msesxebelTa vadagadacilebuli valebis dafarvis ... - Papava.info
msesxebelTa vadagadacilebuli valebis dafarvis ... - Papava.info
msesxebelTa vadagadacilebuli valebis dafarvis ... - Papava.info
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auditi, aRricxva, finansebi #2(110), 2009<br />
wamyvani qveynebis ekonomikebSi da finansebSi ver moxdeba. amitom saqarTvelos sabanko sistema, saqarTvelos<br />
biznesi aucileblad dadgeba daufinanseblobis saSiSroebis winaSe. dRes bankebi ver afinanseben ekonomikas.<br />
ekonomikas finansebis, sabrunavi saxsrebis gareSe funqcionireba ar SeuZlia. ar gagvaCnia eqsportis<br />
aranairi stabiluri wyaro, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos valutis Semodineba qveyanaSi. sxva qveynebma rac<br />
mogvces, imaze mets aRar mogvcemen. Cven mTlianad damokidebuli varT importze. am mZime situaciaSi raRac<br />
importSemcveli warmoebis stimulireba mainc unda SeZlos mTavrobam; magram am mimarTulebiT stimulireba<br />
ar xdeba da araferi keTdeba saimisod, rom importi raRaciT CavanacvloT im mTavar nawilSi, romlis<br />
resursic gvaqvs. es SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad, kvebis produqtebi da pirveladi moTxovnis iseTi saqoneli,<br />
romelsac Cven SegviZlia swrafad movuaroT da daviwyoT maTi gamoSveba. magram amis stimulirebas mTavroba<br />
ar axdens.<br />
- batono demur, Tqven rom premier-ministri iyoT, pirvel rigSi ras gaakeTebdiT<br />
_ faqtobrivad, ukve giTxariT... pirvel rigSi gadasaxadebs kidev davwevdi, gansakuTrebiT damatebuli<br />
Rirebulebis gadasaxads 15%-mde mainc, Tundac erTi-ori wliT; firmebisTvis mogebis gadasaxads 0%-is<br />
gavxdidi, rom buRaltrulad yvelaferi iwarmoebodes, magram adamians ar hqondes imis stimuli, rom raRaca<br />
ar uCvenos da damalos; Tuki davalianeba iqneboda biujetis mimarT, gadavadebas gavakeTebdi; bankebs<br />
aucileblad xels Sevuwyobdi Zalian xisti pirobiT, rom maT, daxmarebis SemTxvevaSi, seriozuli dakrediteba<br />
daewyoT biznesisa da gansakuTrebiT im sawarmoebisa, romlebsac SeuZliaT yvelaze swrafad Caanacvlon<br />
importi Zalian did nawilSi; aucileblad Sevitandi fundamenturi xasiaTis cvlilebebs kanonmdeblobaSi,<br />
sadac administrirebis masStabebi iqneboda CarCoSi Cayenebuli da sakuTrebis uflebebis dacva iqneboda ara<br />
formalurad, aramed realurad. Tuki biznesmenebi dainaxaven, rom es grZelvadiani perspeqtiviT keTdeba da<br />
amasTan xelisufleba TamaSis am wesebs SesTavazebs ganurCevlad yvelas, maSin maT rwmena daubrundebaT,<br />
rwmenis momenti ki ekonomikuri saqmianobis dros udidesi mastimulirebeli faqtoria.<br />
esaubra dali CikvaiZe<br />
saqarTvelos sabanko sistema<br />
saqarTvelos sabanko sistema - am rubrikiT Cveni Jurnalis furclebze Suqdeba saqarTveloSi<br />
moqmedi bankebisa da sxva safinanso institutebis saqmianoba, is siaxleebi, miRwevebi da problemebi,<br />
romlebic Cveni qveynis sabanko-safinanso sferoSi xdeba.<br />
<strong>msesxebelTa</strong> <strong>vadagadacilebuli</strong><br />
<strong>valebis</strong> <strong>dafarvis</strong> problema bankebSi<br />
ratom daugrovdaT bankebs uimedo valebi<br />
<strong>msesxebelTa</strong> absoluturi<br />
umravlesoba sasesxo xelSekrulebas<br />
detalurad ar icnobs<br />
bolo xanebSi uamravi Cveni moqalaqe komerciuli<br />
bankidan aRebul kredits droulad an saerTod veRar<br />
ixdis. Sesabamisad, gamafrTxilebeli Setyobinebebis<br />
gagzavnis Semdeg, banki sasesxo xelSekrulebiT misTvis<br />
Tavad klientis mier miniWebuli uflebis gamoyenebas<br />
iwyebs. saintereso isaa, rom <strong>msesxebelTa</strong> absolutur<br />
umravlesobas sasesxo xelSekrulebaze xeli ise<br />
aqvs mowerili, rom am dokuments detalurad arc<br />
gascnobia da mxolod sakredito oficris mokle<br />
axsna-ganmartebiT dakmayofilda.<br />
xelSekrulebis erT-erTi muxlis Tanaxmad ki<br />
`msesxebeli banks aniWebs upirobo uflebas<br />
msesxeblis Sesaxeb <strong>info</strong>rmacia <strong>msesxebelTa</strong>n<br />
damatebiTi SeTanxmebis gareSe gadasces ss<br />
`kredit<strong>info</strong> saqarTvelos~, rac iwvevs msesxeblis<br />
aRricxvas am organizaciis monacemTa bazaSi. gadasacemi<br />
<strong>info</strong>rmacia, yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe, moicavs:<br />
msesxeblis saidentifikacio monacemebs, mimdinare<br />
sesxis moculobas, miznobriobas, daricxul procents,<br />
moqmedebis vadas, msesxeblis mier sesxTan<br />
dakavSirebuli gadaxdebis droulobas, davalianebis<br />
naSTs, uzrunvelyofis sagnis saidentifikacio<br />
monacemebs, xolo sasamarTlos davis arsebobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo samarTalwarmoebis da<br />
saaRsrulebo warmoebis Sedegebs. amaze banks klientis<br />
nebarTva imitom sWirdeba, rom `komerciuli bankebis<br />
22
#2(110), 2009 auditi, aRricxva, finansebi<br />
saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-17 muxlis me-2 punqtis<br />
Tanaxmad, `cnobebi fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis<br />
angariSebis, am angariSebidan ganxorcielebuli<br />
operaciebisa da angariSebze arsebuli naSTebis Sesaxeb<br />
SeiZleba mieces Sesabamisi angariSebis mflobelebs<br />
da maT warmomadgenlebs, agreTve kanonmdeblobiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi saqarTvelos finansuri<br />
monitoringis samsaxurs. sxva pirebs es <strong>info</strong>rmacia<br />
miecema mxolod sasamarTlos Sesabamisi aqtis<br />
safuZvelze~. raki klientis nebarTva aqvs, banks<br />
kanondarRvevaSi veRar Seedavebi.<br />
SesaZloa banks Tanxis iZulebiT amoRebac mouxdes,<br />
risTvisac, cxadia, xelSekrulebaSi specialuri piroba<br />
ideba imis mixedviT, Tu ra mizniTaa sesxi aRebuli.<br />
magaliTad, Tu sesxi studenturia, xelSekrulebaSi<br />
aRniSnulia: `sesxis daufaravobis, an msesxeblis mier<br />
xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva<br />
valdebulebebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi, aseve<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu banks gauCnda safuZvliani eWvi,<br />
rom sesxi ar iqneba srulad dafaruli an/da ar<br />
iqneba dafaruli droulad, kanoniTa da am<br />
xelSekrulebiT miniWebul sxva uflebebTan erTad<br />
banki uflebamosilia msesxebels mosTxovos, xolo<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi msesxebeli valdebulia bankis<br />
sasargeblod ipoTekiT datvirTos da/an daagiravos<br />
mis sakuTrebaSi ricxuli uZravi da/an moZravi qoneba<br />
da miaqcios iZulebiT realizaciaze kanoniT dadgenili<br />
wesiT. amgvari realizaciis Sedegad miRebuli amonagebi<br />
TanxiT dafaruli iqneba realizaciis xarjebi da<br />
bankis moTxovnebi, xolo darCenili Tanxa, aseTis<br />
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi gadaecema msesxebels~. Tuki<br />
sesxi nivTis ganvadebiT SeZenas emsaxureba, maSin:<br />
`kreditis daufaravobis, an msesxeblis mier<br />
xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva valdebulebis<br />
Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi, kanoniTa da am<br />
xelSekrulebiT miniWebul sxva uflebebTan erTad,<br />
banki uflebamosilia da msesxebeli Tanaxmaa, bankma<br />
misi moTxovnebi daikmayofilos rogorc kreditiT<br />
SeZenili nivT(eb)iT, aseve msesxeblis nebismieri sxva<br />
qonebiT, daayadaRos amgvari qoneba da miaqcios iZulebiT<br />
realizaciaze kanoniT dadgenili wesiT. bankis<br />
moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi msesxebeli valdebulia<br />
dauyovnebliv gadasces mas kreditiT SeZenili<br />
nivT(eb)i sarealizaciod. amgvari realizaciis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, amonagebi TanxiT daifareba realizaciis<br />
xarjebi da bankis moTxovnebi, xolo narCeni Tanxa<br />
daubrundeba msesxebels. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />
uzrunvelyofis sagnis realizaciiT miRebuli Tanxa<br />
srulad ar faravs bankis moTxovnas, banki<br />
uflebamosilia aRsruleba miaqcios msesxeblis sxva<br />
qonebas moTxovnis srulad dakmayofilebis mizniT~.<br />
vfiqrobT, interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos is<br />
faqti, rom maSin, roca fors-maJorul viTarebaze<br />
sasesxo xelSekrulebebSi araferia naTqvami, bankebs<br />
misi gaTvaliswineba ar gamorCaT anabrebis<br />
xelSekrulebebSi, kerZod: `fors-maJoruli<br />
movlenebisas mxareTa valdebulebebis Sesruleba<br />
gadaideba maT likvidaciebamde. aseTi movlenebia:<br />
stiqiuri ubedureba; omebi, teraqtebi, samxedro<br />
gadatrialebebi; xangrZlivi SeiaraRebuli<br />
konfliqtebi, blokadebi, energosistemis an<br />
kavSirgabmulobis obieqtebis xangrZlivi paralizeba<br />
da sxva dauZleveli Zalebi; agreTve xelisuflebis<br />
organoebis mier iseTi aqtebis miReba, romlebic<br />
SeuZlebels xdis mxareebis mier xelSekrulebiT<br />
nakisri valdebulebebis ganxorcielebas~.<br />
yovel bankSi arsebobs problemuri sesxebis<br />
departamenti, romelic swored aseTi sesxebis<br />
amoRebaze muSaobs. magram davalianebaTa simravlis<br />
gamo es struqturebi saqmeebs veRar audian da bankebic<br />
Sesabamis xelSekrulebebs aformeben kerZo firmebTan,<br />
Sps-ebTan, romlebSic iuristebi da sabanko saqmis<br />
specialistebi muSaoben. samoqalaqo kodeqsis erTerTi<br />
muxli banks uflebas aZlevs, moaxdinos Tavisi<br />
im uflebis delegireba, rom axla ukve aRniSnulma<br />
kerZo firmam gaafrTxilos e.w. `urCi gadamxdeli~<br />
SesaZlo Sedegebis Sesaxeb. martivad Tu vityviT, es<br />
firma msesxebelze fsiqologiur zewolas axdens,<br />
rac rig SemTxvevebSi bankis sasargeblod sruldeba.<br />
bunebrivia, amoRebuli Tanxis garkveuli procenti<br />
Sps-s rCeba. magram Tuki Sps-s zewoliTac araferi<br />
gamodis, mere ukve banki sasamarTlos mimarTavs, rac<br />
gacilebiT ufro rTuli gzaa da met drosac moiTxovs.<br />
valis dabrunebis uunaroTa Soris mravladaa, vinc<br />
jer samsaxuri dakarga da axla, bankTan warmoqmnili<br />
problemis gamo, binisa Tu sxva qonebis dakargvis<br />
realuri safrTxis winaSe dadga. gansakuTrebiT mZime<br />
realobaSi aRmoCndnen is msesxeblebi, romlebmac<br />
agvistos omis Sedegad ara mxolod samuSao adgilebi,<br />
saxl-kari da yovelgvari sarCo-sabadebelic dakarges.<br />
isini daxmarebas xelisuflebas sTxoven da zogan<br />
aqciebsac ki marTaven, raTa xelisuflebam omis dros<br />
arsebuli mdgomareoba firs-maJorul viTarebad<br />
Seafasos da sabanko kreditebis saprocento<br />
ganakveTebi msoflio Tanamegobrobis mier agvistos<br />
omis dros dazaralebuli mosaxleobisTvis<br />
gamoyofili Tanxidan gadaixados. ramdenime opoziciuri<br />
politikuri partiac gamovida xelisuflebis mimarT<br />
moTxovniT, rom saxelmwifom gadaiweros da<br />
gaustumros bankebs im adamianebis valebi, vinc<br />
Semosavali dakarga da aRara aqvs saSualeba Tavis<br />
sesxebs moemsaxuros; amiT bankebi gajansaRdebian,<br />
bankebSi gaCndeba damatebiTi fuli da amave dros am<br />
adamianebs SeeqmnebaT SesaZlebloba, rom ifiqron<br />
TavianT samomxmareblo da ekonomikur aqtivobaze. es<br />
vali unda gadavides swored saxelmwifos winaSe<br />
valdebulebaSi, romlis gastumrebac, yovelgvari<br />
procentis gareSe, daiwyeba maSin, rodesac es adamianebi<br />
isev iqnebian gadaxdisunarianebi, roca daiwyeben<br />
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gadaxdas.<br />
bevri Cveni moqalaqisaTvis am erTob mtkivneul<br />
Temaze komentari vTxoveT or wamyvan komerciul<br />
23
auditi, aRricxva, finansebi #2(110), 2009<br />
banks, `Tibisi banksa~ da `saqarTvelos banks~, romlebsac<br />
aqve gTavazobT.<br />
`Tibisi bankis~ sacalo dakreditebis ganyofilebis<br />
ufrosis lela WinWaraulis ganmartebiT:<br />
`saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobisa da saerTaSorisod<br />
aRiarebuli praqtikis Sesabamisad, zogadad, saomari<br />
mdgomareoba SeiZleba CaiTvalos fors-maJorad, Tumca,<br />
yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi unda moxdes dasabuTeba<br />
imisa, Tu ramdenad iqonia gavlena aRniSnulma<br />
mdgomareobam ama Tu im konkretul klientze. 2008<br />
wlis agvistoSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis gamo<br />
miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba, rom agvistosa da<br />
seqtembris TveebSi dafiqsirebuli vadagadacilebebis<br />
Sesaxeb <strong>info</strong>rmaciis miwodeba ar ganxorcielebuliyo<br />
sakredito sa<strong>info</strong>rmacio biurosTvis.<br />
midgoma fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebisaTvis<br />
gansxvavebuli da individualuria. vadagadacilebaSi<br />
myof msesxeblebTan, rogorc wesi, xorcieldeba<br />
satelefono zarebi, viziti msesxeblis samuSao da<br />
sacxovrebel adgilze. Tu msesxebeli winaswar<br />
gansazRvrul vadaSi ar dafaravs vadagadacilebul<br />
davalianebas, banki mimarTavs sasamarTlos an kerZo<br />
arbitraJs, sesxis mTliani Tanxis, masze daricxuli<br />
procentis da pirgasamtexlos gadaxdis dakisrebis<br />
moTxovniT. bankis mier aseve xorcieldeba sesxis<br />
uzrunvelsayofad ipoTekiT datvirTuli/<br />
dagiravebuli qonebis realizacia an/da Tavdebis<br />
mimarT Tavdebobis xelSekrulebiT nakisri<br />
valdebulebebis Sesrulebis moTxovna~.<br />
`saqarTvelos bankidan~ ki ase gvi pasuxes:<br />
`klientis monacemebi `kredit<strong>info</strong>Si~, sesxis<br />
ar<strong>dafarvis</strong> SemTxvevaSi, mxolod 90 dRis Semdeg<br />
avtomaturad (programis meSveobiT) xvdeba.<br />
`saqarTvelos banki~ momxmarebelze orientirebuli<br />
bankia da Cven Cvens momxmarebels yovelTvis mxarSi<br />
vudgavarT. agvistos movlenebis Semdeg `saqarTvelos<br />
bankma~ arcerT Tavis momxmarebels seqtembris TveSi<br />
jarima ar daaricxa. im SemTxvevaSi ki, Tu Cvens<br />
momxmarebels Seferxeba eqmneba sesxis <strong>dafarvis</strong> mxriv,<br />
yvela maTganis SemTxvevas individualurad ganvixilavT<br />
da sesxis restruqturizacias vaxdenT.<br />
restruqturizacia gulisxmobs, rogorc vadis, sesxis<br />
<strong>dafarvis</strong> grafikis, aseve yovelTviurad dasafari<br />
Tanxis gadaxedvas.<br />
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, `saqarTvelos bankisTvis~<br />
klientebis interesi yvelaze pirioritetulia. im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tu Cvens momxmarebels Seferxeba eqmneba<br />
sesxis <strong>dafarvis</strong> mxriv, maTTan erTad vmuSaobT iseTi<br />
gamosavlis moZebnaze, romelic morgebuli iqneba<br />
yoveli konkretuli klientis mdgomareobaze.<br />
`saqarTvelos banki~ cdilobs yvela sirTule,<br />
romelic mis momxmarebels warmoudgeba, maTTan erTad<br />
gadaWras. Cveni momxmareblis keTildReoba Cveni<br />
siZlierecaa. yoveli klientis mdgomareoba<br />
gansxvavebulia da gamosavlis Ziebac konkretuli<br />
pirobebidan gamomdinare mimdinareobs, klientis<br />
situaciidan gamomdinare da klientis SesaZleblobebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT~.<br />
ss `kredit<strong>info</strong> saqarTvelos~ Sesaxeb<br />
es kompania 2005 wels Seiqmna. misi damfuZneblebi<br />
arian saqarTvelos erovnuli sakredito <strong>info</strong>rmacis<br />
biuro, islandiuri sakredito organizacia da oTxi<br />
komerciuli banki (`Tibisi banki~, `saqarTvelos banki~,<br />
`prokredit banki~ da banki `respublika~). ss<br />
`kredit<strong>info</strong> saqarTvelos~ iurist irakli gvilias<br />
ganmartebiT, aRniSnuli kompania erT-erTi damxmare<br />
elementia finansuri institutebisTvis, raTa maT<br />
ukeT Seafason TavianTi potenciuri msesxeblebi.<br />
`kredit<strong>info</strong>s~ servisi misaRebia aseve maRaziebisTvis<br />
Tu savaWro centrebisTvis, romlebic ganvadebiT<br />
axorcieleben Tavisi saqonlis gayidvas da 2009<br />
wels erT-erT aseT organizaciasTan xelSekrulebas<br />
kidevac moewera xeli. aris perspeqtiva, rom<br />
daematebian sxva msxvili dawesebulebebic, romlebic<br />
ganvadebiT awarmoeben TavianTi saqonlis gayidvas,<br />
igive avtomaRaziebi, avtosalonebi; vinaidan ZiriTadad<br />
sesxiT xdeboda xolme avtosatransporto<br />
saSualebebis Sesyidva da axla mosaxleobisTvis<br />
sesxis miReba ufro garTulda, avtosalonebisTvisac<br />
sakmaod perspeqtiuli unda iyos amgvari<br />
xelSekrulebis gaformeba, anu ganvadebiT Tavisi<br />
saqonlis gayidva da aqedan gamomdinare, dawesebulebam<br />
unda icodes, ras warmoadgens klienti, visac ganvadebiT<br />
aZlevs Tavis saqonels da rogoria misi finansuri<br />
mdgomareoba.<br />
`kredit<strong>info</strong>s~ klientebi arian mxolod<br />
iuridiuli pirebi. fizikur pirebs ar SeuZliaT<br />
isargeblon misi momsaxurebiT. sameTvalyureo sabWom<br />
miiRo fasebis nusxa da yvela momxmareblisTvis is<br />
identuria. kompaniebsa da organizaciebs, romlebsac<br />
gaaCniaT iuridiuli interesi, gawevrianebis safasuris<br />
gadaxdis Semdeg saSualeba eZlevaT gamoiyenon<br />
`kredit<strong>info</strong>s~ servisebi. fiqsirebuli yovelTviuri<br />
gadasaxadis garda, momxmarebeli ixdis aseve damatebiT<br />
safasurs im <strong>info</strong>rmaciaze, romelsac miiRebs<br />
`kredit<strong>info</strong>s~ monacemTa bazidan. internetis<br />
saSualebiT momxmarebels SeuZlia saxelisa da<br />
parolis gamoyenebiT miiRos misTvis sasurveli<br />
monacemi.<br />
`kredit<strong>info</strong>s~ aqvs sul 2 baza. erTi aris<br />
mimdinare da dafaruli sesxebis Sesaxeb monacemTa<br />
baza (es ar exeba vadagadacilebas); meore baza aris<br />
vadagadacilebul sesxebze da sasamarTlo <strong>info</strong>rmaciis<br />
Sesaxeb monacemTa baza, sadac aRiricxeba bankebisa da<br />
sxva finansuri institutebidan miwodebuli<br />
<strong>info</strong>rmacia vadagadacilebul sesxebze. Tu pirovnebam<br />
<strong>vadagadacilebuli</strong> sesxi dafara, es bazaSi aRiniSneba<br />
da misi amoReba moxdeba 7 wlis Semdeg. maRalia<br />
albaToba imisa, rom am pirovnebam 7 wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
veRar aiRos bankebidan sesxi, amisagan bankebma TviTon<br />
24
#2(110), 2009 auditi, aRricxva, finansebi<br />
Seikavon Tavi; Tumca gamoricxuli araa, romelimem<br />
arc Seikavos, vinaidan kanonmdeblobiT ar ikrZaleba<br />
am monacemTa bazaSi moxvedril pirovnebaze sesxis<br />
gacema. 2009 wlis Tebervlis Sua ricxvebisTvis<br />
729 000 Canaweri iyo mimdinare da dafaruli sesxebis<br />
bazaSi da 147 000 _ vadagadacilebul da sasamarTlo<br />
<strong>info</strong>rmaciebis Sesaxeb <strong>info</strong>rmaciaTa bazaSi.<br />
aris aseve monitoringis servisi, romliTac<br />
klientebi aregistrireben TavianT msesxeblebs am<br />
monitoringis siaSi da Tu am siaSi daregistrirebuli<br />
romelime klienti moxvdeba <strong>vadagadacilebuli</strong> sesxebis<br />
bazaSi, klient banks avtomaturad miuva Setyobineba<br />
amis Sesaxeb.<br />
`kredit<strong>info</strong>s~ meSveobiT SesaZlebelia agreTve<br />
saerTaSoriso monacemTa bazis gamoyeneba. es aris<br />
monacemTa baza `kredit<strong>info</strong>s~ partniori amerikuli<br />
kompaniisa, romelsac msoflioSi 100 mln-ze met<br />
kompaniaze aqvs monacemebi. SekveTebi miiReba rogorc<br />
kerZo pirebisgan, aseve kompaniebisgan. magram es ar<br />
aris sakredito biuros ZiriTadi saqmianoba. am<br />
saqmianobiT SeiZleba dakavdes nebismieri iuridiuli<br />
Tu fizikuri piri. amerikul kompaniasTan urTierTobis<br />
am serviss saqarTveloSi ramdenime kompania (ZiriTadad<br />
sakonsaltingo) awarmoebs. `kredit<strong>info</strong>s~ masTan<br />
eqskluziuri kontraqti ara aqvs.<br />
ratom aRmoCndnen bankebi aseT<br />
mdgomareobaSi da vin raSi xedavs<br />
gamosavals<br />
rogorc profesori lado papava SeniSnavs, Cven<br />
Tvali unda gavusworoT simarTles, rom qveyanaSi<br />
aris krizisi. krizisi finansuri seqtoridan daiwyo<br />
da Semdeg mTel ekonomikaze gadavida; CvenTan safinanso<br />
bazrebi didad ganviTarebuli ar aris, amitom krizisi,<br />
uwinares yovlisa, sabanko seqtorTan mimarTebaSi<br />
gamoixata, radganac bankebis mier gacemuli kreditebis<br />
amoReba dRes garTulebulia. garTulebulia imis<br />
gamo, rom krizisul viTarebaSi adamianebi samsaxurebs<br />
kargaven; ara aqvT is Semosavali, rom bankidan aRebuli<br />
vali dafaron da amitom gadaxdisuunaroni arian;<br />
xolo bankebi iZulebulebi arian kuTvnili Tanxebi<br />
am adamianebidan iZulebis wesiT amoiRon.<br />
papavas azriT, sesxebis `gaSvebaSi~ bankebma<br />
princi puli Secdoma dauSves, radgan hqondaT cota<br />
gazviadebuli molodini, rom yvelaferi kargad<br />
iqneboda. amas qveyanaSi arsebuli `piaric~ xels<br />
uwyobda. bankebs ar aRmoaCndaT is profesionalizmi,<br />
romelic aseT viTarebaSia saWiro. saerTod, Tu<br />
gadavxedavT, CvenTan mTeli biznesi sakuTar Tavze<br />
aris orientirebuli; anu yvelgan miaCniaT, rom<br />
yvelaferi yvelaze ukeT TviTon ician da TviTon<br />
erkvevian. arada, sinamdvileSi maT codna ar hyofniT,<br />
realuri mdgomareobis Sefaseba ar SeuZliaT.<br />
lado papava Segvaxsenebs, rom bankebi iaf sesxebs<br />
iRebdnen evropuli bazrebidan, sadac aseTi sesxebi<br />
sakmaod didi odenobiT iyo da anTavsebdnen<br />
saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi, ZiriTadad samSeneblo<br />
seqtorsa da agreTve samomxmareblo seqtorSi.<br />
samomxmareblo kreditebi isev importis<br />
dasafinanseblad midioda. ra Tqma unda, es sakredito<br />
resursi ar iyo saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi Seqmnili,<br />
xolo bankebis mier Seqmnili saxsrebi, gansakuTrebiT<br />
samomxmareblo kreditebze, xels ar uwyobda<br />
saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebas. adre Tu gvian,<br />
es unda `afeTqebuliyo~. `afeTqeba~ gansakuTrebiT<br />
gaamwvava da daaCqara globalurma finansurma krizisma,<br />
radganac am SemTxvevaSi aRmoCnda, rom Turme es iafi<br />
sakredito resursi evropis bazrebze ukve aRar<br />
aris xelmisawvdomi da bankebs aRar SeuZliaT kvlav<br />
gascen iafi resursi, adamianebi ki ukve ise advilad<br />
veRar Souloben samsaxurs, aRar aqvT is Semosavali.<br />
SegaxsenebT aseT meqanizmsac, rodesac adamiani ama Tu<br />
im bankSi samuSaod ahyavdaT, iqve sTavazobdnen, rom<br />
TviTonve gaeformebina sesxi. Semdeg es xalxi<br />
samsaxuridan rom gauSves, bunebrivia, gadaxdisuunaro<br />
darCa. anu bankebma sakredito politikaSi Tavidanve<br />
seriozuli Secdoma dauSves. magram dRes rasac isini<br />
akeTeben, aris absoluturad swori, vinaidan winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi bankebi gakotrdebian, bankebis gakotreba<br />
ki gamoiwvevs mTeli Cveni ekonomikis da mTeli Cveni<br />
sazogadoebis gakotrebas, maT Soris imaTisac, visac<br />
aranairi sesxi ar auRia. amitom es didi gakveTili<br />
unda gaxdes yvelasaTvis, Cveni moqalaqeebisaTvis,<br />
romlebic brmad iRebdnen bankebidan sesxebs da Cveni<br />
bankebisaTvis, rom ufro metad frTxilni iyvnen da<br />
ufro meti gaTvlebi awarmoon, Tu sad, romel seqtorSi<br />
unda ganaTavson TavianTi kreditebi, Tundac es<br />
sakredito resursi advilad da iafad mopovebadi<br />
iyos.<br />
`bankebs am Secdomaze ar miuTiTa misma<br />
maregulirebelma da zedamxedvelma imitom, rom manac<br />
ver gaarTva Tavi. praqtikulad Cven gvaqvs<br />
demoralizebuli erovnuli banki; mas 17 Tve ara<br />
hyavda prezidenti. amitom nu gagvikvirdeba, xdeba is,<br />
rac unda momxdariyo! cxadia bankebi valebs srulad<br />
ver amoiReben, magram maqsimalurad, risi amoRebac<br />
SesaZlebelia, unda amoiRon. da am SemTxvevaSi laparaki<br />
maT arahumanurobaze arasworia. ubralod, Tu isini<br />
amas ar gaakeTeben, ekonomikaSi Zalian cudi mdgomareoba<br />
iqneba. adamianebmac unda iswavlon, cota meti goniereba<br />
gamoiCinon, rom aseT sesxebze ar daxarbdnen da<br />
momavalSi maTi aReba ar daiwyon~, - daaskvnis papava.<br />
erovnuli bankis eqs-prezidenti nodar javaxiSvili<br />
gvaxsenebs imas, rasac igi bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
gamudmebiT irwmuneboda, rom bankebi am mdgomareobaSi<br />
Cavardebodnen, vinaidan saqarTveloSi TandaTanobiT<br />
knindeboda erovnuli bankis, rogorc centraluri<br />
bankis da bankebis zedamxedvelobis funqciis<br />
matarebeli organos mniSvneloba. erovnuli bankis<br />
erT-erTi ZiriTadi daniSnulebis mospobam ganapiroba<br />
bankebis TavaSvebuli msvleloba, arauzrunvelyofil<br />
25
auditi, aRricxva, finansebi #2(110), 2009<br />
da aseve grZelvadian dabandebebSi fulis<br />
TavqudmoglejiT Cadeba. amas aucileblad unda<br />
gamoewvia es Sedegi da gamoiwvia kidevac. analogiuri<br />
situacia moxdeba nebismier qveyanaSi, sadac Sesustdeba<br />
sabanko zedamxedveloba. javaxiSvilis TqmiT, amis<br />
Taobaze misi mravalgzisi gafrTxilebebi ar iRo<br />
yurad arc sazogadoebam, romelic am sesxebs iRebda<br />
da arc xelisuflebam, romelic erovnuli bankidan<br />
sazedamxedvelo funqciis gamotanis gadawyvetilebebs<br />
Rebulobda. jer erTi, bankebis bolo wlebis balansebs<br />
Tu SevxedavT, mivxvdebiT, rom iq ukve araferi<br />
normativebi aRar arsebobs. arada, bazelis komitetis<br />
SeTanxmebiT da masTan erTad dadgenili normativebiT,<br />
bankebs ara aqvT ufleba garkveul doneze meti<br />
daabandon sakredito resursebi grZelvadian<br />
dabandebebSi da arc samomxmareblo, e.w. sablanko<br />
kreditebi SeiZleba hqondeT gansazRvruli normativis<br />
farglebs zeviT. rogorc wesi, CvenTan samomxmareblo<br />
krediti gaaigives sablanko kreditTan, anu<br />
samomxmareblo kreditebis umravlesoba giraos gareSe<br />
iyo gacemuli. es maRali riskis kreditebia da<br />
kapitalTan unda yofiliyo TanafardobaSi. aris<br />
SezRudva, zeda norma, romelze metic ar SeiZleba<br />
bankma gasces. es Tavze xelaRebuli msvleloba zustad<br />
iman gamoiwvia, rom samomxmareblo kreditebSi banki<br />
sakmaod maRal mogebas naxulobda. banks imitom hyavs<br />
zedamxedvelad centraluri banki, rom kapitalis<br />
avantiuristuli suli mogebis gamodevnebisa raRaca<br />
doneze Seferxebuli iyos. ai, roca es zedamxedveloba<br />
gamoacales, nela-nela Sesustda erovnuli bankis<br />
moqmedeba da sabolood mTlianad gauqmda, aman migviyvana<br />
am Sedegamde.<br />
javaxiSvilis mtkicebiT, marTalia zedamxedvelobis<br />
saagento Seiqmna, magram jer erTi, mis Seqmnamde<br />
saqarTveloSi erovnuli banki iyo Tu ar iyo, amas<br />
verc xalxi gebulobda da verc komerciuli bankebi.<br />
meore, rac Seexeba zedamxedvelobis funqciis gatanas<br />
erovnuli bankidan, es aris danaSauli da qmedeba<br />
savaluto fondis mravalwliani rekomendaciebis<br />
(romlis bazazec 1995 wels saqarTveloSi sabanko<br />
kanonmdebloba gakeTda) sawinaaRmdegod. javaxiSvili<br />
yuradRebas amaxvilebs, rom dRes am uwyebis<br />
xelmZRvaneli savaluto fondis yofili<br />
TanamSromelia! es aris dinebis sawinaaRmdegod svla,<br />
romelsac Cayva savaluto fondic. ratom aris<br />
aucilebeli, rom zedamxedvelobis funqcia seb-is<br />
SemadgenlobaSi iyos erovnul banks meorenairad<br />
mTel msoflioSi eZaxian bankTa banks da bankebis<br />
mamas. anu es aris iseTi struqtura, romelic<br />
kanonmdeblurad pasuxs agebs sabanko saqmis normalur<br />
ganviTarebaze da imavdroulad aqvs sazedamxedvelo<br />
funqciac. anu aseTma zedamxedvelma ar SeiZleba Tavisi<br />
makontrolebeli Tu sazedamxedvelo funqciebis<br />
ganxorcielebis dros `nabans gadaayolos bavSvi~,<br />
imitom, rom TviTon agebs pasuxs. rogorc ki amas<br />
gamoitan seb-idan da miscem zedamxedvelobis saagentos,<br />
organos, romelsac kanonmdeblurad pasuxismgebloba<br />
ar ekisreba sabanko sistemis gamarTul muSaobaze da<br />
am dros, Semowmebisa da zedamxedvelobis funqcia<br />
aqvs, es yovelTvis Rupavs sabanko sistemas. ase rom,<br />
jer erovnuli bankis dakninebas da mere sazedamxedvelo<br />
funqciis calke gamoyofas ar SeiZleboda<br />
seriozuli uaryofiTi Sedegebi ar gamoewvia.<br />
rac Seexeba bankebis dadanaSaulebas arahumanurobaSi,<br />
javaxiSvils aseTi braldebebi arasworad miaCnia.<br />
misi azriT, keTili unda inebos TiToeulma msesxebelma<br />
da Caixedos sakredito xelSekrulebaSi, romelic<br />
komerciul bankTan aqvs gaformebuli. Tu komerciuli<br />
banki sakredito xelSekrulebiT miniWebul uflebebs<br />
aWarbebs, amisTvis arsebobs sasamarTlo. Tuki<br />
xelSekrulebiT misi romelime ufleba daculi araa,<br />
es sakuTar Tavs unda daabralos, rom Tavis droze<br />
ar moiTxova amis gakeTeba; xSirad msesxebels sasesxo<br />
xelSekruleba wakiTxulic ara aqvs.<br />
eqsperti demur giorxeliZe aRniSnavs, rom is, rac<br />
saqarTveloSi xdeba, ar aris mxolod saqarTvelosTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli. msoflios rogorc wamyvan, aseve<br />
ganviTarebad qveynebSic seriozuli ekonomikuri<br />
krizisia da aRebuli valdebulebebis dafarvaSi<br />
problemebi gauCndaT rogorc firmebs, aseve kerZo<br />
pirebs. magram aq sapaniko da xmauris asatexi araferia.<br />
yvelam kargad unda gaigos, rom arsebobs krizisi,<br />
roca adamianebs, obieqturi mizezebis gamo, ara aqvT<br />
saSualeba gamoimuSaon sakmarisi Tanxebi da Cndeba<br />
problemebi valdebulebebis dafarvaSi.<br />
ra unda gakeTdes demur giorxeliZis azriT, aq<br />
ori gza arsebobs. erTia, romelsac saqarTveloSi<br />
sabanko seqtori daadga. esaa iZulebis wesi da raRac<br />
saagentos meSveobiT arasaimedo msesxeblebis siebis<br />
gamoqveyneba, romelmac ukve 150 aTas kacs gadaaWarba.<br />
meore gza aris is, rasac civiluri qveynebi adganan,<br />
anu rodesac individualuri midgomiT xdeba <strong>valebis</strong><br />
restruqturizacia ara mxolod sabanko<br />
urTierTobebis doneze klientsa da banks Soris,<br />
aramed saxelmwifoc (magaliTad, SeerTebuli Statebi)<br />
uzarmazar Tanxebs tvirTavs bankebSi, ekonomikaSi, raTa<br />
es struqturebi gakotrebisagan gadaarCinos.<br />
saqarTveloSi ratom ar unda iyos aseTi midgoma!<br />
ra Tqma unda, individualuri Seswavlis Semdeg<br />
gamoCndeba, romeli msesxebelia uimedo mdgomareobaSi<br />
da romeli msesxeblis <strong>valebis</strong> restruqturizacia<br />
SeiZleba. krizisul situaciaSi xmauris atexva da<br />
sasamarTloebze mimarTva imas niSnavs, rom sabanko<br />
menejmenti kargad ver acnobierebs, ra donis kriziszea<br />
saubari. adamianebis udidesi umravlesoba Tavis<br />
valdebulebebs dafaravs, Tu, ra Tqma unda, viRacam,<br />
bankis moxeleebTan garigebiT, raRac sruliad<br />
gauzrebeli kreditebi ar aiRo. bankebma Tu kreditebis<br />
gacemisas raime Secdoma dauSves, bankis mxridan terori<br />
ki ar aris saWiro, aramed keTili inebos da, zaralSi<br />
Camoweros Tavisi menejmentis doylapiobiT da Tu<br />
gnebavT, araprofesionalizmiT Cadenili Secdomebi.<br />
26
#2(110), 2009 auditi, aRricxva, finansebi<br />
jobs, rom isini igive gzas daadgnen, rasac civilur<br />
samyaroSi gonieri sabanko struqturebi akeTeben.<br />
erovnuli bankis sabWos wevri, profesori mixeil<br />
ToqmaziSvili aRniSnavs, rom komerciuli bankebisa<br />
da danarCeni ekonomikuri seqtorebis saqmianoba<br />
urTierTgadajaWvulia da rodesac am jaWvis romelime<br />
rgoli amovardeba, bunebrivia, es zegavlenas axdens<br />
sxva rgolebze. 2008 wlis meore naxevarSi<br />
ekonomikuri aqtivoba Semcirda. aman mravali kompania<br />
gadaxdisuunaro gaxada, ris Sedegadac valebi veRar<br />
daabruna da komerciuli bankebis saqmianobasac aSkarad<br />
daetyo. es iyo ZiriTadi mizezi imisa, rom komerciuli<br />
bankebi rTul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen. isini<br />
iZulebuli gaxdnen radikaluri zomebi mieRoT, an<br />
<strong>valebis</strong> restruqturizacia moexdinaT, an kidev<br />
miemarTaT im sawarmoebis gakotrebisaTvis, romlebic<br />
gadaxdisuunaroni arian da perspeqtiva ar gaaCniaT,<br />
rom gadauxadon es valebi. magram mTavari mimarTuleba<br />
mainc aris restruqturizacia, radgan saxelmwifo<br />
cdilobs donorebis mier gamoyofili Tanxebidan<br />
garkveulwilad daexmaros rogorc mSeneblobis<br />
seqtors, aseve mrewvelobas Tu agrosamrewvelo<br />
seqtors. aqedan gamomdinare, bankebma mraval sawarmos<br />
valebi gadauvades, ramac bankebis saqmianoba<br />
garkveulwilad raRac periodiT Seaferxa, magram maT<br />
urTierTobas raRac perspeqtiva misca.<br />
fizikur pirebTan dakavSirebiT sxva viTarebaa.<br />
yovel fizikur pirs, romelsac vali aqvs aRebuli,<br />
garantad Tavisi uZravi qoneba an sxva ram aqtivebi<br />
aqvs Cadebuli. am SemTxvevaSi dgeba sakiTxi maTi<br />
aqtivebis likvidurobis Sesaxeb. Tuki fizikuri piri<br />
vals ver daubrunebs, maSin banki Seecdeba likviduri<br />
gaxadon is, rac garantad iyo Cadebuli. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
banki ar zaraldeba, magram valis ukan dabruneba droSi<br />
eWimeba da mis saqmianobaze esec uaryofiTad moqmedebs.<br />
`zogi bankebs arahumanurobaSi sdebs brals.<br />
erTaderTi, roca SeiZleba banks vuTxraT, rom<br />
arahumanuria, Tuki es exeba im regionebs, romlebic<br />
dazaraldnen 2008 wlis agvistoSi omiT. rodesac<br />
klienti xelSekrulebas debs, man unda icodes, ra<br />
ufleba aqvs da ra ara. xelSekruleba aris yvelaze<br />
maRali rgoli, is pirobebi, romelsac igi daTanxmda<br />
da romliTac man sesxi miiRo. magram Semdeg, Tuki<br />
viTareba Seicvala, laparaki unda iyos ara humanurobaze,<br />
aramed axal urTierTobaze bankTan. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
humanuroba sxva araferia, Tu ara: `mapatieT, am vals<br />
ver dagibrunebT~. humanuroba cota Sorsaa biznesurTierTobebTan~,<br />
- ambobs mixeil ToqmaziSvili~.<br />
dali CikvaiZe<br />
erovnulÿbanksÿprezidentiÿeRirsa<br />
saqarTvelosÿerovnulÿbanksÿaxaliÿprezidentiÿhyavs.ÿaRniSnulÿTanamdebobazeÿsafinansoÿzedamxedvelobis<br />
saagentosÿ yofiliÿ ufrosiÿ giorgiÿ qadagiZeÿ dainiSna.ÿ qadagiZeÿ aRniSnulÿ Tanamdebobazeÿ saqarTvelos<br />
prezidentmaÿdaniSna.<br />
saqarTvelosÿerovnulÿbanksÿromanÿgociriZisÿTanamdebobidanÿwasvlisÿSemdegÿprezidentiÿarÿhyolia.<br />
gociriZisÿSemdegÿprezidentisÿmovaleobasÿvice-prezidentiÿdaviTÿamaRlobeliÿasrulebda.<br />
komerciuliÿbankebisÿaqtivebiÿSemcirda<br />
saqarTvelosÿkomerciuliÿbankebisÿmTlianiÿwmindaÿaqtivebi,ÿmimdinareÿwlisÿdasawyisTanÿSedarebiT,ÿ319,1<br />
mlnÿ lariTÿ Semcirdaÿ daÿ 8ÿ mlrdÿ 546ÿ mlnÿ 500ÿ aTasiÿ lariÿ Seadgina.ÿ erovnuliÿ bankisÿ <strong>info</strong>rmaciiT,ÿ wlis<br />
dasawyisidan,ÿ0,5%-iT,ÿ7,9ÿmlnÿlariTÿSemcirdaÿaseveÿsabankoÿseqtorisÿsakuTariÿsaxsrebiÿ(saaqcioÿkapitali)<br />
daÿamJamadÿ1ÿmlrdÿ509ÿmlnÿ300ÿaTasiÿlaria,ÿracÿkomerciuliÿbankebisÿmTlianiÿwmindaÿaqtivebisÿ17,7ÿprocentia.<br />
ganaRdebuliÿsawesdeboÿkapitalisÿzrdamÿ8,3ÿaTasiÿlariÿSeadgina.ÿbankebisÿraodenobaÿucxouriÿkapitalis<br />
monawileobiTÿsawesdeboÿkapitalSi,ÿwlisÿdasawyisTanÿSedarebiT,ÿarÿSecvlilaÿdaÿbankebisÿsaerToÿganaRdebul<br />
sawesdeboÿkapitalSiÿmaTiÿwiliÿ73,5%-ia.ÿumsxvilesiÿaqtivebisÿmqoneÿ5ÿbankisÿwiliÿsabankoÿseqtorisÿmTlian<br />
aqtivebSiÿwlisÿdasawyisidanÿ79,3-danÿ78,3ÿprocentamdeÿSemcirda..<br />
fuladiÿdaxmarebebisaÿdaÿSemweobebisÿgacemasÿ„saxalxoÿbanki”ÿmoemsaxureba<br />
socialuriÿ daxmarebebis,ÿ devnilTaÿ daÿ ltolvilTaÿ Semweobebis,ÿ 2009ÿ wlisÿ saxelmwifoÿ programiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuliÿfuladiÿdaxmarebebisaÿdaÿSemweobebisÿgacemasÿ„saxalxoÿbanki~ÿganaxorcielebs.ÿrogorc<br />
„saxalxoÿbankSi”ÿganacxades,ÿbankmaÿsocialuriÿdaxmarebisaÿdaÿdevnilTaÿSemweobebisÿsabankoÿmomsaxurebis<br />
mizniT,ÿ socialuriÿ momsaxurebisÿ saagentosÿ mierÿ gamocxadebulÿ tenderSiÿ gaimarjva.ÿ `saxalxoÿ bankSi~<br />
aRniSnaven,ÿ romÿ tenderSiÿ sxvaÿ bankebTanÿ SedarebiTÿ maTiÿ upiratesobaÿ filialebisÿ qselisÿ simravlem,<br />
momsaxurebisÿmaRalmaÿxarisxmaÿdaÿoperatiulobamÿganapiroba.ÿ`saxalxoÿbanki~,ÿromelsacÿsulÿ210ÿfiliali<br />
aqvs,ÿ2004ÿwlidanÿaseveÿpensiebis,ÿsaxelobiTiÿstipendiebisaÿdaÿsapensioÿdanamatebisÿsabankoÿmomsaxurebas<br />
axorcielebs.<br />
2009ÿwlisÿsaxelmwifoÿbiujetSiÿaRniSnuliÿsaxisÿdaxmarebebisÿmoculobaÿ180ÿmlnÿlarsÿSeadgens.<br />
27
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