istoria - Ganatleba
istoria - Ganatleba
istoria - Ganatleba
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<strong>istoria</strong><br />
nodar asaTiani, qeTevan januaSvili, nino kvitaiSvili<br />
istoriis saxelmZRvanelo meSvideklaselTaTvis<br />
7
I<br />
Tavi<br />
II<br />
Tavi<br />
III<br />
Tavi<br />
Sinaarsi<br />
dro da sivrce<br />
1. istoriuli dro<br />
6<br />
2. dro da kalendari<br />
8<br />
Semajamebeli SekiTxvebi<br />
13<br />
garemo da ekonomika<br />
1. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba<br />
16<br />
2. preistoriuli adamianis sulieri samyaro<br />
22<br />
3. soflis meurneoba, ojaxuri mrewveloba, vaWroba da xelosnoba 24<br />
4. amqrebi, manufaqtura da mrewveloba<br />
30<br />
5. transporti da kavSirgabmuloba<br />
34<br />
Semajamebeli SekiTxvebi<br />
39<br />
saxelmwifo da mmarTveloba<br />
1. ra aris saxelmwifo<br />
42<br />
2. jogidan saxelmwifomde<br />
44<br />
3. uZvelesi civilizaciebi<br />
46<br />
4. qalaqebi Zvel saqarTveloSi<br />
48<br />
5. berZnuli polisebi da maTi mmarTveloba<br />
50<br />
6. perikles xana<br />
55<br />
7. sparta<br />
58<br />
8. aleqsandre makedoneli<br />
60<br />
9. saxelmwifo mmarTveloba antikuri periodis saqarTveloSi 64<br />
10. romis respublika<br />
68<br />
11. romis imperia<br />
72<br />
12. romi da garesamyaro<br />
75<br />
13. bizantia<br />
80<br />
14. arabebi<br />
84<br />
15. XII-XIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo mmarTveloba 88<br />
16. monRolTa imperia<br />
91<br />
17. inglisi – qartiidan parlamentamde<br />
95<br />
18. petre I-is ruseTi<br />
98<br />
19.<br />
absoluturi monarqia safrageTSi lui XIV-is<br />
dros Semajamebeli SekiTxvebi<br />
102<br />
axali drois mmarTveloba<br />
1. axali drois axali idebi<br />
108<br />
2. safrangeTis respublika<br />
112<br />
3. XIX saukunis ruseTi<br />
115<br />
4. 1918-1921 wlebis saqarTvelo<br />
120<br />
5. faSisturi germania<br />
125<br />
6. sabWoTa kavSiri<br />
130<br />
7. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi guSin da dRes<br />
133<br />
8. Tanamedrove irani<br />
138<br />
9. socialisturi CineTi<br />
142<br />
Semajamebeli SekiTxvebi<br />
145<br />
kultura da religia<br />
1. religiis adreuli formebi<br />
148<br />
2. qarTuli warmarTuli panTeoni<br />
151<br />
3. aRmosavluri religiebi<br />
154<br />
4. iudaizmi<br />
157<br />
5. qristianoba<br />
160<br />
6. qristianoba saqarTveloSi<br />
163<br />
7. islami<br />
167<br />
8. religiuri mravalferovneba saqarTveloSi<br />
170<br />
Semajamebeli SekiTxvebi<br />
176<br />
IV<br />
Tavi<br />
VTavi
I Tavi<br />
dro da sivrce<br />
u ra aris istoriuli dro;<br />
Seityob: SeZleb:<br />
u welTaRricxvis rogori sistemebi<br />
arsebobs;<br />
u ramdeni da ra tipis kalendari arsebobs<br />
msoflioSi uZvelesi droidan dRemde;<br />
u ra mniSvneloba aqvs drosa da sivrces<br />
istoriuli movlenebis ganviTarebisa da<br />
civilizaciebis istoriisaTvis.<br />
u istoriuli movlenebis qronologiuri<br />
TanmimdevrobiYT gadmocemas;<br />
u drois erTeulebis (weli, aTwleuli,<br />
saukune, aTaswleuli) Sefardebas;<br />
u drois xazze istoriuli movlenebis<br />
aRniSvnas;<br />
u ama Tu im TariRis aTaswleulisa da<br />
saukunisaTvis mikuTvnebas;<br />
u welTaRricxvisa da kalendris sxvadasxva<br />
sistemaSi orientacias;<br />
u sxvadasxva drosa da sivrceSi<br />
ganviTarebuli movlenebis erTmaneTTan<br />
dakavSirebas.<br />
4 5
Tavi<br />
6<br />
dro da sivrce I<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
leqsikoni<br />
1. 1. istoriuli dro<br />
<strong>istoria</strong> – mecniereba, romelic gardasul (warsulis) movlenebs swavlobs maT<br />
ganviTarebaSi.<br />
periodizacia – sazogadoebis ganviTarebis procesis periodebad dayofa<br />
qronologia – istoriuli movlenebis Tanmimdevroba droSi<br />
kacobriobis <strong>istoria</strong> civilizaciaTa <strong>istoria</strong>a. Cven irgvliv arsebuli samyaro<br />
cvalebadia. icvleba yvelaferi, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi erTmaneTs cvlidnen<br />
civilizaciebic. isini iqmnebodnen, viTardebodnen da wyvetdnen TavianT arsebobas.<br />
es procesi mimdinareobda garkveul drosa da gansazRvrul sivrceSi.<br />
martivad rom vTqvaT, dro moicavs sam periods: warsuls, awmyosa da momavals.<br />
yvela periods aqvs Tavisi qronologiuri, sivrciTi CarCo. ganasxvaveben astronomiul,<br />
geologiur, arqeologiur da istoriul dros.<br />
u 1469 wels kardinal nikolaus kuzanelis panaSvidze episkopos jovani andrias<br />
uTqvams, gardacvlilma SesaniSnavad icoda Zveli, Sua da axali saukuneebis<br />
<strong>istoria</strong>o. aseT ucnaur viTarebaSi warmoqmnila istoriis periodizaciis<br />
yvelaze popularuli sistemis idea.<br />
istoriul dros, ZiriTadad, vyofT Zvel, Sua, axal da uaxles periodebad, magram<br />
rogori sistemiTac unda daiyos <strong>istoria</strong>, is mainc mTliania da kacobriobis<br />
gamocdilebis, civilizaciaTa cvlis erTian suraTs qmnis.<br />
msoflio istoriis, yvela saxelmwifos saintereso siuJetis erT wignSi moqceva<br />
SeuZlebelia. amitom, roca waikiTxav Zveli berZnebisa da maTi kulturis Sesaxeb,<br />
unda gaxsovdes, rom msgavsi movlenebi SesaZloa mimdinareobda babilonSi an CineTSi<br />
sruliad sxva drosa da sivrceSi.<br />
civilizaciebi viTardeboda sxvadasxva kontinentze, maT qmnidnen sxvadasxva<br />
rasis, religiis, erovnebis xalxebi.<br />
msoflio <strong>istoria</strong>Si arsebobda araerTi civilizacia: Sumeruli, egvipturi,<br />
asurul-babilonur-finikiuri, semituri, Cinuri, induri, iranuli,<br />
ebrauli, berZnuli, romauli, arabuli, germanul-romanuli anu<br />
evropuli (maT Soris aRsaniSnavia qarTulic). arsebobda<br />
sxva oric: meqsikuri da perus, magram isini arsebobis<br />
adreul etapzeve Zaladobis gziT daiRupnen.<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriaze (TrialeTis<br />
nakrZalSi) aRmoCenili, qr. S.-mde XXsaukuniT<br />
daTariRebuli es Tasi Semkulia rogorc<br />
adgilobrivi, ise Soreuli qveynebidan<br />
Camotanili naxevradZvirfasi TvlebiT.<br />
f<br />
samajuri asureTis imperiidan<br />
wyaro 1<br />
es xari babilonSi,<br />
iSTaris karibWeze<br />
iyo gamosaxuli.<br />
tutanxamonis saxis niRabi<br />
laTinurad CIVILIS niSnavs samoqalaqos,<br />
saxelmwifoebrivs. filosofosebi<br />
am cnebas ganmartaven, rogorc<br />
sazogadoebis materialuri da sulieri<br />
miRwevebis erTobliobas. antikur<br />
epoqasa da Sua saukuneebSi am sityvas,<br />
rogorc veluris sawinaaRmdegos,<br />
ise iyenebdnen. cneba civilizacia<br />
istorikosTa leqsikonSi XVIII saukunidan<br />
damkvidrda. Tanamedrove TvalsazrisiT,<br />
msoflio civilizacia aris kacobriobis,<br />
sazogadoebis miRwevaTa erToblioba<br />
materialuri da sulieri kulturis<br />
sferoSi.<br />
Tixis (terakotis)<br />
meomrebi, CineTi<br />
sparsuli<br />
masiuri oqros<br />
samajuri<br />
kiTxvebi da davalebebi<br />
rogor gesmis: erTmaneTis msgavsi movlenebi SesaZloa ganviTardes sxvadasxva<br />
drosa da sxvadasxva sivrceSi?<br />
ra gansxvavebaa istoriul, geologiur, astronomiul da arqeologiur droebs<br />
Soris? Seqmeni cxrili da Seavse Sesabamisi maxasiaTeblebiT.<br />
wyaro 1-is mixedviT Seecade daasabuTo mosazreba, rom msoflio civilizacia<br />
aris kacobriobis, sazogadoebis miRwevaTa erToblioba materialuri da<br />
sulieri kulturis sferoSi.<br />
rogor fiqrob, mosalodnelia Tu ara axali civilizaciebis warmoqmnaganviTareba<br />
momavalSi? Seecade daasabuTo mosazreba.<br />
7
Tavi<br />
8<br />
dro da sivrce I<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
leqsikoni<br />
1. 2. dro da kalendari<br />
buda – (`gamoRviZebuli~, `gasxivosnebuli~); budisturi religiis fuZemdebeli<br />
era – laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs `sawyiss~; saidanac iTvleba welTaRricxva<br />
muhamedi – muslimTa winaswarmetyveli, islamis fuZemdebeli<br />
qoronikoni – berZnuli sityvaa, niSnavs `welTaRricxvas~, Seadgens 532-wlian cikls.<br />
xana – drois monakveTi, romelic asocirdeba raime mdgomareobasTan an<br />
pirovnebasTan. mag.: qvis xana, Tamaris xana<br />
qronologia – istoriis damxmare dargi, romelic swavlobs faqtebisa da movlenebis<br />
daTariRebas.<br />
dro, era da pirveli kalendari<br />
dro da sivrce ganuyofelia da erTmaneTTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli. samyaroSi<br />
yvelaferi mudmivad xdeboda, xdeba da moxdeba. dro arasdros Cerdeba.<br />
u drois aRricxvis erTeulia:<br />
1 wuTi – 60 wami<br />
1 saaTi – 60 wuTi<br />
1 dRe – 24 saaTi<br />
1 kvira – 7 dRe<br />
1 Tve – 30-31 dRe (gamonaklisia Tebervali, 28 an 29 dRe)<br />
1 weliwadi – moicavs 365 dRes, 5 saaTs, 48 wuTs da 46 wams<br />
(yovel meoTxe wels weliwads emateba erTi dRe)<br />
1 saukune – 100 weli<br />
1 aTaswleuli anu mileniumi – 10 saukune, anu 1000 weli<br />
warsuli movlenebis Txrobisas yovelTvis veyrdnobiT qronologias. faqtebis<br />
daTariReba saSualebas gvaZlevs, movlenebi im TanmimdevrobiT SeviswavloT,<br />
rogorc isini ganviTardnen.<br />
welTaRricxvis mixedviT, msoflio <strong>istoria</strong> or nawilad iyofa. qristes Sobamde<br />
anu Zveli welTaRricxviT momxdar <strong>istoria</strong>d da qristes Sobidan anu axali wel-<br />
TaRricxviT ganviTarebul ambebad. istoriul literaturaSi xSirad SevxvdebiT<br />
terminebs: qristes Sobamde (SemoklebiT qr. S.-mde), es igivea, rac Zveli welTa-<br />
RricxviT (SemoklebiT Zv.w.-iT); gvxvdeba termini qristes Sobidan (SemoklebiT<br />
qr. S.-dan) anu axali welTaRricxviT (SemoklebiT ax. w.-iT).<br />
qr. S.-mde qristes dabadeba qristeSobidan<br />
II saukune I saukune I saukune II saukune III saukune<br />
qristianuli welTaRricxvis safuZvelia qristes dabadeba. qristes dabadebamde<br />
wlebi da saukuneebi klebiT midis, anu qristes dabadebamde periodis movlenebis<br />
swavlisas unda gvaxsovdes: jer iqneba V saukune, Semdeg – IV, III, II da I saukune.<br />
asevea wlebic: 123, 122 da a. S.<br />
qristes Sobidan ki wlebisa da saukuneebis aTvlas matebiT viwyebT.<br />
mag.: 1, 2, 3, 4 ... wlebi, XV, XVI, XVII ... XXI saukune. ase daTariReba gvexmareba, gavigoT,<br />
ramdeni weli gavida qristes dabadebidan.<br />
f<br />
f<br />
u aleqsandre makedoneli qristes dabadebamde moRvaweobda. igi daibada qr. S.mde<br />
anu qr. S.-mde-is 356 wels da gardaicvala qr. S.-mde anu Zv. w-is 323 wels,<br />
nabuqodonosoris sasaxleSi. aleqsandre makedoneli cxovrobda qr. S.-mde IV<br />
saukuneSi.<br />
u daviT IV aRmaSenebeli daibada qr. S.-dan anu ax. w.-iT 1073 wels, gaimarjva<br />
didgorSi qr. S.-dan 1121 wels, xolo gardaicvala qr. S.-dan 1125 wels. daviT<br />
aRmaSenebli cxovrobda qr. S.-dan XI-XII saukuneebSi.<br />
daalage rubrikaSi `es sainteresoa~ dasaxelebuli TariRebi drois xazze.<br />
Seni azriT, ratom aris miRebuli drois aTvla qristes dabadebidan?<br />
kiTxvebi da davalebebi<br />
era<br />
qristianuli welTaRricxva Semoitana romaelma berma dionise mcirem, romelmac<br />
gansazRvra qristes dabadebis TariRi. saqarTveloSi qristianuli era VIII<br />
saukunidan Cndeba.<br />
qristianuli eris garda dRes msoflioSi moqmedebs: islamuri era da budisturi<br />
era. islamuri eris sawyis etapad miCneulia muhamedis meqadan medinaSi gadasvlis<br />
TariRi anu hijra (qr. S.-dan 622 wlis 15 ivlisi – qristianuli welTaRricxviT),<br />
xolo budisturi era saTaves iRebs budas gardacvalebidan (qr. S.-mde 544 wlidan<br />
– qristianuli welTaRricxviT).<br />
saaTi<br />
dRes Zneli warmosadgenia adamiani an ojaxi saaTis gareSe. Senc zustad ici,<br />
romel saaTze unda mixvide skolaSi, ramdeni wuTi grZeldeba gakveTili, romel<br />
saaTze unda dabrunde Sin da a. S.<br />
Zvel droSi ki adamiani zustad ver gansazRvravda dros, amitom saqmianobas<br />
iwyebda gaTenebisas da asrulebda daRamebisas.<br />
adamiani Zvel droSi dRe-Rames yofda monakveTebad – ganTiadi, dila, SuadRe,<br />
saRamo, Rame.<br />
dRe-Rame saaTebad (20 nawilad) pirvelad Zvelma egviptelebma dayves. isini mzis<br />
saaTis meSveobiT axdendnen drois gansazRvras. zamTarSi dRe moklea, zafxulSi<br />
ki grZeli. Sesabamisad, egviptelTa saaTebis xangrZlivobac gansxvavdeboda.<br />
SedarebiT srulyofili iyo dRis saaTebad danawilebis romaelTa mier Seqmnili<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
9
Tavi<br />
10<br />
dro da sivrce I<br />
Seadgine dRis grafiki, romelSic dagegmav yvela saaTs da mis Sesabamis<br />
saqmianobas dRis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
actekuri kalendari<br />
sistema. dRe-Ramis 24 saaTad dayofa sayovelTaod<br />
swored romidan gavrcelda. romaelebma dRe 4 nawilad<br />
dayves, TiToeulSi sami saaTi iyo.<br />
Tumca, dRis 24-saaTiani romauli danawileba gansxvavdeboda<br />
dRevandelisgan. romaelebi dRe-Rames 12-12<br />
saaTad ki hyofdnen, magram am sistemasac, egvipturis<br />
msgavsad, erTi xarvezi hqonda: weliwadis sxvadasxva<br />
dros saaTis xangrZlivoba ar iyo erTiani (zafxulSi<br />
gacilebiT `grZeli~ 1 saaTi gamodioda, vidre zamTar-<br />
Si).<br />
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyo gabatonebuli drois<br />
gamoTvlis romauli wesi, magram meqanikuri saaTis<br />
SemoRebam drois aRricxvis sistema Secvala.<br />
kiTxvebi da davalebebi<br />
kalendris <strong>istoria</strong><br />
drois aRricxvis sistemas kalendari ewodeba. kalendarSi<br />
erT mTlianobaSia warmodgenili dReebi, kvirebi,<br />
Tveebi, wlebi, saukuneebi.<br />
uZveles dros sxvadasxva xalxs welTaRricxvis gansxvavebuli<br />
sistema da kalendari hqonda. mag.: Zvel egvipteSi<br />
axali welTaRricxva nilosis adidebiT an faraonis<br />
gamefebiT iwyeboda, Zvel CineTSi dros mefeTa dinastiebis<br />
cvlis mixedviT aRricxavdnen. Zveli kalendrebidan<br />
cnobilia: Sumeruli, babilonuri, induri, Zveli<br />
ebrauli, actekuri da a. S. zogi kalendari werilobiT<br />
wyaroebSia daculi, zogi – zepirsityvierebaSi.<br />
jer kidev pirvelyofil adamians gauCnda survili, droSi Tanmimdevrulad<br />
daelagebina mis cxovrebaSi momxdari faqtebi. ase gaCnda primitiuli kalendari,<br />
romliTac igi gansazRvravda weliwadis droebs miwis samuSaoebisaTvis, xvna-TesvisTvis,<br />
mosavlis aRebisTvis da a. S.<br />
egviptelTa kalendari<br />
pirveli srulyofili kalendari Zvelma egviptelebma<br />
Seqmnes. egviptelebma ciur sxeulebze, mzeze da varskvlavebze<br />
dakvirvebiT daadgines, rom yovel zafxuls<br />
nilosis adideba emTxveoda caze yvelaze kaSkaSa varskvlavis<br />
– siriusis gamoCenas.<br />
egvipturi kalendari<br />
yovel zafxuls egvipteSi nilosis adideba ramdenime Tves grZeldeboda da<br />
mdinare aremares faravda. Semdeg wyali iklebda da kvlav kalapots ubrundeboda.<br />
mdinarisgan datovebuli Slami miwas anayofierebda, ris Semdegac iwyeboda<br />
sasoflo samuSaoebi. egviptelebis mierve Seiqmna pirveli mzis kalendari. masSi<br />
Sedioda 360 dRe, romelic iyofoda sam nawilad anu sezonad. mogvianebiT egviptelebmave<br />
SemoiRes TormetTviani kalendari.<br />
riT iyo mniSvnelovani egviptelTaTvis nilosis adideba?<br />
rogor fiqrob, riT aris saintereso da mniSvnelovani Zveli kalendrebis<br />
kvleva-Seswavla?<br />
iuliusis kalendari<br />
dRevandel kalendars safuZvlad udevs qr.<br />
S.-mde 46 wels iulius keisris brZanebiT aleqsandrieli<br />
mecnieris – sosigenes mier Seqmnili<br />
kalendari. sosigenem gaiTvaliswina egviptelTa<br />
gamocdileba da 365 dRe dayo 12 Tved.<br />
misive gamoTvliT, weliwadi moicavs 365 dRes,<br />
5 saaTs, 48 wuTs da 46 wams. iuliusis kalendari<br />
iTvaliswinebs yovel meoTxe wels erTi dRis damatebas.<br />
amdenad, is weli 366 dRiania. es sistema<br />
dRemdea SemorCenili.<br />
romis papi grigori XIII<br />
iulius keisris qandakeba<br />
kiTxvebi da davalebebi<br />
grigorianuli kalendari<br />
grigorianuli kalendari msoflios<br />
uaxlesi kalendaria, romliTac Cveni planetis<br />
mosaxleobis udidesi nawili sargeblobs,<br />
miuxedavad gansxvavebuli religiuri<br />
mrwamsisa da Sexedulebisa. kalendars `grigorianuli~<br />
ewoda romis papis grigol XIII-is<br />
pativsacemad.<br />
iuliusis kalendriT weliwadis bunebrivi<br />
xangrZlivoba ramdenime wamiT meti iyo.<br />
128 wels am cdomilebam 1 dRe Seadgina, XVI<br />
saukuneSi ki – 10 dRe. amis gamo romis papma<br />
grigol XIII-m gadawyvita gamoesworebina es<br />
Secdoma da kalendris reforma gaatara.<br />
11
Tavi<br />
12<br />
dro da sivrce I<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
romis papis brZanebiT 1582 wlis 5 oqtomberi gamocxadda<br />
15 oqtombrad, riTac kalendars dakarguli<br />
10 dRe miemata. Tavidan aseTi cvlileba yvelam<br />
rodi gaiazra.<br />
saqarTveloSi grigorianuli kalendari 1918<br />
wels SemoiRes.<br />
grigorianuli kalendari<br />
noemberi<br />
orS 5 12 19 26<br />
samS 6 13 20 27<br />
oTx 7 14 21 28<br />
xuT 1 8 15 22 29<br />
par 2 9 16 23 30<br />
Sab 3 10 17 24<br />
kv 4 11 18 25<br />
pirobiTi aRniSvnebi<br />
marxvis dRe<br />
xsnili (msgefsi)<br />
yvelieri<br />
dResaswaulebi<br />
1 - 99<br />
100 - 199<br />
200 - 299<br />
300 - 399<br />
400 - 499<br />
500 - 599<br />
600 -` 699<br />
700 - 799<br />
800 - 899<br />
900 - 999<br />
1000 - 1099<br />
1100 - 1199<br />
1200 - 1299<br />
1300 - 1399<br />
1400 - 1499<br />
1500 - 1599<br />
1600 - 1699<br />
1700 - 1799<br />
1800 - 1899<br />
1900 - 1999<br />
2000 - 2099<br />
I saukune<br />
II saukune<br />
III saukune<br />
IV saukune<br />
V saukune<br />
VI saukune<br />
VII saukune<br />
VIII saukune<br />
IX saukune<br />
X saukune<br />
XI saukune<br />
XII saukune<br />
XIII saukune<br />
XIV saukune<br />
XV saukune<br />
XVI saukune<br />
XVII saukune<br />
XVIII saukune<br />
XIX saukune<br />
XX saukune<br />
XXI saukune<br />
u 1918 wels saqarTveloSi SemoiRes grigorianuli kalendari da 18 aprili<br />
gamocxadda 1 maisad. iuliusis kalendari saqarTveloSi dResac moqmedebs.<br />
qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia iuliusis kalendriT xelmZRvanelobs,<br />
amitomac saqarTveloSi orjer aRiniSneba saeklesio dResaswaulebi da axali<br />
weli (1–14 ianvari). `ZveliT axali weli~ 14 ianvars dgeba.<br />
u qoronikoni, igive indiqtioni<br />
qoronikoni pirvelad gamoTvala mRvdelmonazonma dionisem 516 wels. misi<br />
yoveli cikli (moqceva) Seicavs 532 wels, rac mzis 28 moqcevis da mTvaris 19<br />
moqcevis wlebis namravliTaa miRebuli (28X19=532). qoronikonis sawyisia<br />
qristianul samyaroSi miRebuli samyaros Seqmnis TariRi – `dasabamiTgan<br />
5604 weli~. welTaRricxvis qoronikuli sistemiT sargeblobis mizani paseqis<br />
(aRdgomis) da moZravi dResaswaulebis winaswari gamoTvlaa. masSi wlis<br />
dasawyisad martia miRebuli. yovel axal moqcevaSi meordeba Tvisa da kviris<br />
dReebis Tanmimdevroba. mag. Tu 2004 wels aRdgoma Zveli stiliT 29 marts iyo,<br />
imave 29 marts aRdgoma yofila 1472 wels, 940 wels da 408 wels. qoronikoni<br />
saqarTveloSi pirvelad VIII saukuneSi gamoiyenes.<br />
ra gansxvavebaa iuliusisa da grigorianul kalendrebs Soris?<br />
ra mniSvneloba aqvs msoflioSi erTiani kalendris arsebobas?<br />
qoronikonis mixedviT gamoiangariSe, romeli moqcevaa dRes. mimdinare weli<br />
qoronikonis Sesabamisad daaTariRe.<br />
moamzade proeqti Temaze: `kalendari guSin da dRes~.<br />
romeli saukunea 1582 weli? 1918 weli? 2000 weli?<br />
kiTxvebi da davalebebi<br />
f<br />
Semajamebeli SekiTxvebi<br />
u rogor fiqrob, SeiZleba Tu ara erTi tipis movlenebi<br />
ganviTardes sxvadasxva droSi sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi?<br />
u ra aris istoriuli dro da ra periodebad iyofa<br />
is?<br />
u ra mniSvneloba aqvs kalendars da ra iciT dReisaTvis<br />
msoflioSi miRebuli kalendris istoriidan?<br />
u aqvs Tu ara mniSvneloba istoriisaTvis istoriuli<br />
wyaroebis damuSavebisas dokumentebze miTiTebul<br />
dros? Ppasuxi daasabuTe.<br />
u daakvirdi civilizaciebis amsaxvel suraTebs (gv. 7),<br />
aRwere TiToeuli da ganalage drois xazze.<br />
sfinqsi, romelsac<br />
lomis tani da mefis<br />
Tavi aqvs, egvipteSi,<br />
xafras piramidis win<br />
zis da amomaval mzes<br />
gahyurebs.<br />
13
I I Tavi<br />
garemo da ekonomika<br />
Seityob: SeZleb:<br />
u rogor viTardeboda soflis meurneoba;<br />
u rogor viTardeboda vaWroba da<br />
komunikaciis saSualebebi;<br />
u rogor viTardeboda mrewveloba da ra<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs mas qveynis<br />
ekonomikisaTvis;<br />
u ra kavSiria soflis meurneobas, vaWrobasa<br />
da komunikaciis saSualebebs Soris.<br />
u ganasxvavo adamianTa saqmianoba sxvadasxva<br />
istoriis sxvadasxva periodSi, Seicno am<br />
saqmianobis gamomwvevi faqtorebi;<br />
u imsjelo soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis<br />
mniSvnelobaze;<br />
u imsjelo vaWrobisa da ekonomikis<br />
ganviTarebis garemofaqtorebze;<br />
u imsjelo mrewvelobis ganviTarebis<br />
rolze;<br />
u imsjelo transportisa da kavSirgabmulobis<br />
ganviTarebis mniSvnelobaze;<br />
u imsjelo samecniero-teqnikuri progresis<br />
mniSvnelobaze qveynis ganviTarebisTvis.<br />
14 15
I I Tavi<br />
garemo da ekonomika<br />
16<br />
leqsikoni<br />
2. 1. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba<br />
adaptacia – organizmis Segueba garemo pirobebTan arsebobis SesanarCuneblad<br />
identuri – msgavsi, erTnairi, igiveobrivi<br />
mesopotamia – berZnuli sityvaa da SuamdinareTs niSnavs. am uzarmazar, nayofier<br />
teritoriaze (dRevandeli erayi) iSva erT-erTi uZvelesi, Sumerebis civilizacia.<br />
primati – adamianis msgavsi maimuni da adamiani saerTo niSnebiT<br />
revolucia – Zirfesviani cvlileba, gadatrialeba teqnikis, xelovnebis dargSi,<br />
politikur wyobaSi<br />
homo ereqtusi – gamarTulad mosiarule adamiani<br />
homo sapiensi – gonieri adamiani<br />
homo habilisi – marjve adamiani<br />
sawyisi periodi<br />
pirvelyofili (anu <strong>istoria</strong>mdeli) sazogadoeba erT-erTi periodia kacobriobis<br />
<strong>istoria</strong>Si, romlis ganmavlobaSic man ganviTareba daiwyo.<br />
adamianis uZvelesi winapris gavrcelebis ruka<br />
adamianis uSualo winapari 2,5 milioni wlis winaT gaCnda afrikaSi. is mniSvnelovnad<br />
gansxvavdeboda am kontinentze ukve mcxovrebi sxva primatebisagan, maT<br />
Soris gamarTulad mosiarule maimunebisagan (avstralopioTekebisagan – 5-6 mln<br />
w.w.). adamianis winapari e. w. homo habilisi (2,1-1,8 mln ww.) fizikuradac didi iyo<br />
da tvinis agebulebac rTuli hqonda. rac yvelaze mTavaria, mas qvis iaraRis damzadebis<br />
unari Seswevda. adamianis winaparma, homo habilisma ori qvis dartymis<br />
Sedegad `damzadebuli~ wawvetebuli kaJis Tu kirqvis iaraRiT cxovelebze nadiroba<br />
daiwyo.<br />
qvis iaraRis gamoyenebidan iwyeba kacobriobis<br />
<strong>istoria</strong>Si yvelaze xangrZlivi<br />
periodi, qvis xana. igi sam periodad iyofa:<br />
paleoliTi (Zveli qvis xana)<br />
mezoliTi (Sua qvis xana)<br />
neoliTi (axali qvis xana)<br />
qvis xanas mosdevs: eneoliTi, anu spilenZ-qvis<br />
xana da brinjaos xana.<br />
qveda<br />
1800000 – 40-35<br />
aTasi weli<br />
paleoliTi<br />
zeda<br />
40-35 – 12-10<br />
aTasi weli<br />
qvis xana eneoliTi brinjaos xana<br />
mezoliTi<br />
12-10 aTasi –<br />
8-6 aTasi weli<br />
neoliTi<br />
8-6 aTasi –<br />
5 aTasi weli<br />
ratom ewoda kacobriobis istoriis sawyis etaps qvis xana?<br />
5 aTasi weli<br />
qr. S.-mde IV aTasw.<br />
II nax – I aTasw.<br />
dasawyisi<br />
kiTxvebi da davalebebi<br />
paleoliTi<br />
adamianis mier dedamiwis aTviseba paleoliTis xanaSi<br />
moxda. homo habilisis ganviTarebis Sedegad warmoiSva homo<br />
ereqtusi (1,8-600-700 aTasi weli), romelmac ukeTesi adaptacia<br />
moaxdina bunebasTan. man pirvelma gamoiyena cecxli<br />
da daxvewa qvis iaraRebi. am periodis adamianSi mcenareuli<br />
da qvewarmavlebi umTavres sakveb produqts warmoadgenda.<br />
nadirobam pirvelyofili adamianis gavrcelebis areali<br />
gaafarTova, daiwyo cxovelebTan erTad afrikis kontinentze<br />
gadaadgileba da sacxovreblad ukeTesi adgilis Zieba.<br />
adamianis uSualo winapari homo ereqtusze bevrad gvian, daaxloebiT 200-150<br />
aTasi wlis win Cndeba. mas homo sapienss, anu `gonier damians~ uwodeben. `gonieri<br />
adamianic~ afrikis mkvidria da isic mogvianebiT gavrcelda evraziis, amerikisa da<br />
avstraliis kontinentebze. is Tavisi aRnagobiTa da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebiT<br />
didad ar CamorCeboda Tanamedrove adamians. mogvianebiT homo sapiensi adamianTa<br />
sxvadasxva rasis saxiT ganviTarda.<br />
kiTxvebi da davalebebi<br />
ra gansxvaveba iyo homo ereqtussa da homo<br />
habiliss Soris?<br />
Seni azriT, ram ganapiroba pirvelyofil<br />
etapze nadirobis ganviTareba?<br />
rogor fiqrob, ra mniSvneloba hqonda<br />
adamianis mier cecxlis mopovebas?<br />
17
I I Tavi<br />
garemo da ekonomika<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
18<br />
wyaro 1<br />
`pirvelyofili adamianis meurneoba mTeli paleoliTis ganmavlobaSi<br />
SemgroveblobiTi xasiaTisa iyo. sazrdod agrovebdnen mwerebs, lokokinebs,<br />
mcenareTa nayofs, nadirobdnen cxovelebze. nadirobisTvis saWiro iaraRebs<br />
akeTebdnen xisagan, kaJis qvisgan da vulkanuri minisgan, romelsac obsidiansac<br />
uwodeben~.<br />
giorgi gobejiSvili<br />
qvis xelculi TandaTan umniSvnelovanes iaraRad iqca. mogvianebiT adamianma<br />
xisa da qvis kombinaciiT axali iaraRis keTeba iswavla. ase Seiqmna pirveli najaxi,<br />
CaquCi, weraqvi da sxva. primitiul xelculs aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi iyenebdnen,<br />
mis gaumjobesebul saxes warmoadgenda Tanamedrove dana, romelsac dRes<br />
yoveldRiur saojaxo saqmeebSi aqtiurad viyenebT.<br />
rogor moipova adamianma cecxli<br />
u cecxlis gaCenis yvelaze cnobili meTodi qvis xanis droindelia – mexis dacemiT,<br />
tyis xanZriT, vulkanis amofrqveviT gaCenili naperwklebiT mSrali xavsis<br />
aaleba. gaumjobesebul meTods warmoadgenda cecxlis `trialiT~ gaCena – xis<br />
napralSi iqamde atrialebdnen joxs, sanam Sig Cafenili xavsi ar aaldeboda.<br />
u cecxli adamianis gamonagoni ki ara, bunebis movlenaa; adamianebma ubralod<br />
gamoiyenes is. cecxlis gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba uamravi miRweva, romelic<br />
swored bunebis garkveuli kanonebisa da movlenebis aRmoCenebs emyareba.<br />
daaxloebiT 2-1,8 milioni wlis win adamianis<br />
winaparma afrikidan evraziaSi daiwyo gansaxleba.<br />
evraziaSi afrikidan wamosuli homo ereqtusis<br />
yvelaze Zveli kvali saqarTveloSi dmanisis teritoriazea<br />
napovni.<br />
dmanisis gaTxrebis Sedegad<br />
arqeologebma adaminis winapris<br />
`homo ereqtusis~ Tavis qalebi<br />
aRmoaCines. mecnierebis varaudiT,<br />
adamiani evraziis kontinentze<br />
swored dmanisidan gavrcelda.<br />
f<br />
wyaro 2<br />
paleoliTSi pirvelyofili jogi Secvala axalma urTierTobebma. adamianebma<br />
ojaxebad da gvarebad dayofa daiwyes da erTian gvarovnul TemSi gaerTiandnen.<br />
jogi (pirvelyofili jgufi)– 20-30 kacisagan Semdgar SemTxveviT, aramtkice<br />
gaerTianebas hqvia, gvari – sisxliT naTesaur kavSirs. Temi ramdenime gvaris<br />
gaerTianebaa, romelsac dawinaurebuli, Temis uxucesi udgas. gvari arsebobs<br />
ori saxis: matriarqaluri (anu dedamTavruli, romelSic qalia lideri) da<br />
patriarqaluri (anu mamamTavruli, romelSic mamakacia lideri).<br />
mezoliTi<br />
paleoliTis dasrulebis Semdeg iwyeba<br />
mezoliTis (sayovelTao daTbobis), anu<br />
Sua qvis xana, ramac adamians arsebobis<br />
ufro xelsayreli pirobebi misca. am periodis<br />
adamiani tovebs gamoqvabuls da<br />
Ria sadgomis Seqmnas iwyebs.<br />
neoliTuri xanis sofeli wriuli formis<br />
nasaxlarebiTa da patara ezoebiT<br />
kiTxvebi da davalebebi<br />
wyaro 1-is mixedviT CamoTvale, ra saqmianobas eweoda paleoliTis xanis<br />
adamiani?<br />
Seni azriT, ram ganapiroba afrikis kontinentidan adamianis sxvadasxva<br />
mimarTulebiT gansaxleba?<br />
rogor fiqrob, ra mniSvneloba hqonda adamianis mier gamoqvabulis datovebas da<br />
Ria sadgomebis damzadebas?<br />
neoliTisa da brinjaos xana<br />
mezoliTis dasrulebis Semdeg axali qvis xana– neoliTi<br />
iwyeba. adamianma TandaTan daiwyo fiqri, Tu ratom<br />
izrdeboda esa Tu is mcenare erT adgilze ukeT da meti<br />
raodenobiT. Semdeg Teslsa da misgan amozrdil mcenares<br />
Soris kavSiric SeamCnia, mixvda, rom mcenareTa<br />
abibinebis mizezi miwaSi Cabneuli marcvlebi unda yofiliyo.<br />
am dakvirvebis Sedegad neoliTis xanis adamianma<br />
Tesva da mosavlis moweva iswavla.<br />
mecxoveleoba<br />
neoliTis xanis adamiani TandaTan iwyebs cxovelebis<br />
(ZaRlis, Zroxis, cxvris, irmis, Txis) moSinaurebas da<br />
ukve uzrunvelyofili xdeba rZiT, karaqiT, xorciT.<br />
yofili monadire da Semgrovebeli TandaTan miwaTmo-<br />
19
I I Tavi<br />
garemo da ekonomika<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
20<br />
qmedad da mesaqonled iqca, ramac gamoiwvia Sromis iaraRebis gaumjobeseba da<br />
cxovrebis donis amaRleba. yovelive aman adamians ubiZga, aeTvisebina axal-axali<br />
teritoriebi. neoliTis xanam Tavisi mniSvnelobiT marTlac revoluciuri gardatexa<br />
Seitana kacobriobis <strong>istoria</strong>Si. amitom am periods <strong>istoria</strong>Si `neoliTur<br />
revolucias~ uwodeben.<br />
metalurgia<br />
neoliTis dasasruls adamianma iswavla liTonis gamoyeneba.<br />
qvisa da xis paralelurad gaCnda spilenZis<br />
iaraRebi. bunebaSi arsebul spilenZis kristals pirvelyofili<br />
adamiani iseve amuSavebda, rogorc qvas. epoqas, roca<br />
sameurneo saqmianobaSi qvasa da liTons erTdroulad iyenebdnen,<br />
spilenZ-qvis xanas, anu eneoliTs uwodeben. am periodSi adamianma<br />
spilenZis erT niSan-Tvisebas miagno, maRal temperaturaze igi dneboda<br />
da siTxed gadaiqceoda. Tu am siTxes yalibSi (formaSi) Caasxamda, gacivebisas<br />
misTvis sasurvel formas miiRebda. am aRmoCenam kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi<br />
udidesi roli iTamaSa – warmoiSva metalurgia.<br />
u marcvleulis pirveli saxeobaa: xorbali, qeri, Svria da fetvi. uZvelesi<br />
bostneulia: kombosto, salaTi, ispanaxi. mohyavdaT aseve finiki, gogra, seli da<br />
kanafi. miwa pirvelad mesopotamiaSi daamuSaves. miwaTmoqmedebis Tavdapirvel<br />
kerad wina aziasa da saqarTvelos miiCneven.<br />
spilenZi rbili liTonia, magram Tu mas sxva mis msgavs liTons SevurevT da<br />
erTad gamovadnobT, igi gacilebiT mkvrivi da magari – brinjao gaxdeba. brinjao<br />
bunebaSi TviTnabadi saxiT ar gvxvdeba, mas viRebT spilenZTan kalis, dariSxnis an<br />
anTimonis SereviT. brinjaos damzadebis uZvelesi kerebia wina azia da kavkasia.<br />
brinjaos iaraRebi farTod dainerga sayofacxovrebo da sameurneo saqmianoba-<br />
wyaro 3<br />
`matriarqaluri saxli adgils uTmobs patriarqalurs, sadac upiratesoba mamakacs<br />
ekuTvnis da romlis saTaveSic `mamasaxlisi~ dgas. gvariSvilobas axla ukve mamis<br />
xaziT angariSoben…... es cvlileba, rogorc Cans dakavSirebuli iyo miwaTmoqmedebis<br />
ganviTarebasa da Sinauri saqonlis momSeneblobasTan~.<br />
simon janaSia<br />
kiTxvebi da davalebebi<br />
rogor gesmis termini `neoliTuri revolucia~?<br />
Seni azriT, ratom imoqmeda miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebam matriarqaluri gvaris<br />
patriarqaluriT Secvlaze?<br />
rogor fiqrob, rogor aisaxeboda metalurgiis ganviTareba pirvelyofili<br />
adamianis yoveldRiur yofaze?<br />
f<br />
Si. mniSvnelovnad gaizarda saxnav-saTesi farTobebis raodenoba da SesaZlebeli<br />
gaxda miwis ukeT damuSaveba. Ggaizarda Temis dovlaTi, gaCnda namati produqcia<br />
da daiwyo vaWrobis ganviTareba.<br />
amave periodSi yalibdeba sacxovrisis axali stili. adamianebi bunebriv borcvebze<br />
qmnian dasaxlebebs. sacxovrebeli sxvadasxva daniSnulebis (samosaxlo, religiuri<br />
daniSnulebis, cxovelTa samyofi, sursaTis Sesanaxi) ramdenime nagebobas<br />
aerTianebda. ramdenime aseTi sacxovrebeli dasaxlebas qmnida.<br />
pirveli Temuri dasaxlebebi<br />
brinjaos xanaSi xelosnoba ukve profesiad iqca. ostats mWedlobisa da meTuneobis<br />
kargi codna moeTxoveboda. isini Tixis WurWels ukve ara xeliT, aramed<br />
sameTuneo dazgaze amzadebdnen.<br />
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kvaldakval cvlileba ganicada gvarovnulma Temmac.<br />
meurneobis ganviTarebam xeli Seuwyo calkeuli ojaxebis gamoyofas. gvarovnulma<br />
Temma TandaTan rRveva iwyo da misi adgili `samezoblo Temma~ daikava.<br />
kiTxvebi da davalebebi<br />
meurneobis romeli dargebi Cans ganviTarebuli brinjaos xanaSi?<br />
rogor fiqrob, ra wvlili miuZRvis kacobriobis <strong>istoria</strong>Si metalurgiis<br />
ganviTarebas?<br />
Seni azriT, rogor warmoebda savaWro urTierTobebi fulis ararsebobis dros?<br />
daasaxele progresuli movlenebi, romlebmac sazogadoebis ganviTarebas<br />
mniSvnelovnad Seuwyves xeli, da Tanmimdevrulad ganalage drois xazze.<br />
21
I I Tavi<br />
garemo da ekonomika<br />
22<br />
leqsikoni<br />
2.<br />
2. preistoriuli adamianis<br />
sulieri samyaro<br />
rituali – sarwmunoebrivi xasiaTis wes-CveulebaTa erToblioba<br />
totemizmi – sityva totema indielTa enidan warmodgeba da `mis gvars~ niSnavs.<br />
totemizmi pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli religiis forma iyo.<br />
totems gamoxatavda xis an qvis figura, romelsac adamianebi msxverpls swiravdnen.<br />
mecnierTa azriT, jer kidev zeda paleoliTSi moxda adamianSi religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebis<br />
Camoyalibeba. is Tavs bunebis ganuyofel nawilad aRiqvamda da<br />
masac adamianur Tvisebebs miawerda. Cveulebriv, sulier arsebebad aRiqvamda mcenareebs,<br />
qvebs, mTebs. adamiani gansakuTrebul siaxloves grZnobda cxovelebTan<br />
da zog maTgans Tavis winapradac ki miiCnevda. religiis aseT adreul formas – totemizmi<br />
qvia. sakuTari totemi hyavdaT gvarebs da mis sapativcemulod sxvadasxva<br />
rituals awyobdnen. gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli iyo amindTan dakavSirebuli<br />
ritualebi.<br />
wyaro 1<br />
amerikeli indielebi (omaxas tomi) wvimis gamowvevis mizniT, wyliT<br />
avsebdnen did WurWels da garSemo oTxjer Semouvlidnen<br />
cekviT. SeEmdeg wyals irgvliv aSxefebdnen da<br />
WurWlidan miwaze Rvridnen. cdilobdnen,<br />
SeesvaT da Tan pirze talaxs isvamdnen.<br />
wyaro 2<br />
avstralieli aborigenebi (kurnais tomi) did<br />
pativs miagebdnen tomis uxucess, romelsac<br />
gvalvis Sewyvetac xelewifeboda. amisTvis<br />
uxucesi jadoqrobas mimarTavda: pirSi wyals<br />
Caigubebda da sxvadasxva mxares aSxefebda.<br />
amas rom morCeboda, simRerasa da locvas<br />
warmoTqvamda.<br />
kiTxvebi da davalebebi<br />
rogor fiqrob, ratom grZnobda adamiani gansakuTrebul siaxloves cxovelTa<br />
samyarosTan?<br />
wyaroebis 1-isa da 2-is mixedviT axseni, ratom iyo ase mniSvnelovani<br />
adamianisaTvis amindis problema? ra kavSirs xedav aRweril ritualebsa da<br />
adamianis saqmianobas Soris?<br />
adamianebi amzadebdnen sxvadasxva saxis samkaulebs, ara mxolod sakuTari Tavis<br />
morTvis mizniT, aramed avi Tvalisa da boroti sulisagan dasacavad.<br />
adamianebi jer kidev qvis xanaSi gamoqvabulis kedlebze xatavdnen. is uZvelesi<br />
naxatebi dRemdea SemorCenili. gamoqvabulis kedlebze daxatuli suraTebiT pirveli<br />
adamianebi cdilobdnen, erTmaneTisTvis rame eniSnebinaT. kedlis mxatvrobas<br />
magiuri mniSvnelobac hqonda. Ddaxatul nadirs SubebiT Cxvletdnen, mis win<br />
f<br />
ritualur cekvas asrulebdnen da amiT monadireTa mfarvel<br />
Zalebs dasaxmareblad uxmobdnen.<br />
sainteresoa isic, rom, roca tomi Zvel sacxovriss tovebda,<br />
kldeze gamoxatavda iseT rames, rac aq misul adamians Sesabamis<br />
informacias aZlevda. magaliTad, kldeze gamoxatuli irmebis<br />
brinjaos samkauli<br />
jogi niSnavda, rom aq kargi sanadiro adgili iyo, talRisebri<br />
xazebi ki axlomaxlo wylis arsebobaze miuTiTebda. TiToeul naxats Tu niSans<br />
simboluri datvirTva hqonda da konkretul azrs gadmoscemda. swored msgavsi<br />
simboloebis arsebobiT Caeyara safuZveli damwerlobis pirvelad saxes – piqtografias,<br />
anu xatovan damwerlobas.<br />
anasazis gamoqvabulis kedlebze gamosaxulia adamianis xelis gamosaxulebebi,<br />
romelTac zogs eqvsi, zogs, oTxi, zogsac xuTi TiTi aqvs.<br />
wyaro 3<br />
` ...erTi gamoqvabulis kedlebs xelebis<br />
gamosaxuleba amSvenebs. Ees namdvilad naxatebia<br />
da ara mxatvrebis xelebis anabeWdebi. albaT<br />
gagikvirdebaT, ratom aqvs zogierT maTgans oTxi<br />
da zogs xuTi TiTi. arqeologebsac Zalian ukvirT,<br />
magram pasuxi ar Cans”.<br />
meri eltingi, franklin folsomi, `ambavi<br />
amerikis arqeologiisa~<br />
kiTxvebi da davalebebi<br />
rogor fiqrob, ra mniSvneloba hqonda pirvelyofil adamianSi primitiuli<br />
rwmena-warmodgenebis Casaxvas?<br />
Seni azriT, ris Tqma surda adamians, romelmac anasazis gamoqvabulSi xelis<br />
mtevnis gamosaxulebebi datova?<br />
daiyaviT wyvilebad. wyvilSi TiToeulma cal-calke SeadgineT martivi<br />
piqtogramebi da gadaeciT erTmaneTs – gacvaleT informacia. Seecade, mixvde,<br />
ris Tqma surda Sens megobars TiToeuli piqtogramiT ?<br />
rogor fiqrob, ra mniSvneloba hqonda kacobriobis ganviTarebis sawyis etapze<br />
sulieri kulturis Casaxvas?<br />
u arqeologiuri kvlevebiT dasturdeba, rom pirvelyofil adamians gaaCnda<br />
religiuri rwmena da asrulebda religiur ritualebs. swored am ritualebma<br />
daudes safuZveli pirvelyofil xelovnebas: magiuri Selocvebi, romlebic<br />
ukeT damaxsovrebisTvis gariTmuli iyo, Tanac cekviT sruldeboda,<br />
zepirsityvierebisa da qoreografiis dasabamad iqca. totemis gamosaxviT<br />
mxatvroba Caisaxa, fetiSizmma mcire formebis plastikas (Zerwvas) Cauyara<br />
safuZveli.<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
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