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NONVOLANT SMALL MAMMALS FROM BRAZILIAN CERRADO the Amazon and Atlantic Rainforest fauna (see Costa 2003; Carmignotto et al. 2012). Among the open areas, the Pantanal fauna is the most similar, followed by the Chaco (see Table 3). The presence of open and forested areas in these biomes provides potential habitats for the Cerrado small mammals. In addition, we found more species associated with the open areas than with the gallery forests. This pattern, shown also in other studies, contradicts the previous hypothesis that the fauna of the Cerrado and the Caatinga is, in general, associated with forest environments, with no specialization to xeric conditions and endemics restricted to the gallery forests (i. e. Redford and Fonseca 1986), demonstrating the high richness and specialization of mammal species to the open habitats (e. g. Hershkovitz 1993; Oliveira et al. 2003; Oliveira and Pessôa 2005). Comparing the species composition of ENP with other areas surveyed in the Cerrado and transitional areas, we observed that there is a fauna more similar to the ones from the western portion of the Cerrado (Emmons 2009; Santos-Filho et al. 2012; Owen 2013), represented by species with a distribution restricted or more concentrated in this portion of the biome such as Thylamys velutinus, Kunsia tomentosus, Clyomys laticeps and Proechimys longicaudatus. The results obtained here reinforce the great variability among the nonvolant small mammal assemblages of the Cerrado and indicate that the survey of new areas can change the current thoughts about the mammalian fauna in this biome (see Carmignotto et al. 2012). The Cerrado is considered one of the 25 hotspots of world’s biodiversity because the high level of endemic species and the high proportion of habitat destruction (Myers et al. 2000). Land conversion to crops and pastures has already occurred in most of the Cerrado, and there are few areas preserved and available for conservation efforts. The variability in species composition and in the structure of the small mammal communities also reflects the need to preserve different regions of the Cerrado biome to effectively maintain its biodiversity (Marinho-Filho et al.1994; Vieira and Palma 2005). Acknowledgements We applied the SDC approach (Tscharntke et al. 2007) for the sequence of authors. We are indebted to the IBAMA, the manager of the Emas National Park Ary Soares dos Santos and his assistants Valdomiro, José Carlos, Nicássio and Heleno who authorized our research at the Park and provided logistical support, and to the several students who helped us in the field work. We thank Jader Marinho-Filho for the loan of the car used in the fieldwork; to Luiz Flamarion B. de Oliveira and Renata Pardini who helped with the analysis methods, to Cibele R. Bonvicino who helped with the taxonomic identifications of some species; and to Juliana Pagnozzi who made the cytogenetic analysis. This study was realized with the assistance of Fundação Ecológica de Mineiros - Fundação EMAS and was sponsored by the Fundação O Boticário de Proteção à Natureza / MacArthur Foundation, BP Conservation Program / BirdLife International / Fauna and Flora International, Instituto Conservation International do Brasil and Wildlife Conservation Society. AMRB thanks for the fellowship from CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), APC to CNPQ (process 484346/2011-3) and FAPESP (process 2011/20022-3), and FHGR to CNPq (process 301665/2011-7). Finally, we thank Javier A. Pereira for the abstract in Spanish, Noe de la Sancha, two anonymous referees, and the editor Robert Owen for helpful suggestions in the final version of the manuscript. 550 THERYA Vol.5(2): 535-558
Carmignotto et al References Alho, C. J. R. 2005. Intergradation of habitats of non-volant small mammals in the patchy cerrado landscape. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro 63:41–48. Almeida, F. C., C. R. Bonvicino, and P. Cordeiro-Estrela. 2007. Phylogeny and temporal diversification of Calomys (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae): Implications for the biogeography of an endemic genus of the open/dry biomes of South America. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 42:449–466. August, P. V. 1983. The role of habitat complexity and heterogeneity in structuring tropical mammal communities. Ecology 64:1495–1507. Becker, R. G., G. Paise, L. C. Baumgarten, and E. V. Vieira. 2007. Estrutura de comunidades de pequenos mamíferos e densidade de Necromys lasiurus (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae) em áreas abertas do Cerrado do Brasil central. Mastozoología Neotropical 14:57– 168. Bezerra, A. M. R., A. P. Carmignotto, and F. H. G. Rodrigues. 2009. Small non-volant mammals of an Ecotone Region between the Cerrado Hotspot and the Amazonian Rainforest, with comments on their Taxonomy and Distribution. Zoological Studies 48:861–874. Bezerra, A. M. R., and J. A. Oliveira. 2010. Taxonomic implications of cranial morphometric variation in the genus Clyomys Thomas, 1916 (Rodentia: Echimyidae). Journal of Mammalogy 91:260–272. Bonvicino, C. R. 2003. A New Species of Oryzomys (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae) of the subflavus Group from the Cerrado of Central Brazil. Mammalian Biology 68:78– 90. Bonvicino, C. R., P. S. D’Ándrea, R. Cerqueira, and H. N. Seuánez. 1996. The chromossomes of Nectomys (Rodentia, Cricetidae) with 2n = 52, 56, and interspecific hybrids (2n = 54). Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 73:190–193. Bonvicino, C. R., S. M. Lindbergh, M. B. Faria, and A. M. R. Bezerra. 2012. The eastern boundary of the Brazilian Cerrado: a hotspot region. Zoological Studies 51:1207– 1218. Brose, U., N. D. Martinez, and R. J. Williams. 2003. Estimating species richness: sensitivity to sample coverage and insensitivity to spatial patterns. Ecology 84:2364–2377. Cáceres, N. C., R. P. Nápoli, and W. Hannibal. 2011. Differential trapping success for small mammals using pitfall and standard cage traps in a woodland savannah region of southwestern Brazil. Mammalia 75:45–52. Carmignotto, A. P. 2009. Thylamys velutinus. Pp. 43 in Fauna Ameaçada de Extinção no Estado de São Paulo – Vertebrados (Bressan, P. M., M. C. M. Kierulff, and A. M. Sugieda, orgs.). São Paulo: Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo: Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, Brazil. Carmignotto, A. P., and C. C. Aires. 2011. Mamíferos não voadores (Mammalia) da Estação Ecológica Serra Geral do Tocantins. Biota Neotropica 11:307–322. Carmignotto, A. P., and T. Monfort. 2006. Taxonomy and distribution of the Brazilian species of Thylamys (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae). Mammalia 70:126–144. Carmignotto, A. P., M. de Vivo, and A. Langguth. 2012. Mammals of the Cerrado and Caatinga - Distribution patterns of the tropical open biomes of central South www.mastozoologiamexicana.org 551
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