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contribute this to the proposal (forest types could be classified according to FAO, WWF, etc.). Dr. Phua from the SITF recommends a classification in three types (lowland forests, montane forests and peat swamp forests) or five (subalpine, montane, lowland, peat swamp, mangroves). However, in my opinion it could be useful to adapt the plantations of fast growing species and oil palm into the system. Different forest types are reviewed in WWF's "Borneo: Treasure Island at Risk" report (Rautner et al. 2005): Mangroves, peat swamp forests, montane forests, heath forests, Dipterocarp forests. However, the map by Langner and Siegert (2005) in the same publication divides the forest in six units using MODIS satellite imagery: evergreen lowland forest, forest regrowth, mangrove, montane rainforest, peat swamp forest, and plantations. 8.2. Time series of carbon stocks and flux 8.2.1. Carbon flux The Faculty of Forestry UnMul has a CO2-measurement tower in Bukit Suharto research forest and one for climate measurements. The towers were built by JICA together with the Mulawarman University Tropical Rainforest Resource Centre = PPHD. The Japanese National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST, which has a new director, installed the equipment. A 60 m high tower in primary forest and a 30 m high tower in secondary forest. They worked from 2000 to 2003 until the equipment was stolen. A report of the measurements exists. It is not possible to buy new equipment due to the lack of funding. Co-operation for further operating is needed. It is not possible for Dr. Deddy to estimate the costs of further measurements. The CO2-measurement data from Bukit Suharto are not published yet. Rita Diana will send the raw-data to the Hamburg group. LAPAN conducts CO2-measurements in Pontianak/West Kalimantan as part of a study about CO2 sinks and sources from ground measurements (they use also any available related satellite data). LAPAN has one tower (Fig. 7, Fig. 8) working since last year but they try to put more in whole Kalimantan (3-5 towers, 10, 25, and 50 meters high) through domestic/international collaboration. The tower is also measuring methane but they failed to get a CH4-Sensor. Data are not yet published and there is no co-operation until now so it is possible to share these data. One tower is about 100 million Rupiahs for its erection (around 7,000 to 8,000 Euro), not included transport. The CO2 Measurement tower at Pontianak/West Kalimantan is 12 meters high and the CO2 Sensor is Vaisala (lifetime ~ 5 years, calibration every 2 years). The measurement program at the Danum Valley GAW station in Sabah includes amongst others carbon dioxide (using Loflo Mk2 analyser) (http://www.searrp.org/danum_atmospehere_watch.cfm). BMG Indonesia has a Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) station in West Sumatra to monitor Green House Gases (WMO network station). A publication is available by Hirano et al. (2007) about Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan. In Sarawak Lulie Melling et al. (2005) made CO2 measurements in the vicinity of Kuching. The abstract reads as follows. “Soil CO2 flux was measured monthly over a year from tropical peatland of Sarawak, Malaysia using a closed-chamber technique. The soil CO2 flux ranged from 100 to 533 mg C m−2 h−1 for the forest ecosystem, 63 to 245 mg C m−2 h−1 for the sago and 46 to 335 mg C m−2 h−1 for the oil palm. Based on principal component analysis (PCA), the environmental variables over all sites could be classified into three components, namely, climate, soil moisture and soil bulk density, which accounted for 86% of the seasonal variability. A regression tree approach showed that CO2 flux in each ecosystem was related to different underlying environmental factors. They were relative humidity for forest, soil temperature at 5 cm for sago and water-filled pore space for oil palm. On an annual basis, the soil CO2 flux was highest in the forest ecosystem with an estimated production of 2.1 kg C m−2 yr−1 followed by oil palm at 1.5 kg C m−2 yr−1 and sago at 1.1 kg C m−2 yr−1. The different dominant controlling factors in CO2 flux among the studied ecosystems suggested that land use affected the exchange of CO2 between tropical peatland and the atmosphere.” Another tower is planned in the surroundings of Sibu/Sarawak. 17
Fig. 7: CO2-tower in Pontianak/West Kalimantan (12 m high) Konsentrasi CO2 ppm 600,0 500,0 400,0 300,0 200,0 100,0 Grafik Perbandingan Konsentrasi CO2 antara Bandung dengan Pontianak tanggal 25-28 Nopember 2008 0,0 14 18 22 2 6 10 14 18 22 15 20 24 4 8 12 16 20 24 18 Waktu Pontianak Bandung Fig. 8: Data sampling of CO2-measurement at Pontianak/West Kalimantan (compared to Bandung/West Java) 8.2.2. Carbon stock The researchers at CIFOR and from the SITF have a reputation in this field of research and thus collected some data in this issue. Results of this chapter are partly mentioned in the chapter about remote sensing data (chapter 8.5). There are general information about carbon to be found in the literature. E.g. Sorensen (1993) estimated the total amount of carbon sequestered in peat in Indonesia at 15.93–19.29 Gt (1 Gt = 1015 g) assuming that C content is constant at 53.44% and bulk density of 114 kg m−3. Peat deeper than 6 m was not considered, this accounts for 3–4% C mass of peatland C pools (329–525 Gt) of the world (Shimada et al. 2001). 8.3. Meteorological observations The Meteorological and Geophysical Agency – Research and Development Center in Indonesia BMG has 178 climate stations in the whole country which are situated mostly at airports. 20 of them are to be found in Kalimantan, mostly at coastal areas (Fig. 9, Tab. 2). The oldest ones are working since about 20 years. The synoptic data (meteorological) are e.g. temperature, air humidity, rainfall, visibility, sunshine (full parameter set, every single hour since 1971). Climate stations measure climate data are e.g. rainfall, temperature, wind (direction and speed), pressure (basic parameter set, every 3 hours). Furthermore “rain gauges” measure daily rainfall on monthly basis (4000 to 5000 stations in Indonesia) since 1980s. These “rain gauges” belong partly to other authorities like the agriculture and forestry. There are 44 stations in Indonesia regarding to air quality. The BMG uses different
Page 1 and 2: School of International Tropical Fo
Page 3 and 4: Table of contents 1. Summary 2. Bac
Page 5 and 6: The main activities of the project
Page 7 and 8: Fig. 1: Extent of deforestation in
Page 9 and 10: 4.1. Proposal The four partners sho
Page 11 and 12: Fig. 4: Fields of activities 6.1. C
Page 13 and 14: to be found in the forest inventory
Page 15 and 16: staff). They try to develop nationa
Page 17 and 18: and Carbon Management in Peat Fores
Page 19: Other REDD programs • World Bank
Page 23 and 24: The Malaysian Meteorological Depart
Page 25 and 26: Tab. 3: List of available data for
Page 27 and 28: Center for International Forestry R
Page 29 and 30: Houghton, R.A., & J.L. Hackler (199
Page 31 and 32: MGFEP (2007): Malaysian-German Fore
Page 33 and 34: Revilla, J.A.V. & L. Djwahui (1993)
Page 35 and 36: Wertz-Kanounnikoff, S. & M. Kongpha
Page 37 and 38: using our findings which could give
Page 39 and 40: • BAPLAN uses Landsat images (7 E
Page 41 and 42: • Projects of LAPAN: o Co-operati
Page 43 and 44: Minutes of the Meeting with Members
Page 45 and 46: 10.2.7. Alfan Subekti, TNC Minutes
Page 47 and 48: • Remote sensing, meteorological
Page 49 and 50: Yuliani, Linda • Developing simpl
Page 51 and 52: 3. Assessing the potential of commu
Page 53 and 54: Output of step two Private sector a
Page 55 and 56: Figure 1. Land cover map of Delta M
Page 57 and 58: 2. Map of forest rehabilitation pri
Page 59 and 60: Sources available • Spatial data
Page 61 and 62: Saturday, 10 th of January 09:30 Vi
Page 63: Fig. 12: Malaysian Soil Series clas

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