Intelligence Professionalism in the Americas - National Intelligence ...

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The widening of the gap between the increasingly poor social sectors and the fewwealthy sectors, and the problems derived from it (mass migration, urban concentration,environmental degradation, and the concomitant social violence, crime, and organizedcrime) constitute a recipe for social conflict, whose consequences are unpredictable andmay create a fertile ground for the spread of anti-modern ideologies inclined toward violence.In this shrinking world, deeply objective analysis is becoming indispensable; itslinguistic, epistemic, artistic and ideological communities — including intelligence communities— constitute appropriate objects of study. 757Any system can only be understood and manipulated in a systemic way, not onlybecause human behavior is unintelligible outside the various systems humans are part of(family, enterprise, government institutions) but also because of its emerging propertiesthat characterize the entire system, such as structure, viability, cohesion, history, progress,decadence, and wealth distribution, all of them key factors for understanding how itworks. It is not enough in this case to consider a system’s structures as a collection ofcommunicative and formative connections manifested between its members. It is alsoimportant to capture production and diffusion mechanisms of the various cultural products,which will be similar (or not) to the production and diffusion mechanisms in othersubsystems (of organizational norms and values — among them, government — to mentionjust one possible analytic connection).Strategic intelligence research is well situated to provide a systemic vision, once itspractitioners recognize the need to do so. We are not proposing anything absolutely newto intelligence specialists. Two classic contributors to strategic intelligence literature —Kent and Platt — decades ago adopted a systemic focus without identifying it as such,when they identified the components of strategic intelligence. Strategic intelligence evolutionhas brought improvement to analysis by applying traditionally accepted variablesand indicators. Variables as well as indicators must be consistent with the world. Whenthe world changes, the relevance of those variables and indicators must be revised.However, it is possible to advance even more toward a systemic analysis of reality,through techniques capable of more efficiently interrelating data and taking maximumadvantage of the possibility of combined micro and macro analysis. Analysts now undertakestudies in depth of economic, political, and technological factors, but the techniquesemployed to try to interrelate these components as a whole system surely can be refined.This could be achieved by adopting in anticipation, in other words, theoretically, 758 aconceptual framework that horizontally relates information to each factor, enabling theextraction of greater “aggregate” knowledge from available information, by virtue of the“emerging properties” typical of any system at the macro level. At the same time, “links757 Morin’s thinking is especially valuable for expanding the systemic vision and our capacity tolearn and understand the phenomenon of complexity: see Edgar Morin, El Método, Volumes 1, 2 and 3(Madrid: Cátedra, 1988); original version: La Methode (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1986); also his Introducciónal pensamiento complejo (Barcelona: Gedisa, 2001); original version: Introduction a la penséecomplexe (Paris: ESPF Editeur, 1990).470
to reality” can be identified for the theoretical framework by addressing individual actorsand real protagonists at the micro level. Without attention to the micro level, theoreticalframework has no practical value. It is evident that a theoretical framework of this kindmust be interdisciplinary, considering the complexity of problems in a world where conceptsof distance and boundaries have become so amorphous.We will now leave this barely explored topic and redirect our attention to how it maybe applied to the search for a general theory of strategic intelligence within a more extensive,systemic theory of social sciences.SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BASIC SCIENCE AND APPLIEDSCIENCE: APPLICATION TO INTELLIGENCEFactual sciences (in contrast to conceptual sciences that operate in closed and abstractsystems) are intimately related to observable realities that can be tested empirically. Factualsciences, depending on the end they pursue, are divided into two classes: pure science(basic research) and applied science (technology).There are similarities and differences between basic science and applied science.Basic sciences study the world for cognitive purposes, whereas applied sciences usescientific knowledge for practical purposes. Both seek knowledge, but the first seeks tostudy and understand reality; the second tries to make changes in that reality, inventingrational ways to move from “what is” to “what should be.” The first uses theoreticalconstructs to try to explain concrete phenomena; the second uses knowledge as a meansto modify reality.Modern technology, as opposed to the arts or simple traditional techniques based onlyon practice and experience, values and uses scientific knowledge, and adds some kind ofnew and specific knowledge, applying it to solve problems or provide answers to objectivechallenges, each time in a more efficient way. Pure science presents new practicalproblems to be solved. Pure and applied sciences are related to each other through anexchange of theoretical and practical knowledge:758 The suggested theoretic focus is a systemic one. Any structured human group, from family toworld system, may be thought of as being made up of human beings and their possessions, immersedin a partly natural and partly artificial medium, and united by biological/psychological, economic, culturaland political ties — some cooperative, others competitive. This approach seeks to understandindividual-system relationships. A systems’ ultimate components are organisms with mental faculties,needs and wishes, but societies are supra-organic and supra-psychological entities with emergentproperties (such as work distribution, wealth distribution, cultural and technical development levels).Societies and their subsystems are envisioned by this approach as concrete or material systems characterizedby social properties related to individual properties and guidelines. These basic hypotheses ofsystemic theory imply the creation of integrated analysis models: no subsystem can be analyzed withoutat least considering some of the variables that characterize the other subsystems. (for more on thissystemic approach see Mario Bunge, Sistemas Sociales y Filosofía (Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana,1995).471
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ContenidosPrólogo. . . . . . . . .
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ContentsForeword . . . . . . . . .
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Profesionalismo de Inteligencia en
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inteligencia puede ser desarrollado
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three conceptual articles that rela
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PrefacioAlberto Bolívar OcampoEl p
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Valiosa y realista es su propuesta
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tiempos de la internet, a los servi
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Sus críticas a la Ley 27.479 son t
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In their introductory essay, Russel
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Between 1990 and 2000, Alberto Fuji
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considered very advanced for the re
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Introducción: Profesionalismo de I
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Parte de la respuesta parecería ya
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de inteligencia estratégica de los
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“lealtad” puede ser razonableme
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escapen fuera de control. 36 Finalm
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inteligencia y los exponentes de la
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Nota Breve Sobre La Edicion Revisad
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INTRODUCTION: INTELLIGENCEPROFESSIO
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except by moral persuasion, neverth
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THE CONCEPT OF PROFESSIONThe phenom
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level. 58 Also at the level of nati
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The portrait of an intelligence “
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school, the National Intelligence S
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El Profesionalismo en Materia de In
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perfeccionamiento del personal de e
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de inteligencia enfocadas en amenaz
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El artículo 6° de la Ley N° 27.4
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Así, en Europa Occidental, Estados
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único — y un subsistema de intel
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poseyeron estructuras de inteligenc
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La denominada inteligencia criminal
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estricto. No obstante y como señal
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significativamente las capacidades
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Como probablemente suceda con otras
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La formación requerida variará se
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Incorporado el personal, parece nec
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1. Quienes registren antecedentes p
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Asimismo, en las condiciones que fi
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que sirve a los intereses y propós
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PROFESSIONALISM ISSUES IN INTELLIGE
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America, in terms of its organizati
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Certainly, a lot has been written a
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security as intelligence objectives
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The structures of intelligence also
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One must take into consideration th
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arena, which led to the establishme
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WHAT STRUCTURES AND ORGANIZATION WI
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ties for analysis with the greater
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In reality, the need for a more fle
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During the years that followed, the
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tive. There also needs to be a way
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ARTICLE 27 — The training and pro
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The State Intelligence System, here
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Profissionalização da Atividade d
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a tratar inteligência como qualque
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própria relação dos indivíduos
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que mesmo a existência de muitas a
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próprio, semelhante ao de profiss
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subsistema do SISBIN, não se sabe
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cursos para civis relacionados à a
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selho de Segurança Nacional e do S
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universitárias. Uma contribuição
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preparação através destes cursos
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De modo geral, estes resultados sã
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Resposta Institucional da Agência
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PROFESSIONALIZATION OF INTELLIGENCE
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State power. One important aspect i
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In view of the above, a discussion
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of this conceptual and legal diffic
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and organizations that ensure that
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In spite of the nomenclature that i
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courses for officers and non-commis
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equires a university degree, and th
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military career, including the Army
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strategic knowledge with the purpos
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assessment of the differences among
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ResumenPerú: Frustraciones en los
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idos que resultan insuficientes par
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evitalizar el esfuerzo para levanta
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hace que justamente éste modo de p
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conocida como “fusiles hacia aden
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al nuevo Comando le gustaría apost
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Consideramos a la Cumbre de Ministr
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a. La inclusión del desarrollo y b
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Respecto del profesionalismo, expan
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la existencia de eficaces controles
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enriquecer sus conocimientos para p
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Embajada de los Estados Unidos en L
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la generación de síndromes de gru
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Mientras tanto, en un contexto de e
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abogado César Almeyda Tassayco, qu
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de la Marina. Arboccó ejerció com
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PERU: FRUSTRATIONS IN ATTEMPTS TORE
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A COMPLEX AND TURBULENT TRANSITION
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early 2002, toward recovering the e
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ment replaced Velit with ex-Ministe
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This concept has administrative con
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Armed Forces (the FARC) that operat
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Brazil, in view of the intelligence
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July 2002 to present interesting pr
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2003, an Independent Intelligence C
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ecurring view, well known and prote
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can adapt to the new realities of t
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The underlying organizational cultu
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of the world.” 304 In that light,
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Council (CNI) for just three months
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In conclusion, the current CNI, whi
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Inteligencia y Profesionalismo en l
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nivel de profesionalismo requerido
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Los servicios de inteligencia en m
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ESTRUCTURA DE LA DIRECCIÓN FEDERAL
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político oficial, la ausencia de u
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En la actualidad, el proceso de rec
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CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y SEGURIDA
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promover educación en inteligencia
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Control y SupervisiónBajo el segun
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como las fronteras de América del
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ConclusiónDentro de un ambiente de
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INTELLIGENCE AND PROFESSIONALISM IN
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The second criterion does not depen
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were scarce and less professional t
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Guadalajara by drug-traffickers who
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Finally, Mexico now possesses the e
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for measuring professionalism — t
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of national security. Consequently,
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The CISEN appears to be handling op
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One of the weaknesses mentioned in
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of a professional and well-trained
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Profesionalismo del Personal de Int
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énfasis más en el servicio presta
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estratégico, al Ministro de Defens
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así mismo se estableció que en ca
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También se conocen elogios del ext
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cabeza del Sistema Nacional de Inte
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Ministro del Interior. De esta form
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pecha que se estableció respecto d
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Desde 1994, y en forma ininterrumpi
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En cierto modo, el profesionalismo
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THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF INTELLIG
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In the new democratic period that h
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gence and intelligence estimates. I
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eginning, the military intelligence
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information of domestic consequence
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The military and police intelligenc
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INTELLIGENCE STUDIESOne of the key
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This course was open to the public
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In fact, professional Chilean intel
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Inteligencia Estratégica en Urugua
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AntecedentesEl 23 de Febrero de 196
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sirviendo al nivel superior en la c
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Asimismo, brindaría la posibilidad
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STRATEGIC INTELLIGENCE IN URUGUAYGr
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To conduct the intelligence functio
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Finally, there is a need to establi
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the most important characteristic t
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La Capacitación en Inteligencia Fr
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ir a la experiencia de fuera del go
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La actividad de la inteligencia que
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quien diseñó la doctrina inicial
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ción de los datos que residen en l
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comisión estará integrada por del
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inteligencia y guerra electrónica,
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clásica. En la era de la informaci
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indicates the measures taken by Arg
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given their technological and milit
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Charles W. Reynolds is the director
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Strategy to Combat Threats to Cyber
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On 6 June 2002 the intelligence law
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and operations, as well as to be ab
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El Desafío Permanente de Capacitac
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un Estado Mayor Conjunto, a fin de
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mación. Para ello se detalla cómo
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La tecnología y el contexto de la
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gente, proporciona mayor comunicaci
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los sectores contribuyentes a su de
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ANEXO 1: Ficha de Análisis Sobre C
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ANEXO 2: Ficha Evaluación De Las E
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I. Propósito y ContextoANEXO 3:
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2. Tiene una población de 10.000.0
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involucre activamente en la segurid
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Resumen de Amenazas Para IcialandMA
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(carretera principal este-oeste de
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Día Nro. 2: Actividades (En el aul
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Previsiones para organizar una red
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373
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375
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377
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379
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381
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armed forces were unified into a Jo
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1) Be able to compare and relate th
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The exercise is used, most importan
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ysis of many cases has taught stude
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equires bringing something to the f
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advantages and disadvantages. On da
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cumplieron con su función de dar e
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aún cuando esté de por medio la s
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que de entregarse en el Congreso, s
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pios de su función”. 600 Hipoté
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desempeño de sus funciones. Dentro
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para consolidar el cambio democrát
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materia de seguridad nacional e int
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enviada por el Ejecutivo, así como
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La alternancia política en la Pres
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place in Mexico. Successful perform
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INTELLIGENCE FOR THE LEGISLATIVE BR
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ADVANTAGES1. It would give the inte
Page 432 and 433: 2. Generation of political, economi
Page 434 and 435: former National Security Advisor Ad
Page 436 and 437: fifth criterion, it is necessary to
Page 438 and 439: sions in these matters, and to more
Page 440 and 441: From the view of the different part
Page 442 and 443: BIOGRAPHYBorn in Chiapas, Mexico, M
Page 444 and 445: En primer término surge como neces
Page 446 and 447: ceptibles de ser encarados con una
Page 448 and 449: dentro de la gestión de gobierno,
Page 450 and 451: Respetando límitesLos límites ló
Page 452 and 453: cos a través de los cuales estas c
Page 454 and 455: El relativismo cultural abona el te
Page 456 and 457: Esto no significa adherir a una sue
Page 458 and 459: comunidades lingüísticas, episté
Page 460 and 461: La tecnología moderna, a diferenci
Page 462 and 463: necesariamente requieren de profesi
Page 464 and 465: campo de actuación específico, ha
Page 466 and 467: como también de un aceptable grado
Page 468 and 469: BiografíaSusana Cristina Lemozy, p
Page 470 and 471: In the first place, it is necessary
Page 472 and 473: Bunge also underscores that some ph
Page 474 and 475: would open possibilities to access
Page 476 and 477: 1. Epistemological ProblemsRational
Page 478 and 479: those who want intelligence to impr
Page 480 and 481: where power is increasingly defined
Page 484 and 485: Basic research collects data, makes
Page 486 and 487: technological discipline in its ent
Page 488 and 489: SOME REFLECTIONS ON INTELLIGENCE AS
Page 490 and 491: In this context, it is evident that
Page 492 and 493: 480
Page 494 and 495: posibles intrusos o aun más import
Page 496 and 497: vocado en parte por los esfuerzos y
Page 498 and 499: Tumaco parece ser uno de los ejes m
Page 500 and 501: operan en esta zona han participado
Page 502 and 503: Con el fin de la Guerra Fría, surg
Page 504 and 505: Otro ejemplo que puede ilustrar la
Page 506 and 507: tos de todo el problema. La Armada
Page 508 and 509: de computación y el robo y contrab
Page 510 and 511: han incluido también el probable r
Page 512 and 513: una tonelada y estaba equipado con
Page 514 and 515: ible. Los LTTE han tratado de adqui
Page 516 and 517: itorial en contra de las fuerzas de
Page 518 and 519: construir un submarino de doble cas
Page 520 and 521: gales o sustancias similares. Tambi
Page 522 and 523: organismos gubernamentales que inte
Page 524 and 525: 512
Page 526 and 527: ties to international crime syndica
Page 528 and 529: During the 1990s Colombian drug car
Page 530 and 531: clandestine land-strips and that dr
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lenges within the regional security
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Criminal activity raises the dilemm
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Evidence indicating that Russian cr
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intelligence agencies have actively
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Semi-submersible with sealed cargoc
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the Phillipines, the Moro Islamic L
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Official sources believe that Henao
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would allow it to descend to 325 fe
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FINAL CONSIDERATIONSThe current arc
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BIOGRAPHIESAndrés F. Sáenz since
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line. com/recherche/navigation/p_na
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www.pagina12.com.ar/2001/01-01/01-0
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no. 4 (December 1997)Bitencourt, Lu
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————. “Tecnointeligencia?
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men Rosa de León-Escribano Schlott
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Paz, Maria Emilia. Strategy, Securi
Page 564 and 565:
Evans, Michael L. “U.S. Drug Poli
Page 567 and 568:
Indice Analíticoactitud científic
Page 569 and 570:
formación de personal (ver tambié
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producción de inteligencia 52, 161
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Subject Indexabilities 17, 135, 136
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intelligence, legislative 246, 418,
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security doctrine 292, 306-307secur
Page 579 and 580:
Indice Onomástico/Index of NamesAd
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Gallardo Cárcamo, Manuel 265, 284G
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Padilla Ballesteros, Elias 264, 283
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PCN 54444 ISBN 1-932-946-00-4
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