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Caracas, 3 de octubre de 2003 - Offnews.info

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3But one analyst said it remains to be seen whether many consumers connectCitgo and the Venezuelan national oil company, Petroleos <strong>de</strong> Venezuela,better known as PDVSA."For all intents and purposes, most people don't even know they're owned byPDVSA," Fa<strong>de</strong>l Gheit, with Oppenheimer & Co. in New York, said.The campaign comes as some protesters on the Internet and anti-Chavezactivists are calling for boycotts of Citgo stations, and a few weeks after thecompany drew attention related to its breaking ties with convenience storechain 7-Eleven.Citgo said it had planned for months to let its <strong>de</strong>ca<strong>de</strong>s-old supply agreementwith 7-Eleven expire at the end of September. But Rodriquez says in the adsthat the story was inaccurately portrayed as a reaction by 7-Eleven to dropCitgo after the backlash over Chavez's comments.For its part, 7-Eleven also said the <strong>de</strong>cision had been in the works, but itseized on the breakup as it announced the launch of its own bran<strong>de</strong>d gas.In a statement, the retailer said, "Regardless of politics, we sympathize withmany Americans' concern over <strong>de</strong>rogatory comments about our country andits lea<strong>de</strong>rship recently ma<strong>de</strong> by Venezuela's Presi<strong>de</strong>nt Hugo Chavez."Relations between the U.S. and Venezuela have been strained since Chavezwas elected in 1998. The outspoken lea<strong>de</strong>r has accused the U.S. of trying toassassinate him in or<strong>de</strong>r to capitalize on Venezuela's vast oil reserves.But with the new campaign, Citgo tries to ease tensions by putting attentionon the company's U.S. investments and stressing its loyalty to the world'sbiggest economy."The ads are an attempt to clarify our position in the U.S. marketplace andour commitment to that marketplace," McCollum said.The ad, for example, <strong>de</strong>tails that Citgo employs 4,000 people, operates fiverefineries and sells gasoline through 13,000 in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>ntly owned stationsacross the country.


5continuing because these boats from the Navantia shipyards do not inclu<strong>de</strong>US technology.Guatemala startles Venezuela in U.N. bidBy Pablo BacheletU.S.-backed Guatemala got the upper hand in a seesaw tussle Monday tosecure a seat on the U.N. Security Council, <strong>de</strong>aling a surprising blow toVenezuelan Presi<strong>de</strong>nt Hugo Chavez's ambitions to lead a worldwi<strong>de</strong> anti-Washington front.But in 10 rounds of voting, Guatemala fell short of the two-thirds majoritynee<strong>de</strong>d to win the seat, reserved for a Latin American nation, raising thespecter of a lengthy battle that eventually could lead to a compromisecandidacy.Venezuelan officials blamed U.S. pressures for blocking their bid to secure aseat that brings international prestige and a voice on such key issues as thenuclear standoffs with Iran and North Korea.Francisco Arias, Venezuela's U.N. ambassador, said Washington wasexerting "grotesque, obscene" pressures on U.N. members to vote forGuatemala, and he vowed his country would fight on."Venezuela is staying; Venezuela is by no means pulling out," he said afterthe fourth round of voting, adding that Washington was campaigning againsthis country as if "we were inventing a nuclear bomb."The leftist Chavez has been a steady and stri<strong>de</strong>nt critic of the Bushadministration, and a victory in the Security Council race would give him astrong voice in Latin American regional affairs.


6Ambassador of Belarus to Russia discusses with Venezuelanbusinessmen cooperation <strong>de</strong>velopment issuesBelTAIn the course of the meeting special emphasis was put on implementation ofthe bilateral agreements reached by the presi<strong>de</strong>nts of Belarus and Venezuelain the course of the visit of the Venezuelan lea<strong>de</strong>r to Minsk in July this year,the Belarusian embassy <strong>info</strong>rms.Vasiliy Dolgolev told the Venezuelan guests about the political and socioeconomicsituation in Belarus, its tra<strong>de</strong>-economic and export potential. Inturn, representatives of the Venezuelan business circles spoke aboutcooperation avenues with Belarus.The diplomatic relations were established between the Republic of Belarusand the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela in February 1997. Belarusconsi<strong>de</strong>rs Venezuela to be a promising tra<strong>de</strong>-economic partner among thecountries of Latin America. In 2005 the tra<strong>de</strong> turnover between the twostates excee<strong>de</strong>d USD 15 million. Belarus exports to Venezuela potash andnitric fertilizers."Ecological Tax" Envisaged for 2008 in VenezuelaVenezuela tax agency Seniat has announced the drafting of an ecological taxnext year, to come into force in 2008. The tax will be levied on mainpolluting businesses as part of a wi<strong>de</strong>r effort to curb greenhouse effects andassist the state in financing clean-up operations. According to Dow Jones,Seniat superinten<strong>de</strong>nt José Gregorio Vielma Mora specifically referred tomining ventures as damaging the ecosystem, also stressing that oil andmetallurgic firms will be affected by the tax.Significance: The plannedintroduction of the environmental tax comes as part of a wi<strong>de</strong>r fiscalpackage that the government will seek to implement in 2008. Vielma Morain<strong>de</strong>ed also announced a new selective consumption tax (on non-basic staple


7items such as cigarettes), and electronic commerce. The coming into force ofnew taxes in 2007 was abandoned, but we may expect, should Chavez’s reelectionmaterialise in December this year, to see fiscal reform being draftedthen to come into force in 2008.Other modifications inclu<strong>de</strong> wealth/estate taxes and the possible return ofthe bank <strong>de</strong>bit tax (see Venezuela: 13 February 2006: ). According to ElNacional, a tax on non-productive land, envisaged in the 2001 Land Law,could also be introduced. Un<strong>de</strong>r Presi<strong>de</strong>nt Hugo Chavez, the tax bur<strong>de</strong>n onthe oil industry has increased and, along with a tough anti-tax evasioncampaign, has worked to produce increased tax revenues for the state.Battle for UNSC Seat Inconclusive, Guatemala Leads PreferencesVenezuela's quest for representation in the United Nations Security Council(UNSC) is yet another facet of its political battle against the "Empire"; i.e.,the United States. With tension between the two countries high, the UNSCelection has become a symbolic battle between the superpower andcontroversial Presi<strong>de</strong>nt Hugo Chavez, yet Venezuela's performance inyesterday's vote has disappointed.The U.S. choice against Venezuela in the fight for the UNSC seat,Guatemala, has so far garnered more votes, and this <strong>de</strong>spite Chavez's activeglobal vote-seeking campaign. It seems that his controversial UN speech lastmonth, highly critical of his U.S. counterpart George W. Bush, may haveunsettled some initially supportive nations; and U.S. lobbying in favour ofGuatemala has also complicated Chavez's UNSC aspirations.The current voting patterns augur long and intense voting sessions until oneof the two wins the necessary two-thirds of the votes of the UN members—or until a third party enters the race, breaking the <strong>de</strong>adlock.Between U.S. Lobbying and Chavez's "Sulphurous" Speech, Venezuela isStruggling


8A candidate country must secure two-thirds of the votes in the generalassembly to win.In<strong>de</strong>finite rounds of voting are allowed.In 1979 Colombiaand Cuba battled for the seat in 154 rounds; a third party (Mexico) steppedin and ultimately won the race.The election for one (of two) rotating Latin American seats at the UnitedNations Security Council (UNSC) started in earnest yesterday, only to endwith 10 inconclusive rounds of voting. In<strong>de</strong>ed neither of the Latin Americanrivals for the post, Guatemala or Venezuela, secured the two-thirds backingof the UN hemicycle required for an outright win. On the whole Guatemaladominated the vote, as it led over Venezuela in all rounds but one, the sixth,when a tie between the two countries was reached. The 10th vote en<strong>de</strong>d withGuatemala garnering 110 votes, 15 short of the qualified majority, andVenezuela securing 77 ballots. The result in this final round of voting wasvery similar to the first, tending to suggest that, <strong>de</strong>spite some fluctuations,the overall support base for both countries is generally constant.By-and-large, Venezuela's support comes from countries with which itenjoys strong partnerships, on political and economic levels, and those witha similar viewpoint on U.S. foreign affairs policies, These inclu<strong>de</strong>s Russia,China and many Arab nations. Others are expected to have cast a "thankyou"ballot for Venezuelan's cheap oil <strong>de</strong>al, with the Caribbean Community(CARICOM), being the best example of Venezuela's seductive petrodiplomacyefforts. However, consi<strong>de</strong>ring the <strong>de</strong>gree of lobbying fromPresi<strong>de</strong>nt Hugo Chavez, and the large sums of money poured in to cheap oil<strong>de</strong>als and other accords, Venezuela's performance yesterday is likely todisappoint. Un<strong>de</strong>rstandably intense lobbying from the United States andglobal leverage is playing against Venezuela, but other factors account forthis poor showing. The polarised nature of the race has put off some UNmembers from voting one way or another. The choice between twoextremes, and largely antagonistic to boot, is too much for some countries totake in, especially those that seek to maintain good relations with both theVenezuelan and the U.S. administrations. Chile is an notable case in point.The Southern Cone country boasts strong ties with the United States,including a free-tra<strong>de</strong> agreement, but the left-of-centre Concertacióngovernment also wants to avoid locking horns with leftist Venezuela. The


9sensitivity of Chile's diplomatic <strong>de</strong>cision was <strong>de</strong>monstrated by the fact thatthe Michelle Bachelet administration left it until the night before the vote toconfirm its intention to abstain. In anodyne terms, Chilean governmentspokesman Ricardo Lagos Weber explained its pronouncement as the resultof a lack of <strong>info</strong>rmation to "achieve consensus in Chile". Consensus politicsand light-han<strong>de</strong>d diplomacy still reign un<strong>de</strong>r the fourth consecutiveConcertación administration. An additional negative point for Venezuelarests on Hugo Chavez's last speech to the UN in which he compared U.S.Presi<strong>de</strong>nt George W, Bush to the <strong>de</strong>vil and claimed to have smelled the"sulphur" he left behind after his speech (see Venezuela: 21 September2006: ).Guatemala's Governance BidGuatemalan efforts to promote in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt reasons to back its candidacywere overshadowed by its conversion into the candidate for the U.S. TheCentral American nation appeared as something of a puppet of the U.S.government, inadvertently placed in direct conflict with belligerentVenezuela. Unflinching backers of Guatemala came in the form Mexico, theUnited Kingdom, France and Portugal, not to mention the United Statesitself. Central American colleagues also came to the Guatemalan camp<strong>de</strong>spite the petro-dollars at their disposal from Venezuela. The EuropeanUnion (EU), which, with the UN, played a pivotal role in the conclusion ofGuatemala's 36-year civil conflict, gave their backing alongsi<strong>de</strong> othernations in the old continent, with the notable exception of Russia. Mexicansupport to Guatemala has been guaranteed since May this year, strengthenedby recent visits from Presi<strong>de</strong>nt Vicente Fox and successor Felipe Cal<strong>de</strong>rónwhere both expressed a commitment to mutual <strong>de</strong>velopment and energyprojects when the governing National Action Party (PAN) returns for asecond consecutive term on 1 December. Geopolitics ma<strong>de</strong> it much easierfor more northerly nations in the Americas to throw their weight behind theGuatemalan bid while nations in South America faced the prospect of astronger loyalty contest from the oil-rich An<strong>de</strong>an nation. Presiding overGuatemala's search for a seat on the powerful UNSC was new ForeignMinister Gert Rosenthal, who replaced long-serving Jorge Briz in July thisyear. Facing potential <strong>de</strong>feat, Rosenthal, who previously representedGuatemala's diplomatic mission to the UN, stressed his country's advantage


11are already strong, having secured an free-tra<strong>de</strong> agreement (FTA) alongsi<strong>de</strong>its Central American colleagues and the Dominican Republic.The current UN election for the Latin American UNSC seat is set to be aprotracted and intense one, the first of the kind since the end of the ColdWar. It could possibly come to an end with the introduction of a thirdcountry in the race, taking tension away from the incumbent polarisedoptions.Venezuela, Guatemala resume battle for UN Security Council seatVenezuela was poised Tuesday to to press forward its fight for a nonpermanentseat on the UN Security Council against US-backed rivalGuatemala.Neither country emerged victorious in 10 rounds of voting in the UNGeneral Assembly Monday, <strong>de</strong>spite heavy lobbying from Venezuela'sambassador Francisco Arias Car<strong>de</strong>nas and, on the other si<strong>de</strong>, US ambassadorJohn Bolton pulling for Guatemala.The country that prevails must have two-thirds support in the United NationsGeneral Assembly -- about 125 votes, <strong>de</strong>pending on the number ofabstentions among the 192 member states.The small Central American nation led oil-rich Venezuela Monday in everyround but the sixth, which was a tie. The final round en<strong>de</strong>d with 77 votes for<strong>Caracas</strong> to 110 for Guatemala.After the marathon session, UN General Assembly Presi<strong>de</strong>nt Sheikha HayaRashed Al-Khalifa of Bahrain set further voting -- to resume at 10:00 am(1400 GMT) -- for Tuesday.UN rules allow for in<strong>de</strong>finite rounds of voting. A previous battle betweenCuba and Colombia lasted two months and 154 rounds. It en<strong>de</strong>d in January1980 with the election of a third candidate, Mexico.


12A loss would sting Venezuela's firebrand lea<strong>de</strong>r Presi<strong>de</strong>nt Hugo Chavez,who recently used the UN General Assembly chamber as a platform to callUS Presi<strong>de</strong>nt George W. Bush "the <strong>de</strong>vil."In remarks Sunday Chavez <strong>de</strong>scribed winning the non-permanent seat as thecenterpiece of his oil-rich nation's foreign policy, and accused Washingtonof "launching an all-out dirty war" in an attempt to block the bid.Bolton was seen cornering General Assembly members Monday as hesought to obtain much-nee<strong>de</strong>d votes for Guatemala. He also canceled aplanned meeting with Bush to lobby against Venezuela's inclusion in thecouncil.Earlier, he said he was prepared for a long fight."It's very clear that there is a candidate with a strong predominant vote," hesaid after Guatemala won the first four rounds of voting. But, he noted, ittook 31 days to get a winner in the 2000 US presi<strong>de</strong>ntial race."This has just begun," he said.Venezuela's ambassador dug in, too."With the example of the Vietnamese people (during the US war) how couldwe give up in a day?" Arias Car<strong>de</strong>nas said. "With the example of theresistance of other peoples, the Korean people, how could we give up in aday?"Guatemala's Foreign Minister Gert Rosenthal meanwhile resented <strong>Caracas</strong>'scharacterization of his country as tied to the US."We are an in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt voice, as in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt as one can be in aninter<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt world," he said, noting that Guatemala has no troops in Iraqand maintains diplomatic ties with Cuba.Chavez, a thorn in the si<strong>de</strong> of the Washington, has repeatedly said theUnited States wields too much power.


13Washington fears that Chavez, who in his recent address to the UN GeneralAssembly said the podium still "smelled of sulfur" after Bush had used it theday before, would be disruptive and oppose every US-led measure.Venezuela and Guatemala are vying for Argentina's seat on the 15-memberCouncil.But since neither's bid won unanimous support from the Latin American andCaribbean regional group, it falls to the 192 members of the GeneralAssembly to choose a winner by secret ballot.Nepal and Indonesia were in the same situation this year as they faced offover the seat being vacated by Japan, which ultimately went to Jakarta.The assembly also voted Belgium, Italy, and South Africa to take nonpermanentseats currently held by Denmark, Greece and Tanzania.The UN Security Council is ma<strong>de</strong> up of 15 members, including five vetowieldingpermanent members -- China, United States, France, Britain andRussia -- and 10 non-permanent members, five of which are replaced everyyear.The five non-permanent members that will serve until the end of 2007 areCongo, Ghana, Peru, Qatar and Slovakia.POLITICS NOT CITED, BUT ...CHRISTOPHER D. KIRKPATRICKBehind mirrored sunglasses and next to his yellow Mustang with blackracing stripe, stock tra<strong>de</strong>r James Cox pumped the highest-octane gas hecould find at the Petro Express on South In<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nce Boulevard.He was happy it wasn't Citgo -- a product of Venezuelan oil fields and aonce-familiar sight at Charlotte-based Petro Express gas stations.


15But this year, some communities are balking at Chavez's offer.Maine Gov. John Baldacci, who approved an agreement last winter to buydiscounted oil, said he had no plans this year to seek a similar arrangement.In Boston, a City Council member wants a landmark Citgo sign near FenwayPark taken down and replaced with an American flag. In Florida, alawmaker asked the state to cancel Citgo's exclusive contract to sell fuel atturnpike service stations.And some Alaskan villages recently refused free heating oil fromVenezuela, on the patriotic principle that no foreigner has the right to calltheir presi<strong>de</strong>nt "the <strong>de</strong>vil."A clerk at one of the Petro Express stores that still carries the Citgo brandsaid the gasoline would remain at his location until next year when the final21 stores are remo<strong>de</strong>led. He said the station would still accept the Citgo gascard until then.Gas station owners challenge Citgo boycott; GAS STATIONSBY JANE BUSSEYDealer Maximo Alvarez sees so many reasons why a boycott of Citgo gasstations will leave Venezuela and its presi<strong>de</strong>nt unscathed that the wordstumble out as he lists them.Perhaps the most important: Venezuela may own Citgo Petroleum Corp.,but it is private <strong>de</strong>alers who own the 14,000 stations in the United States.And so, Alvarez explains, a boycott aimed at Venezuela's presi<strong>de</strong>nt is reallyslapping people like him instead.In recent months, the push for a boycott against Venezuela has gainedstrength because of Presi<strong>de</strong>nt Hugo Chávez's colorful criticism of Presi<strong>de</strong>ntBush. Yet the relationship between cash at the gas pump and oil earnings inVenezuela is complicated, and it is far from clear that the boycott is havingany effect.


16''They are punishing the wrong people. Citgo does not own one single stationin the United States,'' said Alvarez, who owns and operates 55 stations inSouth Florida.Calls for a Citgo <strong>de</strong>aler boycott go back as far as January. But the buzz hasescalated in recent weeks, after Chávez called Bush ''the <strong>de</strong>vil'' at the U.N.General Assembly in September.On Sept. 25, state Rep. Adam Hasner, R-Delray Beach, stoked the fervor bycalling for the Bush administration in Tallahassee to kick the Citgo stationsoff Florida's Turnpike, saying the state ''must send a clear message toChávez.'' The contract lasts through 2008.Some bloggers have jumped on the notion, with one site saying ''Citgo =Hugo.'' And the Dallas-based chain 7-Eleven announced that politics playedinto its <strong>de</strong>cision to terminate a supply agreement with Citgo.''Certainly Chavez's position and statements over the past year or so didn'ttempt us to stay with Citgo,'' said 7-Eleven spokeswoman Margaret Chabris.Citgo executives protested, and 7-Eleven conce<strong>de</strong>d that the <strong>de</strong>cision was infact announced last July -- before Chávez's speech riled Americans.Citgo Petroleum Corp., based in Houston, is a subsidiary of Venezuela'sstate-run Petróleos <strong>de</strong> Venezuela, or PDVSA. In two stages from 1986 to1990, PDVSA acquired Citgo, giving Venezuela a secure distribution outletat a time when oil prices were low and giving Citgo access to the largestcru<strong>de</strong> oil reserves in the Western Hemisphere.GLOBAL PLAYERBut Citgo is far from alone in using Venezuelan oil. Venezuela is one of thetop four petroleum suppliers to the United States, along with Canada,Mexico and Saudi Arabia.Jorge R. Piñon, former presi<strong>de</strong>nt of Amoco Latin America and now at theUniversity of Miami, said the impact of Venezuelan oil stretches across theentire energy market.


17''It is extremely difficult for a U.S. consumer to avoid the use of Venezuelancru<strong>de</strong> oil or Venezuelan refined products,'' said Piñon, who recentlyreviewed import figures. ``Most of the jet fuel that we use here in SouthFlorida at the airports is sourced out of Venezuela.''Citgo has equity holdings in U.S. and offshore refineries, along with otheroil companies, and supplies cru<strong>de</strong> oil to them. Citgo also sells its refinedpetroleum products to nearly all the big oil companies in the United States.And other big oil giants, including ChevronTexaco, ConocoPhillips andValero, in turn produce oil in Venezuela.In Florida, avoiding Venezuelan oil is even har<strong>de</strong>r.Florida power plants use fuel from Venezuela. And much of the asphalt inthe United States comes from Venezuela.It is hard to ascertain the boycott's impact on Citgo stations. Citgoexecutives did not answer telephone messages. Juan Rodriguez, who isCitgo's legal counsel in South Florida, said the boycott was having moreimpact in other parts of the United States.MINIMAL IMPACTAlthough Alvarez said the boycott's impact on his business is small, he hastaken to the air waves and other outlets recently to send out the message thata Citgo boycott is punishing the franchisee owners and not Venezuela orChávez.Alvarez, who was part of the Pedro Pan airlift of children from Cuba and isno fan of Chávez, said Americans must make up their own minds. ``We arein a free market, and people have their choice.''Standing at Alvarez's busy station at Sunset Drive and Galloway Road inSouth Miami-Da<strong>de</strong> at morning rush hour last week, it would be hard to saythe boycott against Citgo is working. But on a recent evening, the Citgostation on Alton Road in Miami Beach was empty, while customers filled allthe pumps at the next station.


18Alvarez said his stations are successful because of competitive prices, butalso because they are large, well-lit and staffed by employees in blue shirtsand ties. And for now, that seems to have trumped any boycott againstCitgo.The South Florida <strong>de</strong>aler said Citgo has been a reliable supplier in times ofcrisis. After Hurricane Rita, Citgo rushed gasoline supplies to Turnpikestations.Madmen bent on <strong>de</strong>struction; LATIN AMERICABY CARLOS ALBERTO MONTANERV enezuelan Presi<strong>de</strong>nt Hugo Chávez will build 20 military bases in Bolivia,which will be situated on the bor<strong>de</strong>rs with five other nations: Chile, Peru,Paraguay, Argentina and Brazil. Those installations will be un<strong>de</strong>r the controlof Venezuelan and Cuban personnel, in complicity with Bolivian soldiers.Most certainly, the Cubans will carry Venezuelan passports andi<strong>de</strong>ntification papers. It isn't easy to tell them apart. They're alike, even intheir virtues and <strong>de</strong>fects. The cost of the new Venezuelan armaments willrise to $30 billion. Venezuela has become the leading international buyer ofarms and military equipment.The plan reprises an old dream and early strategic concept created by Fi<strong>de</strong>lCastro and Che Guevara: to turn Bolivia, a country in the heart of LatinAmerica, into the subversive bastion of South America. That conviction costGuevara his own life in 1967.First target: ChileBolivia is a country from which the entire An<strong>de</strong>an region can be <strong>de</strong>stabilizedby fanning ethnic conflicts. It is a country (soon with the right bases) fromwhich the new warplanes bought by Chávez in Russia can operate. I expectthe Chileans -- the first targets in the sights of the Venezuelan colonel readyto ''swim in the Bolivian sea'' -- are aware of the enormous danger that willhang over them in the not-too-distant future.


19Chávez, in cahoots with Evo Morales, intends to seduce and recruit theBolivians into his revolutionary adventure by means of a gigantic aid planthat inclu<strong>de</strong>s medical treatment, literacy campaigns and abundant food. He issure that such massive aid will <strong>de</strong>molish any nationalistic wariness. Healready is very much appreciated by the Bolivian masses and will be evenmore so in the future. Bolivia is the poorest country in the continent. Severalhundreds of millions of dollars conveniently distributed (Chávez calculates)may achieve the miracle of attracting the enthusiastic adhesion of theneediest people and the complicity of the radical groups to the cause of are<strong>de</strong>mptive conquest of Latin America, a step on the road to 21st-centurysocialism.No sense of boundariesWhat we're witnessing is the consequence of a <strong>de</strong>lirious vision of history andglobal political reality. Months ago, last December, that vision wasexplained in <strong>Caracas</strong> by Cuban Foreign Minister Felipe Pérez Roque, andthe world was foolish enough not to pay any attention. Castro and Chávez,two absolutely messianic characters without any vestige of pru<strong>de</strong>nce orsense of boundaries, came to the conclusion that Marxism had revived afterthe <strong>de</strong>bacle that en<strong>de</strong>d the Soviet Union and its European satellites 15 yearsago. From that conclusion, they <strong>de</strong>rived the sacred mission that bothassumed with the responsibility and fervor of crusa<strong>de</strong>rs: <strong>Caracas</strong> and Havanawould bear on their shoul<strong>de</strong>rs the task of re<strong>de</strong>eming a humanity cowardlyabandoned by Moscow.That's the hair-raising picture before our eyes: <strong>Caracas</strong>-Havana, and now LaPaz, are the new Moscow, mother and father of world socialism. The taskthey have as signed themselves begins with the revolutionary conquest ofSouth America and the installation in all its nations of sympatheticgovernments that will collaborate in the final battle against ``imperialism.''What is the objective of that battle? Obviously, to bring the United Statesand its <strong>de</strong>spicable European acolytes to their knees. To end forever theiniquitous exploitation of the Third World by the creation of a grandiosecollectivistic and egalitarian civilization that will reign eternally for theglory of humanity.


20Hungry and hopelessIt would be a huge mistake to dismiss this blueprint to conquest just becauseit's the senseless madness of a couple of characters who didn't take Prozacwhen they should have. The Third Reich spawned by the Nazis was no lessmad or absurd, yet it cost the world 40 million <strong>de</strong>ad and the monstrousHolocaust. Cuba is an impoverished Third World island, hungry andhopeless, but that didn't <strong>de</strong>ter its government from participating in successfulcoups d'etat in Madagascar and Yemen, or sending its troops to fight inbloody African wars, both in Angola and Ethiopia, for 15 years.With his petrodollars and the help and guidance of the Cubans, who areexpert and combat-tested, Chávez is building the largest Spanish-speakingarmy: 1.2 million men who will have at their disposal the most <strong>de</strong>structiveair force in all of South America. Once that machine is well oiled, he won'thesitate to put it to use as the Cuban armed forces were once used. Once thetool is available, it will inevitably be put into operation. No matter thatChávez is mad. Madmen also kill.U.N. fight: Guatemala surprising Venezuela; Guatemala shockedVenezuela but fell short of two-thirds majority nee<strong>de</strong>d to win a seat onthe U.N. Security Council. UNITED NATIONSBY PABLO BACHELETU.S.-backed Guatemala got the upper hand in a see-saw tussle Monday tosecure a seat on the U.N. Security Council, <strong>de</strong>aling a surprising blow toVenezuelan Presi<strong>de</strong>nt Hugo Chávez's ambitions to lead a worldwi<strong>de</strong> anti-Washington front.But in 10 rounds of voting Guatemala fell short of the two-thirds majoritynee<strong>de</strong>d to win the seat, reserved for a Latin American nation, raising thespecter of a lengthy battle that could eventually lead to a compromisecandidacy.


22The winner will succeed Argentina in a two-year term on the SecurityCouncil, beginning in January.Guatemala won the early rounds of balloting and by the third round secured116 votes, just eight short of the two-thirds nee<strong>de</strong>d to win.Venezuelan diplomats fanned out in the cavernous hall, with Ariasmethodically greeting each <strong>de</strong>legation several times. Former Venezuelanforeign minister Roy Cha<strong>de</strong>rton, <strong>de</strong>signated by Chávez as a special envoyfor the U.N. campaign, also worked the aisles.On occasion, the Venezuelan and U.S. diplomats would politely ignore eachother as they bumped into one another during their lobbying runs. U.S.Ambassador John Bolton and the assistant secretary of state for westernhemispheric affairs, Thomas Shannon, were seen chatting up other<strong>de</strong>legates. ''In the year 2000, I spent 31 days in Florida,'' Bolton toldreporters at one point, referring to the long U.S. presi<strong>de</strong>ntial electionrecount. ``This has just begun.''The <strong>de</strong>legates' tables soon became a clutter of pamphlets, with the leftistpopulistChávez <strong>de</strong>legation dominating the literature.Delegates also received a small bag with sweets from Venezuela, whileGuatemalan diplomats han<strong>de</strong>d out an embroi<strong>de</strong>red wristband.On the sixth round, Venezuela and Guatemala tied at 93 votes, and theVenezuelan <strong>de</strong>legation erupted in a loud applause. But Guatemala reversedthe ti<strong>de</strong> and by the 10th round obtained 110 votes against 77 for Venezuela.Monday's election recalled the 154-round standoff between Cuba andColombia in 1979 that resulted in Mexico winning as a consensus candidate.In <strong>Caracas</strong>, Venezuelan Vice Presi<strong>de</strong>nt José Vicente Rangél said his countryhad <strong>de</strong>monstrated the firmness of its foreign policy in the face of ''pressure''and ''bribes'' from the U.S. <strong>de</strong>legation. ``We are confronting the empire.''But Chávez's main opponent in Dec. 3 presi<strong>de</strong>ntial elections, ManuelRosales, <strong>de</strong>scribed Venezuela's failure to win the seat as a ``<strong>de</strong>mocratic


23whipping for those who do not un<strong>de</strong>rstand that the world is advancingtoward freedom and <strong>de</strong>mocracy.''Guatemala falls short of votes to take U.N. seatBY PABLO BACHELETU.S.-backed Guatemala got the upper hand in a see-saw tussle Monday tosecure a seat on the U.N. Security Council, <strong>de</strong>aling a surprising blow toVenezuelan Presi<strong>de</strong>nt Hugo Chávez's ambitions to lead a worldwi<strong>de</strong> anti-Washington front.But in 10 rounds of voting Guatemala fell short of the two-thirds majoritynee<strong>de</strong>d to win the seat, reserved for a Latin American nation, raising thespecter of a lengthy battle that could eventually lead to a compromisecandidacy.Venezuelan officials blamed U.S. pressures for blocking their bid to secure aseat on a body that brings a country international prestige and a voice on keyissues like the nuclear standoffs with Iran and North Korea.Francisco Arias, Venezuela's U.N. ambassador, said Washington wasexerting ''grotesque, obscene'' pressures on U.N. members to vote forGuatemala, and vowed his country would fight on.''Venezuela is staying, Venezuela is by no means pulling out,'' he said afterthe fourth round of voting, adding that Washington was campaigning againsthis country as if ``we were inventing a nuclear bomb.''The leftist-populist Chávez has been a steady and stri<strong>de</strong>nt critic of the Bushadministration, and a victory in the Security Council race would give him astrong voice in Latin American regional affairs as well.Most analysts had expected Venezuela to outpoll Guatemala in the election,one of the most disputed in Security Council history. Chávez had traveledthe globe in search of votes, touting himself as a strong voice opposed to


26Venezuela Is Denied Security Council Seat; New Vote Scheduled Todayas Intensive Campaign Fails to Win Two-Thirds of BallotsColum Lynch and Juan ForeroVenezuela was stymied Monday in its bid to win a seat on the U.N. SecurityCouncil, a result that shocked diplomats who had expected Presi<strong>de</strong>nt HugoChavez's leftist, oil-rich government to gain a platform on the internationalstage.Guatemala finished ahead of Venezuela in nine of the first 10 rounds ofsecret voting held by the U.N. General Assembly. But neither secured therequired two-thirds vote to succeed Argentina on Jan. 1 in the open LatinAmerican seat on the 15-nation council.Voting will resume Tuesday.Delegates at the United Nations had predicted that Venezuela would easilyreceive enough support for the seat, but the opening ballot showedGuatemala ahead 114 to 74. Venezuela gained votes through the day butnever did better than a 93 to 93 tie with Guatemala. Afterward, severalenvoys expressed surprise that Venezuela had fared so poorly.The result came as a relief to the United States, which had lobbied activelyon behalf of Guatemala. Chavez's government, U.S. officials warned, wouldplay a <strong>de</strong>structive role on the council, lending its support to those countries,including Iran, Sudan and North Korea, that have <strong>de</strong>fied the United Nations.It also represented a personal blow to Chavez, who had run a costly politicalcampaign that involved millions of dollars in aid to poor countries as well asstate visits to Russia, China and the Middle East.Chavez may have un<strong>de</strong>rcut his country's chances with a provocative speechlast month before the General Assembly, in which he <strong>de</strong>scribed Presi<strong>de</strong>nt


27Bush as "the <strong>de</strong>vil." And once-solid support for Venezuela in SouthAmerica, from countries including Chile and Paraguay, wavered afterChavez's government entered into a military pact with Bolivia, which haslost territory to both those countries.The United States, Britain, China, Russia and France enjoy permanentmembership on the 15-member Security Council. The other 10 seats aredistributed regionally for two-year terms; a vote by the General Assemblyfills five seats each year. South Africa, Indonesia, Italy and Belgium wereeasily elected Monday for their regions.But the <strong>de</strong>adlock over the Latin American seat raised the prospect of a longelection and that a compromise candidate -- possibly Costa Rica, theDominican Republic, Uruguay or Chile -- might enter the race. Mexico andCuba received single votes on some ballots Monday.Chavez has been hostile to Washington for years, but he has beenparticularly antagonistic since the White House offered tacit support for a2002 coup that briefly removed him from power. Venezuela's U.N.ambassador, Francisco Javier Arias Car<strong>de</strong>nas, characterized the race as achallenge between a fearless champion of the <strong>de</strong>veloping world and theworld's lone superpower."We are not competing with a brother country. We are competing with thebiggest power on the planet," he said.Some <strong>de</strong>legates said Chavez's Sept. 20 speech alienated mo<strong>de</strong>rate memberswho felt he had violated U.N. protocol.For those who view the General Assembly chamber as "a very sacrosanctplace," Chavez's performance exhibited "bad taste," said Tanzania'sambassador, Augustine P. Mahiga. "It can be a platform for the battle ofi<strong>de</strong>as but not for the vilification of one country."Mahiga said, however, that Washington's intensive promotion ofGuatemala's bid may have helped its cause in some capitals and "swayed"others to vote against it.


28"It's a double-edged sword," he said. The race was "perceived as a contestbetween the United States and Venezuela."Alberto Garrido, an author and analyst in <strong>Caracas</strong> who has written severalbooks on Chavez, said the vote is a serious setback for Chavez's campaignto project Venezuelan influence beyond Latin America.Venezuela has bought foreign <strong>de</strong>bt from Argentina, sold cru<strong>de</strong> oil at cut-rateprices to smaller Caribbean islands and provi<strong>de</strong>d aid to Africa -- all efforts<strong>de</strong>signed, in part, to counter U.S. influence."This is a big setback in Chavez's strategy," said Garrido, whose latest book,"Chavez's Wars," <strong>de</strong>als with the presi<strong>de</strong>nt's conflicts with the Bushadministration and other foes. "He had a plan to become the institutionalizedvoice of the south, if he had gotten that seat. This is a blow, perhaps thebiggest blow in his geopolitical strategy."In Venezuela, the government's failure to secure a seat was called "anembarrassing <strong>de</strong>feat" by Manuel Rosales, who is running against Chavez inDecember's presi<strong>de</strong>ntial election. The presi<strong>de</strong>nt retains the support of amajority of Venezuelans, recent polls have shown, but opponents accuse himof ignoring spiraling crime, chronic unemployment and poverty while hefocuses on making a name for himself abroad.Chavez has spent much of his presi<strong>de</strong>ncy outsi<strong>de</strong> Venezuela. But since July,as the Security Council campaign has built, his travel schedule has becomefeverish, with trips to Russia, China, Vietnam, Iran and Belarus.The Venezuelan government's argument that it would be a voice for thosecountries suffering at the hands of U.S. imperialism did not strike a chordwith enough nations, said Milos Alcalay, a former Venezuelan ambassadorto the United Nations."To argue that Venezuela would go to the Security Council to be thecounterweight against imperialism didn't mesh with the philosophy that thisis a body that aims to find things in common," said Alcalay, who resignedhis post because of opposition to Chavez's policies.


29"This was firstly a rejection of combative language, but it was also arejection of Venezuela's claim to be the voice of those who do not have avoice, of Africa, the nonaligned," he said. "And really, they do have a voice.Africa elected South Africa as its spokesman."Venezuela in fight for place on UN councilOlivia WardThe Toronto StarThe United Nations Security Council's 10 non-permanent members havebeen labelled the "silent majority" because they take a back seat to thepowerful five permanent members who can shoot down resolutions with aveto.But yesterday the volume rose dramatically as the UN General Assemblywas <strong>de</strong>adlocked in an emotional vote for a new crop of non-permanentsecurity council members that will represent their regions by serving a twoyearterm at the heart of international diplomacy.Venezuela - a sworn enemy of the United States un<strong>de</strong>r Presi<strong>de</strong>nt HugoChavez - has waged a fierce campaign against Washington-backedGuatemala for Latin America's seat, one of five that will change hands at theend of this year."Right at this moment the United States has activated a full-blown dirty waragainst Venezuela," Chavez told reporters in <strong>Caracas</strong>, continuing a line offlamboyant anti-American diatribes that have inclu<strong>de</strong>d <strong>de</strong>nouncing Presi<strong>de</strong>ntGeorge W. Bush as "the <strong>de</strong>vil."A number of diplomats said Chavez's stri<strong>de</strong>nt tactics had discouraged theirvotes.The vote continues today until a nation reaches the requisite 125 votes inGeneral Assembly or a compromise candidate emerges.In 1979, the assembly conducted 155 rounds in a race between Colombiaand Cuba, with Mexico emerging as the compromise candidate.


30After 10 rounds of voting that took up much of yesterday, Guatemalamaintained a lead, but both countries fell short of the votes required to gain aseat on the 15-member council. Five of the members are permanent - theUnited States, Russia, China, Britain and France - and have veto power. Theother 10 serve two-year terms, with five of them elected each year.The UN itself has 192 member countries.Mexico and Cuba briefly threw their hats in the ring to break the tie, butgained no support from the packed house of diplomats.New rounds of voting will be held between now and the end of December,and new Latin countries may emerge on the ballots.In other regions, three other Security Council members were elected withoutcontest, including South Africa, Italy and Belgium. Indonesia won overNepal to represent Asia.But the Latin vote was one of the General Assembly's most tumultuous, a"David and Goliath" contest between Washington and Chavez. Althougheach new round of voting was greeted with loud cheers by Venezuela's<strong>de</strong>legation, the failure to win the seat was a humiliating rout after Chavez'swi<strong>de</strong> acclaim at a recent meeting of non-aligned nations, a group of 118<strong>de</strong>veloping countries that inclu<strong>de</strong>s Iran.Venezuela Slips in Voting for Seat on the Security CouncilBy WARREN HOGEVenezuela's campaign to gain Latin America's open seat on the SecurityCouncil next year suffered a setback on Monday when Guatemala, backedby the United States, established a wi<strong>de</strong> lead and maintained it after 10ballots.Neither country obtained the necessary 125 votes -- two-thirds of thosevoting -- to win the seat outright, but Guatemala en<strong>de</strong>d the day with a lead of110 to 77.


31The balloting, which at one point had the countries tied with 93 votes each,resumes Tuesday and could last days, until one prevails or the LatinAmerican group <strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong>s to bring forth a compromise candidate.The initial outcome was a distinct blow to the ambitions of Hugo Chavez,the fiery populist lea<strong>de</strong>r of Venezuela, who has turned the contest into afocus of his campaign against Washington, and traveled wi<strong>de</strong>ly and spent hiscountry's oil largess liberally to promote its candidacy.Francisco Arias Car<strong>de</strong>nas, Venezuela's ambassador, said his country wasnot battling Guatemala, which he called ''a brother country,'' but ''fightingagainst the owners of the universe.''A Venezuelan victory, he said, would give small and impoverished nations''an in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt voice nee<strong>de</strong>d on the Security Council to fight against thepower of money.''A Security Council seat would also give Mr. Chavez a global platform tovent his grievances against Washington, a reason why the United States hasconducted its own vigorous lobbying against the i<strong>de</strong>a.Mr. Chavez gave a histrionic preview of what could be expected when headdressed the opening of the General Assembly last month and calledPresi<strong>de</strong>nt Bush ''the <strong>de</strong>vil,'' adding that he could still smell sulfur on thepodium where Mr. Bush had spoken the day before.While the real power on the 15-nation Security Council is exercised by thefive permanent members with vetoes -- Britain, China, France, Russia andthe United States -- Venezuela could be a spoiler in the Council's efforts atconsensus and its ability to draft its frequent policy statements, a process thatrequires unanimity.While potentially disruptive, Venezuela's presence would have little realeffect on resolutions, which need only nine votes (and no vetoes) to pass.Monday's vote was held to fill the seat being vacated by Argentina, one ofthe five elected members of the panel finishing their two-year terms at theend of the year.


32In uncontested races on Monday, South Africa was named to replaceTanzania, and Belgium and Italy were endorsed to replace Denmark andGreece. Indonesia <strong>de</strong>feated Nepal for the seat held by Japan.United Nations rules permit marathon ballots, and a battle between Cuba andColombia in 1979 continued for two months and 155 rounds until theelection of a third candidate, Mexico.''In the year 2000, I was in Florida for 31 days,'' said John R. Bolton, theAmerican ambassador, recalling the post-election fight of Presi<strong>de</strong>nt Bush towin the presi<strong>de</strong>ncy that year. ''This has just begun.''Link to Chavez May Have Hurt Ecuadorean CandidateBy SIMON ROMERORafael Correa, the charismatic economist who garnered a surprisingly weakshowing Sunday in the first round of voting for presi<strong>de</strong>nt, finds himself in asituation that has plagued leftists in other Latin American elections this year:<strong>de</strong>fending his ties to Presi<strong>de</strong>nt Hugo Chavez of Venezuela.Alvaro Noboa, a conservative banking and banana magnate, surged ahead byattacking Mr. Correa's admiration for Mr. Chavez and his advocacy ofnationalistic economic proposals that seemed inspired by Mr. Chavez'spolicies. The two candidates are expected to compete in a runoff election onNov. 26.''Noboa saw the advantage of running against Correa but also againstChavez,'' said Simon Cueva, an economist and political analyst at theCorporation for Development Studies, an Ecuadorean research institute.Mr. Noboa won about 27 percent of the vote and Mr. Correa 22 percent,with about 70 percent of the votes counted on Monday. Mr. Correachallenged the results and said fraud might have marred the count, whichsuffered from <strong>de</strong>lays. Election officials suspen<strong>de</strong>d a contract with theBrazilian company overseeing electronic tabulations.


33Mr. Noboa called Mr. Correa a ''friend of terrorists, a friend of Chavez, afriend of Cuba.'' Mr. Correa said Mr. Noboa would rule Ecuador like a''banana plantation.''It has been a challenging week for Mr. Chavez. Venezuela failed to winenough votes on Monday for a seat on the United Nations Security Council,possibly <strong>de</strong>priving its presi<strong>de</strong>nt of an international platform he <strong>de</strong>sires.The unexpected results in the election here, meanwhile, point to growingunease in some parts of Latin America with political projects whoseambitions coinci<strong>de</strong> too closely with those of Mr. Chavez.''Daniel Ortega must be a little nervous,'' said Michael Shifter, an analyst atInter-American Dialogue, a policy institute in Washington. Mr. Ortega, whois consi<strong>de</strong>red the front-runner in Nicaragua's presi<strong>de</strong>ntial election nextmonth, has been endorsed by Mr. Chavez, who has been relatively quietabout Mr. Correa's campaign in Ecuador.The perception of support from Mr. Chavez has been a mixed blessing inother recent elections. Alan Garcia, whose first term as Peru's presi<strong>de</strong>nten<strong>de</strong>d in hyperinflation, mounted a comeback this year to <strong>de</strong>feat OllantaHumala, an ultranationalist former army officer who had been endorsed byMr. Chavez.Venezuela's relations with Mexico remain tense after Felipe Cal<strong>de</strong>ron, aconservative, <strong>de</strong>feated Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador, a leftist, for thepresi<strong>de</strong>ncy this year. Mr. Cal<strong>de</strong>ron used images of Mr. Chavez in televisionads during the campaign to criticize Mr. Lopez Obrador.Now Mr. Noboa, a billionaire who controls more than 100 companies inEcuador and other countries, signaled that he would end diplomatic relationswith Venezuela and Cuba if elected. ''I'm not a hypocrite,'' he said intelevised comments. ''I don't like the double standard.''Issues other than Venezuela have also dominated Ecuador's presi<strong>de</strong>ntialrace. Mr. Noboa wants to negotiate a tra<strong>de</strong> agreement with Washington andfavors extending an agreement that would allow American soldiers to


34remain in Manta, an air base used by the United States military for drugsurveillance flights.Mr. Correa, like most of the other Ecuadorean presi<strong>de</strong>ntial candidates,disagreed with Mr. Noboa on those issues. Drawing inspiration fromArgentina, Mr. Correa also said he wanted to renegotiate Ecuador's foreign<strong>de</strong>bt, a move that worried foreign banks about <strong>de</strong>aling with another messy<strong>de</strong>fault.Mr. Noboa and Mr. Correa both campaigned as populists, as did GilmarGutierrez, the brother of a <strong>de</strong>posed former presi<strong>de</strong>nt, who finished third. Mr.Noboa campaigned from the right as a God-fearing businessman, promisingcheap housing and handing out free wheelchairs to handicapped supporters.Mr. Correa promises a ''citizen's revolution'' by rewriting Ecuador'sConstitution. He also evoked an affinity with Mr. Chavez by professingadmiration for the Venezuelan's ''Bolivarian'' i<strong>de</strong>als.Mr. Correa said during the campaign that Mr. Chavez was a friend andacknowledged meeting with him in Venezuela as recently as August. Herepeatedly <strong>de</strong>nied receiving campaign financing from Venezuela'sgovernment.Almost until the voting on Sunday, the election seemed Mr. Correa's to lose.One opinion poll by Cedatos/Gallup put his support at 37 percent at the startof October, within grasp of winning the 40 percent necessary for a firstroundvictory. He would also have nee<strong>de</strong>d a 10 percentage point lead to win.Venezuela Hits in Advance 2006 Tax Haul TargetVenezuelan tax agency Seniat hit in advance the tax haul target for full-year2006, which was set at 39.8 trln Venezuelan bolivars ($18.535 bln/14.802bln euro).The receipts from internal taxes totalled 27.7 trln bolivars ($12.9 bln/10.302bln euro), the national tax superinten<strong>de</strong>nt, Jose Gregorio Vielma Mora, said.


35The customs revenue stood at 9.8 trln bolivars ($4.564 bln/3.645 bln euro),Vielma Mora ad<strong>de</strong>d.The revenue from value ad<strong>de</strong>d tax (VAT) collections accounted for 45 pct oftotal tax haul, the income tax for 38.4 pct and the bank <strong>de</strong>bit tax for 0.9 pct.On October 13, 2006 Seniat posted 39.62 trln bolivars ($18.451 bln/14.735bln euro) in tax collections, which represented 99.51 pct of the 2006 target.Taking into consi<strong>de</strong>ration the current tax haul result, Seniat has revised itstax haul target for 2006, fixing it at 50 trln bolivars ($23.285 bln/18.595 blneuro), Vielma Mora said.Venezuela CVG Telecom To Sign Six Contracts Worth $140 Mln withChinese CompaniesVenezuelan state telecommunications company CVG Telecom plans to signsix frame contracts worth some $140 mln (111.7 mln euro) with three majorChinese telecommunications companies, the Venezuelan Minister of BasicIndustries and Mines (Mibam), Jose Khan, said in a statement on October16, 2006.The contracts, signed to enhance the <strong>de</strong>velopment of the Venezuelantelecommunications sector, inclu<strong>de</strong>d:- a contract worth $6.0 mln (4.79 mln euro) with Alcatel Shanghai Bell forthe construction of a network access point;- a contract worth $24 mln (19.2 mln euro) with the same company for anetwork management centre;- a contract worth $15 mln (12 mln euro) with the same company for anational microwave network;- a contract worth $24 mln (19.2 mln euro) with Huawei Technologies forthe <strong>de</strong>velopment of a central transport system;


36- a contract worth $46 mln (36.7 mln euro) with the above company for the<strong>de</strong>velopment of a national access system;- a contract worth $25 mln (19.9 mln euro) with ZTE Corporation for the<strong>de</strong>velopment of a second national access system.CVG Telecom also reached other agreements with Chinesetelecommunications companies, but CVG Telecom has yet to obtainsufficient resources for them. These contracts are for the <strong>de</strong>velopment of afibre-optic network in southern Venezuela and a mobile phones plant. Theplant may be completed by the end of 2007 and will have the capacity toproduce one million phones per year. Its location has not been <strong>de</strong>fined yet.The contracts are <strong>de</strong>signed to improve the access to mo<strong>de</strong>rn technologiesand telecommunications services in Venezuela and will also contribute tothe improvement of the social conditions in the less urbanised areas of thecountry.Chavez suffers setback in bid for Security Council seatBy David Usborne in New YorkHugo Chavez, the Presi<strong>de</strong>nt of Venezuela who has based his politicalappeal partly on confronting the "imperialist" United States at everyopportunity, was frustrated last night in his efforts to win a seat on the UNSecurity Council.After 10 inconclusive rounds of secret voting at the General Assembly to<strong>de</strong>ci<strong>de</strong> which Latin American country should take up one of five nonpermanentseats open in January, neither Venezuela nor its rival Guatemalahad reached the two-thirds majority required. Further rounds will be heldtoday.Support for both countries fluctuated significantly between rounds, creatingan unusual sense of drama in the chamber. Guatemala en<strong>de</strong>d the day with aclear edge but if it fails to reach the two-thirds mark this morning, Latin


37American states may have to offer an alternative candidate, possibly CostaRica.A failed Venezuela bid would be a setback for Mr Chavez who spentmonths traveling the world lobbying for support often lavishing countrieswith aid.Some diplomats said he had erred with his less-than-diplomatic address tothe Assembly last month when he bran<strong>de</strong>d Presi<strong>de</strong>nt George Bush the"<strong>de</strong>vil".By contrast, it would represent a signal victory for the US, which had ma<strong>de</strong>no secret of its opposition to Venezuela's bid. After 10 rounds, Guatemalahad sup-port from 110 countries against 77 for Venezuela. "There is a clearprepon<strong>de</strong>rance for Guatemala," claimed US Ambassador John Bolton "Thisreminds me of Florida in 2000, votes go up and votes go down."Mr Chavez, who faces reelection in December, is likely to come un<strong>de</strong>rdomestic criticism for squan<strong>de</strong>ring money on the Council bid.Venezuela would have held the seat for two years and Mr Chavez hadvowed to use it to frustrate the US in the chamber.Elected without contest to represent other regions yesterday were Italy,Belgium, South Africa and Indonesia.Venezuela's PDVSA to upgra<strong>de</strong> refineries' power system: reportVenezuelan state oil company PDVSA has set asi<strong>de</strong> $1 billion to improvethe electric system that feeds its refineries after a series of refineryshutdowns due to power problems, <strong>Caracas</strong> daily El Universal reportedSaturday.The company will use the funds to acquire new equipment to improveelectricity infrastructure, especially in Zulia and Anzoategui states, the dailycited company presi<strong>de</strong>nt Rafael Ramirez as saying.


38The money will come from a state <strong>de</strong>velopment fund called Fon<strong>de</strong>n, whichhas already <strong>de</strong>dicated $3 billion to the national power sector since 2004, thereport said.Venezuela will also un<strong>de</strong>rtake new power projects linked to new oil projectsin the Orinoco heavy oil belt and the Gran Mariscal <strong>de</strong> Ayacucho IndustrialComplex, Ramirez said in the report.A 50,000 b/d fluid catalytic cracker at PDVSA's El Palito refinery operatedat below capacity for some two weeks after an unplanned shutdown due toan electric failure on September 26. PDVSA said the FCC was fullyoperational as of October 10. A fire also shut a 190,000 b/d cru<strong>de</strong> distillationunit at PDVSA's Amuay refinery in July.Ramirez <strong>de</strong>nied that Venezuela's refinery problems had caused recentgasoline shortages in the Dominican Republic. Venezuela offers to sendDominican Republic up to 50,000 b/d, but the country is only using 35,000b/d, Ramirez said. "We haven't <strong>de</strong>nied to send them more," he said.Ramirez also said that Venezuela has not held back shipments to the UnitedStates, although he did say that PDVSA bought a dispatch of alkylates fromBP to produce fuel.PDVSA said October 9 that refinery shutdowns had not caused the companyto stop fulfilling its contractual obligations to export fuel, <strong>de</strong>spite mediareports to the contrary.Venezuela Is Denied Security Council Seat; New Vote Scheduled Todayas Intensive Campaign Fails to Win Two-Thirds of BallotsVenezuela was stymied Monday in its bid to win a seat on the U.N. SecurityCouncil, a result that shocked diplomats who had expected Presi<strong>de</strong>nt Hugo


39Chavez's leftist, oil-rich government to gain a platform on the internationalstage.Guatemala finished ahead of Venezuela in nine of the first 10 rounds ofsecret voting held by the U.N. General Assembly. But neither secured therequired two-thirds vote to succeed Argentina on Jan. 1 in the open LatinAmerican seat on the 15-nation council.Voting will resume Tuesday.Delegates at the United Nations had predicted that Venezuela would easilyreceive enough support for the seat, but the opening ballot showedGuatemala ahead 114 to 74. Venezuela gained votes through the day butnever did better than a 93 to 93 tie with Guatemala. Afterward, severalenvoys expressed surprise that Venezuela had fared so poorly.The result came as a relief to the United States, which had lobbied activelyon behalf of Guatemala. Chavez's government, U.S. officials warned, wouldplay a <strong>de</strong>structive role on the council, lending its support to those countries,including Iran, Sudan and North Korea, that have <strong>de</strong>fied the United Nations.It also represented a personal blow to Chavez, who had run a costly politicalcampaign that involved millions of dollars in aid to poor countries as well asstate visits to Russia, China and the Middle East.Chavez may have un<strong>de</strong>rcut his country's chances with a provocative speechlast month before the General Assembly, in which he <strong>de</strong>scribed Presi<strong>de</strong>ntBush as "the <strong>de</strong>vil." And once-solid support for Venezuela in SouthAmerica, from countries including Chile and Paraguay, wavered afterChavez's government entered into a military pact with Bolivia, which haslost territory to both those countries.The United States, Britain, China, Russia and France enjoy permanentmembership on the 15-member Security Council. The other 10 seats aredistributed regionally for two-year terms; a vote by the General Assemblyfills five seats each year. South Africa, Indonesia, Italy and Belgium wereeasily elected Monday for their regions.


40But the <strong>de</strong>adlock over the Latin American seat raised the prospect of a longelection and that a compromise candidate -- possibly Costa Rica, theDominican Republic, Uruguay or Chile -- might enter the race. Mexico andCuba received single votes on some ballots Monday.Chavez has been hostile to Washington for years, but he has beenparticularly antagonistic since the White House offered tacit support for a2002 coup that briefly removed him from power. Venezuela's U.N.ambassador, Francisco Javier Arias Car<strong>de</strong>nas, characterized the race as achallenge between a fearless champion of the <strong>de</strong>veloping world and theworld's lone superpower."We are not competing with a brother country. We are competing with thebiggest power on the planet," he said.Some <strong>de</strong>legates said Chavez's Sept. 20 speech alienated mo<strong>de</strong>rate memberswho felt he had violated U.N. protocol.For those who view the General Assembly chamber as "a very sacrosanctplace," Chavez's performance exhibited "bad taste," said Tanzania'sambassador, Augustine P. Mahiga. "It can be a platform for the battle ofi<strong>de</strong>as but not for the vilification of one country."Mahiga said, however, that Washington's intensive promotion ofGuatemala's bid may have helped its cause in some capitals and "swayed"others to vote against it."It's a double-edged sword," he said. The race was "perceived as a contestbetween the United States and Venezuela."Alberto Garrido, an author and analyst in <strong>Caracas</strong> who has written severalbooks on Chavez, said the vote is a serious setback for Chavez's campaignto project Venezuelan influence beyond Latin America.Venezuela has bought foreign <strong>de</strong>bt from Argentina, sold cru<strong>de</strong> oil at cut-rateprices to smaller Caribbean islands and provi<strong>de</strong>d aid to Africa -- all efforts<strong>de</strong>signed, in part, to counter U.S. influence.


41"This is a big setback in Chavez's strategy," said Garrido, whose latest book,"Chavez's Wars," <strong>de</strong>als with the presi<strong>de</strong>nt's conflicts with the Bushadministration and other foes. "He had a plan to become the institutionalizedvoice of the south, if he had gotten that seat. This is a blow, perhaps thebiggest blow in his geopolitical strategy."In Venezuela, the government's failure to secure a seat was called "anembarrassing <strong>de</strong>feat" by Manuel Rosales, who is running against Chavez inDecember's presi<strong>de</strong>ntial election. The presi<strong>de</strong>nt retains the support of amajority of Venezuelans, recent polls have shown, but opponents accuse himof ignoring spiraling crime, chronic unemployment and poverty while hefocuses on making a name for himself abroad.Chavez has spent much of his presi<strong>de</strong>ncy outsi<strong>de</strong> Venezuela. But since July,as the Security Council campaign has built, his travel schedule has becomefeverish, with trips to Russia, China, Vietnam, Iran and Belarus.The Venezuelan government's argument that it would be a voice for thosecountries suffering at the hands of U.S. imperialism did not strike a chordwith enough nations, said Milos Alcalay, a former Venezuelan ambassadorto the United Nations."To argue that Venezuela would go to the Security Council to be thecounterweight against imperialism didn't mesh with the philosophy that thisis a body that aims to find things in common," said Alcalay, who resignedhis post because of opposition to Chavez's policies."This was firstly a rejection of combative language, but it was also arejection of Venezuela's claim to be the voice of those who do not have avoice, of Africa, the nonaligned," he said. "And really, they do have a voice.Africa elected South Africa as its spokesman."


42In First Day of Voting, Venezuela Fails To Win Security Council SeatBENNY AVNI -The New York SunUNITED NATIONS - In a setback for its increasingly popular presi<strong>de</strong>nt,Venezuela was unable to marshal enough support yesterday to win a seat onthe U.N. Security Council.A routine U.N. General Assembly vote on the five of the 10 elected seats onthe Security Council turned dramatic as neither Venezuela nor its rival forthe Latin American council seat, Guatemala, won the necessary support oftwo-thirds of the 192 assembly members.Yesterday's secret General Assembly process resembled a day at the races,with one-minute rounds of voting. Separating them were 20-minuteintervals, as paper ballots were counted and <strong>de</strong>legates exchanged opinions,sipped espresso in the nearby lounge, and lobbied each other.During the early morning rounds, Venezuelans han<strong>de</strong>d out small packets ofVenezuelan-ma<strong>de</strong> chocolate while Guatemalans gave away colorfulwristbands ma<strong>de</strong> of beads. Some Muslim <strong>de</strong>legates said they put off eatingthe chocolate until sundown as part of the daily Ramadan fast.Behind the scenes, however, was intense lobbying, with Venezuelapromising oil <strong>de</strong>als, America - which supported Guatemala's candidacy -pledging political incentives, and both si<strong>de</strong>s threatening retaliation for thosewho voted against them. The result was, in the words of one Venezuelandiplomat, a "roller-coaster ri<strong>de</strong>."The race was closely watched in <strong>Caracas</strong>, where a national presi<strong>de</strong>ntialelection is scheduled for early next year. Presi<strong>de</strong>nt Chavez has invested hisprestige and petrodollars in the Security Council race, and some of hisfiercest anti-American rhetoric has been reserved for it.Yet Mr. Chavez's famous September speech at the U.N. General Assembly,in which he called Presi<strong>de</strong>nt Bush "el Diablo," could have hurt his country'scandidacy.


43"You have to work within certain parameters," the Panamanian ambassadorto the United Nations, Ricardo Arias, said.The speech led many diplomats tobelieve that if Venezuela gained a Security Council seat, Mr. Chavez wouldgo too far to split the council and ren<strong>de</strong>r it ineffective, Mr. Arias ad<strong>de</strong>d."We are fighting against the biggest power on the planet," the Venezuelanambassador to the United Nations, Francisco Javier Arias Car<strong>de</strong>nas, said."The U.S. is fighting us as if we were holding a nuclear bomb to <strong>de</strong>stroy it."Guatemala began the day with 109 supporters, 15 votes shy of the twothirdsmajority nee<strong>de</strong>d to win the seat. Venezuela, which until yesterday wasacting as if its election were assured, received only 76 votes in the firstround.In later rounds, the rivals moved to a 93–93 tie. After 10 rounds, however,Guatemala was back in the lead, with 110 supporters to Venezuela's 77.Mr. Car<strong>de</strong>nas vowed to preserve his country's "dignity" and said Venezuelawould hang onto its core group of supporters "until the last moment." Butthe Guatemalan foreign minister, Gert Rosenthal, said,"If this goes on fordays and neither party gets the two-thirds, both should withdraw for a thirdcandidate."In October 1979, the General Assembly went through a record 154 rounds ofvoting as Cuba and Colombia vied for a council seat. Both finally withdrewin January 1980 after Mexico stepped in as a compromise candidate.At one point yesterday, as the assembly seemed <strong>de</strong>adlocked, one countryvoted Mexico in, only to be countered in the next round by a vote for Cuba.Most diplomats said publicly that for now, the contest is between Venezuelaand Guatemala, but that at least three countries - Costa Rica, the DominicanRepublic, and Uruguay - could enter the race.Earlier yesterday, South Africa, Italy, Belgium, and Indonesia easily wonenough votes for council seats. But after 10 rounds of voting for the LatinAmerican seat, the presi<strong>de</strong>nt of the General Assembly, Sheikha HayaRashed Al Khalifa, called a halt to the voting until today.


44"In the year 2000, I spent 31 days in Florida. This has just begun," theAmerican ambassador to the United Nations, John Bolton, said. 0 - Tuesday,October 10, 2006 11:52:22 AMZapatero y Chávez mantendrán un encuentro en Cumbre Montevi<strong>de</strong>oEl presi<strong>de</strong>nte <strong>de</strong>l Gobierno, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, mantendrá unencuentro con el lí<strong>de</strong>r venezolano, Hugo Chávez, en la próxima CumbreIberoamericana que se celebrará a principios <strong>de</strong> noviembre en Montevi<strong>de</strong>o,según afirmó hoy el vicepresi<strong>de</strong>nte <strong>de</strong> Venezuela, José Vicente Rangel.Tras reunirse esta mañana con el ministro <strong>de</strong> Asuntos Exteriores, MiguelAngel Moratinos, en el Palacio <strong>de</strong> Santa Cruz, Rangel confirmó lacelebración <strong>de</strong> ese encuentro y expresó el <strong>de</strong>seo <strong>de</strong> su Gobierno <strong>de</strong>"profundizar al máximo" la "excelente" relación con España que -recalcó-"es muy transparente, muy productiva y muy fecunda para ambas naciones".El vicepresi<strong>de</strong>nte venezolano negó que haya pedido a Moratinos el apoyo <strong>de</strong>España para que su país sustituya a Argentina en el Consejo <strong>de</strong> Seguridad <strong>de</strong>Naciones Unidas, y dijo que "el voto en este episodio para nada comprometelas relaciones internacionales <strong>de</strong> Venezuela con ningún país"."Nosotros no le hemos pedido el voto a nadie y, mucho menos, presionado.Hemos conversado con los distintos representantes <strong>de</strong> los países, les hemos<strong>info</strong>rmado <strong>de</strong> nuestra política, y si ellos nos apoyan, bienvenido ese apoyo.Si no nos apoyan, no ha pasado nada", manifestó.En cualquier caso, Rangel consi<strong>de</strong>ró que su país "ya ha ganado la batalla" enNaciones Unidas, puesto que "pelear con el coloso" -en referencia a EstadosUnidos que, según dijo, "está presionando a todos los países"- es "ya unéxito".En cuanto a las elecciones presi<strong>de</strong>nciales celebradas en Ecuador el pasadodomingo, el dirigente venezolano admitió que su Gobierno tiene "sus


45simpatías y su corazoncito", pero insistió en que no se "involucra" puestoque son los ecuatorianos quienes <strong>de</strong>ben <strong>de</strong>cidir su futuro.Preguntado por la venta <strong>de</strong> 12 aviones <strong>de</strong> EADS-CASA a Venezuela,<strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> que la Administración estadouni<strong>de</strong>nse <strong>de</strong>negara la licencianecesaria para sus componentes tecnológicos, el vicepresi<strong>de</strong>nte venezolanolamentó "enormemente" que no se haya podido materializar."Eso tiene que ver, más que con la relación Venezuela-España, con larelación España-EEUU, porque EEUU ha impuesto una serie <strong>de</strong> normas queimpi<strong>de</strong>n la venta <strong>de</strong> esos aviones a Venezuela", recordó Rangel quienañadió que "la limitación, en este caso, es a la soberanía española y no a la<strong>de</strong> Venezuela", que pue<strong>de</strong> comprar esos equipos en "cualquier parte <strong>de</strong>lmundo".Chile dice A.Latina busca consenso para Consejo ONUChile aseguró el martes que América Latina inició la búsqueda <strong>de</strong> uncandidato <strong>de</strong> consenso para ocupar un sillón en el Consejo <strong>de</strong> Seguridad <strong>de</strong>Naciones Unidas, luego <strong>de</strong> que Guatemala y Venezuela no lograronimponerse tras 11 rondas <strong>de</strong> votaciones en la organización.Después <strong>de</strong> la maratónica votación <strong>de</strong>l lunes en Nueva York para el asientolatinoamericano en el Consejo <strong>de</strong> Seguridad, los países candidatos <strong>de</strong> laregión comenzaron a flexibilizar sus posiciones, dijo el canciller chileno,Alejandro Foxley."Finalmente a última hora <strong>de</strong> ayer y <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> 10 votaciones, los países quese presentaron están mostrando una primera disponibilidad a conversar yestán apareciendo otros países", dijo Foxley a la radio local Cooperativa."Hoy hay mucha incertidumbre en Nueva York, pero lo interesante es queempezó a producirse la apertura <strong>de</strong> los distintos países y sectores para buscaruna solución", agregó.


46Sin embargo, en la undécima ronda que se realizó en la mañana <strong>de</strong>l martes,el panorama lucía similar al <strong>de</strong> la víspera. Guatemala logró 107 votos a sufavor, frente a 76 <strong>de</strong> Venezuela y ocho abstenciones.Chile se abstuvo <strong>de</strong> votar por Guatemala, que tiene el apoyo <strong>de</strong> EstadosUnidos, pero tampoco entregó su apoyo a Venezuela, férreo opositor aWashington."Lejos <strong>de</strong> adoptar una posición cómoda, tomamos una <strong>de</strong>cisión que siemprees difícil <strong>de</strong> asumir, que es más fácil presentar el blanco y el negro, pero nila vida, ni la política, ni la historia son así", dijo a periodistas la presi<strong>de</strong>ntachilena, Michelle Bachelet."Asumimos una postura que va a permitir (...) construir una solución<strong>de</strong>finitiva. Vamos a llegar a un candidato <strong>de</strong> amplio apoyo", agregó lamandataria.Ninguno <strong>de</strong> los dos países en carrera ha logrado conseguir la mayoría <strong>de</strong> dostercios <strong>de</strong> votos necesaria para una victoria en la Asamblea General <strong>de</strong> laONU, que tiene 192 naciones."Ahora, la elección está abierta (...) se está conversando y la situación estáfluida. Hay que tener paciencia. Me parece que las posiciones estánconvergiendo (...) a una voz única en América Latina", comentó Foxley."Chile está muy activamente conversando con todos y creo que hay quetener paciencia y probablemente lo que va a ocurrir al final es que vamos atener un candidato <strong>de</strong> consenso", agregó, pese a que Venezuela dijo que nose retiraría <strong>de</strong> la disputa.La votación para el sillón en el Consejo <strong>de</strong> Seguridad se ha transformado enuna batalla <strong>de</strong> influencia entre Estados Unidos y Venezuela, que bajo elgobierno <strong>de</strong>l presi<strong>de</strong>nte Hugo Chávez, ha intentado formar una alianza enAsia, Africa y el Medio Oriente para <strong>de</strong>safiar los intereses <strong>de</strong>l paísnorteamericano.En América Latina, los países se dividieron para las primeras rondas <strong>de</strong>votación. Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay, Uruguay y Bolivia optaron por la


47candidatura venezolana y México y Colombia y gran parte <strong>de</strong> las nacionescentroamericanas apoyaron a Guatemala.El Consejo <strong>de</strong> Seguridad está integrado por 15 miembros, <strong>de</strong> los cuales 10tienen carácter rotativo y permanecen en el puesto por un período <strong>de</strong> dosaños. Estados Unidos, Gran Bretaña, China, Rusia y Francia son miembrospermanentes con po<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong> veto en la entidad <strong>de</strong> Naciones Unidas.El renacer <strong>de</strong>l populismoEn el último tiempo hemos observado un renacimiento <strong>de</strong>l discurso y laspolíticas populistas en Latinoamérica. El paladín <strong>de</strong> este nuevo populismo esel Presi<strong>de</strong>nte Hugo Chávez, <strong>de</strong> Venezuela, que en su cosecha siglo XXI haadoptado una nueva versión <strong>de</strong> populismo internacional.El populista latinoamericano tradicional usa los recursos públicos paraimpulsar hasta lo insostenible la economía doméstica y ganar con ello elapoyo popular. Chávez va más lejos, y gasta gran<strong>de</strong>s sumas en conseguirapoyo para la "revolución bolivariana" fuera <strong>de</strong> sus fronteras. Los populistasclásicos siempre terminan en una crisis económica. Hugo Chávez bienpue<strong>de</strong> terminar allí, pero no necesariamente, porque es populista rico, conrecursos.El mandatario venezolano tiene, ciertamente, seguidores y admiradores enLatinoamérica: el Presi<strong>de</strong>nte Evo Morales, en Bolivia; Ollanta Humala, enPerú (populista sin éxito); el candidato Rafael Correa, en Ecuador (populistaen duda). El Presi<strong>de</strong>nte Kirchner no pue<strong>de</strong> clasificarse directamente en elmismo grupo; practica otro tipo <strong>de</strong> populismo, <strong>de</strong> corte microeconómico, yno <strong>de</strong> exportación, uno que se apoya en las regulaciones y los controles.En Chile, el discurso <strong>de</strong> Chávez tiene algunos a<strong>de</strong>ptos, pero ellos sonminoría. Frente a la candidatura <strong>de</strong> Venezuela al Consejo <strong>de</strong> Seguridad <strong>de</strong>las Naciones Unidas, nuestra Presi<strong>de</strong>nta <strong>de</strong>cidió juiciosamente abstenerse.Algunos han planteado públicamente que con ello la Presi<strong>de</strong>nta privilegió la


48unidad <strong>de</strong> la Concertación, que -ciertamente- se habría visto seriamentefracturada si nuestro país hubiera votado por Venezuela. Sin embargo,quiero creer que en esta <strong>de</strong>cisión primó el interés <strong>de</strong>l país y la sanaorientación <strong>de</strong> nuestra política exterior. Resultaba muy difícil justificar unvoto favorable a Chávez, cuando éste ha edificado su política exterior sobrela intervención abierta en los asuntos internos <strong>de</strong> otros países.¿Qué es el populismo?El renacer <strong>de</strong>l populismo ha masificado también el uso <strong>de</strong> este vocablo, y enalgunos casos se utiliza en forma muy ina<strong>de</strong>cuada, lo que revela un profundo<strong>de</strong>sconocimiento <strong>de</strong>l verda<strong>de</strong>ro significado <strong>de</strong>l término. Conviene, entonces,revisar los antece<strong>de</strong>ntes <strong>de</strong>l populismo.Una <strong>de</strong> las características centrales <strong>de</strong>l populismo clásico es utilizar lapolítica económica para estimular <strong>de</strong> manera artificial el crecimiento <strong>de</strong> laeconomía. El gobernante populista se las arregla para producir una granexpansión <strong>de</strong> la cantidad <strong>de</strong> dinero en el gasto fiscal, sin consi<strong>de</strong>rar lasrestricciones presupuestarias <strong>de</strong>l país. Esto termina invariablementeproduciendo un estallido inflacionario, una crisis fiscal y -lamentablementeno pocas veces- la caída <strong>de</strong>l gobierno o el a<strong>de</strong>lantamiento <strong>de</strong> las elecciones.Po<strong>de</strong>mos distinguir cuatro etapas en la evolución <strong>de</strong> un gobierno populista.En una primera etapa, la <strong>de</strong> gloria, las políticas económicas parecen darresultados. Aumentan el crecimiento, el empleo y los salarios. El control <strong>de</strong>precios parece contener la inflación e impi<strong>de</strong> que la disminución <strong>de</strong>inventarios se trasla<strong>de</strong> a un aumento en los precios.En una segunda etapa se empieza a dudar <strong>de</strong> la efectividad <strong>de</strong> las políticas.Los inventarios y las reservas internacionales caen; el déficit fiscal aumenta<strong>de</strong> manera preocupante. En fin, se percibe que algo no anda bien ydisminuye la confianza <strong>de</strong> la gente.Y llega el colapsoLuego viene el colapso. La escasez <strong>de</strong> inventarios llega a un punto que hacenecesario el racionamiento, la inflación se dispara, la recaudación <strong>de</strong>impuestos se <strong>de</strong>sploma, se produce un déficit <strong>de</strong> cuenta corriente


49insostenible y el empleo y los salarios caen. El país entra en recesión; laselecciones <strong>de</strong>ben a<strong>de</strong>lantarse o -a veces- el gobierno cae.Finalmente llega la cuarte etapa, en que se hace necesaria la aplicación <strong>de</strong>medidas ortodoxas para restaurar la estabilidad económica bajo un nuevogobierno y -muchas veces- con un programa <strong>de</strong> ajuste <strong>de</strong>l Fondo MonetarioInternacional. En todo este proceso los pobres son los más perjudicados.Si los efectos negativos <strong>de</strong>l populismo son tan claros, ¿por qué se hanrepetido en Latinoamérica? Tal vez la gente tiene mala memoria, o poseeescasa educación en temas macroeconómicos. También resulta interesanteconstatar que en los países que han experimentado el populismo, muchosestaban convencidos <strong>de</strong> que sus situaciones eran únicas. Pero hay algunasleyes económicas que prueban ser universales.Resulta interesante resaltar las gran<strong>de</strong>s similitu<strong>de</strong>s en las condicionesmacroeconómicas <strong>de</strong> todos los países que han sido víctimas <strong>de</strong>l populismo.La mayoría <strong>de</strong> ellos se encontraba al inicio <strong>de</strong>l experimento en una situación<strong>de</strong> bajo crecimiento, estancamiento o recesión. La situación <strong>de</strong> pobreza erabastante generalizada y la <strong>de</strong>sigualdad <strong>de</strong> ingresos era muy elevada.Esta condición <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>sigualdad produce el escenario perfecto para laaparición <strong>de</strong> lí<strong>de</strong>res carismáticos, con gran retórica, que terminanentusiasmando al pueblo. Este tipo <strong>de</strong> lí<strong>de</strong>res logra cautivar a las masas, queven que los gobiernos <strong>de</strong>l pasado no han logrado resolver sus problemas.El populismo en Latinoamérica es un fenómeno conocido, que tiene más <strong>de</strong>medio siglo <strong>de</strong> consecuencias completamente previsibles y nefastas. Entresus precursores están Getulio Vargas, en Brasil, y Juan Domingo Perón, enArgentina. Pero eso ocurrió en el siglo XX. Hugo Chávez ha llevado elpopulismo <strong>de</strong>l siglo XXI a escala internacional y con abundante uso <strong>de</strong>recursos. Sin embargo, sus a<strong>de</strong>ptos en Latinoamérica han cosechado más<strong>de</strong>rrotas que éxitos. Chile, por su parte, sabrá resistir sus cantos <strong>de</strong> sirena.No apueste al triunfo <strong>de</strong> la revolución bolivariana.


50Venezuela estuvo lejos <strong>de</strong>l apoyo esperadoLas posibilida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> que Venezuela logre un asiento como miembro nopermanente <strong>de</strong>l Consejo <strong>de</strong> Seguridad se esfumaban ayer <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> unamaratónica jornada <strong>de</strong> 10 rondas <strong>de</strong> votación li<strong>de</strong>radas por Guatemala. Sóloen una oportunidad, durante la sexta consulta, ambos países tuvieron unempate <strong>de</strong> 93 sufragios.En la décima votación, Guatemala obtuvo 110 votos, frente a los 77 <strong>de</strong>Venezuela, que perdió cuatro apoyos respecto <strong>de</strong> la novena ronda.Después <strong>de</strong> esta votación y al no haber obtenido ninguno <strong>de</strong> los dos paíseslos dos tercios necesarios, la sesión fue aplazada para hoy.Los 192 países <strong>de</strong> la Asamblea General se volverán a reunir a partir <strong>de</strong> las10.00 hora local (11.00 en Chile) para seguir con el proceso <strong>de</strong> elección <strong>de</strong>lpaís que representará al grupo <strong>de</strong> Latinoamérica y el Caribe en el Consejo <strong>de</strong>Seguridad.La jornadaLas tres primeras votaciones fueron ganadas por Guatemala por 109-76,114-74 y 116-70. En la cuarta consulta la distancia se acortó: Venezuelarepuntó y la ventaja <strong>de</strong> los guatemaltecos se redujo a 110-75. En la quintavotación Guatemala logró 103 sufragios, su resultado más bajo hasta esemomento, y Venezuela subió a 83. En la sexta se produjo el empate. Y lascuatro restantes fueron ganadas por Guatemala.Ambos países tiene ahora una "pausa <strong>de</strong> reflexión" para evaluar susaspiraciones, indicó el embajador <strong>de</strong> Chile, Heraldo Muñoz.El diplomático añadió que "ambos candidatos <strong>de</strong>cidieron seguir a<strong>de</strong>lante"con sus aspiraciones y <strong>de</strong>scartó que se busque inmediatamente un tercer país<strong>de</strong> consenso para suce<strong>de</strong>r a la Argentina en el Consejo.


51Tras el adverso resultado conseguido por Venezuela, el gobierno <strong>de</strong>lPresi<strong>de</strong>nte Hugo Chávez culpó a Estados Unidos por la falta <strong>de</strong> apoyos parasu candidatura.El vicepresi<strong>de</strong>nte <strong>de</strong> Venezuela, José Vicente Rangel, indicó que la fallidacampaña diplomática <strong>de</strong> su país se <strong>de</strong>be a que "estamos luchando con elimperio, con todos los recursos que tiene el imperio, estamos dando esabatalla acertadamente", dijo a la televisora estatal VTV <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> Madrid, don<strong>de</strong>realiza una gira <strong>de</strong> trabajo.El principal candidato opositor a la presi<strong>de</strong>ncia <strong>de</strong> Venezuela, ManuelRosales, expresó que el resultado se <strong>de</strong>be a la diplomacia <strong>de</strong> Chávezmarcada por su cercanía con Cuba. Sugirió al Mandatario que "lo lógico esque se buscara una salida intermedia más honorable, para que nuestro paísno se siga <strong>de</strong>sdibujando en el escenario internacional", dijo Rosales.Si bien el voto es secreto, una serie <strong>de</strong> naciones apoyaron abiertamente aVenezuela, como Rusia, China, Irán, la Unión <strong>de</strong> Estados Africanos, la LigaÁrabe y gran parte <strong>de</strong>l Caribe, así como Bolivia, Argentina, Brasil yUruguay. Por su parte, Alemania, México, Colombia y Centroamérica sepronunciaron anteriormente a favor <strong>de</strong> Guatemala. Chile, Italia y Ecuador seabstuvieron.Los otros asientos no permanentes para el Consejo fueron ocupados porBélgica, Indonesia, Italia y Sudáfrica.La votación obtenida por Italia (186 votos) le permitirá volver al Consejo<strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> 10 años y fue <strong>de</strong>finida por el Primer Ministro, Romano Prodi,como "un resultado plebiscitario" y por el vicepremier y canciller, MassimoDy#39;Alema, como "un voto extraordinario".El canciller <strong>de</strong> Bélgica (180 votos), Karel De Gucht, abogó por unacooperación estrecha entre los cinco miembros europeos <strong>de</strong>l Consejo <strong>de</strong>Seguridad <strong>de</strong> la ONU, con el fin <strong>de</strong> representar un punto <strong>de</strong> vista común,aunque sin comportarse como un miembro permanente."La presencia <strong>de</strong> cinco Estados europeos -Italia, Bélgica y Eslovaquia comomiembros no permanentes y Reino Unido y Francia como permanentes- en


52el Consejo <strong>de</strong> Seguridad <strong>de</strong> la ONU crea un potencial importante", aseguróDe Gucht en Bruselas.Por ello, el ministro ha pedido al representante permanente <strong>de</strong> Bélgica antela ONU, Johan Verbeke, "reactivar el diálogo" entre los cinco miembroscomunitarios. También abogó por "una mayor cohesión" entre los <strong>de</strong>bates enel Consejo Europeo y los que se realizan <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong>l Consejo <strong>de</strong> Seguridad <strong>de</strong>la ONU.La composición <strong>de</strong>l ConsejoEl Consejo <strong>de</strong> Seguridad tiene cinco miembros permanentes con po<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong>veto: China, Francia, Rusia, Gran Bretaña y Estados Unidos, a los que se lesuman 10 que no son permanentes y que son elegidos por dos años sin<strong>de</strong>recho a la reelección inmediata.Los países que abandonan el Consejo el próximo 31 <strong>de</strong> diciembre sonArgentina, Dinamarca, Grecia, Japón y Tanzania.De esta forma, el Consejo quedará compuesto por los nuevos miembros -Italia, Bélgica, Sudáfrica, Malasia y quien reemplace a Argentina-, los cincopermanentes, a<strong>de</strong>más <strong>de</strong>l Congo, Ghana, Katar, Perú, Eslovaquia."Si fuera una competencia con Guatemala no habrían visto uste<strong>de</strong>s allí a (elembajador estadouni<strong>de</strong>nse John) Bolton presionando, sentándose al lado <strong>de</strong>países pequeños dando una muestra <strong>de</strong> prepotencia grosera, obscena".Nicaragua recibirá otros 960.000 litros <strong>de</strong> combustible venezolanoEl NacionalVenezuela enviará a Nicaragua un segundo cargamento <strong>de</strong> 960.000 litros <strong>de</strong>combustible, como parte <strong>de</strong> un acuerdo con los municipios gobernados porel FSLN. El alcal<strong>de</strong> sandinista <strong>de</strong> la capital, Dionisio Marenco, <strong>de</strong>claró a ElNuevo Diario que el cargamento llegará el viernes, en una operación similaral primer embarque <strong>de</strong> combustible importado <strong>de</strong> Venezuela hace 10 días.Marenco admitió que la importación <strong>de</strong>l primer cargamento <strong>de</strong> 320.000litros <strong>de</strong> diesel, el 7 <strong>de</strong> <strong>octubre</strong>, no se realizó a<strong>de</strong>cuadamente y el


53combustible tuvo que ser vendido a varias alcaldías y cooperativas <strong>de</strong>transportistas.España vota por Guatemala frente a Venezuela para el Consejo <strong>de</strong>SeguridadNUEVA YORK. La aspiración <strong>de</strong>l presi<strong>de</strong>nte Hugo Chávez a ocupar unasiento en el Consejo <strong>de</strong> Seguridad en los próximos dos años o, como diceél, «para dar voz al Sur frente al imperio mundial <strong>de</strong>l abuso», no alcanzó elobjetivo <strong>de</strong>seado en las seis votaciones que hasta el cierre <strong>de</strong> esta ediciónhabía celebrado la Asamblea General <strong>de</strong> la ONU. En casi todas ellasGuatemala, el otro país que aspira al asiento regional <strong>de</strong> Latinoamérica, lehabía superado, aunque en la última, la pugna alcanzó un empate.«Hay un claro candidato que agrupa la mayor parte <strong>de</strong>l apoyo mundial»,había dicho en principio el embajador estadouni<strong>de</strong>nse John Bolton, que hamovido los hilos <strong>de</strong> medio mundo para vetar al país que le ha <strong>de</strong>clarado laguerra abierta en el terreno <strong>de</strong> la dialéctica. La votación se llevaba a cabo enel mismo escenario don<strong>de</strong> hace menos <strong>de</strong> un mes Chávez llamó «diablo» alpresi<strong>de</strong>nte George W. Bush y lo ilustró con el olor a azufre que <strong>de</strong>cíaencontrar en el pódium.Para algunos analistas, el auto<strong>de</strong>nominado lí<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong> la revolución bolivarianasellaba ese día el fracaso <strong>de</strong> su candidatura al Consejo <strong>de</strong> Seguridad con lamofa <strong>de</strong> su intervención. Quien tuviera alguna duda <strong>de</strong>l papel que su país ibaa <strong>de</strong>sempeñar entre los quince, la veía resuelta. Frente a ello, Guatemala diceestar a favor <strong>de</strong> la política <strong>de</strong>l consenso.En la primera votación, el país centroamericano obtuvo 109 votos, frente alos 76 <strong>de</strong> Venezuela, y en las siguientes rondas consiguió arañarle hasta seisvotos. Su marca más alta fue <strong>de</strong> 116-70, lo que seguía lejos <strong>de</strong> los 124 quenecesita. Sin embargo, esta marca se obtuvo en la tercera votación, y regresóa los 110-75 en la cuarta, y 103 a 83 en la quinta, lo que abrió la puerta a lasespeculaciones sobre quién y por qué estaba cambiando la intención <strong>de</strong> un


54voto que es secreto. Sin embargo, en la sexta votación ambos paísesempataban a 93 votos, con lo que todo quedaba igualalado.Voto apalabradoEspaña había dado a conocer su voto <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> hace mucho. Según fuentesdiplomáticas, el gobierno <strong>de</strong> José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero se habíaprometido su apoyo a Guatemala cuando Venezuela ni siquiera habíapresentado aún su candidatura. Madrid se disculpó ante este país con elargumento <strong>de</strong> que no podía faltar a su palabra.Su voto estaba en línea con el <strong>de</strong> la mayor parte <strong>de</strong> los países <strong>de</strong> EuropaOcci<strong>de</strong>ntal que se inclinaron por Guatemala. Chávez se llevaba los 14 votos<strong>de</strong> los caribeños, agrupados en la liga <strong>de</strong>l Caricom, con quienes ha resultadoespecialmente generoso en las ventas <strong>de</strong> petróleo a crédito, aunque ayer losrumores en la ONU apuntaban a que los cambios <strong>de</strong> la tercera votaciónprocedían <strong>de</strong> este grupo. Entre sus aliados estaban también los países <strong>de</strong> laLiga Árabe, que agrupa a más <strong>de</strong> una veintena, y los po<strong>de</strong>rosos como Rusiay China. De las seis abstenciones que se mantenían constantes en cada ronda<strong>de</strong> votaciones, se conocían sólo las <strong>de</strong> Chile y Perú. Otros paíseslatinoamericanos se preparaban para saltar como candidatos alternativos encaso <strong>de</strong> que no se <strong>de</strong>strabara este punto muerto. De entre ellos se hablaba <strong>de</strong>Panamá, Uruguay, República Dominicana y Costa Rica.Pi<strong>de</strong>n cautela con el boicot contra CitgoBy JANE BUSSEYEl Nuevo HeraldE l comerciante Máximo Alvarez ve tantas razones por las que un boicot <strong>de</strong>las estaciones <strong>de</strong> gasolina Citgo no va a afectar a Venezuela y a supresi<strong>de</strong>nte, que las palabras salen apresuradas cuando las dice.Quizá la más importante: Venezuela podría ser propietaria <strong>de</strong> CitgoPetroleum Corp., pero los propietarios son los concesionarios privados <strong>de</strong> las14,000 estaciones que hay en Estados Unidos. Y así, Alvarez explica que unboicot dirigido al presi<strong>de</strong>nte <strong>de</strong> Venezuela es en realidad una bofetada parapersonas como él.


55En estos últimos meses, el empuje para un boicot contra Venezuela haganado fuerza <strong>de</strong>bido a la acerba crítica <strong>de</strong>l presi<strong>de</strong>nte Hugo Chávez contrael presi<strong>de</strong>nte Bush. Sin embargo, la relación que existe entre el dinero <strong>de</strong> lasbombas <strong>de</strong> gasolina y las ganancias <strong>de</strong>l petróleo en Venezuela escomplicada, y está muy lejos <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>terminar si el boicot está teniendo algúnefecto.''Están castigando a las personas equivocadas. Citgo Petroleum no essiquiera dueña <strong>de</strong> una sola estación en Estados Unidos'', dijo Alvarez, que espropietario y opera 55 gasolineras en el sur <strong>de</strong> la Florida.El llamado para un boicot contra los ven<strong>de</strong>dores <strong>de</strong> Citgo comenzó en enero.Pero se ha escalado en estas últimas semanas, <strong>de</strong>spués que Chávez calificó aBush <strong>de</strong> ''diablo'' en la Asamblea General <strong>de</strong> la ONU en septiembre.El 25 <strong>de</strong> septiembre, el representante estatal Adam Hasner, republicano porDelray Beach, aumentó el fervor pidiendo en Tallahassee que laadministración <strong>de</strong> Bush sacara a las estaciones <strong>de</strong> Citgo <strong>de</strong>l Turnpike <strong>de</strong> laFlorida, diciendo que el estado ''<strong>de</strong>be enviarle un mensaje claro a Chávez''.El contrato caduca en el 2008.Algunos bloggers han entrado en el asunto con uno <strong>de</strong> los sitios en internetdiciendo que ''Citgo = Hugo''. Y la ca<strong>de</strong>na <strong>de</strong> mercados 7-Eleven, con se<strong>de</strong>en Dallas, anunció que la política jugó un papel en su <strong>de</strong>cisión <strong>de</strong> terminar elacuerdo <strong>de</strong> abastecimiento <strong>de</strong> gas con Citgo.''Claro que la posición <strong>de</strong> Chávez y sus <strong>de</strong>claraciones durante este últimoaño no nos animaron a quedarnos con Citgo'', manifestó la portavoz <strong>de</strong> 7-Eleven, Margaret Chabris.Los ejecutivos <strong>de</strong> Citgo protestaron y 7-Eleven admitió que, <strong>de</strong> hecho, la<strong>de</strong>cisión se anunció el pasado julio, antes que el discurso <strong>de</strong> Chávezdisgustara a los americanos.Citgo Petroleum Corp., con base en Houston, es una subsidiaria <strong>de</strong> Petróleos<strong>de</strong> Venezuela, o PDVSA, dirigida por el gobierno venezolano. En dosetapas, entre 1986 y 1990, PDVSA adquirió Citgo, dándole a Venezuela unaposición segura <strong>de</strong> distribución en momentos en que los precios <strong>de</strong>l petróleo


56estaban bajos, y dándole así acceso a las reservas más gran<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> crudo en elHemisferio Occi<strong>de</strong>ntal.Pero Citgo no está sola en el uso <strong>de</strong> petróleo venezolano. Venezuela es uno<strong>de</strong> los cuatro principales países abastecedores <strong>de</strong> petróleo a Estados Unidos,junto con Canadá, México y Arabia Saudita.Jorge R. Piñón, ex presi<strong>de</strong>nte <strong>de</strong> Amoco para América Latina que en laactualidad trabaja en la Universidad <strong>de</strong> Miami (UM), dijo que el impacto <strong>de</strong>lpetróleo venezolano se extien<strong>de</strong> a todo el mercado energético.''Es muy difícil para un consumidor norteamericano no consumir el petróleocrudo ni los productos refinados <strong>de</strong> Venezuela'', dijo Piñón, querecientemente revisó cifras <strong>de</strong> importación. ``La mayor parte <strong>de</strong>lcombustible <strong>de</strong> avión que usamos en los aeropuertos <strong>de</strong>l sur <strong>de</strong> la Floridaviene <strong>de</strong> Venezuela''.Citgo tiene acciones <strong>de</strong> valor adquirido en Estados Unidos y en las refineríascerca <strong>de</strong> la costa, junto con otras compañías petroleras, y les suministracrudo a todas ellas. De igual modo, Citgo ven<strong>de</strong> sus productos refinados acasi todas las gran<strong>de</strong>s firmas petroleras <strong>de</strong> EEUU. A su vez, otros gigantespetroleros, entre los que se hallan ChevronTexaco, ConocoPhillips y Valero,producen petróleo en Venezuela.En la Florida, tratar <strong>de</strong> no consumir petróleo venezolano es aun más difícil.Las plantas floridanas <strong>de</strong> energía eléctrica emplean petróleo <strong>de</strong> Venezuela, ygran parte <strong>de</strong>l asfalto que se usa en el país es igualmente venezolano.No es fácil indagar sobre el impacto <strong>de</strong>l boicot en las gasolineras Citgo. Losejecutivos <strong>de</strong> la empresa no respondieron los mensajes telefónicos que se les<strong>de</strong>jaron en sus contestadoras. Juan Rodríguez, consejero legal <strong>de</strong> Citgo en elsur <strong>de</strong> la Florida, dijo que el boicot estaba teniendo más impacto en otraspartes <strong>de</strong>l país.Aunque Alvarez dijo que el impacto <strong>de</strong>l boicot en su negocio es pequeño,recientemente ha acudido a programas radiales y a otros sitios para enviar elmensaje <strong>de</strong> que un boicot a la Citgo a quien castiga es a los dueños <strong>de</strong> lafranquicia y no a Venezuela ni a Chávez.


57Alvarez, que formó parte <strong>de</strong> la Operación Peter Pan, en la que miles <strong>de</strong> niñoscubanos escaparon <strong>de</strong> la isla, y no es precisamente un simpatizante <strong>de</strong>Chávez, dijo que los estadouni<strong>de</strong>nses <strong>de</strong>ben <strong>de</strong>cidir por sí mismos.``Vivimos en una economía <strong>de</strong> mercado libre y la gente toma su propia<strong>de</strong>cisión''.La semana pasada, si uno permanecía un rato en la concurrida gasolinera <strong>de</strong>Alvarez, en la esquina <strong>de</strong> Sunset Drive y Galloway Road, en el sur <strong>de</strong>Miami-Da<strong>de</strong> en la hora pico, le costaba trabajo <strong>de</strong>cir si el boicot contra laCitgo funcionaba o no. Sin embargo, más recientemente, una estación <strong>de</strong>gasolina Citgo, ubicada en Alton Road, en Miami Beach estabacompletamente vacía, mientras los automovilistas llenaban sus tanques en lagasolinera vecina.Alvarez dijo que sus gasolineras tenían éxito gracias a los competitivosprecios que tenían, pero también porque eran gran<strong>de</strong>s, bien iluminadas y losempleados tenían buen aspecto, todos con camisas azules y corbatas. Por elmomento, no parece que el boicot esté funcionando.El empresario <strong>de</strong>l sur <strong>de</strong> la Florida dijo que Citgo ha sido un suministradoreficiente en momentos <strong>de</strong> crisis. Después <strong>de</strong>l huracán Rita, Citgo le entregócon gran rapi<strong>de</strong>z suministros <strong>de</strong> gasolina a las gasolineras <strong>de</strong>l Turnpike.''El gobernador Jeb Bush le dio personalmente las gracias a Citgo'', expresóAlvarez.Venezuela resiste el pulso <strong>de</strong> Bush para entrar en el Consejo <strong>de</strong> laONUSu contrincante, Guatemala, li<strong>de</strong>ró las cuatro primeras votaciones pero sinapoyo suficienteEspaña ofreció su voto al país centroamericano antes <strong>de</strong> que <strong>Caracas</strong> sepostulaseLa elección <strong>de</strong>l representante <strong>de</strong> América Latina para el puesto <strong>de</strong> miembrono permanente en el Consejo <strong>de</strong> Seguridad <strong>de</strong> las Naciones Unidas (ONU)


58fue tan reñida ayer como se esperaba. Ni Guatemala ni Venezuela pudieronlograr su objetivo a la primera, en una votación vista como un pulso entre<strong>Caracas</strong> y Washington que emplearon todas sus armas en una dura campañainiciada meses atrás.Al cierre <strong>de</strong> esta edición, ninguno <strong>de</strong> los dos aspirantes había obtenido losvotos necesarios para entrar en el selecto club. Tras cuatro rondas, lasvotaciones se suspendieron hasta primeras horas <strong>de</strong> la tar<strong>de</strong> (noche enEspaña). En la primera se eligió a Italia, Bélgica, Sudáfrica e Indonesia. Loscandidatos <strong>de</strong>bían obtener dos tercios o más <strong>de</strong> los 192 miembros <strong>de</strong> laAsamblea General, es <strong>de</strong>cir 128. Ni Guatemala ni Venezuela lo lograron,quedando en la cuarta votación 110 a favor <strong>de</strong>l primero frente a 75 para elsegundo, con seis abstenciones.Según el reglamento <strong>de</strong> la ONU, a partir <strong>de</strong> la quinta ronda se podrá ya votarpor un tercer candidato, para lo que sonaban Uruguay y Costa Rica, entreotros.La dura batalla por el asiento en el Consejo se recru<strong>de</strong>ció en la recta final,librándose en dos escenarios: uno, en los <strong>de</strong>spachos y los pasillos <strong>de</strong> laONU, y otro, ante la opinión pública. Si Venezuela pareció ganar en esteúltimo, Estados Unidos lo hizo en el primero a la luz <strong>de</strong> los resultados.Según algunos analistas, la presión <strong>de</strong> la Casa Blanca se habría impuesto a la«petrodiplomacia» chavista.La voz <strong>de</strong> los pobres Todavía resuenan en el palacio <strong>de</strong> cristal las palabrasque pronunció en septiembre el presi<strong>de</strong>nte Hugo Chávez <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> la tribuna <strong>de</strong>la Asamblea, cuando llamó «diablo» a George W. Bush. En aquella ocasión,habló con pasión <strong>de</strong> la candidatura <strong>de</strong> su país al Consejo: «No <strong>de</strong>fen<strong>de</strong>remossólo nuestra voz, sino la <strong>de</strong> todos aquellos países <strong>de</strong>l Sur, los más pobres,<strong>de</strong>fen<strong>de</strong>remos la dignidad y la verdad». <strong>Caracas</strong> prometía actuar comocontrapeso <strong>de</strong> Estados Unidos, que veía la posibilidad <strong>de</strong> tener sentado en lamisma mesa a Venezuela -aliado <strong>de</strong> Irán- como un permanente dolor <strong>de</strong>cabeza. Porque llegado el caso no sería más que eso, dado que el impacto <strong>de</strong>lGobierno <strong>de</strong> Chávez sería limitado <strong>de</strong>bido a su condición <strong>de</strong> miembro nopermanente, sin <strong>de</strong>recho <strong>de</strong> veto.


59«Esto se trata simplemente <strong>de</strong> si un país es responsable <strong>de</strong> verdad o lo quequiere es tener una pelea constante con EE.UU., paralizando y bloqueando eltra-bajo <strong>de</strong>l Consejo», dijo semanas atrás la secretaria <strong>de</strong> EstadoCondoleezza Rice.España apoyó a Guatemala <strong>de</strong>bido a un «compromiso previo» que elEjecutivo <strong>de</strong> Zapatero asumió antes que <strong>de</strong> Venezuela anunciara queaspiraba a ese puesto, <strong>de</strong>cisión que aplaudió el Partido Popular.Venezuela pugna con Guatemala por entrar al Consejo <strong>de</strong> SeguridadSANDRO POZZIGuatemala y Venezuela <strong>de</strong>jaron abierta ayer la disputa en Naciones Unidaspor uno <strong>de</strong> los dos asientos rotatorios reservados en el Consejo <strong>de</strong> Seguridada los países <strong>de</strong> América Latina y el Caribe, que quedará vacante el próximo31 <strong>de</strong> diciembre. La contienda era muy ajustada, aunque el paíscentroamericano dominó en nueve <strong>de</strong> las diez primeras rondas. <strong>Caracas</strong>ejerció una intensa batalla diplomática que le permitió remontar puestos yplantar cara ante la presión <strong>de</strong> Estados Unidos.El ritual se repite cada año, cuando la Asamblea General <strong>de</strong>be <strong>de</strong>signar a losocupantes <strong>de</strong> cinco <strong>de</strong> los diez puestos rotatorios que quedan vacantes a final<strong>de</strong> año. En esta ocasión están en juego los que <strong>de</strong>jan libres Argentina,Dinamarca, Grecia, Japón y Tanzania, que salen <strong>de</strong>l órgano más po<strong>de</strong>roso <strong>de</strong>la ONU tras dos años <strong>de</strong> presencia. Italia, Bélgica, Suráfrica e Indonesiasuperaron la primera ronda, lo que les garantiza un asiento comorepresentantes <strong>de</strong> Europa Occi<strong>de</strong>ntal, África y Asia. Las rotaciones suelenpactarse en el seno <strong>de</strong> los grupos regionales antes <strong>de</strong> que se sometan alrefrendo <strong>de</strong> los 192 miembros <strong>de</strong> la ONU.En el caso <strong>de</strong> América Latina, la <strong>de</strong>cisión llegó abierta. Venezuela contaba,en principio, con el apoyo <strong>de</strong> Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay, Uruguay yBolivia, así como <strong>de</strong> China, Rusia, los países <strong>de</strong>l Caribe y <strong>de</strong> la Liga Árabe.


60Colombia, México y los países <strong>de</strong> Centroamérica apoyaban a Guatemala,alegando razones geográficas y <strong>de</strong> vecindad.Las primeras rondas colocaron a Guatemala con una ventaja superior a los30 puntos. El voto, en todo caso, es secreto y se necesita el apoyo <strong>de</strong> dostercios <strong>de</strong> la Asamblea para que las candidaturas puedan prosperar. Sininguno <strong>de</strong> los aspirantes logra esa mayoría, el voto vuelve a repetirse. En1979 fueron necesarias 154 rondas, cuando Cuba y Colombia se disputabanun asiento, que tras tres meses <strong>de</strong> batalla recayó en México. El embajador <strong>de</strong>EE UU, John Bolton, dijo que la contienda acaba <strong>de</strong> empezar mientras suhomólogo venezolano, Francisco Arias, le acusaba <strong>de</strong> jugar sucio, aunque semostró confiado en ganar el pulso.Guatemala disputa a Venezuela una plaza en el Consejo <strong>de</strong> SeguridadSANDRO POZZIGuatemala y Venezuela se disputaban anoche en Naciones Unidas uno <strong>de</strong>los dos asientos rotatorios reservados en el Consejo <strong>de</strong> Seguridad a lospaíses <strong>de</strong> América Latina y el Caribe, que quedará vacante el próximo 31 <strong>de</strong>diciembre. El país centroamericano se mantenía a la cabeza en las cuatroprimeras rondas celebradas. <strong>Caracas</strong>, entretanto, ejercía una intensa batalladiplomática para hacerse con el puesto y plantar cara a la presión <strong>de</strong> EE UU.El ritual se repite cada año, cuando la Asamblea General <strong>de</strong>be <strong>de</strong>signar a losocupantes <strong>de</strong> cinco <strong>de</strong> los diez puestos rotatorios que quedan vacantes a final<strong>de</strong> año. En esta ocasión están en juego los que <strong>de</strong>jan libres Argentina,Dinamarca, Grecia, Japón y Tanzania, que salen <strong>de</strong>l órgano más po<strong>de</strong>roso <strong>de</strong>la ONU tras dos años <strong>de</strong> presencia. Italia, Bélgica, Suráfrica e Indonesiasuperaron la primera ronda, lo que les garantiza un asiento comorepresentantes <strong>de</strong> Europa Occi<strong>de</strong>ntal, África y Asia. Las rotaciones suelenpactarse en el seno <strong>de</strong> los grupos regionales antes <strong>de</strong> que se sometan alrefrendo <strong>de</strong> los 192 miembros <strong>de</strong> la ONU.


61En el caso <strong>de</strong> América Latina, la <strong>de</strong>cisión llegó abierta. Venezuela contaba,en principio, con el apoyo <strong>de</strong> Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay, Uruguay yBolivia, así como <strong>de</strong> China, Rusia, los países <strong>de</strong>l Caribe y <strong>de</strong> la Liga Árabe.Columbia, México y los países <strong>de</strong> Centroamérica se postulaban porGuatemala, alegando razones geográficas y <strong>de</strong> vecindad.Las primeras rondas colocaron a Guatemala con una ventaja superior a los30 puntos. El voto, en todo caso, es secreto y se necesita el apoyo <strong>de</strong> dostercios <strong>de</strong> la Asamblea para que las candidaturas puedan prosperar. Sininguno <strong>de</strong> los aspirantes logra esa mayoría, el voto vuelve a repetirse. En1979 fueron necesarias hasta 154 rondas, cuando Cuba y Colombia sedisputaban un asiento, que tras tres meses <strong>de</strong> batalla recayó en México. Elembajador <strong>de</strong> EE UU, John Bolton, dijo que la contienda acaba <strong>de</strong> empezarmientras su homólogo venezolano, Francisco Arias, le acusaba <strong>de</strong> jugarsucio, aunque se mostró confiado en ganar el pulso.Guatemala aventaja a Venezuela en busca <strong>de</strong> un sitio en el Consejo <strong>de</strong> laONUMERCEDES GALLEGOEl Comercio<strong>Caracas</strong> logra aminorar su diferencia en la quinta votación, que aún esinsuficienteLa aspiración <strong>de</strong>l presi<strong>de</strong>nte Hugo Chávez por ocupar un asiento en elConsejo <strong>de</strong> Seguridad en los próximos dos años o, como dice él, «para darvoz al sur frente al imperio mundial <strong>de</strong>l abuso», sufrió ayer una <strong>de</strong>rrota enlas cinco votaciones que hasta el cierre <strong>de</strong> esta edición había celebrado laAsamblea General <strong>de</strong> la ONU. En todas ellas Guatemala, el otro país queaspira al asiento <strong>de</strong> Latinoamérica, le superaba con mucho. «Hay un clarocandidato que agrupa la mayor parte <strong>de</strong>l apoyo mundial», dijo satisfecho elembajador estadouni<strong>de</strong>nse, John Bolton, que ha movido los hilos <strong>de</strong> mediomundo para vetar al país que le ha <strong>de</strong>clarado la guerra abierta en el terreno<strong>de</strong> la dialéctica. La votación se llevaba a cabo en el mismo escenario don<strong>de</strong>hace menos <strong>de</strong> un mes Chávez llamó «diablo» a George W. Bush y loilustró con el olor a azufre que dijo había <strong>de</strong>jado en el podio el presi<strong>de</strong>nte <strong>de</strong>EE UU. Para algunos analistas, el auto<strong>de</strong>nominado lí<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong> la revolución


62bolivariana sellaba ese día el fracaso <strong>de</strong> su candidatura al Consejo <strong>de</strong>Seguridad con la mofa <strong>de</strong> su intervención. Quien tuviera alguna duda <strong>de</strong>lpapel que su país iba a <strong>de</strong>sempeñar entre los 15, la veía resuelta. Frente aello, Guatemala dice estar a favor <strong>de</strong> la política <strong>de</strong>l consenso. En la primeravotación, el país centroamericano obtuvo 109 votos, frente a los 76 <strong>de</strong>Venezuela, y en las siguientes rondas consiguió arañar hasta seis votos. Sumarca más alta fue <strong>de</strong> 116-70, lejos <strong>de</strong> los 124 que necesita. Sin embargo,esta marca se obtuvo en la tercera votación, y regresó a los 103-83 en lacuarta, lo que abrió la puerta a las especulaciones sobre quién y por quéestaba cambiando la intención <strong>de</strong> un voto secreto, según el vicepresi<strong>de</strong>ntevenezolano, José Vicente Rangel.. España había dado a conocer la suya<strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> hace mucho. Según fuentes diplomáticas, el Gobierno <strong>de</strong> José LuisRodríguez Zapatero había prometido su apoyo a Guatemala cuandoVenezuela ni siquiera había presentado aún su candidatura. Madrid sedisculpó ante este país con el argumento <strong>de</strong> que no podía faltar a su palabra.El voto <strong>de</strong> España Su voto estaba en línea con el <strong>de</strong> la mayor parte <strong>de</strong> lospaíses <strong>de</strong> Europa Occi<strong>de</strong>ntal que se inclinaron por Guatemala. Chávez sellevaba los 14 votos <strong>de</strong> los caribeños, agrupados en la liga <strong>de</strong>l Caricom, conquienes resulta especialmente generoso en las ventas <strong>de</strong> petróleo a crédito,aunque ayer los rumores en la ONU apuntaban a que los cambios <strong>de</strong> latercera votación procedían <strong>de</strong> este grupo. Entre sus aliados estaban tambiénla Liga Árabe, que agrupa a más <strong>de</strong> una veintena, y los po<strong>de</strong>rosos comoRusia y China. De las seis abstenciones que se mantenían constantes en cadaronda <strong>de</strong> votaciones, se conocía sólo las <strong>de</strong> Chile y Perú. Otros paíseslatinoamericanos se preparaban para saltar como candidatos alternativos encaso <strong>de</strong> que no se <strong>de</strong>strabara este punto muerto. De entre ellos se hablaba <strong>de</strong>Panamá, Uruguay, República Dominicana y Costa Rica. Por su parte, elembajador venezolano dijo seguir «optimista», a pesar <strong>de</strong> sentirse«<strong>de</strong>fraudado». Quienes no tuvieron problemas en su elección fueron Bélgicae Italia, que representarán a Europa, así como Sudáfrica, por África, eIndonesia, por Asia.


63EEUU impi<strong>de</strong> la entrada <strong>de</strong> Venezuela en el Consejo <strong>de</strong> SeguridadMERCEDES HERVÁS NUEVA YORKLa candidatura <strong>de</strong> Venezuela a un puesto no permanente en el Consejo <strong>de</strong>Seguridad <strong>de</strong> la ONU, frente a la férrea oposición <strong>de</strong> Estados Unidos,<strong>de</strong>senca<strong>de</strong>nó ayer una furiosa batalla <strong>de</strong> votaciones en la Asamblea General,cuyos 192 miembros <strong>de</strong>bían <strong>de</strong>cidir quién ocupará a partir <strong>de</strong> enero el puestoque <strong>de</strong>jará vacante Argentina. "Nosotros no competimos con un paíshermano", recalcó el embajador venezolano ante las Naciones Unidas,Francisco Arias Cár<strong>de</strong>nas, aludiendo a Guatemala, su competidor paraobtener el puesto. "Competimos con el país más po<strong>de</strong>roso <strong>de</strong>l planeta, y ensu propia casa", añadió, refiriéndose a EEUU.Las primeras cuatro rondas <strong>de</strong> votaciones mostraron que ninguno <strong>de</strong> los dospaíses tiene el necesario apoyo --dos tercios o 128 votos-- para ocupar unpuesto en el Consejo. Por ello, mientras se preparaba anoche una quintavotación, se contemplaba ya en la ONU la posibilidad <strong>de</strong> que otros paíseslatinoamericanos puedan presentarse candidatos, para <strong>de</strong>sbloquear lasituación. Uruguay, Chile y la República Dominicana son los más probables.Venezuela, que no pasó <strong>de</strong> 76 votos en las rondas, sufrió un auténticorevolcón, tras la ofensiva diplomática <strong>de</strong> su presi<strong>de</strong>nte, Hugo Chávez, pararecabar apoyos. Sin embargo, el efecto positivo <strong>de</strong> sus viajes fue eclipsadopor la mala acogida a sus exabruptos contra EEUU, en su alocución ante laAsamblea General <strong>de</strong>l pasado septiembre. Algunos diplomáticos recordaronque Chávez tildó al presi<strong>de</strong>nte George Bush <strong>de</strong> "<strong>de</strong>monio", y dijo que supaso por la tribuna <strong>de</strong> oradores había <strong>de</strong>jado "peste a azufre".DOS BLOQUES EEUUmontó su ofensiva a favor <strong>de</strong> la candidatura <strong>de</strong>Guatemala, apoyada por Centroamérica, Europa y algunas nacionesafricanas y asiáticas. En el otro bando, Chávez contaba con el apoyo <strong>de</strong>varios países suramericanos y caribeños, la mayoría <strong>de</strong> los árabes, variosafricanos, China y Rusia. A diferencia <strong>de</strong> Guatemala, que nunca hapertenecido al órgano ejecutivo <strong>de</strong> la ONU, Venezuela ha estado cuatroveces entre sus 10 miembros no permanentes, que ejercen durante dos años y


64no tienen <strong>de</strong>recho <strong>de</strong> veto, como los cinco permanentes. La Asamblea eligióayer sinGuatemala y Venezuela no logran un puesto en el Consejo <strong>de</strong> SeguridadJULIO VALDEON. Especial para EL MUNDONUEVA YORK.- Venezuela y Guatemala mantuvieron una dura pugna a lolargo <strong>de</strong>l día <strong>de</strong> ayer para lograr uno <strong>de</strong> los dos puestos que correspon<strong>de</strong>n aun país <strong>de</strong>l continente latinoamericano en el Consejo <strong>de</strong> Seguridad <strong>de</strong>Naciones Unidas.Pero anoche aún no se pudo saber qué país ocupará el puesto que <strong>de</strong>javacante Argentina, porque tras la décima votación, en la que Guatemalaobtuvo 110 votos frente a los 77 <strong>de</strong> Venezuela, se suspendió el proceso <strong>de</strong>elección, que se reanudará hoy a las 10.00 (hora local). Perú es el segundopaís latinoamericano representado en el Consejo.En medio <strong>de</strong> un fuego <strong>de</strong> acusaciones, reuniones apresuradas, y presiones, lajornada alcanzó insospechadas turbulencias. Venezuela, que según suembajador, Francisco Arias Cár<strong>de</strong>nas, no estaba «compitiendo con unanación hermana sino con EEUU», acusó a este país <strong>de</strong> haber chantajeado aciertas naciones pequeñas para cambiar su voto.En la sexta votación, Venezuela empató a 93 votos con Guatemala, hastaentonces por <strong>de</strong>lante. En la anterior votación, Guatemala había obtenido 103votos por 83 <strong>de</strong> Venezuela. Cualquiera <strong>de</strong> los dos países requiere unamayoría <strong>de</strong> al menos 125 países (dos tercios <strong>de</strong>l pleno asistente a la sesión)para obtener la plaza.Mientras se sucedían las <strong>de</strong>liberaciones nadie olvidaba el discurso <strong>de</strong>lpresi<strong>de</strong>nte venezolano, Hugo Chávez, hace un mes. En aquella ocasión tildó<strong>de</strong> «diablo que amenaza a la humanidad» a Bush. Venezuela contaba para suelección con el apoyo <strong>de</strong> los otro cuatro países <strong>de</strong>l Mercosur, la Liga Arabe,la Unión Africana y los 15 <strong>de</strong>l Caricom, a<strong>de</strong>más <strong>de</strong> Cuba, Bolivia, China,


65Rusia e India. Guatemala, por su parte, estaba respaldada por el resto <strong>de</strong>países centroamericanos, así como por EEUU, México, Colombia, Canadá,Reino Unido, España, Japón y Alemania.Los esfuerzos por lograr un consenso fueron frenéticos. Se especuló con laposibilidad <strong>de</strong> alcanzar un acuerdo, presentando a un candidato <strong>de</strong>l gusto <strong>de</strong>ambas partes. De no lograr imponerse ninguno <strong>de</strong> los contendientes otrospaíses latinoamericanos están entre los candidatos. Costa Rica, Uruguay yChile son los que suenan con más fuerza.A la espera <strong>de</strong> lo que finalmente suceda con el puesto latinoamericano,Indonesia, Sudáfrica, Italia y Bélgica fueron elegidos sin problemas comomiembros no permanentes <strong>de</strong>l Consejo <strong>de</strong> Seguridad <strong>de</strong> la ONU enrepresentación <strong>de</strong> sus grupos regionales para el bienio 2007-2008.Bachelet le retira su apoyo a ChávezA causa <strong>de</strong> los <strong>de</strong>saciertos <strong>de</strong> su política exterior, Hugo Chávez perdió elapoyo <strong>de</strong> Chile para que su país ocupe un asiento rotatorio en el Consejo <strong>de</strong>Seguridad <strong>de</strong> Naciones Unidas.El portavoz <strong>de</strong>l Gobierno chileno, Ricardo Lagos Weber, explicó que«ninguna <strong>de</strong> las actuales candidaturas reúne la mayoría suficiente» y señalóque Santiago «no <strong>de</strong>sea fomentar las divisiones en Latinoamérica».Durante los últimos meses, Michelle Bachelet luchó contra viento y mareapara que Chávez ocupara el mencionado asiento en la ONU. Aparte <strong>de</strong> subuena sintonía con el ex teniente general, la inclinación <strong>de</strong> la presi<strong>de</strong>nta se<strong>de</strong>bía también a consi<strong>de</strong>raciones estratégicas, puesto que Chile atraviesa poruna crisis <strong>de</strong> energía y Venezuela es el primer productor <strong>de</strong> petróleo <strong>de</strong>Latinoamérica.Esa reflexión no convenció al PDC -integrante <strong>de</strong> la coalición <strong>de</strong> Gobierno-,para quien votar por <strong>Caracas</strong> significaba enemistarse con Washington. Sin


66embargo, fue el propio Chávez quien le sacó las castañas <strong>de</strong>l fuego aBachelet. Primero, al consagrarse como el caudillo <strong>de</strong> una cruzadaantiamericana. Luego, al no retirar inmediatamente <strong>de</strong> su cargo a unembajador que se tomó la libertad <strong>de</strong> acusar al PDC <strong>de</strong> haber apoyado elfallido golpe <strong>de</strong> estado en Venezuela. Por último, al financiar laconstrucción <strong>de</strong> la base militar que Bolivia ha construido en la frontera conChile.Duro pulso <strong>de</strong> EEUU para evitar que Chávez entre en el ConsejoGaceta <strong>de</strong> los NegociosNueva York.El conflicto entre EEUU y Venezuela se trasladó ayer a la se<strong>de</strong><strong>de</strong> la ONU. Guatemala y Venezuela se enfrentaban por el puesto que <strong>de</strong>javacante Argentina en el Consejo <strong>de</strong> Seguridad y con Washington dispuesto ahacer todo lo posible para evitar la entrada <strong>de</strong>l Gobierno <strong>de</strong> Hugo Chávez eneste importante órgano <strong>de</strong> la ONU. La batalla fue tan dura como se preveía.Guatemala li<strong>de</strong>ró siete <strong>de</strong> las ocho votaciones, pero sin lograr los dos tercios<strong>de</strong> la mayoría necesarios para imponerse. En las tres primeras votaciones,Guatemala fue sumando votos hasta alcanzar un máximo <strong>de</strong> 116 frente a 70<strong>de</strong> <strong>Caracas</strong>. Sin embargo, en la cuarta votación la ten<strong>de</strong>ncia cambió.Guatemala empezó a per<strong>de</strong>r apoyos y llegó a empatar en la sexta ronda consu rival. Ambos países lograron 93 votos, el mejor resultado para Venezuelahasta el momento. A partir <strong>de</strong> la séptima vuelta, Guatemala remontó ymantuvo claramente su li<strong>de</strong>razgo (102-85).Ambos países <strong>de</strong>splegaron una intensa campaña diplomática. Venezuelacontó con el apoyo <strong>de</strong> China, Rusia y las naciones árabes, así como <strong>de</strong>Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay, socios en el Mercosur. Guatemala,con el <strong>de</strong> la superpotencia y casi todo el resto <strong>de</strong> países.En esta dura pugna, España se inclinó por Guatemala. El Gobierno explicóque se comprometió con este país cuando presentó su candidatura.Posteriormente llegó la <strong>de</strong> Venezuela, pero no modificó su <strong>de</strong>cisión inicial.Más fácil fue reemplazar a los otro cuatro miembros no permanentes queestaban en juego para los próximos dos años. Italia, con 186 votos, y


67Bélgica, con 180, fueron elegidos para ocupar el asiento que <strong>de</strong>jarán vacanteel 1 <strong>de</strong> enero Grecia y Dinamarca. En sustitución <strong>de</strong> Tanzania fue <strong>de</strong>signadoSuráfrica, con 186 votos, mientras que Indonesia, con 158 apoyos, se impusoa Nepal.En el pasado, EEUU también libró duras batallas para impedir que entrasensus enemigos . Lo logró con Libia y Sudán, pero no con Cuba y Siria.Venezuela e Guatemala mantêm impasse em votação da ONUA Guatemala manteve ampla li<strong>de</strong>rança sobre a Venezuela em votação namanhã <strong>de</strong>ste terça-feira para um assento latino-americano no Conselho <strong>de</strong>Segurança da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU). A vaga, rotativa, épara o período 2007-2008.A 11a rodada <strong>de</strong> votação na Assembléia Geral da ONU terminou com 107votos para a Guatemala, apoiada pelos EUA, e 76 para a Venezuela. Houveoito abstenções.Nenhum dos dois países conseguiu a maioria <strong>de</strong> dois terços para uma vitóriae, assim sendo, a votação continua.Bolívia espera assinar acordos <strong>de</strong> gás em breve--jornalO presi<strong>de</strong>nte boliviano, Evo Morales, disse esperar que os novos contratoscom empresas petrolíferas estrangeiras, após a nacionalização doshidrocarbonetos, sejam negociados antes da data limite <strong>de</strong> 28 <strong>de</strong> outubro,segundo uma entrevista publicada nesta terça-feira.


68As companhias <strong>de</strong>vem renegociar contratos para dar ao Estado bolivianomais controle sobre a produção <strong>de</strong> energia e uma maior participação noslucros, segundo o <strong>de</strong>creto <strong>de</strong> nacionalização do setor, assinado pelogovernante esquerdista em maio."Esperamos assinar contratos transparentes, ratificados pelo Congresso, quedarão às companhias a segurança jurídica <strong>de</strong>sejada", disse Morales ao jornalfrancês Le Mon<strong>de</strong>.A Bolívia, país mais pobre da América do Sul, tem a segunda maior reserva<strong>de</strong> gás natural do continente, atrás apenas da Venezuela.Os maiores investidores estrangeiros nos campos <strong>de</strong> gás natural da Bolíviasão a companhia petrolífera brasileira Petrobras , a espanhola Repsol-YPF ,a francesa Total e o produtor britânico BG Group Plc .Um melhor <strong>de</strong>sempenho da indústria <strong>de</strong> gás aumentou a receita tributária eisso permitiu que a Bolívia projetasse terminar o ano <strong>de</strong> 2006 com umsuperávit fiscal pela primeira vez em três décadas, afirmou Morales.O déficit fiscal da Bolívia alcançou um máximo <strong>de</strong> 8,8 por cento em 2002,porém atingiu o menor nível em 15 anos em 2005, <strong>de</strong> 1,6 por cento doProduto Interno Bruto (PIB)."Pela primeira vez em muito tempo, finalizaremos o ano com um superávitfiscal <strong>de</strong> 1,5 por cento", <strong>de</strong>clarou.As maiores receitas foram obtidas em gran<strong>de</strong> medida graças à lei <strong>de</strong>hidrocarbonetos <strong>de</strong> 2005, que anulou os contratos existentes e introduziu umimposto <strong>de</strong> 32 por cento sobre a produção, somados a 18 por cento <strong>de</strong>isenções, acrescentou o presi<strong>de</strong>nte."Antes da lei <strong>de</strong> hidrocabonetos ser aprovada em 2005, o Estado obtinhaapenas 318 milhões <strong>de</strong> dólares a partir <strong>de</strong>les. Com os novos impostosintroduzidos pela lei, a receita alcançou 906 milhões", afirmou.


69A Bolívia assinará esta semana um acordo com a Argentina que elevará emmais <strong>de</strong> três vezes a quantida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> gás natural que fornece a seu vizinho etambém proporcionará dinheiro extra ao país andino, explicou Morales."Nosso <strong>de</strong>creto <strong>de</strong> nacionalização <strong>de</strong> 1o <strong>de</strong> maio <strong>de</strong> 2006 e o acordo queassinaremos com a Argentina na quinta-feira, dia 19 <strong>de</strong> outubro, nos farãoganhar 1,26 bilhão <strong>de</strong> dólares", apontou o primeiro presi<strong>de</strong>nte indígena daBolívia.América Latina busca candidato <strong>de</strong> consenso para ONU, diz ChileO Chile disse na terça-feira que a América Latina iniciou uma busca por umcandidato <strong>de</strong> consenso para ocupar uma vaga no Conselho <strong>de</strong> Segurança daOrganização das Nações Unidas (ONU).A <strong>de</strong>claração aparece <strong>de</strong>pois <strong>de</strong> a Venezuela e a Guatemala não teremconseguido vencer a disputa pela vaga em <strong>de</strong>z rodadas <strong>de</strong> votação realizadasna ONU.Após a maratona <strong>de</strong> votações <strong>de</strong> segunda-feira, em Nova York, para <strong>de</strong>cidiro ocupante da vaga latino-americana do Conselho <strong>de</strong> Segurança, os paísescandidatos da região começaram a tornar mais flexíveis suas posturas, disseo chanceler chileno, Alejandro Foxley."Finalmente, na última hora <strong>de</strong> ontem e após <strong>de</strong>z votações, os países que seapresentaram estão mostrando uma disponibilida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> conversar e estãoaparecendo outros países", afirmou Foxley à rádio chilena Cooperativa."Hoje, há muita incerteza em Nova York, mas o interessante é que os maisdiferentes países e setores começaram a abrir-se na busca por uma solução",acrescentou.O Chile não quis votar na Guatemala, que conta com o apoio dos EUA, enem <strong>de</strong>u apoio à Venezuela, um opositor ferrenho do governo norteamericano.


70Nenhum dos países envolvidos na disputa obteve, na segunda-feira, amaioria <strong>de</strong> dois terços necessária para uma vitória na Assembléia Geral daONU, da qual participam 192 países."A eleição agora está aberta. Estamos conversando e a situação estáin<strong>de</strong>finida. Temos <strong>de</strong> ter paciência. Parece-me que as posições estãoconvergindo rumo a uma voz única na América Latina", afirmou Foxley."O Chile está conversando intensamente com todos e acredito que, compaciência, vamos chegar, provavelmente, à conclusão <strong>de</strong> que teremos umcandidato <strong>de</strong> consenso", acrescentou, apesar <strong>de</strong> a Venezuela ter dito que nãose retiraria da disputa.A votação sobre a vaga no Conselho <strong>de</strong> Segurança transformou-se em umabatalha <strong>de</strong> influência entre os norte-americanos e os venezuelanos, que, sobo comando do presi<strong>de</strong>nte Hugo Chávez, tentaram formar uma aliança com aÁsia, a África e o Oriente Médio a fim <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>safiar os EUA.Os países latino-americanos dividiram-se nas primeiras rodadas <strong>de</strong> votação.A Argentina, o Brasil, o Paraguai, o Uruguai e a Bolívia optaram pelaVenezuela. O México, a Colômbia e gran<strong>de</strong> parte dos países da AméricaCentral votaram na Guatemala.O processo <strong>de</strong> escolha do membro latino-americano do Conselho <strong>de</strong>Segurança continuará na terça-feira.O órgão é composto por 15 membros, dos quais <strong>de</strong>z permanecem ali durantemandatos <strong>de</strong> dois anos. Os EUA, a Grã-Bretanha, a China, a Rússia e aFrança são os membros permanentes do Conselho <strong>de</strong> Segurança e possuempo<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong> veto.Venezuela longe do ConselhoJornal <strong>de</strong> NotíciasCom a Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas a votar uma nova composiçãopara o Conselho <strong>de</strong> Segurança, parece afastado o cenário <strong>de</strong> a Venezuela <strong>de</strong>Hugo Chávez se tornar numa pedra ainda maior no sapato da Administraçãonorte-americana, obtendo um dos <strong>de</strong>z lugares não permanentes. Numa


71votação ontem realizada, a Guatemala, país que lhe disputa o lugar reservadoao Grupo América Latina/Caraíbas, obteve 109 votos, contra 76.Neste grupo, a primeira votação não foi conclusiva, pois a eleição requermaioria <strong>de</strong> dois terços, que, no caso, correspondia a 124 votos, tendo havidosete abstenções. Os dois países têm protagonizado, nos últimos meses, umaintensa batalha diplomática para convencer os diversos países dosrespectivos méritos, sendo que os EUA apoiam a Guatemala, tentando a todoo custo evitar a chegada da Venezuela ao Conselho, ocupando o lugar queainda é da Argentina.À margem <strong>de</strong>ste combate, Bélgica, Itália, África do Sul e Indonésiaconquistaram os restantes lugares em disputa. Os três primeiros <strong>de</strong>stes paísesresultaram <strong>de</strong> consenso no seio dos respectivos grupos, indo ocupar, emJaneiro, os lugares da Dinamarca e da Grécia, entre os europeus, e daTanzânia, no grupo africano. Já o novo representante asiático saiu <strong>de</strong> umavotação em que a Indonésia bateu o Nepal (158 votos contra 28(, indoocupar o lugar que será <strong>de</strong>ixado pelo Japão.O Conselho <strong>de</strong> Segurança é composto por 15 países, sendo cinco membrospermanentes (China, Estados Unidos, França, Reino Unido e Rússia(, comdireito <strong>de</strong> veto. Quanto aos restantes <strong>de</strong>z, são renovados todos os anos,processando-se a eleição em tranches <strong>de</strong> cinco (cumprem, portanto,mandatos <strong>de</strong> dois anos(. Até ao fim <strong>de</strong> 2007, continuarão a integrar esteórgão o Congo, o Gana, o Peru, o Qatar e a Eslováquia.Magnata venceu candidato amigo <strong>de</strong> Hugo ChávezOrlando CastroJornal <strong>de</strong> NotíciasA o contrário do que indicavam as sondagens, a bipolarização não só setornou uma realida<strong>de</strong> no Equador como mostrou uma clara viragem à Direitanas presi<strong>de</strong>nciais <strong>de</strong> anteontem. O magnata das bananas, Álvaro Noboa,venceu a primeira volta e vai disputar a segunda com o até agora mais doque favorito Rafael Correa.Com 70,59% dos votos apurados, o Tribunal Eleitoral dava 26,66% aNoboa, um dos homens mais ricos do país, que prometeu transformar o


72Equador num mo<strong>de</strong>lo <strong>de</strong> capitalismo. Rafael Correa, que li<strong>de</strong>rava assondagens com vários pontos <strong>de</strong> vantagem, registava 22,5% dos votos.Noboa, <strong>de</strong> 55 anos, não hesitou em chamar comunista a Rafael Correa, aomesmo tempo que <strong>de</strong><strong>de</strong>n<strong>de</strong> o livre-mercado, a dolarização, o alinhamentototal do Equador com os Estados Unidos da América e, é claro, oafastamentos da esfera <strong>de</strong> influência da Venezuela e <strong>de</strong> Cuba.Por sua vez, Correa, <strong>de</strong> 43 anos, amigo do presi<strong>de</strong>nte venezuelano HugoChávez, mo<strong>de</strong>rou o seu habitual discurso radical procurando, ao que parecesem gran<strong>de</strong> êxito, ganhar votos à Direita. O ex-professor <strong>de</strong> Economia, quecritica a dolarização da economia vigente <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> 2000, disse que a segundavolta, no dia 26 <strong>de</strong> Novembro, será "entre os que ainda querem o Equadorcomo uma pátria e os que querem converter o país num gran<strong>de</strong> mercado aoserviço dos EUA".Já em campanha para a segunda volta, Correa tenta <strong>de</strong>monstrar que areforma da Constituição é tão importante quanto a criação <strong>de</strong> empregos.Noboa, que se diz orientado por Deus para encontrar um futuro melhor parao país, terá <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>rrotar o sentimento antimercado que prevalece num paísque escapou incólume à onda <strong>de</strong> privatizações em moda na América Latina.O novo presi<strong>de</strong>nte tomará posse em Janeiro, substituindo o interino AlfredoPalacio, vice-presi<strong>de</strong>nte que assumiu o cargo <strong>de</strong>vido ao impedimento legal<strong>de</strong> Lucio Gutiérrez, em Abril <strong>de</strong> 2005. Des<strong>de</strong> 1996, os últimos trêspresi<strong>de</strong>ntes eleitos não conseguiram concluir os mandatos.ONU: impasse latino-americanoForam realizadas <strong>de</strong>z rodadas <strong>de</strong> votação, mas o impasse se manteve <strong>de</strong>pois<strong>de</strong> quase sete horas <strong>de</strong> sucessivos escrutínios na Assembléia Geral. NemGuatemala nem Venezuela conseguiram ontem o número <strong>de</strong> votosnecessários para ocupar a vaga rotativa <strong>de</strong> representante da América Latinano Conselho <strong>de</strong> Segurança da ONU. Por isso, hoje começa tudo <strong>de</strong> novo e há


73possibilida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> um terceiro candidato ser indicado, embora embaixadoresdos dois países tenham dito que não vão <strong>de</strong>sistir.Para conquistar a vaga rotativa no mais importante fórum político da ONU épreciso obter dois terços dos votos dos 192 países representados naAssembléia Geral.Contrariando as expectativas, a Guatemala teve uma expressiva votação <strong>de</strong>manhã e, na terceira rodada, parecia que estava para ser eleita. Noscorredores, já se comentava que seria uma constrangedora <strong>de</strong>rrota para opresi<strong>de</strong>nte Hugo Chávez e, <strong>de</strong>ntro do plenário, os venezuelanos agra<strong>de</strong>ciamaos eleitores, parecendo se <strong>de</strong>spedir.Mas, em mais uma surpresa, a Venezuela foi ganhando terreno até os doispaíses chegarem a um inusitado empate (93 a 93) na sexta rodada, o melhorresultado conseguido pelos venezuelanos que, a partir daí, foram per<strong>de</strong>ndovotos para a Guatemala, até a votação ser suspensa às 18h30m (hora local).Na busca <strong>de</strong> votos, Venezuela distribuiu chocolates no plenárioA votação vem mobilizando fortemente a ONU há vários meses e ontem acampanha eleitoral correu solta o tempo todo. O embaixador americano,John Bolton, foi orientado a faltar a uma reunião em Washington e duranteas rodadas <strong>de</strong> votação, ia <strong>de</strong> mesa em mesa no plenário, tentando arrancarvotos para a Guatemala entre os in<strong>de</strong>cisos. A Venezuela distribuía chocolateaos <strong>de</strong>legados e a Guatemala dava aos <strong>de</strong>legados uma pulseirinha da sorte,parecida com as fitinhas do Senhor do Bonfim.— Não vamos nos retirar. Estamos concorrendo, não contra um país irmão,mas contra a mais po<strong>de</strong>rosa potência do planeta, os donos do Universo —disse o embaixador venezuelano na ONU, Francisco Arias Car<strong>de</strong>nasO Brasil, assim como todos os países do Mercosul, votaram na Venezuela,obe<strong>de</strong>cendo a uma diretriz acordada pelos presi<strong>de</strong>ntes dos cinco países numareunião <strong>de</strong> cúpula em Córdoba, há dois meses. Mas a América Latina sedividiu. O Chile <strong>de</strong>clarou abstenção e sabe-se que Peru e Equador tambémficaram em cima do muro. México e Colômbia votaram na Guatemala.


74— Não entramos no mérito das candidaturas, respeitamos os doiscandidatos, mas votamos na Venezuela como um membro pleno doMercosul — disse o embaixador brasileiro, Ronaldo Sar<strong>de</strong>nberg.Muitos não contaram em quem votaram. A Europa apostou na Guatemala;Ásia e a África se dividiram, o que explicaria essa votação abaixo doesperado para a Venezuela.Por trás <strong>de</strong>ssa intensida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> emoções entre os habitualmente friosdiplomatas, pairava a figura <strong>de</strong> Hugo Chávez na abertura da AssembléiaGeral da ONU, no dia 20 <strong>de</strong> setembro, dizendo que o presi<strong>de</strong>nte George W.Bush era “o diabo”.— Votei na Guatemala porque achei <strong>de</strong> mau gosto os comentários noplenário da ONU. Mas a campanha aberta dos Estados Unidos pelaGuatemala também po<strong>de</strong> ter tirado votos <strong>de</strong>les — disse o embaixador daTanzânia na ONU, Augustine Mahiga.L'amitié envahissante du VenezuelaLes ambassa<strong>de</strong>s occi<strong>de</strong>ntales ne croient pas aux rumeurs <strong>de</strong> coup d'Etat enBolivie, lancées par un site Internet d'extrême gauche et relayées par leprési<strong>de</strong>nt vénézuélien Hugo Chavez, le 11 octobre. Le gouvernementbolivien a démenti, tout en appelant les citoyens à défendre la démocratie." Défenseur du peuple " - une sorte <strong>de</strong> médiateur <strong>de</strong> la République -, WaldoAlbarracin est épuisé par ses efforts déployés à Huanuni (280 km au sud-est<strong>de</strong> La Paz), <strong>de</strong>puis l'affrontement entre mineurs qui a fait 16 morts, les 5 et 6octobre. " L'opposition tente <strong>de</strong> tirer profit <strong>de</strong>s difficultés, mais n'a aucuneprise sur les conflits ou les événements, assure-t-il. Le gouvernement <strong>de</strong>vraitéviter <strong>de</strong> dresser <strong>de</strong>s listes d'ennemis et faire preuve <strong>de</strong> sérénité et <strong>de</strong>tolérance. "Ancien candidat à la prési<strong>de</strong>nce <strong>de</strong> la République, Samuel Doria Medina, élucentriste à l'Assemblée constituante, estime " qu'il n'y a pas <strong>de</strong> conspiration,


75mais une déception par rapport aux gran<strong>de</strong>s attentes <strong>de</strong> changement suscitéespar l'élection d'Evo Morales ". " Il croit que gouverner c'est voyager et faire<strong>de</strong>s discours, poursuit M. Doria Medina. Entre-temps, le taux d'exécution dubudget ne dépasse pas les 20 %, faute <strong>de</strong> capacité <strong>de</strong> gestion. Les annoncesn'ont pas <strong>de</strong> suite, les ministres et les parlementaires n'ont pas <strong>de</strong> projet. "M. Morales ne rate pas une occasion <strong>de</strong> réaffirmer ses affinités avec Fi<strong>de</strong>lCastro et avec M. Chavez. A l'Assemblée générale <strong>de</strong>s Nations unies, lesoutien <strong>de</strong> la Bolivie à la candidature du Venezuela à un poste nonpermanent au Conseil <strong>de</strong> sécurité ne fait pas <strong>de</strong> doute. Les <strong>de</strong>ux pays ontsigné un accord <strong>de</strong> défense qui préoccupe le Pérou voisin mais apparemmentpas le Chili, qui n'entretient pas <strong>de</strong> relations diplomatiques avec La Paz. LeSénat bolivien, contrôlé par l'opposition, pourrait d'ailleurs ne pas ratifier cetaccord.L'influence vénézuélienne commence à gêner l'entourage prési<strong>de</strong>ntiel luimême.Le décret <strong>de</strong> nationalisation <strong>de</strong>s hydrocarbures, daté du 1er mai, a étéprécédé <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>ux voyages à <strong>Caracas</strong> <strong>de</strong> l'équipe chargée du dossier. Unproche <strong>de</strong> M. Chavez a proposé ses services à M. Morales en matière <strong>de</strong>médias et <strong>de</strong> communication.Le nationalisme bolivien s'accommo<strong>de</strong> mal <strong>de</strong> cette ingérence "désintéressée ". Le 7 octobre, l'ambassa<strong>de</strong>ur du Venezuela à La Paz, JulioMontes, auparavant en poste à La Havane, a déclaré que les Vénézuéliensétaient prêts à " verser leur sang " pour M. Morales. M. Montes a été appeléà plus <strong>de</strong> circonspection par le chef <strong>de</strong> la diplomatie bolivienne, DavidChoquehuanca.Conseil <strong>de</strong> sécurité : Washington préfère le Guatemala au Venezuelad'Hugo ChavezL'Afrique du Sud, l'Indonésie, l'Italie et la Belgique ont été élues membresdu Conseil <strong>de</strong> sécurité <strong>de</strong> l'ONU. La bataille continue pour le siège sudaméricain


76En dépit d'une intense campagne, le Venezuela du prési<strong>de</strong>nt Hugo Chavez asubi un revers diplomatique, lundi 16 octobre, en obtenant moins <strong>de</strong> voixque son rival, le Guatemala, au cours d'une élection indécise pour remporterun siège au Conseil <strong>de</strong> sécurité <strong>de</strong> l'ONU.Malgré dix tours <strong>de</strong> scrutin, ni le Guatemala, soutenu par Washington, ni leVenezuela, très critique <strong>de</strong>s Etats-Unis, n'ont pu rassembler les <strong>de</strong>ux tiers<strong>de</strong>s voix <strong>de</strong>s 192 pays <strong>de</strong> l'Assemblée générale <strong>de</strong> l'ONU, nécessaires poursiéger <strong>de</strong>ux ans au Conseil <strong>de</strong> sécurité.L'élection <strong>de</strong>vait reprendre mardi et durer jusqu'à la victoire d'un candidat -le record étant <strong>de</strong> 155 tours. Le scrutin s'est terminé, lundi soir, sur un score<strong>de</strong> 77 voix pour le Venezuela, contre 110 voix pour le Guatemala, qui adominé tous les tours, à l'exception du sixième, qui a vu les <strong>de</strong>ux pays àégalité. L'Assemblée générale a par ailleurs élu, lundi, à une large majorité,l'Afrique du Sud, l'Indonésie, l'Italie et la Belgique.Selon <strong>de</strong>s diplomates, le Venezuela, qui partait favori, paye le prix d'undiscours du prési<strong>de</strong>nt Chavez, prononcé à l'Assemblée générale le 20septembre et au cours duquel il s'en était violemment pris au prési<strong>de</strong>ntaméricain, George Bush, qu'il traite régulièrement " d'idiot " ou <strong>de</strong> "terroriste ". " Hier, le diable est venu ici et ce lieu sent encore le soufre ",avait-il déclaré, avant <strong>de</strong> se signer." Avant le discours, Chavez avait les voix nécessaires, mais il a fait peur ",assure la diplomate d'un pays en développement. " Le prési<strong>de</strong>nt duVenezuela a poussé la plaisanterie un peu loin, ce qui a donné <strong>de</strong>sarguments à Washington, qui l'accuse <strong>de</strong> vouloir transformer le Conseil encirque ", estime un diplomate européen.Les Etats-Unis ont mené une campagne active en faveur du Guatemala,notamment en faisant pression sur leurs alliés. Ce soutien " a été tellementflagrant qu'il a pu détourner <strong>de</strong>s voix contre le Guatemala ", estimeAugustine Mahiga, ambassa<strong>de</strong>ur <strong>de</strong> la Tanzanie à l'ONU. Face auVenezuela, 5e exportateur <strong>de</strong> brut mondial, le Guatemala fait valoir que sestroupes participent aux missions <strong>de</strong> maintien <strong>de</strong> la paix <strong>de</strong> l'ONU.


77Hugo Chavez a fait campagne à travers le mon<strong>de</strong>, signant <strong>de</strong> nombreuxaccords énergétiques ou établissant <strong>de</strong>s relations diplomatiques avec onzepays africains en quinze mois. Il s'est aussi rapproché <strong>de</strong> pays comme l'Iran,la Syrie ou la Corée du Nord. M. Chavez, qui milite pour un " socialisme duXXIe siècle ", est un critique virulent <strong>de</strong> l'" impérialisme " <strong>de</strong>s Etats-Unis,qui ont semblé soutenir, en avril 2002, une tentative <strong>de</strong> coup d'Etat contrelui.L'élection à un siège du Conseil fait l'objet <strong>de</strong> tractations savantes etd'échanges <strong>de</strong> bons procédés entre pays, au sein <strong>de</strong>s groupes régionaux,souvent plusieurs années avant qu'une place ne se libère. Le vote étant àbulletin secret, l'opinion personnelle <strong>de</strong>s ambassa<strong>de</strong>urs peut jouer.Le Conseil <strong>de</strong> sécurité <strong>de</strong> l'ONU est composé <strong>de</strong> cinq membres permanentsdotés d'un droit <strong>de</strong> veto (Chine, Etats-Unis, France, Royaume-Uni et Russie)et <strong>de</strong> dix membres élus, renouvelés par moitié tous les ans. Ces <strong>de</strong>rniers ontpeu <strong>de</strong> pouvoir, mais peuvent fixer le programme du Conseil, lorsqu'ils leprési<strong>de</strong>nt (pendant un mois), et influencer les votes.Onu/Onzième tour infructueux entre le Guatemala et le VenezuelaUn onzième tour <strong>de</strong> scrutin à l'Onu a confirmé mardi l'avance du Guatemalasur le Venezuela sans permettre toutefois d'attribuer le siège <strong>de</strong> l'Amériquedu Sud au Conseil <strong>de</strong> sécurité <strong>de</strong>s Nations uniesCent-sept voix se sont portées sur le Guatemala contre 46 pour leVenezuela. Huit Etats membres <strong>de</strong> l'Assemblée générale <strong>de</strong> l'Onu se sontabstenus.Un Etat doit obtenir la majorité <strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong>ux tiers pour intégrer l'exécutifonusien, soit 128 voix.En 1979, il avait fallu 155 tours <strong>de</strong> scrutin pour tenter <strong>de</strong> départager laColombie et Cuba. Le Mexique s'était finalement imposé en tant quecandidat <strong>de</strong> compromis.


78Chavez en passe <strong>de</strong> perdre sa bataille à l’ONUMALGRÉ <strong>de</strong>s semaines <strong>de</strong> tractations diplomatiques, le prési<strong>de</strong>ntvénézuélien Hugo Chavez n’a pas réussi à convaincre la majorité <strong>de</strong>s192 pays membres <strong>de</strong> l’ONU <strong>de</strong> choisir son pays comme membre nonpermanent du Conseil <strong>de</strong> sécurité contre le candidat <strong>de</strong>s États-Unis, leGuatemala. Hier, après dix tours <strong>de</strong> scrutin, ce <strong>de</strong>rnier menait par 110 voixcontre 77, après avoir été à égalité avec le Venezuela, à 93 voix partout.Aucun <strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong>ux n’ayant atteint la majorité <strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong>ux tiers (125 voix),d’autres tours <strong>de</strong> scrutin seront nécessaires.C’est une gifle pour <strong>Caracas</strong>, car ce vote, en apparence banal, est le résultatd’un affrontement digne <strong>de</strong> l’époque <strong>de</strong> la guerre froi<strong>de</strong>, entre la Maison-Blanche et celui qui s’est autoproclamé son principal détracteur, HugoChavez. Le Conseil <strong>de</strong> sécurité est constitué <strong>de</strong> quinze sièges. Cinq sontoccupés par <strong>de</strong>s membres permanents, détenteurs d’un droit <strong>de</strong> veto - laChine, les États-Unis, la France, la Gran<strong>de</strong>-Bretagne et la Russie. Dix siègestournent entre tous les autres pays, selon une répartition géographique. C’estle remplacement, cette année, <strong>de</strong> l’Argentine qui a déclenché les passions.Lorsque le Venezuela a fait savoir qu’il briguait la succession, Washingtona déployé une machine <strong>de</strong> guerre pour empêcher son élection. Aucun <strong>de</strong>sgrands pays latino-américains n’ayant accepté d’être un candidat « anti-Venezuela », l’Administration Bush s’est tournée vers un <strong>de</strong> sesindéfectibles alliés, le Guatemala. Le petit pays d’Amérique Centrale,dépourvu <strong>de</strong> moyens, n’a pas fait campagne. La Maison-Blanche a mis à sonservice ses finances, ses réseaux et son administration. Depuis <strong>de</strong>s semaines,chaque visite d’un fonctionnaire américain dans un pays étranger se conclutpar une ferme recommandation à voter pour le Guatemala.Éviter l’humiliation


79La stratégie américaine a fonctionné. Si le Guatemala n’a pas été élu, ladiplomatie <strong>de</strong> Washing-ton a empêché le Venezuela <strong>de</strong> l’emporter, malgréune campagne fondée sur la distribution <strong>de</strong> pétrodollars et une rhétoriqueanti- impérialiste. <strong>Caracas</strong> s’est attaché <strong>de</strong>s alliés dans la région (notammentle Brésil et l’Argentine), une partie du mon<strong>de</strong> arabe, grâce à lacondamnation <strong>de</strong> la guerre menée l’été <strong>de</strong>rnier par Israël au Liban, <strong>de</strong>s voixafricaines, et l’appui <strong>de</strong> la Chine et la Russie, soucieux <strong>de</strong> contrebalancer lapuissance américaine. Les collaborateurs du prési<strong>de</strong>nt vénézuélienavouaient, ces <strong>de</strong>rniers jours, leur inquiétu<strong>de</strong> : le discours virulent <strong>de</strong>Chavez à la tribune <strong>de</strong>s Nations unies en septembre, au cours duquel il acomparé Bush au diable, a refroidi l’enthousiasme <strong>de</strong> nombreux pays. «Nous avions le vent en poupe quand les États-Unis incarnaient l’agresseur, ilne fallait pas rentrer dans leur jeu », confie un diplomate vénézuélien. Unhaut fonctionnaire français confirme : « Voter pour le Guatemala ne fait pasplaisir, car c’est un ca<strong>de</strong>au aux États-Unis. Mais Chavez va trop loin et,avec les essais nucléaires <strong>de</strong> la Corée du Nord, le contexte international nese prête plus à la provocation. »À <strong>de</strong>ux mois <strong>de</strong> la prési<strong>de</strong>ntielle au Venezuela, l’opposition se félicite déjà<strong>de</strong> cette défaite <strong>de</strong> la diplomatie <strong>de</strong> Hugo Chavez. À New York,l’ambassa<strong>de</strong>ur <strong>de</strong> <strong>Caracas</strong> auprès <strong>de</strong> l’ONU, Francisco Arias Car<strong>de</strong>nas,nuançait déjà, avant le scrutin, sa portée : « Quel que soit le résultat, il fautse rappeler que le Venezuela n’affronte pas le Guatemala, mais la premièrepuissance mondiale. »S’il ne gagne pas, le Venezuela doit empêcher le « petit » Guatemala <strong>de</strong>gagner <strong>de</strong>s voix supplémentaires lors <strong>de</strong>s prochains scrutins. Les gran<strong>de</strong>smanoeuvres vont commencer en Amérique latine pour trouver un troisièmecandidat susceptible <strong>de</strong> plaire aux <strong>de</strong>ux camps. Ce ne sera pas facile.


80ONU - Quatre nouveaux membres du Conseil <strong>de</strong> sécurité élus àl'Assemblée générale - le Guatemala et le Venezuela encore en liceL'Assemblée générale <strong>de</strong> l'ONU a élu hier la Belgique, l'Indonésie, l'Italie etl'Afrique du Sud qui occuperont les sièges <strong>de</strong> membres non permanents duConseil <strong>de</strong> sécurité à partir du 1er janvier 2007, pour un mandat <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>ux ans,tandis que le vote se poursuit pour départager le Guatemala du Venezuela.Les quatre sièges pourvus sont actuellement occupés par le Danemark, laGrèce, le Japon et la Tanzanie. Reste à pourvoir le siège <strong>de</strong> l'Argentine.Les membres étaient élus selon leur origine géographique qui confère <strong>de</strong>uxsièges à l'Afrique et à l'Asie, <strong>de</strong>ux à l'Europe <strong>de</strong> l'Ouest et autres Etats et unà l'Amérique latine et aux Caraïbes, au cours du scrutin <strong>de</strong> cette année.Les élections au Conseil <strong>de</strong> sécurité se tiennent au scrutin secret, parl'intermédiaire <strong>de</strong> papiers, contrairement aux votes réguliers <strong>de</strong> l'Assembléegénérale qui sont électroniques.Pou remporter un siège, les candidats doivent obtenir au moins les <strong>de</strong>ux tiers<strong>de</strong>s membres présents et votant, y compris dans les régions où un seulcandidat se présente.La Belgique a remporté 180 voix, l'Italie 186, l'Afrique du Sud (seulcandidat pour l'Afrique) 186 et l'Indonésie 158.Au quatrième tour, le Guatemala continuait <strong>de</strong> mener par 110 voix contre 75pour le Venezuela. C'est toutefois encore insuffisant au regard <strong>de</strong> la majorité<strong>de</strong> 124 voix requise sur les 192 Etats Membres <strong>de</strong>s Nations Unies.Les cinq autres membres non-permanents du Conseil <strong>de</strong> sécurité, dont leterme expire le 31 décembre 2007, sont la République du Congo, le Ghana,le Pérou, le Qatar et la Slovakie. Les cinq membres permanents sont laChine, les Etats-Unis, la Fédération <strong>de</strong> Russie, la France, le Royaume-Uni.


81Le choc <strong>de</strong>s populismes en EquateurARMENGAUD Jean-HébertLe chaviste Rafael Correa affrontera le milliardaire <strong>de</strong> droite Alvaro Noboa,le 26 novembre."Le second tour va se jouer entre un populisme <strong>de</strong> gauche et un populisme<strong>de</strong> droite", se lamentait hier le quotidien équatorien El Comercio, aprèsl'annonce <strong>de</strong>s premiers résultats du premier tour <strong>de</strong> l'élection prési<strong>de</strong>ntielle<strong>de</strong> dimanche. Alors que certains sondages le donnaient vainqueur avecmême une possibilité <strong>de</strong> l'emporter dès le premier tour le candidat <strong>de</strong>gauche "antipartitocratie", Rafael Correa n'arrive qu'en <strong>de</strong>uxième position,avec 22,5 % <strong>de</strong>s voix, selon les résultats partiels proclamés par le tribunalsuprême électoral, sur la base <strong>de</strong> 70 % <strong>de</strong>s bulletins dépouillés."Berlusconi andin". Le 26 novembre, il disputera le second tour face aumilliardaire <strong>de</strong> droite Alvaro Noboa, qui se dit "candidat <strong>de</strong> Dieu" et obtient26,6 % <strong>de</strong>s voix. Ce "Berlusconi andin" <strong>de</strong> 56 ans, considéré comme lapremière fortune du petit pays d'Amérique du sud, est aussi connu comme"le roi <strong>de</strong> la banane", <strong>de</strong>uxième ressource du pays, même si son conglomératd'entreprises comprend aussi <strong>de</strong>s sociétés financières, immobilières, <strong>de</strong>sbanques et <strong>de</strong>s médias. Derrière son Parti révolutionnaire institutionneld'action nationale (Prian), il avait déjà franchi le premier tour en 1998 et2002, mais en échouant aux portes du palais prési<strong>de</strong>ntiel <strong>de</strong> Caron<strong>de</strong>let.Alvaro Noboa, qui ne se défait pas <strong>de</strong> sa bible dans les meetings, se définitcomme "un homme productif qui a toujours aimé venir en ai<strong>de</strong> aux pauvres"et promet "<strong>de</strong> ramener <strong>de</strong>s millions <strong>de</strong> pauvres équatoriens au niveau <strong>de</strong>sclasses moyennes <strong>de</strong> pays comme l'Espagne, le Chili, l'Italie et les Etats-Unis". Avec ce <strong>de</strong>rnier pays, il veut mener à son terme la négociation encours sur un traité <strong>de</strong> libre-échange (TLC) qui, selon lui, pourra permettre lacréation <strong>de</strong> centaines <strong>de</strong> milliers d'emplois. Il a annoncé que, s'il arrivait aupouvoir, il couperait "les relations" avec Cuba et le Venezuela. Et accuseson adversaire Rafael Correa d'être financé par le prési<strong>de</strong>nt vénézuélienHugo Chávez.


82Erreurs. Hier, Correa a contesté le résultat <strong>de</strong> l'élection et dénoncé que <strong>de</strong>serreurs <strong>info</strong>rmatiques dans le décompte officiel pouvaient l'avoir privé d'unsuffrage sur trois. "On essaie <strong>de</strong> nous voler la victoire, a-t-il lancé. On est entrain <strong>de</strong> tromper le pays. Nous avons gagné, selon le décompte effectué parnotre propre système avec nos représentants [dans les bureaux <strong>de</strong> vote]." Cetéconomiste <strong>de</strong> 43 ans veut, à l'opposé <strong>de</strong> son adversaire, rompre toutenégociation avec Washington sur le TLC. Il veut surtout faire table rase <strong>de</strong>"la démocratie pseudo-représentative", convoquer une assembléeconstituante et réduire les pouvoirs <strong>de</strong>s députés qu'il considère comme lacause <strong>de</strong> la crise politique quasi-permanente que traverse le pays <strong>de</strong>puis lafin <strong>de</strong>s années 90 : les trois <strong>de</strong>rniers prési<strong>de</strong>nts élus n'ont pu terminer leurmandat, <strong>de</strong>stitué par les députés ou renversé par un putsch.L'antiparlementarisme <strong>de</strong> Correa l'a même conduit à ne pas présenter <strong>de</strong>candidats à la chambre <strong>de</strong>s députés pour les législatives qui avaient lieuégalement dimanche mais dont les résultats n'ont pas été proclamés.Le candidat social-démocrate León Roldós, donné un temps parmi lesfavoris mais qui n'est arrivé que troisième, avec 15,8 % <strong>de</strong>s voix, refusaithier <strong>de</strong> donner <strong>de</strong>s consignes <strong>de</strong> vote pour le second tour : "Ce serait comme<strong>de</strong>man<strong>de</strong>r aux électeurs <strong>de</strong> choisir le sida pour échapper au cancer."Ballottage sud-américain - -Le Venezuela d’Hugo Chavez, bête noire <strong>de</strong>s Etats-Unis, ne paraissait pasen mesure hier d’accé<strong>de</strong>r au Conseil <strong>de</strong> sécurité <strong>de</strong> l’ONU, obtenant un total<strong>de</strong> voix bien inférieur à la majorité <strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong>ux tiers requise, lors d’un vote àl’Assemblée générale. Le Venezuela a été nettement distancé par leGuatemala, qui lui dispute le siège du groupe Amérique latine/Caraïbes àpourvoir. Au quatrième tour, le Guatemala a obtenu 110 voix contre 75 auVenezuela, tous <strong>de</strong>ux échouant à atteindre la majorité <strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong>ux tiers requise,soit 124 voix compte tenu <strong>de</strong> six abstentions. La tendance s’est inverséeentre les 3e et 4e tours, le Guatemala perdant <strong>de</strong>s voix, tandis que leVenezuela en gagnait, sans qu’il soit possible d’affirmer que cette tendance


83allait continuer. Le règlement permet <strong>de</strong> poursuivre le vote indéfiniment siaucun <strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong>ux candidats ne se retire. Toutefois, à partir du 5e tour, untroisième candidat peut se présenter.PRESIDENTIELLE - "Ce n'est pas le moment pour un candidatantiaméricain"Le passage en tête du premier tour d'Alvaro Noboa est-il une surprise ?Comment expliquez-vous ce résultat ?- La population a peut-être choisi <strong>de</strong> voter pour Alvaro Noboa car il n'est pasopposé aux Etats-Unis. Le meilleur candidat <strong>de</strong>s Equatoriens doit convaincresans tourner le dos à leur puissant partenaire commercial. Rafael Correaaurait difficilement pu recueillir la majorité <strong>de</strong>s voix parce qu'il est pro-Hugo Chavez et que c'est la première fois qu'il se présente à l'électionprési<strong>de</strong>ntielle. Alvaro Noboa en est à sa troisième tentative. Rafael Correapouvait bénéficier d'un vote <strong>de</strong> protestation contre les autres candidats, maisson discours anti-américain a vraisemblablement inquiété les équatoriens. Lediscours d'Alvaro Noboa a pu être plus convaincant que celui <strong>de</strong>s autrescandidats, en particulier sur la question <strong>de</strong> la redistribution <strong>de</strong>s richesses. Laréussite équatorienne <strong>de</strong> la famille Noboa , <strong>de</strong>venue le premier exportateurmondial <strong>de</strong> bananes, a joué. De plus, Alvaro Nobea aurait dépensé la somme<strong>de</strong> 2,5 millions <strong>de</strong> dollars pour mener sa campagne.Comment l'Equateur peut se stabiliser politiquement ?- L'Equateur manque encore <strong>de</strong> maturité politique. La culture équatorienneest très ouverte, cordiale et s'oppose aux interdits. Les électeurss'embarquent avec une certaine innocence pour <strong>de</strong>s candidats pas forcémentformés pour la politique. Si la démocratie est respectée au niveau <strong>de</strong>sélections - les accusations <strong>de</strong> Rafael Correa quant à d'éventuelles frau<strong>de</strong>ssont certainement <strong>info</strong>ndées - le prési<strong>de</strong>nt, une fois élu va commettre <strong>de</strong>sirrégularités jusqu'à ce que <strong>de</strong>s forces s'unissent pour le mettre <strong>de</strong>hors. Cephénomène <strong>de</strong> quasi coup d'Etat est particulièrement présent <strong>de</strong>puis une


84dizaine d'années, car après chaque élection, le prési<strong>de</strong>nt favorisetypiquement la corruption, le clientélisme, le populisme. La gouvernanceentre la prési<strong>de</strong>nce et l'assemblée nationale est incohérente. L'assemblée estfragmentée par <strong>de</strong>s petits partis. Il n'existe pas <strong>de</strong> gran<strong>de</strong>s structurespolitiques capables <strong>de</strong> durer. Chaque élection voit la naissance <strong>de</strong> nouvellesalliances, celui qui passe étant celui qui parle le plus fort.Si la droite était élue, serait-ce aussi en opposition <strong>de</strong> la vague gauche qui adéferlé en Amérique latine ?- Les Equatoriens ont un peu peur <strong>de</strong> la situation au Vénézuela ou enBolivie, où les nouveaux dirigeants se montrent favorables une rupturebrutale. Tenir tête aux Etats-Unis, comme peuvent le faire Hugo Chavez ouEvo Morales, est, pour le peuple équatorien, invraisemblable. Le payspossè<strong>de</strong> d'importantes ressources pétrolières et a déjà mis <strong>de</strong>hors <strong>de</strong> gran<strong>de</strong>scompagnies américaines. Or, l'Equateur, souhaite voir aboutir lesdiscussions sur un accord bilatéral <strong>de</strong> libre-échange avec les Etats-Unis,comme cela s'est produit pour le Pérou. Ce n'est pas le moment pourl'Equateur d'élire un candidat opposé aux Etats-Unis car les négociationspour le renouvellement <strong>de</strong>s contrats avec cinq gran<strong>de</strong>s compagniespétrolières, dont Total, vont commencer. Un sabotage <strong>de</strong> la part <strong>de</strong> lapopulation locale est déjà envisageable, la société Perenco a déjà étéoccupée. Les Equatoriens vivent très mal le fait qu'on ne puisse pas exporterdu pétrole du fait <strong>de</strong> retards techniques ou <strong>de</strong> la corruption.ONU: CONSIGLIO SICUREZZA; AMERICA LATINA, 13/AFUMATA NERA.ANSA - Political and Economic News ServiceTredicesima fumata nera in due giorni, la terza <strong>de</strong>lla giornata dopo il terzovoto aperto sul seggio latinoamericano in Consiglio di Sicurezza.Il Guatemala ha avuto 112 voti, 13 voti in meno <strong>de</strong>lla maggioranza <strong>de</strong>i dueterzi necessaria per l'elezione; il Venezuela è sceso a quota 75. Cinquenazioni si sono astenute.


85In base alle procedure Onu si torna a<strong>de</strong>sso a votare in ballottaggi tra i duepaesi rivali, mentre nei corridoi <strong>de</strong>l Palazzo di vetro alcuni ambasciatorilatinoamericani hanno cal<strong>de</strong>ggiato la convocazione di una riunione <strong>de</strong>lgruppo per trovare una via di uscita.ONU: D'ALEMA, SU VENEZUELA POTREMMO CAMBIAREPOSIZIONEAgenzia Giornalistica ItaliaL'Italia si e' astenuta nel voto per la candidatura <strong>de</strong>l Venezuela per un seggioa rotazione al Consiglio di Sicurezza <strong>de</strong>lle Nazioni Unite, ma potrebbe anchecambiare posizione. E' lo stesso ministro <strong>de</strong>gli Esteri, Massimo D'Alema, aparlarne nel corso di una conferenza stampa a Lussemburgo, dove sonoriuniti da ieri i capi <strong>de</strong>lle diplomazie <strong>de</strong>ll'Unione Europa. "Noi ci sianoastenuti. Non si poteva", ha spiegato il capo <strong>de</strong>lla Farnesina, "votare a favore<strong>de</strong>lla candidatura di un Paese per le posizioni politiche assunte. Ma non sipoteva nemmeno votare contro la candidatura di un Paese dove vive oltre unmilione di italiani. Se alla fine il nostro voto dovesse risultare <strong>de</strong>terminante escioglire il dilemma potremmo anche cambiare posizione".ONU: CONSIGLIO SICUREZZA, RESTA LA SPACCATURA.ANSA - Political and Economic News ServiceNella prima votazione <strong>de</strong>l secondo round per un seggio latinoamericano inConsiglio di Sicurezza nel biennio 2007-2008 è continuata l'impasse di ieri:il Guatemala è ancora in testa con 107 voti contro i 76 <strong>de</strong>l Venezuela.Hanno votato in 191 su 192 membri <strong>de</strong>ll'Onu. Otto stati si sono astenuti. Ilquorum per l'elezione era di 122.Ieri vi erano state dieci votazioni, tutte senza esito.


86Guatemala davanti a Venezuela in voto per seggio a Consiglio OnuIl presi<strong>de</strong>nte venezuelano Hugo Chavez ha rischiato ieri una sconfittapolitica per mano <strong>de</strong>l piccolo paese <strong>de</strong>l Guatemala, appoggiato dagli Usa,nella sua corsa a un seggio nel potente Consiglio di Sicurezza, dove l'Italiaha ottenuto ieri, come da previsioni, uno <strong>de</strong>i 15 posti non permanenti.A un certo momento <strong>de</strong>lle 10 votazioni previste, condotte dai 192 membri<strong>de</strong>ll'Assemblea Generale, il Venezuela si trovava in situazione di parità conil Guatemala, ma alla fine <strong>de</strong>lla giornata si trovava con 77 voti conquistaticontro 110, un risultato simile a quello ottenuto nel primo ballottaggio ottoore prima.La votazione prosegue oggi e si conclu<strong>de</strong>rà quando una nazione raggiungerài due terzi <strong>de</strong>i favori richiesti dall'Assemblea, a meno che non dovessespuntare un terzo candidato, come compromesso fra le parti. Nel 1979l'Assemblea è stata costretta a votare 155 volte in una corsa agguerrita fraColombia e Cuba, con il Messico che alla fine è stato eletto come candidatodi compromesso.La votazione per un posto da conce<strong>de</strong>re a una nazione sudamericana si ètrasformata in una battaglia fra Stati Uniti e Venezuela, che sotto la guida diChavez ha tentato di formare un'alleanza in Asia, Africa e Medioriente perlanciare una sfida agli interessi internazionali di Washington."Penso che dobbiamo essere realisti", ha <strong>de</strong>tto ai giornalisti il ministro <strong>de</strong>gliEsteri <strong>de</strong>l Guatemala Gert Rosenthal, precisando che se il voto dovesserimanere lo stesso per diversi giorni "bisognerebbe probabilmente pensare aun candidato <strong>de</strong>l continente che ottenga un consenso unanime"."Ma ancora non è il momento", ha concluso Rosenthal.Il Consiglio di Sicurezza è composto da cinque membri permanenti chehanno il diritto di veto -- Stati Uniti, Russia, Cina, Gran Bretagna e Francia -- e da altre 10 nazioni che hanno diritto a un seggio temporaneo di due anni,<strong>de</strong>i quali cinque vengono eletti ogni anno.


87Per quanto riguarda le altre nazioni, Sudafrica, Indonesia, Italia e Belgiohanno ricevuto i voti necessari per ottenere il posto <strong>de</strong>lla durata di due anni,a cominciare dal primo gennaio <strong>de</strong>l prossimo anno.Pren<strong>de</strong>ranno il posto di Tanzania, Giappone, Danimarca e Grecia. E' laprima volta in assoluto che il Sudafrica ottiene un posto al consiglio, le cui<strong>de</strong>cisioni prese su temi come la pace e la sicurezza mondiale sono vincolantiper tutti gli altri membri <strong>de</strong>lle Nazioni Unite.Chavez contro "el diablo" il Venezuela all´attacco di Bush - lo scontroLa RepubblicaWASHINGTON - Ha chiamato il suo nervoso ambasciatore «a un assaltocon la baionette». Ha riscosso cambiali e promesso favori e petrolio anazioni africane, centramericane, arabe, asiatiche, ma ancora non ce l´hafatta a sconfiggere «el Diablo» e a strappare un seggio al Consiglio diSicurezza <strong>de</strong>ll´Onu. Il nuovo Castro con il petrolio, Hugo Chavez, stavivendo ore d´inferno mentre le 192 nazioni presenti all´Onu votano perscegliere il quinto membro temporaneo <strong>de</strong>l Consiglio, dopo le facili vittoriedi Italia, Belgio, Sudafrica e Indonesia, e nella lotta biblica tra i dollari <strong>de</strong>l«Diablo Bush» e i petrodollari <strong>de</strong>l diavoletto indio, il Venezuela non ce lafarà, dicono i grandi cinici in completo blu <strong>de</strong>l Palazzo di Vetro. Mentre ilVenezuela e il Guatemala, il candidato civetta <strong>de</strong>l diavolo yanqui, duellanofra di loro per i 128 voti necessari per la vittoria, dietro le porte chiuse sicerca il terzo candidato, il candidato di compromesso.Sono stati i soldi e il petrolio promessi a <strong>de</strong>legazioni di piccole nazionisempre sensibili al danaro a disper<strong>de</strong>re «l´odore di zolfo» <strong>de</strong>ll´«imperialismoamericano», come lo ha <strong>de</strong>finito lui. E se la votazioni ancora continuano, il«Hugo Chavez Travelling Circus», il circo viaggiante <strong>de</strong>l più stravagantelea<strong>de</strong>r vivente <strong>de</strong>ll´America Latina, ha avuto nel Palazzo di Vetro il successodi pubblico che il suo vivace impresario sperava.Aveva forse un pochino esagerato nella retorica, anche davanti a unaaudience come l´assemblea <strong>de</strong>ll´Onu dove il «Bush Bashing», le bastonate aBush, raccolgono sempre ampi consensi. Avere <strong>de</strong>finito il Presi<strong>de</strong>nteamericano come un «asshole» (che possiamo tradurre eufemisticamente


88come «uno stronzo»), un «borracho», un beone, un ignorante, il nemicopubblico numero uno, un malato mentale e infine come l´Anticristo, nonpoteva essere la maniera migliore per conquistare le già scarse simpatie<strong>de</strong>ll´Amministrazione Usa. Neppure Fi<strong>de</strong>l, l´idolo di Chavez, era maiarrivato a dare <strong>de</strong>llo stronzo a un Capo <strong>de</strong>llo Stato Americano.Chavez si era vantato, prima di lasciare New York, di «avere in tasca» quei128 voti, facendo capire che il petrolio a 60 dollari al barile, dove ora sitrova dopo avere sforato anche i 70, aveva riempito le casse <strong>de</strong>l governo di<strong>Caracas</strong> con abbastanza fondi, e strumenti di ricatto, per intascare la vittoriatra i latinoamericani e gli africani. Anche al Jazeera, la rete <strong>de</strong>l Qatar che diqueste cose ha una certa esperienza, spiegava che, dietro gli show e gliappelli alle baionette, sono i barili di petrolio a convincere quei 93 paesi chehanno votato per lui, ad appena 35 voti dal trionfo.Ma anche «el Diablo yanqui» ha le sue risorse e la sua collaudata capacità dipersuasione. Senza che Bush personalmente rispon<strong>de</strong>sse alle vivaci<strong>de</strong>finizioni di Chavez (a quello ha pensato il padre, George Bush il Vecchio,chiamando il Presi<strong>de</strong>nte venezuelano «un asino» e un «buffone» daimicrofoni <strong>de</strong>lla Cnn), il Dipartimento di Stato aveva lavorato per vie internee discrete l´Oas, l´Organizzazione <strong>de</strong>gli Stati Americani, l´Unione Europea,il Consiglio d´Europa, le nazioni asiatiche, spiegando che portare ilVenezuela nel Consiglio di Sicurezza avrebbe significato la fine di quel cherimane <strong>de</strong>lla già mo<strong>de</strong>sta autorità di quell´istituzione. E avrebbe seriamentee personalmente indispettito il Diavolo.Né Hugo Chavez può sperare sui <strong>de</strong>mocratici, i nemici più aspri di questaCasa Bianca, che lui era riuscito a offen<strong>de</strong>re come americani. Dopo uncomizio in una chiesa di Harlem, il quartiere nero di Manhattan che ivisitatori dal Terzo Mondo puntualmente ed erroneamente consi<strong>de</strong>rano unasorta di estensione <strong>de</strong>lla propria emarginazione, nel quale Chavez avevachiamato «killer» il Presi<strong>de</strong>nte Bush, no, anzi, un «genocida <strong>de</strong>mente», il<strong>de</strong>putato di Harlem Charles Rangel, pur famoso per le sue intemerate antirepubblicane,si era <strong>de</strong>tto «personalmente offeso». «Non posso ammettereche qualcuno venga in casa mia a insultare il Presi<strong>de</strong>nte <strong>de</strong>lla mia nazione. Ildissenso e il contrasto politico sono una cosa, le insolenze volgari,tutt´altra».


89All´esorcista che voleva liberare il mondo da Bush rimarrà, se alla fine idollari di George si rivelassero meno fetidi <strong>de</strong>i petrodollari di Hugo, lasoddisfazione di avere comunque fatto ballare il Satana Texano, e di avereprovato l´acre piacere <strong>de</strong>lla sceneggiata nella quale si esibì Nikita Kruscev,con la sua scarpa picchiata sul tavolo <strong>de</strong>lla <strong>de</strong>legazione Sovietica. Qualcuno,più scaramantico o forse più attento lettore <strong>de</strong>lla storia, avrebbe potuto farnotare a Chavez che quegli show non portano buono e che dopo quellascarpata Kruscev sarebbe rimasto meno di quattro anni alla guida <strong>de</strong>l proprioPaese, perché neppure i missili nucleari o i petrodollari permettono di tirarela coda al «Diablo» impunemente.Astaldi:con Ghella e Impregilo nuova commessa da 1,7mld $ inVenezuelaIl Sole 24 Ore-RadiocorLa Repubblica <strong>de</strong>l Venezuela affi<strong>de</strong>ra' un nuovo lavoro ferroviario <strong>de</strong>lvalore di 1,7 miliardi di dollari al raggruppamento di imprese formatopariteticamente da Astaldi, Ghella e Impregilo. L'annuncio, riferisce unanota <strong>de</strong>l costruttore romano, e' stato dato dal presi<strong>de</strong>nte venezuelano HugoChavez in occasione <strong>de</strong>ll'inaugurazione <strong>de</strong>lla tratta ferroviaria <strong>Caracas</strong>-Cua<strong>de</strong>l valore di 2,5 miliardi di dollari eseguita dallo stesso raggruppamento diimprese. I lavori, secondo le previsioni, inizieranno nei primi mesi <strong>de</strong>l 2007.La nuova commessa si aggiunge ai contratti gia' in fase di esecuzione nelpaese per un valore complessivo di 4,5 miliardi di dollari. Com-sal-yUI 23.10.0 - Tuesday, October 10, 2006 11:52:22 AMVenezuela aast op zetel VeiligheidsraadNEW YORK Binnen <strong>de</strong> Verenig<strong>de</strong> Naties woedt een hevige strijd om eentij<strong>de</strong>lijke zetel in <strong>de</strong> Veiligheidsraad namens <strong>de</strong> Latijns-Amerikaanse wereld.De voornaamste gegadig<strong>de</strong>n zijn Venezuela en Guatemala.


90Venezuela probeert koste wat het kost <strong>de</strong> zetel te bemachtigen, al was hetalleen maar om <strong>de</strong> Verenig<strong>de</strong> Staten dwars te zitten. Guatemala, dat doorWashington wordt gesteund, probeert dat uit alle macht te verhin<strong>de</strong>ren.Na tien stemron<strong>de</strong>s heeft nog geen van bei<strong>de</strong> lan<strong>de</strong>n voldoen<strong>de</strong> steun wetente krijgen. Guatemala lijkt <strong>de</strong> beste papieren te hebben. Dat land heeft tot nutoe 110 lan<strong>de</strong>n achter zich weten te scharen.Venezuela kan rekenen op <strong>de</strong> steun van 77 lan<strong>de</strong>n. Om <strong>de</strong> zetel tebemachtigen moet een land twee<strong>de</strong>r<strong>de</strong> van <strong>de</strong> lidstaten (124 stemmen) achterzich krijgen. Vandaag wordt <strong>de</strong> stemming voortgezet.De stemming is vooral een strijd om invloed gewor<strong>de</strong>n tussen Venezuela en<strong>de</strong> VS. De Venezolaanse presi<strong>de</strong>nt Hugo Chávez stelt alles in het werk omhet Washington diplomatiek zo moeilijk mogelijk te maken. Guatemalaheeft juist beloofd zich constructief op te stellen.In 1980 <strong>de</strong>ed zich een soortgelijk gevecht voor tussen Cuba en Colombia.Die strijd duur<strong>de</strong> uitein<strong>de</strong>lijk twee maan<strong>de</strong>n. Na 154 stemron<strong>de</strong>s werduitein<strong>de</strong>lijk een <strong>de</strong>r<strong>de</strong> kandidaat gekozen: Mexico.De strijd om <strong>de</strong> an<strong>de</strong>re tij<strong>de</strong>lijke zetels verliep gisteren soepeler. België,Italië, Zuid-Afrika en Indonesië zijn vanaf 1 januari lid van <strong>de</strong>Veiligheidsraad. Van <strong>de</strong> tien niet-permanente le<strong>de</strong>n wor<strong>de</strong>n elk jaar vijfnieuwe gekozen.Rückschlag für Venezuelas Streben nach Sitz im UN-RatVenezuela hat bei seinen Bemühungen um einen Sitz im UN-Sicherheitsrateinen Rückschlag erlitten. In zehn Wahlgängen verfehlte daslateinamerikanische Land in <strong>de</strong>r Vollversammlung <strong>de</strong>r Vereinten Nationen(UN) am Montag die erfor<strong>de</strong>rliche Zwei-Drittel-Mehrheit. Das vomerklärten US-Gegner Hugo Chavez regierte Venezuela fiel zum Schluss mit77 Stimmen hinter seinen Mitbewerber Guatemala zurück, für <strong>de</strong>n 110Län<strong>de</strong>r stimmten.


91Neu in das höchste UN-Gremium als nichtständige Mitglie<strong>de</strong>r wur<strong>de</strong>nIndonesien, Italien, Belgien und erstmals in seiner Geschichte auchSüdafrika gewählt. Ihm gehören neben <strong>de</strong>n fünf Vetomächten USA,Frankreich, Großbritannien, Russland und China zehn weitere Län<strong>de</strong>r an, diejeweils für zwei Jahre bestimmt wer<strong>de</strong>n. Deutschland war in <strong>de</strong>n Jahren<strong>2003</strong> und 2004 Mitglied.Venezuelas Präsi<strong>de</strong>nt Chavez erhofft sich von einer Wahl in <strong>de</strong>nSicherheitsrat eine internationale Aufwertung seines ölreichen Lan<strong>de</strong>s. ImSeptember hatte Chavez US-Präsi<strong>de</strong>nt George W. Bush vor <strong>de</strong>r UN-Vollversammlung als Teufel bezeichnet, <strong>de</strong>r bei seinem AuftrittSchwefelgeruch im Plenarsaal hinterlassen habe.Der venezolanische UN-Botschafter Francisco Javier Arias Car<strong>de</strong>nas sagte,die USA hätten versucht, die Abstimmung zu einem Wettbewerb zwischensich und seinem Land zu stilisieren. "Wir konkurrieren nicht mit einemBru<strong>de</strong>rland, wir treten gegen die größte Macht <strong>de</strong>s Planeten an." Venezuelawer<strong>de</strong> seine Bewerbung in <strong>de</strong>n am Dienstag geplanten weiteren Run<strong>de</strong>nnicht zurückziehen. Dagegen <strong>de</strong>utete Guatemalas Außenminister GertRosenthal einen Rückzug an. Noch sei dafür die Zeit aber nicht reif. Dielängste Abstimmungsschlacht mit 155 Run<strong>de</strong>n hatten sich 1979 Kuba undKolumbien geliefert. Als Kompromisskandidat setzte sich schließlichMexiko durch.Venezuela und Guatemala bewerben sich um <strong>de</strong>n Lateinamerikazustehen<strong>de</strong>n zweiten Sitz im Sicherheitsrat. Ihn macht Argentinien zumJahresen<strong>de</strong> frei. Peru bleibt bis En<strong>de</strong> 2007 Ratsmitglied wie die RepublikKongo, Ghana, Katar und die Slowakei.Amerikas indianere: 'Vores tid er kommet'Rune GeertsenDagbla<strong>de</strong>t InformationIndianere fra Canada i nord til Argentina i Syd mødtes i La Paz for at hyl<strong>de</strong>Bolivias indianske præsi<strong>de</strong>nt Evo Morales og planlægge en samlet strategifor at gå 'fra modstan<strong>de</strong>n til magten'


92For bare et år si<strong>de</strong>n var <strong>de</strong>t utænkeligt. Men i sidste uge fik omkring 1.000indianere, flere af <strong>de</strong>m inviteret af Bolivias regering, stillet en sportshal påLa Paz' militæraka<strong>de</strong>mi til rådighed for at planlægge, hvordan indianere frahele <strong>de</strong>t amerikanske kontinent kan komme til magten.De kaldte <strong>de</strong>t mø<strong>de</strong>t mellem ørnen, quetzal-fuglen og kondoren - mellemNord-, Mellem- og Sydamerika. Midt på hallens basketball-bane steg enkonstant røg fra en ceremoni til Pachamama, Mo<strong>de</strong>r Jord op, og <strong>de</strong>r blevtygget hellige koka-bla<strong>de</strong> i kilovis, mens indianerne i fire dage i sidste ugediskutere<strong>de</strong> en samlet politisk strategi un<strong>de</strong>r overskriften 'Fra modstan<strong>de</strong>n tilmagten'."Vi har modstået kolonialismen i 514 år, og nu bevæger vi os framodstan<strong>de</strong>n mod magten," sag<strong>de</strong> ayamara-indianeren Fernando Huanacuni,en af <strong>de</strong> bolivianske arrangører af mø<strong>de</strong>t til Information. "Evo Morales(Bolivias nyvalgte indianske præsi<strong>de</strong>nt, red.) er symbol på <strong>de</strong>tte. Han ervores håb. Han er synliggørelsen af en usynlig proces, <strong>de</strong>r altid har været igang."Ti<strong>de</strong>n har ændret sig - indianerne taler med store bogstaver, og magtenlytter. Si<strong>de</strong>n starten af 90'erne har indianere i Latinamerika i stigen<strong>de</strong> gradgjort sig synlige og krævet <strong>de</strong>res rettighe<strong>de</strong>r og kultur respekteret.Tilbagekomstens tid2006 har været <strong>de</strong>n foreløbige kulmination, med indsættelsen afSydamerikas første indianske præsi<strong>de</strong>nt i Bolivia, Evo Morales, enforeståen<strong>de</strong> FN-resolution om indianske folk, <strong>de</strong>r har været 22 år un<strong>de</strong>rvejs,og <strong>de</strong>t netop overståe<strong>de</strong> første mø<strong>de</strong> mellem kontinentets indianske folk. Og<strong>de</strong>t er ifølge indianerne ikke tilfældigt."Indianernes tilbagekomst er en profeti," sag<strong>de</strong> Fernando Huanacuni.Ifølge bå<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>n andinske og maya-indianske kosmovision befin<strong>de</strong>r vi os iPachakutik-æraen - tilbagekomsten, forandringens tid, en 18-årig perio<strong>de</strong>,<strong>de</strong>r starte<strong>de</strong> i 1992.


93"Vores forfædre har sagt, at i nærværelse af anti-natur og anti-liv opstårlivets og naturens kraft. Neoliberalismen, <strong>de</strong>r rå<strong>de</strong>r i ver<strong>de</strong>n, truer netopnaturen, harmonien, lighe<strong>de</strong>n og fællesskabet. Vi oprin<strong>de</strong>lige folk - naturensog Mo<strong>de</strong>r Jords stemme - ven<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong>rfor uafven<strong>de</strong>ligt tilbage. Vores tid erkommet," sag<strong>de</strong> Fernando Huanacuni.En an<strong>de</strong>n idé om magtMagten, som indianerne søger, er ikke en vestlig idé om magt, men <strong>de</strong>rimodgenoprettelsen af indianske autorieteter og love og selvbestemmelse forindianske nationaliteter, <strong>de</strong>r skal leve si<strong>de</strong> om si<strong>de</strong> i en plurinational stat.Bolivia er på vej mod <strong>de</strong>tte gennem <strong>de</strong>t igangværen<strong>de</strong> arbej<strong>de</strong> med en nyindiansk inspireret grundlov. Kontinentets indianere kom til Bolivia for atstøtte <strong>de</strong>nne proces og fin<strong>de</strong> inspiration til at gøre <strong>de</strong>t samme i Mexico,Guatemala, Chile, Colombia, Peru osv."Bolivianernes kamp har givet os energi til at tro på en mere retfærdigver<strong>de</strong>n, på en lysere fremtid for mayafolket," sag<strong>de</strong> Dolores Salles fraGuatemala, hvor 68 procent af befolkningen er indianere. "Evo Morales erogså min præsi<strong>de</strong>nt."Med mø<strong>de</strong>t i La Paz har indianerne nu for alvor samlet <strong>de</strong>res kræfteromkring en ikke-socialistisk, frem for alt kulturel, kritisk neoliberalisme, ogmed indiansk organisering som mål. Selvom bå<strong>de</strong> Venezuela og Cuba fiksolidaritetserklæringer med på vejen, insisterer indianerne på, at <strong>de</strong> er ejereaf <strong>de</strong>res eget politiske projekt."Vi er hverken til højre eller til venstre - fremad er vores eneste retning,"sag<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>n peruanske indianerle<strong>de</strong>r Martin Pallares til Information. "Vi hartidligere været splittet på tværs af politiske partier, men nu står vi sammen."Skinger retorikIfølge <strong>de</strong>n amerikanske forsker Tim Steigenga - forfatter til bogenOprørsstemmer i Latinamerika: Indianske folk, politisk mobilisering ogreligiøs forandring - er mø<strong>de</strong>t og <strong>de</strong> internationale netværk, <strong>de</strong>r er opstået, etvigtigt skridt vi<strong>de</strong>re mod magten for indianerne. Og <strong>de</strong> har mulighe<strong>de</strong>n for atnå <strong>de</strong>res mål, siger han - hvis <strong>de</strong> skruer ned for <strong>de</strong>res til ti<strong>de</strong>r skingre, pro-


94indianske og anti-neoliberale retorik. Det kan blive en hindring for at nåstøtte fra ikke-indianere."Nu skal jeg ikke fortælle <strong>de</strong> indianske le<strong>de</strong>re, hvad <strong>de</strong> bør gøre. Men hvisjeg var <strong>de</strong>m, ville jeg vælge en mere dæmpet diskurs, <strong>de</strong>r fokuserer påoverdragelse af magt til indianske samfund, respekt for indianske rettighe<strong>de</strong>rog konkrete politiske forslag, <strong>de</strong>r gavner indianske folk."Den 12. oktober, årsdagen for <strong>de</strong>n spanske invasion af Peru, blevsluterklæringen for <strong>de</strong>t indianske mø<strong>de</strong> læst op af <strong>de</strong>n ecuadorianskeindianerle<strong>de</strong>r Blanca Chancoso. Det skete ved en <strong>de</strong>monstration til forsvarfor Evo Morales og hans selvudnævnte '<strong>de</strong>mokratiske revolution', som blivermere skrøbelig hver dag på grund af pres fra oppositionen og internestridighe<strong>de</strong>r."De transnationales invasion af vores jord og territorier har skabt fattigdom,udvandring og forurening af vores naturressourcer," råbte BlancaChancososo foran tusin<strong>de</strong>r af bøn<strong>de</strong>r og ponchoklædte indianere i La Paz'centrum. "Vi fortsætter (...) vores kamp for at opnå enhed mellem AbyaYalas folk og rekonstruere 'Det Go<strong>de</strong> Liv', som bety<strong>de</strong>r at leve i harmonimellem mennesket og naturen. Og vi tilby<strong>de</strong>r hele ver<strong>de</strong>n at acceptere ogbruge af vores kulturers værdier."Deja-vu i EcuadorTobias HavmandDagbla<strong>de</strong>t InformationValget i Ecuador følger skabelonen med en Chavez-venstre-populist overfor <strong>de</strong>n pro-amerikanske kandidat, <strong>de</strong>r er lan<strong>de</strong>ts rigeste mand. Spørgsmåleter, om man vil orientere sig mod USA eller <strong>de</strong> latinamerikanske naboerDet er til at forstå, hvis <strong>de</strong>n stribe valg, som i øjeblikket ruller hen over <strong>de</strong>tlatinamerikanske kontinent, ind imellem kan blive forvekslet for <strong>de</strong>nupartiske iagttager. For drejebøgerne min<strong>de</strong>r unægteligt meget om hinan<strong>de</strong>nfra valg til valg. Såle<strong>de</strong>s også i Ecuador, hvor befolkningen søndag nat heltsom forudset fik valgt to eksemplarer af <strong>de</strong>n senere tids to arketyper, somskal ud i en an<strong>de</strong>n valgrun<strong>de</strong> om præsi<strong>de</strong>ntposten 26. november.


95Bananproducenten Alvaro Noboa slog knebent <strong>de</strong>n tidligereøkonomiminister Rafael Correa, og med lan<strong>de</strong>ts rigeste mand mod entilhænger af Venezuelas Hugo Chavez og selverklæret social reformatorfølger valget i Ecuador drejebogen fra Mexico, Peru, Bolivia og - om kort tid- Nicaragua og Venezuela, hvor valgene i højere grad ligner valg omi<strong>de</strong>ologier end om politikker.I <strong>de</strong>n kontekst kunne Ecuador, <strong>de</strong>r er et af kontinentets mindre og ikkespecielt indfly<strong>de</strong>lsesrige lan<strong>de</strong>, synes mindre betydningsfuldt. Men netopEcuador viser ty<strong>de</strong>ligere end <strong>de</strong> fleste af sine større naboer <strong>de</strong>t konkretevalg, som reelt ligger bag flosklerne om Latinamerikas venstredrejning, og<strong>de</strong>t er først og fremmest et spørgsmål om, hvilken alliance, man ønsker attilhøre - og hvem sengepartneren er.For og imod USAMed store forekomster af olie og et styre, <strong>de</strong>r stedse har søgt handlen medudlan<strong>de</strong>t og faktisk har en vare at sælge, ville valget for få år si<strong>de</strong>n heltlogisk været USA, specielt taget i betragtning af at <strong>de</strong> lan<strong>de</strong>, <strong>de</strong>r omkranserEcuador, Colombia og Peru, må betragtes som to af USA's klareste alliere<strong>de</strong>i Latinamerika. Begge lan<strong>de</strong> har indgået frihan<strong>de</strong>lsaftaler med USA og ertilhængere af <strong>de</strong>n skibbrudne drøm om en frihan<strong>de</strong>lszone fra <strong>de</strong>n ene en<strong>de</strong> af<strong>de</strong> amerikanske kontinenter til <strong>de</strong>n an<strong>de</strong>n. En sådan aftale er også på bor<strong>de</strong>t iEcuador, og <strong>de</strong>n er set u<strong>de</strong> fra valgets mest afgøren<strong>de</strong> punkt og ud overlan<strong>de</strong>ts korrumpere<strong>de</strong> politiske kultur også et af <strong>de</strong> vigtigste stridspunktermellem <strong>de</strong> to kandidater. Forretningsman<strong>de</strong>n Noboa er en klar tilhænger afen frihan<strong>de</strong>lsaftale med USA, mens Correa, <strong>de</strong>r som økonomi-minister iovergangsregeringen un<strong>de</strong>r interim-præsi<strong>de</strong>nten Alfredo Palacio blev fyretfor at ville bruge en gældsfond til at hjælpe lan<strong>de</strong>ts mange fattige (omkring50 procent af befolkningen på trods af olieindtægterne), er modstan<strong>de</strong>r af etudvi<strong>de</strong>t samarbej<strong>de</strong> med USA og i højere grad ser fremti<strong>de</strong>n i et regionaltsamarbej<strong>de</strong> med lan<strong>de</strong> som Venezuela, Bolivia, Argentina og Brasilien. Etsamarbej<strong>de</strong>, <strong>de</strong>r i nogen grad er kørt træt i uenighed og simpelinkompabilitet, men som Correa skal passe på ikke at nævne for ofte, hvishan ikke vil li<strong>de</strong> samme skæbne som sin kollega Ollanta Humala, somtidligere på året tabte <strong>de</strong>t peruanske præsi<strong>de</strong>ntvalg ikke mindst på grund afChavez' luren<strong>de</strong> skygge over hans egen kampagne.


96Kløft gennem SydamerikaBlandt an<strong>de</strong>t på grund af <strong>de</strong>t ne<strong>de</strong>rlag har Latinamerikas broge<strong>de</strong> venstrefløjbrug for en valgsejr i Ecuador, efter at også Mexico lige netop gik til højre:Hvis Ecuador vælger en frihan<strong>de</strong>lstilhænger som præsi<strong>de</strong>nt, kan <strong>de</strong>refterhån<strong>de</strong>n skimtes en sammenhængen<strong>de</strong> kløft ned igennem Sydamerika,hvor <strong>de</strong>n ene <strong>de</strong>l af kontinentet er orienteret mod et regionalt samarbej<strong>de</strong> og<strong>de</strong>n an<strong>de</strong>n mod et økonomisk samarbej<strong>de</strong> med USA.I øjeblikket peger pilen på magnaten Noboa, <strong>de</strong>r vandt første run<strong>de</strong> med godtfire procent. Spørgsmålet er, om <strong>de</strong>t vil hol<strong>de</strong> i an<strong>de</strong>n run<strong>de</strong>, og om han itilfæl<strong>de</strong> af en valgsejr vil kunne gøre <strong>de</strong>t meget bedre end sine forgængere,hvoraf kun tre har sid<strong>de</strong>t præsi<strong>de</strong>ntperio<strong>de</strong>n ud si<strong>de</strong>n 1979, og tre omvendter blevet væltet i løbet af <strong>de</strong>t sidste tiår i utilfredshed over, at <strong>de</strong> go<strong>de</strong>petrodollars ikke når langt nok ned i samfun<strong>de</strong>t.For Correa handler <strong>de</strong>t nok mest om at snakke så meget som muligt om sinesydamerikanske venner, Chavez, når han er i <strong>de</strong>n fattige <strong>de</strong>l af byen. Og sålidt som muligt, når han er andre ste<strong>de</strong>r.Lateinamerikanischer Sitz im Sicherheitsrat noch nicht neu besetztVon Nick WadhamsVenezuela o<strong>de</strong>r Guatemala - die UN-Vollversammlung hat sich tiefgespalten darüber gezeigt, wer vom kommen<strong>de</strong>n Jahr an <strong>de</strong>n frei wer<strong>de</strong>n<strong>de</strong>nlateinamerikanischen Sitz im Weltsicherheitsrat erhalten soll. In zehnWahlrun<strong>de</strong>n gab es am Montag keine Einigung, die Abstimmung wur<strong>de</strong> auf(heutigen) Dienstag vertagt. Reibungsloser ging die Wahl <strong>de</strong>r an<strong>de</strong>ren zurDisposition stehen<strong>de</strong>n Sitze vonstatten: Südafrika, Indonesien, Italien undBelgien ziehen am 1. Januar für zwei Jahre in <strong>de</strong>n Sicherheitsrat ein.Die Neubesetzung <strong>de</strong>s lateinamerikanischen Sitzes galt als Machtkampfzwischen <strong>de</strong>n USA und <strong>de</strong>m venezolanischen Präsi<strong>de</strong>nten Hugo Chavez.Dieser hatte bereits angekündigt, einen Platz im UN-Sicherheitsrat alsGegengewicht zu Washington nutzen zu wollen. Im September bezeichnete


97er US-Präsi<strong>de</strong>nt George W. Bush vor <strong>de</strong>r UN-Vollversammlung als»Teufel«. »Wir kämpfen gegen die wichtigste Weltmacht, die Eigentümer<strong>de</strong>s Universums«, sagte <strong>de</strong>r venezolanische UN-Botschafter Francisco AriasCar<strong>de</strong>nas am Montag sarkastisch. »Wir sind glücklich, wir sind stark, undwir machen weiter.«Selbst <strong>de</strong>r guatemaltekische Außenminister Gert Rosenthal äußerteUnbehagen über die öffentliche Kampagne <strong>de</strong>r USA gegen Venezuela. SeinLand sei eine unabhängige Stimme, betonte er. »Wir treffen unsere eigenenEntscheidungen.« Zwar führte Guatemala am Montag in neun von zehnWahlrun<strong>de</strong>n, erreichte jedoch nicht die nötige Zwei-Drittel-Mehrheit von125 Stimmen.Aus Diplomatenkreisen verlautete, man sei noch weit davon entfernt, übereinen Kompromisskandidaten nachzu<strong>de</strong>nken. Vorläufig schienen we<strong>de</strong>rVenezuela noch Guatemala bereit, ihre Kandidatur zurückzuziehen. »Ineinigen Fällen hat es schon über hun<strong>de</strong>rt Wahlgänge gegeben«, sagte <strong>de</strong>ramerikanische UN-Botschafter John Bolton. Den Rekord hält einAbstimmungsmarathon aus <strong>de</strong>m Jahre 1979. Die Vollversammlung hattedamals zwischen Kuba und Kolumbien zu entschei<strong>de</strong>n. Erst nach 154ergebnislosen Wahlrun<strong>de</strong>n einigte man sich im 155. Durchgang auf <strong>de</strong>nErsatzkandidaten Mexiko.Der UN-Sicherheitsrat besteht aus <strong>de</strong>n fünf ständigen Mitglie<strong>de</strong>rn undVetomächten USA, Russland, China, Frankreich und Großbritannien sowieaus zehn nichtständigen Mitglie<strong>de</strong>rn, von <strong>de</strong>nen je<strong>de</strong>s Jahr fünf neu gewähltwer<strong>de</strong>n. Ihr Mandat läuft zwei Jahre, sie haben kein Vetorecht. Südafrika,Indonesien, Italien und Belgien ersetzen zur Jahreswen<strong>de</strong> Tansania, Japan,Dänemark und Griechenland. Der noch zu wählen<strong>de</strong> lateinamerikanischeKandidat soll Argentinien nachfolgen.


98Keine Einigung auf Sicherheitsrats-Mitglied aus LateinamerikaDie UN-Vollversammlung hat sich bei <strong>de</strong>r Wahl neuer nichtständigerMitglie<strong>de</strong>r im Sicherheitsrat nicht auf einen Kandidaten aus Lateinamerikaeinigen können. Nach zehn ergebnislosen Abstimmungsrun<strong>de</strong>n wur<strong>de</strong> dieWahl auf Mittwoch vertagt. In neun Abstimmungsrun<strong>de</strong>n lag Guatemala<strong>de</strong>utlich vor Venezuela, verfehlte aber jeweils die notwendige Zwei-Drittel-Mehrheit. Im sechsten Wahlgang lagen bei<strong>de</strong> Staaten gleichauf. Die an<strong>de</strong>renvier frei wer<strong>de</strong>n<strong>de</strong>n Sitze gehen an Südafrika, Indonesien, Italien undBelgien.In späteren Abstimmungsrun<strong>de</strong>n können sich auch weitere Län<strong>de</strong>r ausLateinamerika für <strong>de</strong>n freiwer<strong>de</strong>n<strong>de</strong>n Sitz bewerben. Als möglicheKompromisskandidaten gelten unter an<strong>de</strong>rem Costa Rica, Panama undUruguay. We<strong>de</strong>r Venezuela noch Guatemala schienen aber bereit, ihreKandidatur zurückzuziehen.Der venezolanische UN-Botschafter Francisco Arias Car<strong>de</strong>nas beklagte inNew York, dass die USA Druck ausübten um zu verhin<strong>de</strong>rn, dass sein Landgewählt wer<strong>de</strong>. "Wir kämpfen bis zum Schluss", sagte er. Selbst <strong>de</strong>rguatemaltekische Außenminister Gert Rosenthal äußerte Unbehagen überdie öffentliche Kampagne <strong>de</strong>r USA gegen Venezuela. Im Fall einer Wahlwer<strong>de</strong> sein Land als unabhängige Stimme entschei<strong>de</strong>n.Die USA unterstützen Guatemala als Nachfolger Argentiniens. Dervenezolanische Präsi<strong>de</strong>nt Hugo Chavez hatte bereits zuversichtlichangekündigt, einen Platz im Weltsicherheitsrat als Gegengewicht zuWashington zu nutzen. Aus Diplomatenkreisen verlautete, Chavez habe <strong>de</strong>nChancen seines Lan<strong>de</strong>s empfindlich gescha<strong>de</strong>t, als er US-Präsi<strong>de</strong>nt GeorgeW. Bush vor <strong>de</strong>r UN-Vollversammlung im September als "Teufel"bezeichnete.Der UN-Sicherheitsrat besteht aus <strong>de</strong>n fünf ständigen Mitglie<strong>de</strong>rn undVetomächten USA, China, Frankreich, Großbritannien und Russland sowieaus zehn nichtständigen Mitglie<strong>de</strong>rn, die jeweils für zwei Jahre berufen


99wer<strong>de</strong>n und kein Vetorecht haben. Die Mandate <strong>de</strong>r nichtständigenMitglie<strong>de</strong>r beginnen am 1. Januar.Milliardär gegen Chávez-AmigoDer konservative Milliardär Alvaro Noboa (55) hat bei <strong>de</strong>r Präsi<strong>de</strong>ntenwahlin Ecuador überraschend die meisten Stimmen erhalten, muss sich aber ineiner Stichwahl <strong>de</strong>m linkspopulistischen Rafael Correa stellen.VonJan-Uwe RonneburgerDas Ergebnis <strong>de</strong>r Präsi<strong>de</strong>ntenwahl in Ecuador könnte ein politischesErdbeben in <strong>de</strong>m seit Jahren instabilen An<strong>de</strong>nstaat auslösen. Derkonservative Milliardär Alvaro Noboa gewann bei <strong>de</strong>r Abstimmung amSonntag 26,77 Prozent <strong>de</strong>r Stimmen. Mit viereinhalb ProzentpunktenVorsprung zog er damit überraschend klar an <strong>de</strong>m linkspopulistischenFavoriten Rafael Correa vorbei, <strong>de</strong>r auf 22,45 Prozent kam. Correa sprachprompt von Wahlbetrug und bezeichnete sich als Sieger.In <strong>de</strong>r Stichwahl am 26. November wer<strong>de</strong> sein Sieg dann so klar sein, dasser ihm auch durch Betrug nicht mehr zu nehmen sei, fügte <strong>de</strong>r Freund <strong>de</strong>slinken venezolanischen Präsi<strong>de</strong>nten Hugo Chávez hinzu. Noboa schimpfte<strong>de</strong>n Wirtschaftsexperten unter<strong>de</strong>ssen einen Kommunisten, <strong>de</strong>n er nach Kubaausweisen wer<strong>de</strong>. Sich selbst sieht <strong>de</strong>r reichste Mann <strong>de</strong>s verarmten Lan<strong>de</strong>sals "von Gott geschickt", was ihm die Ungna<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>r katholischen Kircheeinbrachte. Correa warf er vor, er habe sich <strong>de</strong>n Wahlkampf von Chávezfinanzieren lassen, zu <strong>de</strong>m Noboa die diplomatischen Beziehungenabbrechen will.Während die Kontrahenten in so gut wie allen wichtigen Fragen völliggegensätzliche Positionen vertreten, ähneln sie sich in ihrer Ablehnung <strong>de</strong>rtraditionellen Parteien und präsentierten sich als "Anti-Politiker". Nach


100sieben Präsi<strong>de</strong>nten in zehn Jahren und wirtschaftlicher Stagnation trotzRekordpreisen fürs heimische Erdöl war das für viele Wähler offenbarausschlaggebend. "Die Menschen wählen Essen, Wohnung und Arbeit.Theoretische Phrasen haben keine Chance", sagt <strong>de</strong>r Politologe JaimeDurán.Noboa verspricht Freiheit, Wohlstand, Arbeit, Wohnungen, Essen,Gesundheitsvorsorge für alle, ohne genau zu sagen, wie er dasbewerkstelligen und bezahlen will. Ausländische Investitionen und einFreihan<strong>de</strong>lsabkommen mit <strong>de</strong>n USA gehören zu seinen For<strong>de</strong>rungen, aberviele Fragen bleiben unbeantwortet. Dennoch wirkt er zumin<strong>de</strong>st wegenseines eigenen Reichtums und Dank zahlreicher Wahlgeschenke offenbar fürviele arme Ecuadorianer glaubhaft.Correa hingegen will das bereits fast fertig ausgehan<strong>de</strong>lteFreihan<strong>de</strong>lsabkommen mit <strong>de</strong>n USA in <strong>de</strong>n Papierkorb werfen, dieAuslandsschul<strong>de</strong>n nur nach einer Umschuldung weiter bedienen und die US-Militärbasis in <strong>de</strong>r Hafenstadt Manta am Pazifik zum nächst möglichenZeitpunkt kündigen. Für die parallel abgehaltene Parlamentswahl stellte ergleich gar keine Kandidaten auf, <strong>de</strong>nn an <strong>de</strong>ssen Stelle will er eineverfassunggeben<strong>de</strong> Versammlung für eine "Neugründung" <strong>de</strong>s Lan<strong>de</strong>seinberufen. Noboa warf er vor, seinen Reichtum durch die Ausbeutung <strong>de</strong>rArbeiter und die Beschäftigung von Min<strong>de</strong>rjährigen auf seinenBananenplantagen zusammengerafft zu haben.Eigentlich müsste Ecuador ein relativ wohlhaben<strong>de</strong>s Land sein. Es lebt nichtnur vom Bananenexport und Fischereierzeugnissen, son<strong>de</strong>rn exportiert auchErdöl. Die hohen Weltmarktpreise haben die Wirtschaft beflügelt. Aber wiein vielen an<strong>de</strong>ren Län<strong>de</strong>rn Lateinamerikas ist <strong>de</strong>r Wohlstand extremungleich verteilt. 41 Prozent <strong>de</strong>r 13,5 Millionen Menschen leben unterhalb<strong>de</strong>r Armutsgrenze.


101EUA impe<strong>de</strong>ix l'entrada <strong>de</strong> Veneçuela al Consell <strong>de</strong> SeguretatMERCEDES HERVÁS NOVA YORKLa candidatura <strong>de</strong> Veneçuela a un lloc no permanent al Consell <strong>de</strong> Seguretat<strong>de</strong> l'ONU, davant la fèrria oposició <strong>de</strong>ls Estats Units, va <strong>de</strong>senca<strong>de</strong>nar ahiruna furiosa batalla <strong>de</strong> votacions a l'Assemblea General. Els 192 membreshavien <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>cidir qui ocuparà a partir <strong>de</strong>l gener el lloc que <strong>de</strong>ixarà vacantl'Argentina. "Nosaltres no competim amb un país germà", va recalcarl'ambaixador veneçolà davant les Nacions Uni<strong>de</strong>s, Francisco AriasCár<strong>de</strong>nas, al.ludint a Guatemala, competidor seu per obtenir el lloc."Competim amb el país més po<strong>de</strong>rós <strong>de</strong>l planeta, i a casa seva mateix", vaafegir, referint-se als EUA.Les primeres quatre ron<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> votacions van mostrar que cap <strong>de</strong>ls dos païsosté prou suport --dos terços o 128 vots-- per ocupar un lloc al Consell. Peraixò, mentre es preparava ahir a la nit una cinquena votació, ja es preveia al'ONU la possibilitat que altres països llatinoamericans es puguin presentarcandidats, per <strong>de</strong>sbloquejar la situació. L'Uruguai, Xile i la RepúblicaDominicana són els més probables.Veneçuela, que no va passar <strong>de</strong> 76 vots a les ron<strong>de</strong>s, va patir una autènticarebolcada, <strong>de</strong>sprés <strong>de</strong> l'ofensiva diplomàtica <strong>de</strong>l presi<strong>de</strong>nt, Hugo Chávez,per recaptar suports. L'efecte positiu <strong>de</strong>ls seus viatges va estar eclipsat, però,per la mala acollida als seus exabruptes contra els Estats Units, en la sevaal.locució davant l'Assemblea General <strong>de</strong>l mes <strong>de</strong> setembre. Algunsdiplomàtics van recordar que Chávez havia titllat el presi<strong>de</strong>nt George Bush<strong>de</strong> "dimoni", i van dir que el seu pas per la tribuna d'oradors havia <strong>de</strong>ixat"pudor <strong>de</strong> sofre".DOS BLOCSEls Estats Units van muntar la seva ofensiva a favor <strong>de</strong> lacandidatura <strong>de</strong> Guatemala, recolzada per Centreamèrica, Europa i algunesnacions africanes i asiàtiques. A l'altre bàndol, Chávez comptava amb elsuport <strong>de</strong> diversos països sud-americans i caribenys, la majoria <strong>de</strong>ls àrabs,diversos d'africans, la Xina i Rússia. A diferència <strong>de</strong> Guatemala, que mai hapertangut a l'òrgan executiu <strong>de</strong> l'ONU, Veneçuela ha estat quatre vega<strong>de</strong>s


102entre els seus 10 membres no permanents, que exerceixen durant dos anys ino tenen dret <strong>de</strong> veto, com els cinc membres permanents. L'Assemblea vaelegir ahir sense problemes Sud-àfrica, Indonèsia, Itàlia i Bèlgica.Venezuela onzeker van post in VeiligheidsraadNoch Guatemala noch Venezuela hebben zich maandag kunnen verzekerenvan een tij<strong>de</strong>lijke zetel in <strong>de</strong> VN-Veiligheidsraad. Na tien stemron<strong>de</strong>s in <strong>de</strong>Algemene Verga<strong>de</strong>ring van <strong>de</strong> volkerenorganisatie besloot voorzitter Qatar<strong>de</strong> stemming op dinsdag voort te zetten.De kansen van Venezuela voor een van <strong>de</strong> Latijns-Amerikaanse posten inhet invloedrijke orgaan leken maandagavond echter gering gewor<strong>de</strong>n.Terwijl bei<strong>de</strong> lan<strong>de</strong>n in <strong>de</strong> zes<strong>de</strong> ron<strong>de</strong> gelijk ston<strong>de</strong>n, werd <strong>de</strong> stemming 'savond afgesloten met 77 stemmen voor het Zuid-Amerikaanse land. HetMid<strong>de</strong>n-Amerikaanse Guatemala, dat wordt gesteund door <strong>de</strong> Verenig<strong>de</strong>Staten, had op dat moment 110 lan<strong>de</strong>n achter zich geschaard. Een land heeftechter een twee <strong>de</strong>r<strong>de</strong> meer<strong>de</strong>rheid nodig om verkozen te wor<strong>de</strong>n.De stemming is een strijd om invloed gewor<strong>de</strong>n tussen Venezuela en <strong>de</strong>Verenig<strong>de</strong> Staten. De Venezolaanse presi<strong>de</strong>nt Hugo Chavez stelt alles in hetwerk om het Washington diplomatiek zo moeilijk mogelijk te maken.Guatemala heeft juist beloofd zich <strong>de</strong> komen<strong>de</strong> twee jaar constructief op testellen.Een vorig gevecht, tussen Cuba en Colombia, duur<strong>de</strong> twee maan<strong>de</strong>n. Heteindig<strong>de</strong> in januari 1980 na 154 stemron<strong>de</strong>s met <strong>de</strong> verkiezing van een <strong>de</strong>r<strong>de</strong>kandidaat: Mexico.Eer<strong>de</strong>r op <strong>de</strong> dag koos <strong>de</strong> Algemene Verga<strong>de</strong>ring België, Italië, Zuid-Afrikaen Indonesië als tij<strong>de</strong>lijk lid van <strong>de</strong> raad vanaf 1 januari 2007. Ne<strong>de</strong>rlandwas tij<strong>de</strong>lijk lid van <strong>de</strong> Veiligheidsraad in 1999 en 2000. Van <strong>de</strong> tien nietpermanentele<strong>de</strong>n wor<strong>de</strong>n elk jaar vijf nieuwe gekozen.


103BM GÜVENLİK KONSEYİ SEÇİMLERİ... -VENEZUELLA-GUATEMALA ÇEKİŞMESİ DEVAM EDİYORAnadolu AjansıBM Güvenlik Konseyi'nin daimi olmayan üyelerinin seçimin<strong>de</strong> Guatemalave Venezuela arasındaki çekişme <strong>de</strong>vam ediyor.BM Genel Kurulu'nda yapılan oylamalarda Afrika bölgesin<strong>de</strong>n GüneyAfrika, Asya grubundan Endonezya, Batı Avrupa ve diğer ülkeler grubundanise Belçika ve İtalya, Konsey'in yeni daimi olmayan üyeleri olarakseçilirken, Latin Amerika ve Karayip bölgesin<strong>de</strong>n Konsey'e seçilecekadaylar arasındaki çekişme <strong>de</strong>vam ediyor.Şu ana <strong>de</strong>k yapılan dört oylamada, Guatemala ve Venezuela Konsey'eseçilmek için gerekli oyların üçte ikisine ulaşamadı.Genel Kurul'da yapılan üç oylamada Guatemala 109, 114 ve 116 oy aldı.Venezuela ise 76, 74 ve 70 oy alabildi. Dördüncü turda 192 oy kullanıldı.Bu oyların 191'i geçerli sayılırken, Guatemala 110 oy, Venezuela ise 75 oyaldı. Dolayısıyla taraflardan hiçbiri bu turda seçilmek için gerekli olan oyualamadı.Genel Kurul oylamaya ara verirken, BM kaynakları bu arada lobiçalışmalarının yoğunlaşacağını ve üçüncü bir adayın ortaya çıkabileceğinisöylüyorlar.BM Güvenlik Konseyi'nin daimi olmayan yeni üyeleri 1 Ocak 2007'<strong>de</strong> ikiyıllık görev sürelerine başlayacaklar. Eski üyeler Japonya, Tanzanya,Arjantin, Danimarka ve Yunanistan'ın görev süreleri 2006 yılı sonunda sonaerecek. Beş daimi üyeye sahip olan Konsey'in 10 tane daimi olmayan üyesivar. Görevlerine 2007 yılının sonuna <strong>de</strong>k <strong>de</strong>vam e<strong>de</strong>cek ülkeler ise Kongo,Gana, Katar, Slovakya ve Peru.


104BM GÜVENLİK KONSEYİNİN DAİMİ OLMAYAN YENİÜYELERİNİN SEÇİMİ -VENEZUELA, KÖTÜ SONUÇALMASINDAN ABD'Yİ SORUMLU TUTTUVenezuela'nın BM nezdin<strong>de</strong>ki büyükelçisi Francisco Arias Car<strong>de</strong>nas, BMGüvenlik Konseyi'nin daimi olmayan yeni üyelerinin seçimiyle ilgili yapılanoylamada rakibi Guatemala karşısında kötü sonuç almasından ABD'yisorumlu tuttu.Venezuela <strong>de</strong>vlet televizyonu VTV'ye <strong>de</strong>meç veren Arias Car<strong>de</strong>nas, "Bueğer sa<strong>de</strong>ce Guatemala ile bir yarış olsaydı, (ABD'nin BM nezdin<strong>de</strong>kiBüyükelçisi John) Bolton'u ve ekibini buralarda, büyük bir küstahlık vee<strong>de</strong>psizlik gösterisiye küçük ülkelerin yanına otururken göremezdiniz" <strong>de</strong>di.Venezuela'nın aynı yöntemlere başvurmamakla birlikte ABD'ye karşı savaşverdiğini belirten Büyükelçi Arias Car<strong>de</strong>nas, ülkesinin <strong>de</strong>ğişim isteği vesaygınlıkla müca<strong>de</strong>le verdiğini kay<strong>de</strong>tti.Guatemala ve Venezuela arasında yapılan ilk oylamada, Guatemala 109,Venezuela 76 oy almıştı. İkinci tur oylamada ise Guatemala yeterli oyalamadığı için oylamaya <strong>de</strong>vam ediliyor.Arias Car<strong>de</strong>nas, ayrıca, Venezuela'ın kar<strong>de</strong>ş ülke Guatemala ile rekabetteolmadığını, bunun ötesin<strong>de</strong>, BM'nin saygınlığı, özerkliği, bağımsızlığı vegücü gibi meseleleri ilgilendiren bir müca<strong>de</strong>lenin söz konusu olduğunu dakay<strong>de</strong>tti ve "Tanık olduğumuz şey, dünyanın birinci gücüyle, sesiniyükselten bir Güney ülkesi arasındaki çatışmadır" ifa<strong>de</strong>sini kullandı.UI 23.10.0 - Tuesday, October 10, 2006 11:52:22 AM

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