BULLETIN D'INFORMATIONS PHYTOSANITAIRES ... - Union africaine

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ACTIVITES DU UA/CPI/UA’S/IAPSC’S ACTIVITIESnotably traditional system, semi-traditional system andcomplete seed system were investigated. The latestseed system was absent in all countries visited while thetraditional seed system was more practiced.With regard to cassava diseases monitoring anddiagnostics a list of diseases was established and theirseverity and incidence described. The main diseasesaffecting cassava production and productivity in countriessurveyed included African Cassava Mosaic Virus,Cassava Vein Mosaic Virus, Cassava Brown StreakDisease, Cassava Bacterial Blight, , Anthracnose,Fusarium, Cassava Green Mite, Cassava Mealy Bug,White flies and Grasshoppers. Controls of these diseasesrequire the integrated pest and disease managementapproach which unfortunately was not beingappropriately done.Focusing on the stakeholders linkages in cassava productionand diseases control, it was pointed out theinsufficient implementation mechanism(s) for effectivelinkage/integration into commodity chain (researchersuniversities-extensionstaff-farmers, traders-consumers),the development mechanisms for “backward” linkages,the insufficient support to producers, and advocatedthe restoration of confidence in farmers in cassava production.The SPS Capacity Evaluation of specificAfrican countries with regard to pest diagnostic capacity,pest risk analysis, pests surveillance, exotic pestresponse, inspection system and pest reporting, andexport certification was identified to be poor and neededto be addressed. The workshop helped membercountries of AU to adopt proper management strategiesto address legal, political and technical constraintsof cassava production and protection so as to increasetrade and reduce poverty in the continent.2.2. Cassava production constraintsPresentations from countries like Angola, Burundi,Cameroon, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Mozambique, Nigeriaand Uganda focused on reviewing cassava productionand uses in their countries, germplasm maintenanceand diversification, available planting materials anddistribution, monitoring and diagnosis of diseases andpest, stakeholder linkages and major constraints of cassavaproduction. Cassava being presently grown throughoutSub-Sahara Africa; increasing and improvingcassava production can certainly accelerate the achievementof food security and enhance the alleviation ofpoverty in Africa. But major constraints of cassava productionis the use of low yielding varieties , pests anddiseases and poor methods of utilization. This confirmedthe results of the survey.2.3. Cassava germplasm and planting materialexchange2.3.1. Cassava germplasm conservation, improvementand safe movement in Africa, (L. Kumar, IITA)IITA, besides cassava, carries out research on cropslike Yam, Musa spp; Maize, Cowpe and Soybean. It isimplanted in African countries like Nigeria, Benin,Cameroon, Ghana, Malawi, Mozambique. The totalgermplasm of these crops is 28,000 accessions amongwhich are 4,200 cassava clones. IITA possesses fieldbank and in-vitro gene bank which represent about56% of the total collection. The major party of this collectionis mainly acquired from Africa. However someaccessions came from Brazil and Australia. These collectionsare done per country and 40% of accessionsare geo-referenced. The sustainable conservation ofcassava germplasm is done by field bank, in vitro bankingwhich reduces risk of loss and facilitates exchangeand cryopreservation. The presenter illustrated the cassavain vitro banking which starts from field bank, thermotherapy,sterilization, and meristeming or indexingand distribution. More than 10% of improved cassavagermplasm were distributed during the past 10 years.The DNA markers for identification of duplicates isongoing at IITA. From 2000 to 2007 a total of 5389accessions were distributed to NARs and Universities.Twenty seven (27) African countries besides Japan,USA, Denmark and Australia were recipients of thegermplasm.For safe distribution, IITA ensures germplasm healthcontrol, viability, regeneration and pathogen identificationand control. Diseases management options whichinvolved exclusion, prevention, reduction of spread andimpact sources of Inoculums through cultural methodsand reduce. Compliance with regulations is essentialfor international and regional distribution of cassavaBULLETIN D’INFORMATIONS PHYTOSANITAIRES N OS 60/6138
ACTIVITES DU UA/CPI/UA’S/IAPSC’S ACTIVITIESgermplasm which is an essential component of cropimprovement. The presenter also recalled that ensuringgermplasm health is an expensive business that requiresinfrastructure, diagnostic tools, contained screenhouses, well trained staff, knowledge on pathogens,understanding regulations and funds. .The production of pest and pathogen free germplasm isachieved through treatment which can eliminate fungal,bacteria, insects and other pests but not viruses. Hesaid that in vitro propagation (tissue Culture) does noteliminate viruses. However tissue culture material mustbe cleaned ( thermotherapy, meristeming, indexing,selection) and certified.He concluded his presentation by saying that trainingand capacity building should be an ongoing process toensure good germplasm production and distribution.2.3.2. Cassava planting material multiplication and distribution(Kanju, IITA),The production constraints of cassava are pests anddiseases, poor agronomic practices, poor soil fertility,poor planting material and drought. It takes 7 to 8years to develop a new variety. Consequently thevariety released must be carefully multiplied and distributedto cassava growers. This vegetative multiplicationhas a low ratio. It is perishable, expensive andthere is no incentive for private sector to produce plantingmaterial. Farmers do not care to specifically multiplystems but use the stems that come as a secondaryproduct from a normal cassava root production field.Farmers cannot afford to buy improved planting material.IITA has put in place a rapid multiplication techniquewhich has been developed to overcome the problemof low multiplication ratios for the benefit ofGermplasm evaluation (breeding programs for multilocations), Germplasm exchange (regional or internationaldistribution, using tissue culture techniques toclean diseased plants) and Seed multiplication (used inmultiplication of improved varieties, to increase stocksfor distribution to the farming communities). The speakeralso emphasised on the assessment of seed qualityand plant health within cassava multiplication schemeswhich have seven stages. Guidelines for the seven stagesfor stem multiplier include procurement of plantingmaterial, planting location, agronomic requirements,management of diseases and pests, harvest and seedspecification.2.3.3. Cassava planting material multiplication and distribution: The experience of FAO-Burundi.Cassava contributes to 70% of the Burundian populationfood needs. It is the 3rd staple food after bananaand sweet potato. The yield is about 7 tons per ha.Farm sizes vary from _ to 2 ha. 83per cent of plantingmaterial is from traditional farm, 2% from selected multiplicationfarm by agricultural extension services and15% from various sources. Cassava planting materialproduction in the country has stepped up from 7 ha in2005 to 100 ha by 2010. Six varieties are currentlybeing produced. These include: Abbey-ife,MM96/0735, MM96/0287, MM96/7633,MM96/7204, and MM96/5280. This last cited cultivarmakes up 71% of production in the country.2.4. Cassava stakeholders linkages2.4.1. Stakeholders linkages: Experience of GreatLakes Cassava Initiative.A four years project which started in December 2007concerned six countries of Central and East Africa:Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo,Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. The total budget of thisproject is estimated at US $ 22.3 million. It was fundedby Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation CRS privatefunds. Interesting is the collaboration of several stakeholders(IITA, NARS, Local partners and NGOs). Theobjectives of this project include:•Planning and Partnership Objective: CRS and partnersplan and partner effectivelyó Disease Objective: Improved knowledge and diseasediagnostics for sustainable management of cassavaviruses and virus vectors•Training Objective: Develop training modules andtrain partner trainers•Seed Objective: Farmers access improved and preferredcassava varieties for production•Farmer Group Objective: Cassava production scaledup through farmer groups.39PHYTOSANITARY NEWS BULLETIN N OS 60/61
Page 1 and 2: BULLETIN D'INFORMATIONS PHYTOSANITA
Page 3 and 4: EDITORIALLe bulletin d’informatio
Page 5 and 6: SITUATION PHYTOSANITAIRE EN AFRIQUE
Page 11 and 12: ANALYSE SCIENTIFIQUE/SCIENTIFIC ANA
Page 19 and 20: ACTIVITES DU UA/CPI/UA’S/IAPSC’
Page 37: ACTIVITES DU UA/CPI/UA’S/IAPSC’
Page 47: N° s 60 & 61 / Juillet - Décembre

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