a spatiotemporal high resolution monitoring
system with particular emphasizes on active remote sensing techniques.
6.5. Organization and work packages
The research topics should be established on a cross-national level (Indonesian and
Malaysian part of Borneo) or at least be supervised by one person to guarantee a wellbalanced
processing of the tasks. Every field of activity could be fulfilled by a multinational
working group which could be established as following (see below). Nevertheless the
Universities of Sabah and Samarinda may work on a more regional scale. Data have to be
collected for practical reasons possibly on national level.
6.5.1. Work package A: Carbon Stock
Dr. Phua is an approved expert in remote sensing techniques and should play a prominent
role (co-ordinator of the subproject). Dr. Gen Takao (CIFOR) has already agreed to support
his research, whereas Dr. Gen is planning to bring even the possibility of using remote
sensing to the local communities. Ali Suhardiman from the University Mulawarman
Samarinda may support the working group in Kalimantan just as the Hamburg University.
Probably it would be possible to use satellite images from local partners as
BAKOSURTANAL and LAPAN (both from Indonesia). A basis for the classification is possibly
9

to be found in the forest inventory data of the Ministry of Forestry Indonesia and hopefully
Malaysia. The Hamburg University is in the position to depict possibilities of the
establishment of a reliable carbon stock monitoring system at different levels (remote
sensing, field inventory, GIS). One of the main objectives is the involvement of the local
stakeholders (benefit to local people). Furthermore to implement a monitoring system for
land use change as well as for land cover change. This includes an assessment of the
conversion rates and a modeling of future scenarios including climate change. Hamburg
should apply adequate models that not only describe the actual processes and effects, but
permit the calculation (i.e., prediction) of the effects of climate changes and/or changes in
human activity (e.g. forestry management practices etc.) and develop easily to handle GIS
(Geographic Information System) based modelling and decision support systems for decision
makers, capable to predict and assess ‘just in time’ potential effects and implications of long
term management decisions. The land-system-approach by BAKOSURTANAL may be
useful for the purposes of the project as far as it is supplemented by a land cover unit.
However, Mulyanto Darmawan could be very important partner for the SITF regarding
remote sensing. Dr. Normah and Dr. Andy from the SITF could contribute to the allometric
data collection in the forests to assist the work package A. Syahrinudin from UnMul is an
expert on below ground biomass and carbon stock and has developed methods for
estimations of these factors in Acacia and Oil Palm plantations. He says there may be
possibilities to develop such methods for primary and secondary forests as well. It is in
question if it would not be possible to deal with belowground biomass or soil, because that
would exceed the capacities. That could be a task for Rita Diana from UnMul and Deddy
Hadriyanto while Dr. Deddy would be in charge for the coordination of the Faculty of
Forestry’s contribution as well. In the opinion of Dr. Phua and others an examination of
carbon flux will not be realistic. Other professionals in the field of carbon stock are Daniel
Murdiyarso CIFOR and Hari Priyadi CIFOR. For an effective implementation of REDD simple
tools for the assessment of carbon stocks are needed. In this domain Linda Yuliani CIFOR is
an expert and intended to develop simple tools and formulas for the carbon-assessment.
6.5.2. Work package B: Implementation of REDD
In order to support the development of future forest policies and environmental legislation at
the regional and national level the research on implementation of REDD is essential. Herry
Purnomo CIFOR field of research is to “make people ready for REDD” while Stibniati
Atmadja is working on distribution of compensation. Herry basic approach is the multistakeholder
processes on land use planning at different levels, carbon stock assessment (RS
use) and how to provoke participation of local communities. For that it is important to make
REDD work at local level (both for the first and second D), including connecting to potential
carbon credit buyers and power balancing, payment mechanism and institutional
arrangement at different levels. Stibniati could complete this works through the more
economic aspects which is assessing livelihood impacts of REDD demonstration projects on
local communities, particularly looking at changes in local market conditions,
incentives/disincentives in investments, and movements of capital, labor and land use. Since
this assessment can be done at all scales, one of the main tasks is to choose the scale. This
analysis can be used to determine potential leakage pathways of the project, and provide
insights on economic winners vs. losers in the short, medium and possibly long term. Note
that this is not limited to the economics. There is a lot of environmental and governance
factors that must be taken under consideration, to form a realistic assessment of how REDD
can bring about these economic shifts. Locally partners could be Dr. Hardawati Yahya SITF
and her Indonesian counterpart Bernaulus Saragih UnMul.
6.6. Niche for a new project and advantages
The niche for our project could be the “entire Borneo-approach” and the social adaptations
which could be part of the development of Borneo. Climate change even if it’s not one of the
priority areas could be a new approach as well. According to the partners there is not much
10

e done about carbon stocks and flux and the implementation of REDD in Indonesia and
Malaysia at all. For that reason the outlook to get the grant seems to be very good.
Nevertheless there are some plus factors for a successful proposal as well. BEAF as a unit
of the GTZ will probably support the MGFEP. Currently no other working group of CIFOR is
looking for the BEAF-grant. Forestry is at present a well discussed issue as well as REDD.
The project could contribute to the KfW-Project in Kalimantan as scientific advisor.
6.7. Future actions
The project will be likely in line with CIFOR’s ongoing domains. In the CIFOR’s medium term
plan (MTP), monitoring and measuring carbon will be done in the near future both in
degraded forest and in the peat area (prob. in Central Kalimantan) (minutes of the 4 th of
November). The partners should agree upon the classification and definition of forest types
early to contribute this to the proposal (forest types could be classified according to FAO,
WWF, etc.). It could be useful to get in contact with other potential partners like the Ministry
of Environment Indonesia (or Sarawak) or Forest Planning Bureau respective Forestry
Planning Agency (FPA) (Dephut).
6.8. Operation schedule
• January 31st – Delivery of the consultant report by Jan Wehberg.
• Early February – Submission of the project basic concept to the Director General of
CIFOR by Markku. Circulation of budget table form
• February 28th – Beginning of proposal writing by Markku Kanninen. Than he needs a
nearby final version of the research plans of the partners including budget
• March 31st – Deadline for BEAF proposal
• August/September – Start of the project phase at the earliest
7. Ongoing projects
Carbon stock and REDD are integral parts of some activities and projects in SE-Asia and
especially in Indonesia. According to a statement by Alfan Subekti TNC Indonesia has
currently 15-18 projects implemented by various institutions/organizations (5- 6 ongoing,
others planned) with total investment of 150 to 160 million USD. Countries involved in the
REDD implementation are Australia, USA, Norway (highest fund but no project so far. Maybe
WWF, TNC), Netherlands (Central Kalimantan, Tropenbos and Wetland with the University
of Palangkaraya), Japan, and Germany. Projects in Central Kalimantan are funded by FFI,
WWF, Tropenbos, Wetlands (Center for International Cooperation in Sustainable
Management of Tropical Peatland CIMTROP, University of Palangkaraya)
For Borneo in the REDD context these projects are relevant in the broadest sense:
• The Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau KfW is planning a pilot project for the implementation
of REDD in Kalimantan. The KfW-project seems to be a potential partner as a client using
our findings which could give us a further advantage. But it will not start until our project
begins in August or September 2009 (Daniel).
• TNC. Berau-Carbon-Program (Project by The Nature Conservancy in Kalimantan). Since
2008, only TNC-funded. District level. The identification period will be finalized by June or
July 2009 starting the strategic period. The next phase (test period/ demonstration
activities) will run until 2012/2013. Than investors/buyers will hopefully be interested. The
project includes RIL and SFM and also modeling is planned (expected under co-operation
with the University of Queensland. But there is no model yet). The REDD task force is
also active there. All activities should be implemented through the task force. The Director
of TNC terrestrial program is Dicky Simorangkir (was in Göttingen and 1993 to 1999 GTZ
11

staff). They try to develop national demonstration objects. CBD should be part of the
project as well. Location: Borneo, Berau district. Size: 971,000 ha. Emissions reductions:
5 MtCO2e per year. Project activities: Forest management, wildlife protection, local
economic development, capacity building, land use planning, habitat conservation, carbon
offset sales. Co-benefits: Water resource protection, food security, financial growth.
Partners: indigenous groups, government agencies, The Nature Conservancy and other
international NGOs, local and global businesses. Description: Logging, mining and the
rapidly growing oil palm industry are killing off the forests of Indonesia faster than
anywhere else on earth. The destruction of these forests produces 80 percent of
Indonesia’s carbon emissions, placing it among the world’s top emitters of climate
changing greenhouse gases, alongside. the United States and China.
• GTZ and Global Eco-Rescue GER: Balikpapan/Malinau District: (economic level, profit
agreement). GER has already expended 89,000 Euros for the preparation of a proposal
for the Malinau forest (89,000 ha). REDD will be implemented in Malinau (pilot project). At
least three districts are needed for the REDD research.
• Fauna & Flora International FFI (Frank Momberg). Aceh and West Kalimantan. Funded
also by USAid (not definitive). “Fauna and Flora International and Australia’s Macquarie
Group have signed a deal to invest in six Redd projects globally, three of them in
Indonesia. Two are in West Kalimantan, on Borneo island, for which memorandums of
understanding (MOUs) have been signed with the local government and the third is in
Papua province on New Guinea island. The other three projects are in Cambodia, Liberia
and Ecuador.” (conservation)
• WWF: Heart of Borneo: Network Initiative (SFM, freshwater, biodiversity, strategies for
adaptation. It has a co-operation with the Ministry of Forestry Indonesia (Directorate
General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation). Surin Suksuwan WWF assumes
that no strategies have been drawn up yet (conservation;
http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/asia_pacific/our_solutions/borneo_fores
ts/).
• WWF and Tropenbos: Forest partnership: from Kalimantan districts to the global market
place (http://www.asiaforests.org/files/_ref/about/activities/workplan/wp_kalimantan.htm.
Time frame: 2 years (July 2004 – June 2006) with possible extension of 3 years (July
2006 – June 2009).
• Center for Tropical Forest Research PPHT and JICA (Japan International Cooperation
Agency, comparable to GTZ-Germany). Aboveground biomass and carbon stock in
Acacia plantations in East Kalimantan. JICA will use the ALOS PALSAR-Satellite System.
• JICA: Bornean Biodiversity and Ecosystems Conservation BBEC (long running, focus on
Sabah). Phase II from October 2007 through September 2012. Aims to support the
implementation of the Sabah Biodiversity Enactment 20001 in order to achieve a balance
between development and conservation by linking conservation activities and decisionmaking
process. (http://www.bbec.sabah.gov.my/index.asp).
• Forest Based Carbon FBC Network Initiative: Input to the Kyoto Protocol, aim for REDDpilot
projects, still being developed, multi country effort, Ivy Wong (iwong@wwf.org.my).
• Winrock International (will start in March): Carbon stock identification: Oil palm,
community areas. Winrock International, Sandra Brown (East Kalimantan).
• BAKOSURTANAL. There already exists a partnership of Bakosurtanal within the project
“Forest Degradation and Vegetation Mapping in East Kalimantan” (including Sabah) by
Dr. Kitayama and Dr. Tay (since last year?). The project “Land cover change in South
Kalimantan” by Bakosurtanal starts now (three years by 25,000 $/year). It is expected to
be extended.
12

Fig. 5: Project areas of the WWF
13
Fig. 6: Forest loss and Heart of Borneo area
• Projects of the Ministry of Forestry Indonesia:
o Ministry of Forestry Indonesia. There a two ongoing tasks on a large scale in the
Department at national level (and around 50 smaller activities) about how to
calculate carbon and land cover change (for three years). FRIS: Forest Resource
Information System (since 2005/2006) and NCAS: National Carbon Accounting
System (since 2008). The project could contribute to this project. There is also a cooperation
with the Malaysian Ministry of Forestry about illegal logging in the
borderline area (to make sure please check at the Directorate General of Forest
Protection and Nature Conservation - Ministry of Forestry).
o The Ministry of Forestry Indonesia has a co-operation with the International Center
for Research on Agroforestry (ICRAF, which is comparable to CGIAR) about
contribution of compensation for local stakeholders. The cooperation also supports
the establishment of the national carbon accounting system. Five areas have been
set as pilots i.e. Jambi, South Kalimantan, Gorontalioo, Papua and Pasuruan.
o The Ministry of Forestry Indonesia. The establishment of the System to estimate
carbon stock has being supported by international institutions such as World Bank
and Word Resource Institute, research institutions such as ICRAFT, and bilateral
co-operation (AusAID, US Forest Service). Not completed so far.
o •There will be a new program about climate change “Forest and Climate Change” for
12 years together with the Ministry of Forestry Republic of Indonesia (no
reinvention). CIFOR will be involved?
• Projects of LAPAN:
o Co-operation with Ministry of Research and Technology, LAPAN, Indonesian
Institute of Science LIPI, University Palangkaraya, and Hokkaido University: Wildfire

and Carbon Management in Peat Forest in Indonesia. Proposal submitted, from
June 2009 up to three years. Research area is Palangkaraya and its surrounding
(ex Mega Rice field Project) in Central Kalimantan (Orbita)
o HARIMAU-project together with Japan: monsoon rainfall, inter-seasonal variation,
automonitoring
o Merang REDD Pilot Project (MRPP): South Sumatra peat area, starting in late 2008,
satellite and ground data for Carbon Stock and Carbon Emission. Follows the South
Sumatra Forest Fire Management Project (SSFFMP) funded by the EU (and
possibly GTZ) from 2003 to 2008
o LAPAN co-operates with CIFOR already, currently in modeling the impacts of
climate change on forest fire risks in Indonesia.
o LAPAN has until now not much to do with carbon stocks. No belowground biomass
measurements but peat distribution. Aboveground biomass estimations are planned
(not yet decided where the research sites should be)
• GTZ. In East Kalimantan and the SGCP (Strengthen in Governmental Capacity Program)
• Japan: Site factors influencing the growth rates of Acacia
• Forest Planning Bureau: Forest inventories 2003-2006 (with Department of Forestry)
• CIDA from Canada together with the Center for social forestry at UnMul (not specifically
REDD)
• Spatial analyses including a comprehensive carbon assessment are already done by
SEKALA from Bali (only via remote sensing) and by ICRAF (via remote sensing and
ground survey, some areas in Berau)
• Sarvision, Netherlands has done a lot of research in Borneo (www.sarvision.nl/projects/projects.php).
For example the “ALOS Kyoto & Carbon (K&C) Initiative” in Malaysia,
Indonesia and other countries. The goal was to define, develop and validate radar
mapping and monitoring products derived primarily from ALOS PALSAR l-band radar data
for both the forest and wetlands themes covering Insular SE Asia. Products are to meet
the specific information requirements relating to international environmental conventions,
carbon cycle science and conservation of the environment.
• The Royal Society's South East Asia Rainforest Research Programme (SEARRP)
supports other projects and high quality applied research in the rainforests of SE Asia.
The goal is to contribute not only to the science base, but also to the conservation and
sustainable use of rainforests.
• Indonesia-Australia Forest Carbon Partnership. The Prime Minister of Australia and the
President of Indonesia announced the Indonesia - Australia Forest Carbon Partnership on
13 June 2008. The Partnership builds on and formalizes existing long-term practical
cooperation between Indonesia and Australia on reducing greenhouse gas emissions
from deforestation and forest degradation. It incorporates the existing $30 million
Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership and the $10 million bilateral package of
support for Indonesia on forests and climate. The Partnership will operate in three key
areas: strategic policy dialogue on climate change; increasing Indonesia's carbon
accounting capacity; and identifying and implementing incentive-based demonstration
activities. Indonesia and Australia have also agreed to develop a Roadmap for Access to
International Carbon Markets, to assist Indonesia to participate in international carbon
markets (from http://www.climatechange.gov.au/international/publications/fs-ifci.html)
• Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership. Australia has committed $30 million to
establish the Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership. This Partnership will be
developed as the first, large-scale demonstration activity of its kind in the world. It will aim
to trial an innovative, market-oriented approach to financing and implementing measures
to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in Central Kalimantan,
Indonesia (from http://www.climatechange.gov.au/international/publications/fs-ifci.html).
14

• Australia/CIFOR. Research partnership on reducing emissions from deforestation. A
research partnership of up to $3 million to help meet the need for further research on
policy and technical issues associated with reducing emissions from deforestation (from
http://www.climatechange.gov.au/international/publications/fs-ifci.html).
• FFI and Macquarie Group. Fauna and Flora International and Australia’s Macquarie
Group have signed a deal to invest in six Redd projects globally, three of them in
Indonesia. Two are in West Kalimantan, on Borneo island, for which memorandums of
understanding (MOUs) have been signed with the local government and the third is in
Papua province on New Guinea island. The other three projects are in Cambodia, Liberia
and Ecuador.
• See also Indonesian Forest and Climate Change Program (IFCCP).
• The Biocarbon-Network is active in Malaysia but they state “forest rich and stable forest
cover countries like Malaysia can’t reduce deforestation rates much further due to heavy
investments in forest conservation over the decades.”
• Conservation of Biodiversity Project (CBIOD): Conservation of Biological Diversity through
Improved Forest Planning Tools Project in Malaysia.
Completed projects:
• SFMP (GTZ), already finished (five years ago)
• There was a project about biomass of Eucalyptus deghipta and primary forest which was
Dadis PhD-Thesis in Göttingen. Funded by the GTZ but finished long time ago
• A GTZ project in South Sumatra called South Sumatra Forest Fire Management Project
SSFFMP has been closed and get new injection from BMZ for REDD project in same
location. (30,000 to 40,000 ha)
• “Sabah/Sarawak Highlands Study”. Economic Planning Unit of the Prime Minister’s
Department (project ended about two years ago; report available)
• GTZ and the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry ICRAF. Nunukan: CARE-
Project from Canada: Assessment of carbon stocks in crops at Nunukan near Malinau
(already finished). It was ongoing still under Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
instead of REDD
• Projects by Winrock
o GER Indonesia I. Increasing forest conservation values through climate change
actions in Malinau, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Duration: 2007-2008. Funding:
Global Eco Rescue Limited (GER). Budget: $337,670. Division: Forestry & Natural
Resource Management.
o Carbon Storage and Co-Benefit Initiative Project. Expand the quality and availability
of data for a range of carbon-storage projects to assist USAID in reporting the
carbon benefits achieved through its portfolio of forestry projects. Duration: 2003-
2007. Funding: U.S. Agency for International Development. Budget: $906,000.
Division: Ecosystem Services. Countries: Republic of Congo, Mexico, Brazil,
Indonesia.
o Peat Forest Carbon Reduction. Providing data and increased knowledge to aid in
the improvement and focus of conservation efforts in Indonesia. Duration: 2007-
2008. Funding: Shell Canada Energy. Budget: $48,494. Division: Ecosystem
Services.
o Sourcebook for REDD. Developing a user-friendly sourcebook to provide guidance
for carrying out national-level forest carbon inventories and for monitoring and
estimating changes in carbon stocks from deforestation and degradation for use as
a capacity building tool for developing countries. Duration: 2007-2008. Funding: The
Nature Conservancy. Budget: $59,295. Division: Ecosystem Services. Countries:
Global.
15

Other REDD programs
• World Bank Forest Scheme. The bank’s forest carbon partnership facility aims to gather
$300 million in contributions from rich nations to help at least a dozen developing
countries, such as Vietnam, Costa Rica and Madagascar, prepare for Redd schemes. The
programme aims to help nations figure out credible estimates of their national forest
carbon stocks as well as offer technical aid to design individual Redd projects.
• UN-Redd Programme. The UN is running a separate Redd programme to help developing
nations get ready for the scheme. So far, $35 million has been committed.
A FAO-Global Report available in the internet about forest resource assessment and
recalculation of land cover (in Bahasa Indonesia at www.dephut.go.id). According to BMG
the Indonesian Science Institute LIPI in Jakarta could be another address for inquiries about
ongoing projects. Projects conducted by the partners are amongst others from Mr. Sadely
UnMul about Acacia stands in coal mining areas, from Dr. Syahrinudin UnMul about carbon
stock below ground in forest plantations at Sabulu 60 km from Samarinda. He works together
with Dr. Dady Ruhiyat, Soil Forest Laboratory.
8. Available data
This chapter deals with data and information available from the prospective partners of the
project. This includes also departments like the National Coordinating Agency for Surveys
and Mapping Indonesia, Ministry of Forestry Indonesia, Meteorological and Geophysical
Agency Indonesia, The National Institute of Aeronautics and Space Indonesia, or the
Malaysia Meteorological Department. The Indonesian contacts as public utilities are not
permitted to sell data but to exchange them.
8.1. Forest Inventories and vegetation data
For the purpose of the project it is crucial to maintain forest inventory data from local sources
because it might be too expensive and time-consuming to collect them during the working
phase. CIFOR underlined the possibility to receive such data from sources like the Ministry of
forestry Indonesia, diverse timber companies (cooperation with CIFOR), the Project by the
Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (see below), and other sources. The Ministry of Forestry
Indonesia BAPLAN uses for forest inventory a grid of 20 x 20 kilometer with a single plot
(“kluster”) of 100 x 100 m (divided in 16 subplots of 25 x 25 m). In Borneo 465 of these
klusters are found whereas the plots are both temporarily and permanent. The inventories at
BAPLAN contain topography, height and diameter of trees, kind of species, seedlings,
saplings, canopy cover, disturbance of the canopy, and soil. So far they use 23 classes of
land cover and 6-7 types of forest. According to IPCC there shall be six classes at all in the
near future. BAPLAN basically agreed to share their forest inventory data with members of
the project under certain conditions. UnMul can provide data about fast growing species from
plantations taken for three years every September in Bukit Suharto. These data contain tree
high, diameter, saplings, etc. and are still not published. They have photosynthesis
measurements as well. Surin Suksuwan from WWF in Kuala Lumpur recommended to ask
the Sabah Forestry Department in Sandakan (for Sabah) respective in Kuching (for Sarawak)
for forest inventory data. The UnMul Faculty of Forestry has a research forest between
Balikpapan and Samarinda, the Bukit Suharto (ca. 20,000 ha), another one is close to
Samarinda.
8.1.1. Forest types
Several distinct ecosystems are found across Borneo as well as different types of forests.
The partners should agree upon the classification and definition of forest types early to
16

contribute this to the proposal (forest types could be classified according to FAO, WWF,
etc.). Dr. Phua from the SITF recommends a classification in three types (lowland forests,
montane forests and peat swamp forests) or five (subalpine, montane, lowland, peat swamp,
mangroves). However, in my opinion it could be useful to adapt the plantations of fast
growing species and oil palm into the system. Different forest types are reviewed in WWF's
"Borneo: Treasure Island at Risk" report (Rautner et al. 2005): Mangroves, peat swamp
forests, montane forests, heath forests, Dipterocarp forests. However, the map by Langner
and Siegert (2005) in the same publication divides the forest in six units using MODIS
satellite imagery: evergreen lowland forest, forest regrowth, mangrove, montane rainforest,
peat swamp forest, and plantations.
8.2. Time series of carbon stocks and flux
8.2.1. Carbon flux
The Faculty of Forestry UnMul has a CO2-measurement tower in Bukit Suharto research
forest and one for climate measurements. The towers were built by JICA together with the
Mulawarman University Tropical Rainforest Resource Centre = PPHD. The Japanese
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST, which has a new
director, installed the equipment. A 60 m high tower in primary forest and a 30 m high tower
in secondary forest. They worked from 2000 to 2003 until the equipment was stolen. A report
of the measurements exists. It is not possible to buy new equipment due to the lack of
funding. Co-operation for further operating is needed. It is not possible for Dr. Deddy to
estimate the costs of further measurements. The CO2-measurement data from Bukit Suharto
are not published yet. Rita Diana will send the raw-data to the Hamburg group.
LAPAN conducts CO2-measurements in Pontianak/West Kalimantan as part of a study about
CO2 sinks and sources from ground measurements (they use also any available related
satellite data). LAPAN has one tower (Fig. 7, Fig. 8) working since last year but they try to
put more in whole Kalimantan (3-5 towers, 10, 25, and 50 meters high) through
domestic/international collaboration. The tower is also measuring methane but they failed to
get a CH4-Sensor. Data are not yet published and there is no co-operation until now so it is
possible to share these data. One tower is about 100 million Rupiahs for its erection (around
7,000 to 8,000 Euro), not included transport. The CO2 Measurement tower at Pontianak/West
Kalimantan is 12 meters high and the CO2 Sensor is Vaisala (lifetime ~ 5 years, calibration
every 2 years).
The measurement program at the Danum Valley GAW station in Sabah includes amongst
others carbon dioxide (using Loflo Mk2 analyser) (http://www.searrp.org/danum_atmospehere_watch.cfm).
BMG Indonesia has a Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) station in
West Sumatra to monitor Green House Gases (WMO network station). A publication is
available by Hirano et al. (2007) about Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan. In Sarawak Lulie
Melling et al. (2005) made CO2 measurements in the vicinity of Kuching. The abstract reads
as follows. “Soil CO2 flux was measured monthly over a year from tropical peatland of
Sarawak, Malaysia using a closed-chamber technique. The soil CO2 flux ranged from 100 to
533 mg C m−2 h−1 for the forest ecosystem, 63 to 245 mg C m−2 h−1 for the sago and 46 to
335 mg C m−2 h−1 for the oil palm. Based on principal component analysis (PCA), the
environmental variables over all sites could be classified into three components, namely,
climate, soil moisture and soil bulk density, which accounted for 86% of the seasonal
variability. A regression tree approach showed that CO2 flux in each ecosystem was related
to different underlying environmental factors. They were relative humidity for forest, soil
temperature at 5 cm for sago and water-filled pore space for oil palm. On an annual basis,
the soil CO2 flux was highest in the forest ecosystem with an estimated production of 2.1 kg
C m−2 yr−1 followed by oil palm at 1.5 kg C m−2 yr−1 and sago at 1.1 kg C m−2 yr−1. The
different dominant controlling factors in CO2 flux among the studied ecosystems suggested
that land use affected the exchange of CO2 between tropical peatland and the atmosphere.”
Another tower is planned in the surroundings of Sibu/Sarawak.
17

Fig. 7: CO2-tower in Pontianak/West Kalimantan (12 m high)
Konsentrasi CO2 ppm
600,0
500,0
400,0
300,0
200,0
100,0
Grafik Perbandingan Konsentrasi CO2
antara Bandung dengan Pontianak
tanggal 25-28 Nopember 2008
0,0
14 18 22 2 6 10 14 18 22 15 20 24 4 8 12 16 20 24
18
Waktu
Pontianak Bandung
Fig. 8: Data sampling of CO2-measurement at Pontianak/West Kalimantan (compared to
Bandung/West Java)
8.2.2. Carbon stock
The researchers at CIFOR and from the SITF have a reputation in this field of research and
thus collected some data in this issue. Results of this chapter are partly mentioned in the
chapter about remote sensing data (chapter 8.5). There are general information about
carbon to be found in the literature. E.g. Sorensen (1993) estimated the total amount of
carbon sequestered in peat in Indonesia at 15.93–19.29 Gt (1 Gt = 1015 g) assuming that C
content is constant at 53.44% and bulk density of 114 kg m−3. Peat deeper than 6 m was not
considered, this accounts for 3–4% C mass of peatland C pools (329–525 Gt) of the world
(Shimada et al. 2001).
8.3. Meteorological observations
The Meteorological and Geophysical Agency – Research and Development Center in
Indonesia BMG has 178 climate stations in the whole country which are situated mostly at
airports. 20 of them are to be found in Kalimantan, mostly at coastal areas (Fig. 9, Tab. 2).
The oldest ones are working since about 20 years. The synoptic data (meteorological) are
e.g. temperature, air humidity, rainfall, visibility, sunshine (full parameter set, every single
hour since 1971). Climate stations measure climate data are e.g. rainfall, temperature, wind
(direction and speed), pressure (basic parameter set, every 3 hours). Furthermore “rain
gauges” measure daily rainfall on monthly basis (4000 to 5000 stations in Indonesia) since
1980s. These “rain gauges” belong partly to other authorities like the agriculture and forestry.
There are 44 stations in Indonesia regarding to air quality. The BMG uses different

mathematical/statistical approaches like ARIMA, ANFIS, and Wavelet models. They are not
working on carbon flux, gas exchange or remote sensing but BMG has a Global Atmospheric
Watch (GAW) station in West Sumatra to monitor Green House Gases (WMO network
station).
Fig. 9: Meteorological observation network in Kalimantan (source: Meteorological and
Geophysical Agency)
Tab. 2: Meteorological observation network in Kalimantan (source: Meteorological and
Geophysical Agency)
19

The Malaysian Meteorological Department operates ten meteorological stations in Sabah
and Sarawak. They provide measurements of temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind,
pressure, evaporation, sunshine and solar radiation in monthly/daily/hourly recordings. Most
of the stations have data record of more than 30 years and some are much longer (see
below). Other rainfall data are collected by third parties but may be available as well.
Meteorological satellite images are available from MODIS and NOAA/FY1D (China). All
meteorological data supplied are subject to a fee. Additional information about climate are
available at the World Meteorological Organization WMO homepage at www.wmo.int (Fig.
11). The Asian Meteorological Specialized Center in Singapore provides a summary of
available data.
Fig. 10: Weather stations of the MMD in Sabah and Sarawak showing the rainfall amount (mm)
in December 2008. The record period of all stations is from 1951-2008, except Sri Aman which
starts in 1983, Sibu in 1962, and Kudat in 1982 (source: Malaysian Meteorological Department)
Fig. 11: SE Asia weather data overview (source: Meteorological and Geophysical Agency)
20

8.4. Soil data
Accordant to BAKOSURTANAL a digital soil map of Indonesia will be available at the
Ministry of Agriculture Republic of Indonesia (http://www.deptan.go.id/index1.php). However,
the forest inventories of BAPLAN also contain some soil data. For Malaysia possible sources
are the NASA (http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/GCMD_BANd0091_113.html) or the
International Plant Nutrition Institute IPNI which provides a soil classification for Malaysia
under the USDA system as to be seen in the annex (http://www.ipni.net). Also the Malaysian
Society of Soil Science MSSS (http://www.e-msss.com) could provide assistance in finding
addition data.
Surin Suksuwan WWF considers that maps from Malaysia are easy accessible for Sabah but
difficult for Sarawak. For a digital soil map possibly the Department of Agriculture, Malaysia
is responsible which provides soil management and conservation services (www.doa.gov.my).
Some general information are available in Potts et al. 2003.
Experts on Soil within the project partners are Normah Awang Besar at SITF and the Soil
Forest Laboratory at UnMul as well as Syahrinudin from the Soil Sciences and Forest
Nutrition Department, Forestry Faculty – UnMul. TNC recommended to contact a student
from Utrecht who is working on soil (Harmens Smith).
Two measuring towers (60 m and 30 m height) and soil microclimate (soil water, soil
temperature) but program stopped, measurement data are available 2001 to 2005.
Established research cooperation with Waseda University on carbon flux has successfully
measured in various secondary vegetation (Alang alang grassland, peper aduncum,
macaranga association and other fast growing plantation in 2003) (Minutes of 4th of
November).
8.5. Remotely and proximal sensed satellite data
The remote sensed data for the most part belong to the sections mentioned above but are
listed here for synopsis.
8.5.1. Satellite images
BAKOSURTANANL recommends for future works to use SRTM-Data with resolution of 30
meters from NASA/ USGDS and LDR (Germany) (maybe they are free because of research
purpose). A lot of data exist already at BAKOSURTANAL which are scattered over entire
Indonesia. They have spatial data for whole Indonesia while hyperspectral data shall be
acquired in the coming years. Mulyanto prefers the land-system-approach for climate change
study which classifies areas by same geomorphological properties as soil or climate (for
example: one land-system-unit could be covered by primary forest as well as by plantations).
A land-system-map of Kalimantan is just finished. Biomass is mapped only for small areas so
far by BAKOSURTANAL. To Mulyantos knowledge it is possible to “look” into the peat up to
three meters depth which opens a way to estimate biomass through volume. Maybe it is
feasible to estimate the belowground biomass by other technique. Tab. 3 shows the digital
maps available at BAKOSURTANAL. More data are accessible at http://www.bakosurtanal-
.go.id go to layanan public (public service) and indeks produk.
BAPLAN uses Landsat images (7 ETM+) of 2000, 2003, 2006 (and 2009) by a visual
classification. Some maps are available at the homepage at “Peta Tematik Kehutan” (in
Indonesian). An exchange of information is possible through a co-operation with the Ministry/
Department (in order to avoid overlap activities concerning with climate change issue). The
partners have to talk to Mr. Hermawan Indrabudi, Director of Forest Inventory & Mapping
Center. The data of LAPAN origin from NOAA, LandSat, SPOT-2 and SPOT-4, Terra/Aqua
MODIS, ALOS (mostly). It is possible to share these data with the Hamburg group or SITF.
For that purpose Dr. Orbita Roswintiarti provided a list of available images (Tab. 1). In
general LAPAN is interested in a co-operation especially with University of Hamburg and
SITF/MGFEP.
21

Tab. 3: List of available data for Kalimantan at BAKOSURTANAL
No Type of map in digital scale note
1 Topographic map 1:50.000 and
1:250.000 or smaller
22
For free
2 Landsystem map 1:250.000 For free but need time to collect
3 Land cover map 1:250.000 Multi year 1997, 2001, 2003,
2006
4 Land suitability map 1:250.000 Derived from landsystem map
take time to collect
5 Global Climate map 1:500.000 Part of land system map is free
need time to collect
6 Forest and land status
map
1:250.000 Old map (2000)
7 Watershed map 1:250.000 Delineated from topomap
1:250.000
8 Drainage pattern 1:250.000 Need interpretation from
topographic map
9 DEM from SRTM 90” Resolution 90 m
Tab. 4: Remote sensing data available at Lapan:
NOAA: from 1980s to now (have to check the quality of old data)
Terra/Aqua: from 2007 to now (good data from 2008 to now)
Landsat: from 1990s to now (since the 2002 the quality of Landsat data are not good/SLCoff)
SPOT-2 and SPOT-4: from 2002 to now
ALOS: LAPAN is the national distributor of ALOS, so many data are available though not
yet for all Indonesia areas
Some IKONOS and Quickbird data: resulted from previous research collaborations
8.5.2. Digital elevation model (DEM)
BAKOSURTANAL created already a Digital Elevation Model for Kalimantan which the
Hamburg group may use for the modeling. Michael Bock from the Hamburg University has
received the DEM and will check the quality and value. Malaysian authorities are assumed to
have an own one for Sabah and Sarawak.
8.6. Test sites
8.6.1. Terrestrial observation network of test sites
Important Test Sites in Kalimantan are the Bukit Suharto which belongs to the University
Mulawarman (see above). In addition, CIFOR has also maintain a long term research site in
Malinau Research Forest, East Kalimantan since 1998, for example, monitoring permanent
sample plots (PSPs) for tree growth and yield and other forest dynamic issues. In the Danum
Valley in Sabah an automatic weather station is located on a 5 meter rooftop platform and a
100 m tower. Test sites in Sarawak are known from Potts et al. (2003). They analyzed 105
Plots including vegetation and soils.

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10. Annexes
10.1. Abbreviations and acronyms
BEAF Beratungsgruppe Entwicklungsorientierte Agrarforschung
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural
CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research
GIS Geographic Information System
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
LUCF Land-Use Change and Forestry
MGFEP Malaysian-German Forestry Education Project
REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation
SFM Sustainable Forest Management
SITF School of International Tropical Forestry
UnMul University Mulawarman Samarinda (Kalimantan/Indonesia)
UMS University Malaysia Sabah
10.2. Minutes of the Meetings
10.2.1. CIFOR
Minutes of the Meeting with members of the Center for International Forestry Research
CIFOR - Meetings and Discussion about a joint research proposal
Stibniati Atmadja, Elizabeth Linda Yuliani, Dr. Daniel Murdiyarso, Dr. Gen Takao, Dr. Herry
Purnomo, Hari Priyadi, Dr. Markku Kanninen, Jan Wehberg
Bogor/Indonesia, 8 th to 9 th of January 2009
• The main focus of CIFOR is on REDD-implementation (the “second D” in special) and on
carbon stocks (direct to the benefit of local people)
• Possible contribution of the CIFORs members could be as follows
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o Stibniati Atmadja: Distribution of compensation
o Elizabeth Linda Yuliani: Simple tools for local stakeholders to estimate carbon
stocks
o Dr. Herry Purnomo: make people ready for REDD
o Dr. Daniel Murdiyarso: Assessing C-stock in forest landscape
o Dr. Gen Takao (leaves CIFOR next year): RS for local stakeholders
o Hari Priyadi: Reduced impact logging, models for specific allometric relationship, Cstock
o Dr. Markku Kanninen: Proposal writing, organization
• CIFOR could compile a “manual” for local stakeholders to estimate carbon stock
according to the one they made for biodiversity called “Exploring biological diversity,
environment and local people’s perspectives in forest landscapes” (Markku).
o The ideas of Gen tend to the same direction (RS for local stakeholders)
• Working title for CIFOR could be “The role of sustainable forest management and carbon
stock as income generation for local communities and civil societies in the REDD-context”
• Climate Change is not one of the main CGIAR-issues or priorities. Our project has to be
positioned within Priority Area 4a of the GTZ/BMZ-Guidelines: “Integrated land, water and
forest management at landscape level”
• There is no need for forest inventory done by us because there are other sources
(Markku):
o Ministry of forestry
o Timber companies (cooperation with CIFOR)
o KfW-Project (see below)
o Other sources
• The research topics should be established on a cross-national level (Indonesian and
Malaysian part of Borneo) or at least be supervised by one person to guarantee a wellbalanced
processing of the tasks.
o Nevertheless the Universities of Sabah and Samarinda may work on a more
regional scale (data collection primarily on national level?)
• To Markkus knowledge there is currently no other working group of CIFOR looking for the
BEAF-grant (but there is one ongoing project with the University Göttingen)
• Probably Malaysia put not as much interest on the issue of REDD as Indonesia do (to the
knowledge of Stibniati and Jan)
• Climate modeling seems to be an outlier in the master plan therefore we have to clarify
how to link this topic to the structure of the project (Markku)
• CIFOR is involved in already existing projects of related types with German partners:
o Institut für Weltforstwirtschaft, Prof. Dr. Michael Köhl, Dr. Joachim Krug, Hamburg
(more an idea than a project)
o BEAF-Project with the University of Göttingen (Indonesia, Vietnam). The conception
of that project leads to a lack of effective co-operation what should be avoided in our
project. An ongoing project is no reason for a refusal.
• Some projects of Borneo:
o AusAID (Markku) REDD demonstration project on a large scale supported by
CIFOR
o FFI (Flora-Fauna-International, Frank Momberg)
o Heart of Borneo (WWF)
o Forest Partnership (WWF and Tropenbus)
o The Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau is planning a pilot project for the implementation
of REDD in Kalimantan. The KfW-project seems to be a potential partner as a client
33

using our findings which could give us a further advantage. But it will not start until
our project begins in August or September 2009 (Daniel)
o SFMP (GTZ), already finished (five years ago)
• Dr. Phua could be the expert for the remote sensing tasks (Gen)
• Each partner in the project potentially should have a main focus on its own. CIFOR could
be the “REDD/Carbon Stock-Group”, Hamburg the “Modelling-Group”, SITF the “Remote
Sensing-Group”, Mulawarman ? (even though each partner deals with more or less every
single task)
• Questions: What forest types could be used? What about peatlands?
• Funding: CIFOR and Hamburg University will get more than the local partners (Markku)
• A comprehensive survey of relevant literature could be one of the first tasks in the project
• Operation schedule:
o January 31st – Delivery of the consultant report by Jan
We should agree of what we do on early stage (Markku)
o Early February – Submission of the project basic concept to the Director General of
CIFOR by Markku.
Circulation of budget table form
o February 28th – Beginning of proposal writing by Markku. He needs a nearby final
version of the research plans of the partners including budget (everybody knows
and agrees of what is to do)
o March 31st – Deadline for BEAF proposal
o August/September – Start of the project phase at the earliest (Michael Fischer)
10.2.2. BAKOSURTANAL
Minutes of the Meeting with Mulyanto Darmawan at Bakosurtanal
National Coordinating Agency for Surveys and Mapping
Cibinong, 12 th January 2009, 09:00 to 12:00
(Partly joined by Dr. Ade Komara Mulyana)
• Concerning image processing or remote sensing analysis for climate change modeling in
Borneo, Bakosurtanal is in the position to support analysis (sub analysis), the Hamburg
group is expected to be the main focal point for analysis (“I think Dr. Phua had been
involved in many remote sensing project such as with Montreal University on Borneo
Mapping project and UK OP-3 project. That will him access many satellite data. So it
might he don’t need such data. As for other GIS Data, as long as he need for Kalimantan
project sure He sure may able to use.”)
• A Digital Elevation Model already exists for Kalimantan which the Hamburg group may
use for the modeling. Malaysian authorities are assumed to have an own one for Sabah
and Sarawak. Mulyanto gave a CD with DEM-data to Jan
• The CD includes also three PowerPoint-Presentations as examples for Mulyantos work
and a map of East Kalimantan
• For future works it is recommended to use SRTM-Data with resolution of 30 meters from
NASA/ USGDS and LDR (Germany) (maybe they are free because of research purpose)
• If the project requires data for soil the Hamburg group/project team is supposed to buy a
digital soil map which is available at Ministry of Agriculture in Indonesia (Malaysia: Soil
Agency?). [it is not clear if the Ministry may sell products]
34

• Mulyanto prefers the land-system-approach for climate change study which classifies
areas by same geomorphological properties as soil or climate (for example: one landsystem-unit
could be covered by primary forest as well as by plantations). A land-systemmap
of Kalimantan is just finished
• Mulyanto suggests that our joint project could be an “umbrella” under which other
subprojects could be summarized. For example there is also the possibility to look for
grants at the Asia-Pacific Network (APN) or within internal/own budget. Jan explained the
background of the proposal and the funding by BEAF
• There already exists a partnership of Bakosurtanal within the project “Forest Degradation
and Vegetation Mapping in East Kalimantan” (including Sabah) by Dr. Kitayama and Dr.
Tay (since last year?)
• Bakosurtanal has a strong interest in international cooperation whereas climate change is
of main interest (which is not directly linked to the BEAF-grant). They are open to carbon
stock as well. The agency wishes to be more involved in research
• A lot of data exist already which are scattered over entire Indonesia. Bakosurtanal has
spatial data for whole Indonesia. Hyperspectral data shall be acquired in the coming years
• Bakosurtanal has no climate data and they have not worked on carbon stocks yet
• The niche for our project could be the “entire Borneo-approach” and the social adaptations
which could be part of the development of Borneo. Climate change could be a new
approach as well.
• To Mulyantos knowledge it is possible to “look” into the peat up to three meters depth
which opens a way to estimate biomass through volume. Maybe it is feasible to estimate
the belowground biomass by other technique
• Biomass is mapped only for small areas so far by BAKOSURTANAL
• They have not worked with carbon flux yet but Deddy Hadriyanto at University
Mulawarman Samarinda might has
• The project “Land cover change in South Kalimantan” by Bakosurtanal starts now (three
years by 25,000 $/year). It is expected to be extended
• Many thanks to Mulyanto Darmawan for the review of the minutes
10.2.3. Ministry of Forestry Indonesia
Minutes of the Meeting with Lely Rulia and Saipul Rahman at BAPLAN
Ministry of Forestry Indonesia
Jakarta, 12 th January 2009, 13:45 to 15:30 PM
Lely Rulia is a remote sensing and GIS specialist, Saipul Rahman an expert for carbon
stocks
• There a two ongoing tasks on a large scale in the Department at national level (and
around 50 smaller activities) about how to calculate carbon and land cover change (for
three years)
o FRIS: Forest Resource Information System (since 2005/2006)
o NCAS: National Carbon Accounting System (since 2008)
• For forest inventory BAPLAN uses a grid of 20 x 20 kilometer with a single plot (“kluster”)
of 100 x 100 m (divided in 16 subplots of 25 x 25 m).
o There a 2,735 plots in Indonesia (except Java) whereas 465 are on Borneo
o The plots are both temporarily and permanent
o The inventories at BAPLAN contain topography, height and diameter of trees, kind
of species, seedlings, saplings, canopy cover, disturbance of the canopy, soil
35

• BAPLAN uses Landsat images (7 ETM+) of 2000, 2003, 2006 (and 2009) and a visual
classification which takes a lot of time
• There is a FAO-Global Report available in the internet about forest resource assessment
and recalculation of land cover (in Bahasa Indonesia at www.dephut.go.id)
• There are maps available at the homepage at “Peta Tematik Kehutan” (in Indonesian)
• An exchange of information is possible through a cooperation with the Ministry/
Department (in order to avoid overlap activities concerning with climate change issue). We
have to talk to Mr. Hermawan Indrabudi, Director of Forest Inventory & Mapping Center
• They have a co-operation with the International Center for Research on Agroforestry
(ICRAF, which is comparable to CGIAR) about contribution of compensation for local
stakeholders. The cooperation also supports the establishment of the national carbon
accounting system. Five areas have been set as pilots i.e. Jambi, South Kalimantan,
Gorontalioo, Papua and Pasuruan
• There is also co-operation with the Malaysian Ministry of Forestry about illegal logging in
the borderline area (to make sure please check at the Directorate General of Forest
Protection and Nature Conservation - Ministry of Forestry)
• There is also a co-operation with JICA of Japan (Japan International Cooperation Agency,
comparable to GTZ-Germany) on remote sensing. They will use the ALOS PALSAR-
Satellite System
• The “Heart of Borneo”-Project by the WWF has a co-operation with the Ministry but not
with BAPLAN but with the Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature
Conservation
• They have no Eddy-Flux-Towers and hardly any experience with gas exchange
• They don’t have the system to estimate carbon stock yet but they are working on it. The
establishment of the System has being supported by international institutions such as
World Bank and Word Resource Institute, research institutions such as ICRAFT, bilateral
co-operation (AusAID, US Forest Service). The NCAS estimations will be very accurate
• Our project could possibly contribute to the NCAS-Project
• They use 23 classes of land cover and 6-7 types of forest. According to IPCC there shall
be six classes at all
• Many thanks to Lely Rulia and Saipul Rahman for the review of the minutes
10.2.4. BMG
Minutes of the Meeting with Dr. Dodo Gunawan and Guswanto Abdul Gani at BMG
Meteorological and Geophysical Agency – Research and Development Center
Jakarta 13 th January 2009, 10:00 to 11:30 AM
(Joined by other BMG members)
• The BMG supports the operational work for various institutes but is on research by itself
since 2004. The BMG uses different mathematical/statistical approaches like ARIMA,
ANFIS, Wavelet models
• They are not working on carbon flux, gas exchange or remote sensing. BMG has a Global
Atmospheric Watch (GAW) station in West Sumatra to monitor Green House Gases
(WMO network station)
• The BMG is interested in a co-operation within the project and the Hamburg University.
The Hamburg group has to send a letter including a work plan to the Director General (Dr.
Sri Woro B. Harijono, email : sriworo@bmg.go.id). As return service the capacity building
36

is accepted (depends on DG) or the access to own measurements done by Hamburg
University. A memorandum of understanding is possibly needed
• The BMG could take part in climate modeling
• They have a co-operation with the Universities of Göttingen and Kassel in a project called
STORMA (Stability of Rainforest Margin) and another one with France and Australia (on
operational of weather forecast) and Canada on Forest Fire monitoring
• The BMG is working on the International Forest Fire Monitoring (IFFM) which runs from
2000 to 2006 (KBDI-approach, only project). Anja Hoffmann a urban planning expert from
Germany was involved (now in Banda Aceh)
• The BMG has a co-operation with the ASEAN member countries within the subcommittee
for Meteorology and Geophysic (SCMG) of the ASEAN
• There are four Departments Meteorology, Climatology, Geophysics and Communication &
Instrumentation
• They have 178 climate stations in Indonesia (mostly at airports) whereas 20 are at Borneo
(mostly at coastal areas). The oldest ones are working since about 20 years.
o Climate data are e.g. rainfall, temperature, wind (direction and speed), pressure
(basic parameter set, every 3 hours)
o Synoptic data (meteorological) are e.g. temperature, air humidity, rainfall, visibility,
sunshine (full parameter set, every single hour since 1971)
o Rainfall (4000 to 5000 stations in Indonesia) since 1980s. These “rain gauges”
belong partly to other authorities like the agriculture and forestry
o There are 44 stations in Indonesia regarding to air quality
• The Indonesian Science Institute LIPI in Jakarta could be another address for inquiries
about ongoing projects. The Asian Meteorological Specialized Center in Singapore
provides a summary of available data. See also www.wmo.ch
• Jan received a file containing a list of weather stations, a map of Borneo with
climate/weather-stations, and a presentation of BMG (Guswanto)
• BMG is waiting for the work plan (the proposal should indicate in which area they are
responsible)
• Many thanks to Dr. Dodo Gunawan for the review of the minutes
10.2.5. LAPAN
Minutes of the Meeting with Dr. Erna Sri Adiningsih, Dr. Orbita Roswintiarti, Dr.
Thomas Djamaluddin, Alex Sudibyo, Ph.D., Mardianis and Akhmad Subekhi at LAPAN
The National Institute of Aeronautics and Space
Jakarta, 13 th January 2009, 14:00 to 16:30 PM
• Tasks of LAPAN amongst others atmospheric science (atmospheric modeling, air
pollution, acid rain, GHG, and ozone monitoring, local and global climate change studies),
applications of remote sensing, recommendations for national policy makers related to
aerospace activities/programs, monitoring weather, forest fire monitoring, etc.
• Used data origin from NOAA, LandSat, SPOT-2 and SPOT-4, Terra/Aqua MODIS, ALOS
(mostly). It is possible to share these data with the Hamburg group or SITF
o Orbita will send a list of available images
• LAPAN is interested in a co-operation especially with University of Hamburg and
SITF/MGFEP. LAPAN asks if it is possible to integrate one or two researchers in the new
project, as well as possibility to get master or doctor degree from collaboration studies
37

• Projects of LAPAN:
o Co-operation with Ministry of Research and Technology, LAPAN, Indonesian
Institute of Science LIPI, University Palangkaraya, and Hokkaido University: Wildfire
and Carbon Management in Peat Forest in Indonesia. Proposal submitted, from
June 2009 up to three years. Research area is Palangkaraya and its surrounding
(ex Mega Rice field Project) in Central Kalimantan (Orbita)
o LAPAN and RSS Germany-consulting group: TerraSar-X data, Focus in fisheries,
mangroves, proposal to ESA (not confirmed yet)
o HARIMAU-project together with Japan: monsoon rainfall, inter-seasonal variation,
automonitoring
o Merang REDD Pilot Project (MRPP): South Sumatra peat area, starting in late 2008,
satellite and ground data for Carbon Stock and Carbon Emission. Follows the South
Sumatra Forest Fire Management Project (SSFFMP) funded by the EU (and
possibly GTZ) from 2003 to 2008
• LAPAN co-operates with CIFOR already, currently in modeling the impacts of climate
change on forest fire risks in Indonesia.
• LAPAN has until now not much to do with carbon stocks. No belowground biomass
measurements but peat distribution. Aboveground biomass estimations are planned (not
yet decided where the research sites should be)
• CO2-measurements take place in Pontianak - West Kalimantan as part of study CO2 sinks
and sources from ground measurements (they use also any available related satellite
data). LAPAN has one tower working since last year. They try to put more in whole
Kalimantan (3-5 towers, 10, 25, and 50 meters high) through domestic/international
collaboration. The tower is also measuring methane but they failed to get CH4-Sensor.
Data are not yet published and there is no co-operation until now. It is possible to share
these data. One tower is about 100 million Rupiahs for its erection (around 7,000 to 8,000
Euro), not included transport cost. Below is the picture of the tower (12 meter high) and
data sampling of CO2 measurement at Pontianak/West Kalimantan (compared to that at
Bandung/West Java)
• The Ministry of Environment Indonesia (or Sarawak) could be a partner for our project
• Niche: There is not much be done about carbon stocks and flux in Indonesia at all.
Implementation of REDD is an important issue as well
• Many thanks to Dr. Erna Sri Adiningsih, Dr. Orbita Roswintiarti and Dr. Thomas
Djamaluddin for the review of the minutes
10.2.6. University Mulawarman Samarinda
Minutes of the Meeting with Members of Mulawarman University
Faculty of Forestry, University Mulawarman Samarinda
Samarinda, 15 th January 2009, 10:00 to 13:00
Attended by the Dean of the Faculty Professor Afif, Dr. Deddy Hadriyanto, Dr. Rudianto
Amirta, Sadely Ilyas M.Agr., Dr. Sumaryono, Karyati MP, Rita Diana MSc, Ali Suhardiman S
Hut, Bernaulus Saragih M Sc., Jan Wehberg
• The meeting was partly held in Indonesian language and translated in short summaries
into English
• Research focus:
o Deddy Hadriyanto: Carbon flux
o Dr. Rudianto Amirta: Biomass conversion
o Sadely Ilyas: Acacia stands in mining areas. Will work with Karyati
38

o Karyati (will leave UnMul for Australia): Biomass on fast growing species, Teakplantations
in East Kalimantan. She will work with Sadely
o Rita Diana: Accumulation of carbon, carbon flux
o Ali Suhardiman S Hut: Remote sensing
o Bernaulus Saragih: Economics of REDD
• The Faculty has a research forest between Balikpapan and Samarinda, the Bukit Suharto
(ca. 20,000 ha), another one is close to Samarinda.
• The Faculty has a CO2-measurement tower in Bukit Suharto (tower built by JICA together
with the Mulawarman University Tropical Rainforest Resource Centre = PPHD). AIST,
which has a new director, installed the equipment. A 60 m high tower in primary forest and
a 30 m high tower in secondary forest. They worked from 2000 to 2003 until the
equipment was stolen. A report of the measurements exists. It is not possible to buy new
equipment due to the lack of funding. Co-operation is needed. It is not possible for Dr.
Deddy to estimate the costs of further measurements
• The Faculty has already presented results of carbon stock assessments
• A climate change co-operation with Hamburg seems to be possible (the Faculty needs
more (international) co-operation to develop capacities)
• Dr. Deddy: is it possible to look for other funds like from WWF or “Department of Primary
Industry” from Australia (ongoing project, but not AusAid)?
• Questions by Mulawarman members:
o Is it possible to renew the Indonesian-German Forestry Education Project?
o How long is the duration of the project?
o Will there be money for material and equipment?
o Will it be possible to estimate the emission of CO2 in Indonesia? [The duration of
the project will be three years and the fund is 1.2 million Euros, so the budget could
be up to 100,000 Euro for each partner/year. CIFOR as a main contractor will
possibly get more money. CIFOR and BEAF guidelines are determining in that
issue]
o Will it be possible to support an already planned conference with the BEAF-fund?
Policy makers don’t know much about REDD. Promotion of knowledge is needed
(Mr. Saragih)
o Is it possible to look for the BEAF grant by the UnMul itself? No, it is not possible for
the Faculty to look for the grant because only CIFOR is in the position to apply
o How to avoid from mistakes made by the CDM?
• Ongoing projects:
o Are funded by the GTZ in East Kalimantan and the SGCP (Strengthen in
Governmental Capacity Program)
o Mr. Sadely from the Department is working on Acacia stands in coal mining areas
(Nickel and Gold at Borneo as well)
o Japan: Site factors influencing the growth rates of Acacia
• It will be possible for the Faculty to cover the entire Borneo within the project
• The best thing to avoid from emissions is preventing from Oil Palm (Mr. Saragih)
• Economics of REDD (to community level) could be part of the Faculties input to the
project (national/local guidance). How to share the benefit?
• Niche: How does site factors influence growth rates of fast growing species?
• Rita compiles the results of former projects by the Faculty. The Faculty will prepare a list
of the research topics. The Faculty needs the format for the proposal to go into the details
• Dr. Deddy talked to Mr. Priyadi of CIFOR straight after the meeting
39

Minutes of the Meeting with Members of the REDD task force
Attended by the Dr. Deddy Hadriyanto, Dr. Rudianto Amirta, Tunggul Butarbutar (GTZ), Jan
Wehberg
Faculty of Forestry, University Mulawarman Samarinda
Samarinda, 15 th January 2009, 14:00 to 14:30
• There will be a new program about climate change “Forest and Climate Change” for 12
years together with DEPHUT (no reinvention). CIFOR will be involved?
• REDD will be implemented in Malinau (pilot project). At least three districts are needed for
the REDD research
• See also Indonesian Forest and Climate Change Program (IFCCP)
• CIFOR has already discussed with the KfW
• The former GTZ leader was Georg Buchholz, the current one is Rolf Krezdon
• Tunggul: There a two approaches:
o Technical Cooperation (GTZ):
1. Forest and climate (Ministry of Forestry) and 2. Climate change mitigation
(Ministry of Environment)
o Financial Cooperation (KfW)
Minutes of the Meeting with Rita
Samarinda, 16 th January 2009, 10:30 to 11:00
• Currently no own research because of the lack of funding
• She handed out two publications about her research topic to Jan
• She also prepared two research proposals
o CO2 uptake and carbon balance in the tropical rain forest (secondary forest and
forest plantation).
o Carbon stocks in Secondary forest and Plantation forest
• Information about ongoing projects:
o One from Hari Priyadi in Malinau Research Forest
o CARE-Project from Canada: Assessment of carbon stocks in crops at Nunukan near
Malinau (already finished). It was ongoing still under Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) instead of REDD
o Dr. Syahrinudin (Mulawarman): Carbon Stocks below ground in forest plantations.
Sabulu 60 km from Samarinda. He works together with Dr. Dady Ruhiyat, Soil
Forest Laboratory
o One project in Sumatra/Riau form the Kyoto University (Marobeni-Company)
• There are CO2-measurement data from Bukit Soeharto which are not published yet. She
will send me the raw-data.
• There are other data about fast growing species (taken for three years every September)
in Bukit Sueharto still not published (tree high, diameter, saplings)
• She likes to collect allometric data (dried leaves, wood, etc for biomass estimation
combined with tree high, diameter, etc.)
• They have photosynthesis measurements as well
• She will work in whole Kalimantan
40

Minutes of the Meeting with Syahrinudin
Samarinda, 16 th January 2009, 11:00 to 11:30
syahri@ymail.com
• He is an expert on below ground biomass and carbon stock and has developed methods
for estimations of these factors in Acacia and Oil Palm plantations
o There may be possibilities to develop such methods for primary and secondary
forests as well
• He gave me his publication “The potential of oil palm forest plantations for carbon
sequestration on degraded land in Indonesia”
• There is an ongoing project of Pusrehut (Tropical Rainforest Research Center PPHT) and
JICA
o Aboveground biomass and carbon stock in Acacia plantations in East Kalimantan
• There was a project about biomass of Eucalyptus deghipta and primary forest which was
Dadis PhD-Thesis in Göttingen. Funded by the GTZ but finished long time ago
Minutes of the Meeting with the REDD-Task Force members
Samarinda, 16 th January 2009, 15:00 to 17:00
• The meeting was partly held in Indonesian language and translated in short summaries
into English
• Other projects (Tunggul)
o Bedrau-District: REDD, TNC-funded
o Winrock International, Sandra Brown (East Kalimantan?)
o PhD-Student from ITC: carbon
o WWF: Heart of Borneo
o Forest Planning Bureau: Forest inventories 2003-2006 (with Department of Forestry)
• East Kalimantan is the leader within the Kalimantan districts regarding to REDD, but there
is still a lot of knowledge, data, etc. missing
• Most of the forest in Kalimantan is state forest
• Tunggal: We need to know the rate of deforestation
• Tunggal: How to share the benefits of REDD? Good governance is important as well as
local and traditional knowledge
• Forest Planning Bureau: Forest inventories?
• Syahrinudin: Oil palm plantations can be positive for the forest.
• “Forest” by law has not necessarily to be real forest and vice versa
• Bernaulus: Where is the position/expertise of Mulawarman University?
• What’s about Non-timber-forest products?
• How to convince CIFOR?
• “The Nature Conservation” (TNC) could be an interesting source of information
41

10.2.7. Alfan Subekti, TNC
Minutes of the Meeting with Alfan Subekti, The Nature Conservancy TNC
Balikpapan, 17 th January 2009, 21:30 to 22:30, Airport Hotel
• Ongoing project by TNC in Kalimantan: Berau-Carbon-Program
o Since 2008, only TNC-funded. District level. The identification period will be finalized
by June or July 2009 starting the strategic period. The next phase (test period/
demonstration activities) will run until 2012/2013. Than investors/buyers will
hopefully be interested. The project includes RIL and SFM and also modeling is
planned (expected under co-operation with the University of Queensland. But there
is no model yet). The REDD task force is also active there. All activities should be
implemented through the task force. The Director of TNC terrestrial program is Dicky
Simorangkir (was in Göttingen and 1993 to 1999 GTZ staff). They try to develop
national demonstration objects. CBD should be part of the project as well
• Other projects regarding REDD/carbon stock
o GTZ and the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry ICRAF: Nunukan
o GTZ and Global Eco-Rescue GER, Balikpapan: Malinau District. GER has already
expended 89,000 Euros for the preparation of a proposal for the Malinau forest
(89,000 ha): Economic level, profit agreement
o Winrock International will start in March: carbon stock identification (Oil palm,
community areas)
o CIDA from Canada together with the Center for social forestry at UnMul (not
specifically REDD)
o Fauna & Flora International FFI: Aceh and West Kalimantan. Funded also by USAid
(not sure information)
o A GTZ project in South Sumatra called South Sumatra Forest Fire Management
Project SSFFMP has been closed and get new injection from BMZ for REDD project
in same location. (30,000 to 40,000 ha)
• Countries involved in the REDD: Australia, USA, Norway (highest fund but no project so
far. Maybe WWF, TNC), Netherlands (Central Kalimantan, Tropenbos and Wetland with
the University of Palangkaraya), Japan, Germany
• Projects in Central Kalimantan: FFI, WWF, Tropenbos, Wetlands (Center for International
Cooperation in Sustainable Management of Tropical Peatland CIMTROP, University of
Palangkaraya)
• Indonesia has currently 15-18 projects implemented by various institutions/organizations
(5- 6 ongoing, others planned) with total investment of 150 to 160 million USD
• Spatial analyses including a comprehensive carbon assessment are already done by
SEKALA from Bali (only via remote sensing) and by ICRAF (via remote sensing and
ground survey, some areas in Berau)
• A TNC-Workshop will take place in Jakarta in February
• Deforestation is still high in Kalimantan because there are no screening tools for the
conversion of forest (TNC tries to achieve that). Kalimantan is beside Papua the only area
still interesting for timber logging. 2.5 million m³ wood is allocated for annual allowable
cutting in East Kalimantan for 2009, which is the highest amount in Indonesia
• 50 to 60 timber companies are active in Indonesia. “Inhutani” is the state corporation (in
Java as “Perhutni”)
• The illegal logging is reduced
• We should talk to Krystoff from CIFOR: High conservation value forest (HCVF) and to
John Barnes Payne (Junaidi) the director of WWF in Kota Kinabalu who has worked on
mammalian in Borneo (forest conditions, diversity, flora/fauna)
42

• TNC has no data about soil or belowground biomass. A student from Utrecht is working
on soil (Harmens Smith, called Hans)
• www.tnc.org (Washington). Balikpapan main office for forest program in Indonesia
• Many thanks to Alfan Subekti for the review of the minutes
10.2.8. World Wide Fund for Nature WWF
Minutes of the Meeting with Surin Suksuwan
Chief Technical Officer (Peninsular Malaysia), WWF-Malaysia
Petaling Jaya/Kuala Lumpur, 19 th January 2009, 12:00 to 12:30
• Contact person for Borneo (Sabah/Sarawak) is Dr. Rahimatsah Amat
(ramat@wwf.org.my)
• Borneo-Projects:
o Heart of Borneo: Network Initiative (SFM, freshwater, biodiversity, strategies for
adaptation (this is only a possibility at the moment but Surin Suksuwan believes no
strategies have been drawn up yet)
o Forest Based Carbon FBC Network Initiative: Input to the Kyoto Protocol, aim for
REDD-pilot projects, still being developed, multi country effort, Ivy Wong
(iwong@wwf.org.my)
• Other projects:
o Another project by JICA: Bornean Biodiversity and Ecosystems Conservation BBEC
(long running, focus on Sabah). Data on the Website?
(http://www.bbec.sabah.gov.my/index.asp)
o “Sabah/Sarawak Highlands Study”. Economic Planning Unit of the Prime Minister’s
Department (project ended about two years ago; report available)
• Data about forest inventories are possibly available at the Sabah Forestry Department in
Sandakan (for Sarawak in Kuching)
• Maps are easy accessible for Sabah but difficult for Sarawak. For a digital(?) soil map
possibly the Department of Agriculture is responsible
• Many thanks to Surin Suksuwan for the review of the minutes
10.2.9. Malaysia Meteorological Department MMD
Minutes of the Meeting with Tan Huvi Vein
Director of the Commercial, Climatology and Hydrology Division
Malaysia Meteorological Department MMD
Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia 19 th of January 2009, 14:15 to 15:15
• There are ten meteorological stations in Sabah and Sarawak Malaysia
o Temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind, pressure, evaporation, sunshine and
solar radiation
o Monthly/daily/hourly recordings
o Most of the stations have data record of more than 30 years and some are much
longer (see below)
o Other rainfall data are collected by third parties
43

• Remote sensing, meteorological satellite images available are from MODIS and
NOAA/FY1D (China)
• MMD currently has no section for carbon stocks and flux
• MMD has co-operations with some local universities
• Research funds are available for local scientists from the Ministry of Science, Technology
and Innovation, Malaysia
• All meteorological data supplied are subject to a fee
• The consultant received a “Monthly Weather Bulletin – December 2008” which amongst
others contains the record periods of the stations
• Many thanks to Tan Huvi Vein for the review of the minutes
10.2.10. SITF
Minutes of the 2. SITF-Meeting
Dr. Normah, Dr. Phua, Dr. Andy, Dr. Michael Fischer
Kota Kinabalu, 21 st January 2009, 08:45 to 10:30
• Presentation of the findings of the trip by Jan
o Two aspects: REDD on the one hand and assessment of carbon stock on the other
• Possible contribution
o Dr. Phua: Remote sensing (possibly as co-ordinator)
o Dr. Normah and Dr. Andy: Carbon stock
o Dr. Hardawati: Implementation of REDD
• Development of tools for an assessment of carbon stocks (field work, GIS, remote
sensing) would be a good selling point
• The land-system-approach by Mulyanto/Bakosurtanal may be useful for the purposes of
the project
o It has to be supplemented by a land cover unit
o Bakosurtanal is a very important partner for the SITF
• The partners should agree upon the classification and definition of forest types early to
contribute this to the proposal
• As regards research topics three members of the UnMul seems to be qualified to the joint
research proposal: Rita, Ali, and Bernaulus. Dr. Deddy should be the co-ordinator.
• CIFOR may be on the top of the partners or at the same level as Hamburg and SITF
• It would not be possible to deal with belowground biomass or soil, because that would
exceed the capacities. In the opinion of Dr. Phua an examination of carbon flux will not be
realistic
• CIFOR has to develop the methods which are to be used under the project phase
• Jan will prepare a rough sketch of SITFs Input to the project which should be discussed
with the SITF-staff tomorrow as well as with the Hamburg University before it will be send
to CIFOR
44

10.3. Statements of the researchers
10.3.1. CIFOR
Atmadja, Stibniati
• Assessing livelihood impacts of REDD demonstration projects on local communities,
particularly looking at changes in local market conditions, incentives/disincentives in
investments, and movements of capital, labor and land use. Since this assessment can be
done at all scales, one of the main tasks is to choose the scale. This analysis can be used
to determine potential leakage pathways of the project, and provide insights on economic
winners vs. losers in the short, medium and possibly long term.
• Note that this is not limited to the economics. There is a lot of environmental and
governance factors that must be taken under consideration, to form a realistic assessment
of how REDD can bring about these economic shifts.
• Design, conduct, and analyze data from market and household surveys.
Purnomo, Herry
• Multi-stakeholder processes on land use planning at different levels
• C-stock assessment (RS use) and how to bring participation of local communities
• Make REDD work at local level (both for the first and second D), including connecting to
potential carbon credit buyers
• Power balancing, payment mechanism and institutional arrangement at different levels
Priyadi, Hari
• Due to lack baseline data on C-stock in Indonesia, we should develop models for specific
allometric relationships in the specific type of forests, and later we can estimate C-stock in
that particular type of forest and/ or landscape.
• If we talk about SFM, it is important to do “Comparison study on Carbon stock between
e.g. reduced-impact logging (RIL) and conventional logging”
• My early finding from the data in Malinau Research Forest shows that RIL could retain
carbon 15 tons/ha (38.8%) higher than using conventional techniques (in prep.)
• Then, we should promote RIL to be really implemented by timber companies in the
country either voluntarily or mandatory not only because of retaining carbon but also
maintaining biodiversity in forests landscape.
• Under REDD regime, should those timber companies that implementing best practices be
giving an ‘incentive’? If it so, what is the mechanism, what kind of incentives?
Murdiyarso, Daniel
• Assessing C-stock in the forest landscape
• Three basic components of a biomass measurement system that are later converted into
carbon stocks could include:
o Models (e.g. allometric equations)
o Field measurements (e.g. tree diameter and height measures)
o Field measurements on water level in peat swamp ecosystems to estimate CO2 and
non-CO2 emissions
o Remote sensing (with various type sensors and resolutions)
45

Yuliani, Linda
• Developing simple tool(s) (e.g. formula) that can be used by local stakeholders (local
communities, local government) to estimate carbon stocks in their forest, and at the same
time acceptable by the carbon buyers. The tools should simple and easy to use, so that
the local stakeholders can estimate and monitor the carbon stocks by themselves, and
enter the carbon market with very minimum roles of brokers.
• In my idea, we can perhaps develop formula/tools to estimate carbon stocks in different
forest ecosystem types in Borneo. So in your proposal, you could probably put that in the
initial stage, we need to conduct a workshop to get an agreed forest ecosystem types we
want to refer, and then develop formula for each type.
• The methods to develop the formula is open for discussion, but need to be field tested.
• Developing legal and institutional mechanisms to ensure that benefits from carbon market
are distributed equally for long term benefits of the local communities (note: I put equally
and long term in bold to emphasize the importance). Long term benefits is important to
avoid short term benefits that could create dependency of local communities to external
assistance (thus, reduce social resilience).
Gen Takao
• Regarding RS, cost-performance comparisons among sensors/methods would be useful.
The cost should include that of field works for models and for evaluation. Documenting the
procedure of designing the monitoring would be as important as publishing the resultant
data/models so as to disseminate the results to the outside of the pilot fields.
10.3.2. SITF
Mui-How Phua
Biomass Borneo/Research topics
1. Multitemporal vegetation change in Sabah & Sarawak
-Supervised classification and/ or spectral change detection approach
-Landsat data, freely distributed since 2008, as the main satellite data. MODIS data
(500m/1km resolution) may be considered if Landsat data over the whole Borneo is not
available.
2. Estimation of vegetation biomass using satellite remote sensing (Sabah).
-Process satellite data and analyze against field survey data (primary & secondary data) on
selected forest ecosystem.
-Collaborate with Hamburg Univ. This provide crude estimate of biomass to be improved by
GIS modeling.
Normah Awang Besar
Carbon sink in soil
Study location: Sabah and Sarawak
Methodology
Soil sampling and analysis
Soil will be sampling randomly at 0-30 cm depth. Several profile will be describe to
representative the soil in the study area.
Mixed soil will be sampled randomly at 0-5cm, 5-10cm and 10-30 cm depth. Three replicate
each depth..Soil samples will air dry and passed through a 2mm sieve to separate the fine
46

oots and coarse roots. Soil sample will be determined for standard soil physical and
chemical characteristics such as pH, Electric conductivity, texture, bulk density, Carbon
content and etc.
Subsamples will analysis for total C using CNS elemental analyzer.
5 Undisturbed soil samples were collected in 100 ml cylindrical steel cylinders at 0-5 cm, 5-
10 cm and 10-30 cm depth for bulk density measurement.
Andy Russel Mojiol
Field : Mangrove and Coastal forest ecology
Title: Terrestrial and coastal vegetation survey
Specific objective
1. To investigate the type of plants and vegetation in those area by analysing the tree stands
and vegetations structures
2. To identify the biodiversity richness of tree species in those potential area
3. To highlight the function of forest based on it ecological aspect: protection, habitat and
conservation
Methodology
Study Site – Will be specified by the project later
The terrestrial data collection comprises into four fields: (1) tree inventory, (2) stand stucture
analysis, and (3) forest functions.
A. Tree inventory/ survey
In this study a sampling plots will be use to investigate the plant community of the forest
stand. The goal of the detailed plot analysis is to conduct an exemplary and more detailed
vegetation structure and natural regeneration among the chosen representative stands.
Within a plot, all trees with diameter at breast height greater than 10 cm and the quantity of
natural regeneration will also be recorded. “Preferred Check-List Trees of Sabah” (Lee,
1998) and “Tree Flora of Malaya” (Whitmore, 1983) will be used.
B. Stand structure analysis
The collected data then will be classify, tabulate and analyse in accordance with the
objectives of the study Microsoft Office Excel 2003 and Statistica 6.0 software. The stand
density expresses to which extent a given area is cover with trees. It is an indicator for the
productivity of a stand and can be used to estimate the potential yield (Sterba, 1981). Basal
area and volume are two parameters that are easy to measure, are commonly used to
describe stand density (Van Laar and Akça, 1997).
C. Forest Function
Remote sensing images will used to give an overview of different characteristics of land
cover for the purpose of the classification and functioning processes. “goal assessment
matrices” were used based on scale and rating of the areas in terms of their priorities e.g.
“very important area, fair but important and, not so important” (Volk and Schirmer, 2004).
This evaluation will be done based on the estimation of: (1) ecological site conditions; (2)
human influence; (3) conservation requirements, and (4) the potential impact of the
landscape elements that possibly affect the surrounding areas. The forest functions then
were mapped using Geographic Information System (GIS) software e.g. ArcView 3.1, Erdas
Imagine 8.6 and Arc-Info.
Hardawati Yahya
Research on carbon storage
Scope proposed:
1. Participatory approaches of local community to carbon forest projects/ carbon storage.
2. Community-based forest restoration towards carbon storage.
47

3. Assessing the potential of community forestry in social aspect on carbon storage.
Expected:
1. Involve local community to understand how to valuing carbon storage and to protect forest.
2. Verifying and assessing local community knowledge, information and activity to monitor
carbon storage.
3. Identify the potential of local community participation on forest restoration as well as in
carbon storage investments.
4. Provide recommendation and plan how to transferring carbon credit to local community
benefits.
5. Enhancing the behavior and interest of local community in restoring forest.
Methodologies:
- Data collection: (1) the interest of local community in forest restoration project (eg.
agroforestry , rehabilitation, plantation project); (2) community perception on forest
restoration, carbon storage and etc. (3) Species selection and plantation system appropriate
or prefered by community (4) perception on how much land or area to help storage the
carbon.
- Assessment of social aspect: social variables (social, cultural, economic, education,
knowledge, and production systems, and etc.)
- Tools: interview, group discussion, and an open-ended set of questions.
10.3.3. UnMul
Sadeli Ilyas and Karyati
Stock of Carbon Sequestration of Acacia mangium and Falcataria moluccana on
Reclamation Forest After Coal Minning PT Multi Sarana Avindo at East Kalimantan
(Laboratory of Forest Climatology, Forestry Faculty, Mulawarman University)
Introduction
Carbon sequestration is one of the mechanism to decrease green house gas effect
particularly CO2 in the atmosphere. The effort is the responsibility of every developed
countries, the largest green house gas contributors. Developing countries, participate in this
mechanism and seek for incentives through trade and non trade agreements. The effort to
decrease green house gas emission is important in global environment. Uncontrolled
increase of gas emission is predicted to increase sea level and narrowing land area and can
cause inundation of archipelago, as well as increase of air temperature and climate change.
Agroforestry is one of the efforts for carbon sequestration that meet the requirements of both
Kyoto and Non-Kyoto protocol.
Acacia mangium and Falcataria moluccana are the fast growing species which planted in the
reclamation area after coal mining at East Kalimantan.
Objective
The purpose of this research is to measure stock of carbon sequestration (above and under
ground) of Acacia mangium and Falcataria moluccana on reclamation forest after coal mining
at East Kalimantan (2, 4, and 6 years old).
Methodology
CO2 stock (above and under ground) is measured by destructive sampling technique to
Acacia mangium and Falcataria moluccana on reclamation forest after coal mining at East
Kalimantan (2, 4, and 6 years old). Biomass of Acacia mangium and Falcataria moluccana is
estimated with allometric equation.
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Bernaulus Saragih
REDD in East Kalimantan, the economic challenge: Potential and opportunity, who will pay
the cost?
Research rational and objective (in Brief)
Bali conference on climate change (COP 13) in December 2007 has issued many
international agreements on combating climate change and one of them is the reduction of
the carbon emission from deforestation and degradation.
Indonesia as a host of the conference wants to implement REDD policy following the
potential of reduction of the emission that could be released as an aim of preventing forest
from destruction and developing the economy of the forest dependent community.
Many seminars and meetings have been made following the high interest of local
government and forest stakeholders in East Kalimantan on the REDD program. But, these
seminars could not determine what is the potential cost and benefit that could be gained and
paid by the forest management. Who will pay the cost of being involved in REDD scheme,
where the benefit is coming from, will the benefit from REDD can compensate the lost of
opportunity to gain benefit from timber?
This research is made as an effort to get the answer of these questions, and based on this
answer further decision can be made whether forest manager, policy makers, and local
government will be interested in the implementation of RED
Research site and duration:
Research area is East Kalimantan, the research will be conducted for 3 years of 2009-2011.
Research will be conducted in some steps,
STEP ONE.
The research will be started with the determination of the potential cost dealing with the
process of being involved in REDD.program. Cost items will be listed consist of what is the
cost and how much? How the cost will be paid? And what is the source of cost?
next step is to determine the potential market and foreign buyers of the emission. What is the
process and how the agreement will be made and what is the benefit
then assessing the value of forest for the local people based on the local economic and
perspectives and valuate them in currency (Rupiah or Dollar). Valuation will be made on
hectare base. For this purpose the pilot research area will be selected on the basis of
community level
Results of step one is
The comparison of current forest economic value of gained by local community with the
potential benefit gained from the REDD program.
Output of step one
The willingness of local community to be part of the REDD program is identified
STEP TWO
Determine the benefit and cost of forest conservation and conversion for palm oil plantation.
Assess the cost of conservation and the benefit that could be gained from REDD. Assess the
cost of conversion and the benefit that could be gained from palm oil plantation. Preparing
two plot experiments one in proposed or conservation or forest protection, and the other one
is in the proposed conversion forest area for palm oil plantation
Result of step two
Return to investment of REDD PROGRAM compare with PALM OIL PLANTATION the
comparison of Nett present value (NPV), Internal rate of return (IRR), and the benefit cost
ratio (BCR) of REDD implementation and Palm oil plantation
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Output of step two
Private sector and local government as well as policy makers have an information about the
financial review of the REDD program and its competitiveness with palm oil program
The willingness of local government and private sectors to be involved in REDD program will
be identified.
Research methods will be further developed
Rita Diana
Research Proposal 1: CO2 uptake and carbon balance in the tropical rain forest (secondary
forest and forest plantation)
Introduction
The knowledge of the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide (CO2) is not sufficient. Recently,
the estimations of CO2 fluxes in the temperate forests have been begun to appear in
publications. While there are few data in the tropical area where absorption of carbon dioxide
by forests seem to large. Especially, there is no long-term data in Kalimantan. This makes
difficult to estimate CO2 balance in the global scale. Our purpose is estimate CO2 balances
in the secondary forest and plantation forest which occupy relatively large areas in the
tropical regions especially in Kalimantan.
Objectives
The purpose of this research is to conduct the CO2 flux measurements at most through the
several years, and estimate the production by photosynthesis of the growing secondary
forest and plantation forest. The correlation method will be used for estimating CO2
absorption and emission. Recent studies have shown CO2 flux is highly sensitive to ambient
environmental parameters, such as, solar radiation, temperature, humidity, and others.
Therefore, we can understand the structure of photosynthesis of community by clarifying the
relations between CO2 flux and ambient parameters. Another purpose is to present a way to
parameterize the carbon balance in order to understand the role of the factors controlling the
carbon budget of the tropical secondary forest and plantation forest ecosystem.
Methodology CO2 concentration is measured by CO2 analyzer CO2 flux is measured by eddy
correlation method which is a combination of CO2 concentration and vertical velocity
fluctuations. CO2 concentration and vertical wind velocity are measures on the platform over
the canopy layer, using 30-m tower located in tropical secondary forest. Decomposition of
CO2 in the soil is measured by the gas chronometer. Growing rate of biomass, and litterfall is
measured by tree enumeration. Photosynthetic analysis is made to clarify the
ecophysiological process in the growing secondary forest. The platform is also used to
monitor the relevant meteorological conditions; wind speed and direction, temperature and
humidity, precipitation, photon flux density and net radiation, water content, soil temperature,
etc.
Concepts
CO2 is most important global warming compounds. CO2 flux observed above canopy is NEP
(Net Ecosystem Production) which is important for estimating of global warming in tropical
area, where very few data are obtained. Net Primary Production NPP, Gross Primary
Production GPP, Respiration R will be estimated by observed NEP, observed soil respiration,
and measured biomass increment. These ecological parameters of community are related
with meteorological conditions, including heat balance, water cycle and CO2 budget.
Research Proposal 2: Proposal of Carbon stocks in Secondary forest and Plantation forest
Background
Tropical rain forest has played an important role on carbon accumulation throughout of
photosynthetic activity of it diverse species and vegetation. There are various vegetation of
tropical rain forest both naturally and artificially type with different level of carbon gain
capability. However, forest deflation has lead decreasing capacity of its carbon dioxide
absorption. Even though, regeneration has been made through manual as well as
50

mechanical means to sustain the carbon accumulation ability, such kind of information is
considerably rare if not none. This is therefore, research on carbon accumulation in tropical
rain forest is ultimately important.
Vegetation types
Vegetation types proposed in this research are:
1. Natural secondary forest consisting of Imperata grassland, Trema and macaranga
association and Mixed secondary forest. Most of this forest could be found in secondary
forest after forest fire and natural revegetation in reclamation area in East Kalimantan.
2. Artificial plantation consisting of Acacia mangium, Gmelina arborea or Eucalyptus spp.
plantation.
3. Palm oil plantation
Ali Suhardiman
Summary of current research or project that have been done using GIS and Remote Sensing
application
1. Zonation of Mahakam Delta Region, East Kalimantan
a. Objectives
To provide zonation map of Mahakam Delta for rehabilitation purpose based
on existing land cover classification derived from satellite interpretation
(Quickbird, coverage in 2006)
b. Methodology
• Land cover classification by visual interpretation using satellite
imagery
• Defining a critical area by land cover (for instance : open area
should be the most critical area)
• Defining a suitable zonation based on critical areal to 3 different
zones which are Protected zone, Conservation zone (limited utilization
allowed) and Other utilization zone
• Defining suitable activities according to existing condition in the
field which is dominated mostly by fish ponds rather than mangrove
forest (ratio 60 : 40)
c. Result (shows in several figures below)
51

Figure 1. Land cover map of Delta Mahakam
52

Figure 2. Map of critical land in Mahakam Delta
Figure 3. Map of proposed zonation in Mahakam Delta
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2. Map of forest rehabilitation priorities area in Bulungan District, East
Kalimantan
a. Objectives
To provide forest rehabilitation priorities map of Bulungan District as guidance
to local government authorities to define and conduct rehabilitation.
b. Methodology
• Land cover classification by visual and computer based
interpretation (supervised or unsupervised classification tools in GIS
software)using Landsat imagery
• Defining a critical area by set of criteria develop by Indonesian
Forestry Departement
c. Result (shows in several figures below)
Figure 4. Land use and land cover of Bulungan District in East Kalimantan
3. Master plan of forest rehabilitation in Paser District, East Kalimantan
a. Objectives
To provide multi years forest rehabilitation plan of Paser District as guidance
to local government authorities to define and conduct rehabilitation.
b. Methodology
• Land cover classification by visual and computer based
interpretation (supervised or unsupervised classification tools in GIS
software)using Landsat imagery
• Defining a critical area by set of criteria develop by Indonesian
Forestry Department
c. Result (shows in several figures below)
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Figure 5. Paser District (study area) in Landsat image
Figure 6. Map of rehabilitation priority area in Paser District.
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Sources available
• Spatial data of East Kalimantan region, comprise:
o Several series of Landsat imagery, specific path of SPOT imagery,
specific site of Quickbird imagery.
o East Kalimantan SRTM data
o Geodata derived from satellite interpretation in formed *.shp files
o Non spatial database of East Kalimantan, such as distribution of
villages, etc
o Wathershed data East Kalimantan region
o
• Human resources that meet with GIS and RS specialization. There are 4
lecturer of Forestry Faculty UNMUL graduate from International Institute of Geoinformation
and Earth Observation (ITC) in Enschede, The Netherlands.
Future Research and interest
• Calculation of carbon emission produce from daily activities in small scale pilot
project. Target areas are government office, school, and small resident
• Mangrove carbon stock calculation using different source of satellite data
(optic and non optic sensor)
• Providing information about green investment in local district based on annual
local government budget.
10.4. Time Sheet
Saturday/Sunday, 3 rd and 4 th of January
08:00 Airport: Flight from Hamburg via Frankfurt via Kuala Lumpur to Kota Kinabalu
12:00 Arrival at Kota Kinabalu. Drive to the Hotel
14:30 Visiting the Wisma Merdeka Mall and a book store
19:00 Dinner with Michael Fischer
Monday, 5 th of January
07:30 Departure at the hotel with Michael Fischer
09:45 Meeting with the dean of the SITF Dr. Mahmud Hj. Sudin
10:15 Revision of SITF/GTZ-files and literature (to 11:45)
14:00 Meeting with members of the SITF: Hardawati, Dr. Normah, Dr. Phua, Dr. Andy
16:30 Interview with Dr. Phua
17:00 Interview with Dr. Andy
Tuesday, 6 th of January
07:30 Departure at the hotel with Michael Fischer
08:00 SITF. Preparatory work for the field trip
13:00 Meeting with John Tay, deputy for research and innovation
13:30 Preparatory work for the field trip
15:30 Visit to the Mangroves
17:00 Dinner with Michael Fischer
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Wednesday, 7 th of January
07:30 Departure at the hotel with Michael Fischer
08:00 Interviews with Dr. Normah and Hardawati
12:00 Airport: Flight from Kota Kinabalu via Kuala Lumpur to Jakarta
18:00 Bus to Bogor. Taxi to CIFOR (Guesthouse)
Thursday, 08 th of January
08:15 Meeting with Hari Priyadi. Talk about activities during the stay and introduction in
the work of CIFOR
09:00 Meeting with Hari Priyadi and Dr. Markku Kanninen. Talk about the proposal
10:00 Meeting with the potential participants Stibniati Atmadja, Elizabeth Linda Yuliani,
Dr. Daniel Murdiyarso, Dr. Gen Takao, Dr. Herry Purnomo, Hari Priyadi, Dr.
Markku Kanninen. Talk about contents of the planned project and the possible
input of CIFOR
11:30 Second meeting with Hari Priyadi and Dr. Markku Kanninen
12:00 Lunch
Meetings with CIFOR members. Possible personal contribution to the project
13:00 Elizabeth Linda Yuliani
13:30 Dr. Gen Takao
14:00 Dr. Herry Purnomo
14:30 Stibniati Atmadja
15:00 Dr. Daniel Murdiyarso,
15:30 Talk with Hari Priyadi about organization and findings
16:30 Closing time at CIFOR Office. Tour about the CIFOR area
17:00 Summary of the day and working on the literature survey and minutes
19:00 Dinner
19:30 Mails to the Hamburg group, literature survey
Friday, 9 th of January
09:15 Meeting with Dr. Markku Kanninen
09:30 Library, Mail to Michael Fischer
12:00 Lunch
13:00 Library: Bullet Points
14:00 Meeting with Dr. Gen Takao. Talk about other projects and cooperation with SITF
15:00 Meeting with Hari Priyadi. Talk about other projects, bullet points and clarification
of questions
15:30 Library: editing of bullet points
16:00 Final meeting with Dr. Markku Kanninen and Hari Priyadi. Discussion of the bullet
points
16:30 Guesthouse
17:00 Summary of the day and working on the literature survey and minutes
19:00 Dinner
19:30 Mails to the Hamburg group, literature survey
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Saturday, 10 th of January
09:30 Visit of the Botanical Garden in Bogor
14:00 Rework of the bullet points (at 20:00 sent via Mail to Markku Kanninen)
Sunday, 11 th of January
09:00 Visit of the local market
14:00 Editing of the contribution of the Hamburg working group. Preparation of the visits
for the next two days
Monday, 12 th of January
07:30 Departure at the CIFOR-Guesthouse
09:00 Meeting with Mulyanto Darmawan at Bakosurtanal (until 12:00)
12:30 Bus to Jakarta
13:45 Meeting with Lely Rulia and Saipul Rahman at BAPLAN/Ministry of Forestry
Indonesia (until 15:30)
18:30 Editing of the Minutes from the meetings that day
Tuesday, 13 th of January
10:00 Meeting with Dr. Dodo Gunawan and Guswanto Abdul Gani at the Meteorological
and Geophysical Agency – Research and Development Center (to 11:30)
14:00 Minutes of the Meeting with Dr. Erna Sri Adiningsih, Dr. Orbita Roswintiarti, Dr.
Thomas Djamaluddin, Alex Sudibyo, Ph.D., Mardianis and Akhmad Subekhi at
the National Institute of Aeronautics and Space LAPAN (to 16:30)
18:00 Editing of the Minutes from the meetings that day
Wednesday, 14 th of January
10:00 Airport: Flight from Jakarta to Balikpapan/Kalimantan
15:00 Ride to Samarinda (plus one hour time shift). Arrival at 17:00
19:00 Dinner with Dr. Deddy Hadriyanto and Dr. Rudianto Amirta of the University
Mulawarman Samarinda
Thursday, 15 th of January
09:30 Meeting with Dr. Rudianto
09:45 Meeting with the dean of the Faculty of Forestry, University Samarinda
10:15 Meeting. Attended by the Dean of the Faculty Professor Afif, Dr. Deddy
Hadriyanto, Dr. Rudianto Amirta, Sadely Ilyas M.Agr., Dr. Sumaryono, Karyati
MP, Rita Diana MSc, Ali Suhardiman S Hut, Bernaulus Saragih M Sc. (to 13:00)
14:00 First meeting with the members of the REDD-Taskforce in Indonesia (to 14:30)
15:00 Discussion with Dr. Deddy and Dr. Rudianto. Editing of the minutes (to 17:00)
17:30 Rework of the minutes
Friday, 16 th of January
09:00 Meeting with Dr. Rudianto
10:00 Discussion with members of the Faculty of Forestry about the input of the working
group. Generation of a working plan
15:00 Second meeting with the REDD-Taskforce in Indonesia (to 16:30)
58

Saturday, 17 th of January
08:00 Departure at the Hotel
09:30 Visiting of the Bukit Suharto Research Forest of the University Mulawarman.
Visiting of the Orang Utan-Rehabilitation Centre BOS
15:00 Arrival in Balikpapan
21:30 Meeting with Alfan Subekti, The Nature Conservancy TNC (to 22:30)
Sunday, 18 th of January
09:00 Airport: Flight from Balikpapan to Jakarta (one flight earlier than booked)
15:45 Flight from Jakarta to Kuala Lumpur (19:00 arrival)
Monday, 19 th of January
12:00 Meeting with Surin Suksuwan, WWF-Malaysia, Chief Technical Officer (to 12:30)
14:15 Minutes of the Meeting with Tan Huvi Vein, Director of the Commercial,
Climatology and Hydrology Division, Malaysia Meteorological Department MMD
(to 15:15)
16:00 Airport: Flight from Kuala Lumpur to Kota Kinabalu (arrival at 22:00 because of
bad weather)
Tuesday, 20 th of January
08:30 Departure at the hotel with Michael Fischer
09:00 Reporting of the Mission to Indonesia and Kuala Lumpur. Preparation of a
presentation (to 17:00)
Wednesday, 21 st of January
07:30 Departure at the hotel with Michael Fischer
08:30 Meeting with Members of the SITF. Presentation of the findings of the consultancy
mission
13:00 Editing of the minutes and preparation of a sketch for a working plan (to 17:00)
Thursday/Friday, 22 nd and 23 rd of January
09:00 Departure at the hotel with Michael Fischer. Visiting of the Monsopiad Cultural
Village
13:00 SITF. Final discussion and preparatory work for the sketch
17:00 Ride to the Airport. Flight from Kota Kinabalu via Kuala Lumpur via Frankfurt to
Hamburg
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Fig. 12: Malaysian Soil Series classified by USDA Soil Orders, Sub-orders and Great Groups
(source: International Plant Nutrition Institute)
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