any other, to have <strong>le</strong>ft his mark on the composer. It shoultl beremembered that when Severac comp<strong>le</strong>ted the first versionof his opera, Pell6as et Melisande had just been premiered,stirring up heated enthusiasm among most of the youngermusicians, aware as they were of the new horizons in operaopened up by this masterpiece. Severac, who was one ofthese acolytes, expressed his fears to Rene de Castera inAugust 1902: "Yes, there are times when [...I one looks tothe future with a certain apprehension ... For in art only onething is necessary: to find; or is it possib<strong>le</strong> still to find after Pel-I6as?" One should not, however, overestimate this influence,which is apparent in the orchestral colour and, especially, inthe continuous recitative- very like that in PellPas- thatunderlies the many monologues and dialogues. The harmony,though frequently taking on impressionist hues and oftenhaving recourse to modality, is more tied to tonal functionsthan is that of Debussy's work. Unlike in the latter, the rhythmsand the meloclic outlines in Le Ceurdu moulin appear muchmore c<strong>le</strong>arly defined, notably in the enseml~<strong>le</strong>s and the chorusesas well as in the most lyrical passages. As for the useof <strong>le</strong>itmotifs, Severac himself explained in the preface to thedefinitive edition of the vocal score that "the musical themesof Le Ceur du moulin do not just take the abstract ro<strong>le</strong>s of<strong>le</strong>itmotifs, as in most modern works, but are for the heroes ofthe drama, and particularly for Jacques, veritab<strong>le</strong> charactersthat speak to him and that affect him".It is with the figure 'Marie's betrayal'-which puts one inmind of the theme of the first of the Lieder eines fahrendenGesel<strong>le</strong>n by Mah<strong>le</strong>r-that the orchestral prelude opens, in Eminor. Its poignant melancholy is at once fixed in the listener'smind and represents the determining melodic e<strong>le</strong>ment in thewho<strong>le</strong> of this act. The prelude is followed by a joyful chorusof grape harvesters, then a scene in which Marie, havingdreamed of Jacques, her former fiance who had <strong>le</strong>ft to go tothe city, accuses herself of having betrayed him by marryinganother man. Jacques enters with his own figure, presented,as the composer indicates, in the form of a 'Song in the traditionalsty<strong>le</strong>', then the mysterious voices of the well, the milland nature, welcoming the home-comer in a magical displayof delicately impressionist harmonies. Jacques meeting withMarie is treated as continuous recitative in which the psychologicalweight is born by the orchestra, subsequently withmore and more lyricism when they plan to f<strong>le</strong>e together. Wethen see the grand reunion of Jacques and the <strong>village</strong>rs-includingPierre, whom Marie married-and his mother, whosemoving figure is stated by the cor anglais in the lower register.The end of the act introduces us to the old mil<strong>le</strong>r, musing onthe mystery of love, whi<strong>le</strong> the orchestra poetically evokes sunset,marked by a pentatonic chime on the ce<strong>le</strong>sta.The second act takes place several hours later, in the samesetting. A melancholy orchestral prelude, in which one canmake out the song of the mill, a key figure in this act, precedesthe Danse des Treil<strong>le</strong>s constructed on a traditional themefrom the <strong>Languedoc</strong>. Each of its sections is somewhat in themanner of the traditional Catalan dance the sardane, introducedby a call on the oboe or clarinet; a Danse du Cherfa<strong>le</strong>tprecedes the return of the opening march, whi<strong>le</strong> the <strong>village</strong>rsmove off stage. From now on it is the old mil<strong>le</strong>r who is thedriving force behind the action and who <strong>le</strong>ads it towards itsmelancholy issue. In a long and moving dialogue with Jacques,he begs the latter to <strong>le</strong>ave at once so as not to breakup Pierre and Marie's domesticity. The mil<strong>le</strong>r's calm contrastswith the impassioned discourse of the young man torn by hislove and by the supplications of his mother asking him to stay.Soon, the fantastic e<strong>le</strong>ment of the first act reappears: the voicesof the well and those of nature that, in delightful melodiclines attempt to keep him back. Just when he is ready to yield,the owl appears. Over a lullaby figure (already heard in theprelude), the wise bird implores Jacques to be on his way.His mother brings him to reason and, over a sharply poignanttritone figure, she calls on him to fulfil his duty. Four dreamcharacters then appear: these are "the heart of the mill, memoriesof [his] childhood". In a touching quartet, they call onJacques to <strong>le</strong>ave. As the <strong>village</strong>rs ce<strong>le</strong>brate in song the endof the harvesting, the young man disappears into the night.Marie then emerges and, <strong>le</strong>arning of his departure, bursts intoi! -
tears. Jacques's theme, on the brass, precedes a choral episodece<strong>le</strong>brating the wind and light of autumn.An extraordinary chromatic descent <strong>le</strong>atls to a return tothe main key, E minor. Over a long tonic pedal, the chorusce<strong>le</strong>brates the travel<strong>le</strong>r's goodness, whi<strong>le</strong> for one last time themill figure sounds out. A final flourish on harps and ce<strong>le</strong>sta,and everything seems to melt into si<strong>le</strong>nce ...THE PERFORMERSTranslation: jereni), DrakeJean-Sbbastien BouAfter studying at the Paris Conservatory, Jean-SebastienBou was very quickly taken on by theatres in France andabroad. He performed the ro<strong>le</strong> de Pel<strong>le</strong>as under the directionof Marc Minkowski for the centenary of the work's premiereat the Opera Comique, as well as on various national andinternational stages. He first performed the ro<strong>le</strong> of Werther inFrance in the version for baritone by Battistini at the GrandThestre de Tours under the direction of Jean-Yves Ossonce.He is a regularly guest of opera houses, performing the majorrepertory ro<strong>le</strong>s: Marcello (La BohPme), Silvio (Wgliaccr), Ping(Turandot), Ottokar (Der Freischiitz), the Herald (Lohengrin),Oreste (Iphig6nie en Tauride), Florestan (Vgronique), Va<strong>le</strong>ntin(Faust), the tit<strong>le</strong> ro<strong>le</strong> of Don Giovanni. He sang the ro<strong>le</strong> ofBori<strong>le</strong> (Les Boreades) in the Paris Opera production in NewYork. His singing career has <strong>le</strong>d him to collaborate with suchconductors as John Nelson, Char<strong>le</strong>s Dutoit, Michel Plasson,Jean-Claude Casadesus and William Christie.Sophie Marin-DegorAn erstwhi<strong>le</strong> member of the Maitrise de Radio-France, herparticipation in Gluck's Orpheus at the Thestre des Champs-Elysees under the direction of Sir Char<strong>le</strong>s Mackerras alongsideMarilyn Horne opened for her the doors of the classical reper-tory. With Jean-Claude Malgoire, she tack<strong>le</strong>d <strong>le</strong>ading ro<strong>le</strong>s inboth opera and baroque oratorio (Handel, Lully, etc.) and inMozart, whom she subsequently made a speciality. She hasthus performed Bastienne, Servilia, Papagena, Barberina thenZerlina, Despina, Susanna at theThPdtre des Champs-Elysees,and Pamina followed by Donna Anna at the Grand ThestredeTours (2000), and, finally, she was the Countess (2002) forSaint itienne Opera. She became a sought-after Melisande,notably taking part in the stage premiere of the work in Moscow.Apart from opera she also frequently appears in concertsand recitals, notably in the duet 'Les Demoisel<strong>le</strong>s de ...I. InGermany she was e<strong>le</strong>cted 'Finest opera artiste of the year' byOpernwelt in 2003 for Marianne and in 2004 for Armide. Shehas recorded many discs, including those, forTimpani, of Polyphemeand choral works by Jean Cras.Marie-Thbrese Kel<strong>le</strong>rShe began studying singing at the Strasburg RegionalConservatory, where she won a first prize for singing, a firstprize for opera, as well as prize for baroque chamber music.She subsequently joined the Paris Opera School, where shewas a pupil of Hans Hotter and Denise Dup<strong>le</strong>ix. Among hermany ro<strong>le</strong>s Marie-Therhse Kel<strong>le</strong>r has sung Conception inL'Heure espagno<strong>le</strong> in Toulouse under the direction of MichelPlasson, Carmen at the Festival of Baalbeck, Charlotte in Wertherat Metz Opera, Mallika in Lakme and Alisa in Lucia diLammermoor alongside Natalie Dessay, Mignon, La Bel<strong>le</strong> He<strong>le</strong>ne,and Genevihe in Pell6as inTours. Marie-Therhse Kel<strong>le</strong>roften gives recitals and has sung in many oratorios, such asVerdi's Requiem and Das Lied von der Erde. She has workedunder the direction of prestigious conductors such as MichelPlasson, Marek Janowski, Armin Jordan and Simon Ratt<strong>le</strong>.Pierre-Yves PruvotAfter exhaustive musical training (trumpet and piano) andin paral<strong>le</strong>l with engineering studies, Pierre-Yves Pruvot turnedtowards the apprenticeship of singing. With a diploma fromthe Lyons Conservatory, he is also laureate of several inter-