qimia X klasi
qimia X klasi
qimia X klasi
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samuSao<br />
rveuli<br />
<strong>qimia</strong><br />
X
manana vardiaSvili<br />
samuSao rveuli<br />
<strong>qimia</strong><br />
X <strong>klasi</strong><br />
grifi mieniWa 2012 wels ssip ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis<br />
erovnuli centris (brZaneba # 375, 18. 05. 2012) mier<br />
gamomcemloba inteleqti<br />
Tbilisi 2012
manana vardiaSvili<br />
<strong>qimia</strong> X<br />
samuSao rveuli<br />
gamomcemloba inteleqti<br />
Tbilisi 2012<br />
Manana Vardiashvili<br />
cheMistry X<br />
WorkINg WrItINg-Book<br />
INtELEktI PUBLISHErS<br />
tbilisi 2012<br />
gamomcemloba inteleqti<br />
Tbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis gamziri #5<br />
225-05-22, 5(99) 55-66-54<br />
faqsi: 225-05-22<br />
elfosta: inteleqti@caucasus.net vebgverdi: www.intelekti.ge<br />
ISBN 978-9941-439-75-9<br />
© manana vardiaSvili, 2012<br />
© gamomcemloba `inteleqti~, 2012
1 ras fiqrobT, aqvs Tu ara ma sa gamo sxivebis Semadgenel nawi lakebs? rogori<br />
muxti aqvs α, β da γ gamo sxivebas? daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi.<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
2 SeavseT sqema Semdegi cnebebisa da aRniSvnebis gamoyenebiT: eleqtroni – e – ,<br />
protoni – P<br />
1<br />
1 , neitroni – n<br />
1<br />
0 , birTvi, `Zalian mcire masa~. Semdeg ki gamoitaneT<br />
daskvna.<br />
masa<br />
daskvna:<br />
muxti<br />
simbolo masa<br />
atomis agebuleba<br />
muxti<br />
atomidan – atomamde<br />
simbolo masa<br />
1.1<br />
muxti<br />
simbolo<br />
atomi, eleqtroneitraluria, ra d gan ______________________________<br />
atomis masa Tavmoyrilia _______________________________________<br />
atom birTvs aqvs ______________________________________________<br />
muxti, radgan ________________________________________________<br />
3
SeasruleT paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebi.<br />
4
1 SeadgineT protiumis atomis modeli.<br />
2 CamoayalibeT werilobiT:<br />
izotopebi<br />
a) ras ewodeba nuklidi _________________________________________________________<br />
b) ras ewodeba izotopebi _______________________________________________________<br />
3 ras udris neitronebis ricxvi azotis atomSi, Tu misi masuri ricxvia 14.<br />
SeasruleT paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebi<br />
1.2<br />
5
6<br />
1.3 atomTa saxeoba – qimiuri elementi<br />
1 CamoayalibeT werilobiT, ra aris qimiuri elementi _______________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
2 ras ewodeba ioni ___________________________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
3 ra SemTxvevaSi miiReba neitraluri atomidan ______________________________<br />
a) dadebiTad damuxtuli ioni ___________________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
b) uaryofiTad damuxtuli ioni ________________________________________________<br />
SeasruleT paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebi.
8<br />
1.4 eleqtronis mdgomareoba atomSi<br />
1 CamoayalibeT werilobiT: a) ra aris orbitali ____________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
b) ra aris energetikuli qvedone _______________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
g) ra aris energetikuli done, anu eleqtronuli Sre __________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
2 ramdeni orbitalia a) s qvedoneze _________ b) p qvedoneze _________<br />
g) d qvedoneze _________ d) f qvedoneze _________<br />
SeasruleT paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebi.
energetikuli donis struqtura 1.5<br />
1 ras udris energetikuli doneebis ricxvi:<br />
a) heliumis b) azotis g) gogirdis d) kaliumis atomSi?<br />
axseniT Tqveni pasuxi.<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
2 iangariSeT, ras udris eleqtronTa maqsimaluri ricxvi pirvel, meore, mesame<br />
da meoTxe energetikul doneze.<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
3 romeli qvedonis eleqtronebs aqvs ufro meti energia mocemul energetikul<br />
doneze?<br />
daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi.<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
4 iangariSeT orbitalebis raodenoba me-3 energetikul doneze. ramdenia<br />
maT Soris d-orbitali? ratom fiqrobT ase? varaudi SeamowmeT cxrilis<br />
saSualebiT.<br />
SeasruleT paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebi<br />
9
SeasruleT paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebi.<br />
10
energetikuli donis struqturis gamosaxva<br />
1.6<br />
1 CamoayalibeT paulis principi ____________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
2 sul ramdeni eleqtroni moTavsdeba p-qvedoneze? ratom fiqrobT ase?<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
3 ra kavSiria eleqtronebis mier orbitalebis Sevsebis Tanmimdevrobasa da<br />
eleq tronis energias Soris. ra TanmimdevrobiT ivseba orbitalebi __________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
4 warmoidgineT, rom raRac Zalis gavleniT eleqtronebi moscilda birTvs<br />
da axla TanmimdevrobiT unda `dabrundnen~ atomSi. pirvelad romeli eleqtronebi<br />
dabrundeba, romelTac meti energia aqvs da birTvTan naklebad<br />
miizideba, Tu piri qiT? da asabuTeT Tqveni varaudi.<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
5 ras ewodeba:<br />
a) s elementi ____________________________________________________________________<br />
b) p elementi ___________________________________________________________________<br />
g) d elementi ___________________________________________________________________<br />
6 gamosaxeT, rogor ganlagdeba a) 4 eleqtroni p-qvedoneze? b) 5 eleqtroni<br />
d-qvedoneze?<br />
11
SeasruleT paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebi.<br />
12
d-qvedone elementis atomSi<br />
1 ramdeni qvedonea mesame energetikul doneze? Seivso Tu ara eleqtronebiT<br />
mesame periodis elementebis d-qvedone? ivaraudeT, ra wesiT gagrZeldeba<br />
eleqtronebis ganlageba energetikul doneze IV didi periodis elementebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi.<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
2 sxva d elementebisagan gansxvavebiT ra Tavisebureba SeiniSneba qromisa da<br />
spilenZis atomebis eleqtronul agebulebaSi? SeadgineT maTi eleqtronuli<br />
formulebi<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
3 SeadgineT momdevno elementebis 32 ge, 33 As, 34 Se, 35 Br eleqtronuli for mulebi.<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
SeasruleT paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebi<br />
1.7<br />
13
kvanturi ricxvebi<br />
1 daadgineT ℓ-is mniSvnelobebi, rodesac n=2. CamoayalibeT ra kavSiria ℓ-is<br />
mniSvnelobebis raodenobasa da qvedoneebis raodenobas Soris.<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
SeasruleT paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebi.<br />
1.8<br />
15
1 SeiswavleT periodul sistemaSi qimiur elementTa ganlageba fardobiTi<br />
atomuri masis zrdis mixedviT.<br />
SeecadeT, axsnaT, ratom irRveva es principi argonis da kaliumis K SemTxvevaSi?<br />
ra Seicvleboda periodul sistemaSi es elementebi fardobiTi atomuri masis<br />
zrdis mixedviT rom iyos ganlagebuli? iangariSeT argonisa da kaliumis<br />
izotopebis narevis saSualo fardobiTi atomuri masebi.<br />
16<br />
argonis<br />
izotopebi<br />
moluri wili<br />
bunebrivi izotopebis<br />
narevSi<br />
36 Ar 0,31%<br />
38 Ar 0,06%<br />
40 Ar 99,6%<br />
kaliumis<br />
izotopebi<br />
moluri wili<br />
bunebrivi izotopebis<br />
narevSi<br />
39 k 93,38%<br />
40 k 0,01%<br />
41 k 6,61%<br />
2 ivaraudeT, romel da ramden eleqtrons gamoiyenebs qimiuri reaqciebSi<br />
magaliTad IIA jgufis metalebi?<br />
aris Tu ara maTi qimiur Tvisebebi msgavsi?<br />
ra Sedgenilobis oqsids da hidroqsids warmoqmnis?<br />
gaixseneT agreTve, ra kavSiria periodis nomersa da atomSi eleq tronuli<br />
Sreebis raodenobas Soris?<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
3 perioduli sistemis fragmentSi TiToeul elements miuwereT umaRlesi<br />
JangbadnaerTis da misi Sesabamisi hidroqsidis formula. miuTiTeT, mJava,<br />
fuZe da amfoteruli bunebisaa hidroqsidebi.<br />
daadgineT am naerTebis TvisebaTa cvlilebis kanonzomiereba periodSi.<br />
iA iiA iiiA iVA VA ViA ViiA<br />
II<br />
III<br />
IV<br />
Li<br />
Li 2 o – fuZe<br />
oqsidi<br />
LioH – tute<br />
1.9 perioduli sistema da atomis eleqtronuli agebuleba<br />
Be<br />
BeoO – amfo teruli<br />
Be(oH) 2<br />
– amfo te ruli<br />
B<br />
B 2 o 3 O – mJava<br />
oqsidi<br />
H 3 Bo 3 – mJava<br />
Al<br />
Al 2 o 3 – amfo teru<br />
li oqsidi<br />
Al(oH) 3 – amfote<br />
ruli<br />
C<br />
Co 2 O – mJava<br />
oqsidi<br />
H 2 Co 3 – mJava<br />
N<br />
N 2 o 5 O – mJava<br />
oqsidi<br />
HNo 3 – mJava<br />
o F<br />
fToris oqsidicnobili<br />
ar arisF
SeasruleT paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebi<br />
17
1 amowereT perioduli sistemis pirveli sami periodis elementebis sim boloebi<br />
TanmimdevrobiT. TiToeuls miuwereT gare Sris eleqtronuli formula.<br />
daasaxeleT elementebi, romelTa gare eleqtronuli Sris agebuleba<br />
msgavsia. ras fiqrobT maTi qimiuri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb?<br />
18<br />
1.10 atomis eleqtronuli agebuleba da<br />
TvisebaTa perioduli cvlileba<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
SeasruleT paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebi.
1 1) uwodebdiT Tu ara ionizaciis energiis cvlilebas perioduls? daasabuTeT<br />
Tqveni varaudi;<br />
ionizaciis energia d perioduli sistema<br />
1.11<br />
2) erTi da imave periodis elementebidan romels aqvs:<br />
a) yvelaze meti ionizaciis energia? amoiwereT am elementTa simboloebi.<br />
b) yvelaze naklebi ionizaciis energia?<br />
amoiwereT am elementTa simboloebi; ______________________________________<br />
3) periodul sistemaSi, es elementebi periodis dasawyisia ganlagebuli Tu<br />
bolos?<br />
2 romeli ionis warmoqmnaa ufro ioli, Mg 2+ -is Tu Na + -is. axseniT Tqveni pasuxi<br />
suraTze gamosaxuli grafikis monacemebze dayrdnobiT.<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
3 CamoayalibeT werilobiT: rogor da ratom icvleba elementTa metaluri<br />
da arametaluri Tvisebebi periodSi ionizaciis energiis cvlilebis mixedviT.<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
______________________________________________________________________________<br />
19
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