damoukidebeli saqarTvelo da ruseTis agresiuli politika 1918-1921 ...
damoukidebeli saqarTvelo da ruseTis agresiuli politika 1918-1921 ...
damoukidebeli saqarTvelo da ruseTis agresiuli politika 1918-1921 ...
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<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministro<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi<br />
J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> sabrZolo momzadebis departamenti<br />
ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa <strong>da</strong><br />
eTnologiis instituti<br />
SoTa va<strong>da</strong>Wkoria<br />
<strong><strong>da</strong>moukidebeli</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTis</strong> <strong>agresiuli</strong><br />
<strong>politika</strong> <strong>1918</strong>-<strong>1921</strong> wlebSi<br />
meomris biblioTeka #7<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2008
Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ meSvide wigni; seria iTvaliswinebs<br />
wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sa<br />
<strong>da</strong> msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovani movlenebi.<br />
seriis mizania qarTveli meomris <strong>da</strong> imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli aRzr<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia popularuli,<br />
magram maRal profesionalur doneze <strong>da</strong>werili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es patara, magram<br />
tevadi <strong>da</strong> kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa udides mefe <strong>da</strong>viTs,<br />
Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si warmoebul mTavar <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet<br />
brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel oficrebs, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sa <strong>da</strong><br />
msoflio samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa <strong>da</strong> eTnologiis<br />
instituti <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saministro.<br />
didi survili <strong>da</strong> imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa <strong>da</strong> oficerTa gar<strong>da</strong>, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.<br />
seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera <strong>da</strong> didi <strong>da</strong>viTi yvelas Seaxsenebs, rom<br />
brZola <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTvis dResac grZeldeba.<br />
seriis sare<strong>da</strong>qcio kolegia: istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe<br />
istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, profesori Tamaz beraZe<br />
mecnierebaTa doqtori,<br />
vice polkovniki Temur <strong>da</strong>laqiSvili<br />
recenzenti: istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, profesori avTandil sonRulaSvili<br />
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Lnino gigani<br />
ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe<br />
re<strong>da</strong>qtori: nargiz xarabaZe<br />
teqnikuri re<strong>da</strong>qtori: mari WoniSvili<br />
vaJa kiknaZe<br />
<strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli <strong>da</strong> samoqmedod SemoRebulia <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaer-<br />
Tianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> sabrZolo<br />
departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik no<strong>da</strong>r qviliTaias mier<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabis<br />
topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.<br />
q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20<br />
tel.: +995 32 91-19-83<br />
faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83<br />
2
<strong><strong>da</strong>moukidebeli</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sagareo politikis erT-erTi urTulesi<br />
sfero sabWoTa ruseTTan urTierToba iyo. qarTvel politikosebs kargad<br />
esmo<strong>da</strong>T, rusuli orientacia qveynis <strong>da</strong>Rupvas rom moaswaveb<strong>da</strong>, amitom,<br />
prioritets <strong>da</strong>savlur orientacias aniWebdnen. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa,<br />
urTierTTanamSromlobisa <strong>da</strong> Tanasworobis principi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, axalgazr<strong>da</strong><br />
qarTuli respublika ruseTTan TanamSromlobisTvisac mzad<br />
iyo, Tumca sabWoTa ruseTi, imperiaSi Semaval yovel ers kvlav Tavis<br />
Semadgenel nawilad moiazreb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amis Sesaxeb gabriel xun<strong>da</strong>Ze ∗ <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s erovnuli sabWos <strong>1918</strong><br />
wlis agvistos sxdomaze xazgasmiT aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>: `yvela im ers, romelmac<br />
isargebla erTa TviTgamorkvevis principiT <strong>da</strong> bolSevikuri mTavroba ar<br />
icno, bolSevikebma omi gamoucxades. trockim wina<strong>da</strong>deba misca admiral<br />
sablins ∗ floti sabrZolvelad gaemzadebina <strong>da</strong> sevastopoli<strong>da</strong>n gaelaSqra<br />
Cxenkelis ∗ mTavrobis winaaRmdeg. amas bolSevikebi ar eZaxian<br />
erTa TviTgamorkvevis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebas.~ rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, <strong><strong>da</strong>moukidebeli</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s winaaRmdeg saomari moqmedebis <strong>da</strong>wyeba, sabWoTa<br />
<strong>ruseTis</strong> xelisufalTa dRis wesrigSi idga. am Canafiqris sisruleSi<br />
moyvana, mxolod `moxaliseTa armiis~ ∗ SeteviTma operaciebma <strong>da</strong> ruseTSi<br />
samoqalaqo omis <strong>da</strong>wyebam CaSala. umZimesi mdgomareobi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
sabWoTa ruseTma amierkavkasiis saxelmwifoebis mimarT mtruli politikuri<br />
kursi garegnulad `keTilmezobluri~ urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>myarebis<br />
mcdelobiT Secvala. amis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>stureblad sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> sagareo<br />
saqmeTa komisaris g.CiCerinis mier azerbaijanis, <strong>da</strong>Restnis <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
muSebisa <strong>da</strong> glexebisadmi gagzavnili `mowodeba“ gamodgeba. dokumentis<br />
mixedviT, erTa TviTgamorkvevis principi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, sab-<br />
WoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> mizans TiTqos aRniSnuli respublikebis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisadmi<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. `Tu Tqven kavkasiis muslimanebi <strong>da</strong><br />
qarTvelebi _ vkiTxulobT mowodebaSi _ kmayofilni xarT Tqveni respublikebis<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi wesebiT, icxovreT TqvenTvis wynarad,<br />
TviTgamorkveviT <strong>da</strong> aRadgineT CvenTan keTilmezobluri ganwyobileba.~<br />
dokumentSi gamoTqmuli Semrigebluri toni <strong>da</strong> `erTa TviTgamorkvevis~<br />
sabWouri aRiarebisadmi mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera, gazeTma `erTobam~ eWvis qveS <strong>da</strong>ayena.<br />
Tavisi poziciis gasamagreblad, bolSevikebis sityvasa <strong>da</strong> saqmes Soris<br />
urTierTsawinaaRmdego, kerZod, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si maTi antisaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
saqmianobis faqtebi moiSvelia <strong>da</strong> moskovis `samSvidobo~ kursisadmi<br />
ndoba, SeuZleblad gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>. `Cven ki Cveulni varT – wer<strong>da</strong> gazeTi _<br />
saqmes <strong>da</strong>vujeroT, <strong>da</strong> sanam bolSevikebis sityvasa <strong>da</strong> saqmes Sua harmonia<br />
ar iqneba, Cveni dRevandeli <strong>politika</strong>c bolSevikebisadmi maT moqmedebas-<br />
Tan iqneba Sefardebuli <strong>da</strong> ara maT `mowodebasTan.~ es imis maCvenebelia,<br />
rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisuflebis mesveurebi, mimdinare procesebs sworad<br />
afasebdnen <strong>da</strong> amierkavkasiis saxelmwifoebisadmi <strong>ruseTis</strong> `<strong>da</strong>mTmoblur“<br />
nabijTan mimarTebaSi Sesabamis <strong>da</strong>skvnebsac akeTebdnen. amis SesaniSnav ni-<br />
3
muSs <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mTavrobisadmi g. CiCerinis mier gamogzavnili notisadmi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba warmoadgens. es dokumenti ruseTTan mimarTebaSi<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mTavrobas `meryevi~ politikuri kursis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis aucileblobaze<br />
miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> denikinis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad sabWoTa<br />
ruseTTan samxedro xelSekrulebis gaformebas sTavazob<strong>da</strong>. Tu ramdenad<br />
mizanSewonili iyo Crdiloeli mezoblis mier SemoTavazebuli wina<strong>da</strong>debis<br />
miReba <strong>da</strong> Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi ras miscem<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s am mimar-<br />
TulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli nabiji, amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, Cveni yuradReba gazeT<br />
`erTobaSi~ gamoqveynebulma mowinave werilma `komunistebis wina<strong>da</strong>deba<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mTavrobisadmi~ miiqcia. igi sazogadoebas Seaxseneb<strong>da</strong>: 1)<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>, ruseTTan `samxedro kavSiris~ Sekvris gareSe<strong>da</strong>c 1919<br />
wli<strong>da</strong>n denikinTan saomar mdgomareobaSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong>. am fonze, mezobeli<br />
respublikebis sagareo politikis denikinis safrTxisagan Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebamde <strong>da</strong>yvanas igi Secdomad miiCnev<strong>da</strong>; 2) sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong><br />
mier SemoTavazebuli `samxedro kavSiri,~ amierkavkasiis respublikebis<br />
samoqalaqo omSi CaTrevas, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sadmi evropis saxelmwifoebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mterebas <strong>da</strong> bloka<strong>da</strong>s isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad. am mimarTulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli<br />
nabiji qveyanaSi umZimes ekonomikur kriziss warmoqmni<strong>da</strong>. `es niSnavs _<br />
wer<strong>da</strong> gazeTi _ SimSilis aTjer gazr<strong>da</strong>s, es niSnavs Cveni qveynis<br />
mcxovrebTa ga<strong>da</strong>Senebis gzaze <strong>da</strong>yenebas. SeiZleba <strong>ruseTis</strong> asmilionianma<br />
erma am ubedurebas gauZlos, magram Cveni or milioniani eri amas ver<br />
gauZlebs, welSi gatydeba <strong>da</strong> sabolood aRigveba qveyni<strong>da</strong>n. bolSevikebs<br />
aseTi Sedegi ar aSinebT, radgan isini ers, rogorc aseTs ar ufrTxildebian.<br />
eri maTTvis mxolod saSualebaa sxva miznisaTvis. CvenTvis ki<br />
eris Senaxva umaRlesi mizania.~ 3) gasabWoebul ruseTTan `samxedro<br />
kavSiris” Sekvra, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mxri<strong>da</strong>n `<strong>da</strong>ufiqrebeli <strong>da</strong> Seuwynarebeli<br />
nabiji iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, radgan... <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli ara varT, wer<strong>da</strong> gazeTi `erToba~<br />
_ rom dRevandeli `mokavSireni~ xval zvarakad ar Segvwiraven komunisturi<br />
RmerTebis samsxverploze.~<br />
aRniSnul sakiTxebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, imave gazeTma statiaSi _<br />
`ucnauri gaugebroba~ Tavisi pozicia Semdegnairad Camoayaliba: `dRevandel<br />
pirobebSi, roca ruseTSi anarqia mZvinvarebs <strong>da</strong> am anarqiis gamomwvev<br />
or ZalasTan lenin-denikinTan ∗ gvaqvs saqme, Cven yovlad<br />
SeuZleblad vTvliT raime saxelmwifoebrivi kavSiris gabmas rogorc<br />
erT ise meore ZalasTan.~ xolo momdevno werilSi `reaqciis winaaRmdeg~<br />
vkiTxulobT; `bolSevizmis ayola denikinis gulisaTvis niSnavs meore<br />
ukiduresobaSi Cavardnas, gzis abnevas <strong>da</strong> amiT Tavis <strong>da</strong>samarcxeblad<br />
ueWveli nia<strong>da</strong>gis momzadebas. Cveni mizani naTelia: demokratiis saSualebiT,<br />
demokratiuli revoluciuri meTodebiT denikinis <strong>da</strong>mxoba <strong>da</strong> bol-<br />
Sevikuri anarqiis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba. am ori didi miznis erTad ganxorcieleba<br />
ixsnis... Cvens mxares mosalodneli ganadgurebisagan.~ rogorc<br />
4
vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, denikinTan <strong>da</strong> bolSevizmTan mimarTebaSi negatiuri <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
aq gamokveTila<strong>da</strong>a naCvenebi.<br />
aseTi poziciis oficialurad gamoTqmiT, qarTulma samTavrobo presam,<br />
<strong>ruseTis</strong>admi undoblobis demonstrireba moaxdina. amave dros saWiro<br />
iyo sakiTxis samTavrobo doneze ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta. am mxriv, gansakuTrebul<br />
interess g. CiCerinisadmi e. gegeWkoris ∗ sapasuxo nota iqcevs. ruseT<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
Soris keTilmezobluri, samSvidobo urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>myarebas<br />
es dokumenti ga<strong>da</strong>udebel amocanad miiCnev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saTanado gzebis Ziebis<br />
aucileblobazec miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>, magram amave dros, aRniSnuli nota,<br />
sabWoTa ruseTTan samxedro kavSiris <strong>da</strong>debasa <strong>da</strong> denikinis winaaRmdeg<br />
sabrZolo operaciebSi monawileobis SesaZleblobas gamoricxav<strong>da</strong>. Ziri-<br />
Tad argumentebad e. gegeWkori Semdeg garemoebebs asaxeleb<strong>da</strong>: a) <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
sagareo <strong>politika</strong> qveynis neitralitetis <strong>da</strong>cvas efuZnebo<strong>da</strong>, b)<br />
denikinTan 1919 wli<strong>da</strong>n saomari mdgomareobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, SeteviTi omis<br />
SeuZleblobi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> qveynis interesebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong><br />
mxolod Tav<strong>da</strong>cviTi operaciebis ganxorcielebiT ifarglebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
g)denikinis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi <strong>ruseTis</strong> federaciis teritoriaze qar-<br />
Tuli mxedrobis monawileoba, sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> Sinaur saqmeebSi Carevas<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
diplomatiuri normebis <strong>da</strong>cviT Sedgenilma <strong>da</strong>sabuTebulma pasuxma,<br />
<strong>ruseTis</strong> sagareo saqmeTa komisars rogorc Cans, wonasworoba <strong>da</strong>akargvina.<br />
Aamis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas e. gegeWkorisadmi g.CiCerinis mier gamogzavnili<br />
sapasuxo nota (1919 wlis 31 ianvari) warmoadgens. igi diplomatiur<br />
CarCos cildebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> rac mTavaria, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisuflebisadmi<br />
winaswargamiznuli braldebebis axal wyebas Seicav<strong>da</strong>. sapasuxo notiT<br />
(7 Tebervali), e. gegeWkorma <strong>ruseTis</strong> sagareo saqmeTa ministris wamoyenebul<br />
pretenziebs ara marto <strong>da</strong>majerebeli pasuxi gasca, aramed<br />
saaSkaraoze gamoitana is ZiriTadi mizezebi, rasac <strong>ruseTis</strong> mxare zemo<strong>da</strong>saxelebuli<br />
notis gavrcelebiT iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>. `aRniSnuli radiodepeSis<br />
Sinaarsi <strong>da</strong> xasiaTi, – vkiTxulobT e. gegeWkoris notaSi _<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mTavrobas srul sabuTs aZlevs ifiqros, rom sabWoTa<br />
mTavroba cdilobs <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s respublikis prestiJi <strong>da</strong>sces yalb cnobebze<br />
miTiTebiT, romliT sargeblobasac me srulebiT miuReblad vTvli.~<br />
g. CiCerinis braldebebs e. gegeWkori zneobriv-politikuri kuTxiT<br />
ganixilav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mis Sefasebasac iZleo<strong>da</strong>. `Cemi mTavrobis rwmunebiT<br />
vacxadeb, _ vkiTxulobT notaSi _ rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s respublikis mxriv<br />
am <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaTa <strong>da</strong>samyareblad araviTari <strong>da</strong>brkoleba ar arsebobs<br />
<strong>da</strong> imeds gamovTqvam, rom sabWoTa mTavroba Tavis momaval <strong>politika</strong>Si<br />
moZebnis qarTveli xalxisaTvis misaReb enas.~ e. gegeWkoris es imedi ar<br />
gamarTl<strong>da</strong>. piriqiT, sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> mesveurebi diplomatiur paeqrobaSi,<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTan mimarTebaSi <strong>da</strong>grovili RvarZli <strong>da</strong> mtruli <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
srulyofilad gamoamzeures. amis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas g. Ci-<br />
5
Cerinis mesame, nota #432 warmoadgens, romelic 1920 wlis 19 TebervliTaa<br />
<strong>da</strong>TariRebuli. igi braldebebis axal `serialTan~ erTad,<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sadmi sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> `risxvis~ ganmapirobebel ZiriTad<br />
mizezsac xsnis. `miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad yvelafrisa, – vkiTxulobT notaSi _<br />
<strong>ruseTis</strong> muSaTa <strong>da</strong> glexTa mTavroba imedovneb<strong>da</strong>, rom gegeWkoris mTavroba<br />
ver gabe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> uari eTqva erTad brZolaze <strong>ruseTis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
mSromeli masis saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg.~ aq erTi niuansia<br />
gasaTvaliswinebeli, kerZod, `uaris Tqmis gabedva~ Crdiloeli mezoblisagan<br />
SemoTavazebul `saomar xelSekrulebaze.~ rogorc Cans,<br />
drois cvalebadobam rusul cnobierebaze zemoqmedeba ver moaxdina.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisuflebas aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimar-<br />
TebaSi Tavisi principuli pozicia ar Seucvlia. GgazeTi `erToba~ mowinave<br />
werilSi `CiCerinis mesame nota~ am dokuments `sicruisa <strong>da</strong> Worikanobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>uSretel zRvas~ uwodeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sturad, CiCerinis mier wamoyenebuli<br />
yoveli braldebis gasabaTilebeli faqtebi moyav<strong>da</strong>. MmaT Soris<br />
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>ze TurqeTis Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis momentSi,<br />
soxumis olqSi bolSevikTa mier sagangebod mowyobil ajanyebaze amaxvileb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
imavdroulad, notis avtors brestis sazavo xelSekrulebasac<br />
Seaxseneb<strong>da</strong>. `amisTana wamebis gaxsenebiT, _ vkiTxulobT werilSi _ ara<br />
gvgonia bolSevikebma moigon rame. keTilgoniereba moiTxov<strong>da</strong>, rom CiCerins<br />
<strong>da</strong>viwyebisaTvis ar mieca iseTi saxelovani sazavo xelSekruleba,<br />
romelic sabWoTa ruseTma brest-litovskSi <strong>da</strong>sdo, xelSekruleba, romelic<br />
amierkavkasiis demokratiis gawirvas <strong>da</strong> gayidvas udris, romli-<br />
Tac leninis mTavrobam osmalTa faSebis fexqveS ganarTxo Cveni demokratia,<br />
mTeli Cveni eri, yvela is, rac revoluciis gziT movipoveT.~ rac<br />
Seexeba, <strong>ruseTis</strong> winaaRmdeg, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-osmaleTis SeTqmulebis braldebas,<br />
imave statiaSi vkiTxulobT: `politikuri gulubryvilobiT, an<strong>da</strong><br />
sazRapro utifrobiT un<strong>da</strong> avxsnaT, rom batoni CiCerini... ramdenjerme<br />
ixseniebs Cvens viTom<strong>da</strong> `SeTanxmebas~ osmal-faSasTan, aseTi laparaki<br />
`osmal-faSebis~ Sesaxeb b-ni CiCerinis mxriv, sxva rom ara vTqvaT ra,<br />
uzrdelobaa sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> dRevandeli mokavSirisadmi, romlebTanac<br />
bolSevikur mTavrobas namdvili bloki aqvs Sekruli <strong>da</strong> romlebTanac<br />
erTad awarmoebs mTel Tavis <strong>politika</strong>s aRmosavleTSi <strong>da</strong> amierkavkasiaSi.<br />
gabedos CiCerinma am faqtis uaryofa.~ istoriografiaSi <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebulia,<br />
rom 1920 wli<strong>da</strong>n mustafa qemalsa ∗ <strong>da</strong> lenins Soris mimowera osmaleTisadmi<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis Sesaxeb marTlac mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. xolo osmaleTis<br />
erovnulma krebam (1920 wlis 12 ivlisi), rsfsr ∗ saxalxo komisariatisadmi<br />
gagzavnili SetyobinebiT, <strong>ruseTis</strong> sfs respublikisadmi<br />
osmaleTis mokavSireoba oficialurad aRiara. am faqtTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT,<br />
sabWoTa ruseTma sapasuxo nabiji ga<strong>da</strong>dga. imave wlis ivnisSi, mustafa<br />
qemal-faSas g. CiCerinma sagangebo nota gaugzavna, romelSic<br />
TurqeTisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba gamokveTilad iyo <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli. CvenTvis<br />
6
saintereso sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, dokumentSi vkiTxulobT: `sabWoTa<br />
mTavrobam miiRo Tqveni werili, romelSiac Tqven survils gamoTqvamT<br />
mudmivi kavSiri <strong>da</strong>ikavoT sabWoTa mTavrobasTan <strong>da</strong> monawileoba miiRoT<br />
brZolaSi imperializmis winaaRmdeg, romelic erTnairad emuqreba orive<br />
qveyanas... sabWoTa mTavroba iRebs cnobaT didi nacionaluri krebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas imis Sesaxeb, raTa Cveni muSaoba <strong>da</strong>... samxedro operaciebi<br />
imperialisturi mTavrobebis winaaRmdeg SeTanxmebuli iyos... dRes,<br />
rodesac osmaleTi ganicdis did tanjvas, sabWoTa mTavroba gansakuTrebulis<br />
sixaruliT hkravs megobrul kavSirs, romelmac un<strong>da</strong> SeakavSiros<br />
<strong>ruseTis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis xalxebi.~ aRniSnuli faqtebiT <strong>da</strong>sturdeba, rom<br />
qarTuli saxelmwifos xelisufalTa guliswyroma sinamdvili<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
xolo zemoT miTiTebuli werilis mwvave polemikuri xasiaTi<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s winaaRmdeg sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> mier Cadenili codvebis<br />
saaSkaraoze gamotanas <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis winaSe sruli saxiT warmoCenas<br />
iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>. rac Seexeba ruseT-osmaleTis SeTanxmebas, masSi orive<br />
saxelmwifos interesebi iyo Cadebuli. <strong>ruseTis</strong> mokavSireobi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
TurqeTis mizans antantisadmi <strong>da</strong>pirispireba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nawilebisgan osmaleTis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>rCena warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. xolo ruseTs, kavkasiaSi gabatonebiT,<br />
axloaRmosavleTSi winsvlisaTvis mtkice <strong>da</strong>sayrdenis Seqmna qon<strong>da</strong> Cafiqrebuli.<br />
AamasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT m.mandelStammi gazeT `slovo~-Si gamoqveynebul<br />
werilSi garkveviT miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>, rom `evropa sa<strong>da</strong>c mrewveloba<br />
ganviTarebulia, zurgs aqcevs bolSevizms. kremli ki Tvalebs aRmosavleTisken<br />
apyrobs. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> gzazea <strong>da</strong> bolSevizmi Seecdeba mis <strong>da</strong>morCilebas.~<br />
xolo gazeTi `tani~ imave sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT iuwyebo<strong>da</strong>;~<br />
mustafa qemals mWidro <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba aqvs leninTan, romel-<br />
Tanac igi imuSavebs sabWoTa mTavrobis mcire aziis saqmeebSi Carevis gegmas.~<br />
es imis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebelia, rom ruseT-osmaleTis aliansi uSualod<br />
<strong><strong>da</strong>moukidebeli</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. meore mxriv,<br />
aSkarad gamoikveTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> axloaRmosavluri <strong>politika</strong>. aq erTi<br />
mniSvnelovani faqtoricaa gasaTvaliswinebeli, kerZod, bolSevikebis <strong>da</strong><br />
mefis <strong>ruseTis</strong> politikur miswrafebaTa identuroba. Aam sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi,<br />
qarTul saxelmwifos gamokveTili pozicia gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. amis<br />
SesaniSnav magaliTs gazeT `erTobaSi~ gamoqveynebuli mowinave werili<br />
`wiTeli armiis kavkasiasTan moaxloebis gamo,~ warmoadgens.<br />
aRniSnul statiaSi, mefis driondeli <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> ideologiur<br />
politikuri xazis urTirT<strong>da</strong>pirispirebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, maTi identurobaa<br />
aRiarebuli. amis erT-erT nimuSad gazeTi `inorodcebisadmi~<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas asaxeleb<strong>da</strong>. misi TqmiT, orive ruseTi ararusi erebis<br />
survilsa <strong>da</strong> miswrafebebs ignorirebdnen, xolo <strong>da</strong>pyrobis politikis<br />
gatarebas misaRebad Tvlidnen. <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli statia sazogadoebas Seaxseneb<strong>da</strong>:<br />
`ra sanelebliTac gin<strong>da</strong>T SeazaveT bolSevikebis <strong>politika</strong>, Tun<strong>da</strong>c<br />
am sanelebels `komunizmi~ ewodebodes, ers igi iseve un<strong>da</strong> emwaros,<br />
7
ogorc emwarebo<strong>da</strong> Zveli <strong>ruseTis</strong> <strong>politika</strong>, radgan erisaTvis mas<br />
moaqvs Zal<strong>da</strong>taneba, welSi gatexa <strong>da</strong> kulturuli <strong>da</strong>qveiTeba.~ meore<br />
ZiriTad argumentad igive gazeTi <strong>ruseTis</strong> `axloaRmosavleTis <strong>politika</strong>s~<br />
asaxeleb<strong>da</strong>, mis orbunebianobaze <strong>da</strong> makiavelizmze miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
imavdroulad, gazeTis yuradReba `socialuri revoluciis gaRrmavebis~<br />
niRbiT, carizmis politikis <strong>da</strong>farvis mcdelobaze ga<strong>da</strong>hqon<strong>da</strong>; `<strong>ruseTis</strong><br />
imperiam, _ wer<strong>da</strong> gazeTi _ `didi <strong>ruseTis</strong>~ lozungiT Semodga fexi<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si. SesaZlebelia sabWoTa ruseTma `komunizmis~ lozungiT<br />
moindomos `wiTeli armiis~ Semoyvana Cvens sazRvrebSi... Cvenma xalxma...<br />
kargad icis, rom misTvis araviTari gansxvaveba ar aris, romeli ucxo<br />
jari Semodis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si Zal<strong>da</strong>tanebis mizniT, Zveli <strong>ruseTis</strong>a Tu<br />
sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong>a.~ rusuli safrTxe, marTlac savsebiT realuri iyo.<br />
<strong>ruseTis</strong> sainformacio saSualebebSi, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sadmi gamoTqmuli pretenziebis<br />
Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiTaa saubari `amxanagis~ (m. s. lomTaTiZe)<br />
fsevdonimiT gamoqveynebul naSromSi `komunistur ruseTSi.~ misi Ziri-<br />
Tadi debulebebi Semdegnairad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: a) <strong>saqarTvelo</strong><br />
sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> yvelaze Zlieri <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>uZinebeli mteria, radgan n. Jor<strong>da</strong>niam<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si `kedeli aRmarTa~ <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa ruseTi aRmosavleTs<br />
mowyvita. leninis mTavrobas aRmosavleTSi `revoluciis cecxlis SetanaSi~<br />
xeli SeuSala, b) n. Jor<strong>da</strong>nias mTavrobis <strong>da</strong>marcxeba, rusul<br />
menSevizms sazrdos gamoaclis <strong>da</strong> mis srul likvi<strong>da</strong>cias <strong>da</strong>aCqarebs. g)<br />
n. Jor<strong>da</strong>niam, i. wereTelma, k. CxeiZem <strong>da</strong> n. ramiSvilma <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis<br />
muSaTa klasi sabWoTa ruseTs <strong>da</strong>upirispires <strong>da</strong> maTi meSveobiT `ruseTs<br />
evropaSi ucqerian rogorc velurebis qveyanas.~ ramdena<strong>da</strong>c, sabWoTa<br />
<strong>ruseTis</strong> politikuri miswrafebebis `Semaferxebeli barieris~ rolSi<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong> aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> xelisuflebis umaRles<br />
eSelonebSi mis winaaRmdeg moqmedebis Sesabamisi gegmac momzad<strong>da</strong>. 1920<br />
wlis TebervalSi centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis erT-erT sxdomaze<br />
m. kalinini acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, `Tbilisma un<strong>da</strong> iTamaSos moskovis roli aRmosavleTSi,<br />
is un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>iqces meore moskovad~ <strong>da</strong> iqve ayeneb<strong>da</strong> sakiTxs.<br />
`aviRoT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> Tu xmliT ara, `nebiT~ mainc.~ im SemTxvevaSi Tuki<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong> <strong>da</strong>moikideblobaze nebiT uars ar ganacxadeb<strong>da</strong>, sabWoTa<br />
<strong>ruseTis</strong> genStabis mier gamocemuli <strong>ruseTis</strong> respublikis sazRvrebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebeli rukebis mixedviT, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sazRvari mdinareebze, _<br />
bzifsa <strong>da</strong> Coloqze gaivlebo<strong>da</strong>. am faqts sabWouri presa Semdegnairad<br />
xsni<strong>da</strong>: `baqo Cven gvin<strong>da</strong>, umisod ver gavZlebT, xolo baqo ubaTumod<br />
araferia, amisaTvis klitec Cvens xelSi un<strong>da</strong> iyves. Tqven ki ar giSliT<br />
cxovrebas iyaviT TqvenTvis <strong><strong>da</strong>moukidebeli</strong>~ sxvaTaSoris, denikinic ase<br />
msjelob<strong>da</strong>. `gagra Cemia, Tqven bzifi<strong>da</strong>n gekuTvniT, xolo baTumi xom<br />
rasakvirvelia <strong>ruseTis</strong> aris.~ zemoT aRniSnul rukaze ruseT<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
sazRvari zustad ise iyo gavlebuli, rogorc denikins<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> Cafiqrebuli. Ees ki, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTan mimarTebaSi denikinisa <strong>da</strong><br />
8
sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> xelisufalTa politikuri kursis identurobaze metyveleb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisufleba sabWoTa<br />
<strong>ruseTis</strong> mier SemoTavazebul xelSekrulebaze Tanxmobas ganacxadeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
ori mo<strong>da</strong>ve agresori<strong>da</strong>n upiratesobas erT-erT maTgans miscem<strong>da</strong>, es<br />
nabiji qarTuli saxelmwifosaTvis TviTmkvlelobis tolfasi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Cvens mier motanili faqtebi imis u<strong>da</strong>o <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebaa, rom amierkavkasiis<br />
regioni <strong>da</strong> maT Soris <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>, garduvali safrTxis winaSe<br />
imyofebo<strong>da</strong>. aseT rTul situaciaSi somxeT-azerbaijans Soris <strong>da</strong>wyebuli<br />
saomari moqmedeba, (1920 wlis marti) regionis garSemo mimdinare<br />
procesebis gauTvaliswineblobis Sedegi iyo. misi Semdgomi gaRrmaveba,<br />
amierkavkasiaSi sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> gaaqtiurebas uwyob<strong>da</strong> xels <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sac<br />
garkveuli safrTxis winaSe ayeneb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
bunebrivia, qarTvelma politikosebma, somxeT-azerbaijanis konfliqti<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis meaTe sagangebo sxdomis (1920 wlis 8<br />
aprili) msjelobis sagani gaxades. MmiRebuli rezolucia, aRniSnul<br />
oms, amierkavkasiis saxelmwifoebis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis momakvdineblad<br />
acxadeb<strong>da</strong>. regionSi stabilurobis SenarCunebis mizniT, saerTo<br />
kavkasiur konferenciaze sa<strong>da</strong>o sakiTxebis gatanas moiTxov<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> orTave<br />
mxares arsebuli problemebis mSvidobiani gziT ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisaken mouwodeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
es angariSgasawevi wina<strong>da</strong>deba, somxeTisa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
yuradRebis miRma <strong>da</strong>rCa. Mmtaceblurma <strong>da</strong> urTierT <strong>da</strong>sustebis<br />
<strong>politika</strong>m orive qveynisaTvis uaryofiTi Sedegebi gamoiRo. igi azerbaijansa<br />
<strong>da</strong> somxeTSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>myarebiT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>. rac Seexeba<br />
azerbaijanze <strong>ruseTis</strong> jaris Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmas, am faqtTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisuflebam reagireba maSinve moazdina <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebac miiRo (1920 w. 27 aprili). qarTuli mxare <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-azerbaijanis<br />
samxedro xelSekrulebis (1919 wlis 16 ivnisi)<br />
pirveli muxliT gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnas, _ urTierT<strong>da</strong>xmarebis Sesaxeb,<br />
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Seasruleb<strong>da</strong>, Tuki azerbaijanis mosaxleoba<br />
mters winaaRmdegobas gauwev<strong>da</strong>, xolo mTavroba, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisuflebas<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebisaTvis oficialurad mimarTav<strong>da</strong>. qarTul mxares,<br />
zemoaRniSnuli xelSekrulebis Sesruleba ar <strong>da</strong>sWirvebia, radgan movlenebi<br />
sxvagvarad ganviTar<strong>da</strong>. amis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis 1920 wlis<br />
30 aprilis sxdomaze n.Jor<strong>da</strong>nia ambob<strong>da</strong>: `bolSevikebi mividnen swrafi<br />
matareblebiT... sruliad umniSvnelo ZalebiT, _ ori javSniani<br />
matarebliT. maTi ukan garekva <strong>da</strong> matareblebis <strong>da</strong>kaveba SeeZlo mcire<br />
Zalas, magram vinai<strong>da</strong>n amis survili ar iyo, bolSevikebis Sesvla<br />
ubralo gaseirnebad ga<strong>da</strong>iqca.~ xolo gazeTi `erToba~ mowinave werilSi<br />
`bolSevikuri ga<strong>da</strong>trialeba baqoSi~ momx<strong>da</strong>r faqts Semdegnairad aRwer<strong>da</strong>:<br />
`aq ar iyo araviTari omi, araviTari Tav<strong>da</strong>cva; bolSevikebi movidnen<br />
CrdiloeTi<strong>da</strong>n ise, rogorc Cveulebrivi mgzavrebi modian saswrafo<br />
matarebliT. maT win ar <strong>da</strong>xvedriaT araviTari winaaRmdegoba, araviTar<br />
9
jars ar SeuSlia maTTvis xeli.~ yovelive es imaze metyvelebs, rom<br />
azerbaijanis mosaxleobam <strong>da</strong> mTavrobam qveynis gasabWoebas (1920 wlis<br />
28 aprili) mxari <strong>da</strong>uWira. am aqtiT, sabWoTa ruseTi aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>nac<br />
gaumezobl<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s, riTac misi <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba realuri safrTxis<br />
winaSe <strong>da</strong>ayena.<br />
am fonze uTuod yuradRebas iqcevs <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis 1920 wlis<br />
30 aprilis sxdomaze n. Jor<strong>da</strong>nias mier warmoTqmuli sityva: `bolSevizmis<br />
CvenSi SemoSveba, aq misi gamefeba, _ acxadeb<strong>da</strong> igi _ niSnavs Cvens<br />
azerbaijanad gaxdomas, bolSevikur-osmaluri imperializmis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si<br />
gabatonebas. Aazerbaijanis gzaze Cveni Sedgoma, misi politikuri<br />
mrwamsis miReba, es Tavisufali <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s samu<strong>da</strong>mo<br />
<strong>da</strong>samarebaa. evropisagan samu<strong>da</strong>mod mowyvetaa <strong>da</strong> aziis fanatikosebis<br />
brWyalebSi Cavardnaa.~ qveynis pirveli piris mier poziciis aseTi<br />
formiT oficialurad <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebam, sakanonmdeblo organosgan Sesatyvisi<br />
rezoluciis miReba moiTxova. miRebulDdokumentSi imedi iyo gamoTqmuli,<br />
rom gansacdelis Jams, respublikis mosaxleoba <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
SeiaraRebuli Zalebi xelisuflebis garSemo Semoikribebodnen <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis interesebs <strong>da</strong>icavdnen.<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c mdgomareoba uaRresad seriozuli iyo, qarTuli saxelmwifos<br />
liderebma saeTaSoriso organizaciebis saqmis kursSi Cayeneba, aucileblobad<br />
miiCnies. ssdm ∗ partiis centraluri komitetis prezidiumis<br />
1920 wlis 27 aprilis sxdomis <strong>da</strong>dgenilebis Tanaxmad, specialuri<br />
Setyobineba <strong>da</strong>egzavna meore internacionals, saerTaSoriso<br />
profkavSirul biurosa <strong>da</strong> yvela qveynis socialistur partiebs. amas<br />
arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> im TvalsazrisiT, rom maTi meSveobiT,<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleT evropis sazogadoebriv-politikuri azri, bolSevikuri<br />
<strong>ruseTis</strong> sawinaaRmdego poziciasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sadmi Tanadgomas oficialurad<br />
erTxel kidev <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stureb<strong>da</strong>. miTumetes, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s `de<br />
iure~ aRiarebis sakiTxi dRis wesrigSi idga. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, <strong>ruseTis</strong>gan<br />
Zalad Tavsmoxveul problemebTan mimarTebaSi, arsebiTi mniSvneloba<br />
qveynis mosaxleobis <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas eniWebo<strong>da</strong>. misi gaTvaliswineba<br />
mmarTvel politikur partias praqtikuli saqmianobis erT-erT ucilobo<br />
pirobad miaCn<strong>da</strong>. amitom, aRniSnuli sakiTxi regionaluri partiuli organizaciebis<br />
msjelobis sagnad aqcia. amis erT-erT nimuSs, goris<br />
samazro partiuli organizaciis mesame konferencia (1920 wlis 18<br />
aprili) warmoadgens. rogorc stenografiuli angariSi<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, misma<br />
monawileebma erTsulovnad <strong>da</strong>uWires mxari mTavrobis mier ruseTTan mimarTebaSi<br />
aRebul kurss, rac Sesabamisi rezoluciiTac <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stures.<br />
`konferencia mouwodebs goris mazris mSromel xalxs, – vkiTxulobT<br />
dokumentSi _ erTsulovnad Semokrbes demokratiis nebasurvilTa gamomxatveli<br />
<strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis <strong>da</strong> mis winaSe pasuxismgebeli mTavrobis<br />
10
garSemo <strong>da</strong> maTTan erTad saWiroebisas <strong>da</strong>icvan Tavisufali <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
sazRvrebi momxdurTa Zalebisagan.~ D<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxul mizans emsaxurbo<strong>da</strong> ssdm partiis centraluri komitetis,<br />
social demokratiuli partiis koleqtivebis <strong>da</strong> yvela socialdemokratiul<br />
fraqciaTa gaerTianebuli kreba (1920 wlis 30 aprili). n.<br />
Jor<strong>da</strong>nias mier politikuri momentis Sesaxeb gakeTebul moxsenebaSi,<br />
azerbaijanSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri ga<strong>da</strong>trialebis ZiriTad mizezebTan erTad, gansakuTrebuli<br />
yuradReba, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTan mimarTebaSi sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong><br />
miznebze <strong>da</strong> amocanebze iyo ga<strong>da</strong>tanili. gamoTqmuli iyo rwmena, rom<br />
qveyana mters Sesaferis pasuxs gascem<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gansacdelisagan uvneblad<br />
gamovido<strong>da</strong>. MmiRebuli rezolucia, mTavrobisadmi oficialur mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras<br />
gamoTqvam<strong>da</strong>. `TaTbiri savsebiT iwonebs <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mTavrobis mier ga<strong>da</strong>dgmul nabijebs, romelic mimarTulia respublikis<br />
sazRvrebis <strong>da</strong>cvisken <strong>da</strong> mouwodebs partiis yvela wevrs, energiulad<br />
awarmoon farTo Tav<strong>da</strong>cva gaerTianebul bolSevilur-osmaluri imperializmis<br />
safrTxesTan.~<br />
amave dros rokis ga<strong>da</strong>sasvleli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sazRvrebis <strong>da</strong>rRvevis<br />
faqtebi <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong>. e. gegeWkori AamasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, g. CiCerinisadmi<br />
gagzavnil notaSi (1920 wlis 29 aprili) sagangebod amaxvileb<strong>da</strong><br />
yuradRebas. imavdroulad, igi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTis</strong> sazavo molaparakebis<br />
sakiTxsac ayeneb<strong>da</strong>. `<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s momavali nabiji sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> mimarT,<br />
_ vkiTxulobT dokumentSi _ sruliad gansazRvruli iqneba sab-<br />
WoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT, <strong>ruseTis</strong> mier survilis<br />
gancxadebiT, rom igi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas aRiarebs.<br />
kidev vimeoreb... rom sityva sabWoTa ruseTs ekuTvnis.~<br />
marTalia, pasuxad e. gegeWkorma 3 maisiT <strong>da</strong>TariRebuli brZanebis is<br />
asli miiRo, romelic kavkasiis frontis jaris nawilebs <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
sazRvrebis <strong>da</strong>rRvevas ukrZalav<strong>da</strong>, magram igi faratina qaRal<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>rCa.<br />
XI armias, romelmac <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sazRvrebi 2 maiss <strong>da</strong>arRvia <strong>da</strong> gezi<br />
Tbilisisaken aiRo, sabrZolo operaciebi ar Seuwyvetia. piriqiT, misi<br />
sardloba Tbilisis aRebis winaswar prognozirebasac ki axden<strong>da</strong>. amis<br />
<strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>stureblad s. orjonikiZis mier 3 maiss moskovSi gagzavnili<br />
depeSa gamodgeba. igi Tbilisis aRebis drod, _ 15 maiss, xolo meore<br />
dRes gagzavnil depeSaSi, _ 12 maiss asaxeleb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
maSin rodesac XI armiis sardloba Tbilisis aRebas gegmav<strong>da</strong>, moskovSi<br />
ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s samSvidobo xelSekrulebis mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi<br />
mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. Cven ar SevudgebiT am dokumentis Seqmnis proceduris<br />
ganxilvas, radgan amis Sesaxeb qarTul istoriografiaSi sakmaod bevri<br />
iTqva. aRvniSnavT mxolod erTs: saqrTvelos warmomadgenels gr.<br />
urataZes konkretuli <strong>da</strong>valeba hqon<strong>da</strong> n.Jor<strong>da</strong>niasagan, rom moskovs<br />
pirvel rigSi ecno `<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba <strong>da</strong> sazRvrebi~ xolo<br />
<strong>da</strong>narCeni pirobebi iqnebo<strong>da</strong> meorexarisxovani.~ im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki <strong>da</strong>s-<br />
11
axuli amocana warmatebiT ga<strong>da</strong>wydebo<strong>da</strong>, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s SesaZleblebloba<br />
miecemo<strong>da</strong> `am TamasuqiT evropis areopagis winaSe warmdgariyo” <strong>da</strong> maTgan<br />
qveynis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis aRiareba ufro gabedulad moeTxova.<br />
es faqti u<strong>da</strong>od angariSgasawevia, radgan im etapze, antantis saxelmwifoebi<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s aRiarebas aWianurebdnen. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c qveyana garduvali<br />
safrTxis winaSe idga, xolo evropa elodebo<strong>da</strong> precedents, aseT<br />
fonze ruseTTan molaparakeba SesaZloa gamarTlebuli yofiliyo. Mmi-<br />
Tumetes, `Soreuli evropa~ gansakuTrebiT inglisi, kavkasiis problemeb-<br />
Tan SesaWideblad riskze wasvlas ar apireb<strong>da</strong>. ir. wereTelTan saubrisas,<br />
inglisis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma l. kerzonma amis Sesaxeb sagangebod<br />
gaamaxvila yuradReba. `ruseTTan mtruli <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba Tu<br />
gaqvT, _ ambob<strong>da</strong> igi _ inglisi ara Tu Tqvens <strong>da</strong>xmarebas ver ikisrebs,<br />
aramed cnobasac ver mogcemT, vinai<strong>da</strong>n CvenTvis komprometacia iqneba<br />
iseT pirobebSi cnoba axali saxelmwifosi, Tu mas momavlis piri ar<br />
eqneba.~<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, inglisis xelisuflebis erT-erTi liderTagani,<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s momavals ruseTTan keTilmezoblur urTierTobaSi xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, qarTvel kolegebs <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sagareo politikuri<br />
kursis ruseTTan <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis xalxebTan SeTanxmebaze agebis `recepts~<br />
sTavazob<strong>da</strong>. `evropis politikuri ZarRvis saukeTeso mcodne, _ wer<strong>da</strong><br />
ir. wereTeli _ gvafrTxileb<strong>da</strong>, ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebuli imedebisagan evropis <strong>da</strong>xmarebaze,<br />
radgan ico<strong>da</strong> ramdenad gulgrilad uyureb<strong>da</strong> Soreuli<br />
kavkasiis xalxebis beds mTeli evropis <strong>da</strong> kerZod inglisis burJuazia;<br />
ramdenad swori iyo es gafrTxileba, male es inglisis mTavrobis nabijebma<br />
<strong>da</strong>gvanaxa.~ inglisma 1920 wels bolSevikebTan komerciuli SeTanxmeba<br />
<strong>da</strong>do. loid jorjis mTavrobam ruseTs advilad <strong>da</strong>uTmo kavkasiis<br />
sakiTxSi, es ki niSnav<strong>da</strong> bolSevikebisaTvis xelis gaxsnas Cvens <strong>da</strong>sapyrobad.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, am mimarTulebiT 28 aprils <strong>da</strong>wyebuli<br />
samuSao, 7 maiss ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s samSvidobo xelSekrulebis oficialurad<br />
gaformebiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. <strong>ruseTis</strong> mxri<strong>da</strong>n, v.leninisa <strong>da</strong> g. Ci-<br />
Cerinis rwmunebulebiT am dokuments xeli l. karaxanma moawera, xolo<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mxri<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis wevrma gr. urataZem.<br />
rac Seexeba uSualod xelSekrulebas, igi preambulis, 16 muxlisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ori <strong>da</strong>matebiTi nawilisagan Sedgeba; 1) `calke saidumlo <strong>da</strong>mateba xel-<br />
Sekrulebisa ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Soris” (ori muxli) <strong>da</strong> 2)<br />
`ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Soris 1920 wlis 7 maiss <strong>da</strong>debuli xelSekrulebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>matebiTi SeTanxmeba.~<br />
aRniSnul dokumentTan mimarTebaSi, SevecdebiT wina planze mxolod<br />
is ZiriTadi sakiTxebi wamovwioT <strong>da</strong> muxlobrivi TanmimdevrobiT<br />
CamovayaliboT, romlebmac faqtobrivad, samarTlebrivi saxe SeiZina. 1)<br />
sabWoTa ruseTma <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba aRiara.<br />
uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong> im suverenul uflebebze, rac `ruseTs ekuTvno<strong>da</strong> qarT-<br />
12
veli xalxisa <strong>da</strong> misi miwa-wylis mimarT,` 2) ruseTi uars acxadeb<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Sinaur saqmeebSi Carevaze, 3) ruseTi cnob<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
istoriuli teritoriis sazRvrebSi <strong>da</strong> rac mTavaria, zaqaTalas olqs<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Semadgenel nawilad miiCnev<strong>da</strong>. es iyo <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s `de<br />
faqto~ <strong>da</strong> `de iure~ <strong>ruseTis</strong>agan aRiareba. `yofili metropolia<br />
iuridiulad scnob<strong>da</strong> yofil kolonias, axlad Camoyalibebul saxelmwifos<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobasa <strong>da</strong> teritoriul mTlianobas, rac TavisTavad di<strong>da</strong>d<br />
amaRleb<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s respublikis saerTaSoriso prestiJs.~ xel-<br />
Sekrulebis zogierTi muxlis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sinamdvilisaTvis miuReblobis<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, im periodis qarTuli politikuri elita, aRniSnul dokuments<br />
<strong>da</strong>debiT Sefasebas aZlev<strong>da</strong>. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom<br />
momx<strong>da</strong>r faqts evropis saxelmwifoebi garkveul angariSs uwevdnen. Tuki<br />
am konteqstSi ganvixilavT ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s samSvidobo xelSekrulebas,<br />
<strong>da</strong>vrwmundebiT, rom uaryofiTs, <strong>da</strong>debiTi aSkarad sWarbob<strong>da</strong>. Ees<br />
garemoeba hqon<strong>da</strong>T mxedvelobaSi qarTuli politikuri azris mesveurebs;<br />
e. gegeWkors, ak. Cxenkels, S. nucubiZes, g. gvazavas <strong>da</strong> iv.gobeCias, <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli<br />
krebis meTeqvsmete sxdomaze (1920 wlis 11 maisi) aRniSnul<br />
dokuments <strong>da</strong>debiTi Sefaseba rom misces. Mmetic g.gvazavam xelSekrulebas<br />
erovnuli gamarjvebac ki uwo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis fraqciaTa<br />
warmomadgenlebi ZiriTad sakiTxSi ramdena<strong>da</strong>c erTi azrisani iyvnen, rezoluciac<br />
Sesabamisi miiRes. `moismina ra gareSe (e. i. sagareo, S. v.)<br />
saqmeTa ministris gancxadeba sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s respublikas<br />
Soris sazavo xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>debis Sesaxeb, – vkiTxulobT dokumentSi<br />
_ <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli kreba iwonebs mTavrobis <strong>politika</strong>s, kmayofilebas<br />
gamoTqvams ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Soris keTilmezobluri <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>myarebis gamo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulia, rom mTavroba ganagrZobs<br />
saTanado zomebis miRebas respublikis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
misi sazRvrebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad.~<br />
qarTuli politikuri azris warmomadgenlebi, S. nucubiZis sityvebiT<br />
rom vTqvaT, `erovnuli arsebobis aucilebel pirobad~ mTel rig komponentebTan<br />
erTad, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s teritoriis farglebis gansazRvrasa <strong>da</strong><br />
mis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas miiCnevdnen. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c am xelSekrulebis meoTxe muxlis<br />
pirveli paragrafis mixedviT ruseTi baTumis olqsa <strong>da</strong> zaqaTalas<br />
okrugs <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s u<strong>da</strong>o teritoriad acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, xolo meore paragrafi,<br />
samxreT kavkasiis sanamestnikos ama Tu im nawilis SemoerTebis<br />
SesaZleblobas aZlev<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s, Tuki amis Sesaxeb Sesabamis saxelmwifo<br />
erTeulTan saTanado xelSekrulebiT iqnebo<strong>da</strong> igi <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuli.<br />
es faqti qarTuli politikuri azris mesveurTa Soris did kmayofilebas<br />
iwvev<strong>da</strong>. amis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas gazeT `erTobaSi~ <strong>da</strong>beWdili mowinave<br />
statia `ruseTi <strong>da</strong> azerbaijani~ warmoadgens. `xelSekrulebiT, _<br />
vkiTxulobT werilSi _ sakmaod naTlad <strong>da</strong> mkafiod aris gansazRvruli<br />
Cveni teritoriis farglebi, rogorc CrdiloeTis ise aRmosavleTis<br />
13
mxriv. Cvensa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijans Soris gavlebulia erTgvari xazi.~ rac Seexeba<br />
baTumis olqis sakiTxs, Tavis gamosvlebSi e. gegeWkorma <strong>da</strong> ak.<br />
Cxenkelma erTxel kidev <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stures baTumis olqis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
kuTvnilebad aRiarebis saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba. `baTumis <strong>da</strong>bruneba, _<br />
ambob<strong>da</strong> ak. Cxenkeli _ ubralo samarTlianobis <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso Tavazianobis<br />
saqmea. es miT ufro un<strong>da</strong> iyos gasagebi yvelasaTvis exla,<br />
roca TviT ruseTi baTumsa <strong>da</strong> mis olqs <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s teritoriis<br />
nawilad Tvlis <strong>da</strong> ase Seaqvs xelSekrulebaSi.~<br />
ak. Cxenkelis gamosvlis aseTi forma SemTxveviTi ar iyo. mas garkveuli<br />
adresati hyav<strong>da</strong>. kerZod, inglisis xelisufleba, romelic ba-<br />
Tumis olqis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sadmi ga<strong>da</strong>cemas Segnebulad aWianureb<strong>da</strong>. ruseT-<br />
Tan <strong>da</strong>debuli xelSekrulebis IV muxlis moSveliebiT, ak. Cxenkeli mokavSireebs<br />
`samarTlianobisa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso Tavazianobisken~ mouwodeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
imavdroulad, baTumis olqis kanonieri mflobelisadmi ga<strong>da</strong>cemis<br />
aucileblobasac Seaxseneb<strong>da</strong>. es imas niSnavs, rom aRniSnul xelSekrulebas,<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisufleba saerTaSoriso TvalsazrisiT diplomatiuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> propagandistuli xasiaTis <strong>da</strong>tvirTvasac aniWeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelSekrulebiT aRiarebul <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s saz-<br />
Rvrebs, maSindeli qarTuli politikur moRvaweTa nawili, ucxo saxelmwifoTa<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s kuTvnili teritoriebis mitacebisagan<br />
<strong>da</strong>zRvevis erT-erT garantad miiCnevdnen. amis realur safuZvels sabWoTa<br />
<strong>ruseTis</strong> mier TurqeTis didi erovnuli krebisadmi gagzavnili nota<br />
(1920 wlis 19 dekemberi) warmoadgens. am dokumentis mixedviT, `sab-<br />
WoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> mTavroba mizanSewonilad Tvli<strong>da</strong>, TurqeT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
xelSekruleba SemuSavebuliyo ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelSekrulebis safuZvelze.~<br />
es imas niSnavs, rom garkveuli mosazrebebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
sabWoTa ruseTi, TurqeTis xelisuflebas baTumis olqis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
kuTvnilebad aRiarebis aucileblobaze mianiSneb<strong>da</strong>. meore mxriv, am dokumentze<br />
<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis saxelmwifoTa winaSe, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>saTvis<br />
saerTasoriso samarTlebrivi uflebebis aRdgenis sakiTxis<br />
<strong>da</strong>smas apirebdnen. Tu ramdenad ganxorcielebadi aRmoCndebo<strong>da</strong> es imedebi,<br />
igi politikuri procesebis ganviTarebaze iyo <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. erTi ram<br />
cxadia, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisuflebis liderebi, qveynis iuridiulad<br />
aRiarebis <strong>da</strong>Cqarebis TvalsazrisiT, ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelSekrulebas<br />
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. maTive mtkicebiT, aRniSnuli dokumentis<br />
safuZvelze 1) CrdiloeTis frontis Tun<strong>da</strong>c droebiTi `gauqmebiT,~<br />
azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis frontis xazze warmatebis misaRwevad<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s meti SesaZleblobebi eZleo<strong>da</strong>; 2) xelSekrulebis VI muxlis<br />
mixedviT, ruseTi valdebulebas iReb<strong>da</strong>, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mTavrobis winaaRmdeg<br />
(mis <strong>da</strong>samxobad) an misi saxeliT momqmedi jgufebi <strong>da</strong> organizaciebi<br />
ar <strong>da</strong>eSva Tavis teritoriaze. zegavlenas moaxden<strong>da</strong> mis mokavSire<br />
saxelmwifoebze, raTa analogiuri saxis jgufebisa <strong>da</strong> organi-<br />
14
zaciebis saqmianoba droulad yofiliyo maT mier aRkveTili. 3) imave<br />
xelSekrulebis XII, XIII <strong>da</strong> XV muxlebi, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> ruseTs Soris<br />
savaWro, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli urTierTobebis aRdgenis Sesaxeb,<br />
Sesabamisi dokumentebis momzadebas iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>. am mimarTulebiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>dgmul praqtikul nabijs <strong>da</strong> or qveyanas Soris normaluri<br />
urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>myarebas, qarTveli politikosebi qveynis ekonomikis gajansaRebis<br />
aucileblobis WrilSi ganixilavdnen.<br />
Cvens mier motanili masalebi iseT STabeWdilebas tovebs, TiTqos<br />
zemoaRniSnuli xelSekruleba unaklo yofiliyos <strong>da</strong> kiTxvis niSnebi ar<br />
hqonodes. qarTveli politikosebi ratomRac am konkretul muxlebTan<br />
mimarTebaSi dumdnen. ara<strong>da</strong>, xelSekrulebis garkveuli nawilebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
xelisuflebis winaSe mZime moTxovnebis Sesrulebis aucileblobas<br />
iTxov<strong>da</strong>. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs: 1) xelSekrulebis III muxlis meore<br />
nawili, romlis mixedviTac ruseT- <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Soris saxelmwifo<br />
sazRvris <strong>da</strong>mdgeni ormxrivi Sereuli komisiis <strong>da</strong>skvnamde, 1922 wlis<br />
pirvel ianvramde sazRvris uReltexilebi (sazRvri<strong>da</strong>n 5 versis man-<br />
Zilze) neitralurad cxaddebo<strong>da</strong>. drois am monakveTSi, uReltexilebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavebis, an misi gamagrebis ufleba orive mxares ekrZalebo<strong>da</strong>; 2) meaTe<br />
muxlis V <strong>da</strong> VI paragrafebis moTxovnebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
xelisuflebas misi teritorii<strong>da</strong>n yvela is samxedro SenaerTi un<strong>da</strong><br />
ganedevna, romlebic qarTuli jaris SemadgenlobaSi ar Sediodnen, <strong>da</strong><br />
rac mTavaria, ucxo qveynis jaris nawilebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s teritoriaze<br />
momavalSiac ar un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo <strong>da</strong>Svebuli. aRniSnuli faqtebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare;<br />
a) <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s CrdiloeTis sazRvris strategiuli uReltexilebi,<br />
weliwadi <strong>da</strong> 7 Tvis ganmavlobaSi (xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>debi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
1922 wlis ianvramde) <strong>da</strong>ucveli rCebo<strong>da</strong>; b) meaTe muxlis V <strong>da</strong> VI<br />
paragrafebi, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s teritoriaze myofi ucxo qveynis jaris<br />
nawilebSi, inglisis samxedro SenaerTebs gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>, romelic im periodSi<br />
baTumis olqSi iyo dislocirebuli. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s teritorii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
swored maT gandevnas iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> zemoaRniSnuli paragrafebi.<br />
imavdroulad, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisuflebas ucxo saxelmwifos samxedro<br />
nawilebis Semoyvana qveynis usafrTxoebis mizniTac ekrZalebo<strong>da</strong>. es imas<br />
niSnavs, rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>, sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> pirispir martod-marto un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>rCeniliyo <strong>da</strong> qveynis usafrTxoebis bedi erovnul sajariso Senaer-<br />
Tebze <strong>da</strong>emyarebina.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis SenarCunebis realur garantias, ak.<br />
Cxenkeli ara xelSekrulebaSi, aramed Zlier erovnul sajariso Senaer-<br />
TebSi xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, igi principulad ayeneb<strong>da</strong> sakiTxs:<br />
`mTeli Cveni gonebrivi,... zneobrivi <strong>da</strong> nivTieri Zala un<strong>da</strong> movikriboT<br />
imisTvis, rom Cveni respublikis <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba, misi Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saqme...<br />
saR nia<strong>da</strong>gze <strong>da</strong>vayenoT. es aris Cveni uwmindesi movaleoba demokratiisa,<br />
15
mTeli erisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xalxis winaSe. uamisoT Cven ar SegviZlian<br />
vsTqvaT, rom Cveni momavali uzrunvelyofili aris.~<br />
aRniSnuli faqtebi imaze migvaniSnebs, rom xelSekrulebaSi Cadebuli<br />
araxelsayreli muxlebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare safrTxe, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisuflebis<br />
liderebs SesaniSnavad hqon<strong>da</strong>T gacnobierebuli. amitom iyo, rom<br />
Crdiloeli mezoblis mxri<strong>da</strong>n SemoTavazebuli nebismieri `siurprizisadmi~<br />
Rirseulad <strong>da</strong>xvedris sakiTxs rom ayenebdnen dRis wesrigSi. `did<br />
ruseTs, _ wer<strong>da</strong> gazeTi `erToba~ _ arasodes ar eqneba SiSi patara<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis, magram patara <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s ki un<strong>da</strong> hqondes<br />
geografiulad <strong>da</strong> strategiulad gamagrebuli sanapiroebi, rom pirvelma<br />
avantiuristma <strong>da</strong> monapire razmma... iolaT ar gadmolaxos Cveni saz-<br />
Rvrebi <strong>da</strong> SuagulSi ar Semogvesios. Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisaTvis... aris saWiro aqac<br />
mtkice <strong>da</strong> sasurveli sazRvris <strong>da</strong>deba.~<br />
rac Seexeba ucxo sajariso SenaerTebis (igulisxmeba inglisi) mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>tovebas, igi mxolod xelSekrulebiT ar iyo ganpirobebuli.<br />
es sakiTxi l. kerzonis kavkasiuri politikis marcxTan er-<br />
Tad inglisSive ga<strong>da</strong>wy<strong>da</strong>. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT z. avaliSvili wers:<br />
`lord kerzonis <strong>politika</strong> kavkasiis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>marcx<strong>da</strong>,... baTumis olqSi<br />
inglisis jarebis <strong>da</strong>yovneba zedmeti gax<strong>da</strong>... baTumis <strong>da</strong>tovebas...<br />
moiTxov<strong>da</strong> londonSi ekonomiis yvela momxre, romelTac uxaro<strong>da</strong>T kidev<br />
erTi okupaciis moxsna. am zomas iwoneb<strong>da</strong> amierkavkasiaSi inglisis aqtiuri<br />
politikis yvela mowinaaRmdege (e. i. kerzonis mowinaaRmdege).~ es<br />
imas niSnavs, rom Seqmnili politikuri situacii<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
<strong>da</strong>toveba inglisis xelisuflebis interesebSi Sedio<strong>da</strong>. winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi, xelSekrulebis V muxlis V paragrafis asamoqmedeblad<br />
<strong>da</strong> inglisze zewolis gansaxorcieleblad, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
xelisuflebas saerTaSoriso an Zalismieri berketebis amoqmedebis<br />
aranairi SesaZlebolba ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. xelSekrulebam, rogorc z. avaliSvili<br />
wers, ingliselebs `Zlier gauadvila... saxelovnad gasuliyvnen ba-<br />
Tumi<strong>da</strong>n.~<br />
aRniSnuli faqti Tuki sinamdviles Seesabameba, gamoricxuli araa, rom<br />
xelSekrulebaSi zogadi saxiT Cadebuli formulireba, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s saxelisuflebo<br />
jaris SemadgenlobaSi arSemavali (e. i. ucxo) sajariso<br />
nawilebis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s teritorii<strong>da</strong>n gayvanis Sesaxeb, sabWoTa xelisuflebis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n, inglisis diplomatiur wreebTan yofiliyo SeTanxmebuli.<br />
miTumetes: a) im etapze ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> ingliss Soris ekonomikur <strong>da</strong><br />
politikur sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi safuZvliani molaparakeba mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>;<br />
b) <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTis</strong> xelSekrulebis teqstis Sedgenisas,<br />
`mokarnaxis~ rols <strong>ruseTis</strong> warmomadgenloba asruleb<strong>da</strong>; g) inglisis<br />
jaris <strong>saqarTvelo</strong><strong>da</strong>n gayvana, ara marto sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong>, aramed,<br />
rogorc zemoTac gvqon<strong>da</strong> aRniSnuli, l. jorjis mTavrobis intereseb-<br />
Siac Sedio<strong>da</strong>. am SemTxvevaSi, xelSekruleba l. jorjis mTavrobas,<br />
16
kavkasiis <strong>da</strong>tovebasTan mimarTebaSi oponentebTan mxolod `Tavis<br />
marTlebis~ sababad sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
marTalia, xelSekrulebis II muxliT ruseTi, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Sinaur<br />
saqmeebSi Caurevlobis garantias iZleo<strong>da</strong>, magram, imave dokumentis meaTe<br />
<strong>da</strong> specialuri <strong>da</strong>matebis pirveli muxli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s avaldebuleb<strong>da</strong>: a)<br />
yvela im pirovnebis ganTavisuflebas, romlebic sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> an komunisturi<br />
partiis sasargeblod iyvnen <strong>da</strong>sjilni; b) <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s teritoriaze<br />
komunisturi organizaciebis legaluri arsebobisa <strong>da</strong> saagitacio-propagandistuli<br />
saqmianobis srul Tavisuflebas.<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c aRniSnuli muxlebi qveynis Si<strong>da</strong>saxelmwifoebriv kompentenciaSi<br />
Carevas gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>, xelSekrulebis meore muxlTan winaaRmdegobaSi<br />
modio<strong>da</strong>. samwuxarod, qarTvelma politikosebma es sakiTxi<br />
yuradrebis miRma <strong>da</strong>toves. msjelobis sagnad, wina planze, mxolod<br />
qarTveli bolSevikebis sandooba <strong>da</strong> miT mimarT <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba wamoswies.<br />
ara<strong>da</strong>, arsebuli politikuri situacia orive sakiTxis erTobliobaSi<br />
ganxilvasa <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi <strong>da</strong>skvnis gakeTebas saWiroeb<strong>da</strong>. rac<br />
Seexeba qarTveli bolSevikebisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas, qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
politikuri azri am sakiTxSi erTiani iyo. qarTvel politikur<br />
moRvaweebs kargad hqon<strong>da</strong>T gacnobierebuli, rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s moqalaqe<br />
bolSevikebi qveynis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas ver Seurigdebodnen, Tun<strong>da</strong>c<br />
im elementaruli mizezis gamo, rom maTi ideuri mrwamsi, ak.Cxenkelis<br />
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, eris <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis uaryofaze iyo <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli.<br />
`kulturuli eris nia<strong>da</strong>gze, _ ambob<strong>da</strong> ak. Cxenkeli _ ar<br />
un<strong>da</strong> arsebobdes aseTi ukulturo movlena Tavisi Tavis,... individualobis<br />
uarmyofeli... Tu bolSevikebma awi mainc... ar Sewyvites brZola Cveni<br />
eris <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis winaarmdeg, es iqneba namdvili Ralati, <strong>da</strong> vinc<br />
Ralats Caidens, mas un<strong>da</strong> moeqcnen ise, rogorc eqcevian <strong>da</strong>winaurebul<br />
qveynebSi.~ es imas niSnavs, rom qarTveli bolSevikebis antisaxelmwifoebriv<br />
qmedebas, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisufleba qveynis winaSe Cadenili Ralatis<br />
rangSi ganixilav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> evropis <strong>da</strong>winaurebuli saxelmwifoebis<br />
msgavsad Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobiT <strong>da</strong>sji<strong>da</strong>. aseTive Tvalsazrisia gatarebuli<br />
gazeT `erTobaSi~ <strong>da</strong>beWdil mowinave werilSi, _ `axali gamarjveba~.<br />
masSi garkveviT iyo miTiTebuli, rom bolSevikebis legalizacia<br />
`srulebiTac ar niSnavs... <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv... kari gavuRoT bolSevizmis<br />
eqsperimentebs, an am eqsperimentebis motrfiale elementebs mivceT...<br />
ufleba im boroti muSaobis warmoebisa, romelic jarze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmaSi,<br />
ajanyebaSi, Ralatis qa<strong>da</strong>gebaSi <strong>da</strong> sxva aseT moqmedebaSi gamoixateba.~<br />
Cvens mier motanili faqtebi imis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebelia, rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
xelisuflebis mesveurebs, bolSevikebis `gakeTilSobilebisa~ <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n erovnuli saxelmwifos samsaxurSi Cadgomis ar sjero<strong>da</strong>T. erTi<br />
ram cxadia, bolSevikebze sa<strong>da</strong>msjelo zemoqmedeba, romlis Sesaxebac<br />
qarTveli politikosebi miuTiTebdnen, sabWoTa ruseTs, xelSekrulebis<br />
17
<strong>da</strong>rRvevad SeeZlo gamoecxadebina <strong>da</strong> politikuri ambiciebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebisaTvis<br />
gamoeyenebina. miTumetes, xelSekrulebis arc erT muxlSi<br />
Cadebuli ar iyo ama Tu im politikuri organizaciis mxri<strong>da</strong>n gaweuli<br />
antisaxelmwifoebrivi saqmianobis aRsakveTi sa<strong>da</strong>msjelo meqanizmi. qar-<br />
Tuli politikuri elitis aseTi riski, <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis saxelmwifoTa<br />
Sepirebul <strong>da</strong>xmarebaze, `de iure~ aRiarebaze <strong>da</strong> erTa ligaSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
gawevrianebis imedze iyo <strong>da</strong>myarebuli. Tu ramdenad Sesrulebadi<br />
aRmoCndebo<strong>da</strong> qarTvel politikosTa es Canafiqri, mimdinare politikur<br />
procesebs un<strong>da</strong> ganesazRvra. yovel SemTxvevaSi, rogorc samecniero<br />
literaturaSia <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuli am mimarTulebiT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s diplomatiuri<br />
korpusi farTomasStabian samuSaos eweo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
rac Seexeba xelSekrulebisadmi bolSevikTa <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas, maTi<br />
umetesobis ganwyoba <strong>agresiuli</strong> namdvilad ar iyo. gazeT `komunistSi~<br />
gamoqveynebuli publikaciebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>sturdeba, rom isini ruseT<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
urTierTobis normalizaciasa <strong>da</strong> bolSevikuri organizaciebis<br />
legalizacias <strong>da</strong>debiTad afasebdnen. gamonakliss mxolod s. orjonikiZe<br />
<strong>da</strong> misi garemocva warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. es arc iyo gasakviri, radgan<br />
es ganmorCeuli ambiciebis mqone pirovneba, faqtiurad <strong>ruseTis</strong> maRali<br />
saxelisuflebo Tanamdebobis miRma aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. Selaxuli `Tavmoyvareobis~<br />
reabilitaciis erT-erT saSualebad, mas amierkavkasiis sruli gasabWoeba<br />
esaxebo<strong>da</strong>. amis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas, 1920 wlis 2 maiss <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>ze mis<br />
mier organizebuli Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma warmoadgens. moskovis mxri<strong>da</strong>n mkacri<br />
gafrTxileba rom ara, xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>debisa <strong>da</strong> wiTeli armiis<br />
nawilebis <strong>da</strong>marcxebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, igi brZolis Sewyvetas ar apireb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
xelSekrulebisadmi negaturi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba mxolod somxeTisa <strong>da</strong><br />
azerbaijanis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma gamoavlines. mxedvelobaSi<br />
gvaqvs am ori saxelmwifos sagareo saqmeTa ministrebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
<strong>ruseTis</strong> sagareo saqmeTa komisaris g. CiCerinisadmi gagzavnili radio-<br />
telegrama. am dokumentebis mixedviT; 1) somxeTi, Tbilisis guberniis<br />
Semadgeneli, _ borCalosa <strong>da</strong> axalqalaqis mazrebis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sadmi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemis winaaRmdegi gamodio<strong>da</strong>. imavdroulad baTumis olqSi Woroxis<br />
raioniT <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>; 2) rac Seexeba azerbaijans, igi<br />
zaqaTalas okrugis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sazRvrebSi Setanas aprotesteb<strong>da</strong>. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi, <strong>ruseTis</strong> xelisuflebam mxolod gasabWoebuli azerbaijanis<br />
pretenziebis ganxilva miiCnia mizanSewonilad. swored am faqts<br />
ukavSirdeba 1920 wlis 12 maiss xelmowerili dokumenti, romelic<br />
ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s 7 maisis xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>matebiTi SeTanxmebiT aris<br />
cnobili. ZiriTadi xelSekrulebis IV muxlsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebis pirvel paragrafs<br />
Soris gansxvaveba SemdegSi mdgomareobs: 1) xelSekrulebis IV<br />
muxli zaqaTalas okrugs, sazRvrebis yovelgvari Sesworebis gareSe<br />
acxadeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Semadgenel nawilad; 2) xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />
SeTanxmebis mixedviT, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis sazRvarze <strong>da</strong><br />
18
zaqaTalas okrugSi mdebare sa<strong>da</strong>o adgilebis kuTvnilebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis<br />
sakiTxi ormxrivi Sereuli komisiis kompentenciad iyo miCneuli. amasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, dokumentSi vkiTxulobT: `<strong>da</strong>va adgilebis Sesaxeb, romelic<br />
mdebareobs <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis sazRvarze <strong>da</strong> zaqaTalas okrugSi,<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad ga<strong>da</strong>ecema Sereul komisias, romlis Tavmjdomare<br />
iqneba <strong>ruseTis</strong> federaciis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis warmomadgeneli.~<br />
am dokumentSi garkveviTaa miTiTebuli, rom sakiTxi exeba<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-azerbaijanis sazRvarze <strong>da</strong> zaqaTalas okrugSi arsebuli<br />
zogierTi sa<strong>da</strong>o adgilis e. i. punqtis (Tuki aseTi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>) komisiisadmi<br />
gansaxilvelad ga<strong>da</strong>cemas. es imas niSnavs, rom xelSekrulebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>matebiTi nawili, ZiriTadi xelSekrulebis IV muxls ar arRvev<strong>da</strong>,<br />
radgan zaqaTalas okrugis kuTvnilebas kiTxvis niSnis qveS ar ayeneb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi, saqme exeba zaqaTalas okrugSi sa<strong>da</strong>o adgilis, _ punqtis<br />
sazRvris mosalodnel `kosmetikur~ cvlilebas <strong>da</strong> ara azerbaijanisadmi<br />
uSualod okrugis ga<strong>da</strong>cemas, rogorc es zogierT istorikoss hgonia.<br />
rac Seexeba sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> warmomadgenels, ra donis tendenciurobi-<br />
Tac ar un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo igi gamorCeuli, <strong>da</strong>matebiTi xelSekrulebis aRniSnuli<br />
paragrafi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, mas azerbaijanisadmi ara zaqaTalas<br />
okrugis, aramed, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-azerbaijanis sazRvarze <strong>da</strong> TviT zaqaTalas<br />
okrugSi mdebare mxolod sa<strong>da</strong>od qceuli zogierTi adgilis ga<strong>da</strong>cema<br />
SeeZlo.<br />
sayuradReboa is faqti, rom zemoaRniSnuli samSvidobo xelSekrulebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>debis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, sabWoTa ruseTi, azerbaijanis mimarTulebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s winaaRmdeg 2 maiss <strong>da</strong>wyebul samxedro operaciebs<br />
kvlavac agrZeleb<strong>da</strong>. im periodis presa am konfliqts, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>azerbaijans<br />
Soris saomari urTierTobis saxeliT ganixilav<strong>da</strong>. Tu riT<br />
iyo ganpirobebuli namdvili agresoris SeniRbva, amis Sesaxeb amomwurav<br />
pasuxs n. Jor<strong>da</strong>nias mogonebebi iZleva. `TbilisSi, _ wers igi _ didi<br />
panika iyo. ambobdnen rusi modis <strong>da</strong> vin gauZlebso! ramdena<strong>da</strong>c mTavari<br />
meomari elementi iyo gvardia, rogorc ga<strong>da</strong>WriT antibolSevikuri,<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vwyviteT morali misi gagvemagrebia xmis gavrcelebiT, modis ara<br />
rusis aramed azerbaijanelTa jari... xerxma gasWra, gvardielebi yalyze<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgnen, rogor gvibe<strong>da</strong>ven es `CaCnebi~ omso.~ rogorc cnobilia, mowinaaRmdegis<br />
<strong>da</strong>marcxebisa <strong>da</strong> pirvandeli sasazRvro poziciebis aRdgenisTanave,<br />
qarTuli jaris nawilebma <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisuflebis miTiTebiT<br />
16 maiss SeteviTi operaciebi Sewyvites.Aam faqts gazeTi `erToba~ Semdegnairad<br />
xsni<strong>da</strong>: `<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mTavrobam amiT acnoba mTel qveyanas,<br />
rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> ar awarmoebs <strong>da</strong>pyrobiT oms, aramed icavs Tavis saz-<br />
Rvrebs.~ <strong>da</strong>marcxebuli mowinaaRmdegis gaunadgureblobis aRniSnuli motivi,<br />
miRebuli g<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis gamarTlebis mxolod erT arguments<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. faqtobrivad ki, igi <strong>da</strong>usabuTebeli rCebo<strong>da</strong>. Aam garemoebam,<br />
bevr politikur <strong>da</strong> samxedro moRvawes, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s SeiaraRebuli<br />
19
ZalebiT im etapze bolSevikebisagan amierkavkaiis `ganTavisuflebis~<br />
misiis SesaZleblobis mtkicebis saSualeba misca. `es iyo erTaderTi<br />
uaRresad xelsayreli SemTxveva, _ wer<strong>da</strong> g. kvinitaZe _ azerbaijanisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> somxeTis gasanTavisufleblad bolSeviki <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebisagan. Cven SegveZlo<br />
bolSevikebisagan mTeli kavksiis gawmen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iqneb <strong>da</strong>Restnisac. es<br />
iyo 1920 weli, rodesac poloneTi oms awarmoeb<strong>da</strong> ruseTTan <strong>da</strong> generali<br />
vrangeli <strong>da</strong>Zruli iyo yirimi<strong>da</strong>n.~ erTi SexedviT es gegma realuri<br />
Cans, magram Tuki yvela aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT ganvixilavT, misi<br />
ganxorcieleba <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s katastrofas <strong>da</strong>aCqareb<strong>da</strong>. roca g. kvinitaZe<br />
somxeTis ganTavisuflebaze laparakobs, igi jer kidev <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />
saxelmwifos warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. misi gasabWoeba mxolod 1920 wlis 29 noembers<br />
ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>. 1) im SemTxvevaSi Tu general g. kvinitaZis mier SemoTavazebuli<br />
gegmiT imoqmedebdnen, saqrTvelos xelisuflebas azerbaijanelTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> somexTa mxri<strong>da</strong>n qarTuli jaris usafrTxoebis garantia<br />
un<strong>da</strong> hqono<strong>da</strong>. azerbaijanelebisgan amis miRweva SeuZlebeli iyo im<br />
ubralo mizezis gamo, rom bolSevikebs qveyana TiTqmisYubrZolvelad<br />
Caabares. rac Seexeba somxeTs, igi xelsayreli situaciis SeqmnisTanave<br />
mis mier `sa<strong>da</strong>od~ qceuli qarTuli miwebis mitacebas Seecdebo<strong>da</strong>. aRniSnuli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, qarTuli mxedrobisadmi azerbaijanelTa <strong>da</strong><br />
somexTa Tanadgoma saTaveSive iyo gamoricxuli. es imas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
Tuki <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> amierkavkasiis `ganmaTavisufleblis~ funqcias ikisreb<strong>da</strong>,<br />
igi did riskze midio<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis 1920 wlis 25 ivnisis<br />
sxdomaze oponentTa misamarTiT v.Tevzaia acxadeb<strong>da</strong>: `azerbaijanis<br />
xalxi gagveTavisuflebia ucxo Zalisagan... aseT miznebs <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s respublika<br />
ver gaiziarebs... is vinc fiqrobs, rom un<strong>da</strong> Caerios sxvis<br />
saqmeebSi... Sesuliyo maT de<strong>da</strong>qalaqSi, gaeyara yvela misi mokavSire elementebi...<br />
aseTi <strong>politika</strong> respublikas ar qonia <strong>da</strong> arc eqnebo<strong>da</strong>.~ imave<br />
sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT akaki Cxenkeli acxadeb<strong>da</strong>: `Cveni mdgomareoba<br />
rTulia, Cven irgvliv rkalSemortymuli varT,... Cveni mTavrobac ar<br />
awarmoeb<strong>da</strong> riskis <strong>politika</strong>s <strong>da</strong> yvela is rasac aq b-ni veSapeli<br />
brZaneb<strong>da</strong>, aris riskis <strong>politika</strong>. Cven risks ver vawarmoebT sanam<br />
vgrZnobT pasuxismgeblobas Cveni eris, Cveni demokratiis winaSe.~ 2)<br />
`omis gagrZelebis momxreni~ yuradRebis miRma tovebdnen yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovan kiTxvas; SeZleb<strong>da</strong> Tu ara <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s ekonomika xangrZlivi<br />
omis xarjebis ga<strong>da</strong>farvas <strong>da</strong> ra mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebo<strong>da</strong><br />
qveynis finansebi. miTumetes, 14 dRiani omi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s biujets miliard<br />
naxevari qarTuli boni <strong>da</strong>uj<strong>da</strong>. 3) gasaTvaliswinebelia qveynis `de<br />
iure~ aRiarebis misaRwevad saerTaSoriso arenaze neitraluri <strong>da</strong> mSvidobisaTvis<br />
mebrZoli saxelmwifos imijis SenarCunebis mcdeloba,<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s winaaRmdeg ruseT-TurqeTis aliansi, bolSevikebis mier ivnisis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisSi cxinvalSi mowyobili ajanyebisa <strong>da</strong> xulos garnizonze<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis faqtebi. 4) mxedvelobaSia misaRebi <strong>1918</strong> wels somxeTisa <strong>da</strong><br />
20
azerbaijanis interesebis <strong>da</strong>cvi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare miRebuli mware gamocdileba.<br />
AaRniSnuli politikuri kursi erovnuli sabWos <strong>1918</strong> wlis<br />
16 seqtembris sxdomaze erovnul-demokratma i. maWavarianma `ocoboco~<br />
<strong>politika</strong>d Seafasa <strong>da</strong> mmarTvel politikur partias mkacri toniT miuTiTa:<br />
`<strong>da</strong>anebeT Tavi ocobocodias, <strong>da</strong>adeqiT realuri politikis gzas,<br />
<strong>da</strong>anebeT Tavi msoflioze zrunvas... ai Cveni pasuxi sagareo <strong>politika</strong>ze.~<br />
warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi, qveynis mmarTveli politikuri partia<br />
analogiur mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebo<strong>da</strong>. erTi ram u<strong>da</strong>od SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, opoziciuri partiebisa <strong>da</strong> samxedro uwyebis arcerT maRalCinosans,<br />
aRniSnuli gegmis SesaZlo warmatebis <strong>da</strong>sabuTeba an mosalodneli<br />
Sedegebis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb raime dokumenti mTavrobisaTvis ar<br />
warudgenia. amM SemTxvevaSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisuflebam imoqme<strong>da</strong> ise,<br />
rogorc amas saxelmwifos interesebi karnaxob<strong>da</strong>, magram imaves ver vityviT<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-azerbaijans Soris 1920 wlis 12 ivniss aqstafaSi <strong>da</strong>debul<br />
xelSekrulebaze. am dokumentis avkargianobis srulad gacnobierebisaTvis<br />
pirvel rigSi gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom zemoaRniSnuli omi,<br />
azerbaijanis saxels amofarebuli sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> SeiaraRebuli<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma iyo <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>ze. es imas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom faqtobrivad, saqme<br />
ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s konfliqtTan gvqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> bunebrivia, sazavo xelSekrulebac<br />
ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelSekrulebis elfers atareb<strong>da</strong>. mi-<br />
Tumetes, mis ZiriTad amosaval safuZvels 7 maisis xelSekruleba warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amis Sesaxeb al. asaTiani xelisuflebas savsebiT samar-<br />
Tlianad sayvedurob<strong>da</strong>: `es xelSekruleba gamomdinareobs ruseTTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>debuli xelSekrulebi<strong>da</strong>n. me vfiqrob, rom es sruliad Seuwynarebeli<br />
movlena aris.~ am SemTxvevaSi Cvens mizans <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli dokumentis<br />
srulad ganxilva ar warmoadgens, yuradRebas mxolod or ZiriTad<br />
sakiTxze gavamaxvilebT: 1) SesaZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong> Tu ara sasazRvro <strong>da</strong>vis<br />
mowesrigeba <strong>da</strong> 2) omiT miyenebuli zaralis Tun<strong>da</strong>c nawilobriv<br />
anazRaureba. rac Seexeba pirvel sakiTxs, igi meore, mesame, meoTxe,<br />
mexuTe <strong>da</strong> meeqvse muxlebSi iqna Camoyalibebuli. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>azerbaijanis<br />
sasazRvro zoli Tbilisisa <strong>da</strong> ganjis guberniebs Soris gamavali<br />
Zveli saadministracio xaziT ganisazRvra. samwuxaroa magram<br />
faqtia, rom gamarjvebulma <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>m, zaqaTalas okrugis <strong>da</strong>sabruneblad<br />
realuri Sansi ver gamoiyena. aRniSnuli xelSekrulebis mixedviT,<br />
igi faqtiurad <strong>da</strong>marcxebuli saxelmwifos rolSi mogvevlina. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />
azerbaijanis delegaciis saxiT faqtobrivad ruseTi laparakob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
saingilos sakiTxis Sereuli komisiisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis Sesaxeb misi<br />
moTxovnisadmi <strong>da</strong>Tanxmeba <strong>da</strong> am komisiis Tavmjdomaris funqciebis moskovis<br />
mTavrobis warmomadgenlisadmi ga<strong>da</strong>bareba politikur Secdomas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
savsebiT marTali iyo g.veSapeli roca xelSekrulebis VI<br />
muxls miuReblad Tvli<strong>da</strong>. `rac Seexeba me-6 muxls, _ ambob<strong>da</strong> igi _ aq<br />
aris erTi garemoeba yovlad miuRebeli,... es muxli eyrdnoba ruseTTan<br />
21
<strong>da</strong>debul xelSekrulebas... meores mxriv, miuRebelia isic, rom arbitri<br />
zavis sakiTxSi <strong>ruseTis</strong> xelSia, rodesac azerbaijani warmoadgens<br />
<strong>ruseTis</strong> oficialur mokavSires <strong>da</strong> faqtiurad mis provincias, _ miuRebelia,<br />
rom ruseTi iyos arbitri Tavis sakuTar saqmeSi.~ opoziciis<br />
aseTi guliswyroma imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom gamarjvebuli saxelmwifos<br />
interesebSi, faqtobrivad ignorirebuli iqna, xolo sasazRvro<br />
xazze, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sasargeblod, mxolod umniSvnelo `kosmetikuri”<br />
cvlilebebi moaxdines. aq erTi metad mniSvnelovani niuansia gasaTvaliswinebeli.<br />
kerZod, g. veSapeli Secdomas uSvebs, roca aRniSnuli xelSekrulebis<br />
VI muxlis ZiriTad debulebas, ruseTTan 1920 wlis 7 maiss<br />
<strong>da</strong>debuli xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>matebiTi nawili<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinared acxadebs.<br />
sinamdvileSi es muxlebi erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs<br />
is faqti, rom Tuki ruseTTan <strong>da</strong>debuli xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />
nawilis II muxli zaqaTalas okrugs, rogorc zemoTac gvqon<strong>da</strong> miTiTebuli<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Semadgenel nawilad acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, xolo Sereul komisias<br />
gansaxilvelad am okrugSi mdebare sa<strong>da</strong>od qceuli mxolod<br />
zogierTi punqtis kuTvnilebis sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta hqon<strong>da</strong> mindobili,<br />
misgan gansxvavebiT, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-azerbaijanis xelSekrulebis VI muxli<br />
sawinaaRmdego formulirebas Seicav<strong>da</strong>. amis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>stureblad imave xel-<br />
Sekrulebis VI muxli<strong>da</strong>n Sesabamis amonawers movitanT; `sakiTxi zaqaTalas<br />
okrugisa un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>eces ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad saarbitraJo komisias; es komisia<br />
gaTvaliswinebulia <strong>da</strong>matebiTi SeTanxmebiT, romelic <strong>da</strong>ido ruseTs<br />
socialistur federaciul sabWoTa respublikasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiul<br />
respublikas Soris 1920 wlis maisis 12-is TariRiT.~ aq<br />
garkveviTaa miTiTebuli, rom ruseTTan <strong>da</strong>debuli xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul<br />
saarbitraJo komisias zaqaTalas okrugSi mdebare ara<br />
zogierTi punqtis, aramed mTlianad zaqaTalas okrugis kuTvnilebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis sakiTxi un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>cemo<strong>da</strong>. am samarcxvino xelSekrulebas<br />
xels <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s respublikis samxedro ministri g. lorTqifaniZe,<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis Tavmjdomaris moadgile s. mdivani <strong>da</strong><br />
s.andronikaSvili awerdnen. rac Seexeba omiT miyenebul zarals, mis<br />
anazRaurebas, xelSekruleba ar iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>. mtrisadmi aseT Semwynareblur<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis imave sxdomaze warmoTqmul<br />
sityvaSi ak. Cxenkeli Semdegnairad xsni<strong>da</strong>: `imedi gvaqvs, rom...<br />
mezobeli... <strong>da</strong>afasebs im garemoebas rom Cven bolomdis ar visargebleT<br />
am omis SedegebiT, ar visargebleT mezoblis, SeiZleba iTqvas kritikuli<br />
mdgomareobiT; Cven gavixseneT xvalindeli dRec, is rom Cven mezoblebi<br />
varT <strong>da</strong> gvin<strong>da</strong> Tu ar gvin<strong>da</strong> erTi meoris gverdiT un<strong>da</strong> vicxovroT. Cven<br />
imedi gvaqvs, rom azerbaijanis xalxi adre Tu gvian amaRldeba Cveni<br />
xalxis am Segnebis donemde.~<br />
qarTuli saxelmwifos liderebma SesaniSnavad icodnen, rom azerbaijanis<br />
saxiT maT ruseTi `elaparakebo<strong>da</strong>.~ amitom, aRniSnuli nabiji<br />
22
faqtobrivad <strong>ruseTis</strong>admi <strong>da</strong>Tmobas niSnav<strong>da</strong>. saerTaSoriso normebiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovnebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, omiT miyenebuli zaralis<br />
Tun<strong>da</strong>c nawilobrivi kompensaciis argamoyeneba, politikur Secdomas<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. aseTi nabiji, karsmomdgar <strong>da</strong>uZinebel mterTan kompromisze<br />
wasvlasa <strong>da</strong> agresorisadmi `loialur~ <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas moaswaveb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
qarTuli mxaris es Secdoma, mowinaaRmdegem SesaniSnavad gamoiyena <strong>da</strong><br />
`keTilis msurvel~ mezobels, misi saxelmwifoebriobis sazianod bumerangiviT<br />
ukan <strong>da</strong>ubruna.<br />
X X X<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebel <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTan mimarTebaSi, sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> agresia,<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si antisaxelmwifoebrivi bolSevikuri ajanyebebis (<strong>1918</strong>-<br />
1920 wlebi) mowyobasa <strong>da</strong> mis <strong>da</strong>finansebaSi gamovlin<strong>da</strong>. aRniSnuli<br />
procesebi qarTul sabWoTa istoriografiaSi tendenciura<strong>da</strong>a Sefasebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> misi warmoSobis mizezebi mxolod <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisuflebisadmia<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>bralebuli. sabWoTa ideologiuri moTxovnebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
upasuxo<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>tovebuli: 1) gamarTlebuli iyo Tu ara sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong><br />
mier glexTa bolSevikuri ajanyebebis gamoyenebiT, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mTavrobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mxoba. 2) glexTa ajanyebebs socialuri afeTqeba edo safuZvlad<br />
Tu bolSevikTa mier xelovnurad mowyobil provokaciebs warmoadgendnen.<br />
3) bolSevikebisadmi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s erovnuli mTavrobis negatiuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis obieqturi mizezebi. Cvens amocanas, aRniSnul<br />
kiTxvebze <strong>da</strong>sabuTebuli pasuxis gacema <strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>ri faqtebis swori Sefaseba<br />
warmoadgens. rac Seexeba <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s teritoriaze mowyobil<br />
glexTa ajanyebebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mTavrobis <strong>da</strong>mxobis mcdelobis<br />
samarTlebriv aspeqts, misi Sefasebisa <strong>da</strong> saTanado <strong>da</strong>skvnis gakeTebisaTvis<br />
yvela im masalebis safuZvliani Seswavlaa aucilebeli, romlebic<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>pir Tu arapir<strong>da</strong>pir aRniSnul process ukavSirdeba. saarqivo masalebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>sturdeba, rom <strong>ruseTis</strong> xelisufleba, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si momqmed<br />
bolSevikur organizaciebs sakmaod didi TanxiT uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong>. amasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, kavkasiis samxareo komitetisadmi `rafaelis~ fsevdonimiT<br />
gagzavnil werilSi (1919 wlis 27 oqtomberi), rom oqros kursiT 500<br />
000 maneTi gaegzavnaT, <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebulia. aRniSnuli Tanxi<strong>da</strong>n aT-aTi<br />
aTasi maneTi abaSis, senakis <strong>da</strong> zugdidis bolSevikur organizaciebs<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>eca. imave pirovnebis xelmoweriT, meore werilSi samegrelos bol-<br />
Sevikuri organizaciebisadmi <strong>da</strong>matebiT 50 000 maneTis, xolo guriis<br />
bolSevikuri organizaciebisadmi 12 milioni rusuli maneTis gagzavnis<br />
Sesaxebaa miTiTebuli, TelavSi ajanyebis mosamzadeblad 1919 wlis 5<br />
seqtembri<strong>da</strong>n 20 oqtombramde oqros kursiT 96 360 maneTi iqna <strong>da</strong>xarjuli.<br />
am <strong>da</strong> sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze rkinigzelTa meore yrilobaze<br />
23
(1919 wlis 23 oqtomberi) gakeTebul moxsenebaSi n. ramiSvili ∗ sagangebod<br />
amaxvileb<strong>da</strong> yuradRebas. igi saTanado faqtebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT bol-<br />
SevikTa im gegmis Sesaxeb miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>, romelic qveynis sasazRvro zonaSi<br />
ajanyebis <strong>da</strong>wyebas iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>. am sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT gaz. `er-<br />
Toba~ presis mimoxilvis rubrikaSi, Tavis pozicias bolSevikTa<br />
saqmianobis mimarT Semdegnairad ayalibeb<strong>da</strong>: `komunistebi Cvens demokratias<br />
sZuls, ezizReba, magram <strong>ruseTis</strong> xazini<strong>da</strong>n micemuli fuliT maTi<br />
partia mainc... cocxlobs... es aris partia ucxo saxelmwifos pensionerebisa,<br />
partia ucxoTa agentebisa, samSoblos moRalateTa <strong>da</strong> misi demokratiis<br />
gamyidvelTa. demokratia am samarcxvino <strong>da</strong>Rs aSkarad kiTxulobs<br />
Cveneburi komunistebis Sublze.~ aseTi mkacri ganaCeni <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si<br />
bolSevikebis praqtikuli saqmianobi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareob<strong>da</strong>. maTi<br />
konkretuli miznebis Sesaxeb Sinagan saqmeTa saministros gancxadebaSi<br />
erTxel kidev xazgasmiT iyo miTiTebuli, rom `<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s komunisturi<br />
partiis centraluri komiteti emorCilebo<strong>da</strong> aralegaluri centris<br />
direqtivebs <strong>da</strong> amzadeb<strong>da</strong> SeiaraRebul gamosvlas... Tanxas ucxo<br />
saxelmwifoebi<strong>da</strong>n iRebdnen. igi xmardebo<strong>da</strong>, rogorc legaluri ise<br />
aralegaluri miznebis ganxorcielebas. komunistebi <strong>ruseTis</strong> aRdgenas<br />
Zvel sazRvrebSi cdiloben.~ rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, saqme qveynis <strong>da</strong>ngrevas<br />
exebo<strong>da</strong>. isini moskovis Sorsgamiznuli politikis monuri Semsruleblebi<br />
iyvnen. Tavisi qmedebiT, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>sustebas <strong>da</strong><br />
samomavlod mis gasabWoebas isaxavdnen miznad. yovelive aRniSnulis<br />
srulad gacnobiereba, bunebrivia maSindel glexkacobas ar SeeZlo. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols agitacia <strong>da</strong> fuli asruleb<strong>da</strong>. Tu ra organizebulad<br />
eweodnen bolSevikebi antisaxelmwifoebriv saqmianobas, amis<br />
Sesaxeb saintereso masalas gaz. `erTobaSi~ gamoqveynebuli mTavrobis<br />
gancxadeba _ `komunistebis kontrrevolucionuri gamosvlebi~ _ iZleva.<br />
masSi yuradReba sam ZiriTad sakiTxzea gamaxvilebuli: 1) <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg bolSevikebis mier araqarTuli elementis gamoyenebis<br />
faqtebze, romlebic `etrfodnen <strong>ruseTis</strong> batonobis aRdgenas~;<br />
2) ajanyebis mowyobisa <strong>da</strong> misi organizaciis mizniT, Tbilisisa <strong>da</strong> qu-<br />
Taisis bolSevikTa sagubernio konferenciis (1919 wlis agvistoseqtemberi)<br />
mier arCeul samxedro teqnikur komisiebze; 3) Sinagan<br />
saqmeTa saministros mier ganxorcielebuli operaciis Sedegad ajanyebis<br />
momwyobi xelmZRvaneli birTvis, 21 oqtombers sastumro `avroraSi~<br />
(oTaxi #15) <strong>da</strong>patimrebaze. ajanyebis gegmis aRmoCenaze, romelic respublikaSi<br />
bolSevikTa farTomasStabian gamosvlebs iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>. es<br />
faqti sayuradReboa imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c aRniSnuli gegmis ganxorcieleba,<br />
denikinis samxedro nawilebis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si SemoWras un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>mTxveo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ruseTSi mimdinare samoqalaqo omSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s CaTrevas<br />
iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>. amis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas, <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis (1919 wlis 29<br />
seqtemberi) sxdomaze n.ramiSvilis mier gakeTebuli gancxadeba war-<br />
24
moadgens. igi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong>wyebuli far-<br />
TomasStabiani moqmedebis Sesaxeb sakanonmdeblo organos wevrTa<br />
yuradRebas sagangebod miapyrob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi ZiriTadi mizan<strong>da</strong>saxulobis<br />
axsnas cdilob<strong>da</strong>. `umTavresi mizani, – ambob<strong>da</strong> n. ramiSvili _ mdgomareobs<br />
imaSi, rom Cven CagviTrion <strong>ruseTis</strong> samoqalaqo omSi... Cveni mowinaaRmdegeni<br />
cdiloben amiT Tavisi saqme gaakeTon... Tu isini mizans miaRweven...<br />
nia<strong>da</strong>gi moespoba Cvens aRmSeneblobiT muSaobas <strong>da</strong> Seiryeva<br />
Cveni politikuri organizmi... Zalauneburad monawileni gavxdebiT im<br />
areulobis, romelsac adgili aqvs ruseTSi <strong>da</strong> romelic <strong>ruseTis</strong> erebs<br />
urTierT gaJletas uqadis.~ moskovi<strong>da</strong>n miRebuli miTiTebebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxuli<br />
miznis warmatebiT gansaxorcieleblad, moqmedebis erT-erT aucilebel<br />
saSualebad, bolSevikebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sazRvrebze ajanyebis mowyobas,<br />
ukidures SemTxvevaSi, teroristuli aqtebis ganxorcielebas isaxavdnen<br />
miznad. amis SesaniSnav <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas moxaliseTa armiis general<br />
n. baraTovze ∗ TbilisSi ganxorcielebuli Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma warmoadgens.<br />
aRniSnul faqtebs, n.ramiSvili ucxo saxelmwifoTa Zalebis mier<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebad Tvli<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis<br />
31 oqtombris sxdomis monawileebs Seaxseneb<strong>da</strong>: `aq gareSe saxelmwifoTa<br />
xeli trialebs. Cvens <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas ebrZvis erTi mxriv Savi reaqciis<br />
warmomadgenlebi <strong>da</strong> meore mxriv wiTel xiStebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobili avantiuristebi.<br />
am or gareSe Zalas surs gaanadguros Cveni <strong><strong>da</strong>moukidebeli</strong> saxelmwifo.~<br />
aq garkveviTaa naTqvami im Zalebis Sesaxeb, romlebic qveyanas<br />
ara marto destabilizaciiT, aramed ngreviTac emuqrebodnen. Tuki<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong> realur safrTxes ga<strong>da</strong>urCa, arsebuli xelisuflebis, gansakuTrebiT<br />
Sinagan saqmeTa saministros gonivrul <strong>da</strong> win<strong>da</strong>xedul<br />
saqmianobas un<strong>da</strong> mivaweroT. rac Seexeba bolSevikebis antisaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
saqmianobisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas <strong>da</strong> mis Sefasebas, centrisa <strong>da</strong> regionaluri<br />
social-demokratiuli organizaciebis pozicia identuri iyo.<br />
amis nimuSad guriis komitetis 1920 wlis 3 ivlisis sxdomis masalebi<br />
gamodgeba. miRebuli <strong>da</strong>dgenilebis Sesabamisad, bolSevikebi moRalateebad<br />
iyvnen gamocxadebulni.<br />
es sakiTxi gazeTma `erTobam~ sagangebo ganxilvis <strong>da</strong> msjelobis sagnad<br />
aqcia. am mxriv gansakuTrebul interess mowinave statia `<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
komunisturi partia“ iqcevs. igi bolSevikebisadmi Semdeg ZiriTad<br />
moTxovnebs ayeneb<strong>da</strong>: 1) xeli aeRoT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Sinagan saqmeebSi, ker-<br />
ZoT sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> Zalebis pir<strong>da</strong>piri Carevis xelSewyobaze. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi gazeTs mxedvelobaSi qon<strong>da</strong> ucxo saxelmwifos mier <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sadmi<br />
iZulebiTi, Zal<strong>da</strong>tanebiTi saSinao <strong>da</strong> sagareo politikis Tavs<br />
moxvevis mcdeloba. kerZod, qarTveli bolSevikebis xelSewyobiT sabWoTa<br />
<strong>ruseTis</strong> mier Crdilo kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> azerbaijani<strong>da</strong>n <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s winaaRmdeg<br />
wiTeli jaris nawilebis SeteviTi operaciebis ganxorcieleba<br />
(1920 wlis 4 maisi). `amaSi mdgomareob<strong>da</strong> mTavari mizezi, _ wer<strong>da</strong> ga-<br />
25
zeTi _ Seurigeblobisa, Cvensa <strong>da</strong> bolSevikebs Soris;~ 2) SeewyvitaT<br />
ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n Semotanili fuliT iaraRis SeZena, mosaxleobaSi gavrceleba<br />
<strong>da</strong> arsebuli xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis mowyoba. ideuri<br />
muSaoba, <strong><strong>da</strong>moukidebeli</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s saxelmwifosaTvis misaRebi CarCoTi<br />
SemoefarglaT, rac imas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom qarTvel komunistebs <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi gareSe Zalebisadmi zurgi eqciaT <strong>da</strong><br />
adgilobrivi politikuri partiebis msgavsad emoqme<strong>da</strong>T. `<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
komunistebisagan, _ vkiTxulobT gazeTSi _ Cven moviTxovT, rom maT amieri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
imoqmedon, rogorc <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s moqalaqeebma <strong>da</strong> xeli aiRon im<br />
politikur saSualebebze, romlebsac moqalaqeobriobis TvalsazrisiT<br />
saxelmwifos Ralatis suni udis. Tu Cveneburi komunistebi am pirobebs<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>uxveven, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratia CaTvlis, rom maT un<strong>da</strong>T ucxo<br />
Zalis Careva... saxelmwifos Sinaur saqmeebSi. am SemTxvevaSi Cveni demokratia<br />
moepyroba adgilobriv bolSevikebs ise, rogorc aqamdis epyrobo<strong>da</strong><br />
yovelnair moZaladeebs.~ marTalia, aq civilizebuli qveynebisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli ideuri brZolis formebis gamoyenebis aucileblobis sakiTxia<br />
<strong>da</strong>smuli, magram qarTveli bolSevikebisaTvis igi miuRebeli iyo.<br />
maT kargad esmo<strong>da</strong>T, rom am saxiT gaweuli saqmianobi<strong>da</strong>n farTo masis<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras ver moipovebdnen, amitom, xelisuflebasTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis<br />
mxolod Zalismieri meTodebis gamoyenebisaken iswrafvodnen. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />
es yovelgvari SeniRbvis gareSe mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mmarTveli<br />
politikuri partiis mesveurebi erTxel kidev Seaxsenebdnen bolSevikebs<br />
`Tqven gsurT ideuri brZola? xeli aiReT ucxo xiStebze, gamoeTiSeT<br />
avantiuristebs, romelnic kvantalianebis <strong>da</strong> lominaZeebis saxiT ebrZvian<br />
azerbaijani<strong>da</strong>n <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s muSaTa klass... xeli aiReT ucxoeTi<strong>da</strong>n Semotanil<br />
milionebze <strong>da</strong> patiosani iaraRiT mibrZandiT muSaTa razmebSi...<br />
yvela krebaze Tqven mogagoneben im moRalatur saqciels romelic gamoxatulia<br />
ucxoelTa xiStebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobaSi.~ es imas niSnavs, rom qar-<br />
Tuli mosaxleoba bolSevikebs faqtobrivad boikots ucxadeb<strong>da</strong>, ara<br />
imitom, rom bolSevikebi iyvnen, aramed rogorc araerovnul mimdinareobas.<br />
es arc iyo gasakviri, radgan erovnuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis<br />
winaaRmdeg, qarTveli kacis iaraRiT brZola, did umecrebasTan, an<br />
qveynis RalatTan iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. swored am fonze ganixilavx<strong>da</strong> ak.<br />
Cxenkeli qarTveli bolSevikebis saqmianobas <strong>da</strong> paralels <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis<br />
saxelmwifoebSi moqmed komunistur partiebTan avleb<strong>da</strong>. misi<br />
mtkicebiT, evropel komunistebSi urTierT<strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli mimdinareobebis<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, arc erT maTgans erovnuli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg<br />
iaraRi ar aRumarTavs. `bolSevizmi, _ ambob<strong>da</strong> ak. Cxenkeli _ evropaSi...<br />
yofs muSaTa klassac, magram bolSevizmi uarmyofeli eris <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisa<br />
ar arsebobs <strong>da</strong> arc SeiZleba arsebobdes iq <strong>da</strong> Tu mainc arseboben<br />
CvenSi aseTebi,.. igi bRalavs ers, romelic Cvenis warmodgeniT<br />
kulturuli eria. kulturuli eris nia<strong>da</strong>gze ki ar un<strong>da</strong> arsebobdes<br />
26
aseTi ukulturo movlena Tavisi Tavis, Tavisi individualobis uaryofisa.~<br />
roca sakiTxi ase dgas, pirvel rigSi pasuxi un<strong>da</strong> gaeces kiTxvas,<br />
_ ratom ar gamoxatavdnen qarTveli bolSevikebi eris interesebs. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi gasarkvevia <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s komunisturi partiis erovnuli Semadgenloba<br />
<strong>da</strong> is Zala, romelsac igi eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong>. CvenTvis saintereso<br />
sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT `axali komunisti~-sadmi sapasuxod gazeT `erTobaSi~<br />
gamoqveynebul mowinave werilSi `risTvis gvdevnian~ aRniSnuli<br />
partiis wevrTa umravlesoba ucxo saxelmwifoTa moqalaqeni, kerZod,<br />
saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebaTa nacionalizaciis Sedegad uadgilod <strong>da</strong>rCenili<br />
rusi Cinovnikebi <strong>da</strong> oficrebi, anu araqarTuli mosaxleobaa miCneuli.<br />
Tu ramdenad sworia gazeTis es informacia, amis sailustraciod<br />
Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sagangebo razmis mier 1920 wlis 8<br />
dekembers Tbilisis bolSevikuri komitetis meore raionis krebis<br />
monawileTa Semowmebis masalebi gamodgeba. sxdomis 37 monawili<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s moqalaqe mxolod 4 kaci, <strong>da</strong>narCeni 33 ucxo qveynis moqalaqeni<br />
iyvnen. imave monacemebiT, Tbilisis pirveli raionis bolSevikuri<br />
organizaciis 250 wevri<strong>da</strong>n, _ 173 ucxo saxelmwifos, xolo 77<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s moqalaqeni iyvnen. aseTive mdgomareoba iyo komunisturi<br />
partiis sxva organizaciebSic. es imas niSnavs, rom ucxoelebis bazaze<br />
Seqmnili, qarTul saxelwodebas amofarebuli `<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s kompartia~,<br />
erovnuli ideologiis matarebeli ar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo. es partia<br />
samomavlo imeds, sruliad aSkarad, ucxo saxelmwifos _ <strong>ruseTis</strong><br />
SeiaraRebul Zalebze amyareb<strong>da</strong>. amdenad mis mier adgilobrivi xelisuflebis<br />
winaaRmdeg gaweuli yovelgvari brZola gaumarTleblad, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
Sinaur saqmeebSi ucxo Zalebis Carevad un<strong>da</strong> miviCnioT. 2) rac<br />
Seexeba glexTa ajanyebis gamomwvev ZiriTad mizezebs, misi axsna arsebuli<br />
masalebis safuZvlian Seswavlasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si mimdinare<br />
procesebis yovelmxriv gaTvaliswinebas un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>emyaros. samwuxarod,<br />
qarTul sabWour istoriografiaSi sakiTxi mxolod calmxriva<strong>da</strong>a warmodgenili.<br />
bolSevikTa antisaxelmwifoebrivi ajanyebebi TiTqmis erovnul<br />
moZraobad, maT<strong>da</strong>mi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mTavrobis maT sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebi,<br />
qarTveli xalxis mimarT Cadenil <strong>da</strong>naSaulebriv qmedeba<strong>da</strong>a gamocxadebuli.<br />
roca sakiTxi glexTa regionalur gamosvlebs exeba,<br />
pasuxi un<strong>da</strong> gaeces kiTxvas, igi bolSevikTa xelovnurad mowyobil provocirebas,<br />
Tu socialur afeTqebas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. Cvens xelT arsebuli<br />
masalebis mixedviT, <strong>1918</strong> wlis glexTa ajanyebebs agraruli sakiTxis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>uWreloba, mxolod garkveulwilad edo safuZvlad. misi warmoSobis<br />
saTave amierkavkasiis saxelmwifoTa federaciuli gaerTianebis, xolo<br />
Semdeg, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis sawinaaRmdegod bolSevikTa mier<br />
gaweul agitaciaSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTis</strong> mier gaRebul zemoaRniSnul <strong>da</strong>finansebaSi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> veZioT. es rom ara, qveynis Znelbedobis Jams, samSoblos<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvaze uaris Tqma <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis <strong>da</strong>samxobad iaraRis aR-<br />
27
marTva, SeuZleblad migvaCnia. imasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, Tu ra formiT mimdinareob<strong>da</strong><br />
bolSevikebis antisaxelmwifoebrivi saqmianoba, respublikis<br />
parlamentis social-demokratiuli fraqciis Tavmjdomarisadmi<br />
wardgenil moxsenebaSi sayuradRebo faqtebia motanili. rogorc dokumenti<strong>da</strong>n<br />
irkveva, bolSevikebis mier gavrcelebuli proklamaciebi<br />
soflis mosaxleobas mouwodeb<strong>da</strong> gaewyvita gvardia, Camoegdo `<strong>ruseTis</strong><br />
moRalate, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mTavroba~ <strong>da</strong> `muSur-glexuri revluciuri<br />
mTavroba~ Seeqmna. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s ruseTTan SeerTebis SemTxvevaSi, miwebis<br />
kerZo sakuTrebaSi usasyidlod ga<strong>da</strong>cemas, gaiafebul fasebSi puris,<br />
xorcis <strong>da</strong> sxva pirveladi moxmarebis produqtebis micemas pirdebodnen.<br />
aseTi saxis agitacias im etapze gasavali qon<strong>da</strong>, radgan agraruli sakiTxi<br />
<strong>da</strong>muSavebis stadiaSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong> (saubaria <strong>1918</strong> welze) <strong>da</strong> reforma<br />
am sferoSi safuZvlianad mzaddebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
rac Seexeba pirveladi moxmarebis produqtebs, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> garkveul<br />
deficits ganicdi<strong>da</strong>. es ori faqtori sakmarisi gax<strong>da</strong> imisaTvis, rom<br />
glexTa garkveuli nawili, arsebuli xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg aemxedrebinaT.<br />
am mxriv, leCxumis mazris glexTa ajanyeba gamoirCeva (<strong>1918</strong> wlis<br />
22 Tebervali). sagubernio komisaris iv. kaCuxaSvilis mier, garkveuli<br />
mosazrebebis gamo, mazris kanongareSe gamocxadebam, qarTuli sabWouri<br />
istoriografiis gansakuTrebuli interesi gamoiwvia. maT, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
xelisuflebis mesveurebi arahumanurobaSi <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>naSaules. roca aRniSnul<br />
sakiTxs vexebiT <strong>da</strong> misi Sefaseba gvaqvs <strong>da</strong>saxuli, pirvel rigSi<br />
garkveuli un<strong>da</strong> iqnes: a) ajanyebis <strong>da</strong>mwyebi socialuri fena; b) mazris<br />
kanongareSe gamocxadebis mizezi; g) ajanyebis <strong>da</strong>wyebisas <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si<br />
arsebuli politikuri viTareba. saarqivo masalebi<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, rom<br />
leCxumis ajanyeba sabWoTa ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n Semosulma <strong>da</strong> fronti<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong>brunebulma zogirTma gabolSevikebulma jariskacebma <strong>da</strong>iwyes. `cixi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gaanTavisufles `uriadnikebi~, `straJnikebi~ <strong>da</strong> yaCaRebi, romlebic maT<br />
SeuerTdnen <strong>da</strong> moZraobas saTaveSi Caudgnen.~<br />
es imis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebelia, rom ajanyebis <strong>da</strong>mwyebi leCxumis glexoba<br />
ki ar iyo, aramed mezobeli saxelmwifo<strong>da</strong>n Semosuli <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi<br />
bolSeviki jariskacebi, romlebmac mosaxleoba mxolod aiyolia. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />
ajanyebulebTan molaparakebis yovelgvari gza amoiwura <strong>da</strong><br />
gvardiis meTauris levan <strong>da</strong>deSqelianis sicocxlec ki Seiwira, sagangebo<br />
zomebis miReba garduvali gax<strong>da</strong>. am faqtTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT quTaisis guberniis<br />
komisari iv.kaCuxaSvili quTaisis muSaTa deputatebis sabWos<br />
sxdomaze gakeTebul moxsenebaSi garkveviT miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>: `yvelaze ufro<br />
misaReb zomaT <strong>da</strong>vinaxe leCxumis mazris kanongareSe gamocxadeba. es imas<br />
ar niSnavs, leCxumSi yvelas SeuZlia erTimeoris mokvla <strong>da</strong>... kanonis<br />
winaSe pasuxs ar agebs... me <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli viyavi, rom Cems mier ga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli<br />
nabiji xalxs gamoafxizleb<strong>da</strong>, brbos Camoacileb<strong>da</strong>... kanongareSe<br />
gamocxadebas leCxumSi aravis mokvla ar gamouwvevia, xolo ruseTSi<br />
28
olSevikebis mier kanongareSe gamocxadebam kokoSkini ∗ <strong>da</strong> Singariovi ∗<br />
imsxverpla.~ Tuki am monacemebs <strong>da</strong>veyrdnobiT, aRniSnuli RonisZieba mazraSi<br />
stabilurobis aRdgenis mcdelobas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> igi moqalaqis<br />
uflebebis <strong>da</strong>rRvevas, an u<strong>da</strong>naSauloTa represirebas srulebiTac ar iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mazris kanongareSed gamocxadeba iZulebiTi nabiji iyo <strong>da</strong><br />
ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg gasatarebel RonisZiebaTa Soris, ukidures formas<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, TviT sityva usiamovno SegrZnebas iwvevs.<br />
amitom, am nabijis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb, garkveuli azris<br />
Camoyalibebisas, pirvel rigSi un<strong>da</strong> iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli mimdinare<br />
politikuri situacia. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-TurqeTs Soris<br />
saomari moqmedebis <strong>da</strong>wyeba. am metad mniSvnelovan sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi,<br />
gazeTma `erTobam~, mowinave werilSi _ `wesierebisaken~, momx<strong>da</strong>r<br />
faqts obieqturi Sefaseba misca. igi farTo sazogadoebriobis yuradRebas,<br />
Turqul agresiaze miapyrob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sZen<strong>da</strong>: `gare<strong>da</strong>n osmaleTis jari<br />
mogvdgomia <strong>da</strong> Cvens Semusvras cdilobs. Tu man gaimarjva, yvelaferi<br />
oxraT <strong>da</strong>gvrCeba; Tavisuflebac, miwac <strong>da</strong> revoluciac. kidev meti, TviT<br />
sicocxlesac gamovesalmebiT, _ yovelgvar ajanyebas, ra mizeziTac un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyos gamowveuli, Sedegi erTi <strong>da</strong> igive moyveba. igi mxolod mters gaaxarebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> qveyanas <strong>da</strong>Rupavs.~ aseTi preambulis Semdeg, igive statia<br />
xelisuflebis mier gatarebul RonisZiebas gamarTlebulad miiCnev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
mkiTxvel sazogadoebas kidev erTxel mianiSneb<strong>da</strong> im garduvali safrTxis<br />
Sesaxeb, romelic <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas emuqrebo<strong>da</strong>. `udidesi<br />
gansacdelis winaSe vdgevarT! – vkiTxulobT gazeTSi _ wesiereba erTi<br />
mTavari safuZvelia am gansacdelisagan Tavis <strong>da</strong>Rwevis. karze osmaleTis<br />
jari gvadgia. simagre, simtkice aseT pirobebSi aucileblad saWiroa.<br />
yoveli ryeva mxolod <strong>da</strong>Rupavs Tavisuflebas. winaaRmdegobis gaweva<br />
mTavrobis gankargulebisadmi... arRvevs demokratiul mTlianobas <strong>da</strong><br />
xels uwyobs anarqiis gaZlierebas.~ aseTi pozicia misaRebi un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo<br />
yvela im saRad moazrovne politikuri mimdinareobisaTvis, romelTa<br />
mizani mxolod <strong><strong>da</strong>moukidebeli</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s momavlisadmi<br />
samsaxuri iyo. Tuki am kuTxiT SevafasebT leCxumis ajanyebisadmi gatarebul<br />
zemoaRniSnul sa<strong>da</strong>msjelo RonisZiebas, igi savsebiT gamarTlebulad<br />
un<strong>da</strong> CaiTvalos, radgan mis ZiriTad safuZvels qveynis ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis<br />
interesebi ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong>. es sakiTxi qarTveli bolSevikebisaTvis<br />
fiqrisa <strong>da</strong> gansjis sagans ar warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. maT mxolod qveynis gasab-<br />
Woebisa <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebis aRebis survili amoZraveb<strong>da</strong>T, risTvisac xelsayreli<br />
momentis maqsimalurad gamoyenebas cdilobdnen. amis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>xloSi <strong>da</strong> samaCabloSi (e. w. `samxreT oseTSi~) <strong>1918</strong> wlis<br />
martSi bolSevikebis mier mowyobili glexTa ajanyebebis faqtebi warmoadgens.<br />
es ajanyebebi osmalTa winaaRmdeg baTumis misadgomebTan qar-<br />
Tuli jaris mZime Tav<strong>da</strong>cviT brZolebs <strong>da</strong>amTxvies. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT,<br />
<strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis sxdomaze v. juReli ∗ garkveviT ambob<strong>da</strong>: `im dros<br />
29
odesac saomrad vemzadebodiT, ori ajanyeba erTad mox<strong>da</strong>. erTis mxriv<br />
ajanyeba moaxdines TaTris brboebma sa<strong>da</strong>xloSi <strong>da</strong> iq gaiwvies saukeTeso<br />
SeiaraRebuli Zalebi <strong>da</strong> ufro didi ajanyeba moaxdines cxinvalSi <strong>da</strong><br />
Cven iZulebuli viyaviT axali Zalebi iq gagvegzavna. baTumi gaSiSvlebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCa. rodesac es ajanyeba CavaqreT <strong>da</strong> misken gaveSureT, baTumi<br />
ukve <strong>da</strong>cemuli iyo.~ osmaleTTan warumatebeli saomari operaciebis Semdeg,<br />
qarTuli jaris mier axali sasazRvro xazis gamagrebisa <strong>da</strong> mtris<br />
ieriSebis mogeriebisaTvis mzadebis process, amierkavkasiis seimis mier<br />
qveynis <strong>da</strong>mcvelTa rigebis SesavsebaT gamocxadebul mobilizacias, bol-<br />
Sevikebma morigi ajanyebiT upasuxes. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs samegreloSi<br />
maT mier mowyobili SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebi. am faqtma xelisufleba<br />
iZulebuli gaxa<strong>da</strong>, baTumis frontze gasagzavni jaris nawilebi samegreloSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>esrola. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb b. Zvelaia gazeT `erTobaSi~ gamoqveynebul<br />
statiaSi `bolSevikebis moRvaweoba samegreloSi“ xazgasmiT<br />
miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>: `Cveni xalxis am erTsulovan miswrafebaSi, pirveli Suri <strong>da</strong><br />
arev-<strong>da</strong>reva bolSevikebma Seitanes. dro ixelTes... budu mdivanis ∗ <strong>da</strong> saSa<br />
gegeWkoris ∗ meTaurobiT aafriales droSa, ga<strong>da</strong>isroles lozungi: `Zirs<br />
omi,~ `baTums araviTari safrTxe ar moelis~ `gaumarjos Cvens Zmebs Ta-<br />
Trebs.~ aseTi `imedismomcemi~ lozungiT bolSevikebi im dros gamovidnen,<br />
roca baTumi <strong>da</strong>cemuli iyo <strong>da</strong> TurqeTis kontrols eqvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> osmaleTis sajariso SenaerTebi Caqvis uReltexilis <strong>da</strong>sakaveblad<br />
morigi ieriSisaTvis emzadebo<strong>da</strong>. erovnuli saxelmwifosadmi qarTveli<br />
bolSevikebis negatiuri <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis SesaniSnav nimuSs, frontze<br />
wasuli jariskacebis ojaxebisadmi Zalmomreobis gamoyenebis faqtebi<br />
warmoadgens. `bolSevikebma baTumis <strong>da</strong>sacavad wasuli meomrebis ojaxebs,<br />
_ vkiTxulobT imave statiaSi _ gauorkeces jarimebis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>. baTumisave<br />
<strong>da</strong>sacavad mimaval moxalise meomrebs TavianTi Stabebis miTiTebiT<br />
iaraRs yridnen <strong>da</strong> `podnadzorad~ akavebdnen.~ Cvens mier motanili masalebi<br />
adgilobrivi xelisuflebis xelfexis SeboWvisa <strong>da</strong> TurqeTis<br />
agresiisadmi xelSewyobis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebelia. es <strong>da</strong>naSaulebrivi qmedeba<br />
bolSevikebma araTu aRkveTes, aramed kidev ufro ganavrces <strong>da</strong> igi samegrelo<strong>da</strong>n<br />
afxazeTis regionSi ga<strong>da</strong>itanes. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>saTvis Znelbedobis<br />
Jams, (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs TurqeT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s saomari mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong><br />
qarTuli samxedro SenaeTebis TurqeTis frontze koncentrireba) ajanyebebi<br />
moawyves soxumis olqSi (<strong>1918</strong> wlis marti) lozungiT `Zirs<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>!~ `gaumarjos ruseTs.~ momx<strong>da</strong>ri faqtis xelisuflebis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n reagirebis gareSe <strong>da</strong>toveba yovlad SeuZlebeli iyo. igi qveyanas<br />
axali safrTxis winaSe ayeneb<strong>da</strong>. amis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis 1920<br />
wlis 30 aprils sxdomaze v. jureli <strong>da</strong>mswre sazogadoebas Seaxseneb<strong>da</strong>:<br />
ajanyebulebi `nacvlad imisa, rom moSvelebodnen baTums, samegreloSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>svlas apirebdnen... Tu isini samegreloSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlas moaswrebdnen,<br />
iqac ajanyebis cecxli <strong>da</strong>inTebo<strong>da</strong>. amiT isargebleb<strong>da</strong> TaTari <strong>da</strong> same-<br />
30
greloSi desants gadmosxam<strong>da</strong>. Cven ise<strong>da</strong>c gaSiSvlebul fronts, movxseniT<br />
saukeTeso Zalebi <strong>da</strong> gavgzavneT soxumSi... ai, aseTi iyo mu<strong>da</strong>m moRvaweoba<br />
CvenSi bolSevizmisa, ase gveqceodnen Cven mu<strong>da</strong>m isini, rodesac<br />
saSinel gaWirvebas ganvicdidiT <strong>da</strong> didi safrTxe Tavs gvatydebo<strong>da</strong>.~<br />
analogiuri pozicia eWira gazeT `erTobasac~. `ase mSvenivrad sargebloben<br />
es axali modis socialistebi, _ wer<strong>da</strong> gazeTi _ Seqmnili mdgomareobiT,<br />
maSin rodesac mteri SemoWrilia Cvens kuTxeSi, eseni zurgi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
scemen laxvars <strong>da</strong>sustebul demokratias... <strong>da</strong> amas sCadian socialistebis<br />
saxeliT.~<br />
araerovnuli saqmianobiT qarTveli komunistebi kidev ufro Sors wavidnen<br />
<strong>da</strong> axladSeqmnili <strong><strong>da</strong>moukidebeli</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mSeneblobisTvis<br />
xelSewyobis nacvlad, misi fun<strong>da</strong>mentis ngreva <strong>da</strong>iwyes. mxedvelobaSi<br />
duSeTisa <strong>da</strong> TianeTis mazrebSi maRalorganizebuli glexTa ajanyebebi<br />
(<strong>1918</strong> wlis ivnisi) gvaqvs. am faqts gazeTma `erTobam~ `erwoelis~<br />
fsevdonimiT gamoqveynebul statiaSi `TianeTis ajanyeba <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
meTaurebi~ obieqturi Sefaseba misca. bolSevikebma `Carges TianeTis mazraSi,<br />
_ vkiTxuobT werilSi _ xe borotebisa. mxolod un<strong>da</strong> axsovdeT,<br />
rom fesvebs is ver gaidgams <strong>da</strong> srulebiT gaxmeba. <strong>da</strong>rCeba mxolod naS-<br />
TaT, romliTac momavali Taoba moigonebs maT moRalatur moqmedebas <strong>da</strong><br />
saukuno wyevla-krulvas SeuTvlis.~ ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebuli ar iqneba Tuki am<br />
Sefasebas glexTa zemoTaRniSnul ajanyebebzec gavavrcelebT, radgan isini<br />
sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong>a <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis aliansis Sedegs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. ajanyebis<br />
monawile glexoba maT xelSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s pirveli respublikis<br />
erovnuli mTavrobis <strong>da</strong>samxobad brma iaraRs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. am sakiTxTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT gazeTi `erToba~ mowinave werilSi `osmaleTi <strong>da</strong> bol-<br />
Sevikebi~ xazgasmiT wer<strong>da</strong>: `osmaleTi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si abam<strong>da</strong> provokaciis<br />
qsels. misma agentebma ajanyeba moawyves cxinvalSi, zugdidSi, TianeTSi,<br />
duSeTSi <strong>da</strong> Tu dRemdis raime eWvi Sehqon<strong>da</strong> vinmes, dRes es aSkara <strong>da</strong><br />
naTelia. osmaleTis mosyidulma agentebma moawyves ajanyeba swored im<br />
dros, roca osmaleTis jari baTumis cixes esxmo<strong>da</strong> Tavs. Cveni Zalebi<br />
anarqiasTan brZolas moun<strong>da</strong>, riTac osmaleTma isargebla <strong>da</strong> baTumi<br />
aiRo.~ xolo igive gazeTi statiaSi `amierkavkasia <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s respublika<br />
<strong>1918</strong> wels~ mkiTxvel sazogadoebas Seaxseneb<strong>da</strong>: rom bol-<br />
Sevikebi `rogorc baqos mxri<strong>da</strong>n ise yubanis olqi<strong>da</strong>n swored im dros<br />
iwyebdnen moZraobas, rodesac <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s jarebi osmaleTis jarebis<br />
winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen. rogorc ki samxreTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n osmaleTis<br />
jari iwyeb<strong>da</strong> Semosevas <strong>da</strong> maT winaaRmdeg wavido<strong>da</strong> saxalxo<br />
gvardia <strong>da</strong> jari,... zurgs ukani<strong>da</strong>n, aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeTi<strong>da</strong>n am<br />
jars <strong>da</strong> gvardias Tavs esxmo<strong>da</strong> bolSevikuri brboebi. bolSevikuri<br />
anarqistuli moZraoba iyo mesame safrTxe, romelmac saqaTvelos respublika<br />
sikvdilis piras miiyvana. ukiduresi Ronis mokrebiT, respublikam<br />
igic <strong>da</strong>sZlia.~<br />
31
TurqeTTan saomari moqmedeba <strong>da</strong> imavdroulad bolSevikebis mier<br />
mowyobili ajanyebebi, qveynis samxedro Zalebis gaxleCas, _ or frontze<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebas iwvev<strong>da</strong>. igi mowinaaRmdeges warmatebis realur pirobebs<br />
uqmni<strong>da</strong>. bolSevikTa xelovnurad mowyobili amboxebebi <strong>da</strong> qarTuli<br />
jaris SenaerTebis <strong>da</strong>qsaqsva rom ara, TurqeTis warmateba garkveulwilad<br />
Seferxdebo<strong>da</strong>, qarTul diplomatias ki xelsayreli politikuri<br />
`amindi~ eqnebo<strong>da</strong>. zemoaRniSnulma faqtorebma Tavisi uaryofiTi Sedegebi,<br />
bunebrivia baTumis sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisas gamoiRo. marTalia, ba-<br />
Tumis <strong>da</strong>cemaSi qarTvel bolSevikebs lomis wili edoT, magram<br />
TurqeTTan <strong>da</strong>marcxebaSi isini mxolod mmarTvel politikur partias<br />
a<strong>da</strong>naSaulebdnen <strong>da</strong> baTums Cxenkel-gegeWkorisgan gayidulad acxadebdnen.<br />
<strong>1918</strong> wlis 28 maisiT <strong>da</strong>TariRebul proklamaciaSi, romelsac amierkavkasiis<br />
socialisturi jaris Stabis Tavmjdomaris saxeliT xels a.<br />
gegeWkori awer<strong>da</strong>, _ vkiTxulobT: `menSevikebs <strong>da</strong> maT mTel Semadgenlobas<br />
seimisas SemoyavT kavkasiis SuagulSi osmalTa jarebi, aSkaraa Cvens<br />
winaaRmdeg.~ rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, TavianTi <strong>da</strong>naSaulebrivi qmedebis SeniRbvis<br />
mizniT, bolSevikebi momx<strong>da</strong>r faqts araswor interpretacias ukeTebdnen,<br />
qarTvelTa sazianod ganviTarebul movlenebs qarTuli socialdemokratiis<br />
liderebs abralebdnen <strong>da</strong> mosaxleobas abnevdnen.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s saxelmwifoebriobis ngrevis <strong>da</strong>Cqarebas iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong><br />
qarTveli bolSevikebis mier 1920 wlis maisisaTvis <strong>da</strong>gegmili sayovel-<br />
Tao ajanyeba. isini moskovis xelisufalTa SekveTas rom asrulebdnen,<br />
amis aSkara <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas rkp(b) ∗ kavkasiis samxareo komitetis (1919<br />
wlis 15 agvisto), kavkasiis saerTo partiuli TaTbiris (1919 wlis 9<br />
seqtemberi), rkp(b) kavkasiis samxareo komitetis (1919 wlis seqtembris)<br />
sxdomis masalebi warmoadgens. <strong>da</strong>saxuli miznis ganxorcielebis xelsayrel<br />
momentad, qarTvelma <strong>da</strong> osma bolSevikebma <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>azerbaijans<br />
Soris mimdinare saomari moqmedeba (1920 wlis maisi) miiCnies<br />
<strong>da</strong> imave wlis maisSi e. w. `samxreT-oseTSi~ ajanyeba <strong>da</strong>iwyes.<br />
TiTqmis mTel samaCabloSi sabWoTa xelisufleba gamoacxades. zemoaRniSnuli<br />
ajanyebebi sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> SekveTiT qarTveli bolSevikebis<br />
mier ganxorcielebul aqcias warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. misi mizani <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
gasabWoeba <strong>da</strong> qveynis kanonieri xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>mxoba iyo. <strong>1918</strong>-1920<br />
wlebSi bolSevikTa mier ganxorcielebuli ajanyebebi, qarTul sabWoTa<br />
istoriografiaSi isea Sefasebuli, TiTqos misi monawileni <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
yoveli mtkaveli miwisTvis Tav<strong>da</strong>debuli mebrZolebi yofiliyvnen. Tu<br />
ramdenad pasuxobs sinamdviles aRniSnuli Sefaseba, amis garkvevis<br />
SesaZleblobas Cvens mier zemoT motanili masalebis obieqturi analizi<br />
iZleva. Tuki maT moqmedebas samarTlebrivi poziciebi<strong>da</strong>n ganvixilavT, igi<br />
Ralatis tolfasi iyo, xolo <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisuflebis negatiuri <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
maT<strong>da</strong>mi bunebriv movlenas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. yuradsaRebia is<br />
faqti, rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisuflebam, respublikis SigniT mimdinare<br />
32
procesebisadmi gamokveTili pozicia <strong>da</strong>ikava. imavdroulad, erovnuli<br />
saxelmwifos `mowinaaRmdegeTa aCrdilis~ saTaveSive ganadgurebis sakiTxi<br />
oficialurad <strong>da</strong>ayena. am mxriv, erovnuli sabWos <strong>1918</strong> wlis 11<br />
Tebervlis sxdoma gamoirCeva. `soflad anarqiis Sesaxeb~ socialdemokratTa<br />
mier wardgenil rezoluciis proeqtSi, anarqiis xelmZRvanelebis,<br />
rogorc borotmoqmedTadmi umkacresi zomebis gatarebis aucileblobis<br />
sakiTxi iyo <strong>da</strong>smuli. analogiuri xasiaTis rezolucia iqna<br />
miRebuli <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis 1919 wlis 31 oqtombris sxdomaze<strong>da</strong>c.<br />
`<strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli kreba, – vkiTxulobT dokumentSi _ miaqcevs mTavrobis<br />
yuradRebas im garemoebas, rom mxolod ficxeli <strong>da</strong> mkacri RonisZiebebis<br />
miRebiT, rogorc TviT borotmoqmedTa, ise maTi masazrdoebeli gareSe<br />
elementebis, dezertirebis <strong>da</strong> sxva anarqistuli wreebis winaaRmdeg,<br />
SeiZleba gamosvlebis momavalSi Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba.~ rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT,<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisuflebasTan erTad, qveynis interesebis aucileblobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, meamboxeTa winaaRmdeg sastiki zomebis gatarebis<br />
momxreT, respublikis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organoc gamodio<strong>da</strong>. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />
sakiTxi erovnuli saxelmwifos ga<strong>da</strong>rCenas exebo<strong>da</strong>, arsebuli<br />
xelisufleba bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg brZolis gaZlierebas <strong>da</strong> maTi antisaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
saqmianobis aRkveTas kanonierad miiCnev<strong>da</strong>. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi igi, saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebsa <strong>da</strong> evropis saxelmwifoTa<br />
gamocdilebas eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mTavrobis mier mowinaaRmdegis asalagmavad gatarebul<br />
ukidures RonisZiebebs gazeTi `erToba~ <strong>da</strong>debiTad Sexv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tavisi<br />
pozicia mowinave werilSi `komunisti~ oficialurad <strong>da</strong>afiqsira<br />
statiaSi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba, xelisuflebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n sa<strong>da</strong>msjelo<br />
RonisZiebebis gatarebis Semdeg, bolSevikTa mixri<strong>da</strong>n oficialurad, ideuri<br />
brZolis prioritetad aRiarebaze <strong>da</strong> Zal<strong>da</strong>tanebisa <strong>da</strong> iaraRis gamoyenebisadmi<br />
uaris Tqmis faqtebze iyo gamaxvilebuli. gazeT `komunisti<strong>da</strong>n~<br />
motanili amonawerebis safuZvelze: `xels viRebT iaraRiT sargeblobaze<br />
<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>vdivarT mxolod legalur ideur moRvaweobaze <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si~<br />
an kidev, `SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis magier Cven un<strong>da</strong> wamovayenoT<br />
brZolis mSvidobiani saSualebebi~,_ <strong>da</strong>askvni<strong>da</strong>: `komunistebi dRes xels<br />
iReben iaraRiT brZolaze, amiT amarTleben Cvens mtkicebas, rom yvela<br />
represiuli zomebi romelic miRebuli iyo komunistebis winaaRmdeg, mimarTuli<br />
iyo ara maTi ideuri moRvaweobis, aramed `uxeSi Zalis,~<br />
`SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis,~ `iaraRiT brZolis~ e. i. yvela im meTodebis<br />
winaaRmdeg, romliTac Cveneburi bolSevikebi cdilobdnen... xalxisaTvis<br />
Zaladobis saSualebiT Tavs moexviaT erTi muWa xalxis neba-survili.~<br />
rac Seexeba meore statias, _ `komunistebis utifroba~ igi bolSevikuri<br />
gazeTis mier <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mTavrobisadmi wayenebuli braldebebis pasuxs<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. statia <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT ixilav<strong>da</strong> <strong>1918</strong>-1920 wlebis bol-<br />
SevikTa ajanyebas <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi argumentebiT asabuTeb<strong>da</strong> maT winaaRmdeg<br />
33
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli sa<strong>da</strong>msjelo RonisZiebebis<br />
aucileblobas. `<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratias, _ vkiTxulobT werilSi _<br />
SeuZlia iamayos imiT, rom man droze alagma bolSevikuri presa <strong>da</strong> CafuSa<br />
meamboxeTa gegma. amiT, qveyana im samoqalaqo omisagan ixsna, ramac<br />
welSi gastexa <strong>ruseTis</strong> demokratia <strong>da</strong> igi <strong>da</strong>Rupvis karamdis miiyvana.<br />
`ekonomists“ ar moswons aseTi taqtika, vinai<strong>da</strong>n <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> is qveyanaa,<br />
romelic mWevrmetyvelurad RaRadebs demokratiis aRmSeneblobiTi moRvaweobis<br />
Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> amxels maT, vinc samoqalaqo omis droSis afrialebiT<br />
ruseTSi <strong>da</strong>sca warmoeba, gaanadgura mimosvlis saSualebani.~<br />
yovelive es imis aSkara <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebaa, Tu ramdenad <strong>da</strong>mRupveli Sedegis<br />
motana SeeZlo <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s saxelmwifosaTvis bolSevikTa SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>v<br />
moqmedebas.<br />
amrigad: 1) <strong>1918</strong>-1920 wlebSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si ganxorcielebuli ajanyebebi<br />
adgilobrivi xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>samxobas, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s gasabWoebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> SemadgenlobaSi Seyvanas isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad. misi<br />
Semsrulebeli qarTveli bolSevikebi, sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> <strong>da</strong>kveTiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>finansebiT moqmedebdnen. es ajanyebebi socialuri siduxWiri<strong>da</strong>n ki ar<br />
iyo aRmocenebuli, aramed gareSe Zalebis provocireba edo safuZvlad;<br />
2) glexTa yvela ajanyeba, bolSevikebma <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>saTvis kritikul moments,<br />
TurqeT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong> saqaTvelo-azerbaijanis saomar moqmedebebs<br />
<strong>da</strong>amTxvies. igi ruseT-TurqeTis aliansiT gaTvaliswinwbuli programiT<br />
xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> samSoblos <strong>da</strong>mcveli qarTuli jarisadmi<br />
zurgSi maxvilis Cacemas iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>. misi Sefasebis amosaval kriteriumad<br />
qveynis saxelmwifoebriv interesebs Tuki aviRebT, mas erovnuli<br />
Ralatis kvalifikacia un<strong>da</strong> mieces. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT,<br />
rom ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg nebismieri sa<strong>da</strong>msjelo RonisZieba, erovnuli<br />
saxelmwifos ga<strong>da</strong>rCenas emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> samarTlebrivad gamarTlebuli<br />
iyo.<br />
X X X<br />
sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> mier poloneTTan miRweuli droebiTi <strong>da</strong>zavebisa<br />
(1920 wlis 12 oqtomberi) <strong>da</strong> vrangelis ∗ sabolood ganadgurebis Semdeg,<br />
(1920 wlis 15 noemberi) <strong><strong>da</strong>moukidebeli</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s usafrTxoeba<br />
isev kiTxviTi niSnis qveS <strong>da</strong>dga. miRweulma gamarjvebebma, sabWoTa<br />
<strong>ruseTis</strong> xelisuflebas amierkavkasiis sakiTxis dRis wesrigSi <strong>da</strong>smisa <strong>da</strong><br />
misi wina planze wamowevis SesaZlebloba misca. am mxriv, misi gansakuTrebuli<br />
interesi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTan mimarTebaSi gaizar<strong>da</strong>. amis SesaZleblobas<br />
somxeTis gasabWoebiT (1920 wlis 29 noemberi) aRmosavleTis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTan sigrZivi sazRvaric ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong>. gasabWoebuli<br />
34
azerbaijanis <strong>da</strong> somxeTis fonze, <strong><strong>da</strong>moukidebeli</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> garkveul<br />
disonanss qmni<strong>da</strong> amierkavkasiis politikur <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur cxovrebaSi.<br />
aseT pirobebSi, <strong><strong>da</strong>moukidebeli</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s atana sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong>Tvis<br />
SeuZlebeli iyo. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, ruseTi Zalismieri formis gamoyenebas,<br />
im etapze Tavs arideb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> upiratesobas diplomatiur zewolas<br />
aniWeb<strong>da</strong>. am mxriv gansakuTrebul yuradRebas baTumTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />
xelovnurad Seqmnili aJiotaJi iqcevs. sakiTxi inglis-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
ararsebuli saijaro xelSekrulebiT, baTumis TiTqos<strong>da</strong> inglisisadmi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemas, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mier inglisi<strong>da</strong>n `aRebuli<br />
sesxis~ sanacvlod baTumis okupaciis `nebarTvas~ exebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si <strong>ruseTis</strong> elCis p. Seimanis mier e. gegeWkorisadmi gagzavnil<br />
notaSi (31 oqtomberi, 18 noemberi) es sakiTxebi `gulSematkivris~<br />
pozicii<strong>da</strong>naa ganxiluli <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s inglisis axalSenad<br />
mosalodneli ga<strong>da</strong>qcevis safrTxezea miTiTebuli. GgamoTqmulia imedi,<br />
rom qarTuli mxare `saxelmwifoTa SeiaraRebuli Zalebis uflebebSi~<br />
baTumis ga<strong>da</strong>cemas ar <strong>da</strong>uSveb<strong>da</strong>. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, momx<strong>da</strong>r faqts<br />
1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>rRvevad CaTvli<strong>da</strong>. imavdroulad,<br />
SefarviTi formiT iyo miTiTebuli azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTis</strong>aTvis `safrTxis~<br />
Semqmneli inglisis jaris baTumi<strong>da</strong>n gayvanis <strong>da</strong>Cqarebis nakisri<br />
valdebulebebis Sesrulebis aucileblobaze.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sagareo saqmeTa saministros 1920 wlis 4 <strong>da</strong> 22 noembris<br />
sapasuxo notaSi, inglis-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s garigebis braldebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>sabuTebulad iyo uaryofili. ararsebuli `garigebis~ Sesaxeb <strong>ruseTis</strong><br />
diplomatiurma wreebma kargad icodnen, magram es `diplomatiuri<br />
TamaSi~ maT sami garemoebis gamo <strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong>T: 1) <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisuflebas<br />
1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebiT nakisri pirobebis- ingliselebisagan<br />
baTumis gawmendis <strong>da</strong>Cqarebis aucilebloba mosTxoves, 2)<br />
baTumisadmi qarTuli mxaris oficialuri <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba gaarkvies <strong>da</strong><br />
3) <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTan mimarTebaSi <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis saelmwifoTa, gansakuTrebiT<br />
inglisis pozicia gaxades naTeli. amis realuri pirobebi g.<br />
CiCerinis mier inglisis sagareo saqmeTa ministris l. kerzonisadmi 28<br />
noembers gagzavnilma radiodepeSam Seamza<strong>da</strong>. igi inglisis mTavrobas<br />
protests ucxadeb<strong>da</strong> inglisis mxri<strong>da</strong>n baTumis mosalodneli okupaciis<br />
SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb. imavdroulad, kavkasiis saqmeebis ucodinarobaSi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>naSauleb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> niSnismogebiT Seaxseneb<strong>da</strong>: “<strong>ruseTis</strong> mTavrobam<br />
pirvelma icno <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mTavrobis <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba, raic jer ar<br />
ucvnia antantis mTavrobebs, romlebic ase did interess iCenen <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
bedis mimarT.~ es didi koziri g. CiCerinma oponentTan paeqrobaSi<br />
SesaniSnavad gamoiyena <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> axloaRmosavluri <strong>politika</strong>,<br />
erTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebebis `<strong>da</strong>cvis~ pozicii<strong>da</strong>n Seafasa. imavdroulad<br />
inglisis xelisuflebas 1920 wlis 7 maisis <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTis</strong><br />
xelSekruleba Seaxsena <strong>da</strong> iqve mianiSna, rom misi <strong>da</strong>rRvevis SemTxvevaSi<br />
35
`<strong>ruseTis</strong> mTavrobas ar SeuZlia ubralo moyurade iqnes aseTi movlenis<br />
winaSe.~<br />
es imas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom ruseTi, bTumis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi gansakuTrebul<br />
interess iCen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> motivaciad <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvas asaxeleb<strong>da</strong>: `<strong>ruseTis</strong> mTavroba, _ vkiTxulobT dokumentSi _ sastikad<br />
icavs saqrTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas <strong>da</strong> suverenul uflebebs.~<br />
faqtobrivad es `diplomatiuri omi~ <strong>ruseTis</strong> mxri<strong>da</strong>n mogebuli iyo.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, l. kerzonma, g. CiCerinisadmi gagzavnil pasuxSi (19, 24<br />
noemberi) baTumTan mimarTebaSi inglisis Sesaxeb gavrcelebuli xmebis<br />
ara marto usafuZvloba <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura, aramed TviT sabWoTa `ruseTs<br />
analogiuri pretenzia wauyena <strong>da</strong> misgan oficialurad moiTxova aRiareba<br />
`rom safuZveli ara aqvs im eWvs, TiTqos sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> mTavrobas<br />
ganzraxva qonodes baTumis okupaciisa.~<br />
am diplomatiuri brZolis procesSi, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTan mimarTebaSi ori<br />
zesaxelmwifos pozicia srulyofilad iqna gamokveTili. MmarTalia, isini<br />
niRabafarebuli moqmedebdnen <strong>da</strong> erTmaneTis jibrze <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sadmi<br />
`mzrunvelis~ saxis warmoCenas cdilobdnen, magram, sinamdvileSi msxverpli<br />
<strong>da</strong>gulvebuli hyav<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> Sesaferisi politikuri situaciis SeqmnisTanave<br />
mis `Casaylapavad~ emzadebodnen. es gansakuTrebiT <strong>ruseTis</strong> mimarT<br />
iTqmis. AamierkavkasiaSi momx<strong>da</strong>rma politikurma cvlilebebma, ker-<br />
Zod azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong> somxeTis gasabWoebam, inglisisaTvis kavkasia, gansakuTrebiT<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>, uintereso gaxa<strong>da</strong>. Aam faqtors omiT gamowveuli<br />
krizisic <strong>da</strong>emata, ramac inglisis xelisuflebas baTumi<strong>da</strong>n jaris gayvana<br />
<strong>da</strong>aCqarebina. am nabijis ga<strong>da</strong>dgmis aucileblobis Sesaxeb l. jorjma<br />
oficialuri gancxadeba jer kidev 1919 wlis Sua ricxvebSi gaakeTa.<br />
kavkasiisadmi zurgSeqceva <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong>aken 90% Semobruneba,<br />
inglisma erTdroulad ganaxorciela. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs sabWoTa<br />
<strong>ruseTis</strong> sagareo vaWrobis saxalxo komisarTan leonid krasinTan 1920<br />
wels ekonomikuri urTierTobis sakiTxebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT <strong>da</strong>wyebuli<br />
molaparakeba. Tuki z. avaliSvils vendobiT, inglisis warmomadgenlobas<br />
krasinisaTvis ganucxadebia, rom baqos navTi Tavis Rirebulebas <strong>da</strong>kargav<strong>da</strong><br />
Tuki navTsadeni <strong>da</strong> baTumi sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> gankargulebaSi ar<br />
aRmoCndebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amasve a<strong>da</strong>sturebs ak. Cxenkelic `loid jorjis mTavrobam, _ wer<strong>da</strong><br />
igi _ 1920 wlis meore naxevri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>iwyo krasinTan molaparakeba<br />
savaWro xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>sadebad... roca ruseTi Tavs <strong>da</strong>esxa <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s,<br />
mas ukve hqon<strong>da</strong> erTgvari rwmena, rom inglisi xels ar SeuSli<strong>da</strong>.<br />
xelSekrulebaSi aris gansakuTrebuli muxli, romlis ZaliTac<br />
inglisi ar<strong>da</strong>interesebulad acxadebs Tavis Tavs kavkasiis saqmeebSi.~<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, kavkasiis regionSi, ruseTma Tavisufali moqmedebis<br />
araoficialuri nebarTva miiRo, riTac evropis saxelmwifoebma <strong>saqarTvelo</strong><br />
gasawirad gaimetes <strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTis</strong> axloaRmosavluri politikis in-<br />
36
teresebis samsxverploze `miitanes.~ es situacia sabWoTa ruseTma<br />
SesaniSnavad gamoiyena.D<strong>da</strong>eyrdno ra bolSevikTa legalizacias, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>samxobad, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si mZlavri propagandistuli<br />
manqana aamuSava. MantiqarTuli gamosvlebis organizaciul<br />
xelmZRvanelobas s. kirovis meTaurobiT TbilisSi arsebuli 400 kaciani<br />
rusuli saelCo asruleb<strong>da</strong>. Aamis Sesaxeb, gazeTi `erToba~ wer<strong>da</strong>: `sab-<br />
WoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> misia gavsebulia adgilobrivi bolSevikebiT, umetes<br />
nawilaT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s qveSevrdomebiT, romelTa mTeli muSaoba mimar-<br />
Tulia ara ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Soris keTilmezobluri urTierTobis<br />
ganmtkicebis, aramed am urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>rRvevisaken.~ xelsayreli situaciis<br />
SeqmnisTanave, sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> xelisufalni azerbaijani<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>ze `mSvidobiani Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis~ RonisZiebebis provocirebas<br />
mimarTavdnen. Aamis erT-erT nimuSad, siyalbeze agebuli braldebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, azerbaijani<strong>da</strong>n <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sadmi navTis miwodebis<br />
Sewyvetis faqti gamodgeba. saqme exebo<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> warmomadgenel<br />
legranis matareblis `<strong>da</strong>kavebas~ <strong>da</strong> somxeTSi gasagzavni satranzito<br />
saqonlis viTom<strong>da</strong> SeCerebas. am faqtTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, gazeTi<br />
`erToba~ mowinave werilSi `vin arRvevs keTilmezoblur <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas,~<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mTavrobis mier 7 dekembers gakeTebul oficialur<br />
gancxadebaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT (igi somxeT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelSekrulebebs ZalaSi<br />
toveb<strong>da</strong>), <strong>ruseTis</strong> mier <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul<br />
zemoaRniSnul ekonomikur sanqcias, xelSekrulebis calmxriv <strong>da</strong>rRvevad<br />
acxadeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sZen<strong>da</strong>: `<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s ar <strong>da</strong>urRvevia arc sazavo <strong>da</strong> arc<br />
savaWro xelSekruleba. is pirnaTlad asruleb<strong>da</strong> im movaleobas, romelic<br />
am xelSekrulebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareob<strong>da</strong>... ruseTs ara aqvs ufleba<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s ukiJinos misadmi mtruli <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba, Cvens qveyanas<br />
saomari sababi misTvis ar miucia <strong>da</strong> Tu... aqeT gve<strong>da</strong>vebian... <strong>da</strong> gvabraleben<br />
imas, rac ar Cagvidenia, Cven gvin<strong>da</strong> vicodeT ra mizniT xdeba<br />
yovelive es. Cven gvin<strong>da</strong> gamoirkves, ranairi urTierToba arsebobs Cvensa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa ruseTs Soris.~<br />
ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Soris Seqmnil rTul politikur situacias exebo<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sagareo saqmeTa saministros 1920 wlis 17 dekembris<br />
nota. igi sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> agenturis mier sazRvrebze ganxorcielebul<br />
provocirebis konkretul faqtebze (mosazRvre soflebSi SeWra,<br />
mcxovrebTa <strong>da</strong>rbeva, neitralur zonaSi jaris Tavmoyra <strong>da</strong> a. S.) miapyrob<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ruseTis</strong> xelisufalTa yuradRebas. AamasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT gazeTi<br />
`erToba~ mowinave werilSi `Cven <strong>da</strong> ruseTi~ garkveviT wer<strong>da</strong>: `nuTu<br />
moskovs, romelic mTeli qveynis winaSe sajaroT irwmuneba, rom...<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas cnobs `de iured~,... ara aqvs imdeni gavlena<br />
Tavis adgilobriv agentebze, rom aseTi saxifaTo nabijebis ga<strong>da</strong>dgmaze<br />
xeli aaRebinos? Mmoskovis mTavrobam un<strong>da</strong> miiRos zomebi mezobluri<br />
urTierTobis aRsadgenad <strong>da</strong> Seqmnili mZime atmosferos gasa-<br />
37
fantavad. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xalxs ar miuZRvis araviTari brali am atmosferos<br />
SeqmnaSi. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mTavrobas ar aqvs araviTari ganzraxva<br />
ruseTTan keTilganwyobileba <strong>da</strong>arRvios. sityva ekuTvnis `komunisturi~<br />
moskovis sabWoTa mTavrobas.~<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisuflebis liderebi, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
sazRvrebTan mimdinare procesebis moskovTan SeuTanxmeblobaSi <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli<br />
iyvnen. Aamitom, or qveyanas Soris normaluri urTierTobis aRsadgenad,<br />
misi xelqveiTebisadmi mxolod konkretuli aRmkveTi RonisZiebebis<br />
gatarebas moiTxovdnen, sinamdvileSi, igi winaswargamiznuli sab-<br />
Wouri gegmis erT-erT safexurs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. am faqtTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT,<br />
im movlenebis aqtiuri monawile, qarTveli oficeri v. TevzaZe wers:<br />
`1920 wlis Semodgomaze xelSi vigdeT <strong>da</strong> fotografze aRvbeWdeT bol-<br />
Sevikuri XI laSqris sardlis levandovskis ∗ gegma <strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli<br />
Crdilo kavkasiis, azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong> somxeTis ZalTa ufrosis gekeris ∗ <strong>da</strong><br />
am teritoriaTa komisris orjonikiZis mier. gegma iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s likvi<strong>da</strong>ciis mimarTulebebs <strong>da</strong> ZalTa Semadgenlobas,<br />
romliTac un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>scemodnen <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s.~<br />
Tu rogori gulmodginebiT amzadebdnen <strong>ruseTis</strong> xelisufalni,<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>ze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmas, mkvlevarma l. ToiZem sagangebo gamokvleva<br />
miuZRvna <strong>da</strong> misTvis xelmisawvdomi TiTqmis yvela dokumenti, saTanado<br />
analiziT samecniero brunvaSi Semoitana. aRvniSnavT, rom lores 11 Tebervlis<br />
`ajanyebis~ inscenirebis Semsruleblebi somxeTSi ganlagebuli<br />
wiTeli armis samxedro nawilebi <strong>da</strong> oficroba iyo. qarTuli sardlobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>udevrobis gamo, `ajanyebulebma~ Sagalis xidis aReba, qarTuli sasaz-<br />
Rvro regularuli jaris ganiaraReba <strong>da</strong> borCalos mazraSi sabWoTa<br />
xelisuflebis gamocxadeba SeZles. es procesi 2-3 dReSi ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>.<br />
am faqtTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, i. lazianis mogonebebSi vkiTxulobT: `ajanyebis<br />
raionSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxeobis iaraRis menSevikTa regularuli jaris<br />
7.000-ze meti kaci iyo. ajanyebulTa Zalebi ki metad primitiulad<br />
SeiaraRebul 10.000 glexs ar aRematebo<strong>da</strong>... 11 Tebervals RamiT <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />
ajanyeba. imave Rames aiRes xidi <strong>da</strong> menSevikTa jari ukanasknel kacamde<br />
yvela ganaiaraRes. 2-3 dReSi ajanyebulebma mTeli zonis mi<strong>da</strong>moebi <strong>da</strong>ikaves<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sulaveramde (amJamad Saumiani) mividnen.~ ramdena<strong>da</strong>c es mogonebebi<br />
1936 welsaa <strong>da</strong>werili, i. lazianma ∗ sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier<br />
oficialurad miRebuli versia ar <strong>da</strong>arRvia <strong>da</strong> 10.000 wiTelarmieli<br />
rusi jariskaci, somex glexebad gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>. momx<strong>da</strong>ri faqtis siswores,<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s maSindeli mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>li gen. odiSeliZec a<strong>da</strong>sturebs. man<br />
qarTuli jaris <strong>da</strong>marcxeba Semdeg garemoebas <strong>da</strong>ukavSira: `mTavari mizezi<br />
Cemi ga<strong>da</strong>yenebisa mTavarsardlobi<strong>da</strong>n, _ wer<strong>da</strong> igi mogvianebiT _ Sagalis<br />
xidTan momx<strong>da</strong>ri moulodneli katastrofa iyo... iciT ra mox<strong>da</strong>? Mmtris<br />
agentebma lxini gaumarTes Sagalis xidze myof jariskacebs, <strong>da</strong>aTvres.<br />
RamiT Sagalis xidze SeumCnevlad moxsnes Cveni <strong>da</strong>raji, gadmovidnen xi-<br />
38
diT <strong>da</strong> Tofis gausrolad tyved Caigdes mTvrali mZinare TiTqmis<br />
mTeli Cveni Zalebi.~ es aris Tavis marTlebis ususuri forma, radgan<br />
7000 jariskacis ise <strong>da</strong>Troba rom maT brZolisunarianoba <strong>da</strong>ekarga <strong>da</strong>ujerebelia.<br />
aq <strong>da</strong>saSvebad erTi ram SeiZleba miviCnioT, kerZod; Sagalis<br />
xidze mxolod <strong>da</strong>rajad myofi jariskacebis <strong>da</strong>Trobis faqti, radgan<br />
Ramis periodSi xidis meTvalyuris funqcia ramdenime (Tugind 20)<br />
jariskacs eqnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>valebuli. qarTuli jaris <strong>da</strong>marcxebis mizezebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, imave odiSeliZis mier mTavrobis Tavmjdomarisadmi<br />
wardgenili patakis informaciaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, n. Jor<strong>da</strong>nia Tavis mogonebebSi<br />
wers: `maSinve <strong>da</strong>vibare odiSeliZe <strong>da</strong> movsTxove am sircxvilis angariSi.<br />
man momca aseTi ganmarteba: jari <strong>da</strong>marcx<strong>da</strong> imitom, rom iyo<br />
<strong>da</strong>nawevrebuli, SeerTeba ver moaswres;... Sevutie _ rogor <strong>da</strong>nawevrebuli,<br />
omisTvis vemzadebodiT <strong>da</strong> Tqven jarebi <strong>da</strong>fanteT! me ra SuaSi<br />
var,... es moaxdina <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis samxedro komisiis Tavmjdomare<br />
akaki Cxenkelmao!... guli momivi<strong>da</strong>, vin aris jarebis ufrosi _ Tqven Tu<br />
Cxenkeli!~ aRniSnuli amonaweri <strong>da</strong> zemoT motanili faqti imaze migvaniSnebs,<br />
rom omis molodinSi myof qarTul sardlobas Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
strategiuli gegma ar qon<strong>da</strong> SemuSavebuli <strong>da</strong> neitralur zonaSi<br />
ganlagebuli qarTuli jaris nawilebi usistemod yav<strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mimarTulebiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>srolili. meore mxriv, Sagalis xidze myofi guSagebis<br />
Tugind <strong>da</strong>Troba, strategiuli mniSvnelobis xidis umtkivneulod aReba<br />
<strong>da</strong> 7. 000 qarTveli jariskacis 2-3 dReSi ganiaraReba, <strong>da</strong>fantuli<br />
jaris nawilebSi gamefebul ukontrolobaze <strong>da</strong> samxedro xelmZRvanelTa<br />
uniaTobaze migvaniSnebs.<br />
samwuxaroa, rom zemoaRniSnuli Secdoma sabediswero aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> qarTveli<br />
xalxisTvis. Aam faqtma <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s winaaRmdeg sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong><br />
farTomasStabian samxedro operacias <strong>da</strong>udo saTave. meores mxriv, es<br />
marcxi, qarTuli mxedrobisaTvis moralur-fsiqologiur <strong>da</strong>rtymas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
am fonze, omis <strong>da</strong>wyebis pirvel etapze, namdvili agresoris<br />
SeniRbvis mcdeloba <strong>da</strong> mimdinare procesis, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-somxeTis omad<br />
gamocxadeba. qarTuli mxedrobis brZolisunarianobis SenarCunebisaTvis<br />
iyo gamiznuli, Tu ramdenad didi mmniSvneloba eniWebo<strong>da</strong> aseTi natyuari<br />
informaciis gavrcelebas, amis Sesaxeb n.Jor<strong>da</strong>nias mogonebebSi vkiTxulobT:<br />
`omi gaCaR<strong>da</strong>: moskovma amcno qveyanas radioTi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si ajanyeba<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyovo, xolo kavkasiaSi ki acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, _ sabWoTa somxeTi Tavs<br />
<strong>da</strong>esxa menSevikebs <strong>da</strong> iTxovs borCalos somxeTis SemoerTebaso. xalxis<br />
gasamxneveblad Cven am versias CavafrindiT, Semdeg azerbaijanelebic<br />
mivayoleT, xolo roca tyveebSi rusebic moxvdnen _ vambobdiT, rusebi<br />
exmarebiano <strong>da</strong> sxva. es agitacia sWiro<strong>da</strong>, xalxi aRSfoTebuli iyo,<br />
rogor gvibe<strong>da</strong>ven es glaxakebi Tavs <strong>da</strong>sxmaso. namdvili ambavi, rom ibrZvis<br />
rusis jari <strong>da</strong> ara somexi <strong>da</strong> azerbaijaneli, jer kidev ucnobi iyo<br />
39
farTe masisaTvis. MmiT ufro es sjero<strong>da</strong>T, rom omi iyo mxolod<br />
somxeTis sazRvrebTan.~<br />
mas Semdeg rac XI armiam azerbaijanis mxri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sazRvrebi<br />
gadmolaxa (15 Tebervali) <strong>da</strong> SeteviTi operaciebi ganaxorciela, sazogadoebisaTvis<br />
naTeli gax<strong>da</strong>, rom qarTvel mxedrobas brZola somxeb-<br />
Tan ki ara sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> regularul armiasTan uxdebo<strong>da</strong>. amis Sesaxeb<br />
mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris 17 Tebervlis oficialur mowodebaSiac<br />
iqna xazgasmuli. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mosaxleobis yuradRebas qveynis<br />
xelmZRvaneli, bolSevikuri <strong>ruseTis</strong> muxanaTur Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmaze miapyrob<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sZen<strong>da</strong>: `bolSevikurma jarebma Semogvitia aRmosavleTiT. icodeT,<br />
rom maTi gamarjveba niSnavs eris Tavisuflebis, xalxis naSromis <strong>da</strong><br />
naamagaris samu<strong>da</strong>moT <strong>da</strong>Rupvas <strong>da</strong> bolSevikTa mSieri brboebis usaSinles<br />
tiraniaSi Cavardnas. D<strong>da</strong>dga Jami Cveni yofna-aryofnisa. Cveni bedi Cven<br />
xelT aris. gamoviCinoT Zveleburi qarTveluri mamacoba, Tavis <strong>da</strong>deba,<br />
erToba <strong>da</strong> mteri Zleuli iqneba.~<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxuli miznis misaRwevad igi yvela qarTvelSi WeSmariti mamuliSvilobis<br />
gaRviZebas, frontisaTvis <strong>da</strong>mxmare razmebis Seqmnas, iaraRisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sursaTis <strong>da</strong>ubrkoleblad miwodebas, qveyanaSi umkacresi wesrigis<br />
<strong>da</strong>myarebisadmi xelSewyobas, moRalateTa <strong>da</strong> orgulTa alagmvas ga<strong>da</strong>udebel<br />
amocanad Tvli<strong>da</strong>. `SevqmnaT erTi mTliani Tavganwiruli Zala_<br />
vkiTxulobT dokumentSi, _ <strong>da</strong> Cvens irgvliv Semoikribebian mSvelelni.<br />
qarTvelo xalxo xeli xmals ikar, mterTa ismian xmania! <strong>saqarTvelo</strong><br />
mokvdeba magram mters ar <strong>da</strong>nebdeba.~<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisuflebi kargad xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen, rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> mrisxane<br />
<strong>da</strong>mpyroblis winaSe martodmarto aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. amitom, frontis <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad<br />
partiuli Zalebis maqsimalur mobilizacias Seecadnen. amis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas<br />
ssd partiis centraluri komitetis mier raionuli organizaciebisadmi<br />
16 Tebervals <strong>da</strong>gzavnili sagangebo mowodeba warmoadgens.<br />
am dokumentis mixedviT: 1) partiis wevrTa mobilizacia <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv<br />
un<strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebuliyo; 2) yvela gawveuli or kategoriaT <strong>da</strong>eyoT: a)<br />
samxedro wvrTna gavlilni <strong>da</strong> b) axalbedebi. 3) ojaxebSi ga<strong>da</strong>naxuli<br />
iaraRi <strong>da</strong> vaznebi gvardiis StabisaTvis CaebarebinaT `ar <strong>da</strong>ayovnoT erTi<br />
wami, yvela fexze <strong>da</strong>deqiT.~ aseTi iyo qveynis interesebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare<br />
moTxovna.Mmomx<strong>da</strong>r faqts saerTaSoriso rezonansi rom miscemo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s social-demokratiuli partiis centralurma komitetma <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s profesiul kavSirTa centraluri sabWos aRmasrulebelma<br />
komitetma, erToblivi mowodebiT mimarTes meore internacionals, socialisturi<br />
<strong>da</strong> muSaTa partiebis internacionalur biuros. Ddokumenti,<br />
sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> mier 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis calmxrivad<br />
<strong>da</strong>rRvevas <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>ze veragul Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmas, mefis <strong>ruseTis</strong> didmpyrobeluri<br />
politikuri kursis gagrZelebis kvalifikacias aZlev<strong>da</strong>.<br />
saerTaSoriso progresuli Zalebisagan aRniSnuli qmedebis <strong>da</strong>gmobas <strong>da</strong><br />
40
qarTveli xalxisadmi Tanadgomis aucileblobis sakiTxs ayeneb<strong>da</strong>. `komunisturi<br />
droSis qveS grZeldeba mefis <strong>ruseTis</strong> imprialisturi<br />
<strong>politika</strong>, mcire erTa <strong>da</strong>pyrobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>monebisa. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s proletariati<br />
icavs Tavis sazRvrebs <strong>da</strong> ukanasknel sisxlis wveTamde ibr-<br />
Zolebs... <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s muSaTa klasis saxeliT vacxadebT uRrmes protests<br />
imperialisturi moZaladis winaaRmdeg... Cven veliT Tqven<br />
moralur <strong>da</strong>xmarebas. D<strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli varT,... ar moiTmenT, rom socializmisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> komunizmis saxeliT keTdebodes Savi saqme socialisturi respublikis<br />
ganadgurebisa.~<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris orgzis mcdeloba (16, 21 Tebervlis<br />
depeSebi) omis mizezebis garkvevisa <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa ruseTTan molaparakebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebis Sesaxeb, upasuxod <strong>da</strong>rCa. aseTive bedi ewia n. Jor<strong>da</strong>nias<br />
mier leninisa <strong>da</strong> stalinisadmi gagzavnil notebs, romelic sabWoTa<br />
<strong>ruseTis</strong> mier <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmiTi imperialisturi<br />
xasiaTis omis Sewyvetas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aRniSnuli dokumentebis `pasuxi~ sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> mxri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
respublikis winaaRmdeg CrdiloeTi<strong>da</strong>n axali frontis gaxsniT<br />
gamoixata. soWis, mamisonis, rokisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rialis mimarTulebiT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
winaaRmdeg merve, mecxre <strong>da</strong> mecamete armiebi iqna <strong>da</strong>Zruli. es<br />
imas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom sabWoTa ruseTma <strong><strong>da</strong>moukidebeli</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s winaaRmdeg<br />
erTdroulad, CrdiloeTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n farTomasStabiani<br />
samxedro operaciis ganxorcieleba <strong>da</strong>iwyo. <strong>da</strong>Zruli bolSevikuri<br />
armiebis SeCereba, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s SesaZleblobebs aRematebo<strong>da</strong>. qveyana garduvali<br />
safrTxis winaSe aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. aseT mZime viTarebaSi, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
<strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis <strong>1921</strong> wlis 21 Tebervlis sxdomam, miRebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenilebiT <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s winaaRmdeg mebrZoli qarTvelebi kanongareSe<br />
gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>. `iRebs ra mxedvelobSi, rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>ze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmaSi<br />
monawileobas iReben qaTveli xalxis uRirsi Svilni, _ vkiTxulobT dokumentSi<br />
_ <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli kreba adgens: yvela qarTvelebi, romlebic uSualo<br />
monawileobas iReben SeiaraRebul brZolaSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s winaaRmdeg<br />
an <strong>da</strong>xmarebas uweven am brZolas, maT erTmevaT yovelive qoneba <strong>da</strong> kanongareSe<br />
arian gamocxadebuli am <strong>da</strong>dgenilebis sisruleSi moyvana evaleba<br />
mTavrobas.~<br />
imave <strong>da</strong>dgenilebis meore punqti uSualod 16 Tebervals Seqmnil<br />
`<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s revkoms~ anu Sulaveris mTavrobas exebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi wevrebis<br />
misamarTiT acxadeb<strong>da</strong>: `filipe maxaraZe, mamia oraxelaSvili, budu<br />
mdivani, Salva eliava, mixeil okujava, lado dumbaZe, omar faiki, amaik<br />
nazaretiani, aleqsandre gegeWkori <strong>da</strong> beso kvirkvelia aRiarebul iqnen<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xalxis moRalateebad, CamoerTvas maT mTeli qoneba <strong>da</strong> gamocxaddnen<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s kanonTa mflobelobis gareSe.~<br />
marTalia, es dokumenti istoriisaTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas<br />
iZen<strong>da</strong>, magram im etapze garkveuli funqciis, kerZod, masaze ideologi-<br />
41
uri zemoqmedebis Sesrulebac ekisrebo<strong>da</strong>. amiT sazogadoebas erTxel<br />
kidev aCvenes, rom bolSevikebis samsaxurSi yofna, an maT<strong>da</strong>mi Tanadgoma,<br />
eris Ralatis tolfasovan qmedebas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, igi<br />
bolSevikebisadmi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mosaxleobis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis erT-erT<br />
mZlavr sapropagando iaraRad SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> gamoyenebuliyo.<br />
qarTuli jaris winaaRmdeg 18-22 Tebervals ganxorcielebuli SeteviTi<br />
operaciebi, XI armiis nawilebma marcxiT <strong>da</strong>amTavra. sabWoTa<br />
<strong>ruseTis</strong> xelmZRvanelobam, misi mokavSire TurqeTis amoqmedebiT, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sTvis<br />
samxreTis frontis gaxsnas Seeca<strong>da</strong>. gansacdelis winaSe myof<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisuflebas, TurqeTis mTavrobam ultimatumiT (22 Tebervali)<br />
arTvin-ar<strong>da</strong>ganis okrugebis <strong>da</strong>cla mosTxova. axali frontis<br />
gasaxsnelad mowinaaRmdegisaTvis sababis armicemis mizniT, qarTulma<br />
mxarem, aRniSnuli teritoriebi<strong>da</strong>n jaris gamoyvana moaxdina. am ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />
miReba im TvalsazrisiT iyo gamarTlebuli, rom im etapze<br />
qveynis ga<strong>da</strong>rCena mxolod bolSevikuri <strong>ruseTis</strong> winsvlis SeCerebiT iyo<br />
SesaZlebeli. miznis miRweva, <strong>da</strong>Svebuli sabediswero Secdomebis gamo,<br />
SeuZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong>. seriozuli problemebi Semdegi iyo: 1) gasawvev punqtebSi<br />
gamocxadebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianebis iaraRiTa <strong>da</strong> tansacmliT uzrunvelyofa<br />
mougvarebloba, maSin rodesac misi <strong>da</strong>debiTad ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisaTvis qveyanas<br />
realuri sarezervo fondi gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. amis Sesaxeb, Tavis mogonebebSi<br />
g.mazniaSvili wers: `<strong>1921</strong> wlis maisSi Cvens sawyobebSi <strong>da</strong>rCenili tansacmliT<br />
me SevZeli Semosva Tavi<strong>da</strong>n fexamde 17.000 kacisagan Semdgari<br />
qarTuli wiTeli armiisa... maSin rodesac d. WavWavaZe rekviziciis saxiT<br />
hkreb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>njRreul unagirebs quTaisSi <strong>da</strong> samtrediaSi, navTluRis<br />
sawyobebSi iyo Turme ramdenime aTasi sakavalerio axali unagiri <strong>da</strong><br />
cxenebis sxva mravali mowyobiloba.” misive monacemebiT, saministros<br />
sawyobebi<strong>da</strong>n ori kviris ganmavlobaSi bolSevikebi ufasod kvebav<strong>da</strong><br />
qalaqis mosaxleobas. aRniSnuli faqtebis siswores im movlenebis aqtiuri<br />
monawile g.qiqoZec a<strong>da</strong>sturebs; `rodesac TbilisSi wiTeli armia<br />
Semovi<strong>da</strong>, _ wers igi _ aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom sawyobebi savse iyo amuniciiT <strong>da</strong><br />
sanovagiT, qarTvel jars ki brZolis velze bevri ram akl<strong>da</strong>.~<br />
es imas niSnavs, rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s im etapze <strong>da</strong>matebiT, `Tavi<strong>da</strong>n fexebamde“SeiaraRebuli<br />
17.000 qveiTi jariskacis, ramdenime aTasi kavaleristis<br />
gamoyvana <strong>da</strong> sakvebiTac uzrunvelyofa SeeZlo. D<strong>da</strong> Tu es ar<br />
gakeT<strong>da</strong>, igi im samxedro uwyebis pasuxismgebel pirTa <strong>da</strong>naSaulebriv<br />
qmedebad un<strong>da</strong> CaiTvalos, visac qarTuli sarezervo jaris SeiaraReba<br />
evalebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> am qonebis bed-iRbliT ar <strong>da</strong>interes<strong>da</strong>, ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet momentSi<br />
samSoblos <strong>da</strong>mcvelTa SeiaraRebas rom ver moaxmara <strong>da</strong> faqtobrivad<br />
bolSevikebs `ga<strong>da</strong>unaxa.~ 2) iaRlujis sanaxebSi 19 Tebervals<br />
SemoWrili XI armiis nawilebis <strong>da</strong>marcxeba <strong>da</strong> mtris ukan gaqceviT<br />
Seqmmnili xelsayreli momentis bolomde gamouyenebloba. am faqts, g.<br />
mazniaSvili Semdegnairad agviwers: `mowinaaRmdegis <strong>da</strong>xeul jarebs To-<br />
42
fis tyvia ver swvdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> vesrodiT mxolod zarbaznebs. rezervSi ar<br />
myav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>svenebuli arc erTi nawili, romelsac ki SeeZlo mters <strong>da</strong>sdevnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
laSqris Stabma, ar vici ra mizeziT, saWiroT ar CaTvala gamoegzavna<br />
CemTvis kavaleriis erTi eskadroni mainc. cxenosani jari ki<br />
idga im dros sofel lilosTan usaqmod.~ Tu ra Sedegis momtani<br />
SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> aRmoCeniliyo mtrisaTvis <strong>da</strong>devneba, amis Sesaxeb g.<br />
qiqoZesTan saubarSi Salva eliavas ganucxadebia: `qarTvelma jarma gamarjveba<br />
ar gamoiyena <strong>da</strong> ieriSze ar ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> farTo masStabiT. Uukan<strong>da</strong>xeul<br />
wiTelarmielebs Zlivs vakavebdiT, Tu qarTvel jars energiulad<br />
Semoetia, SeiZleba fexi veRar mogvemagrebia baqomde.~ qarTveli mTavarsardlobisagan<br />
<strong>da</strong>Svebuli es Secdoma mowinaaRmdegem SesaniSnavad gamoiyena.<br />
g. qiqoZis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, wiTel armias dro mieca gons mosuliyo<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tavisi razmebi ga<strong>da</strong>ejgufebina. ricxvobrivi upiratesobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sagangebod momzadebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, rogorc mTavari Stabis monacemebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>sturdeba, mteris 20, 21, 22 <strong>da</strong> 23 Tebervlis SeteviTi operaciebi<br />
marcxiT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mTavari mainc, 24 Tebervals RamiT, mTavarsardlobisagan Tbilisis<br />
<strong>da</strong>tovebis Sesaxeb miRebuli sabediswero ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba gax<strong>da</strong>. aRniSnul<br />
brZanebas g. kvinitaZe 24 Tebervals Seqmnili mZime mdgomareobiT<br />
xsnis.Mmisi mtkicebiT, am momentSi mters <strong>da</strong>kavebuli hqon<strong>da</strong> norio,<br />
lilo, mamkodi, gl<strong>da</strong>ni, avWalis rkinigzis sadguri <strong>da</strong> soRanluRis<br />
qedze Savnaba<strong>da</strong>s monasteri. `diRmis mindvri<strong>da</strong>n (naxSirgorasTan),_ wers<br />
g. kvinitaZe _ gamoCn<strong>da</strong> jer kidev diliT 24 Tebervals manglisi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Camosuli mteri... SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ukve garSemortymuli viyaviT.~<br />
aRniSnul faqtebTan <strong>da</strong> mimdinare saomar operaciebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT gen.<br />
mazniaSvili Tavis mogonebebSi yuradRebas sagangebod amaxvilebs. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />
igi mowinave xazze imyodfebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tbilisis <strong>da</strong>cvis samive<br />
raionis sardlobis (gen. mazniaSvili, gen. andronikaSvili, gen. jijixia)<br />
informacias srulad flob<strong>da</strong>, vfiqrobT mis mier gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisic<br />
uTuod gasaTvaliswinebelia. 24 Tebervlis movlenebs igi Semdegnairad<br />
agviwers: `24 Tebervals dili<strong>da</strong>nve mowinaaRmdege mTavari ZalebiT<br />
moawva gen. andronikaSvilis raions <strong>da</strong> nawilobriv Cems raionsac<br />
tabaxmeli<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli Savnaba<strong>da</strong>mde. mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi mowinaaRmdegis<br />
ieriSebs vigeriebdiT <strong>da</strong> did zarals vayenebdiT... jijixias<br />
raionSi mowinaaRmdege amoZrav<strong>da</strong> SuadRis 3 saaTze, xolo vazianTan,<br />
sadguri<strong>da</strong>n kargad moSorebul manZilze gamoCn<strong>da</strong> ramdenime `tanki~<br />
gvardielebis zogierTma aTaseulma tankebi rom <strong>da</strong>inaxes, SeSindnen,<br />
mianebes Tavi Txrilebs <strong>da</strong> gamoiqcnen, magram ramdenime saaTis Semdeg<br />
mebrZoli raioni kvlav iqna aRdgenili. <strong>da</strong>axloebiT saRamos 6 saaTze,<br />
Cems raionSi mowinaaRmdegem wamoiwia sofel TeleT-muxrani<strong>da</strong>n, gaarRvia<br />
Cemi pozicia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ikava trigonometriuli punqti. es macnoba me-9 qveiTi<br />
legionis ufrosma polkovnikma n. vaCnaZem. telefoniT vTxove<br />
43
gen.AandronikaSvils, <strong>da</strong>ebrunebina I-eli legionis erTi aseuli mainc<br />
garRveuli poziciis aRsadgenad. gen. andronikaSvilma <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv gamogzavna<br />
ori aseuli <strong>da</strong> polk. vaCnaZem saRamos 6 saaTsa <strong>da</strong> 40 wuTze<br />
aRadgina winandeli mdgomareoba, e.i. mowinaaRmdege gandevna <strong>da</strong> punqtebi<br />
kvlav <strong>da</strong>ikava.~ es vrceli amonaweri Cven Segnebulad movitaneT, radgan<br />
masSi frontis mowinave xazis sardlisa <strong>da</strong> TviTmxilvelis pozicii<strong>da</strong>naa<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxuli is saomari procesebi, romlebic Tbilisis <strong>da</strong>cvis ubanze mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
meore mxriv, igi imis u<strong>da</strong>o <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebasac warmoadgens,<br />
rom 24 Tebervals saRamos 7 saaTisaTvis norio-lilos, gl<strong>da</strong>niavWalisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> tabaxmela-Savnaba<strong>da</strong>s monakveTi qarTuli jaris xelSi iyo<br />
<strong>da</strong> mterze zemoqmedebis strategiul upiratesobas flob<strong>da</strong>. amis Sesaxeb,<br />
mTavar Stabs g. mazniaSvilisagan sruli informacia hqon<strong>da</strong>. 24 Tebervals<br />
frontze mimdinare movlenebis gadmocemisas v.TevzaZe, rogorc<br />
Stabis oficeri, bunebrivia aRniSnul informacias emyarebo<strong>da</strong>. igi mazniaSvilis<br />
mier motanili faqtebis siswores mxolod zogierTi `koreqtivis<br />
SetaniT” a<strong>da</strong>sturebs: `mTeli 24 Tebervlis Rame <strong>da</strong> 24-is dRe,<br />
_ wers v. TevzaZe _ gamwarebuli brZolebi warmoebs. oRond, Sedegs<br />
(mteri _ S. v.) versad ver aRwevs, erTi fexiTac ar ixeven ukan<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>debuli mebrZolebi. Sua nakveTsac gen. mazniaSvilisas cota warumatebloba<br />
aqvs marcxena frTaze, magram saerTod Tavis poziciaze<br />
uryevad dgas. Mmxolod gen. jijixias nakveTze, Setevis magier ukan<strong>da</strong>xevas<br />
aqvs adgili.~<br />
rogorc zemoTac gvqon<strong>da</strong> miTiTebuli, gen. jijixias poziciebis <strong>da</strong>kaveba<br />
dRis sam saaTze mterma marTlac SeZlo, magram saRamos 6 saaTisaTvis<br />
qarTulma jarma es pozicia isev <strong>da</strong>ibruna. rac Seexeba gen. mazniaSvils,<br />
TeleT-muxranTan mtrisagan garRveuli fronti, man saRamos 6<br />
saaTsa <strong>da</strong> 40 wuTze srulad aRadgina. Tuki imave mazniaSvils <strong>da</strong>veyrdnobiT,<br />
24 Tebervlis saRamosTvis qarTul jars mterze aSkara upiratesoba<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>. `frontis mdgomareoba ki 24 Tebervals, _ wers g. mazniaSvili<br />
_ aseTi iyo: mowinaaRmdegis ieriSebi yvela raionSi mogeriebul<br />
iqnen <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli viyavi, rom mTeli dRis brZoliT <strong>da</strong>qanculi<br />
mowinaaRmdege Ramis ieriSebs ar moaxden<strong>da</strong>, xolo diliT, radganac mowinaaRmdege<br />
idga mTis gaSlil ferdobze <strong>da</strong> xevebSi, Cveni kargad mowyobili<br />
poziciis pir<strong>da</strong>pir, iZulebuli gaxdebo<strong>da</strong> an iaraRi aeyara, an <strong>da</strong><br />
Tu vinicobaa ukan <strong>da</strong>ixev<strong>da</strong>, mTlad gawydebo<strong>da</strong>. legionebis ufrosebTan<br />
telefoniT laparakis dros es Cemi azri Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan mtkicdebo<strong>da</strong>.~ es<br />
imas niSnavs, rom realuri safrTxis winaSe, araTu qarTuli jari, aramed<br />
mowinaaRmdege imyofebo<strong>da</strong>. v. TevzaZis gadmocemiT `25 saRamos (gam-<br />
Teniisas _ S.v.) Cveni mdgomareoba ar iyo sanugeSo, mteri Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
yvela mimarTulebiT 10-12 km. manZilze imyofebo<strong>da</strong>. marTalia, <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiTi<br />
cnobebis miReba nakveTebis ufrosTagan advili ar iyo, magram<br />
cxa<strong>da</strong>d imCneo<strong>da</strong> yvelgan mowinaaRmdegis ricxvobrivi upiratesoba <strong>da</strong><br />
44
ac mTavaria, maTi 6 diviziamde cxenosanTa laSqari, romelic orive<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>, gzis CaketviT gvemuqrebo<strong>da</strong>.~ aq or garemoebas un<strong>da</strong><br />
mivaqcioT yuradReba: 1) rogorc v. TevzaZe a<strong>da</strong>sturebs, mteri Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
10-12 kilometris manZilze imyofebo<strong>da</strong>. es imas niSnavs, rom qarTul<br />
jars pirvandeli poziciebi eWira <strong>da</strong> 2) marTalia, igive v. TevzaZe gamouval<br />
mdgomareobaze <strong>da</strong> ukan<strong>da</strong>saxevi gzis moWris garduval safrTxeze<br />
miuTiTebs, magram imavdroulad, sabrZolo raionebi<strong>da</strong>n mowodebuli informaciis<br />
deficitzec amaxvilebs yuradRebas. aseT pirobebSi, samxedro<br />
Stabi valdebuli iyo Tbilisis Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis raionebis sardlebi<strong>da</strong>n (gen.<br />
mazniaSvili, gen. andronikaSvili <strong>da</strong> gen. jijixia), romelime maTgani<br />
mainc gamoeZaxa <strong>da</strong> srulyofili informacia mieRo. ukidures SemTxveva-<br />
Si,MmaTive Tan<strong>da</strong>swrebiT ganexila sakiTxi, _ iZleo<strong>da</strong> Tu ara qarTuli<br />
jaris ganlageba <strong>da</strong> poziciebi Tbilisis <strong>da</strong>cvis gagrZelebis SesaZleblobas.<br />
uaryofiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi, brZolis gareSe misi <strong>da</strong>tovebis mizanSewoniloba<br />
erToblivad ga<strong>da</strong>ewyvitaT. samwuxarod, mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>lma<br />
ignorireba gaukeTa frontis mowinave xazis sardlobas <strong>da</strong> individualuri<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba miiRo. Tu ramdenad gamarTlebuli iyo qveynis sabediswero<br />
Jams misi moqmedeba, am sakiTxis yovelmxriv Seswavla <strong>da</strong><br />
saerTo <strong>da</strong>skvnis gakeTeba samxedro xelovnebis istoriis mkvlevarTa<br />
kompetencias warmoadgens. mxolod aRvniSnavT, rom mTavarsardlis mier<br />
24 Tebervals RamiT gacemuli brZanebiT, Tbilisi <strong>da</strong>tovebul iqna.<br />
taqtikuri Secdomis <strong>da</strong>Svebis gamo, suramis uReltexilis rigianad<br />
Caketvac ver moxerx<strong>da</strong>. xeobaSi gasasvleli uReltexilis gzatkecilis<br />
gamagrebas meorexarisxovani mniSvneloba mianiWes <strong>da</strong> ZiriTadi yuradReba<br />
gvirabis <strong>da</strong>cvisaken ga<strong>da</strong>itanes. `Cemis azriT, _ wers g. mazniaSvili _<br />
uReltexilis <strong>da</strong>sacavad jarebis amgvari ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebiT didi Secdoma<br />
iyo <strong>da</strong>Svebuli. Cveni mTavari StabisaTvis cxadi un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo, rom<br />
mowinaaRmdege mTeli Tavisi ZalebiT moawvebo<strong>da</strong> Cvens marcxena frTas,<br />
e.i. uReltexils im mizniT, rom Caegdo xelSi gzatkecili <strong>da</strong> sof.<br />
fona. gvirabs igi gverds auqcev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gamovido<strong>da</strong> amgvarad xeobaSi... am<br />
Secdomas mohyva sabediswero Sedegi. mowinaaRmdegem... <strong>da</strong>saxuli amocana<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Wra ise, rogorc amas saWiroeba moiTxov<strong>da</strong>. ieriSi miitana marcxena<br />
frTaze <strong>da</strong> imave dRes xelT igdo uReltexilis umaRlesi wertili.~<br />
yovelive amis Semdeg, brZolis gagrZeleba uazro iyo.<br />
sabWoTa ruseTma qarTvel xalxs meore didi <strong>da</strong>rtyma moskovis <strong>1921</strong><br />
wlis 16 martis xelSekrulebiT moumza<strong>da</strong>. xelmowerili dokumentis<br />
pirveli muxlis mixedviT, artaanisa <strong>da</strong> arTvinis okrugebi TurqeTis<br />
kuTvnilebad gamocxad<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xarjze mezobel TurqeTs 12.<br />
115 kv. km teritoria ga<strong>da</strong>sca. Tu ra gansxvavebul poziciebze idgnen, am<br />
sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, demokratiuli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> bolSevikebis<br />
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi, amis sailustraciod g. lorTqifaniZisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> m. oraxelaSvilis <strong>1921</strong> wlis 17 martis molaparakebis steno-<br />
45
grafiuli Canawerebi gamodgeba. g.lorTqifaniZis samarTlian moTxovnas:<br />
`rogoric ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>, iqneba misi xelisufleba demokratiuli<br />
respublika Tu sabWoTa wyobileba, Cveni movaleoba aris,<br />
movaleoba saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>da</strong> erovnuli, rom baTumis olqi yovel<br />
SemTxvevaSi <strong>da</strong>rCes <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s. vimeoreb, rogoric ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos is. es<br />
aris Cveni saxelmZRvanelo gezi... dRes yvelaze didi saSuri sakiTxi <strong>da</strong><br />
pirvel rigSi gansaxilveli aris <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s teritoriis mTlianobis<br />
SenarCuneba.~ m. oraxelaSvilma Semdegnairad upasuxa: `es sakiTxi meorexarisxovania.<br />
Cveni pirveli moTxovnileba aris, rom <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s demokratiuli<br />
respublikis mTavrobam icnos <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>Si momx<strong>da</strong>ri ga<strong>da</strong>trialeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> aRiaros sabWoTa respublika <strong>da</strong> Tu es ar iqneba miRebuli,<br />
sxva detalebis miReba SeuZlebelia.~<br />
aRniSnuli faqti am ori pirovnebis erovnuli cnobierebis urTier<strong>da</strong>pirispirebis<br />
SesaniSnav <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas warmoadgens. g. lorTqifaniZe<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s teritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCunebas pirvelxarisxovan<br />
mniSvnelobas aniWeb<strong>da</strong>, xolo oraxelaSvili piriqiT, wina planze sab-<br />
WoTa xelisuflebis aRiarebas ayeneb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> teritoriis problemas eris<br />
momavlisaTvis meorexarisxovnad Tvli<strong>da</strong>. es imaze<strong>da</strong>c migvaniSnebs, Tu ra<br />
mZime gamocdis winaSe idga samomavlod qarTveli eri. rac Seexeba g.<br />
lorTqifaniZes <strong>da</strong> m. oraxelaSvils Soris 18 marts quTaisSi miRweul<br />
SeTanxmebas, miRebuli dokumentis pirveli, meore <strong>da</strong> mesame muxlebi<br />
saomari moqmedebis SewyvetasTan erTad, sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> jarebs, <strong>da</strong>ubrkoleblad<br />
winsvlis SesaZleblobas aZlev<strong>da</strong>. es ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba Turqebisgan<br />
baTumis okrugis gawmen<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> moskovis 16 martis xelSekrulebiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli sazRvrebis <strong>da</strong>kavebas isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad. <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli<br />
krebis <strong>1921</strong> wlis 16 martis <strong>da</strong>dgenilebis Tanaxmad, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mTavrobis<br />
wevrebma, 17 marts italiuri gemiT baTumi <strong>da</strong>toves <strong>da</strong> emigraciaSi,<br />
safrangeTSi gaemgzavrnen. <strong>saqarTvelo</strong> bolSevikur ruseTs `generaluri<br />
brZolis~ gareSe `Cabar<strong>da</strong>,~ xolo misma sardlobam, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
mTavrobis Tavmjdomarisadmi Sepirebuli `generaluri brZolis~ idea<br />
`sazRvargareT waiRo.~<br />
amrigad: 1) <strong>ruseTis</strong> imperiis <strong>da</strong>Slis Sedegad warmoqmnili saxelmwifoebisadmi,<br />
sabWoTa xelisuflebisagan <strong>da</strong>undobeli omis gamocxadeba,<br />
`urCi qveSevrdomis~ <strong>da</strong>sjas isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad <strong>da</strong> keTilmezoblur<br />
urTierTobas saTaveSive gamoricxav<strong>da</strong>. 2) ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s 7 maisis<br />
xelSekrulebiT, istoriul sazRvrebSi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s `de iure~ aRiareba,<br />
evropisaTvis precedents warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso arenaze<br />
samarTlebrivi uflebebis mopovebis garantiebs iZleo<strong>da</strong>. am dokuments,<br />
maSindelma qarTulma politikurma elitam, <strong>da</strong>debiTi Sefaseba misca,<br />
radgan igi ruseTTan keTilmezobluri urTierTobis aRdgenas <strong>da</strong> mosalodneli<br />
agresiisagan usafrTxoebis Seqmnas isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad. 3) sabWoTa<br />
ruseTi, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis arsebobaSi potenciur mowi-<br />
46
naaRmdeges <strong>da</strong> axloaRmosavluri politikis ganxorcielebaSi xelSem-<br />
Slels xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>. mis mier <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>sapyrobad SemuSavebuli gegma,<br />
kavkasiis regionSi xelsayreli situaciis Seqmnas efuZnebo<strong>da</strong>. qarTveli<br />
sardlobis mier <strong>da</strong>Svebulma Secdomebma, sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> mesveurebs<br />
lores `ajanyebis~ inscenirebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s winaaRmdeg gamolaSqrebis<br />
SesaZlebloba misca. aseTi Znelbedobis Jams, samxedro uwyebas<br />
<strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebul sawyobebSi arsebuli didZali amuniciis erovnuli<br />
Zalebis SesaiaraReblad vergamoyeneba, mTavarsardlobis Secdomebze metyvelebs.<br />
sabolood sabWoTa ruseTma, nanatri ocneba aisrula <strong>da</strong> qarTvel<br />
ers, monobis sabWour uRelSi gaayofina Tavi.<br />
47
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni *<br />
akaki Cxenkeli _ (1874_1959) amierkavkasiis demokratiuli federaciuli<br />
respublikis mTavrobis Tavmjdomare (<strong>1918</strong> wlis aprili-maisi).<br />
<strong><strong>da</strong>moukidebeli</strong> demokratiuli <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sagareo saqmeTa ministri<br />
(<strong>1918</strong> wlis 26 maisi _ 1919 wlis 21 marti). 1919 wli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s<br />
sruluflebiani elCi jer germaniaSi, Semdeg SveicariaSi.<br />
aleqsandre (saSa) gegeWkori _ (1887- <strong>1918</strong>) komunisturi partiis<br />
wevri. <strong><strong>da</strong>moukidebeli</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s winaaRmdeg mebrZoli. <strong><strong>da</strong>moukidebeli</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>samxobad glexTa ajanyebebis mowyobis<br />
erT-erTi organizatori. Sulaveris revkomis wevri.<br />
anton denikini _ (1872_1939) samxreT <strong>ruseTis</strong> SeiaraRebuli<br />
Zalebis mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>li <strong>1918</strong> wlis aprili<strong>da</strong>n. antantis saxelmwifoTa<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT ibrZo<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg.<br />
budu mdivani _ bolSeviki, <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis winaarmdeg<br />
aqtiuri mebrZoli, Sulaveris revkomis wevri, SemdgomSi e.w. `nacionaluklonisti.~<br />
gabriel xun<strong>da</strong>Ze _ (1877_1937) <strong><strong>da</strong>moukidebeli</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sruluflebiani<br />
elCi sabWoTa ruseTSi.<br />
generali baraTovi _ general-leitenanti nikoloz baraTovi _ bara-<br />
TaSvili (1865 w.) pirveli msoflio omis aqtiuri monawile. warmatebiT<br />
ibrZo<strong>da</strong> kavkasiis frontze TurqeTis winaaRmdeg. <strong>1918</strong> wli<strong>da</strong>n n. bara-<br />
Tovi, <strong>ruseTis</strong> imperiis aRdgenis mizniT ibrZvis denikinis armiis SemadgenlobaSi.<br />
generali gekeri _ sabWoTa <strong>ruseTis</strong> wiTeli XI armiis sar<strong>da</strong>li.<br />
xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong> <strong><strong>da</strong>moukidebeli</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s winaaRmdeg <strong>1921</strong> wlis Teberval-martSi<br />
Catarebul saomar operaciebs.<br />
evgeni gegeWkori _ (1881_1954). 1917 wlis 15 noembri<strong>da</strong>n amierkavkasiis<br />
komisariatis Tavmjdomare, Sromisa <strong>da</strong> sagareo urTierTobis<br />
saqmeTa saministros komisari. 1919 wlis 24 ivnisi<strong>da</strong>n <strong><strong>da</strong>moukidebeli</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sagareo saqmeTa ministri.<br />
valiko juReli _ <strong><strong>da</strong>moukidebeli</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s saxalxo gvardiis<br />
sar<strong>da</strong>li <strong>1918</strong>- <strong>1921</strong> wlebSi. gvardia 1917 wlis 12 dekembers Seiqmna.<br />
i. laziani _ xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong> loreSi (somxeT-<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s sasaz-<br />
Rvro neitraluri zona) <strong><strong>da</strong>moukidebeli</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg<br />
<strong>1921</strong> wlis 11 Tebervals mowyobili `ajanyebis~ inscenirebas <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>ruseTis</strong> wiTeli armiis SenareTebis somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>ze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis<br />
organizebas.<br />
iuri sablini _ (1897_1937) wiTeli armiis sar<strong>da</strong>li.<br />
k. vrangeli _ (1878- 1928) mefis <strong>ruseTis</strong> armiis generali. ibrZo<strong>da</strong><br />
sabWoTa xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>samxobad ruseTSi. mxars uWer<strong>da</strong> <strong>ruseTis</strong> imperiis<br />
aRdgenas.<br />
48
kokoSkini _ sruliad <strong>ruseTis</strong> <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis kadetTa<br />
fraqciis wevri.<br />
moxaliseTa armia _ sabWoTa ruseTSi samoqalaqo omis dros mTavari<br />
samxedro Zala <strong>1918</strong>_1920 wlebSi. moxaliseTa armiis umaRlesi<br />
xelmZRvaneli iyo gen m. aleqseevi. mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>li ki kornilovi. <strong>1918</strong><br />
wlis <strong>da</strong>mlevs, antantis saxelmwifoTa mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris Sedegad, antisab-<br />
Wouri Zalebi gen. a. denikinis xelmZRvanelobiT samxreT <strong>ruseTis</strong><br />
SeiaraRebul Zalad gaerTian<strong>da</strong>. igi sabWoTa xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>mxobas <strong>da</strong><br />
erTiani <strong>ruseTis</strong> imperiis aRdgenas isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad.<br />
m. levandovski _ (1890_ 1929) sabWoTa mxe<strong>da</strong>rTmTavari.<br />
mustafa qemali _ (aTaTurqi) 1881_1939. TurqeTis respublikis<br />
fuZemdebeli, misi pirveli prezidenti (1923_1938 ww.). TurqeTis saxalxo<br />
partiis <strong>da</strong>maarsebeli <strong>da</strong> lideri.<br />
noe ramiSvili _ (1881_1930) amierkavkasiis demokratiuli federaciuli<br />
respublikis sinagan saqmeTa ministri (<strong>1918</strong> wlis<br />
aprili_maisi); <strong>1918</strong> wlis 26 maisi<strong>da</strong>n <strong><strong>da</strong>moukidebeli</strong> demokratiuli<br />
<strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s mTavrobis Tavmjdomare <strong>1918</strong> wlis 24 ivnisamde. <strong>1918</strong> wlis<br />
24 ivnisi<strong>da</strong>n <strong><strong>da</strong>moukidebeli</strong> <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s Sinagan saqmeTa ministri.<br />
rkp (b) _ <strong>ruseTis</strong> komunisturi partia (bolSevikebisa).<br />
rsfsr _ <strong>ruseTis</strong> sabWoTa federaciuli socialisturi respublika<br />
ssdm _ <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s social-demokratiuli muSaTa partia.<br />
Singariovi _ sruliad <strong>ruseTis</strong> <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis kadetTa<br />
fraqciis wevri.<br />
49
50<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura <strong>da</strong> wyaroebi:<br />
• avaliSvili z. _ <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba. Tbilisi 1929<br />
• `amxanagi~ (g. s. lomTaTiZe)_ komunisturi ruseTi. Tbilisi 1920<br />
• bendianiSvili a. _ <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s pirveli respublika (<strong>1918</strong>_ <strong>1921</strong>).<br />
Tbilisi 2001<br />
• <strong>da</strong>uSvili a. _ soso juRaSvilis ambavi. Tbilisi 2007<br />
• va<strong>da</strong>Wkoria S. _ <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s politikuri istoriis sakiTxebi (XX<br />
saukune) wigni I. Tbilisi 2006<br />
• ToiZe l. _ intervenciac, okupaciac, Zal<strong>da</strong>tanebiTi gasabWoebac.<br />
Tbilisi 1991<br />
• ToiZe l. _ rogor Seiqmna samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi. Tbilisi<br />
1991<br />
• TevzaZe v. _ qarTuli oficris Canawerebi. Tbilisi 1990<br />
• kirTaZe n. _ <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba <strong>da</strong> qarTul-evropuli<br />
urTierTobebi. Tbilisi 1997<br />
• kvinitaZe g. _ Cemi pasuxi. Tbilisi 1990<br />
• mazniaSvili g. _ mogonebani 1917-1925. baTumi 1990<br />
• Jor<strong>da</strong>nia n. _ Cemi warsuli. Tbilisi. 1990<br />
• SaraZe g. _ masalebi <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>-<strong>ruseTis</strong> 1920 wlis 7 maisis<br />
xelSekrulebisaTvis. ix. gaz. `komunisti~ 1989 w. 6, 23, 30 ivlisi;<br />
10, 12 seqtemberi.<br />
• <strong>saqarTvelo</strong>s centraluri saistorio arqivi aRwera 1. saqme # 1,<br />
2, 5, 75, 130, 904<br />
• Окупация и фактическая анексия Грузии. Тбилиси 1990<br />
• Документы и материалы по внешней политике Закавказъя и<br />
Грузии. Тбилиси. 1990<br />
• Документы внешней политики СССР. Т. 3. Москва 1959<br />
• <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis stenografiuli angariSi. 1919 weli. 29 enkenisTve;<br />
31 oqtomberi; 1920 weli: # 10; 16; 27; 64<br />
• gaz. `erToba~ <strong>1918</strong> weli: # 57, 92, 116, 133, 149, 187, 283; 1919<br />
weli. # 3, 251, 252; 1920 weli: # 4, 7, 29, 30, 31, 61, 62, 95,<br />
97, 98, 101, 104, 107, 115, 117, 123, 126, 129, 139, 167, 175, 246,<br />
268, 289.
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