samecniero teqnologiuri parkebi, rogorc qveynis ganviTarebis ...
samecniero teqnologiuri parkebi, rogorc qveynis ganviTarebis ...
samecniero teqnologiuri parkebi, rogorc qveynis ganviTarebis ...
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saqarTvelos parlamentis aparati<br />
kvleviTi departamenti<br />
analitikuri ganyofileba<br />
<strong>samecniero</strong>-<strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong> _ <strong>qveynis</strong> <strong>ganviTarebis</strong><br />
winapiroba<br />
<strong>samecniero</strong>-<strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong>, anu <strong>rogorc</strong> maT kidev uwodeben<br />
_ ekonomikuri da teqnikuri <strong>ganviTarebis</strong> zonebi, warmoadgens<br />
Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonis iseT nairsaxeobas, romelic<br />
pirdapir aris orientirebuli axali teqnologiebis mozidvasa da<br />
mecniereba-tevadi warmoebis ganviTarebaze.<br />
Tavad termini <strong>samecniero</strong>-<strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parki (teqnoparki),<br />
SedarebiT axalia da niSnavs ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, warmoebis,<br />
biznesisa da saxelmwifos integracias, romelsac, <strong>rogorc</strong> wesi Tan<br />
axlavs gadasaxadebisa da dabegvris SeRavaTiani sistema.<br />
teqno<strong>parkebi</strong> sul ufro da ufro populari xdeba msoflios yvla<br />
kuTxeSi. maTi SeqmniT dainteresebulni arian ara mxolod kerZo<br />
sawarmoebi an saswavleblebi, aramed, mTavrobebic, vinaidan<br />
<strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong> xels uwyobs <strong>qveynis</strong> ekonomikur aRmavlobas<br />
da susti regionebis ganviTarebas.<br />
pirveli teqno<strong>parkebi</strong> aSS-Si Seiqmna jer kidev 50-iani wlebis<br />
dasawyisSi. 1980-iani wlebidan isini ukve evropaSi yalibdeba, xolo<br />
cota mogvianebiT - aziaSic. amis Semdeg <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong>s<br />
ricxvi sakmaod maRali tempiT izrdeba da dReisaTvis maTma<br />
raodenobam marto aSS-s teritoriaze 150-s miaRwia. daaxloebiT<br />
amdenive teqnoparkia ruseTsa da CineTSic.<br />
teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s arsi, funqciebi da amocanebi<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s istoria ukve naxevar saukuneze<br />
mets iTvlis, dReisaTvis maTi funqciebi (Tavad terminic) zustad<br />
gansazRvruli araa. <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong>s saerTaSoriso<br />
asociaciis mier 2002 wels SemuSavebuli definiciiT<br />
1
“<strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parki – aris specialistebiT marTuli organizacia,<br />
romlis mTavar mizans warmoadgens adgilobrivi sazogadoebis<br />
keTildReobis gaumjobeseba inovaciuri kulturis <strong>ganviTarebis</strong><br />
gziT. is xels uwyobs inovaciuri biznesisa da <strong>samecniero</strong><br />
dawesebulebebis ganviTarebas. am miznebis misaRwevad,<br />
<strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parki sworad anawilebs adamianur resursebsa da<br />
codnas universitetebs, <strong>samecniero</strong>-kvleviT institutebs,<br />
kompaniebsa da bazars Soris.”<br />
aseTi farTo gansazRvreba, Tavis mxriv, sakmaod maRali standartis<br />
moTxovnebs uyenebs teqnologiur parkebs.<br />
igive asociaciis ganmartebiT `<strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parki~ gaigivebulia<br />
Semdeg cnebebTanac: `teqnopoli~, `<strong>teqnologiuri</strong> areali~,<br />
`kvleviTi parki~, `<strong>samecniero</strong> qalaqi~ da `<strong>samecniero</strong> parki~. amitom,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva termini<br />
gamoiyeneba, (mag., did britaneTSi _ “<strong>samecniero</strong> parki”, aSS-Si –<br />
“kvleviTi parki”, ruseTSi – “<strong>samecniero</strong> qalaqi” an “teqnoparki”,<br />
xolo CineTSi – “teqnoparki”), arsi mainc erTia.<br />
teqnoparkis ufro konkretul definicias gvTavazobs kvinslendis<br />
sabWo (avstralia). maTi ganmartebiT `<strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parki aris<br />
iuridiuli piri, romelic Seqmnilia <strong>samecniero</strong> da <strong>teqnologiuri</strong><br />
resursebis ufro adeqvaturi gamoyenebisa da regionis ekonomikuri<br />
<strong>ganviTarebis</strong>aTvis. teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s mizans warmoadgens regionaluri<br />
<strong>ganviTarebis</strong> stimulireba, deindustrializacia da aseve,<br />
komerciuli da sawarmoo inovaciebis ganxorcielebis gamartiveba.<br />
maTi saqmianoba xels uwyobs regionis <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> da <strong>samecniero</strong><br />
kulturis amaRlebas, qmnis uamrav samuSao adgils da amcirebs<br />
nawarmis damatebiT Rirebulebas~.<br />
teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s daarsebis mokle istoria<br />
aSS<br />
pirveli teqnoparki 1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aSS-Si Seiqmna<br />
stenfordis universitetis (kaliforniis Stati) bazaze. parkis<br />
Seqmnis idea imis gamo gaCnda, rom universitets hqonda Tavisufali<br />
miwis nakveTi da saWiro iyo misi saTanadod gamoyeneba.<br />
universitetma gadawyvita am miwis gaqiraveba iseT mcire sawarmoze,<br />
romelsac federaluri mTavrobis samxedro SekveTebis Sesrulebis<br />
xarjze mzardi <strong>ganviTarebis</strong> perspeqtiva hqonda. vinaidan ijaris<br />
gadasaxadi sakmaod maRali iyo, stenfordis universitetis miwaze<br />
ZiriTadad maRal teqnologiebze momuSave sawarmoebi ganTavda. es<br />
ormxriv xelsayreli aRmoCnda, ramdenadac sawarmoebisaTvis saWiro<br />
<strong>samecniero</strong> kadrebi iqve, universitetSi iyo Tavmoyrili.<br />
saqmianobis dasawyisSive stenfordis <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parki<br />
komerciuli saqmianobis centrad iqca. parkSi daarsebuli firmebis<br />
2
umravlesoba SemdgomSi msxvil, mravalfunqciur korporaciad<br />
gardaiqmna. ase magaliTad, teqnoparkidan iRebs Tavis dasabams<br />
iseTi cnobili firmebi, rogoricaa “Hewlett Packard” da<br />
“polaroidi”.<br />
stenfordis <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parki sakmaod didia. is 280 ha miwazea<br />
ganTavsebuli. parkis ganviTarebas, mSeneblobis dasrulebas da<br />
infrastruqturis formirebas 30 weli dasWirda. es faqti xazs<br />
usvams aseTi proeqtebis fundamentalurobas. grZelvadiani<br />
proeqtebis ganxorcieleba ki moTminebas da saqmisadmi erTgulebas<br />
moiTxovs.<br />
aSS-Si teqno<strong>parkebi</strong> Tavidan sakmaod neli tempiT viTardeboda.<br />
magram ukve 80-ian wlebSi maTma raodenobam sagrZnoblad moimata.<br />
dReisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da saintereso teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>a:<br />
CrdiloeT karolinaSi ganTavsebuli “kvleviTi samkuTxedi” (2 600<br />
ha), da pensilvaniaSi arsebuli “filadelfiis saqalaqo parki” (575<br />
ha). Tanamedrove <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong>s zomebi ancvifrebs<br />
mnaxvels. aris 60 ha-iani <strong>parkebi</strong>c, magram aris 2 600 ha miwaze<br />
gaSenebuli erTeulebic, romelTac aqvT sakuTari marTvis<br />
centrebi, administracia da saqmis warmoeba.<br />
aSS-Si yvelasaTvis cnobili teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>a aseve: NASA (kalifornia),<br />
silikonis veli (kalifornia), CrdiloeT teqsasis qvleviTi parki<br />
(teqsasi).<br />
CineTi<br />
CineTis <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong> ZiriTadad <strong>qveynis</strong> samxreTiT<br />
arsebul specialur ekonomikur zonebSi iqmneba saxelmwifos mier.<br />
am zonebSi moqmedebs SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado tarifebi da isini<br />
viTardeba <strong>rogorc</strong> sabazro ekonomikis oazisebi, romelTac gars<br />
artyams gegmuri ekonomikis sistema, sadac yvela gadawyvetilebas<br />
centri iRebs.<br />
vinaidan CineTis mTavrobam miznad daisaxa sazRvargareTis<br />
kapitalis mozidva, mas amisaTvis saTanado pirobebi unda Seeqmna.<br />
CineTis specifika swored imaSi gamoixateba, rom sagadasaxdo<br />
tarifis SemcirebasTan erTad, ucxour firmebs sazRvargareT<br />
kapitalis Tavisuflad gadaricxvis uflebas aZlevs da Tavisufal<br />
ekonomikur zonebSi xelaxali investiciis SemTxvevaSi saSemosavlo<br />
gadasaxdisagan aTavisuflebs.<br />
kargad ganviTarebuli <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong>s sistemis mqone<br />
qveynebis umravlesobaSi, centraluri mTavrobis SeRavaTebi<br />
3
mxolod garkveul dargze vrceldeba, romelic mocemuli<br />
momentisaTvis yvelaze prioritetulia da, amdenad, am qveynebSi<br />
maRali teqnologiebi yvelaze ufro swrafad viTardeba. amaTgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, CineTSi kompanias SeuZlia daaarsos <strong>teqnologiuri</strong><br />
parki, romelic dakavdeba nebismieri saxis saqmianobiT – yvelaze<br />
martiviT dawyebuli da maRali teqnologiebiT damTavrebuli.<br />
ucxoel investorebs am qveyanaSi gansakuTrebiT dabali<br />
sagadasaxado tarifebi da iafi muSa xeli izidavs<br />
(maRalkvlaficiuri muSaxeliT CineTi jer-jerobiT ver<br />
daitrabaxebs).<br />
ase magaliTad cifruli teqnologiebis koreulma firmam “iRiver”-ma<br />
gadawyvita <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parkis daarseba CineTSi, guandunis<br />
provinciaSi (Dongguan Songshan Lake Science and Technology Industry Park). am<br />
parkSi ZiriTadad meqanikuri samuSao sruldeba, Tumca<br />
maRalkvalificiuri muSaxelic Zalian bevria.<br />
marto 2006 wels CineTSi 30-ze meti axali teqnoparki gaixsna. maT<br />
Sorisaa: CJencianis (aRmosavleT CineTis provincia) saerTaSoriso<br />
teqno-industriuli parki, romelic fotoeleqtronul<br />
naxevargamtarebze muSaobs; Sanxais kompiuteruli teqnologiebis<br />
<strong>samecniero</strong> parki, hong-kongis maRali teqnologiebis <strong>samecniero</strong><br />
parki da sxva.<br />
ruseTi<br />
1980-iani wlebis bolodan <strong>samecniero</strong> <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong>s<br />
Camoyalibeba ruseTSic daiwyo. Tumca, ruseTis <strong>teqnologiuri</strong><br />
<strong>parkebi</strong>s, anu igive <strong>samecniero</strong> qalaqebis mSeneblobis istoria<br />
dasabams 1956 wlidan, novosibirskis <strong>samecniero</strong> qalaqis (Академ.<br />
городок) gaSenebidan iRebs. es teqnoparki ruseTis federaciaSi<br />
dResac yvelaze msxvil erTeuls warmoadgens da mTlianobaSi 185<br />
ha. miwa ukavia. Tumca arsebobs mravali sxva <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parkic:<br />
klimato-ekologiuri kvlevebisa da ganaTlebis cimbiris centri,<br />
“moskvoreCies” saerTaSoriso <strong>samecniero</strong>-<strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parki<br />
(ZiriTadad mimarTulia fizikis dargebis ganviTarebaze), moskovis<br />
energetikis saxelmwifo institutis teqnoparki, teqnoparki “volgateqnika”<br />
(eleqtroteqnikis ganviTareba), baSkortostanis saaviacio<br />
teqnikuri <strong>samecniero</strong> parki, zelenogradis <strong>samecniero</strong><strong>teqnologiuri</strong><br />
parki (eleqtronikis dargebis ganviTareba) da sxva.<br />
teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s umravlesoba umaRlesi saswavlebelebis bazaze<br />
Seiqmna. pirveli teqno<strong>parkebi</strong> infrastruqturis ukmarisobas<br />
<br />
<br />
SemdgomSi, gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, “<strong>samecniero</strong> qalaqis”<br />
nacvlad gamoviyenebT termins “<strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parki”.<br />
4
ganicdidnen, maT ar gaaCndaT uZravi qoneba, menejerebis<br />
momzadebuli gundebi, da <strong>rogorc</strong> wesi, naklebad emsaxurebodnen<br />
sainovacio sawarmoebis mxardaWeras. ukve 1996 wlisaTvis ruseTis<br />
federaciaSi Seqmnili iyo 50 teqnoparki, romlebSic gaerTianebuli<br />
iyo 150 firma da dasaqmebuli iyo 10 000 adamiani. Tumca isic unda<br />
aRiniSnos, rom ruseTis teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s umravlesoba mxolod<br />
qaRaldze arsebobs. <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong>s simravlis miuxedavad,<br />
realurad momuSave mxolod 30 parkia. saerTaSoriso standartebs<br />
ki sul 11 parki Seesabameba.<br />
aseTi dabali maCvenebeli ZiriTadad imiT aixsneba, rom<br />
teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s Seqmnisas sabazro interesebi ar iyo<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli. maTi umravlesoba iqmneboda mxolod da mxolod<br />
sabiujeto dafinansebis misaRebad da teritoriis Semdgomi<br />
gaqiravebis mizniT.<br />
aseTi mdgomareoba mTavrobis arasworma midgomamac ganapiroba. ar<br />
xdeboda <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong>s seleqcia da ar SemuSavebula<br />
aranairi politika saTanado kriteriumebis dasakmayofileblad.<br />
teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s akreditaciis Semdegac, romelic 2000 wels Catarda,<br />
ar daudgeniaT aranairi xelisSemwyobi pirobebi – arc<br />
gadasaxadebis da arc dafinansebis sferoSi. sabiujeto Tanxebi<br />
kvlavac Tanabrad nawildeba yvela moqmed teqnoparkze, rac Tavis<br />
mxriv, sakmaod negatiurad aisaxeba teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s<br />
produqtiulobaze.<br />
dReisaTvis ruseTis teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s umravlesoba mimarTulia<br />
komerciuli saqmianobis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebaze. ruseTis<br />
magaliTi gansakuTrebiT im TvalsazrisiTaa saintereso, rom aq<br />
arsebuli sawarmoebi adre saxelmwifo dakveTebs asrulebda, magram<br />
sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlasTan erTad es dakveTebi<br />
sagrZnoblad Semcirda da maTi infarstruqturebi dausaqmebeli<br />
darCa. sawarmoebis nawilma xeli mihyo Tavisi aqtivebis gayidvas.<br />
maTgan gansxvavebiT, zogierTi sawarmos xelmZRvanelobam<br />
gadawyvita sakuTari miwebi teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s gaSenebisaTvis<br />
gamoeyenebina (rosselmasS-i, kamaz-i da sxva). am sawarmoebma<br />
TvalsaCino warmatetebs miaRwies, razec saerTaSoriso bazarze<br />
maTi damkvidebac metyvelebs.<br />
teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s struqturis mokle mimoxilva<br />
<strong>samecniero</strong> <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong>s struqtura ZiriTadad<br />
erTnairia. <strong>rogorc</strong> wesi, teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s umravlesoba warmoadgens<br />
saaqcio sazogadoebas, an SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis<br />
sazogadoebas, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs: prezidenti, aqcionerTa<br />
sabWo an direqtorTa sabWo. teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s administracia muSaobs<br />
5
parkis samomavlo gegmebis SemuSavebaze da prioritetebis<br />
dadgenaze. administraciaSive xdeba kandidati organizaciebis<br />
ganxilva da im SemTxvevaSi, Tu organizacia misaRebia, mas<br />
gamoeyofa teritoria da dgeba ijaris xelSekruleba.<br />
arsebul teqnoparkebSi, garda administraciisa, <strong>rogorc</strong> wesi,<br />
moqmedebs mis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi dacvis sistemac.<br />
zogierTi teqnoparki mxolod erT dargze da mxolod <strong>samecniero</strong><br />
ganxriT muSaobs (adelaidis <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parki – avstralia –<br />
romelic mxolod samxedro sferoze muSaobs). aris teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>,<br />
romlebic mraval dargs moicaven, Tumca es dargebi<br />
garkveulwilad erTmaneTTan mainc arian dakavSirebuli (CineTis<br />
teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s umravlesoba).<br />
teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s struqturis ukeT gasagebad, ganvixiloT sami tipuri<br />
magaliTi: aSS-s CrdiloeT karolinas teqnoparki, ciurixis<br />
(Sveicaria) teqnoparki da rumineTisa da latviis teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s<br />
sistemebi.<br />
CrdiloeT karolinas “kvleviTi samkuTxedi” (aSS)<br />
“kvleviTi samkuTxedi”, <strong>rogorc</strong> <strong>samecniero</strong> parki, Camoyalibda 1959<br />
wels, Tumca parkis Camoyalibebis idea bevrad adre gaCnda. jer<br />
kidev 1956 wels CrdiloeT karolinas diurhemis da CrdiloeT<br />
karolinas saxelmwifo universitetebma daiwyes sponsorebis moZieba<br />
kvleviTi centris Camosayalibeblad. imTaviTve aq moxda biznesis,<br />
kvleviTi saqmianobisa da warmoebis gaerTianeba. 1957 wels<br />
universitetebma moaxerxes 1.25 milioni aSS dolaris mozidva. am<br />
droidan moyolebuli, teqnoparkis investiciebi yovelwliurad<br />
izrdeboda da dReisaTvis 2 miliard dolars miaRwia.<br />
CrdiloeT karolinas “kvleviT samkuTxedSi” dasaqmebulia 39 000<br />
adamiani 2 , romelTa umravlesoba (97,3%) muSaobs <strong>samecniero</strong>-kvleviT<br />
organizaciebSi. es imiTac aris gamowveuli, rom xdeba<br />
universitetis kvalificuri kadrebisa da axalgazrda mecnierebis<br />
am teqnoparkSi mozidva.<br />
teqnoparkis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs warmoadgens:<br />
- bioteqnologiebi;<br />
- qimiis sfero;<br />
- sainformacio teqnologiebi;<br />
- telekomunikaciebi;<br />
- kompiuteruli teqnologiebi;<br />
- garemos dacva;<br />
<br />
2 2006 wlis ivlisis monacemebiT.<br />
6
- mikro-eleqtronika;<br />
- jandacva;<br />
- statistika.<br />
CrdiloeT karolinas “kvleviTi samkuTxedi” Sedgeba 145<br />
organizaciisagan. amaTgan ramdenime muSaobs saxelmwifo dakveTebze<br />
da maT, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo afinansebs. ZiriTadad es<br />
bioteqnologiaze orientirebuli firmebia, vinaidan dReisaTvis,<br />
aSS-s mTavrobisaTvis erT-aerT yvelaze prioritetulad swored<br />
bioteqnologiis sferoa miCneuli.<br />
danarCeni organizaciebi saxvadasxva kerZo firmis dakveTiT<br />
muSaoben. “kvleviTi samkuTxedi” produqcias awarmoebs <strong>rogorc</strong><br />
adgilobrivi saSualo zomis sawarmoebisaTvis, aseve saerTaSoriso<br />
firmebisaTvis, romlebic dakavebuli arian soflis meurneobiT,<br />
veterinariiT, qimiuri mrewvelobiT, farmacevtuli produqciisa da<br />
kvebis produqtebis warmoebiT, energetikiTa da sainformacio<br />
teqnologiebis warmoebiT. aseTi organizaciebisagan dakveTis<br />
miRebisas, teqnoparki dafinansebasac maTgan Rebulobs. Tumca aqve<br />
unda aRvniSnoT, rom teqnoparks sakuTari biujetic gaaCnia.<br />
CrdiloeT karolinas “kvleviTi samkuTxeds” Tavisi administracia<br />
hyavs, romelic pasuxismgebelia teritoriis gaqiravebaze, arsebuli<br />
firmebisaTvis saTanado samuSao pirobebis Seqmnaze da samomavlo<br />
gegmebis dadgenaze. administracias warmoadgens direqtorTa sabWo,<br />
romelic Sedgeba im aqcionerebisagan, romlebic aqciebis 7% mainc<br />
floben.<br />
ciurixis teqnoparki (Sveicaria)<br />
ciurixis teqnoparki 1993 wels daarsda da imTaviTve maRali<br />
teqnologiebis ganviTarebaze iyo mimarTuli. Tu sxva qveynebSi<br />
teqnoparkebSi naklebad ganviTarebuli firmebi erTiandeba,<br />
ciurixis teqnoparkis SemTxvevaSi, Tavidanve Zlieri da sakmaod<br />
cnobili firmebi da kvleviTi jgufebi gaerTiandnen. ukve eqvsi<br />
Tvis Semdeg teqnoparkSi Sedioda 190 kompania, romlebSic 1 400<br />
adamiani iyo dasaqmebuli. teqnoparkis daarsebam gamoiwvia asobiT<br />
axali samuSao adgilis Seqmna. kompaniebis umetesobam (91%) did<br />
warmatebebs miaRwia, mxolod 9%-ma ver moaxerxa sakuTari<br />
produqciiT bazris dapyroba.<br />
ciurixis teqnoparkis inteleqtualur samuSaos asruleben<br />
Sveicariis teqnikuri institutebisa da universitetebis mecnierebi.<br />
mecnierebisa da warmoebis warmatebuli TanamSromlobis Sedegad<br />
teqnoparks Zalian didi wvlili Seaqvs <strong>qveynis</strong> ekonomikaSi.<br />
7
garda ZiriTadi saqmianobisa, teqnoparkis administracia awyobs<br />
konferenciebs, treningebsa da seminarebs damwyebi firmebisaTvis,<br />
xels uwyobs universitetebTan maT dakavSirebas, aZlevs rCevebs<br />
finansuri saqmianobis ukeT organizebis mizniT. yovelwliurad<br />
msgavs RonisZiebebSi 60 000-ze meti adamiani monawileobs<br />
teqnoparkis administracia gaxsnilia yvela saxis ideebisadmi,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, aris Tu ara proeqti warmatebuli mocemuli<br />
momentisaTvis. teqnoparkis mkvlevarebi gaiTvlian msgavsi<br />
proeqtebis warmatebis SesaZleblobas saSualo da grZel vadebze.<br />
dadebiTi daskvnis SemTxvevaSi proeqtis realizacia moxdeba<br />
Sesabamis periodSi.<br />
ciurixis teqnoparki aris kerZo, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis<br />
sazogadoeba. is Tavad flobs miwas da Senobebs, romelSic<br />
ganTavsebuli arian firmebi. amitom iseT sakiTxebze<br />
gadawyvetilebis miReba, rogoricaa: qiris odenoba,<br />
infrastruqturis ganaxleba, reklamireba, axali firmebis mozidva<br />
da sxva, teqnoparkis administracias evaleba.<br />
ciurixis teqnoparkis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia:<br />
- mzis energiis gamoyeneba;<br />
- energetikis alternatiuli wyaroebi;<br />
- informaciuli teqnologiebi;<br />
- garemos dacva;<br />
- soflis meurneobis dargSi genetikuri kvlevebi;<br />
- farmacia.<br />
rumineTis teqno<strong>parkebi</strong><br />
rumineTis teqno<strong>parkebi</strong> warmoadgenen adgilobrivi da centraluri<br />
xelisuflebis, umaRlesi ganaTlebisa da kvleviTi insitutebis da<br />
sxva dainteresebuli organizaciebis erTobliv sawarmoebs.<br />
teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s Seqmnis safuZvels, am qveyanaSi, yvela zemoT<br />
CamoTvlili mxareebs Soris dadebuli xelSekruleba warmoadgens.<br />
rumineTis <strong>samecniero</strong> <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong> ganaTlebisa da<br />
kvlevis saministros gankargulebaSi imyofeba. maTi registracia<br />
Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi xdeba im sabuTebis safuZvelze,<br />
romlebiTac dgindeba, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba teqnoparki arsebul<br />
moTxovnebs, ramdenad kanonieri safuZveli aqvs miwiT da SenobebiT<br />
sargeblobas, sad mdebareobs Tavad parki da ramdenad axlos aris<br />
8
nacionalur da saerTaSoriso aeroportebTan da satransporto<br />
gzebTan.<br />
teqnoparkSi gaerTianebulma kompaniebma unda waradginon TavianTi<br />
samuSao gegma, romelic minimum 15 weliwadze unda iyos gawerili.<br />
gegmaSi unda Candes, Tu ras Sematebs teqnoparki regionis<br />
ganviTarebas.<br />
aSS-sagan gansxvavebiT, rumineTSi sakmaod didi sakanonmdeblo<br />
bazaa Seqmnili teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s funqcionirebis dasaregulireblad.<br />
maT Sorisaa: mTavrobis dadgenileba teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s dafinansebis<br />
Taobaze; kanoni teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s programis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb;<br />
mTavrobis dadgenileba teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s daarsebis da<br />
xelmZRvanelobis Sesaxeb; ganaTlebis, axalgazrdobisa da kvlevis<br />
saministros brZaneba teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s meTodologiis SemuSavebis<br />
Taobaze da sxva.<br />
imisaTvis, rom teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s muSaoba ufro efeqturi iyos,<br />
rumineTis mTavrobam teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s gadasaxadebisagan<br />
ganTavisulebis gadawyvetileba miiRo. xolo is miwa, romelzedac<br />
teqnoparkia gaSenebuli, amoRebulia sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
daniSnulebis miwebis saerTo sqemidan.<br />
teqno<strong>parkebi</strong> ganTavisuflebulia Senobis, miwisa da saSemosavlo<br />
gadasaxadebebisagan. Tumca aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom aseTi<br />
saxelmwifo mxardaWeris programa gaTvlilia mxolod 2007 wlis<br />
bolomde, ris Semdegac axali programis SemuSavebas varaudoben.<br />
arsebuli saxelmwifo daxmarebis programiT, saxelmwifo<br />
dafinanseba mTliani dafinansebis 30 %-s Seadgens rac 114,814,591<br />
mlrd leis (41,220,145 mlrd aSS dolari) udris. maTgan 54,175<br />
milioni ruminuli lei (19,450 mln aSS dolari) wavida Senobebis<br />
investirebaze, xolo 1,111,190 mlrd ruminuli lei (398,933 mln aSS<br />
dolari) – infrastruqturis ganviTarebaze.<br />
aseTi mxardaWeris Sedegad, rumineTSi ukve 24 teqnoparki Seiqmna.<br />
Tumca maTi umravlesoba dResac Camoyalibebis procesSia.<br />
rumineTSi teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia:<br />
- transporti;<br />
- mSenebloba;<br />
- soflis meurneoba;<br />
- garemos dacva;<br />
- farmacevtika;<br />
- informaciuli teqnologiebi.<br />
9
latviis teqno<strong>parkebi</strong><br />
1996 wels latviaSi oficialurad daarsda “latviis teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s<br />
asociacia”, romlis ZiriTad mizans latviis mecnierebasa da<br />
samewarmeo struqturebs Soris mWidro kavSiris damyareba<br />
warmoadgenda. is “teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s saerTaSoriso asociaciis” wevria,<br />
rac xels uwyobs latviis teqnoparkebs kontaqtebis damyarebasa da<br />
saerTaSoriso asparezze gasvlaSi. asociaciis funqciebSi Sedis:<br />
<strong>qveynis</strong> sainovacio politikis SemuSaveba, mecnierebis dafinansebis<br />
gansazRvra, teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s fiskaluri politikis SemuSaveba,<br />
administraciuli sakiTxebis saxelmwifo doneze mogvareba,<br />
teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s produqciis saerTaSoriso bazarze gatana da sxva.<br />
latviis teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s sistema mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs <strong>qveynis</strong><br />
industriis da ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi.<br />
teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s daarsebis idea jer kidev 1992 wels gaCnda.<br />
ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrom, mecnierebis<br />
komercializaciis gegma SeimuSava da gansaxilvelad mTavrobas<br />
warudgina. es aucilebeli iyo, vinaidan sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis<br />
Sedegad, mecnierebis dafinanseba Sewyda. kvleviTi saqmianoba<br />
praqtikulad arc universitetebSi da arc <strong>samecniero</strong>-kvleviT<br />
institutebSi aRar xorcieldeboda. aseT viTarebaSi, teqnoparkebs<br />
saganamanaTleblo da <strong>samecniero</strong> institutebsa da mrewvelobas<br />
Soris damakavSirebeli rgolis funqcia unda Seesrulebina.<br />
teqnopqrkebis daarsebiT uamravi samuSao adgili Seiqmna, sadac<br />
dasaqmdnen umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone specialistebi, romlebmac<br />
`sabWoTa mecnierebis~ ngrevis Sedegad dakarges samsaxuri.<br />
dReisaTvis latviaSi 3 teqnoparkia: latviis <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> centri,<br />
latviis tenologiuri parki da latviis eleqtro-industriis<br />
biznes-inovaciuri centri.<br />
latviis <strong>samecniero</strong> da <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong>s sistemis<br />
funqcionireba ramdenime kanoniT regulirdeba. esenia:<br />
- “kanoni <strong>samecniero</strong> saqmianobis Sesaxeb” (miRebulia 1992 wels.<br />
damatebebi Sevida 1996 da 1998 wels), romliTac regulirdeba<br />
kvleviTi saqmianobis administraciuli, finansuri da<br />
institutcionaluri sakiTxebi. kanoni aseve gansazRvravs latviis<br />
mecnierebis sabWos, ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros da<br />
sxva organoebis funqciebs. kanoniT Tanaxmad mecnierebis<br />
dafinanseba saxelmwifo biujetidan xorcieldeba, vinaidan<br />
mecniereba iTvleba <strong>qveynis</strong> erT-erT ZiriTad prioritetad.<br />
10
- “kanoni umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb” (miRebulia 1995 wels),<br />
romelic gansazRvravs teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s uflebebs da movaleobebs,<br />
daarsebis da gauqmebis procedurebs, akreditacias, sakanonmdeblo<br />
bazas, saerTaSoriso kavSirebis damyarebas, ekonomikur da kvleviT<br />
saqmianobas da sxva sakiTxebs;<br />
- ministrTa kabinetis dadgenilebebi <strong>samecniero</strong> saqmianobis<br />
Sesaxeb;<br />
- kanoni savaWro niSnis Sesaxeb (1993 weli);<br />
- kanoni patentis Sesaxeb (1993 weli);<br />
- kanoni industriuli saqmianobis dacvis Sesaxeb (1993 weli);<br />
- kanoni saavtoro uflebebis Sesaxeb (1993 weli).<br />
latviis mTavrobam ukve 1992 wels teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s ganviTarebaze mSpis<br />
0.44% gamoyo, rac 16.2 milion lats Seadgenda. droTa<br />
ganmavlobaSi, ucxouri investiciebis xarjze kerZo dafinansebis<br />
wili sakmaod gaizarda da mTliani dafinansebis 22% Seadgina. es<br />
faqti TavisTavad miuTiTebs latviis teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s mniSvnelovan<br />
warmatebebze. garda saxelmwifo da ucxouri dafinansebisa,<br />
teqno<strong>parkebi</strong> grantebis saxiTac solidur finansur daxmarebebs<br />
iReben.<br />
saxelmiwfo dafinanseba ZiriTadad saxelmwifo dakveTebis<br />
(fundamenturi da gamoyenebiTi mecnierebis sferoSi) Sesrulebas<br />
xmardeba. 2003 wlisaTvis aseTi dakveTebis ricxvma ukve 624-s<br />
miaRwia.<br />
rac Seexeba bazarze orientirebul kvleviT programebs, isini<br />
yovelwliurad, <strong>rogorc</strong> minimum, 70-75 kvlevas Seadgens. aseTi<br />
kvlevebi metad mniSvnelovania <strong>qveynis</strong> industriis <strong>ganviTarebis</strong><br />
TvalsazrisiT.<br />
teqno<strong>parkebi</strong> da regionaluri <strong>ganviTarebis</strong> perspeqtivebi<br />
teqno<strong>parkebi</strong> samuSao adgilebiT uzrunvelyofs adgilobriv<br />
mosaxleobas, rac regionis ganviTarebaSi uamrav dadebiT efeqts<br />
iZleva. mcire da saSualo biznesSi xalxis dasaqmeba iwvevs<br />
umuSevrobaze socialuri danaxarjebis Semcirebas. organizaciis<br />
formebis miuxedavad warmatebul teqnologiur parks, regionis<br />
ganviTarebaSi Semdegi wvlili SeuZlia Seitanos:<br />
- regionis ekonomikuri zrdis stimulireba;<br />
- adgilobrivi ekonomikis diversifikacia, rac ekonomikas ufro<br />
mdgrads xdis;<br />
- mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTareba;<br />
- adgilobrivi biujetis zrda.<br />
11
yovelive es iwvevs saSualo fenis zrdas, rac, Tavis mxriv,<br />
demokratiis mTavar sayrdenad iTvleba.<br />
amasTanave, <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong>s bazaze Seqmnili produqciiT<br />
izrdeba <strong>qveynis</strong> eqsporti da qveyana ufro mimzidveli xdeba<br />
ucxoeli investorebisaTvis. amitomacaa, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi<br />
Tavad xelisufleba gvevlineba <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong>s Seqmnis<br />
iniciatorad.<br />
<strong>rogorc</strong> msoflio gamocdileba gvaCvenebs, saswavleblebis bazaze<br />
Camoyalibebul teqnoparkebze metad warmatebuli sawarmoebis<br />
bazaze Camoyalibebuli teqno<strong>parkebi</strong> aRmoCnda. amis mizezi isaa, rom<br />
am ukanasknelT garkveuli privilegiebi aqvT: sargebloben ukve<br />
arsebuli infrastruqturiT, energo da wyalmomaragebiT,<br />
transportis momsaxurebiT; aqvT ukeT ganviTarebuli dacvis<br />
sistemebi da sxv. yovelive amis gamo, teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s danaxarjebi<br />
sagrZnoblad mcirdeba da Sesabamisad izrdeba maTi<br />
produqtiuloba.<br />
<strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong> gansakuTrebiT warmatebulia Tu mas<br />
ramdenime damfuZnebeli hyavs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, dafinansebis<br />
sakiTxebi bevrad ufro mowesrigebulia, Tanac TiToeuli<br />
damfuZneblis resursebi ufro racionalurad aris<br />
gadanawilebuli. ase magaliTad, SvedeTSi <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parkis<br />
iniciatorebad umaRles saswavleblebTan erTad municipalitetebi,<br />
bankebi da adgilobrivi sawarmoebi gvevlinebian. aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />
resursebi Semdegnairad nawildeba:<br />
- umaRlesi saswavlebelisagan - teqnologiebi, miwa da kapitali;<br />
- adgilobrivi administraciisagan – miwa, infrastruqtura,<br />
grantebi;<br />
- bankebisagan – kapitaldabandeba, finansuri eqspertiza;<br />
- sawarmoebisagan – miwa, infrastruqtura, kapitaldabandeba,<br />
proeqtebis eqspertiza.<br />
1980-ian wlebSi <strong>samecniero</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong>s idea gascda e.w. “ganviTarebuli<br />
samyaros” sazRvrebs. <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> <strong>parkebi</strong> iqmneba braziliaSi,<br />
indoeTSi, malaiziaSi, aRmosavleT evropisa da dsT-s qveynebSi.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s mSeneblobisas aucileblad unda<br />
iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli konkretuli <strong>qveynis</strong> specifika. parkis<br />
Seqmisas, yovel konretul SemTxvevaSi, sabazo modeli aucileblad<br />
SesabamisobaSi unda iyos <strong>qveynis</strong> adgilobriv pirobebTan, miznebTan,<br />
finansur da samarTlebriv sistemasTan. adgilobrivi faqtorebi<br />
did gavlenas axdenen <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parkis saorganizacio<br />
struqturaze da mis Semdgom funqcionirebaze.<br />
12
TiToeuli <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parki adgilobriv pirobebsa da<br />
resursebze dafuZnebiT Tavad gansazRvravs Tavis miznebsa da<br />
amocanebs.<br />
---------- ---------- ----------<br />
bolo wlebSi qarTuli mecniereba sakmaod rTul pirobebSi<br />
aRmoCnda. <strong>samecniero</strong> dawesebulebebis mwirma dafinansebam gamoiwvia<br />
maTi an sruli daxurva, an kraxis piras miyvana. miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom aseT pirobebSi teqno<strong>parkebi</strong> mecnierebaTaA akademiis sabWouri<br />
sistemis erT-erT gamarTlebul alternativad SeiZleba gamodges,<br />
uaxloes momavalSi teqno<strong>parkebi</strong>s Camoyalibebis perspeqtiva<br />
saqarTveloSi ar sCans.<br />
SesaZloa, skeptikosebma miiCnion, rom iseTi patara<br />
<strong>qveynis</strong>Tvis, rogoric saqarTveloa (69 700 km 2) , teqnoparkis gaSeneba<br />
zedmeti fufunebaa. Tumca, teqno<strong>parkebi</strong> Seqmnilia evropis (da ara<br />
mxolod evropis) mcire qveynebSic ki. magaliTad SveicariaSi,<br />
romlis teritoria (39 770 km 2 ) bevrad naklebia saqarTvelosaze, 7<br />
teqnoparkia gaSenebuli: lozanas <strong>samecniero</strong> parki, Jenevis<br />
“uaxlesi teqnologiebis centri”, Jenevis “ayvavebis <strong>samecniero</strong><br />
saagento”, sieras “kidobani”, iverdonis teqnoparki, bernis bioteqnikuri<br />
parki, da ciurixis teqnoparki. belgiaSi (teritoria<br />
32 820 km 2 ) aris teqnoparki: leven-la-nev.<br />
katarSic ki, romlis teritoriac mxolod 11 437 km 2 -ia, aris<br />
<strong>samecniero</strong> - <strong>teqnologiuri</strong> parki. teqnoparki aris arabeTis<br />
gaerTianebul emiratebSic (82 880 km 2 ), cnobili “dubais silikonis<br />
oazisi”.<br />
mokled, teqno<strong>parkebi</strong> araa mxolod didi saxelmwifoebis<br />
privilegia. ubralod, patara qveynebSi maTi zomebic SedarebiT<br />
mcirea.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />
1. Technoparks in Switzerland http://seed.epfl.ch/page12271.html<br />
2. Other Science Parks in Sweden<br />
http://www.kistasciencecity.se/artikel/761/058001/en<br />
3. List of Reserach Parks<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_parks#China<br />
13
14<br />
4. Technology Clusters and Parks in Poland<br />
http://www.mac.doc.gov/eebic/countryr/poland/market/kraksez.htm<br />
5. The Most Profitable Investment Opportunities in Poland - SPECIAL<br />
ECONOMIC ZONES http://www.masterpage.com.pl/outlook/art001.html<br />
6. Технопарки как инструмент интенсификации развития производства,<br />
http://www.raexpert.ru/researches/technopark/<br />
7. Технопарки в России, http://g2b.ru/researches/technopark/part3/<br />
8. Новый технопарк в Китае,<br />
http://www.pcweek.ru/Year2000/N41/CP1251/News/chapt9.htm<br />
9. Технопарки Китая, Журнал «Вокруг Света», Август, 2006.<br />
10. История Российских технопарков,<br />
http://www.silicontaiga.ru/home.aspartId=3497<br />
11. Monitoring results of the state aids granted to industrial parks<br />
www.competition.ro/en/Publicatii/industrialparksen.pdf