La dÃ©finition d'une stratÃ©gie d'intervention - ICOMOS Open Archive

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La définition d’une stratégie d’intervention. La definición de una estrategia de intervención Defining a strategy for intervention Identity and Quality in Territorial Development Processes Elvira Petroncelli Full professor of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Naples, co-ordinator of Research Doctorate, President of the Building Engineering Graduating Course, co-ordinator of Research Projects, author of more than 80 printed publications. Bureau member of CIVVIH-ICOMOS, assessor of historical sites to be included in the UNESCO list. Adresse postale: Piazzale V. Tecchio 80 – 80125 NAPOLI (I) Adresse courrier électronique: elvira.petroncelli@unina.it Téléphone: +39 081 7682313 Premise The fast processes of de-territorialization affecting all territory are producing radical and deep transformations in dwelling practices and changing the way of considering the relationship with a place. The hyper-extension of urbanized areas represents a relevant transformation of city and territory required by complex political, cultural, social and economic factors. Those produce needs and demands being the expression of new way of territory shape and structure. Looking for adequate strategies to achieve a sustainable development pointed out the importance of those subjects such as “quality “ and “governance” and how by now it’s necessary a review of the used logics, criteria and indicators. The “quality” subject has become more and more a new imperative and the Landscape European Convention (LEC) strongly stressed some questions. Giving all the territory the value of landscape –apart from its being considered exceptional, of everyday life and/or decayed one– is the expression of the value the landscape generally has got and it is stressed the idea that: Landscape identifies and makes the different parts of territory be recognizable, shows their history handing down the signs of their transformations and is produced by the interaction of several tangible and intangible elements that characterize its appearance and value. According to that, landscape becomes the expression of deep and rooted cultures and identities of single territories, related to the people dwelling and working in those territories. Quality is a crucial point of the LEC. The Article 1, in giving some basilar definitions, leads us to consider the value of the perceptive aspect and how it affects the behaviors. Intending to adopt landscape quality purposes, as it’s worldly required, actually produces a new viewpoint of all planning discipline, not only in relation to the phase of territory knowledge and reading, but also in relation to purposes and actions definition, involving all the actors of territorial development process. Identity and quality Considering targets of landscape quality implies to investigate the importance of identity characters. The identity of a place contains and helps read and understand the “memory” of a territory, its environmental knowledge, its growth rules and system of relationships and management. The identity of a place can be shaped by both tangible and intangible elements that man contributed to create. In fact the population’s sense of belonging to a context is represented by culture, activities and traditions, as well as by building typologies, colors and materials used. The deep meaning of place identity isn’t the repetition of something happened but the never-ending building of what can be carried on in evolutionary way, according to the new needs and expectations addressed to future (Mannelli L., 2003). As Norberg-Schultz (1979) had already stressed, the structure of a place isn’t a fixed, eternal condition: places usually change and sometimes in a fast way too. Anyway, it doesn’t mean that the genius loci should necessarily change or be lost. The places preserve their identities for a certain time and each place should be “capable” of receiving different “contents”, obviously within certain limits. A place fit only for one purpose would soon become useless. The identity cannot be artificially created in a short time, as example the present places of mystification, which try to reproduce, by new buildings, relationships and features of historical cities for shopping mall or gated city. Those places are different from the original environments mainly because they are lacking in genius loci. A careful attention should be paid to avoid a landscape logic seen as a product to sell – which easily trivializes territorial peculiarities and destroys its identity – and to increase and stimulate communities selfdefinition. Communities are the main actors in the identity definition, but are also the subjects to which the process of development and re-qualification is addressed. Identity and quality represent a strong binomial and two categories characterizing the process of diversification and cultural supply. In such a context, it’s crucial to pay attention to the identity value and never-ending common re-appropriation and construction of meanings produced by the actions carried out by all the actors involved in the territory, even if not permanently. It means to dynamically look at the endogenous, tangible and intangible elements, which link the territory history to each dweller. It’s not the case of crystallizing the place cultural “heritage”, the identities, but of recognizing them and succeeding, in a certain sense, in building landscapes. A methodological route Within the knowledge process targeted to define quality landscape goals, the starting point consists in defining the general typologies on which the different landscape ambits depend. In primis we can make a subdivision into areas, according to the prevailing physical-functional 132
La définition d’une stratégie d’intervention. La definición de una estrategia de intervención Defining a strategy for intervention characters. Referring to a prevailing-characters classification enables us to curb fragmentations and to join different aspects and elements that can help delineate the features of the general systems they belong to. The information given by a rigorous reading of the surface mantle represents a good starting point, but of course it doesn’t sufficiently describe those values and factors that allow to go over the simple physical aspect of a context and to convey a heritage of knowledge and characteristics produced by intrinsic relationships and peculiarities. The knowledge phase entails, therefore, together with punctual investigations on the single components, the study of physical, functional, visual relationships, whose grasp is crucial for the identification of characterizing elements, as well as qualitative targets, and for defining protection, modification and transformation actions. Determining the characterizing elements requires a wide-ranging investigation of the context in the course of time in order to check the different values according to its evolution, as well as a reading of the elements under the ecological, anthropological and environmental profile. Besides, working out and pursuing landscape-quality goals entails defining parameters for assessing the characterizing elements, i.e. their identifier and performance characters. It’s important to go on by pointing out the single elements and contextually analyzing the systems they belong to, in order to assess the force of the element identifier character according to the structural, symbolic and perceptive profile, and the force of the performance one according to the functional and usability profile. In particular, it consists in building a matrix by means of the referring parameters in the assessment of the characterizing elements. In defining a mechanism to determine the quality levels, anyway we should pay attention to the possible levels of vulnerability for consciously assessing the policies and actions to implement in order to achieve landscape quality goals. Strategic lines Starting from the above assumptions, we can outline possible strategic lines (actions and interventions) being the references as regards the identity character. As concerns the important LEC assumptions, we can affirm that, by following a system characterized by “landscape quality goals”, the actions to be accomplished would be targeted to: ard the context and community identity; different users quality of life; Assure the best management of resources. In order to carry out quality projects, it’s necessary -in the light of historical identities, namely by reading the historical territory, the community’s needs and the identity character– to appeal to: the resources heritage; A careful combination is required between what regards the morphological-functional dimension and : promote sharing/participation. Identity can be considered as a crucial resource for defining policies and actions targeted to increase landscape quality. The plan/ project should contribute to increase the identity value allowing its recognizance in ambits on superior scale. The policies and strategies to be implemented could follow different routes: the one linked to morphological characters, the one connected to the lived places or the production ones. Starting from the individuation of the environmental resources, the guidelines for a sustainable environmental policy should be targeted to: emergencies; In order to preserve and develop the identities, in particular we should foster actions targeted to: of their activity, to safeguard and develop the identities; This methodological approach has been applied to a specific territorial context such as the Sorrentino–Amalfitana Peninsula, part of which is inscribed on the World Heritage List since 1997. The result of the research has lead to assume that the study of characterizing elements allows us to make an ex-ante assessment for defining quality and vulnerability levels. That’s a first interesting contribution that can be offered to the assessment of the effects produced by the actions to implement. 133
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