lolaSvili nino

lolaSvili ninokorporaciuli qselis ZiriTadi parametrebisoptimaluri SerCevis principis damuSavebadasaxelebuli parametris minimizaciis bazazewarmodgenilia doqtoris akademiuri xarisxismosapovebladsaqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetiTbilisi, 0175, saqarTveloianvari, 2009w.saavtoro ufleba, 2009 © nino lolaSvili

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetiinformatikisa da marTvis sistemebis fakultetiCven, qvemore xelismomwerni vadasturebT, rom gavecaniTlolaSvili ninos mier Sesrulebul sadisertacio naSromsdasaxelebiT: “korporaciuli qselis ZiriTadi parametrebisoptimaluri SerCevis principis damuSaveba dasaxelebuliparametris minimizaciis bazaze” da vaZlevT rekomendaciassaqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis, informatikisa da marTvissistemebis fakultetis sadisertacio sabWoSi mis ganxilvasdoqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad.TariRixelmZRvaneli:recenzenti:recenzenti:teqnikis mecnierebaTa doqtori,profesorialeqsandre Caduneliteqnikis mecnierebaTa doqtori,akademikosimindia saluqvaZeteqnikis mecnierebaTa doqtori,profesorigia surgulaZe2ii

eziumeTanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, nebismier sferoSiwarmatebuli saqmianobisaTvis, udidesi mniSvneloba eniWebakorporaciul qselebs. isini gamoiyeneba, rogorc mcire, asevemsxvil sawarmoebSi, imisdamiuxedavad Tu romel sferoSimoRvaweobs kompania. korporaciuli qselebi saSualebas iZlevaufro efeqturad moxdes kompaniis TanamSromlebs Sorisinformaciis urTierTgacvla, rac mniSvnelovania swrafi daswori gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad. korporaciuli qselebi,aseve, xels uwyobs ganxorcieldes sawarmoo procesis,gayidvebisa Tu momsaxurebis organizebisa da menejmentisoptimizacia, rac, Tavis mxriv, warmatebuli saqmianobissawindaria.gamomdinare zemoaRniSnulidan, cxadia, udidesimniSvneloba eniWeba Tavad korporaciuli qselebisfunqcionirebis xarisxs, radganac ara efeqturi qseli kompaniissaqmianobis xelis Sewyobis nacvlad misTvis ufro zianismomtani iqneba. Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania korporaciuli qselisoptimaluri variantis daproeqteba da realizacia.optimaluri korporaciuli qselis SemuSavebis mizniT,pirvelyovlisa, saWiroa qselis funqcionirebis damaxasiaTebelimaCveneblebis gansazRvra. aRniSnuli maCveneblebi SeiZlebaklasificirebul iqnes Semdeg kategoriebad: 1. teqnikurimaCveneblebi, romelTac ganekuTvneba droiTi, saimedoobisparametrebi, aseve masStabunarianoba, gafarToeba da a.S.aRniSnuli maxasiaTeblebi aRwers qselis ZiriTad Tvisebebs. 2.RirebulebiTi maCveneblebi moicavs qselis SemuSavebis,realizaciisa da eqspluataciis xarjebs. es parametrebi ZalianmniSvnelovania, gamomdinare im realobidan, rom finansuriresursebis odenoba yovelTvis SezRudulia. 3. aseve calkeklasad unda iqnes gamoyofili topologiuri maCveneblebi. aqigulisxmeba qselis struqturis parametrebi, kvanZebisa da maTSoris kavSirebis raodenoba da a.S. 4. rogorc cnobilia, qselSimudmivad xdeba didi odenobiT sainformacio nakadebis moZraoba.aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba kompiuteruli qselismaxasiaTeblebi ganxilul iqnas kidev erTi kuTxiT, anu masSimimdinare informaciuli procesebis, kerZod, monacemTa nakadebisgadacemis Sefasebis mxriv, romelTac ganekuTvneba stoqastiurida determinirebuli nakadebis maxasiaTeblebi. 5. da bolos,gamomdinare qselis mdgomareobidan, SeiZleba ganxilul iqnasqselis statikuri da dinamikuri maCveneblebi.rogorc zemoaRniSnulidan Cans, qselis daxasiaTebaSesaZlebelia didi raodenobiT maCveneblebisa da parametrebissaSulebiT. es faqtori garkveul sirTules qmnis qselisoptimizaciis amocanis dasmisa da gadaWris dros. esganpirobebulia imiT, rom ararealuria yvela am parametrs4iv

mocemuli sadisertacio naSromis amocana mdgomareobskorporaciuli qselis parametrebis optimaluri SerCevisprincipis damuSaveba dasaxelebuli parametris minimizaciisbazaze.aRniSnuli amocanis konteqstSi, naSromSi ganxiluliaierarqiuli korporaciuli qselis struqturis optimizaciisproblema misi jamuri Rirebulebis minimizaciis bazaze.ierarqiuli struqtura SerCeulia korporaciuli qselebisspecifikidan gamomdinare. cnobilia, rom nebismieri organizacia,imisdamiuxedavad, Tu ra zomisaa igi da romel sferoSimoRvaweobs, iltvis ganviTarebisa da gafarToebisaken. aqedangamomdinare cxadia, rom organizaciis korporaciuli qseliaseve unda iyos ganviTarebadi da gafarToebadi, raTa masSiaxali terminalebisa da momxmareblebis damatebis aucileblobisSemTxvevaSi ar iyos saWiro qselis struqturis mniSvnelovanicvlileba an misi Tavidan SemuSaveba, rac damatebiT finansurdanaxarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli. zemoT miTiTebul faqtorebsyvelaze metad akmayofilebs ierarqiuli topologiuristruqtura. igi saSualebas iZleva saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,qselSi martivad iqnes damatebuli axali terminalebi da axalikavSirebi. garda amisa, aRniSnuli struqturis gamoyeneba asevemizanSewonilia qselis saimedoobis TvalsazrisiT. esganpirobebulia imiT, rom ierarqiuli qselis romelime erTiganStoebis mwyobridan gamosvla ar iwvevs mTeli qselisfunqcionirebis Sewyvetas.dResdReobiT arsebul realobaSi, nebismieri organizaciamiiltvis miiRos maqsimaluri Sedegi minimaluri danaxarjebiT.gamomdinare aRniSnuli praqtikuli aucileblobidan,minimizirebadi miznobrivi funqciis saxiT Cems mier SerCeul iqnakorporaciuli qselis jamuri Rirebuleba. es parametri moicavsqselis proeqtirebisa da realizaciisaTvis gaweul kapitalurdanaxarjebs da aseve eqspluataciis xarjebs.SezRudvis saxiT SemoTavazebulia Setyobinebis miwodebissaSaualo dro an drouli miwodebis albaToba. orive parametriganekuTvneba droiT maxasiaTeblebs da aRwers qselisswrafqmedebas.zemoT mocemuli amocanis gadaWrelad sadisertacionaSromSi SemoTavazebulia dekompoziciis gamoyeneba, romelSicigulisxmeba optimizaciis mTliani amocanis warmodgena mravaletapiani suboptimizaciebis proceduris saxiT. aRniSnulimidgomis upiratesoba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi saSualebasiZleva ganxorcieldes msxvilmasStabiani korporaciuliqselebis optimizacia. rogorc cnobilia didi zomis qselisoptimizacia Zalian rTul amocanas warmoagens, racganpirobebulia rogorc misi zomebis, aseve mis parametrebsSoris urTierTkavSirebis dadgenis sirTuliT.SemoTavazebuli dekompoziciis meTodi niSnavs, rom xdebaqselis optimizaciis amocanis daSla qveamocanebad, romlebicSeiZleba formulirebul iqnas Semdegnairad: 1. qselis6vi

albaTobiT-droiTi maxasiaTeblebis Sefasebis modeli; 2.struqturuli modeli; 3. teqnikuri momsaxurebis efeqturobis,anu saimedoobis uzrunvelyofis, Sefasebis albaTobiTi modeli;4. ekonomikuri modeli.albaTobiT-droiTi maxasiaTeblebis modeli gulisxmobsSetyobinebis miwodebis saSualo droisa da drouli miwodebisalbaTobis maCveneblebis Sefasebas. qselis struqturulmodelze aucilebelia ierarqiis doneebis raodenobis, TiToeuldoneze Setyobinebebis komutaciis centrebis raodenobis, maTiTanabari ganTavsebis pirobiT, struqturis tipisa da qseliskavSirunarianobis gansazRvra. teqnikuri eqspluataciis modeliSeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas ornairad. Tu qselis teqnikursaSualebebze SemuSavebulia dokumentacia, romelSic mocemuliamaTi eqspluataciis wesebi, reglamenturi samuSaosa da mimdinareda kapitaluri remontis perioduloba, aseve, miTiTebulia issaSualebebi, romlebic aucileblad teqnikuri eqspluataciis daremontisaTvis, maSin modelis daniSnuleba mdgomareobsteqnikuri eqspluataciis centrebis im raodenobis gansazRvraSi,romelic uzrunvelhyofs teqnikuri eqspluataciis maCveneblisdadagenil mniSvnelobas. teqnikuri dokumentaciis ar arsebobisSemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli modelis gamoyeneba mizanSewoniliamomsaxure personalis raodenobis gansazRvris mizniT. da bolosekonomikuri modelis dros gamoiyeneba arxebisa da kvanZebisfaqtiuri (limituri) an pirobiT-gegmiuri Rirebulebebi.aseve, sadisertacio naSromSi SemoTavazebuliaganviTarebadi ierarqiuli korporaciuli qselis struqturisoptimizaciis modeli. qselis erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSigadasvla xdeba marTvis zemoqmedebiT. Sesabamisad, ierarqiuliganviTarebadi qselis optimizaciis amocana SeiZleba ganxiluliqnas, rogorc yovel etapze Sesabamisi marTvis SerCevis amocana,romelic axorcielebs qselis mdgomareobis etapobrivcvlilebas. amitom, ganviTarebadi qselis optimizaciis amocanadCavTvaloT iseTi marTvis SerCeva, romelic uzrunvelhyofsmaravalganzomilebian fazur sivrceSi da droSi moZraobissaukeTeso traeqtoriasamrigad, sadisertacio naSromSi ganxiluli amocanebi:ierarqiuli struqturis mqone korporaciuli qselisstruqturis optimizaciis amocana qselis jamuri Rirebulebisminimizaciis bazaze; da 2. ganviTarebadi ierarqiulikorporaciuli qselis struqturis optimizacia; aseve maTigadaWris SemoTavazebuli meTodebi saSaulebas iZlevaganxorciledes Tanamedrove rogorc mcire asevemsxvilmasStabiani korporaciuli qselebis struqturisoptimizacia minimaluri jamuri danaxarjebiT. aRsaniSnavia, romjamur danaxarjebSi igulisxmeba ara mxolod qselisSemuSavebisa da realizaciis kapitaluri dabandebebi, aramedmisi Semdgomi eqsploataciis xarjebic, rac mniSvnelovanianebismieri sawarmos efeqturi funqcionirebisaTvis.7vii

AbstractIn the modern society, for the successful activity in any sphere, there are veryimportant corporation networks. They are used as in small as in big enterprises, nomatter in which sphere they work. Corporation networks give possibility to exchangeinformation between the staff of the company more effectively, what is very importantfor quick a correct decision making. Corporation networks also help to makeoptimization of production process, organization of sales and services, andmanagement, what is the base of successful activity.Coming from above mentioned, it is obvious, that it is very important thequality of functioning of the corporation networks, as ineffective network instead ofsupporting the company will bring to it the damage. So, it is important developmentand designing of optimal variant of corporation network.With the goal of development of optimal corporation network, first of all, it isnecessary to define the parameters that characterize functioning of the network. Theseparameters can be classified in the following categories: 1. Technical parameters thatinclude time and reliability parameters, also scalability, expandability and etc. Givenparameters characterize the main properties of network. 2. Cost parameters thatinclude expenses for development, realization and exploitation of network. Theseparameters are very important as in reality the financial resources are always limited.3. Also as a separate class must be outlined topological parameters. Here are meantthe parameters of structure, quantity of nodes, connection between them and etc. 4. Asit is known, in the network there occur movements of informational flows in bigquantities, so, the parameters of computer networks can be discussed from anotherangle, in particular from the point of view of estimation of informational flows. Herecan be mentioned parameters of stochastic and determinant flows. 5. And, at the end,coming from the state of the networks, there can be considered the static and dynamicparameters of the network.As it seems from above mentioned the network can be characterized by a lot ofparameters. This factor makes certain difficulties while setting and solution of theoptimization task. This is caused with that it is un real to define the quantitativeconnections between all those parameters, without what it is impossible realization ofoptimization task.So, after definition of parameters that characterizes functioning of network,there come the phase of chousing of the main characteristics from the mentionedparameters. This process is very important as, chosen parameters must clearly andprecisely reflect the quality of functioning of the network. Also there must exist thequantitative relationship between them. This means that in the case of changing of oneparameter there must be possibility the make anther parameters better.Accordingly, after determining and classification of network parameters, it’snecessary to choose the main ones and definition of interconnections between them.These interconnections can be formulated as the following: 1. Topology – cost,Topology – reliability, 3. Topology – time parameters, 4. Cost – time parameters, 5.Cost – reliability.After this must be defined the main principles of optimization, chousing ofgoal function, limitations and criteria. Also must be mentioned, that for setting of theoptimization task there must be considered there following principles: 1. principle ofuniqueness that means that in the frame of one optimization task there must be carriedout optimization of one and only one goal function. 2. If while optimization process8viii

one function p 1 must be maximized and another p 2 minimized, that it is expedient tochange one of the function on the vice versa θ= 1/ p 1 , to search the commonmaximum (minimum). 3. Principle of correspondence, that means such choice that theoptimization of goal function provides the best result, or it significantly influences onthe final result.4. Principle of modification, which means that goal function, must beexpressed by such variables that can be affected by targeted changes. 5. Principle ofappropriate form, according to which, functions that have breaks, local extremums andambiguities, are unwanted fro their choice as a goal function.The optimization tasks connected to the topological designing of networks canbe classified as following: 1. choice of an optimal throughput capacity; 2. distributionof a flow; 3. optimal distribution of flows with choice of a throughput capacity; 4.defining of an optimal topology of network.After of all above mentioned, the last phase is setting and realization of acertain optimization task.The task of given dissertation work is development of principle of choice ofoptimal parameters for corporation network on the base of minimization of namedparameter.In the context of this task, in the given work it is considered the problem ofoptimization of structure for the hierarchical corporation network on the base ofminimization of the total cost.The hierarchical structure is choused because of the specificity of corporationnetworks. It is known, that any organization, not looking for its sizes and in whatsphere it works, tend to development and expansion. The outcome from this, clearly,that a corporate network of the organization also due to be developing and expandedthat in case of need additions of new terminals and consumers, were not necessarilysignificant change of structure of a network, that is connected with additional financialexpenses. The above-stated factors are satisfied most of all by hierarchical topologicalstructure. It enables in case of need to add in a network new terminals andconnections. Besides use of the given structure also is expedient from the point ofview of reliability of a network. It is caused by that the failure of one of the branchesof a hierarchical network does not cause a stop of functioning of all network.In a reality existing on today any organization to aspire to receive the maximalresult by minimal expenses. Proceeding from the given practical necessity, asminimized criterion function I choose total cost of corporation networks. The givenparameter includes capital expenses for designing and realization of a network andoperational expenses.As restriction are offered average time of delivery message and probability ofduly delivery. Both of parameters concern to time characteristics and reflect speed of anetwork.For the decision of the above-stated problem, in dissertation use ofdecomposition in which it is meant in representation of the general problem ofoptimization as multy-phase procedures suboptimizations is offered to work.Advantage of the given method is that it enables to carry out optimization of is largescalecorporate networks. As is known, optimization of a network of greater sizes isvery difficult problem that is caused both its sizes and complexity of definition ofinterrelations between its parameters.The offered method of decomposition means, that is carried out divisions of aproblem optimization on time of subtasks which can be formulated as follows: 1.Model of an estimation of probabilistic-time characteristics of a network; 2. Structural9ix

model of a network; 3. Likelihood model of an estimation of efficiency ofmaintenance service, i.e. maintenance of reliability; 4. Economic model.The model of likelihood-time parameters means an estimation ofcorresponding parameters, in our case of average time of delivery of the message andprobability of duly delivery of the message. At a stage of structural model definitionof quantity of levels of hierarchy, also quantities of the centers комутации messagesat each level, type of structure and connectivity of a network is necessary. The modeltechnical эсплуатации can быль is used doubly If the engineering specifications inwhich service regulations are certain is developed for means of a network,периодичноть and means necessary for repair then purpose of the given model ofmodel is definition of necessary quantity of those-services centers. In case of notexistence of the engineering specifications, use of the given model is expedient fordefinition of quantity of technicians. And the last, for economic model actual (limit)or scheduled costs of channels and nodes are used.Also in this dissertation work the model of optimization of structure of adeveloping hierarchical corporate network is considered. Transition of a network fromone state in another occurs under influence of management. Hence, a problem ofoptimization of structure of a developing hierarchical network it is possible toconsider as a problem of a choice of corresponding management at each stage whichcarries out stage-by-stage change state of networks. Therefore the hierarchicalcorporate network can consider as a problem of optimization of choice of suchmanagement which will provide the best trajectory of movement of a network inmultivariate space and in time.Accordingly, proceeding from the above-stated, the problems considered ingiven dissertation work: 1. Optimization of structure of a hierarchical corporatenetwork on the basis of minimization of total cost of a network; 2. Optimization ofstructure of a developing hierarchical corporate network; also offered methods fortheir decision, enable to execute optimization of modern, as small as bigsizedcorporate networks at the minimal total expenses. It is necessary to note, that in totalexpenses the subsequent are meant not only capital investments on development andrealization of a network, but also and operational expenses, that is very important foreffective functioning of any enterprise10 x

5.2.1. optimizaciis ZiriTadi etapebis gamoyofa. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1115.3. ierarqiuli korporaciuli qselis struqturisoptimizacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1185.4. ierarqiuli ganviTarebadi korporaciuli qselisstruqturis optimizacia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1205.4.1. saerTo debulebani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1205.4.2. qselis ganviTarebis optimaluri traeqtoriis ZiebismaTematikuri modeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121daskvna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123gamoyenebuli literatura. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128xii 12

naxazebis nusxasur. 2.1. xarjebis cvlileba kompiuteruli qselis sasicocxlociklis ZiriTadi etapebis Sesabamisadsur. 2.2. datvirTvis cvlileba dRis ganmavlobaSisur. 2.3. determinirebuli nakadebi Π 1 da Π 2 , maTi ganawilebadroSi kavSiris erT xazSi.sur. 3.1. srulkavSiriani topologiuri struqtura(yvela - yvelasTan)sur. 3.2. kompiuteruli qselis topologiur struqturaSielementebis SeerTebis sqema: a) paralelurib) Tanmimdevrulisur. 4.1. wrfivi programireba da sipleqs-meTodisur. 4.2 kompiuteruli qselis kavSiris arxebis Rirebulebasada gamtarunarianobas Soris analitikuri urTierTdamokidebulebebis saxeobebi: a – wrfivi; b – SeRunulisur 5.1. ierqrqiuli qselis interpretacia W pravalpolusianistruqturebiT13 xiii

madlierebamadliereba Cems leqtorebs, prof. medea TevdoraZes daprof. aleqsandre Cadunelsiv 14

SesavalidResdReobiT adamianebis saqmianobis nebismieri sferowarmoudgenelia sxvadasxva saxis informaciuli sistemebis, maTSoris, kompiuteruli qselebis gamoyenebis gareSe.kompiuteruli qseli warmoadgens kompiuterebisa da sxvagamomTveleli teqnikis (qseluri aparatura, printeri, skaneri daa.S.) erTobliobas, romlebic gaerTianebulia qselurikabelebiTa da adapterebiT. isini, Tavis mxriv imarTeba qselurioperaciuli sistemis saSualebiT. kompiuteruli qselebi iqmnebaimisaTvis, rom rom momxmarebelTa garkveulma jgufma SeZloserTdroulad gamoiyenos erTi da igive resursebi: failebi,printerebi, procesorebi da a.S.aseve, SeiZleba moviyvanoT kompiuteruli qselis Semdegiganmarteba: kompiuteruli qseli warmoadgens rTul, sivrceSiganawilebul sistemas, romelic Sedgeba mravali qvesistemisagan(informaciuli kvanZebisagan). qvesistemebs gaaCnia ama Tu iminformaciuli procesis realizaciis programuli daaparaturuli saSualebebi da aseve saSualebebi, romlebicuzrunvelyofs am qvesistemebis kavSirsa da urTierTqmedebasteritoriulad moSorebiT mdebare momxmareblebisaTvisinformaciuli sferos sxvadasxva saxis momsaxurebisuzrunvelyofis mizniT.dResdReobiT msoflioSi arsebuli kompiuterebis 80%-zemeti gaerTianebulia sxvadasxva saiformacio-gamomTvlelqselebSi, dawyebuli lokaluri qselebidan ofisebSi,damTavrebuli internetis tipis globaluri qselebiT.kompiuterebis qselebSi gaerTianebis msoflio tendenciaganpirobebulia ramdenime mniSvnelovani mizeziT, romlebicgarkveul upiratesobas aniWebs aRniSnuli qselis momxmareblebs.aseT mizezebad SeiZleba moviyvaniT Setyobinebebis uswrafesigadacema eleqtronuli fostis saSualebiT, momxmareblebs Soris15

informaciis gacvlis SesaZleboloba martivad da swrafad,informaciis miRebis saSualeba msoflios nebismieriwertilidan, da yovelive es ofisidan an saxlidan gausvlelad.garda amisa, aRsaniSnavia kompiuteruli qslebis mniSvnelobaekonomikasa da industriaSi. nebismieri sawarmos efeqturi marTvawarmoudgenelia informaciuli teqnologiebis gareSe. warmoebisprocesis optimizacia, sabuRaltro aRricxvis avtomatizacia,menejmentis gaumjobeseba, yovelive es SesaZlebeliakompiuteruli teqnologiebis, kerZod korporaciulikompiuteruli qselebis gamoyenebiT.gamomdinare zemoaRniSnulidan, udidesi mniSvneloba eniWebaTavad kompiuteruli qselebis funqcionirebis efeqturobasa damis optimizacias dasmuli amocanebis ukeTesad gadaWris mizniT.dResdReobiT xdeba kompiuteruli qslebis teqnologiebisswrafi ganviTareba, rogorc misi teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebismxriv aseve Tavad qselis organizebis mxriv. moxmarebaSi SemodiskavSiris xazebis, gamomTvleli teqnikis, qseluri aparaturis daa.S. sul axali saSualebebi, romlebic erTmaneTisagangansxvavdebian qmediTunarianobiT, saimedobiTa da RirebulebiT.Sesabamisad didi mniSvneloba aqvs kompiuteruli qselisSemuSavebis procesSi maqsimalurad misaRebi variantis SerCevasda mis Semdgom optimizacias.korporaciuli kompiuteruli qselis optimizaciisaTvis,pirvel rigSi, unda ganisazRvros Tu ra amocanebisaTvis damiznebisTvis xdeba misi gamoyeneba. optimizaciis procesSi undamoxdes sxvadasxva SesaZlo alternativebis Sedareba erTmaneTTanda maTgan ukeTesis realizacia. imisaTvis, rom ganxorcieldesaseTi Sedareba unda ganisazRvros, Tu ra igulisxmeba “ukeTesvariantSi” da rogor unda Sefasdes TiToeuli variantisxarisxi. sxva sityvebiT, unda moxdes kompiuteruli qselisefeqturobis maCveneblebis SerCeva. aRniSnuli maCveneblebi undaaxasiaTebdes qselis yvela funqciis Sesrulebis xarisxs, undaiTvaliswinebdes funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro resursebis16

danaxarjebs, gaaCndes naTeli da gansazRvruli azri daraodenobrivi xasiaTi, moicavdes rogorc teqnikur asevesaorganizacio sakiTxebs.kompiuteruli qselis efeqturobis maCveneblebisgansazRvris mizniT jer unda moxdes qselis yvela parametrisdaxasiaTeba da maTgan ZiriTadebis SerCeva.kompiuteruli qselis maxasiTeblebi SeiZleba dayofil iqnasor ZiriTad jgufad: teqnikuri maCveneblebi da ekonomikurimaCveneblebi.kompiuteruli qselis teqnikur maxasiaTeblebs ganekuTvneba:1. droiTi maxasiaTeblebi; 2. saimedooba da usafrTxoeba; 3.kavSirebis saerTo raodenoba, gafarToeba da maStabunarianoba; 4.gamWvirvaloba; 5. resursebTan mimarTvis SesaZlebloba; 6.sxvadasxva saxis trafikis uzrunvelyofa; 7. marTvadoba; 7.SeTavsebadoba.ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebs ganekuTvneba: 1. finansuridanaxarjebi kompiuteruli qselis SemuSavebaze; 2. danaxarjebiqselis Seqmnaze; 3. danaxarjebi qselis eqsploataciaze.aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom qselis funqcionirebis SefasebisprocesSi aucileblad unda gaTvaliswinebul iqnas misikonfiguraciis Taviseburebani, radganac topologiuristruqtura did gavlenas axdens rogorc ekonomikurmaCveneblebze, aseve saeqsploatacio maxasiaTeblebze.topologiur maxasiaTeblebs ganekuTvneba: 1. sirTule; 2.ierarqiuloba; 3. struqturis diametri; 4. kavSirunarianoba; 5.simkvrive; 6. topologiis cvalebadoba; 7. adaptaciis unari; 8.saimedooba; 9. sicocxlisunarianoba; 10. paraleluroba; 11.wazrdis unari; 12. topologiuri siWarbe.rogorc cnobilia kompiuterul qselSi, mis sxvadasxvakomponentebs Soris, xdeba informaciis gadacema. es saSualebasiZleva kompiuteruli qselis maxasiaTeblebi ganxilul iqnaskidev erTi kuTxiT, anu masSi mimdinare informaciuliprocesebis, monacemTa nakadebis moZraobis Sefasebis mxriv.17

kompiuteruli nakadebi arsebobs ori saxis: 1. stoqastiuri da 2.determinirebuli. [24]garda amisa, aRsaniSnavia, rom kompiuteruli qseli, rogorcnebismieri sxva rTuli sistema SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas rogorccvalebadi sistema, romelSic SesaZlebelia axali elementebisdarTva, aseve arsebuli konfiguraciis cvlileba da a.S.Sesabamisad qseli SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes funqcionirebis orreJimSi:1. statikuri, rodesac igulisxmeba, rom kompiuteruliqselis topologiuri konfiguracia, misi fizikuriSemadgenloba da nakadebis saSualo mniSvnelobebiucvlelia.2. dinamiuri, rodesac kompiuteruli qseli ganixileba,rogorc urTierT dakavSirebuli masobrivi momsaxurebissistemebis simravle.rogorc zemoT ukve avRniSneT, kompiuteruli qselixasiTdeba imiT, rom mas SeiZleba daematos axali obieqtebi,SeiZleba Seicvalos teqnikuri saSualebebis konfiguracia,moxdes elementebsa da qvesistemebs Soris funqciebisgadanacvleba, da bolos, SeiZleba Seicvalos gare faqtorebi:datvirTva, trafiki da a.S. yoveli maxasiaTeblis mniSvnelobisSecvla iwvevs sxva parametrebis cvlilebas. yovelive esSesabamis gavlenas axdens qselis funqcionirebis xarisxze.cxadia, SesaZlebelia moxdes kompiuteruli qselis zogierTimaxasiaTeblis cvlilebis daaxloebiTi prognozireba sxvaparametrebis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi, magram imisaTvis rom escvlilebebi gansazRvrul iqnas ufro zustad da moxdes maTiraodenobrivi Sefaseba, upirveles yovlisa saWiroakompiuteruli qslis parametrebs Soris ZiriTadebis SerCeva daSemdeg maT urTierT kavSirisa da urTierT damokidebulebisdadgena. es, Tavis mxriv, mogvcems qselis Seomdgomi optimizaciisganxorcielebis saSualebas dasaxelebuli parametrisminimizaciis bazaze. qselis parametrebs Soris ZiriTadebis18

SerCeva imitom aris aucilebeli, rom praqtikaSi faqtiuradSeuZlebelia qselis yvela arsebul parametrs SorisurTierTkavSiris dadgena. garda amisa mniSvenlovania isic, romSerCeuli parametrebi moicavdnen qselis efeqturi funqcionurebisyvela aspeqts da aseve es parametrebi gavlenas unda axdendnenerTmaneTze. anu maT Soris unda arsebobdes realuri raodenobrivikavSiri. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi qselis optimizaciisganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia. saerTo SemTxvevaSi aseT parametrebswarmoadgens: 1. topologia, 2. Rirebuleba, 3. saimedooba da 4.droiTi maxasiaTeblebi. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom TiToeuli zemoTCamoTvlili parametri warmoadgens maCveneblebis garkveul klassda moicavs sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebis erTobliobas.ZiriTadi parametrebis SerCevis Semdeg, rogorc ukve avRniSneTaucilebelia maT Soris urTierTkavSirebis dadgena. Sesabamisadunda ganxilul iqnas Semdegi urTierTdamokidebulebebi: 1.topologia – Rirebuleba, 2. topologia – saimedooba, 3.topologia – droiTi maxasiaTeblebi, 4. Rirebuleba – droiTimaxasiaTeblebi, 5. Rirebuleba – saimedooba.mxolod amis Semdega xdeba Tavad optimizaciis amocanis dasma.amisaTvis unda ganisazRvros optimizaciis miznobrivi funqciis,kriteriumebisa da SezRudvebis ZiriTadi principebi, rac garkveulwilad qselis optimizaciis mizanzea damokidebuli.winamdebare sadisertacio naSromis amocanas warmoadgensswored korporaciuli qselis parametrebis optimaluri SerCevisprincipis damuSaveba dasaxelebuli parametris minimizaciis bazaze.aRniSnuli amocana moicavs kompiuteruli qselis maxasiaTeblebisgansazRvras, maTgan im ZiriTadi maCveneblebis SerCevas, romlebicwarmoadges qselis funqcionirebis efeqturobis kriteriumebs.Semdgom, maT Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis dadgenasa daSesabamisad, qselis optimizacias SerCeuli parametrebidan erTerTisminimizaciis bazaze.19

Tavi 1. amocanis dasma, problemis ganxilvaTanamedrove sazogadoebaSi monacemTa erToblividamuSavebis moTxovnis mkveTri zrdis pirobebSi ufro da ufrodid mniSvnelobas iZens savadasxva organizaciebis didikoleqtivebis efeqturi urTierTqmedebisa da monacemTaurTierTgacvlis uzrunvelyofis amocana. am amocanisrealizacia SesaZlebelia korporaciuli kompiuteruli qselissaSualebiT.kompiuteruli qselis Seqmna TavisTavad dakavSirebuliarogorc finansuri aseve sxva saxis resursebis diddanaxarjebTan. Sesabamisad didi niSvneloba aqvs yovelkonkretul SemTxvevSi qselis Sesaqmnelad aucilebeliteqnikuri gadawyvetilebebis dasabuTebas. garda amisaaucilebelia kompiuteruli qselisa da misi komponentebisanalizisa da sinTezis farTo wris amocanebis gadaWra.aRniSnuli saxis amocanebis gadaWra umetes wilad xdebamodelirebis gamoyenebis saSualebiT. modelirebis erT-erTigavrcelebuli da farTod gamoyenebadi saxea maTematikurimodelireba. aRsaniSnavia, rom raime gamoTvlebis warmoeba daSedegebis Sefaseba SesaZlebelia mxolod ukve arsebuli qselisan misi analogis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, Tumca praqtikaSi xSiradadgili aqvs absoliturad axali kompiuteruli qselis Seqmnas.am dros modelireba dasmuli amocanis gadaWris erTaderTisaSualebaa. swored amitom praqtikaSi Zalian aqtualuriakompiuteruli qselis modelirebis problema da misifunqcionirebis Sefaseba. garda amisa gansakuTrebiT didimniSvneloba eniWeba da qselis proeqtirebisa da eqspluataciissxvadasxva etapebze optimaluri gadawyvetilebebis Ziebas. [21]aRsaniSnavia korporaciuli kompiteruli qselebisproeqtirebisa da eqsploataciis ramdenime mniSvnelovani aspeqti:1. yovel konkretul korporaciul kompiuterul qselsgaaCnia Tavisi daniSnuleba da misTvis gansazRvrulia20

amocanaTa garkveuli kategoria, romelic unda iqnasgadaWrili.2. korporaciuli qselis proeqtirebis dros misiteqnikuri gadawyveta mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebulirogorc mis daniSnulebaze, aseve arsebul resursebze.3. praqtikaSi, rogorc wesi, kompiuteruli qselisSesaqmnelad arsebuli resursebi aris SezRuduli,Sesabamisad udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs korporaciuliqselis optimaluri variantis SemuSavebas.4. korporaciuli qselis optimizaciis amocanamniSvnelovnadaa damokidebulia mis daniSnulebaze da imprioritetebze romlebic gaaCnia aRniSnuli qselisfunqcionirebas. [2]gamomdinare zemoaRniSnulidan cxadia, rom korporaciulikompiuteruli qselebis optimizacia SeuZlebelia ganxorcieldesmartivad. yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi aucilebeliakompiuteruli qselis ZiriTadi maCveneblebis gansazRvra.Semdgom kompiuteruli qselis funqcionirebis mimarT ZiriTadimoTxovnebis dadgena, rac qselis Seqmnis daniSnulebazeadamokidebuli. mxolod amis Semdegaa SesaZlebeli optimizaciisamocanis dasma da misi gadaWris gzebis Zieba. yovelive esdamokidebulia korporaciuli qselis funqcionirebisparametrebis analizsa da Sefasebaze. [1]winamdebare sadisertacio naSromis amocanaa korporaciuliqselis ZiriTadi parametrebis optimaluri SerCevis principisdamuSaveba dasaxelebuli parametris minimizaciis bazaze.aRniSnuli amocanis gadawyveta saSualebas mogvcems SemuSavebuliqnas garkveuli algoriTmi sxvadasxva saxis korporaciuliqselebis funqcionirebis optimizaciis gansaxorcieleblad.disertaciis ZiriTadi mizania optimizaciis ara romelimekonkretuli amocanis gadaWra, aramed meTodologiis anugarkvuli saerTo principebis SemuSaveba, romelic saSaulebasmiscems qselis damproeqteblebs gadaWran sxvadasxva saxis21

amocanebi dakavSirebuli Tanamedrove korporaciulikompiuteruli qselebis optimaluri teqnikur da RirebulebiTrealizaciasTan. [3]1.1. problemis aRwerarogorc ukve avRniSneT zemoT mocemuli sadisertacionaSromis amocanaa korporaciuli qselis ZiriTadi parametrebisoptimaluri SerCevis principis damuSaveba dasaxelebuliparametris minimizaciis bazaze. aRniSnuli sakiTxi warmoiSvebaim garemoebidan, rom, rogorc cnobilia nebismieri kompiuteruliqseli xasiaTdeba sirTulis maRali xarisxiT. aseve mas gaaCniamTeli rigi parametrebi da maCvenebelebi, romelTa raodenobacsakmaod didia. sirTules warmoadgens aseve am maCveneblebsSoris urTierTkavSiris dadgena, xolo umetes SemTxvevaSi essaerTod SeuZlebelia, radganac erTi maCveneblis mniSvnelobadamokidebulia Zalian bevr faqtorze. gamomdinare aRniSnulidan,cxadia, rom ararealuria optimizaciis amocanis formulirebayvela am parametris gaTvaliswinebiT. aseve xazgasasmelia ismomentic, rom nebismieri teqnikuri gadaWra moiTxovs garkveulfinansur resursebsac romelTa odenobazec aris damokidebulisxvadasxva variantebidan romelime erTis SerCeva. [4]Sesamabisad praqtikaSi udides mniSvnelobas iZenskompiuteruli qselis funqcionirebis xarisxis Sefasebisparametrebis gansazRvris amocana misi Semdgomi optimizaciismizniT.rogorc ukve avRniSneT yoveli konkretuli korporaciulikompiuteruli qseli iqmneba garkveuli daniSnulebiT, racmniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs misi funqcionirebis xarisxisSefasebis principebis SerCevasa da Sesabamisad ZiriTadiparametrebis SerCevas.daniSnulebis mixedviT korporaciuli qselebi SeiZlebadayofil iqnas Semdeg kategoriebad:22

1. sainformacio kopiuteruli qseli – romlis mizanswarmoadgens didi odenobiT informaciis miReba, Senaxvada momxmareblebze gacema maTi moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.2. gamomTvleli – rac gulisxmobs imas, rom kompiuteruliqseli gankuTvnilia msxvili, specializirebuliamocanebis gadasaWrelad.3. sainformacio-gamomTvleli – romlis mizanicaa rogorcdidi odenobiT informaciis Senaxva, aseve sxvadasxvaspecializirebuli amocanebis gadaWra.rogorc wesi, specializirebuli amocanebis gadaWraSiigulisxmeba is, rom korporaciuli kompiuteruli qseligankuTvnilia samuSaoTa mkafiod SezRuduli arealisSesasruleblad, anu gansazRvruli klasis amocanaTagadasaWrelad da gaaCnia garkveuli miznebi. am dros qselisfunqcionirebis Sefaseba xdeba efeqturobis maCveneblebissaSualebiT, anu im maxasiaTeblebis saSualebiT romlebicyvelaze ufro kargad gamoxataven qselis funqcionirebisSedegebis Sesabamisobas misTvis gankuTvnil amocanebTanmimarTebaSi. [2]efeqturobis maCvenebeli unda iTvaliswinebdes qselis yvelamniSvnelovan SesaZleblobasa da Tvisebas, misi funqcionirebispirobebs, da Sesabamisad unda damokidebuli iyos qselisinformaciuli nakadebisa da struqturis maCveneblebze,Sesarulebadi amocanebis specifikasa da gare pirobebiszegavlenis damaxasiaTebel faqtorebze. [6]zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare efeqturobis maCvenebelisaerTo SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gamosaxul iqnas Semdegi saxisdamokidebulebis saxiT:F = F (A, M, S,V)sadac:A – aris saimedoobis parametrebis simravleM – aris droiTi parametrebis simravleS – aris topologiuri parametrebis simravle23

V – aris RirebulebiTi parametrebis simravleiseTi rTuli sistemebis efeqturobis maCveneblebisSerCevisas, rogoricaa korporaciuli kompiuteruli qseli,romelic muSaobs SemTxveviTi faqtorebis zegavlenis pirobebSimizanSewonilia Sesabamisi funqcionalebis saSualomaCveneblebis an SemTxveviTi movlenebis albaTobebis gamoyeneba.garda amisa praqtikaSi Zalian rTulia qselis efeqturobismaCveneblis ganszRvra, radganac qselis funqcionirebazezemoqmedi maCveneblebis didi simravlidan ZiriTadebis SerCevasakmaod rTul process warmoadgens. [6]1.2. amocanis dasma da misi gadaWris gzebiwinamdebare sadisertacio naSromis amocanas swored zemoTganxiluli problemis gadawyveta, kerZod korporaciuli qselisoptimizaciis dros parametrebis optimaluri SerCevis principisdamuSaveba warmoadgens. amocanis pirobaa optimizaciisganxorcieleba erT-erTi parametris minimizaciis bazaze.dasmuli amocanis gadaWra SeiZleba Semdeg ramdenime etapadiqnas dayofili:I etapi - upirveles yovlisa aucilebelia korporaciulikompiuteruli qselis maCveneblebisa da maxasiaTeblebis analizi.kompiuteruli qselis parametrebi unda ganxilul iqnas yvelaSesaZlo mxiv:1. teqnikuri parametrebi2. RirebulebiTi parametrebi3. topologiuri parametrebi4. informaciuli nakadebis parametrebi5. statikuri da dinamikuri parametrebiII etapi – aucilebelia I etpze miRebul parametrebs Sorisim ZiriTadebis SerCeva romlebic zogad SemTxvevaSi gavlenasaxdens mTlianad korporaciuli qselis funqcionirebisxarisxze. mniSvnelovania am parametrebs Soris kavSirebis24

dadgena, radganac optimizacia SeuZlebelia iseTi parametrebisgaTvaliswinebiT, romelTa cvlileba sxva parametrebismniSvnelobaze gavlenas ar axdens (an axdens umniSvnelogavlenas).III etapi –saWiroa korporaciuli kompiuteruli qselisoptimizaciis ZiriTadi principebis analizi. aseve optimizaciiskriteriumebisa da SezRudevebis gansazRvra qselisdaniSnulebis, anu mis mimarT arsebuli moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.IV etapi – es aris ukanaskneli etapi da igi wina etapebzegansazRvrul ZiriTadi parametrebidan maTi optimaluri SerCevisprincipis SemuSavebas. aseve mniSvnelovania isic rom undaSerCeul iqnas is parametrebi romelTa minimizaciacmizanSewonilia qselis optimizaciis dros. unda dadgindes Tura parametrebis optimizaciaa SesaZlebeli dasaxelebulimaCveneblis minimizaciis bazaze da akmayofilebs Tu ara esqselis optimizaciis kriteriumebsa da SezRudvebs. undaSemuSavdes korporaciuli kompiuteruli qselis parametrebisoptimaluri SerCevis principis algoriTmi dasaxelebuliparametris minimizaciis bazaze. [8]TiToeuli etapi detalurad aris ganxiluli mocemulisadisertacio naSromis Semdeg TavebSi.25

Tavi 2. kompiuteruli qselis maxasiaTeblebirogorc ukve avRniSneT zemoT, kompiuteruli qselixasiaTdeba mTeli rigi maCveneblebiTa da maxasiaTeblebiT. maTidajgufeba SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva niSniT, Tumca, umetes wilad,maTi dayofa xdeba Semdeg 2 ZiriTad jgufad: [62]1. teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi2. ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebiganvixiloT TiToeuli jgufi ufro dawvrilebiT:2.1. teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi:kompiuteruli qselis teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi moicavsmTel rig maCveneblebs, romelTa daxmarebiTac SesaZlebeliakompiuteruli qselis funqcionirebis xarisxis gansazRvra. esmaCveneblebia:1. droiTi maxasiaTeblebi;2. saimedooba da usafrTxoeba;3. kavSirebis saerTo raodenoba, gafarToeba damasStabunarianoba;4. gamWvirvaloba;5. resurTebTan mimarTvis SesaZlebloba;6. sxvadasxva saxis trafikis uzrunvelyofa;7. marTvadoba;8. SeTavsebadoba;2.1.1. droiTi maxasiaTeblebi:droiTi maCveneblebi gviCveneben, Tu ramdenad swrafad xdebamomxmareblebis momsaxureba. maT ricxvs ganekuTvneba:1. miwodebis saSualo dro26

2. reaqciis dro (momsaxurebis dro)3. dayovneba4. gamtarunarianobamiwodebis saSualo dro – damokidebulia kompiuteruliqselis zomebze, momxmarebelTa daSorebaze, qselis datvirTvazeda mraval sxva faqtorsa da mizezze.reqciis dro (momsaxurebis dro) – swored es maCvenebliaqvs nebismier momxmarebels mxedvelobaSi, rodesac igi ambobs,rom “qseli muSaobs nela”. zogadad, reaqciis dro ganisazRvreba,rogorc droiTi intervali qselis romelime samsaxuris mimarTmomxmareblis moTxovnis warmoqmnasa da am moTxovnaze pasuxismiRebas Soris. cxadia, rom am maxasiaTeblis mniSvnelobadamokidebulia im samsaxuris tipze, romelsac mimarTvasmomxmarebeli; imaze, Tu romeli momxmarebeli romel serversmimarTavs; aseve, qselis elementebis mimdinare mdgomareobaze,maT Soris SeiZleba CamovTvaloT segmentebis, komutatorebisa damarSrutizatorebis datvirTva, romelTa gavliTac moZraobsqselSi moTxovna, serveris datvirTvaze da a.S. yovelive aqedangamomdinare, azri aqvs kompiuteruli qselis reaqciis droissaSualo maCveneblis Sefasebas, rodesac xdeba am maxasiaTeblisgasaSualoeba momxmareblebis, serverebisa da dRis monakveTis(romelzec bevrad aris damokidebuli qselis datvirTva)mixedviT. [9]kompiuteruli qselis reaqciis dro Cveulebriv Sedgebaramdenime Semadgenlisagan. maT ganekuTvneba:- moTxovnis formirebis dro klientis kompiuterze;- moTxovnis gadacemis dro klientsa da servers Sorisqselis segmentebisa da Sualeduri sakomunikaciomowyobilobebis gavliT;- serverisgan miRebuli pasuxebis damuSavebis dro klientiskompiuterze.naTelia, rom momxmareblisaTvis aranair interess arwarmoadgens reaqciis drois danawileba Semadgenel nawilebad,27

magram qselis specialistebisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovaniagamoiyos reaqciis mTliani droidan misi Semadgenelikomponentebi, romlebic Seesabameba monacemTa qseluridamuSavebis etapebs. [25]reqciis drois qseluri Semadgenlebis codna iZlevasaSualebas Sefasdes qselis calkeuli elementebis warmadoba,gamovlenil iqnas “viwro” adgilebi da aucileblobisSemTxvevaSi ganxorcieldes qselis optimizacia misi mTlianimwarmoeblurobis gazrdis mizniT. [62]dayovneba – kompiuterul qselSi warmoadgens Seyovnebebisjams qselis yvela xazze, romlebsac gaivlis paketi. TiToeulidayovneba xazze, Tavis mxriv, Sedgeba 4 komponentisagan:- dayovneba damuSavebaze – dayovneba paketis sawyis kvanZSiformirebis momentsa da im moments Soris, rodesac igidayenebul iqna rigSi xazze gadasacemad;- dayovneba rigSi – dayovneba paketis xazze gadacemismizniT rigSi Cayenebis momentidan im momentamde, rodesaciwyeba misi gadacema;- dayovneba gadacemaze – dayovneba im momentebs Soris,rodesac xdeba paketis pirveli da ukanaskneli bitebisgadacema;- gavrcelebis dro – drois monakveTi im moments, rodesacukanaskneli biti gadaica xazis sawyis kvanZSi da immoments Soris, rodesac igi miRebul iqna igive xazissaboloo kvanZSi. es dayovneba pirdapir proporciuliagadamcemsa da mimRebs Soris fizikuri sigrZis daCveulebriv, mcirea, garda kavSiris satelituri xazisSemTxvevisa.gamtarunarianoba – asaxavs monacemTa im moculobas,romelic gadaicema qselis an misi romelime nawilis mier droiserTeulSi. gamtarunarianoba ar aris samomxmareblomaxasiaTebeli, radganac igi miuTiTebs qselis Sida operaciebis,kerZod, sxvadasxva sakomunikacio mowyobilobebis gavliT qselis28

paketebis gadacemis, Sesrulebis siCqareze. samagierod, igiuSualod axasiaTebs qselis ZiriTadi funqciis – monacemTagadacemis – Sesrulebis xarisxs, amitomac igi ufro xSiradgamoiyeneba qselis mwarmoeblurobis Sesafaseblad vidrereaqciis dro.gamtarunarianoba izomeba an biti/wm-Si an paketi/wm-Si. igiSeiZleba iyos momentaluri, maqsimaluri an saSualo.- saSualo gamtarunarianoba – gamoiTvleba gadacemulimonacemebis mTeli moculobis SefardebiT maTi gadacemisdrosTan. amasTan, aRebulia rogorc wesi, sakmaod didimonakveTi – 1 sT, dRe an kvira.- momentaluri gamtarunarianoba gansxvavdeba saSualogamtarunarianobisgan imiT, rom am SemTxvevaSi irCevadrois Zalian patara monakveTi 10mwm an 1wm.- maqsimaluri gamtarunarianoba – es aris dakvirvebisperiodSi dafiqsirebuli maqsimaluri momentalurigamtarunarianoba. [9]yvelaze xSirad qselis proeqtirebis, awyobisa daoptimizaciis dros gamoiyeneba iseTi maxasiaTeblebi, rogoricaasaSualo da maqsimaluri gamtarunarianobebi. calkeulielementis an mTeli qselis saSualo gamtarunarianobasaSaulebas iZleva Sefasdes qselis muSaoba drois didmonakveTze, romlis ganmavlobaSic, trafikis intensiurobispikebi da vardnebi erTmaneTs akompensirebs. maqsimalurigamtarunarianoba saSualebas iZleva Sefasdes qselisSesaZlebloba moerios pikur datvirTvebs, rac axasiaTebsqselis muSaobis gansakuTrebul periodebs, magaliTad, dilissaaTebSi, rodesac sawarmos bevri TanamSromeli TiTqmiserTdroulad axorcielebs registracias da mimarTavs sxvadasxvafailebsa da monacemTa bazebs.gamtarunarianoba SeiZleba gaizomos qselis nebismier orkvanZs an nebismier wertilebs Soris, magaliTad, serversa daklientis kompiuters Soris, marSrutizatoris Semaval da29

gamaval portebs Soris. kompiuteruli qselis analizisa daawyobis dros Zalian sasargebloa qselis calkeuli elementisgamtarunarianobebis codnas. mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, romqselis sxvadasxva elementebis gavliT paketis gadacemisTanmimdevruli xasiaTis gamo, gasavleli marSrutis saerTogamtarunarianoba iqneba marSrutis Semadgeneli elementebisgamtarunarianobebidan minimaluris toli. am gzisgamtarunarianobis asamaRleblad aucilebelia yuradRebamieqcios yvelaze nel elementebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu gadasacemtrafiks eqneba saSualo intensiuroba, romelic maRaliamarSrutis yvelaze neli elementis saSualo gamtarunarianobaze,maSin am elemntTan paketebis rigi gaizrdeba Teoriuladusasrulod, praqtikulad ki – manamde, sanam ar gadaivseba misibuferuli mexsiereba, xolo Semdeg paketebi ubralod iqnebaukugdebuli da daikargeba. zogjer ukeTesia kompiuteruliqselis saerTo gamtarunarianobiT operireba, romelicganisazRvreba, rogorc informaciis saSualo raodenoba,gadacemuli qselis or kvanZs Soris drois erTeulSi. esmaCvenebeli axasiaTebs qselis funqcionirebis xarisxsmTlianobaSi, ar axdens ra mis diferencirebas calkeulelementebsa da mowyobilobebze. [59] [12]Cveulebriv, kompiuteruli qselis romelime segmentis anmowyobilobis gamtarunarianobis gansazRvrisas, gadacemulinformaciaSi ar xdeba konkretuli momxmareblisa Tukompiuteris paketebis gamoyofa, iTvleba gadacemuliinformaciis mTliani moculoba. miuxedavad amisa, qselisfunqcionirebis xarisxis ufro zusti SefasebisaTvis aseTidetalizacia sasurvelia.aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom zogjer gamoiyeneba Teoriuli anuSenonis gamtarunarianoba da saeqsploatacio gamtarunarianoba.Teoriuli gamtarunarianoba ganisazRvreba rogorcmonacemTa gadacemis maqsimaluri siCqare. [11]30

saeqsploatacio gamtarunarianoba gamoiTvleba SemdegigamosaxulebiT:С e = k e k e.g. C (2.1.)sadac:k e - aris saeqsploatacio efeqturobis koeficienti, romelicganisazRvreba rogorc kompiuteruli qselis sasargeblogamoyenebis drois Sefardeba srul drosTan.k e.g. - qselis gamoyenebis efeqturobis koeficienti.C - Teoriuli anu Senonis gamtarunarianoba.saeqsploatacio gamtarunarianoba, rogorc wesi, izomebabiti/wm-Si.elementebis TanmimdevrobiT SeerTebis SemTxvevaSi mTeliqselis saeqsploatacio gamtarunarianoba tolia qseliselementebis gamtarunarianobebidan minimalurisa:___С эij = min C э s, S = 1, n (2.2)sparaleluri SeerTebis SemTxvevaSi saeqsploataciogamtarunarianobebi jamdeba:s___C э ∑ = ∑ C эi , i = 1, S (2.3.)i=12.1.2. saimedooba da usafrTxoebarealur masStabSi muSaobisaTvis saWiroa, rom droismocemul momentebSi marTvis obieqtze modiodes informacia darom es informacia iyos swori. am ori moTxovnis dakmayofilebisSemTxvevaSi qseli funqcionirebs swored. maTgan erT-erTis(mocemul momentSi ver viRebT informacias an miRebuliinformacia ar aris swori) Seusrulebloba qselisqmediTunarianobis dakargvas niSnavs. [30]qmediTunarianobis dakargvis mizezi SeiZleba iyos SecdomaprogramaSi an aparaturis mtyuneba. programaSi Secdomisgamovlena da Sesabamisad misi gamosworeba metwilad xdeba31

programuli kompleqsis gamarTvis procesSi. mtyuneba SeiZlebawarmoiSvas aparaturis eqsploataciis procesSi. amitomkompiuterul qselSi unda gaTvaliswinebul iqnas gamosulinformaciaSi Secdomebis gamosavleni saSualebebi, aminformaciis gamoyenebis ar daSvebis mizniT da damamaxinjebelifaqtorebis gavlenis miuxedavad qselidan swori informaciisgacemis uzrunvelsayofad. [33]es amocanebi SeiZleba gadaWril iqnas sxvadasxvasaSualebebiT, sxvadasxva efeqturobiTa da sistemuri resursebissxvadasxva danaxarjebiT. garda amisa, aRsaniSnavia, romefeqturobis gazrdiT izrdeba reseursebis danaxarjebic. amitomzemoaRniSnuli amocanebis gadasawyvetad racionalurisaSualebebis arCeva warmoadgens sakmaod mniSvnelovan da rTulsakiTxs. [62]saimedobis maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgens:1. mtyunebaTa Sorisi namuSevari2. mtyunebis albaToba3. mtyunebaTa intensiuroba4. mzadyofnis koeficienti5. mtyunebaTa mimarT medegoba6. paketis miwodebis albaToba7. aRdgenis intensiuroba8. SekeTebis unari9. kavSirebadobamniSvnelovania saimedobis ramdenime aspeqtis garCevaerTmaneTisagan. teqnikuri mowyobilobebisaTvis gamoiyenebasaimedobis iseTi maxasiaTeblebi, rogoricaa: mtyunebaTa SorisinamuSevaris saSualo dro, mtyunebis albaToba, mtyunebaTaintensiuroba. Tumca, es maCveneblebi gamosadegia martivielementebisa da mowyobilobebis saimedobis Sesafaseblad,romlebsac SeuZlia arseboba mxolod or mdgomareobaSi –qmediTunarian an araqmediTunariani. rTul sistemebs, romlebicmravali elementisagan Sedgeba, qmediTunariani da32

araqmediTunariani mdgomareobebis garda SeiZleba gaaCndes sxvaSualeduri mdgomareobebi, romlebsac zemoaRniSnulimaxasiaTeblebi ar iTvaliswinebs. aqedan gamomdinare, rTulisistemebis saimedobis Sesafaseblad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxvamaxasiaTeblebis kombinacia. [54]ganvixiloT saimedobis maxasiaTeblebi ufro dawvrilebiT:rogorc ukve avRniSneT, rTuli sistemis saimedoobaSiigulisxmeba misi Tviseba Seasrulos yvela davalebuli funqciaeqsploataciis gansazRvrul pirobebSi, mocemuli droisganmavlobaSi, ZiriTadi parametrebis mniSvnelobebisSenarCunebiT winaswar gansazRvrul farglebSi.mtyuneba – es aris movlena, romelic vlindeba sistemisqmediTunarianobis srul an nawilobriv dakargvaSi. mtyunebawarmoadgens SemTxveviT movlenas da yovel jerze vlindebamaSin, rodesac sistema ar inarCunebs Tavis parametrebsgansazRvrul farglebSi. warmoSobis xasiaTiT mtyunebebiSeiZleba dayofil iqnas ucabed da TandaTanobiT mtyunebebad.ucabedi mtyuneba ganisazRvreba im parametrebis ucabedicvlilebiT, romlebic gansazRvraven rTuli sistemisfunqcionirebis xarisxs. TandaTanobiTi mtyunebebi warmoiSvebasistemis xarisxis ganmsazRvreli parametrebis mocemulifarglebidan nel-nela gamosvlisas maTi daZvelebis an cveTisSedegad. mtyunebebis ucabed da TandaTanobiTze dayofagarkveul wilad pirobiTia, magram igi xelsayrelia sistemisanalizis dros.saimedobis ZiriTad raodenobriv maxasiaTebels warmoadgensP(t) – kompiuteruli qselis umtyuno muSaobis albaToba, anu imisalbaToba, rom mocemul reJimSi da eqsploataciis gansazRvrulpirobebSi, mocemuli drois ganmavlobaSi qselis muSaobisasmasSi mtyuneba ar moxdeba.P(t) = P {T > t} (2.4)sadac:T – aris qselis mtyunebaTa Sorisi namuSevari33

t – mocemuli droP(A) – A movlenis albaTobamocemul SemTxvevaSi movlena A mdgomareobs imaSi, rom T>tsaimedobis funqciis analogiurad viRebT arasaimedobisfunqcias (mtyunebis albaToba):Q(t) = P{T ≤ t} (2.5)P(t) da P(q) funqciebis gansazRvrebebidan gamomdinareobs:P(t) + Q(t) = 1 (2.6)anP(t) = 1 – Q(t) (2.7)Tu mocemuli t dro aris nebismieri, maSin P=1-Q. amukanaskneli tolobidan gamomdinareobs, rom P-s ganmsazRvrelfaqtorad SeiZleba miviCnioT Q. rac ufro maRalia Q-smniSvneloba, miT ufro naklebad saimedoa kompiuteruli qseli.aseve SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom raodenobrivad qselissaimedooba ganisazRvreba mis kvanZebs Soris kavSirebisdarRvevis albaTobiT, romelic SiZleba gamoTvlil iqnas Tucnobilia kavSiris xazebisa da komutaciis kvanZebis mtyunebebisalbaTobebi. kompiuteruli qselis topologiuri proeqtirebisasCveulebrivia imis daSveba, rom nebisamieri kvanZisa da wibosmtyunebebi warmoadgens damoukidebel SemTxveviT movlenebs,romlebsac axasiaTebs yvela kvanZisaTvis (q 1 ) da wibosaTvis (q 2 )warmoSobis erTnairi albaTobebi. Tu am daSvebisgaTvaliswinebiT gamoviTvliT qselis kvanZebs Soris kavSirebismtyunebebis albaTobebs Qij, i,j=1,2,…,n, maSin qselis saimedoobaSeiZleba ganisazRvros Semdegi gamosaxulebiT: [14]Q = maxQ ij (2.8)i=jmzadyofna, anu mzadyofnis koeficienti – niSnavs droismonakveTs, romlis ganmavlobaSic sistema SeiZleba iyosgamoyenebuli. mzadyofna SeiZleba gaumjobesebul iqnas sistemisstruqturaSi siWarbis gamoyenebis gziT: sistemis ZiriTadielementebi unda arsebobdes ramdenime egzempliarSi, imisaTvis,34

om erT-erTis mtyunebis SemTxvevaSi sistemis funqcionirebauzrunvelyon danarCenebma.imisaTvis, rom kompiuteruli qseli CaiTvalos saimedod, mas,rogorc minimum, unda gaaCndes maRali mzadyofna, Tumca mxolodes sakmarisi, ra Tqma unda, ar aris. gamomdinare iqidan romkompiuteruli qseli muSaobs saboloo kvanZebs Soris paketebisgadacemis meqanizmis safuZvelze, Sesabamisad saimedobis erT-erTmniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels warmoadgens paketis miwodebisalbaToba. [62]mtyunebaTa mimarT medegoba – kompiuterul qselSimtyunebaTa mimarT medegobaSi igulisxmeba sistemisSesaZlebloba momxmareblisagan damalos misi zogierTielementis mtyunebis faqti. magaliTad, Tu monacemTa bazebiscxrilebis aslebi erTdroulad inaxeba ramdenime sxvadasxvafailur serverze, maSin momxmarebelma SeiZleba ubralod verSeamCnios maTgan erT-erTis mtyuneba. mtyunebaTa mimarT medegsistemaSi misi erT-erTi elementis mtyuneba gamoiwvevs muSaobisxarisxis garkveul wilad Semcirebas, magram ara funqcionirebismTlianad Sewyvetas. amrigad, zemoT mocemul magaliTs TuganvixilavT, erT-erTi failuri serveris mwyobridan gamosvlagamoiwvevs monacemTa bazebTan mimarTvis drois gazrdas,moTxovnaTa daparalelebis xarisxis Semcirebis gamo, magrammTlianobaSi, sistema gaagrZelebs Tavisi funqciebis Sesrulebas.aRdgenis intensiuroba – es maCvenebeli gviCvenebs Turogori sixSiriT xdeba kompiuteruli qselis aRdgena.SekeTebis SesaZlebloba – es aris sistemis SesaZleblobamoZebnos da gaasworos Secdomebi, aseve moaxdinos mtyunebaTaraodenobis minimizacia.kavSirunarianoba – aris sistemis SesaZleblobaSeewinaaRmdegos topologiis damoukidebel nawilebad dayofasada daSlas. aRniSnuli maxasiaTebeli iZleva saSualebasgamoavlinos wyvetebi topologiaSi.35

kompiuteruli qseli, rogorc nebismieri sxva teqnikuradrTuli sistema Seicavs Tavis SemadgenlobaSi elementebis didraodenobas, romlebic SeerTebulia erTmaneTTan sxvadasxvasaSualebebiT. gamomdinare aRniSnulidan, kompiuteruli qselissaimedooba aseve SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc qselis kvanZebsSoris kavSirebis darRvevis albaTobiT. [23]qselebSi informaciis dacva: saimedobis meore aspeqtswarmoadgens usafrTxoeba. igi gulisxmobs kopiuterul qselSimonacemebis xarisxisa da daculobis uzrunvelhyofas, anumartivad rom vTqvaT, informaciis dacvas.usafrTxoeba – es aris sistemis SesaZlebloba daicvasmonacemebi arasanqcionirebuli mimarTvisagan. kompiuterulmaqselma unda uzrunvelhyos informaciis daculoba da mTlianoba.informaciis gadacemis utyuaroba, misi daculoba da mTlianobagansazRvravs kompiuterul qselSi monacemTa gadacemasTan daSenaxvasTan dakavSirebuli Sesabamisi procedurebis Sesrulebisxarisxs. yovelive es damokidebulia procesebis marTvisorganizebis pricipebze, qselur protokolebze, aseve Sesabamisiqseluri qvesistemebisa da momxmareblebis funqcionirebisdadgenil wesebsa da normebze. [40]ganawilebul kompiuterul qselSi monacemTa dacvaarasanqcionirebuli mimarTvisagan bevrad ufro rTulia vidrecentralizebul sistemaSi.qselebSi Setyobinebebi gadaicema kavSirebis xazebiT,romlebic xSirad gadis yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdom adgilebSi,sadac SeiZleba dayenebul iqnas xazis mosmenis saSualebebi. sxvasust wertils SeiZleba warmoadgendes meTvalyureobis gareSedatovebuli personaluri kompiuterebi. garda amisa, yovelTvisarsebobs potenciuri safrTxe imisa, rom SeiZleba moxdes qselisdacvis gatexva ara avtorizirebuli momxmareblebis mier, Tusistemas gaaCnia mravali gasasvleli saerTo momxmarebisglobalur qselSi.36

dacvis saSualebebma unda uzrunvelhyon informaciisdaculoba da erTi programis mier meore programis monacemebTanmimarTvis blokireba, Tu, ra Tqma unda, es ar arisgaTvaliswinebuli algoriTmiT da xdeba aparaturis mtyunebis anprogramaSi Secdomis gamo. garda aseTi, winaswar ganuzraxvelimimarTvisa monacemebTan, aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia ganzraxarasanqcionirebuli mimarTvis SesaZlebloba (informaciismatareblebis qurdoba, monacemTa damaxinjeba, kavSiris xazebTanmierTeba da a.S.). [15]dacvis saSualebebi uzrunvelhyofen sxvadasxvaefeqturobasa da sistemuri resursebis sxvadasxva danaxarjebs,rac gansazRvravs maTi amorCevis amocanas.kompiuteruli qslebis gamoyenebis sferos gafarToebam,damuSavebuli da Senaxuli informaciis moculobis mkveTrmazrdam, gamomTvleli sistemebis kompleqsurma dacentralizebulma gamoyenebam da momxmarebelTa Sorisinformaciis urTierT gacvlis mizniT monacemebTa gadacemissistemebis arsebobam, daayena informaciis dacvis sakiTxi:1. misi damaxinjebisa da ganadgurebisagan (anu fizikurimTlianobis darRvevisagan) da2. arasanqcionirebuli gamoyenebisagan (anu SezRudulimoxmarebis informaciis gaJonvisagan).pirvel SemTxvevas adgili aqvs, rodesac erTi amocanaamaxinjebs an anadgurebs meore amocanis kuTvnil monacemebs(aqvs mimarTvis ufleba sxva amocanis monacemTa areSi); meoreSemTxveva xdeba, rodesac adgili aqvs sxva amoacnis monacemTaaresTan mimarTvas maTi wakiTxvis mizniT. momxmareblebisaTvisZalian did problemas warmoadgens swored informaciis gaJonva.informaciis gaJonva umetesad xdeba ZiriTad matareblebzemdebare informaciis damaxsovrebis an kopirebisas;aparaturasTan da kavSiris xazebTan arasanqcionirebulimierTebisas an “kanonieri” (anu registrirebuli) aparaturisarakanonieri gamoyenebisas. aseve, arasanqcionirebuli37

mimarTvisas informaciasTan maTematikuri an programuliuzrunvelyofis specialuri mowyobilobebis saSualebebiT;informaciis damuSavebis procesSi aparaturis miergamosxivebuli eleqtromagnituri talRebis daWeris saSualebiT;informaciis eleqtronuli matareblebisa da dokumentebispirapiri ZarcviT. [27]informaciis dacvisaTvis damuSavebulia mravalnairisaSualebebi, meTodebi da RonisZiebebi. isini iyofa Semdegkategoriebad:1. teqnikuri saSualebebi2. fizikuri zomebi3. organizaciuli RonisZiebebi4. sakanonmdeblo zomebiganvixiloT aRniSnuli dacvis saSualebebis ZiriTadiprincipebi.informaciis dacvis teqnikuri saSualebebs ganekuTvnebadacvis aparaturuli, programuli da kriptografiulisaSualebebi. [16]yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia Semdegi aparaturulisaSualebebi:- specialuri registrebi dacvis rekvizitebis – parolebis,saidentifikacio kodebis, saidumlo grifebisa dadoneebis da a.S. – Sesanaxad.- kodebis generatorebi, romlebic gamiznuliamowyobilobebis (magaliTad terminalis) identificirebiskodis avtomaturi formirebisaTvis momxmareblisCarTvisas muSaobaSi da qselis resursebTan mimarTvisas.- teqnikuri saSailebebis sistemaSi CarTvis kodirebulisaketebi.- adamianebis individualuri maxasiaTeblebis (magaliTad,xmis) gazomvis mowyobilebebi misi identifikaciis mizniT.38

- mexsierebis misamarTebis sazRvrebis kontrolis sqemebi,mexsierebis mocemul aresTan mimarTvis kanonierebisgansazRvris mizniT.- kavSiris xazSi infomaciis gadacemis wyvetebis sqemebimonacemTa gadacemis misamarTebis perioduli SemowmebismizniT.kompiuterul qslebSi yvelaze farTo gavrceleba hpovainformaciis dacvis programulma saSualebebma. amas xels uwyobsmaTi iseTi Tvisebebi, rogoricaa: universluroba, moqniloba,realizaciis moxerxebuloba, modernizaciis SesaZlebloba. raTqma unda, amasTan erTad, gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtoric, romprogramuli saSualebebi moiTxoven sistemuri resursebis(magaliTad, mexsierebis) did danaxarjebs. [19]funqcionaluri mniSvnelobiT dacvis programulisaSualebebi SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg jgufebad:- teqnikuri saSualebebis, amocanebis, momxmareblebisa damonacemTa masivebis amocnobis programebi;- teqnikuri saSualebebisa (muSaobis dro, amocanisgamoyenebis nebarTva da a.S.) da momxmareblebis uflebebisgansazRvris programebi;- infomaciis gamoyenebis Semdeg mexsierebaSi misiganadgurebis programebi;- arasanqcionirebuli qmedebebis SemTxvevaSi signalizaciisgaaqtiurebis programebi;- sxvadasxva daniSnulebis damxmare programebi: dacvismeqanizmis muSaobis kontrolis, gacemul dokumentebzesaidumloebis grifis dadebis da a.S.aseve farTo gamoyeneba hpova kompiuterul qselebSi dacviskriptografiulma meTodebma, romlebic ukve didi xaniagamoiyeneba kavSiris xazebis saSualebiT monacemTa gadacemisas.infomaciis kriptografiuli daxurva (daSifvra) mdgomareobsdasacavi monacemebis iseT gardaqmnaSi, rodesac maTi garegnulisaxiT da specialuri saSualebebis gamoyenebis gareSe39

SeuZlebelia Sinaarsis gageba. kriptografiuli daxurva – ariskavSirebis xazebis saSualebiT gadacemuli infomaciisZarcvisagan dacvis erTaderTi saSualeba.yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba daSifvris Semdeg xerxebi:1. Secvla – romlis drosac dasaSifri teqstis simboloebiicvleba igive an sxva alfavitis simboloebiT Secvliswinaswar gansazRvruli sqemiT;2. gadaadgileba – rodesac xdeba dasaSifri teqstissimboloebis gadanacvleba gansazRvruli wesis Tanaxmad,am teqstis romelime blokis farglebSi;3. gamireba – rodesac dasaSifri teqstis blokebierTiandeba garkveul, SemTxveviTi TanmimdevrobiskodebTan (gamebTan);4. analitikuri gardaqmna – rodesac dasaSifri teqstigardaiqmneba garkveuli formulis mixedviT.gansakuTrebiT efeqturia kombinirebuli Sifrebi, rodesacteqsti TanmimdevrobiT iSifreba ramdenime zemoT moyvanilixerxis gamoyenebiT, amasTan, am SemTxvevaSi, daSifvris simtkiceaRemateba Semadgeneli Sifrebis jamur simtkices.zemoT ganxiluli daSifvris yvela sistemis realizaciaSesaZlebelia programuli gziT, aparaturuli saSualebebiT, anam oris xerxis erTobliobiT. programuli realizaciaaparaturulTan SedarebiT ufro moqnili da adviladmodernizirebadia. sqemuri meTodebi ufro mwarmoebluria, amitomqselSi sadac inaxeba didi odenobiT daxuruli informacia maTigamoyeneba ekonomikurad ufro mizanSewonilia. [56]fizikuri zomebi - maT ganekuTvneba mowyobilobebisa danagebobebis Seqmna, aseve iseTi RonisZiebebis Catareba, romlebicaZneleben an SeuZlebels xdian potenciuri damrRvevebis mieriseT adgilebSi SeRwevas, sadac maT SeiZleba miaRwion daculinformaciasTan. yvelaze xSirad axorcieldeben:- im nagebobebis fizikur izolacias sxva nagebobebisagan,sadac ganTavsebulia qseluri aparatura;40

- im teritoriis SemoRobvas, sadac ganTavsebulia qseliiseT manZilze, romelic sakmarisia eleqtromagniturigamosxivebis efeqturi registraciis SesaZleblobisgamosaricxad, da aseve aRniSnuli teritoriissistematiuri kontrolis organizebas;- sakontrolo-gamSvebi punqtebis organizebas qselisSenobis SesasvlelebTan an specialuri saketebis mqoneaparaturis dayenebas karebebTan, romlebicdawesebulebaSi SeRwevis regulirebis saSualebas iZleva;- damcavi signalizaciis sistemis organizebas.organizaciuli RonisZiebebi – warmoadgens saorganizacioteqnikurda saorganizacio zomebis erTobliobas, romlebicaxdens qselis funqcionirebis, resursebis gamoyenebis procesisreglamentirebas, da aseve, uzrunvelhyofs informaciasTanarasanqcionirebuli SeRwevis akrZalvas an garTulebas.organizaciuli zomebi gamoiyeneba dacvis fizikur zomebTanerTad. yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia RonisZiebebi, romlebicxorcieldeba qselis ganTavsebis adgilebis proeqtirebis,mSeneblobisa da mowyobis dros da gamoricxavs stiqiuriubedurebebis zegavlenas, saidumlo SeRwevis SesaZleblobas daa.S.; aseve personalis SerCevisa da momzadebis RonisZiebebi(samuSaoze misaRebi adamianebis Semowmeba, daxurulinformaciasTan muSaobis wesebis Seswavla, pasuxismgeblobiszomebis gacnoba dacvis wesebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi da a.S.);momxmarebelTa muSaobis momzadebisa da kontrolis organizeba.sakanonmdeblo zomebs ganekuTvneba qveyanaSi moqmedikanonebi, brZanebulebebi da debulebebi, romlebic axdenenSezRuduli moxmarebis informaciasTan mopyrobis wesebisa damaTi darRvevis dros pasuxismgeblobis reglamintirebas, rac,Tavis mxriv, winaaRmdegobas uwevs aRniSnuli infomaciisarasanqcionirebul gamoyenebas. [22]dacvis maqsimaluri efeqturoba SeiZleba miRweul iqnasmxolod yvela zemoaRniSnuli saSualebisa da zomebis41

acionaluri urTierT SerwymiT. isini unda gaerTiandes dacviserT, mTlian meqanizmSi, romlis daproeqtebac unda xdebodesqselis Seqmnis paralelurad. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi arisSesaZlebeli daculi da efeqturi sistemis Seqmna. dacvismeqanizmis funqcionireba unda dagegmil da uzrunvelhyofiliqnas informaciis damuSavebis ZiriTadi procesebis dagegmvasada uzrunvelhyofasTan erTad. Tanac, aucilebelia dacvismuSaobis xarisxis mudmivi kontroli. [18]dacvis sistemis proeqtirebisas unda vixelmZRvaneloT rigiprincipebiT, romlebic xels uwyobs racionaluri da efeqturisistemis Seqmnas.1. dacvis saSualebebma unda Seamowmos momxmareblisuflebamosilebani sistemis resursebTan misi yovelimimarTvis dros. momxmareblis uflebamosilebebisSecvlis SemTxvevSi, wina uflebebis Semowmebis SedegebiaRar unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli, magram undauzrunvelhyofil iqnas imis saSualeba, rom moxdes maTigadamowmeba.2. TiToeul momxmarebels, teqnikur saSualebasa Tuprogramas unda mieces is uflebebi, romlebicaucilebelia maT winaSe dasmuli amocanebisgadasaWrelad.3. qselTan muSaobisaTvis dacvis meqanizmis gavlisas igiunda iTxovdes ori an meti “gasaRebis” arsebobas dacvissistemis gasaxsnelad. es “gasaRebebi” (nebarTvebi)SeiZleba realizebul iyos sxvadasxva saSualebebiTa daxerxebiT.4. dacvis meqanizmi unda moiTxovdes kompiuteruli qselisresursebis minimalur danaxarjs; da aseve, sasurveliasistemaSi susti werilebis raodenobis SeZlebisdagvaradminimizacia.5. dacvis saSualebebma ar unda Seuqmnas problemebimomxmarebels sanqcionirebuli mimarTvisas qselis42

esursebTan; urTierTqmedeba adamiansa da dacvissistemas Soris unda iyos martivi da moxerxebuli.6. yvela gadawyvetileba, romelic exeba dacvis sistemismowyobas, misi muSaobis principebsa da sxva specialurpirobebs warmoadgens mkacradinfomacias.SezRuduli moxmarebisganvixiloT dacvis sistemis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi. maTganekuTvneba: dacvis sirTule da dacvis koeficienti.dacvis sirTulis maxasiaTebeli – gansazRvravs damatebiTiresursebis danaxarjs ZiriTadi resursebis dacvis mizniT. esdanaxarjebi SeiZleba sakmaod mniSvnelovanic iyos. aRniSnulimaxasiaTebeli gamoisaxeba Semdegi formuliT:R` = ∆R/R = [(R + ∆R) - R]/R (2.9)sadac:R` – aris dacvis sirTule∆R – damatebiTi resursebiR – ZiriTadi resursebidacvis koeficienti erTi i arxisaTvis SeiZlebaganisazRvros, rogorc arxSi daculi n зi adgilebis Sefardebasust n уi wertilebTan. Sesamamisad:k зi = n зi / n уisadac:k зi – aris dacvis koeficientin зi – daculi adgilebis raodenoban уi – susti wertilebis raodenobaTu qseli mravalarxiania (N arxi), xolo dacva moicavsmaTgan N з arxs, maSin sistemis dacvis koeficienti SeiZlebaganisazRvros Semdegnairad:N зk з = ∑ k зi /N (2.10)i =1sadac:k з – aris mTeli sistemis dacvis koeficienti43

k зi – aris i arxis dacvis koeficientiN – arxebis mTliani raodenobaN з – daculi arxebis raodenoba2.1.3. kavSirebis maxasiaTeblebi –kavSirebis saerTo raodenoba,gafarToebis SesaZlebloba, masStabunarianobakompiuteruli qselis erT-erT mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebelswarmoadgens kavSirebis saerTo raodenoba, romelicgansazRvravs qselis potenciur SesaZleblobas ganaxorcielosurTierTqmedeba momxmareblebsa da ganawilebul resursebsSoris. rac ufro metia am maxasiaTeblis mniSvneloba, miT metiaim momxmarebelTa raodenoba romelTac aqvT qselTan mierTebisada misi resursebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. amasTandakavSirebiT SeiZleba kidev ganvixiloT Semdegi orimaxasiaTebeli: gafarToebis SesaZlebloba da masStabunarianoba.terminebi: gafarToebis SesaZlebloba da masStabunarianobazogjer gamoiyeneba rogorc sinonimebi, magram es arasworia.TiToeul maTgans gaaCnia sakuTari konkretuli mniSvneloba. [62]gafarToebis SesaZlebloba – gulisxmobs qselis zogierTielementis (momxmarebeli, kompiuteri, samsaxuri da a.S.)SedarebiT advilad damatebis, qselis segmentebis sigrZisgazrdis da arsebuli aparaturis ufro mZlavriT SecvlisSesaZleblobas. amasTan, principialurad mniSvnelovania, romsistemis gafarToebis SesaZleblobis simartive xSiradSesaZlebelia uzrunvelhyofil iqnas sakmaod SezRudulfarglebSi.magaliTad, lokalur qsels Ethernet, romelic agebuliasqeli koaqsialuri kabelis erTi segmentis safuZvelze, gaaCniagafarToebis kargi SesaZlebloba im gagebiT, rom igiSesaZleblobas iZleva advilad miuerTdes axali sadgurebi.Tumca, aseTi qseli SezRudulia sadgurebis raodenobaze – maTi44

aodenoba ar unda aRematebodes 30-40-s. miuxedavad imisa, romqselSi SesaZlebelia ufro meti odenobis sadgurebis mierTeba(100-mde), xSirad mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba qselis warmadoba. aseTiSezRudvis arseboba niSnavs qselis cud masStabunarianobasgafarToebis kargi SesaZleblobis miuxedavad.masStabunarianoba – niSnavs, rom kompiuteruli qseliiZleva kavSirebis sigrZisa da kvanZebis raodenobis gazrdissaSualebas Zalian farTo farglebSi. amasTan, qselis warmadobaar uaresdeba. masStabunarianobis uzrunvelsayofad saWiroadamatebiTi sakomunikacio aparaturis gamoyeneba da qselisspecialuri saxiT struqturireba. magaliTad, kargimasStabunarianoba gaaCnia mraval segmentian qsels, romelicagebulia komutatorebisa da marSrutizatorebis gamoyenebiT daromelsac aqvs kavSirebis ierarqiuli struqtura. aseT qselsSeuZlia Caimatos ramdenime aTasi kompiuteri da amsaTanTiToeuli momxmarebeli uzrunvelhyos saWiro xarisxismomsaxurebiT. [29]2.1.4. gamWvirvalobakompiuteruli qselis gamWvirvaloba miiRweva im SemTxvevaSi,rodesac igi warudgeba momxmareblebs ara rogorc kabelebisrTuli sistemiT dakavSirebuli calkeuli kompiuterebissimravle, aramed rogorc erTiani tradiciuli gamomTvlelimanqana drois ganawilebis sistemiT.gamWvirvaloba SeiZleba miRweul iqnas or sxvadasxva doneze– momxmareblis da programistis. momxmareblis donezegamWvirvalobaSi igulisxmeba rom igi moSorebiT mdebareresursebTan samuSaod iyenebs igive brZanebebsa da misTvisnacnob procedurebs, rasac lokalur resursebTan samuSaod.programul doneze gamWvirvaloba mdgomareobs imaSi, romdanarTs moSorebiT mdebare resursebTan mimarTvisaTvissWirdeba igive saxis gamoZaxeba, rac lokalur resursebTan45

mimarTvisaTvis. gamWvirvaloba momxmareblis doneze miiRwevaufro advilad, radganac sistemis ganawilebul xasiaTTandakavSirebuli procedurebis Taviseburebani iniRbebamomxmareblisagan programistis mier, romelic qmnis danarTs.gamWvirvaloba danarTis doneze moiTxovs ganawilebulobisyvela detalis damalvas qseluri operaciuli sistemissaSualebiT. [17]kompiuterul qselSi unda damalul iqnas operaciulisistemebis yvela Taviseburebani da gansxvavebebi kompiuterebistipebs Soris. [34]gamWvirvalobis koncefcia SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnasqselis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis mimarT. magaliTad, ganlagebisgamWvirvaloba gulisxmobs, rom momxmarebels ar moeTxovebaicodes Tu sad aris ganlagebuli iseTi programuli daaparaturuli resursebi, rogoricaa procesorebi, printerebi,failebi, monacemTa bazebi da a.S.dResdReobiT ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gamWvirvalobisTviseba srulad axasiaTebs arsebuli qselebis umravlesobas. esufro aris mizani, romliskenac miiswrafian Tanamedrovekompiuteruli qselebis damproeqteblebi. [29]2.1.5. resursebTan mimarTvis SesaZleblobaes aris qselis mniSvnelovani Tviseba, romlisrealizaciisaTvis saabonento sistemebs unda gaaCndesmaTematikuri uzrunvelhyofis saSualebebi da protokolebi,romlebic uzrunvelhyofs moTxovnili resursebis gamoZaxebasada aqtivirebas momxmareblis uflebmosilebis gaTvaliswinebiT.2.1.6. sxvadasxva saxis trafikis uzrunvelyofakompiuteruli qselebi, rogorc ukve avRniSneT, gamiznuliamomxmarebelTa mier kompiuteruli resursebis, failebis,46

printerebis da a.S., erTdrouli gamoyenebisaTvis. trafiks,romelic iqmneba kompiuteruli qselebis am tradiciulisamsaxurebis mier, gaaCnia Tavisi Taviseburebani damniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba trafikisagan satelefono qselebSian kabeluri televiziis qselebSi. Tumca, me-20 saukunis 90-ianiwlebidan kompiuterul qselebSi SemoRebul iqna multimediurimonacemebis trafiki, romlebic warmoadgens video da audiogamosaxulebas cifrul formaSi. mas Semdeg kompiuteruliqselebi gamoiyeneba video konferenciebis, video filmebissafuZvelze swavlebisa da garTobis organizebisaTvis da a.S.cxadia, multimediuri trafikis dinamiuri gadacemisaTvissaWiroa sruliad sxva algoriTmebi da protokolebi, da asevesxvadasxva aparatura. aRniSnuli trafikis mTavar Taviseburebaswarmoadgens gadasacemi Setyobinebebis sinqronizaciis mkacrimoTxovna. iseTi uwyveti procesebis xarisxiani aRwarmoebisaTvis,rogorebicaa bgeriTi rxevebi an sinaTlis intensiurobiscvlileba video gamosaxulebaSi, aucilebelia kodirebulisignalebis iseTive sixSiriT miReba, rogoriTac igi iyogazomili gadamcem mxareze. Setyobinebebis dagvianebisSemTxvevaSi miviRebT damaxinjebebs gamosaxulebaSi. [44] [51]amave dros, unda aRiniSnos, rom kompiuteruli monacemebistrafiki xasiaTdeba qselSi SetyobinebaTa miwodebis sakmaodaraTanabari intensiurobiT, maTi sinqronizaciis mkacrimoTxovnis ar arsebobis gamo.Sesabamisad, saWiroa erT qselSi kompiuteruli damultimediuri trafikebis SeTavseba. rac sakmaod rTul amocanaswarmoadgens, radganac am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba qselSi orisxvadasxva tipis trafikis arseboba, romelTac urTierTsawinaaRmdego moTxovnebi gaaCnia. [28]dResdReobiT praqtikulad yvela axali protokolebiuzrunvelhofen kompiuterul trafikTan erTad multimediuritrafikis gadacemas qselSi, Tumca rig SemTxvevebSi47

multimediuri trafikis momsaxurebis xarisxi SedarebiTdabalia. [20]2.1.7. marTvadobakompiuteruli qselis marTvadobaSi igulisxmeba misiSesaZlebloba ganaxorcielos qselis ZiriTadi elementebismdgomareobis centralizebuli kontroli; moxdesmwarmoeblurobis analizi da qselis ganviTarebis dagegmva.idealSi, qselis marTvis saSualebebi warmoadgens sistemas,romelic axorcielebs qselis TiToeuli elementis, dawyebuliyvelaze martividan da dasrulebuli yvelaze rTuliT,dakvirvebas, kontrolsa da marTvas. amasTanave aRsaniSnavia, romaseTi sistema qsels ganixilavs, rogorc erT mTlianobas da arasxvadasxva mowyobilobebis nakrebs. [30]marTvis kargi sistema akvirdeba qselis muSaobas daproblemis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi aaqtiurebs Sesabamis qmedebebssituaciis gamomsasworeblad, Semdeg atyobinebs administratorsimas Tu ra moxda da ra zomebi iqna miRebuli. imavdroulad,marTvis sistemam unda moaxdinos monacemebis dagroveba, romelTasafuZvelzec SesaZlebeli iqneba qselis ganviTarebis dagegmva.da bolos, marTvis sistema unda iyos damoukidebelimwarmoeblisagan da gaaCndes moxerxebuli interfeisi yvelasaxis qmedebis Sesasruleblad. [32]marTvis sistemis sargeblianoba gansaxuTrebiT aSkaradvlindeba did – korporaciul da globalur qselebSi. marTvissistemis gareSe aseTi qselis funqcionirebisaTvis saWiroakvalificiuri specialistebis yola yvela qalaqis yvelaSenobaSi, sadac dayenebulia qseluri aparatura. es niSnavsmomsaxure personalis uzarmazari Statis arsebobisaucileblobas, rac, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs did finansurdanaxarjebs. [37]48

2.1.8. SeTavsebadobaSeTavsebadoba, anu integrirebis unari niSnavs, rom qselsaqvs SesaZlebloba daimatos (CairTos) mravalferovaniprogramuli da aparaturuli uzrunvelyofa. sxva sityvebiT,qselSi SeiZleba arsebobdes gansxvavebuli operaciulisistemebi, romlebic uzrunvelhyofen sakomunikacioprotokolebis sxvadasxva stekebs da muSaoben sxvadasxvawarmoebis aparaturul saSualebebTan da danarTebTan. qsels,romelic Sedgeba sxvadasxva tipis elementebisagan, ewodebaaraerTgvarovani anu heterogenuli, xolo, Tu araerTgvarovaniqseli muSaobs problemebis gareSe, maSin igi aris SeTavsebadi.[45]2.2. ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebikompiuteruli qselis maxasiaTeblebs SorisumniSvnelovanesi adgili ukavia ekonomikur maCveneblebs. maTganekuTvneba: [42]1. finansuri danaxarjebi SemuSavebaze (proeqtirebaze)2. danaxarjebi Seqmnaze3. danaxarjebi momsaxurebaze.qselis SemuSavebaze da Seqmnaze gaweuli xarjebiwarmoadgens kapitalur dabandebebs - K, xolo danaxarjebieqsploataciaze, romelic Seicavs: momsaxure personalisxelfass, gafarToebas, el.energias, amortizacias da a.S.,warmoadgens mimdinare xarjebs - C.kapital dabandebebisa da mimdinare xarjebis dinamikas aqvsxasiaTi, romelic mocemulia sur.-ze #2.1. uwveti xaziTgamosaxulia kapitaldabandebebis, xolo wyvetili xaziTmimdinare xarjebis damokidebuleba drosTan mimarTebaSi.proeqtirebis etapze (I) kapital dabandebebi dabalia.TandaTanobiT isini izrdeba da aRwevs maqsimums qselisdamzadebisa da gamarTvis dros (II). es dakavSirebulia imasTan,49

om am periodSi muSaobs ufro didi odenobiT personali,romelic yidulobs, awyobs da marTavs aparaturas. Semowmebisada testirebis procesSi (III) kapital dabandebebi kvlav mcirdeba.aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom testirebis procesSi qseli faqtiuradiwyebs funqcionirebas da Sesabamisad adgili aqvs mimdinarexarjebsac. [42]eqsploataciis periodSi (IV) mimdinare xarjebis gardaSeiZleba iyos kapitaluri dabandebebic, romlebicdakavSirebulia gacveTili elementebis SecvlasTan (τ e.d. –eqspluataciis dawyebis dro). rac ufro did xans arsebobsqseli, miT ufro xSiria gacveTili elementebis Seclisaucilebloba, da Sesabamisad qselis sasicocxlo ciklisbolosken τ periodisaTvis ufro didi kapital dabandebebiasaWiro.sur. 2.1. xarjebis cvlileba kompiuteruli qselissasicocxlo ciklis ZiriTadi etapebis Sesabamisadgarda zemoaRniSnuli maxasiaTeblebisa, SeiZleba asevemoviyvanoT Semdegi ekonomikuri maCveneblebi: mocemulidanaxarjebi, anu xarjebi dakavSirebuli drois monakveTTan,magaliTad, saSualo wliuri xarjebi, saSualo Tviuri xarjebida a.S. xSirad, aseve gamoiyeneba Semdegi maCveneblebi:1. damatebiTi kapital dabandebebi2. damatebiTi kapital dabandebebis ukugebis koeficienti.kompiuteruli qselis proeqtis ama Tu im variantis arCevisasdid rols TamaSobs swored ekonomikuri efeqturobis Sefaseba,50

omelic dafuZnebulia qselis funqcionirebis ekonomiisSefasebaze. igi Sedgeba Semdegi komponentebisagan:1. qselis teqnikuri realizaciis ramdenime variantidanerTerTis SerCevis efeqti dafuZnebuli ekonomikurmaCveneblebze.2. qselis funqcionirebis xarisxis Sefasebis mizniTganxorcielebuli modelirebis Sedegad miRebuli efeqti.3. optimizaciis efeqti4. gamoklebuli danaxarjebi qselis Seqmnaze.2.3. topologiuri maxasiaTeblebikompiuteruli qselebis funqcionirebis Sefasebis procesSiaucilebelia misi konfiguraciis TaviseburebebisgaTvaliswineba, radganac topologiuri struqtura did gavlenasaxdens qselis rogorc ekonomikur maCveneblebze, aseve missaeqsploatacio maxasiaTeblebze. aqedan gamomdinare,mizanSewonilia calke topologiuri maCveneblebis ganxilva. [44]kompiuteruli qselis topologiuri xasiaTi gulisxmobsrigi maCveneblebis gamoyenebas, romlebic gansazRvravs qselistopologiis raodenobriv zomas. aRniSnuli maCveneblebisgansazRvra mizanSewonilia imitom, rom qselis proeqtirebisadreuli periodidanve xdeba aucilebeli misi struqturisa daelementebis xarisxis Sefaseba saerTo sistemuri midgomispoziciidan. am maxasiaTeblebidan umetesobis gamoTvla ZalianrTuli, zog SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelic ki aris. ufro metic,gamomdinare qselis TiToeuli konkretuli magaliTidan,analizis procesSi erTnairma topologiurma maxasiaTeblebmaSeiZleba miiRos gansxvavebuli fizikuri interpretacia. qvemoTmocemulia topologiuri maCveneblebis klasebi, romlebicgamoiyeneba qselis funqcionirebis Sefasebis dros:1. sirTule2. ierarqiuloba51

3. struqturis diametri4. kavSirunarianoba5. simkvrive6. topologiis cvalebadoba7. adaptaciis unari8. saimedooba9. sicocxlisunarianoba10. paraleluroba11. wazrdis unari12. topologiuri siWarbeganvixiloT maxasiaTeblebis TiToeuli klasi cal-calke:sirTule – ganisazRvreba, rogorc struqturis topologiisSemadgeneli elementebisa da kavSirebis raodenoba.aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyofa elementebi, romlebicSeesabameba grafis izolirebul, Camokidebul wveroebs.ierarqiuloba – vlindeba qselis elementebis kavSirebisstruqturaSi. aRniSnuli maxasiaTebeli iZleva saSualebastopologiis elementebi ganawildes maTi mniSvnelobis mixedviTda moxdes topologiis klasifikacia.struqturis diametri – Seesabameba metrul maxasiaTebels,romelic miRebulia grafSi yvelaze moSorebiT mdebare wveroebsSoris umoklesi gzis gansasazRvravad.kavSirunarianoba – aris qselis unari SeewinaaRmdegostopologiis daSlasa da dayofas damoukidebel nawilebad.aRniSnuli raodenobrivi maxasiaTebeli iZleva saSualebasgamovlindes rRvevebi topologiaSi.simkvrive – aris wveroebis raodenoba struqturistopologiuri fragmentSi, romelsac gaaCnia mocemuli diametrida wveroebis xarisxi. praqtikaSi es maCvenebeli gamoiyenebamxolod iseT grafebTan mimarTebaSi, romelTa yvela kvanZsgaaCnia erTnairi xarisxi.topologiis cvalebadoba – aris qselis elementebs SoriskavSirebis topologiis cvlilebis SesaZlebloba qselsa da mis52

mier Sesasrulebel funqcias Soris maqsimaluri adekvaturobismiRwevis mizniT. topologiis cvalebadoba warmoadgens rTulmaxasiaTebels, romelic Sesafasebeli obieqtidan gamomdinare,Seicavs iseT parametrebs, rogoricaa: misawvdomoba, blokireba,dayofadoba.adaptaciis unari – aris qselis topologiis unarimiesadagos gareSe pirobebs, rac iZleva saSualebas optimaluradmiRweul iqnas funqcionirebis miznebi.saimedooba – aris topologiis unari drois mocemulimonakveTis ganmavlobaSi uzrunvelhyos qselis funqcionireba.saimedooba aris struqturis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi mravalparametriani maxasiaTebeli da ganisazRvreba, rogorcelementebisa da maTi SeerTebis sqemis saimedobebis erToblioba.sicocxlisunarianoba – afasebs struqturis im nawilebistopologiis SenarCunebas, romlebic uzrunvelhyofs dasmuliamocanis Sesrulebas. sicocxlisunarianobas gaaCnia mWidrofunqcionaluri kavSiri topologiis saimedobis maCvenebelTan.paraleluroba – iZleva struqturis elementebiserTdrouli funqcionirebis saSualebas qselismwarmoeblurobis gazrdis mizniT.wazrdis unari – aris topologiis ganviTarebis unari,romelic miiRweva wveroebisa da/an wiboebis raodenobiscvlilebiT (ZiriTadi funqciebis Sesrulebis procesis wyvetisgareSe).topologiuri siWarbe – asaxavs kavSirebis saerToraodenobis gadaWarbebas minimalurad aucilebelze. aRniSnulimaxasiaTebeli gamoiyeneba qselis rogorc saimedobis, aseveekonomiurobis Sesafaseblad.2.4. stoqastiuri da determinirebuli nakadebirogorc cnobilia, kompiuteruli qselis funqcionirebisprocesSi xdeba qselis kvanZebsa da sxva elementebs Soris,53

magaliTad, momxmarebelsa da gamomTvlel saSualebebs Soris,informaciis urTierT gacvla. aRniSnuli urTierTqmedebisganxorcielebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens SesabamisiSemaerTebeli aris (kavSiris xazis) arseboba, romelTasaSualebiTac xdeba informaciuli procesebiT ganpirobebulisignalebis gavrceleba. [31]zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba kompiuteruliqselis maxasiaTeblebi ganxilul iqnas kidev erTi kuTxiT, anumasSi mimdinare informaciuli procesebis, kerZod, monacemTanakadebis gadacemis Sefasebis mxriv.dResdReobiT arsebobs Teoriuli meTodebi, romlebicsaSualebas iZleva sakmaod zustad da adekvaturad ganisazRvrossignalebis sxvadasxva Tvisebebi da maxasiaTeblebi, daSesabamisad, Sefasdes arxis mier aRniSnuli signalebisgadacemis SesaZlebloba. kompiuterul qselebSi nakadebismniSvnelobis SefasebisaTvis zomis erTeulad mosaxerxebeliaaRebul iqnas iseTi maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic dakavSirebuliaTavad qselSi miwodebuli, masSi gadacemuli, Tu qselidanmiRebuli Setyobinebebis informaciul maxasiaTeblebTan.nakadis mniSvnelobis Sefasebis mocemuli midgomisgamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia ganisazRvros, Tu raodenobiT informcias warmoqmnis wyaro, rogoria SetyobinebaTastatistika, ramdenad efeqturad gadascems arxi informacias,iRebs Tu ara srul informacias mimRebi da a.S. amasTan, qselisTiToeuli elementisaTvis unda miTiTebul iqnas garkveuliricxobrivi maxasiaTebeli. arxisaTvis ganisazRvreba misigamtarunarianoba, igi damokidebulia signalebis sixSireze,romelic SeiZleba gadacemul iqnas danakargebis gareSe, aseve“xmauris” doneze, signalis wyaros simZlavreze da a.S.signalebisaTvis SeiZleba miTiTebul iqnes energetikuliparametrebi: simZlavre, speqtri, droiTi damokidebulebebi,dispersia, korelaciis maxasiaTeblebi, signalis mniSvnelobebis54

albaTobebis gavrcelebis kanoni, signalebis mier gadacemuliSetyobinebebis statistikuri maxasiaTeblebi. [35]informaciis odenoba, romelic gamomuSavdeba wyaros mierSeiZleba miRebul iqnas rogorc mis mier Seqmnili informaciulinakadis erT-erTi maxasiTebeli.mTlianobaSi, kompiuterul qselSi SetyobinebaTainformaciuli nakadis gadacemis procesi warmoadgens erT,maraval ganzomilebian funqcias, romelic moicavs informaciul,droiT da sivrciT parametrebsa da cvladebs.nakadis damdgeni funqciebis tipi da xasiaTi, erTis mxriv,unda Seesabamebodes qselis arxebSi nakadebis gavlis realurprocesebs, xolo meores mxriv, isini unda gansazRvrul iqneskompiuteruli qselis miznebiTa da amocanebiT.zogierT SemTxvevaSi nakadebis moZraoba SeiZlebawarmodgenil iqnes determinirebuli funqciebis aparatissaSualebiT, am dros Tavad nakadebi iqneba determinirebuli.sxva SemTxvevebSi – nakadebis warmodgena xdeba SemTxveviTiprocesis (SemTxveviTi movlenebis nakadis) saxiT da Sesabamisadgamoiyeneba SemTxveviTi movlenebis Teoriis aparati.2.4.1. stoqastiuri nakadebikompiuteruli qselebis umetes SemTxvevaSi nakadebs gaaCniaSemTxveviTi xasiaTi da gamoisaxeba rTuli kompleqsuri mravalganzomilebiani funqciebiT. nakadis ganmsazRvreli aseTikompleqsuri mraval ganzomilebiani funqcia-matricis analiziyovelTvis ar aris SesaZlebeli, amitom droiT informaciul dasivrciT maxasiaTeblebs xSirad ganixilaven calcalke. gardaamisa, nakadebis analizis amocanis gamartivebis mizniT, misigadawyveta xdeba erTi konkretuli arxis an sxva elementisaTvis.am SemTxvevaSi, nakadi SeiZleba warmodgenil iqneserTganzomilebiani funqciis saxiT, romelic gamoxatavs droSigadacemuli informaciis moculobis cvlilebebis55

damokidebulebas. gadacemuli informaciis moculobisa dadroiTi intervalis fardobiT SeiZleba miRebul iqnes iseTimaxasiTebeli, rogoricaa informaciis nakadis gadacemis siCqare.qselSi miRebuli monacemTa gadacemis mudmivi siCqarisSemTxvevaSi (sakmaod gavrcelebuli SemTxveva), nakadi xasiaTdebaerT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTebliT – datvirTviT. igiwarmoadgens droSi gadacemuli calkeuli Setyobinebebis jamsda misi zomis erTeulia dakavebis saaTi, anu igi damokidebuliamxolod seansebis sigrZis gavrcelebaze.drois garkveul monakveTSi gansazRvruli datvirTvisfardobas drois am intervalTan datvirTvis intensiurobaewodeba. datvirTvis intensiuroba izomeba erlangebSi. 1 erlangi– aris intensiuroba, romelic Seesabameba Tanabar datvirTvas 1dakavebis saaTSi, erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi. [31]datvirTvis intensiuroba praqtikulad arasodes ar arismudmivi, Tumca amave dros arsebobs garkveuli kanonzomierebebimis gansazRvraSi. ZiriTadad misi mniSvnelobis Sefaseba xdebadamaxasiTebel saaTebSi, romelTac yvelaze didi datvirTvissaaTebi ewodeba (ix. sur. 2.2)dds(dRis saaTebi)sur. 2.2. datvirTvis cvlileba dRis ganmavlobaSi2.4.2. determinirebuli nakadebideterminirebuli nakadebis maxasiTeblebs warmoadgensgadacemuli informaciis moculoba Sefardebuli drosTan,Setyobinebis gadacemis dawyebis momentebi, misi xargrZlivoba da56

a.S. determinirebuli anakadebis SemTxvevaSi xSirad dgeba misidroiTi maxasiaTeblebis SeTanxmebis tipis amocanis gadaWra.saqme imaSia, rom ara nebismiero ori an meti determinirebulinakadi SeiZleba iyos Sexamebuli erT arxSi an informaciisgadamamuSavebel mowyobilobaSi. SexamebisaTvis saWiroaSesruledes piroba t 1 + t 2 ≤ T 12 (sur. 1.3). T 12 -iT aRniSnulia yvelazedidi saerTo gamyofi yoveli TiToeuli T 1 nakadis periodebisa,xolo t 1 da t 2 – aris im pirveli da meore Setyobinebis gadacemisdro, romlebic warmoqmnian ganxilul nakads.sur. 2.3. determinirebuli nakadebi Π 1 da Π 2 ,maTi ganawileba droSi kavSiris erT xazSi.2.5. kompiuteruli qselis statikuri da dinamiuri maxasiaTeblebirogorc nebismieri sxva rTuli teqnikuri sistema,kompiuteruli qselic xasiaTdeba imiT, rom masSi SeiZlebadamatebul iqnas axali obieqtebi, SeiZleba Seicvalos misiteqnikuri da sxva saSualebebis konfiguracia, moxdes funqciebisgadacema elementebsa da qvesistemebs Soris, garda amisa, icvlebagare pirobebi: datvirTva, trafiki da a.S. arsebuli samecnieromeTodebi iZleva saSualebas moxdes erTi parametrebisa damaxasiaTeblebis cvlilebis prognozireba sxvebis SecvlisSedegad. Tumca raodenobriv Tanafardobebs, romlebicgansazRvravs cvlilebebis dinamikas, SeuZlia ise gaarTulosisedac rTuli damokidebulebani parametrebs Soris, rom maTianalizi gaxdeba praqtikulad SeuZlebeli. [31]57

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, qselis funqcionirebis Seswavlisdros Tavdapirvelad xdeba maxasiaTeblebis Sefaseba imdaSvebiT, rom misi arqiteqtura ucvlelia. aseve daSvebaswarmoadgens isic, rom xSirad qselis muSaoba ganixilebafunqcionirebis stacionalur reJimSi, romlis drosac iTvlebaucvlelad qselis topologiuri struqtura, misi fizikuriSemadgenloba da nakadebis saSualo mniSvnelobebi. [61]statikuri reJimis ZiriTad amocanebs warmoadgens:topologiuri struqturebis dekompozicia da gardaqmna,nakadebis ganawileba mocemul topologiaSi, topologiuristruqturis maxasiaTeblebis Sefaseba. [37]kompiuteruli qselis statikur anu struqturulmaxasiaTeblebs warmoadgens:1. xazebis saerTo sigrZe. aq igulisxmeba calkeuli xazebissigrZeebis jami.2. qselis kvanZebisa da arxebis gamtarunarianobebismatrica. am maxasiaTeblis fizikuri ganzomilebadamokidebulia informaciis odenobis zomis erTeulebis(biti/wm., niSani/wT.) an nakadebis, datvirTvis zomiserTeulebis (erlangi da a.S.) arCevaze.3. kompiuteruli qselis elementebis saimedobebis matrica.igi damokidebulia qselis arxebis, sakvanZo aparaturisada sxva komponentebis umtyuno muSaobis albaTobebze.4. arxebis saerTo sigrZe. aRniSnuli parametri izomebaarxokilometrebSi.5. sakomunikacio qselis yvela kavSiris manZilebis jami. igigansazRvravs kavSiris saSualebebis saerTomoTxovnilebas.6. yvela kavSiris rangebis jami (umoklesi gzebis jami).qselis dinamiuri maxasiaTeblebis gansasazRvravad,aucilebelia qseli warmodgenil iqnes, rogorc urTierTdakavSirebuli masobrivi momsaxurebis sistemebis simravle.masobrivi momsaxurebis sistema xasiaTdeba Semdegi elementebiT:58

1. ganacxadTa Semavali nakadi. masobrivi momsaxurebissistemebis TeoriaSi ganacxadSi igulisxmeba garkveuliprocesi, romelic uSualod exeba momsaxurebis sistemas.procesis fizikuri Sinaarsi absoliturad sxvadasxvaa:procesoris mimarTva wakiTxvis mowyobilobebTanoperatiul mexsierebaSi da a.S.2. momsaxure xelsawyoebi. es xelsawyoebi axdenenganacxadebis nakadis momsaxurebis sistemis miznobrivifunqciis realizacias, axorcileben miRebuliganacxadebis damuSavebas. rogorc wesi, damuSaveba xdebamomsaxurebis ramdenime fazis gavliT. TiToeul fazas,cxadia, Seesabameba momsaxure xelsawyo an misi nawili.TiToeuli fazis Sinaarsi ganisazRvreba ganacxadisfizikuri arsiT, momsaxurebis procesis realizaciisprincipebiT, aseve Tavad xelsawyoebis calkeuliTaviseburebebiT.3. momsaxurebuli ganacxadebis gamavali nakadebi. maTTvis,iseve, rogorc Semavali nakadebisaTvis, ganisazRvrebaalbaTuri maxasiTeblebi, romlebic iTvaliswinebs masTandakavSirebuli procesebis dinamikasa da struqturas.ganixilaven masobrivi momsaxurebis sistemebis Semdegnairsaxeobebs: sistema ganacxadebis momsaxurebis uaryofaze dasistema rigebiT. [31]masobrivi momsaxurebis nebismieri sistema xasiaTdebaganacxadebis momsaxurebis e.w. discipliniT:1. arxebis cikluri regularuli gamokiTxva, rodesac droisfiqsirebuli intervalebis Semdeg momsaxure sistemarigrigobiT mimarTavs Semaval arxebs da iRebs mowodebulganacxadebs maTi Semdgomi gardaqmnis mizniT;2. pirveli movida - pirvelad iqna momsaxurebuli – es arismomsaxurebis disciplina, rodesac rigidan iReba isganacxadi, romelic sxvebze adre Semovida sistemaSi;59

3. pirveli movida - ukanasknelad iqna momsaxurebuli –momsaxurebis es disciplina mosaxerxebelia, rodesac adgiliaqvs monacemebis danakargs mowyobilobebis mtyunebis gamo;4. mimarTvis SemTxveviTi procedura, romlis drosacmomsaxurebis procesi mibmulia ganacxadis SemosvlasTan, daradganac am ukanasknelebis miReba xdeba SemTxveviT,Sesabamisad, momsaxurebac ar emorCileba aranair wesebs.yvela dinamiuri maxasiaTebeli SeiZleba daiyos or jgufad:saerTo maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic exeba mTel qsels da kerZimaxasiaTeblebi, romlebic exeba calkeul elementebs.saerTo maxasiaTeblebs ganekuTvneba – TiToeuli saxisganacxadis momsaxurebis saSualo drois mniSvnelobebissimravle, qselSi miRebuli Setyobinebebis jamuri raodenoba,aseve maTi miRebis saSualo siCqare. xolo kerZo maxasiaTeblebsSeiZleba mivakuvnoT: qselis TiToeuli elementidan meoreSimiRebuli Setyobinebebis raodenoba, TiToeul arxSi miRebuliSetyobinebebis raodenoba, erTi elementidan meoreSiSetyobinebis gadacemis saSualo dayovneba, TiToeul arxSiSetyobinebis gadacemis saSualo dayovneba da a.S. [13]2.6. Sedegebis SefasebaaRniSnul TavSi kompiuteruli qselis maCveneblebiganxilulia sxvadasxva kuTxiT: teqnikuri parametrebi,RirebulebiTi parametrebi, topologiuri parametrebi,informaciuli nakadebis ganmsazRvreli maCveneblebi dastoqastiuri da determinirebuli maCvenebelebi.formulirebuli da daxasiaTebulia yvela is maCvenebeli daparametri, romelic SeiZleba axasiaTebdes konpiuteruli qselisfunqcionirebis xarisxs. swored am maCveneblebidan unda iqnesSerCeuli ZiriTadi parametrebi qselis Semdgomi optimizaciisamocanis dasmisa da gadaWris mizniT.60

Tavi 3. kompiuteruli qselis funqcionirebisefeqturobamniSvnelovani adgili kompiuteruli qselis proeqtirebisada optimizaciis dros ukavia gadawyvetilebis miRebas. pirvelrigSi saWiroa am gadawyvetilebis miRebis momzadeba, romelicmdgomareobs ramdenime alternativis urTierTSedarebasa da maTSoris saukeTesos arCevaSi. amrigad, optimizaciis dawyebamdeunda ganxorcieldes qselis optimizaciis mizanSewonilobisdasabuTeba, anu unda moxdes arsebuli variantis SedarebaSesaZlo variantebTan, romelTagan SerCeul iqneba saukeTeso.aseTi Sedarebis gansaxorcieleblad, pirvel rigSi saWiroaSeTanxmeba imaze, Tu ra mniSvneloba ideba mcnebaSi “saukeTeso”varianti da rogor unda moxdes raodenobrivad TiToeulivariantis xarisxis Sefaseba. sxva sityvebiT, saWiroa SerCeuliqnas kompiuteruli qselis efeqturobis maCvenebeli. aRniSnuliefeqturobis maCvenebeli unda axasiaTebdes kompiuteruli qselisyvela funqcionaluri amocanis Sesrulebis xarisxs; undaiTvaliswinebdes im resursebis danaxarjs, romlebicaucilebelia qselis funqcionaluri daniSnulebisSesasruleblad; unda gaaCndes naTeli da erTmniSvnelovanifizikuri azri da hqondes raodenobrivi xasiaTi; aseve unda iyosdakavSirebuli funqcionaluri damokidebulebebiT qselisteqnikur maxasiaTeblebTan da mis struqturasTan; unda uSvebdesmiaxloebiT Sefasebas eqsperimentalur monacemebTan mimarTebaSida gaaCndes dabali dispersia. [39]qselis efeqturobis maCveneblis SerCevisas undagaTvaliswinebul iqnas is moTxovnebi, romlebic wayenebuliaqselis funqcionirebis mimarT. im variantebis efeqturoba,romlebic ar akmayofilebs aRniSnul moTxovnebs, Sefasebas areqvemdebareba da isini ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorcalternativebi.61

ganvixiloT, Tu rogor xdeba kompiuteruli qselisefeqturobis maCveneblis arCeva, aseve romeli maxasiaTeblebisSerCevaa mizanSewonili efeqturobis maCveneblis saxiT da rogorxdeba maTi gamoyeneba qselis optimizaciis dros.3.1. qselis efeqturobis kriteriumisarCevis principikompiuteruli qselis optimizaciis mizani aris, rogorcwesi, finansuri da sxva resursebis ekonomia. ra Tqma undaTiToeul konkretul kompiuterul qsels gaaCnia Tavisi funqciada misTvis gansazRvrulia amocanebi, romlebic unda iqnesgadaWrili, magram am amocanebTan erTad yovelTvis dgasekonomiis amocana, romelic SeiZleba gulisxmobdes Tanxebis,drois an nebismieri sxva resursis ekonomias. am ekonomiismiRebis xerxebi sxvadasxvaa. misi miReba SesaZlebelia qselis,rogorc fizikuri struqturis, aseve misi programuliuzrunvelyofis gaumjobesebisa da modernizaciis gziT.aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavad qselis funqcionirebis miznebisgaTvaliswinebiT unda ganxilul iqnes mxolod is SesaZlovariantebi, romlebic uzrunvelhyofs aRniSnuli miznisSesrulebas. vTqvaT Tu arsebuli qselis eqsploataciisdanaxarjebi drois erTeulSi Seadgenda S1 lars, xolooptimizaciis Sedegad SenarCunebul iqna yvela aucilebelifunqciis Sesruleba igive doneze, xolo saeqoloataciodanaxarjebma Seadgina S2 lari, (S2

ganisazRvros im funqcionalur amocanaTa erToblioba, romelTagadaWrac warmoadgens mocemuli qselis funqcionirebis mizans,aseve, ganisazRvros eqspluataciis reJimis pirobebi, misdamimoTxovnebi da a.S. da bolos, unda dadgenil iqnesfunqcionaluri damokidebulebani, romlebic akavSirebszemoaRniSnuli ZiriTadi parametrebs erTmaneTTan da asevedanaxarjebTan qselis optimizaciasa da Semdgom eqspluataciaze.amasTan, sirTule mdgomareobs imaSi, rom danaxarjebisteqnikrur parametrebTan damokidebulebis warmodgena (anu misiganxilva n cvladebis Semcveli funqciis saxiT) praqtikuladSeuZlebelia. SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas ori midgoma:1. gamomdinare gamocdilebidan miRebuli codnidanzogierTi cvladebis mniSvnelobebisaTvis moxdes maTieqstrapolireba sxva cladebis proeqtirebisa daoptimizaciis gamocdilebis gamoyenebiT;2. iqidan gamomdinare, rom cnobilia funqciis mniSvnelobazogierT wertilSi, CaiTvalos, rom misi mateba cvladebiscvlilebisas aris aditiuri.es Sefasebebi iZleva saSualebas dadgenil iqnesparametrebis mniSvnelobebis is sazRvrebi, romelTa drosacqseli asrulebs Tavis funqcionalur amocanebs. amitom amparametrebis CamonaTvali da maTi misaRebi (dasaSvebi) anmoTxovnili mniSvnelobebi ideba teqnikur davalebaSi. teqnikuridavalebis SeTanxmeba da damtkiceba qselis optimizaciis drosumniSvnelovanesia. Tavad optimizaciis procesSi aRniSnuldavalebaSi mocemuli parametrebi SeiZleba mxolodgaumjobesdes, nebismieri varianti, romlis drosac amparametrebidan nebismieri gauaresda gulisxmobs, rom qseli arasrulebs Tavis funqciebs. [42]danaxarjebis Sefaseba, romlebic gakeTebulia teqnikuriekonomikuridasabuTebis dros ar unda iqnes gadametebuliqselis proeqtirebis, optimizaciis da Semdgomi eqsploataciisdros. gasagebia, rom maT Semcirebas mivyevarT qselis63

efeqturobis gazrdamde (amasTan teqnikur davalebaSi mocemulimaCveneblebis mniSvnelobebi ar unda gauaresdes), amitomxarjebis minimizaciis amocana aqtualuria qselis Seqmnis,optimizaciisa da eqsploataciis nebismier etapze.Sesabamisad, meore daskvna: pirobebi, romlis drosac qseliakmayofilebs Tavis funqcionalur daniSnulebas, ganisazRvrebateqnikur davalebaSi ZiriTadi parametrebis mniSvnelobebiserTobliobis saxiT. maTi gamosvla dadgenili farglebidanganixileba, rogorc qselis funqcionaluri daniSnulebis arSesruleba.kompiuteruli qselis proeqtirebis (optimizaciis) sawyisetapze, rogorc wesi, xdeba qselis ramdenime variantis Sedareba.yvela ganxilul variantSi teqnikur davalebaSi mocemuliparametrebis mniSvnelobebi ar unda iyos dadgenilze uaresi,xolo danaxarjebi qselis Seqmnasa da eqspluataciaze unda iyosgaTvlili mniSvnelobebis farglebSi im Sefasebebis Sesabamisad,romlebic gakeTebul iqna teqnikur-ekonomikuri dasabuTebisetapze. Sesabamisad, ganxiluli variantebi SeiZlebagansxvavdebodes:1. teqnikur davalebaSi mocemuli parametrebisgaumjobesebis mxriv;2. im parametrebis mniSvnelobebis mxriv, romlebic araris mocemuli teqnikur davalebaSi;3. zemoT mocemuli faqtorebis erTobliobiT.pirvel SemTxvevaSi, teqnikur davalebaSi mocemuliparametrebis cvlilebis gavlena danaxarjebze SeiZlebaSefasdes, radganac maT Soris funqcionaluri damokidebulebebiunda dadgenil iqnas teqnikur-ekonomikuri dasabuTebis stadiaze.gamomdinare aqedan, pirvel SemTxvevaSi SedarebiTianalizisaTvis dasaSvebia saerTo ekonomikuri maCveneblisgamoyeneba. [41]parametrebi, romlebic ar Sedis teqnikur davalebaSi, araxdens uSualo gavlenas qselis funqcionaluri daniSnulebis64

Sesrulebaze. Tumca, xSirad, maT cvlilebas mivyevarTdanaxarjebis cvlilebamde Seqmnasa da eqsluataciaze. amitomSedarebiTi analizisaTvis, meore SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba mxolodxarjebis Sefaseba xarjebsa da Secvlil parametrs SoriserTganzomilebiani damokidebulebis gamoyenebiT da im daSvebiT,rom saerTo cvlileba aris calkeuli Semadgenlebis aditiurifunqcia. rac ufro meti parametrebia CamoTvlili teqnikurdavalebaSi, miT ufro naklebad aris SesaZlebeli variantebisSedareba.mesame SemTxveva aerTianebs pirvel ors; SesaZlebelia orivemidgoma.proeqtirebisa da optimizaciis procesSi kompiuteruliqselis Seqmnis amocana da saerTo moTxovnebi, romlebicCamoTvlilia teqnikur davalebaSi, gadamuSavdeba, rogorcmoTxovnebi calkeuli qvesistemebis, kvanZebisa da elementebisparametrebis mimarT. [44]qselis Semadgeneli nawilebis mimarT moTxovnebisgamomuSavebis dros gamoiyeneba efeqturobis is kriteriumebi,romelTa safuZvelzec ganisazRvreba qselis TiToeuli nawilisparametrebis racionaluri mniSvnelobebi.mTeli qselis teqnikur davalebaSi mocemuli parametrebisada TiToeuli qvesistemisa da mowyobilobis teqnikur davalebaSimocemuli parametrebis mniSvnelobebs Soris Sesabamisobisdadgena aris qselis proeqtirebisa da optimizaciis erTerTiurTulesi da umniSvnelovanesi problema.mesame daskvna: qselis teqnikuri davalebis moTxovnebisgadanawileba sistemis calkeul elementebze aris ara mxolodteqnikuri, aramed ekonomikuri amocanac.davuSvaT, rom saerTo teqnikuri davaleba mTel qselzeasaxulia kerZo teqnikur davalebebSi calkeul elementebze daqvesistemebze, da gadavideT romelime elementis proeqtirebisdoneze kerZo teqnikuri davalebis safuZvelze. am doneze, iseverogorc mTeli sistemis doneze, saWiro xdeba sxvadasxva65

variantebis Sedareba. Tumca, axla parametrebi CmoTvliliteqnikur davalebaSi, rogorc wesi, ar aris uSualoddakavSirebuli sistemur maxasiaTeblebTan. am etapze asevegamoiyeneben saerTo ekonomikur maxasiaTebels an mis calkeulSemadgenel nawilebs ukeTesi gadawyvetilebis mosaZieblad.mowyobilobis nebismieri teqnikuri parametris cvlilebayovelTvis dakavSirebulia garkveul cvlilebebTan teqnikur daprogramul saSualebebSi. sxva sityvebiT, arsebobs kavSirimowyobilobis parametrebsa da masze daxarjul teqnikur daprogramul resursebTan R, romelic SeiZleba gamosaxul iqnasxarjebis ekonomikuri maCveneblis saSualebiT: [41]S=δSR, R=f -1 (S/δS)sadac:δS – aris resursebis erTeulze gaweuli xarjebi.Tumca, Tu δS sidide erTidaigivea yvela variantisaTvis,Sedareba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes S sididis mixedviTmeoTxe daskvna: imisaTvis rom ganxorcieldeskompiuteruli qselisa da misi elementebis proeqtireba daoptimizacia, aucilebelia teqnikur parametrebsa da aparaturulda programul resursebze gaweul danaxarjebs Soris arsebulidamokidebulebebisa da aseve am resursebis erTeulze gaweulifinansuri danaxarjebis codna.variantis asarCevad didi mniSvneloba aqvs SemTxvevas,rodesac variantebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba ara mxolod R-issididiT, aramed, rodesac R-is mniSvnelobis gauaresebasTanerTad umjobesdeba romelime sxva maxasiaTebeli anmaxasiaTebelTa erToblioba. araa gamoricxuli isSesaZleblobac, rom es cvalebadi maxasiaTeblebi sxvadasxvavariantebSi sxvadasxvaa. am pirobebSi warmoiSveba iseTiefeqturobis maCveneblis dadgenis amocana, romelic daakavSirebsdanaxarjebs erTis mxriv da zogierTi maxasiaTeblebisgaumjobesebas, meores mxriv.66

aseTi arCevanis araerTmniSvnelovnebas da amave dros misdid mniSvnelobas mivyevarT SerCeuli maCveneblis mkacridasabuTebis aucileblobasTan misi teqnikur davalebasa dasaerTo sistemuri ekonomikur maxasiaTebelTan kavSirisgaTvaliswinebiT.zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, upirveles yovlisa saWiroakompiuteruli qselis ZiriTadi funqciebis gansazRvra da misibazuri arqiteqturis damuSaveba.termini “qseluri arqiteqtura” gulisxmobs bevr ramesiqidan risi moZebnac SeiZleba leqsikonSi sityvaze“arqiteqtura”. qseluri arqiteqtura exeba qselis proeqtirebisada agebis, aseve qselis calkeuli komponentebis urTierTqmedebiskontruqciis sakiTxebs.qseluri arqiteqtura SeiZleba gagebul iqnas, rogorckontruqcia an infrastruqtura, romelic safuZvlad udevsqselis funqcionirebas. aRniSnuli infrastruqtura Sedgebaramdenime ZiriTadi Semadgenelisagan, kerZod qselis topologia,kabeluri gayvaniloba da maTi SemaerTebeli mowyobilobebi –xidebi, marSrutizatorebi da komutatorebi. qselisproeqtirebisa da optimizaciis dros aucilebelia TiToeuliaRniSnuli qseluri resursis gaTvaliswineba da imis gansazRvraTu konkretulad romeli resursebi unda iqnes gamoyenebuli, darogor unda iqnes isini ganlagebuli qselSi imisaTvis, rommoxdes qselis mwarmoeblurobis optimizacia, ufro gamartivdesmisi marTva da darCes qselis Semdgomi gazrdis saSualeba. [43]3.2. kompiuteruli qselis funqcionirebis xarisxismaxasiaTeblebirogorc ukve avRniSneT, kompiuteruli qselisfunqcionirebis Sefaseba xdeba Semdegi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebissaSualebiT: kavSirebis saerTo raodenoba, droiTimaxasiaTeblebi, saimedooba, informaciis gadacemis utyuaroba,67

informaciis daculoba da mTlianoba, sainformacio-gamomTvlelresursebTan mimarTvis SesaZlebloba da a.S.ganvixiloT Tu ramdenad aris mizanSewonili aRniSnulimaxasiaTeblebis kompiuteruli qselis funqcionirebisefeqturobis kriteriumebad SerCeva.qselis kavSirebis saerTo raodenoba – gansazRvravs mispotencialur SesaZleblobas daamyaros urTierTqmedebamomxmareblebsa da ganawilebul resursebs Soris. rac ufro metmomxmarebels SeuZlia CaerTos qselSi, miT ufro srulyofiliaqseli. [49]qselis droiTi maxasiaTeblebi aris Zalian mniSvnelovani immxriv Tu ramdenad Cqara xdeba momxmarebelTa momsaxureba.momxmarebelTa momsaxurebis siswrafis Sesafaseblad gamoiyenebaSemdegi maCveneblebi: miRwevis saSaualo dro, romelicmniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli qselis zomebze, momxmarebelTamoSorebulobaze, qselis datvirTvaze da bevr sxva faqtorze;momsaxurebis saSaulo dro, romelic gviCvenebs, Tu ra droixarjeba momxmareblis moTxovnis damuSavebaze muSaobis ama Tuim reJimis dros.momsaxurebis saimedooba – axasiaTebs qselis umtyunomuSaobis albaTobas, moxmarebelTan urTierTqmedebis dros,resursebTan xelsayreli mimarTviT, aseve diagnostikisa darezervirebis saSualebebis arsebobas, romlebic gamoiyenebamomsaxurebis xarisxis gasaumjobeleblad da saimedobisasamaRleblad.informaciis gadacemis utyuaroba, misi daculoba damTlianoba – gansazRvravs im Sesabamisi procedurebisSesrulebis xarisxs, romlebic dakavSirebulia qselSi monacemTagadacemas, Senaxvasa da ganawilebasTan. aRniSnuli procedurebidamokidebulia maTi marTvis organizaciis principebze, aseveSesabamisi qseluri qvesistemebisa da momxmareblebisfunqcionirebis wesebisa da normebze.68

sainformacio-gamomTvlel resursebTan mimarTvisSesaZlebloba – aris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Tviseba. aRniSnuliSesaZleblobis realizaciisaTvis saabonento sistemebs undagaaCndes maTematikuri uzrunvelyofis saSualebebi daprotokolebi, romlebic uzrunvelhyofs moTxovnili resursebisgamoZaxebisa da aqtivaciis funqciebs momxmareblisuflebamosilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.qseluri topologiuri struqturebis analizs, maTiaRwerisa da warmodgenis meTodebs aqvs uSualo kavSiri qselebisgamokvelevebisa da sxvadasxva parametrebis Sesabamisad maTioptimaluri variantis agebis mravalricxovani amocanebisgadaWrasTan. am amocanebs Soris SeiZleba gamoyofil iqnas samidamaxasiaTebeli jgufi:1. adekvaturi topologiuri aRweris Sedgena (topologiurimodelirebis amocanebi);2. qselis mocemuli struqturi maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvra;3. qselis struqturis optimizacia an/da Tavad qselisoptimizacia ama Tu im topologiuri struqturisfarglebSi.pirveli jgufis amocanebs ganekuTvneba iseTi amocanebi,romlebSic saWiroa qselis pirveladi konceptualuri aRwerisTanaxmad Sedgenil iqnes misi topologiuri struqtura, anuganisazRvros sainformacio kvanZebisa da maT Soris kavSirebisqvesistemebi da elementebi. am amocanebis gadaWris procesSiwarmoiSveba aRniSnuli elementebisa da maTi SeerTebis sqemebisklasifikaciis saWiroeba maTi saxeobebis, daniSnulebis damdebareobis mixedviT; aseve aucilebelia mocemul iqnesinformaciuli nakadebis mimarTulebebi, klasificirebul iqnesqselis topologiis formirebadi modeli da miniSnebul iqnesZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi. [52]meore jgufis amocanebis gadaWrisas ganisazRvreba qselitopologiuri struqturis potenciuri SesaZleblobebi,kaSirebisa da elementebis urTierTqmedebis sqemebis mocemul69

struqturaSi gadanawilebis pirobebi, qselis sawyisitopologiis gardaqmnis eqvivalenturi pirobebi. mocemulimoTxovnebisa da maxasiaTeblebis uzrunvelhyofa – arisaRniSnuli jgufis amocanebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi piroba.qselebis Teoriis Sefasebisas optimaluri variantebisagebasTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic ganekuTvneba mesame jgufisamocanebs, unda aRiniSnos, rom am SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeliaamocanebis zusti da mkacri formalizeba da gadawyveta. mesamejgufis amocanaTa umravlesoba – aris maRali sirTulisamocanebi. amasTan erTad isini aris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani,radganac swori midgomisa da maTi gadaWris SemTxvevaSiSeiZleba miRebul iqnas mniSvnelovani sargebeli qselebisproeqtirebisa da Semdgomi optimizaciis dros.kompiuteruli qselebis optimizaciis amocanebis gadawyvetismeTodikaSi gamoiyofa sami ZiriTadi midgoma: analitikuri,evristikuli da imitaciuri. [26] [36]am amocanebis gadaWris Taviseburebas warmoadgens is, romTiToeuli midgomis dros gamoiyeneba maTematikuri aparati,romelic warmoadgens maTematikis erT-erT did danayofs –grafebis Teorias. [38]praqtikuli amocanebis gadaWrisas, romlebicdakavSirebulia qselis topologiis analizTan, xSirad ar arissakmarisi grafebis strqturuli maxasiTeblebis SefasebisSesruleba, aramed moiTxoveba garkveul grafebs mieniWosdamatebiTi Tvisebebi. amasTan, grafze isini ganisazRvrebaspecialuri funqciebiT, xolo grafebs aseT SemTxvevaSi ewodebaawonili.funqciebi SeiZleba mocemul iqnas mxolod wveroebze anwiboebze, an erTdroulad wveroebze da wiboebze. funqciebisfizikuri arsi principSi gansxvavebulia. es aris kompiuteruliqselis zogierTi realuri maxasiTebeli: arxebisgamtarunarianoba, SetyobinebaTa nakadebis intensiuroba,aparaturis elementebis saimedooba da sxva. awonil grafebs70

ganixilaven iseT amocanebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic SeiZlebadaxasiaTebul iyos rogorc topologiuri struqturisminimizaciis amocanebi. [47]topologiuri struqturis matriculi saxiTwarmoadgenisas xdeba qseluri resursebisa da maCveneblebisganawileba kvanZebis, arxebisa da qselis sxva ZiriTadielementebis mixedviT. gamoiyofa struqturuli matricebi dagrafebi, romlebic gansazRvraven qselis topologias: kvanZebisincidenciis da mosazRvreobis matricebi, tevadobisa dakavSirunarianobis matricebi da a.S. Tu maTSi CavdebT garkveulfizikur azrs, maSin miviRebT matricebis rigs, romlebicaxasiaTebs sainformacio qsels praqtikul mimarTebaSi. es arisarxebis sainformacio tevadobis, gamtarunarianobebis,saimedoobisa da Rirebulebebis matricebi.topologiis arCeva efuZneba ama Tu im sawyis moTxovnebs,romelTa saxiTac SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas, magaliTad: qselismocemuli kavSirunarianoba, saimedooba, Rirebuleba da a.S. [43]yvela amocana, romelic exeba topologiis Sefasebasa daarCevas, SeiZleba dayofil iqnes or kategoriad: amocanebiqselis statikur modelebze da amocanebi dakavSirebuli qselisfunqcionirebis procesis dinamikis analizTan. maTi gadaWrismizniT saWiroa kompiuterul qselebSi informaciis nakadebisTeoriis garkveuli doneze codna.rogorc cnobilia, qselis funqcionirebis procesSi xdebainformaciis urTierTgacvla qselur kvanZebsa da mis sxvaelementebs Soris, anu adgili aqvs informaciis nakadebs.Teoriul aspeqtSi qselebSi nakadebi moicema ricxobrivifunqciebiT an mniSvnelobebiT, romlebic mieTiTeba ama Tu imqselis amsaxveli grafebis wiboebze. kompiuteruli qselebisarxebi da sxva elementebi aseve xasiaTdeba sxvadasxvainformaciuli maxasiaTeblebiT, romlebic ganisazRvreba qselisstruqturuli matricebis woniTi koeficientebis saxiT. qseliselementebisa da nakadebis maxasiaTeblebs Soris unda adgili71

hqondes garkveul Sesabamisobebs, romlebic uzrunvelhyofsqselis muSaobis normalur reJims.qselSi nakadebis ganawilebis maxasiaTeblebis analizixorcieldeba uSualo logikuri kavSiriT qselis topologiuristruqturis SesaZleblobebTan. magaliTad, grafis saxiTSeiZleba mocemul iqnas garkveuli qseli. saWiroa ganisazRvrosSeuZlia Tu ara am qsels kavSirunarianobis, miRwevadobismocemuli maxasiTeblebidan gamomdinare uzrunvelhyossainformacio nakadebis urTierTgacvlis moTxovnili donekvanZebs, momxmareblebsa da saabonento sistemebs Soris.aRniSnuli saxis amocanebis gadaWrisas aseve undagansazRvrul iqnes Tu rogori modelebiT (determinirebuli TuSemTxveviTi) SeiZleba iqnes warmodgenili nakadebi qselSi. amazedamokidebulebiT xdeba maTi maxasiaTeblebis SefasebismeTodebis SerCevac.determinirebuli nakadebis maxasiaTeblebia: gadacemuliinformaciis odenoba drosTan mimarTebaSi, Setyobinebisgadacemis dawyebis momentebi, misi xangrZlivoba da a.S.SemTxveviTi nakadebi xasiTdeba maTi warmoqneli movlenaTaganawilebis albaTobebiT.unda aRiniSnos, rom nakadebTan mimarTebaSi qslebSiSeiZleba gamoyofil iqans amocanebis ori klasi:1. nakadebis ganawilebis optimizaciis amocanebi qseliswinaswar gansazRvruli topologiis mixedviT;2. amocanaTa klasi, romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebsteletrafikis Teoriis ZiriTad amocanebs, romlebiciZleva arxebisa da kvanZebis datvirTvebis Sefasebas daqselSi sxvadasxva sainformacio procesebis realizaciisada informaciis gadamuSavebis mxriv misi potencialuriSesaZleblobis gansazRvras.pirveli klasis amocanebs ganekuTvneba, magaliTad, mocemulgrafze umoklesi gzebis Zieba, qselis centraluri kvanZisganlageba, maqsimaluri nakadis gansazRvra da a.S. meore klasis72

amocanebs ganekuTvneba teletrafikis Teoriis amocanebi, aqSeiZleba gamoyofil iqnes rogorc kombinatorikisa damaTematikuri statistikis martivi amocanebi (nakadebis albaTurimaCveneblebis gansazRvris amocanebi eqsperimentaluridakvirvebebisa da cdebis Sedegad), aseve ufro rTuli amocanebi(nakadebis Sedareba puasonis ganawilebasTan).rogorc ukve avRniSneT, kompiuteruli qseli iseve,rogorc nebismieri sxva rTuli teqnikuri sistema, xasiTdebaimiT, rom masSi SeiZleba CarTul iqnes axali sferoebi daobieqtebi, SeiZleba Secvlil iqnes teqnikuri da sxvasaSualebebis konfiguracia, moxdes elementebsa da qvesistemebsSoris funqciebis gadanawileba. aseve moxdes gare faqtorebis,kerZod, datvirTvis, trafikis da a.S., cvlileba. yovelive escxadia gavlenas axdens kompiuteruli qselis maxasiaTeblebismniSvnelobebze.Sesabamisad, rogorc ukve avRniSneT, kompiuteruli qselisfunqcionirebis xarisxis gansazRvisa da misi oprimizaciisaTvisumniSvelovanes sakiTxs warmoadgens mis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebsSoris urTierTkavSirebis Sefaseba. optimaluri kompiuteruliqselis asagebad aucilebelia imis dadgena, Tu ra gavlenasaxdens erTi maxasiaTeblis cvlileba sxva maCveneblebze.3.3. kompiuteruli qselis ZiriTad parametrebs SorisurTierTdamokidebulebis dadgena da Sefasebakompiuteruli qselebis maxasiaTeblebis Seswavlisa da misifunqcionirebis efeqturobis gansazRvris Sedegad SeiZlebagamovlenil iqnes Semdegi urTierTkavSirebi daurTierTdamokidebulebani ZiriTad parametrebs Soris: [63]1. topologia – Rirebuleba,2. topologia – saimedooba,3. topologia – droiTi maxasiaTeblebi,4. Rirebuleba – droiTi maxasiaTeblebi,73

5. Rirebuleba – saimedooba,ganvixiloT aRniSnuli urTierTdamokidebulebani ufrodetalurad:1. topologia - Rirebulebaunda aRiniSnos, rom kompiuteruli qselis erT-erTiumniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTebeli aris misi topologia. Tavadtopologia xasiaTdeba mTeli rigi maCveneblebiT, romlebsacganekuTvneba: sirTule, ierarqiuloba, struqturis diametri,kavSirunarianoba, simkvrive, topologiis cvalebadoba,adaptaciis unari, saimedooba, sicocxlis unarianoba,paraleluroba, zrdis unari, topologiuri siWarbe.topologia urTierTdakavSirebulia yvela sxvamaxasiaTeblebTan, igi axdens mniSvnelovan gavlenas maTze,Tumca, meores mxriv, Tavad topologiis SerCeva damokidebuliaqselis qmediTunarianobis, saimedobisa da RirebulebismoTxovnil mniSvnelobebze.kompiuteruli qselis proeqtirebisa da optimizaciis drosyovelTvis dgeba aRniSnuli samuSaoebis efeqturobis Sefaseba,romelic ganisazRvreba ama Tu im topologiuri struqturisSerCevis RirebulebiTi mizanSewonilobiT.topologiis Sefasebisas dgeba amocana SerCeulitopologiuri struqturis Rirebulebis dakavSireba misiSemadgeneli elementebis RirebulebasTan. yvelaze efeqturitopologiuri struqtura aris is, romelic aris yvelazeefeqturi mocemuli Rirebulebis pirobebSi, an gaaCnia winaswargansazRvruli maxasiTeblebi yvelaze naklebi RirebulebispirobebSi. [41]mTliani danaxarjebis saerTo gamosaxulebas, romelicSeicavs danaxarjebs qselis Seqmnasa da eqsploataciaze, aqvsSemdegi saxe:W Σ (T) = n т (C т + R т T) + n к (C к + R к T) + n у (C у + R у T) (3.1)sadac:74

W Σ (T) – aris jamuri danaxarjebi kompiuteruli qselisSeqmnasa da misi funqcionirebis momsaxurebaze Т droisganmavlobaSi;n т , n к , n у – kompiuterul qselSi terminalebis, arxebisa dakvanZebis raodenoba Sesabamisad;С т , С к , С у – erT terminalis, arxisa da kvanZis RirebulebaSesambamisad;R т , R к , R у – fuladi saxsrebis danaxarjebi drois erTeulSierT terminalze, arxze da kvanZze Sesabamisad;Т – kompiuteruli qselis muSaobis vada misi funqcionirebisdawyebidan.2. topologia – saimedoobakompiuteruli qseli Tavis SemadgenlobaSi Seicavs didiodenobiT elementebs, romlebic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuliasxvadasxva saSualebebiT. amasTan dakavSirebiT, unda aRiniSnos,rom qselis topologia pirdapir kavSirSia mis saimedoobasTan.qselis sirTule uaryofiTad moqmedebs mis saimedoobaze,miuxedavad imisa, rom Sesasrulebeli amocanebis xasiaTi, sworedmaRal saimedoobas moiTxovs. unda gaTvaliswinebul iqnas, romqselis topologiuri struqturis SemuSavebis procesSi, anu,qseluri kvanZebisa da arxebis kavSirebis sqemebis agebis dros,daSvebulma Secdomebma SeiZleba gamoiwvios qselis dabaliefeqturoba da Sedegad miviRoT rogorc ekonomikurad aramizanSewonili, aseve arasakmarisad saimedo kompiuteruli qseli.rogorc ukve avRniSneT, kompiuteruli qseli warmoadgensrTul sistemas, xolo “rTuli sistemis saimedoobaSi”igulisxmeba misi SesaZlebloba Seasrulos yvela aucilebelifunqia eqsploataciis gansazRvruli pirobebSi da droismocemuli monakveTis ganmavlobaSi, yvela ZiriTadi parametrismniSvnelbebis winaswar gansazRvul farglebSi SenarCunebiT.raodenobrivad qselis saimedooba ganisazRvreba mis kvanZebsSoris kavSirebis darRvevis albaTobiT, romelic SeiZlebagamoTvlil iqnes Tu cnobilia kavSiris xazebsa da komutaciis75

kvanZebis mtyunebebis albaTobebi. kompiuteruli qselistopologiuri proeqtirebisas Cveulebrivia imis daSveba, romnebismieri kvanZisa da wibos mtyunebebi warmoadgensdamoukidebel SemTxveviT movlenebs, romlebsac axasiaTebs yvelakvanZisaTvis (q 1 ) da wibosTvis (q 2 ) warmoSobis erTnairialbaTobebi. Tu am daSvebis gaTvaliswinebiT gamoviTvliTqselis kvanZebs Soris kavSirebis mtyunebebis albaTobebs Qij,i,j=1,2,…,n, maSin qselis saimedooba SeiZleba ganisazRvrosSemdegi gamosaxulebiT:Q = maxQ ij (3.2)i=jpraqtikaSi xSirad ufro mosaxerxebelia cal-calke wiburi(q 1 = 0) da kvanZuri (q 2 = 0) saimedobebis ganxilva, romlebicganisazRvreba wiburi Q 2ij da kvanZuri Q 1ij mtyunebebisalbaTobebiT qselis ij kvanZebs Soris, rodesac Sesabamisadmwyobridan gamodis an mxolod wiboebi an kvanZebi.gansakuTrebul gavlenas saimedoobaze axdens topologiiserT-erTi maxasiaTebeli – kavSirunarianoba. Sesabamisad, Tu ararsebobs SezRudva qselis Rirebulebaze, maSin mizanSewoniliamravalkavSiriani topologiuri struqturis realizacia. [48]kompiuterul qsels ewodeba k-kavSiriani, Tu qselisnebismieri ori kvanZi urTierT dakavSirebulia damoukidebeliarxebiT, romelTa raodenoba ar aris k-ze naklebi.mravalkavSiriani qselebis klasis erT-erTi kategoriaasrul kavSiriani qslebi, romelic gamosaxulia suraTze #3.1.sur. 3.1. srulkavSiriani topologiuri struqtura(yvela - yvelasTan)76

srulkavSiriani es aris kvanZebis kavSirebis aseTitopologiuri struqtura, rodesac TiToeul kvanZs gaaCniaSeerTebis xazi yvela sxva kvanZTan. kavSirebis raodenoba aseTsrulkavSirian qselSi, romelic Sedgeba N kvanZisagan, udris:k = N (N - 1) / 2 (3.3)mravalkavSiriani topologiuri struqtura uzrunvelhyofsinformaciis nakadebis moZraobis marSrutebis variantebisSerCevas kvanZebis bevri wyvilisaTvis calkeuli arxebisdatvirTulobis SemTxvevaSi. aRniSnul struqturas gaaCnia unariSeqmnas e.w. SemovliTi gzebi, Tu monacemTa gadacemis marSrutzemdebareobs kvanZebi, romlebSic moxda ucabedi mtyunebebimuSaobaSi.marSrutebisa da gzebis SerCevisas alternativebis arsebobauzrunvelhyofs qselis maRal struqturul saimedoobas. Tumcaamas mivyevarT qselis Rirebulebis gazrdasTan da Tudanaxarjebi warmoadgens qselis Seqmnis an optimizaciis ZiriTadkriteriums, maSin unda SemuSavdes sxva saxis topologiuristruqtura. [63]garda zemoTaRniSnulisa aseve SesaZlebelia saimedoobismaCvenebeblebis damokidebulebebis gamosaxva imis da mixedviT Turogoria elementebis SeerTebis sqema kompiuteruli qselistopologiaSi: Tanmimdevruli Tu paraleluri (ix. suraTi 3.2).elementi 1elementi 2a)elementi 1 elementi 2b)sur. 3.2. kompiuteruli qselis topologiur struqturaSielementebis SeerTebis sqema:a) paraleluri b) Tanmimdevruli77

qselis im nawilis mtyunebebis intensiuroba, romelSic i daj elementebi Tanmimdevrulad aris SeerTebuli, gamoisaxebaSemdegi gamosaxulebiT:L Tanm . = N i L i + N j L j (3.4)sadac:N i , N j – aris i da j tipis elementebis raodenoba Sesabamisad;Li, Lj – aris i da j tipis elementebis mtyunebebis intensiurobaSesabamisad;qselis im nawilis mtyunebebis intensiuroba, romelSic ida j elementebi paralelurad aris SeerTebuli, gamoisaxebaSemdegi gamosaxulebiT:L par. = L i L j (M i + M j )/(M i M j ) (3.5)sadac:N i , N j – aris i da j tipis elementebis raodenoba Sesabamisad;Li, Lj – aris i da j tipis elementebis mtyunebebis intensiurobaSesabamisad;Mi, Mj – aris i da j tipis elementebis mtyunebis SemdgomiaRdgenis intensiuroba Sesabamisad.mTeli qselis mtyunebebis intensiuroba L tolia yvela L Tanm .da L par. intensiurobebis jamisa. [63]Sesabamisad, mtyunebaTa Sorisi namuSevris saSualo droganisazRvreba formuliT:Т нар = 1/ L (3.6)kompiuteruli qselis mzadyofnis koeficientis gamoTvlazemoaRniSnuli konfiguraciebis SemTxvevaSi xorcieldebaSemdegi formulebis saSualebiT:Р Tanm. = P i P j (3.7)sadac: P k = M k /(M k + L k ), k = i,j, Tu mowyobilobebi i da jSeerTebulia Tanmimdevrulad;P par. = 1 – R i R j (3.8)sadac: R k = L k /(M k + L k ), k = i,j , Tu mowyobilobebi i da jSeerTebulia paralelurad, R – aris mtyunebis albaToba.78

qselis mzadyofnis koeficienti tolia yvela Р Tanm. da P par .sidideebis namravlisa, romlebic Sedis qselis konfiguraciaSi.3. topologia – droiTi maxasiaTeblebi [63]rogorc ukve avRniSneT zemoT, droiTi maxasiaTeblebidanerT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia gamtarunarianoba.saeqsploatacio gamtarunarianoba gamoiTvleba SemdegigamosaxulebiT:С e = k e k e.g. C (3.9)sadac:k e - aris saeqsploatacio efeqturobis koeficienti, romelicganisazRvreba rogorc kompiuteruli qselis sasargeblogamoyenebis drois Sefardeba srul drosTan.k e.g. - qselis gamoyenebis efeqturobis koeficienti.C - Teoriuli anu Senonis gamtarunarianoba.saeqsploatacio gamtarunarianoba, rogorc wesi, izomebabiti/wm-Si.elementebis TanmimdevrobiT SeerTebis SemTxvevaSi mTeliqselis saeqsploatacio gamtarunarianoba tolia qseliselementebis gamtarunarianobebidan minimalurisa:___С эij = min C э s, S = 1, n (3.10)sparaleluri SeerTebis SemTxvevaSi saeqsploataciogamtarunarianobebi jamdeba:s___C э ∑ = ∑ C эi , i = 1, S (3.11)i=1Sesabamisad, kompiuteruli qselis saeqsploataciogamtarunarianoba damokidebulia SerCeul topologiurstruqturaze, anu, qselis kvanZebsa da arxebs Soris kavSirebissqemaze. [52]79

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom qselis gamtarunarianoba pirdapirdamokidebulebaSia qselis diametrTan, romelic asevetopologiur maxasiaTebels warmoadgens.4. Rirebuleba – droiTi maxasiaTeblebirogorc ukve araerTxel avRniSneT erT-erT mniSvnelovandroiT maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgens gamtarunarianoba dadayovneba, romelTa optimaluri mniSvneloba damokidebuliaRirebulebiT SezRudvebze. [41]maRali gamtarunarianoba zrdis qselis Rirebulebas, xolodabali gamtarunarianobis dros qselSi xdeba gadatvirTvebi daSetyobinebaTa dayovneba. Tanafardoba Rirebulebasa xazebisgamtarunarianobas Soris gamoisaxeba Semdegnairad:W = Σ W i (C i ) (3.12)isadac:W – aris xazis mTliani Rirebuleba;W i – i-xazis RirebulebiTi koeficienti;C i – i-xazis gamtarunarianoba;W-s mniSvnelobebi araTanabaria, radganac kavSiris xazebsgaaCniaT sxvadasxva sigrZe. kerZod, Tanafardoba Rirebulebasagamtarunarianobas Soris SeiZleba gamoisaxul iqnes Semdegixarisxovani kanoniT:W = Σ W i C α i (3.13)ii-xazis saSualo dayovneba ganisazRvreba rigSi lodinisdroiT im daSvebiT, rom Setyobinebebis sigrZes gaaCniaeqsponencialuri ganawileba:T i = 1 / (μC i - λ i ) (3.14)sadac:λ i – aris i-arxSi monacemTa nakadis intensiuroba;1 / μ – SetyobinebaTa saSualo sigrZe (bitebSi).Seyovnebis saSualo mniSvneloba yvela Semadgenelze miiRebaTi-s gasaSualoebis gziT, woniTi koeficientebiT λ i /γ, sadac γ80

aris SetyobinebaTa miRebis jamuri siCqare. amrigad, saSualodayovneba T ganisazRvreba Semdegi gamosaxulebiT:Tλi⎛1 ⎞= ∑⎜ ⎟i γ ⎝ μCi− λi⎠(3.15)gamtarunarianobebi, romlebic minimizirdeba mudmivi W-sSemTxvevaSi, ganisazRvreba lagranJis ganusazRvreli mamravlebismeTodiT. Sedegad viRebT Semdeg gamosaxulebas:λiWeCi = +μ Wi∑iλiWiλiWisadac Wе gamoisaxeba Semdegnairad:(3.16)We = W−∑iλiWiμ(3.17)rezultaturi tranzituli Seyovnebis mniSvnelobamonacemTa gadacemisas xazebiT, romelTa gamtarunarianobaa C i ,mocemuli zemoT moyvanili gamosaxulebebiT, ganisazRvrebarogorc:n ⎛ λiWi⎞T min = ⎟(3.18)∑μWe ⎜⎝ λ i ⎠sadac λ – aris trafikis λ i -s intensiurobebis jami yvelaxazSi.aRniSnuli gansazRvreba saSualebas iZleva kavSiris arxebisxarjebze arsebuli SezRudvebis SemTxvevaSi ise iqnes SerCeuligamtarunarianobebi, rom Setyobinebebis saSualo dayovneba iyosminimaluri. [63]5. Rirebuleba - saimedoobasaimedobis mxriv moTxovnaTa gansazRvrisas, gamomdinaresxvadasxva midgomebidan da meTodebidan, romlebic81

uzRunvelhyofen aRniSnul moTxovnebs, unda SerCeul iqnes is,romlis realizebac SesaZlebelia minimaluri danaxarjebiT.rogorc wesi, saimedobis gazrdisas izrdeba danaxarjebic,amitom zogierT SemTxvevaSi, gamomdinare kompiuteruli qselisfunqciebidan, ar aris mizanSewonili zedmetad maRalisaimedobis moTxovna.saimedobis moTxovnebis gansazRvris erT-erTi saSualebaefuZneba zianis Rirebulebis Sefasebas, romelic dakavSirebuliamonacemTa gadacemasTan. SemoviRoT Semdegi aRniSvnebiqselisaTvis, romelic Seicavs qvesistemebs:e -ct – aris mtyunebaTa mimarT medegi sistemis saimedooba;e -st – sistemis darCenili nawilis saimedooba;F c (t) – gamosaxuleba (1 - e -ct );W 0 – qselis Rirebuleba;T – monacemTa gadacemis dro.Tu drois t momentSi mtyunebaTa mimarT medegi qvesistemagamovida mwyobridan da monacemTa gadacema gaxda SeuZlebeli,maSin miyenebuli zianis Rirebuleba, romelic dakavSirebuliamonacemTa gadacemis wyvetasTan, ganisazRvreba, rogorc:W 0 (1 – t / T) e -st (3.19)Tanamamravli (1–t/T) iTvaliswnebs zians tmniSvnelobebisaTvis romlebic axloa T-sTan, anu, im iSviaTSemTxvevebSi, rodesac mwyobridan gamodis mtyunebaTa mimarTmedegi qvesistema. mcire e -st -Tvis mtyunebebis mimarT mgrZnobiareamtyunebaTa mimarT aramedegi qvesistema.amitom sidide W 0 (1 – t / T) iwoneba e -st -Ti da mravldebapirveli mtyunebis warmoSobis albaTobaze dF c (t) intervalze (t,t+dt), gasaSualoebulze am intervalze. [52]miRebuli gamosaxulebis integrirebiT 0-dan T-mde, miviRebT:w t d F c (t) c e -w(c+s) - 1Е = W 0 ∫ (1 - ) e -st = W 0 [ 1 + ]0T d(t) c + s T (c + s)(3.20)82

E-s sidide integrirdeba rogorc monacemTa gadacemasTandakavSirebiT miRebuli zianis Rirebuleba; gviCvenebs ERirebulebis SedarebiT Semcirebas saimedobis erTjeradimatebis dros. c namatis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebeliadamatebiTi danaxarjebi. Tu К-Ti avRniSnavT mtyunebebis mimarTmedegi qvesistemis Rirebulebas, maSin dК/dc sidide aris c-serTjeradi namatis uzrunvelsayofad saWiro danaxarjebismateba. Tu dE/dc > - dK/dc, maSin zianis Rirebulebis Semcireba cparametris matebis gamo aRemateba mtyunebaTa mimarT medegiqvesistemis Rirebulebas. aseT situaciaSi umjobesia saimedobisgazrda. piriqiT, TudE/dc < - dK/dc, maSin saimedobisgazrda efeqts ar iZleva.Sesabamisad, saimedobis gazrdis zRvruli wertiliganisazRvreba TanafardobiT:dE/dc = - dK/dc (3.21)Rirebuleba W 0 Seicavs K-sac, amitom sakmaod rTulia dE/dcwarmoebulis Sefaseba misaRebi sizustiT. Tumca W 0 >> K -sSemTxvevaSi W 0 SeiZleba CaiTvalos mudmivad da warmoebulebidE/dc da dK/dc – gamoiTvalos calcalke.3.4. Sedegebis SefasebaaRniSnul TavSi moyvanilia kompiuteruli qselismaCveneblebis farTo arealidan, romlebic detalurad ganxiluliyo sadisertacio naSromis me-2 TavSi, qselis funqcionirebisxarisxis Sefasebis parametrebis, anu misi efeqturobiskriteriumebis gasazRvris principebi. Sesabamisad SerCeuliaparametrebis didi raodenobidan ZiriTadebi.aseve dadgenilia mocemul maCveneblebs Soris raodenobrivikavSirebi, rac mniSvnelovania optimizaciis amocanebisformulirebisa da gadaWrisaTvis.83

Tavi 4. kompiuteruli qselis optimizaciisZiriTadi principebikompiuteruli qslebis optimizaciis problema SeiZlebaformulirebul iqnes Semdegnairad: mocemuli droiTimaxasiaTeblebis, informaciuli nakadebis, teqnikurisaSualebebis parametrebis mniSvnbelobebisa da yvela ammaCveneblis qselis funqcionirebis RirebulebasTandamokidebulebidan gamomdinare, ganisazRvros iseTi fizikuristruqtura, romlis drosac qselis Seqmnisa da eqspluataciisxarjebi minimaluria, xolo funqcionirebis xarisxismaxasiaTeblebi akmayofilebs qselis mimarT arsebul moTxovnebs.kompiuteruli qselis optimizaciis gansaxorcielebladsaWiroa jer ganisazRvros qselis funqcionirebis efeqturobismaCveneblebi, romlebzec damokidebulia optimizaciiskriteriumebis SerCeva, magram aucileblad sxva parametrebisadmiarsebuli moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelTac optimizaciisprocesSi SezRudvebi ewodeba. Sesabamisad, optimizaciiskriteriumebi SeiZleba iyos sxvadasva da damokidebuliakompiuteruli qselis Seqmnisa da funqcionirebis miznisagan.optimizaciis rogorc kriteriumebi, aseve SezRudvebi SeiZlebaiyos ori tipis: ekonomikuri maCveneblebis jgufidan da qselisfunqcionirebis xarisxis ganmsazRvreli maxasiaTeblebisjgufidan. [53]praqtikaSi optimizaciis procesi SeiZleba dayofil iqnasSemdeg etapebad:1. kompiuteruli qselis mimarT moTxovnebis gansazRvra daSefaseba, romelic moicavs Semdeg qveetapebs:- informaciul qselze datvirTvis Sesaxeb informaciisSegroveba;- qselis mimarT arsebuli moTxovnebis Sefaseba misifunqcionirebis miznebidan gamomdinare;- qselis ganviTarebis / gaumjobesebis gegmis SemuSaveba;84

2. arsebuli kompiuteruli qselis struqturisa da misikomponentebis analizi, romelic moicavs Semdegqveetapebs:- qselis topologiis gansazRvra;- monacemTa nakadebis mimarTulebis analizi;- qselSi “viwro adgilebisa” da “xmauris” gansazRvra;3. proeqtis realizaciis variantebis SemuSaveba da SerCeva,romelic moicavs Semdeg qveetapebs:- proeqtis variantebis SemuSaveba;- SemuSavebul variantebidan erT-erTis SerCeva;4. proeqtis efeqturobis analizi, romelic moicavs Semdegqveetapebs:- ekonomikuri mizanSewonilobis Sefaseba;- qselis “viwro adgilebis” analizi;- qselis masStabunarianobis SesaZleblobis gansazRvra;5. SerCeuli proeqtis realizacia, romelic moicavs Semdegqveetapebs:- kavSiris kvanZebis modifikacia;- struqturirebuli sakabelo sistemis montaJi;6. kompiuteruli qselis testireba da gamarTva, romelicmoicavs Semdeg qveetapebs:- gaSveba-gamarTvis samuSaoebi.7. proeqtis uzrunvelyofa misi eqspluataciis procesSi. [54]ganvixiloT rTuli obieqtebisa da sistemebis optimizaciisTeoriis ZiriTadi debulebebi maTi maTematikuri modelebisgamoyenebiT. modelebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi daniSnulebaakavSiris damyareba sistemis an procesis cvlad parametrebsa daim miznobriv funqcias Soris, romelic unda iqnes gamokvleulieqstremumebis mosaZieblad, optimizaciis SerCeulikriteriumebisa da mocemuli SezRudvebis Tanaxmad.Tu arsebobs sistemis formalizirebuli modeli, romelicgamosaxeba Semdegi saerTo saxis Tanafardobis saSualebiT:y i = f i (x 1 , x 2 , …, x k , x n ), (4.1)85

sadac y i – aris gamomavali cvladebi, mdgomareobiscvladebi (i=1, 2, …, m), x k – aris Semavali cvladebi, marTviscvladebi (k=1, 2, …, n), maSin miznobrivi funqcia asevedamokidebulia am cvladebze da gaaCnia miznobrivi funqciis e.w.F-forma:F=F(y 1 , y 2 , …, y m ; x 1 , x 2 , …, x n ). (4.2)cnobili modelis SemTxvevaSi miznobrivi funqciis F-formidan SeiZleba gadasvla e.w. G-formaze funqciidan {y m }-isgamoricxviT:G=G(x 1 , x 2 , …, x n ). (4.3)analogiurad SezRudvis R p funqciaSi SeiZleba gamoricxuliqnas y i cvladebi:R p (y 1 , y 2 , …, y m ; x 1 , x 2 , …, x n )= Q p (x 1 , x 2 , …, x n ) (4.4)amis Semdeg optimizaciis amocana daiyvaneba miznobrivifunqciis Seswavlaze eqstremumebis mosaZieblad: G=G(x 1 , x 2 , …, x n ),Semdegi SezRudvebis Q p (x 1 , x 2 , …, x n )=0 gaTvaliswinebiT.4.1. optimizaciis miznobrivi funqciebioptimizaciis amocanis gadawyvetisas mniSvnelovaniamiznobrivi funqciebis SerCevis ZiriTadi principebis gansazRvra.maT Soris ZiriTadebs ganekuTvneba: [55]1. erTmniSvnelovnebis principi, romelic mdgomareobsimaSi, rom optimizaciis erTi amocanis farglebSiunda ganxorcieldes erTi da mxolod erTimiznobrivi funqciis optimizacia. amisaTvis saWiroasaerTo miznobrivi F funqciis calkeuli p 1 da p 2Semadgenlebis erToblioba dayvanil iqnas Semdegsaxemde: F=A 1 p 1 + A 2 p 2 , sadac A 1 da A 2 – aris woniTikoeficientebi.Tu erTi funqcia p 1 unda iqnas maqsimizirebuli, xolomeore p 2 – minimizirebuli, maSin mizanSewonilia erT-86

erTi maTgani Secvlil iqnas Sebrunebulze θ= 1/ p 1 ,imisaTvis, rom optimiaciis dros veZeboT saerTomaqsimumi (minimumi).2. Sesabamisobis principi, romelic mdgomareobs iseTSerCevaSi, rodesac miznobrivi funqciis optimizaciauzrunvelhyofs saukeTeso Sedegebs, anu igimniSvnelovnad axdens gavlenas saboloo Sedegze.3. modifikaciis principi, romelic gulisxmobs, rommiznobrivi funqcia unda gamosaxul iqnas iseTicvladebiT, romlebic eqvemdebareba mizanmimarTulzemoqmedebas da cvlilebas.4. Sesaferisi formis principi, romlis Sesabamisadacfunqciebi, romlebsac gaaCnia rRvevebi, lokalurieqstremumebi da araerTmniSvnelobebi arasasurveliamaT asarCevad miznobrivi funqciebis saxiT. [58]yvelaze farTod gavrcelebul miznobriv funqciebsganekuTvneba:1. ekonomkuri efeqturobis (mogebis) miznobrivi funqcia:F= Σ v i П i -isadac:Σ W j R j (4.5)iv i – aris procesis (sistemis) i-uri komponentis efeqturobiskoeficienti;П i – aris procesis i-uri dadebiTi efeqti;W i – aris j resursis Rirebuleba;R j – aris j resursis xarji.2. Rirebulebis miznobrivi funqcia:F = Σ W i (I i ) (4.6)isadac:W i – aris i gamosasvlelze Sedegis miRebis Rirebuleba;I – aris informaciis odenoba i gamosasvlelze.3. xarisxis miznobrivi funqcia:87

F =mΣ A i (Ŷ j - y i ) 2 (4.7)j=1sadac:A i – aris dadebiTi woniTi koeficientebi;Ŷ i – aris mdgomareobis cvladebis dasayenebelimniSvnelobebi.4.2. SezRudvebi gansazRvris principebioptimizaciis dros did rols TamaSobs SezRudvebi,romelTa Soris ganasxvaveben Semdeg saxeebs:1. mkacri SezRudvebi marTvis cvladebze, romelTa saerToforma SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnas Semdegi utolobebiT:x i ≥ R iн ; x i ≤R iв ;2. ara mkacri SezRudvebi marTvis cvladebze, romelTagaTvliswinebac xdeba arapirdapiri saxiT e.w. jarimisfunqciis saSualebiT: p i =k i (x i /R iв ) м i, sadac k i , M – arisdadebiTi ricxvebi; R iв – aris SezRudvis sidide;SesaZlebelia jarimis funqciis sxva saxec: p 2 =k i exp[M(x i -R iв )];3. SezRudvebi mdgomareobis cvladebze da marTviscvladebze, gamosaxuli rogorc marTvis cvladebisfunqciebi (SezRudvebis pirobebi):S p (y 1 , y 2 , …, y m ; x 1 , x 2 , …, x n ) ≤ S pв ; (4.8)S p (y 1 , y 2 , …, y m ; x 1 , x 2 , …, x n ) ≥ S pн . (4.9)modeli saSualebas iZleva es pirobebi dayvanil iqnas iseTsaxemde, rom SezRudvebi mocemul iqneba mxolod marTviscvladebis funqciebis saxiT: [60]R p (x 1 , x 2 , …, x n ; z p ) = 0, (4.10)sadac z p – aris damxmare cvladi.zemoT ganxiluli Tanafardobebi, romlebic gamoiyenebaoptimizaciis amocanebis gadasawyvetad, gviCveneben Sesaswavli88

procesebis modelebis ZiriTad azrsa da daniSnulebas. isiniaseve iZleva saSualebas swored:- moxdes sxvadasxva informaciuli parametrebisa dasidideebis identificireba;- ganxorcieldes modelirebis amocanebis dasma dasxvadasxva parametrebs Soris kavSirebis damyareba;- SeirCes da dasabuTdes optimizaciis kriteriumebi,ganisazRvros miznobrivi funqciebi;- ganisazRvros SezRudvebi;- ganxorcieldes optimizaciis amocanis dasma da winaswarSefasdes damuSavebis procesSi myofi modelisadekvaturoba.4.3. optimizaciis tipiuri amocanebiumetes wilad martiv da klasikur optimizaciis amocanaswarmoadgens arawrfivi miznobrivi funqciis eqstremumebis Zieba.Tu mdgomareobis cvladebisa y 1 , y 2 da marTvis cvladebis x 1 , x 2ori wyvilisaTvis miznobriv funqcias aqvs Semdegi saxe:F = F(X 1 , X 2 , Y 1 , Y 2 ; X 1 , X 2 , Y 1 , Y 2 ), (4.11)sadac X 1 , X 2 и Y 1 , Y 2 – aris optimumis koordinatebi, maSinmiznobrivi funqciis warmodgenis F-formidan G-formazeCveulebrivi xerxiT gadasvlisas, SeiZleba gamoyvanil iqnespirobebi, romelTa drosac xdeba misi maqsimumis (minimumis)uzrunvelyofa. Tanac isini aucileblad aris, radganac funqciasgaaCnia eqstremaluri wertilebi. [64]maqsimumis pirobas warmoadgens:[Gx 1 x 1 Gx 2 x 2 – (Gx 1 x 2 ) 2 ] > 0; Gx 1 x 1 < 0; Gx 2 x 2 < 0, (4.12)sadac Gx 1 x 1 , Gx 2 x 2 – aris meore kerZo warmoebuli Sesabamisadx 1- dan x 2- iT;Gx 1 x 2 – aris Sereuli kerZo warmoebuli.minimumisaTvis pirobas G (X 1 X 2 X 1 X 2 ) Sesabamisad aqvs Semdegisaxe:89

[Gx 1 x 1 Gx 2 x 2 – (Gx 1 x 2 ) 2 ] > 0; Gx 1 x 1 > 0; Gx 2 x 2 > 0. (4.13)xSirad, optimizaciis TeoriaSi gvxvdeba arawrfivimiznobrivi funqciebis optimizaciis amocanebi arawrfiviSezRudvebiT. im parametrebis optimaluri mniSvnelobebismosaZebnad, romelTa mimarTac xorcieldeba optimizacia,gamoiyeneba lagranJis mamravlebis meTodi. [64]aseTi tipis amocanis Sinaarsis analizs mivyavarT SemdegTanafardobebTan: miznobrivi funqcia SeiZleba warodgeniliqnas, rogorc jami misi kerZo saxis funqciis F (x, y), romelicSeesabameba minimalur mniSvnelobas, miRebuls optimizaciisprocesSi SezRudvebis gareSe, da SezRudvis funqciis H (X, Y),aRebuli gansazRvruli mamravliT λ:~F = F (x, y) + λH (x, y). (4.14)im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mocemulia m SezRudvebi, maSinmiznobriv funqcias gaaCnia Semdegi saxe:sistemas:~F = F(x, y) +mΣ λ k H k , (4.15)k = 1xolo optimumis pirobebi Seadgenen Semdegi tolobebis~∂F∂x1~= 0,∂F∂Fm∂Hk= + Σ λk= 0,∂x12∂xk =2∂x2. . . . . . . . . . .~∂F∂xn∂F=∂x1∂F=∂xnm∂H+ Σ λkk = 1 ∂x1km∂H+ Σ λkk = 1 ∂xnk= 0.(4.16)optimizaciis amocanebis sakmod vrcel jgufs wrmoadgenswrfivi programirebis amocanebi. wrfiv modelebs SezRudvebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi ar gaaCnia cvladebis saboloomniSvnelobebi, romlebic gansazRvraven miznobrivi funqciebisminimumebsa da maqsimumebs. wrfivi SezRudvebis garkveuliraodenobis erToblioba gansazRvravs n-ganzomilebiani90

warmobulis Sesabamis amoburcul mravalwaxnagas, romliswveroebsac warmoadgens koordinatebi x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , …, x n . nebismiergamosaxuleba, romelsac gaaCnia Semdegi saxe k i1 x 1 + k i2 x 2 + … + k in x n =Q i gansazRvravs n-ganzomilebiani sivrcis hipersibrtye.SezRudvebis m raodenobis SemTxvevaSi warmoiqmneba m odenobishipersibrtye, Tanac maTgan nebismieri oris gadakveTa iZlevakveTaze garkveul mravalwaxnagas (ix. sur.)aseTi saxis amocanebis gadawyveta xorcieldeba e.w.simpleqsuri meTodis daxmarebiT, romlis arsic mdgomareobserT-erTi wveros koordinatebis moZebnaSi da TanmimdevrulmimarTul moZraobaSi im maravalwaxnagas wiboebze, romelicmiRebul iqna n-ganzomilebian amoburculi mravalwaxnagasgadakveTis Sedegad Semdegi saxis hipersibrtyesTan (sur. 4.1.): [7]G = A 1 x 1 + A 2 x 2 + … + A m x m . (4.17)maqs.Gmin. Ghipersibrtye GA 1A 2A 3A 5A 4sur. 4.1. wrfivi programireba da sipleqs-meTodimoZraoba unda xorcieldebodes mxolod miznobrivifunqciis Semcirebisaken misi minimizaciis SemTxvevaSi, angazrdisaken misi maqsimumis Ziebis SemTxvevaSi. [58]91

optimizaciis sxva kalsikur amocanebs Soris didi adgiliukavia amocanebs, romelTa gadaWra xorcieldeba variaciuligamoTvlebis meTodisa da dinamiuri programirebis saSualebiT.4.4. kriteriumebi da SezRudvebikompiuteruli qselis optimizaciis amocanebSi.zemoT ganxiluli wrfivi da dinamiuri programirebisoptimizaciis klasikuri Teoriis debulebani warmoadgensZiriTads kompiuteruli qselis optimizaciis amocanebis dasmisada maTi gadawyvetis meTodebis SerCevaSi. principSi SesaZlebeliaoptimizaciis amocanebisa da maTi modifikaciebis usasrulosimravlis dasma, SerCeuli kriteriumebisa da kompiuteruliqselis maxasiaTeblebisa da cvladebis Sesabamisad. [64]kriteriumis saxiT xSirad gamoiyeneba kompiuteruli qselismTliani Rirebuleba W.Rirebulrbis wrfivi modelisaTvis miRebulia Tanafardoba,romelic gansazRvravs kompiuteruli qselis arxebisgamtarunarianobis optimalur mniSvnelobas, amave drosRirebulebis arawrfivi modelisaTvis (SeRunuli funqcia)optimizaciis amocanis gadawyveta xSirad iZleva ramdenimelokalur minimums, rac mniSvnelovnad arTulebs kompiuteruliqselis optimizaciis amocanis gadaWras.kompiuteruli qselis optimizaciis erT-erT kriteriumsaseve warmoadgens kompiuteruli qselis saimedooba.qselis saimedooba ganisazRvreba, rogorc SesaZleblobauzrunvelyofil iqnas normaluri kavSiri kvanZebis qvela moqmedwyvils Soris Tundac erTi gziT. kompiuteruli qselisproeqtirebis an misi Semdgomi optimizaciis dros SeiZlebamoTxovnil iqnes kvanZebis nebismier wyvils Soris kavSirisarseboba ori an meti urTierT damoukidebeli gziT. amrigad,saimedoobis raodenobriv maCveneblad, romelic aucilebeliaqselis optimizaciisaTvis, SeiZleba miRebul iqnes kvanZTa92

wyvilebis saSualo wili, romelTa Soris kavSiri SeuZlebelixdeba kvanZis an xazis mwyobridan gamosavlis gamo. ammaCveneblis gamosaangariSeblad aucilebelia elementebismtyunebis intensiurobis, kompiuteruli qselis calkeulikvanZebisa da xazebis mtyunebebisa da aRdgenebis nakadebis codnada Sefaseba.optimizaciis amocanis dasmisas yendeba SezRudvebi,romlebic ganisazRvreba Sesaswavl kompiuterul qselSimimdinare procesebis fizikuri arsiT, ekonomikuri moTxovnebiTada sxva konkretuli TaviseburebebiT, magaliTad saimedobiTa daelementebis funqcionirebis efeqturobiT.maT Soris gansakuTrebiT interess iwvevs ramdenime,magliTad: kompiuteruli qselis topologiuri struqturismaCveneblebi – N kvanZebis raodenoba da maT Soris kavSirebissimravle M; kavSiris xazebis gamtarunarianoba, Tanac TiToeulkavSirs (wibos u i ) Seesabameba gamtarunarianoba C i . igi umeteswilad diskretuli da iSviaTad uwyveti cvladia. C i –is TiToeulmniSvnelobas Seesabameba Rirebuleba Wi. cnobilia ori modeli,romlebic adgens urTerTkavSirs W–sa da C–s Soris (sur. 4.2):wrfivi W i = kC i da swepennaia (SeRunuli) W i = kC αi i . [10]W л (C i ) W н (C i )a) b)C iC isur. 4.2 kompiuteruli qselis kavSiris arxebisRirebulebasa da gamtarunarianobas Soris analitikuriurTierTdamokidebulebebis saxeobebia – wrfivi; b – SeRunuli93

arxebis Rirebuleba aseve warmoadgens uwyvet an diskretulsidides. kompiuteruli qslis mTliani Rirebuleba W = ∑ MiW i (C i )xSirad figurirebs rogorc cvladi kompiuteruli qselisoptimizaciis amocanebSi.qselis funqcionirebis xarisxis Sefasebis farTodgavrcelebul kriteriums warmoadgens Setyobinebebis saSualodayovneba T:N M1T = Σ λ I (T i + T ai + T oi ), (4.18)γ i=1sadac:γ =Σ Σ γij – aris qselis saerTo gamtarunarianoba;iγλ i – aris i-uri arxSi SetyobinebaTa gamoCenis sixSire;Т i – aris Setyobinebis gadacemis saSualo dro pliuslodinis dro i-uri arxisTvis;Т зi – aris Setyobinebis mier i-ur arxSi gavlis Seyovnebisdro;Т oi – i-uri arxis Semdgom ganlagebul kvanZSi SetyobinebisdamuSavebis dro. [58]kompiuteruli qselis optimizaciis amocanebSi gamoyenebadSezRudvebs Soris gamoiyofa Semdegi:1. SezRudva nakadze.nakadis Senaxvisas kvanZebSi yoveli wiboebiserTobliobisaTvis am wiboebze ar unda hqondes adgilidanakargs an gabnevas, anu:- δ kl , Tu i=k;NMΣ f jl (k, l) -j=1NMΣ f jl (l, i) = + δ kl , Tu i=l; (4.19)j=10 – danarCen SemTxvevebSi.2. SezRudva kavSiris arxebis gamtarunarianobaze.94

igi gamoxatavs realur Tvisebas gadacemul iqnasSezRuduli odenobis informacia drois erTeulSi:f i ≤ C i ; i = 1, …, NM. (4.20)3. SezRudva Rirebulebaze.igi ganisazRvreba saboloo finansuri resursebiT, romelicgamoiyofa qselis Seqmnaze (dagegmili biujeti):W ≤ W max . (4.21)4. SezRudva Setyobinebis gadacemis dayovnebaze.Seyovnebis faqtori SeiZleba ganisazRvros fizikurimizezebiT. dasaSvebi dayovneba dakavSirebulia imasTan, romdagvianebiT miRebulma informaciam SeiZleba dakargospraqtikuli Rirebuleba, da Sesabamisad, es gulisxmobs imas,rom qseli ar uzrunvelhyofs aucilebeli funqciebisSesrulebas. amrigad, unda Sesruldes piroba:T ≤ T max . (4.22)5. SezRudva kompiuteruli qselis topologiaze.rogorc ukve avRniSneT, erTi mxriv qsels unda gaCndesn-kavSirunarianoba saimedoobis principebidan gamomdinare,xolo meore mxriv – kvanZis maqsimaluri rigi, anu masTanmierTebuli arxebis raodenoba ar SeiZleba aRematebodesgansazRvrul dasaSveb odenobas. [64]4.5. kompiuteruli qselebis optimizaciisZiriTadi amocanebiganvixiloT kompiuteruli qselebis optimizaciis ramdenimetipiuri varianti, dakavSirebuli qselis topologiurproeqtirebasTan. maTi klasificireba SesaZlebelia Semdegnairad:1. optimaluri gamtarunarianobis arCeva.mocemulia: kompiuteruli qselis topologia, nakadebi,marSrutebi.95

moiTxoveba: ganxorcieldes T Seyovnebis minimizirebaarxebis gamtarunarianobis С i cvladiT arsebuliSezRudvebiT Rirebulebaze W da gamtarunarianobaze С i :W =NMΣ Wi (C) ≤ W max ; C i ≥ f i . (4.23)i=12. nakadis ganawileba.mocemulia: kompiuteruli qselis topologia, nakadebi,arxebis gamtarunarianoba.moiTxoveba: minimizirebul iqnas T cvladiT “moZraobismarSruti” mocemuli SezRudvebiT nakadebze.3. nakadebis optimaluri ganawileba gamtarunarianobebisSerCevasTan erTad.mocemulia: kompiuteruli qselis topologia, nakadebi.moiTxoveba: minimizirebul iqnas W cvladebiT “marSruti”da “gamtarunarianoba” mocemuli SezRudvebiT nakadze daSeyovnebis droze.4. qselis optimaluri topologiis gansazRvra.mocemulia: qselis trafikis maxasiaTeblebi.moiTxoveba: minimizirebul iqnas W cvladebiT “topologia”,“marSruti” da “gamtarunarianoba” SezRudvebiT nakadze,dayovnebaze da topologiaze.ganvixiloT xazebis gamtarunarianobis optimizaciisamocana. xazebis maRal gamtarunarianobas mivyevarTdanaxarjebis gazrdamde, xolo dabali gamtarunarianobisSemTxvevaSi qselSi xdeba gadatvirTvebi da SetyobinebebisSeyovnebebi. Tanafardobas xazebis Rirebulebasa dagamtarunarianobas Soris aqvs Semdegi saxe: [39]W =Σ Wi (C i ) (4.24)isadac W – aris xazis mTliani Rirebuleba; W i – aris i-urixazis RirebulebiTi koeficienti; С i – aris i-uri xazisgamtarunarianoba.96

W i -s mniSvnelobebi araTanabaria, radganac xazebs gaaCniagansxvavebuli sigrZeebi. kerZod, Tanafardoba Rirebulebasa dagamtarunarianobis Soris SeiZleba mocemul iqnas Semdegixarisxovani kanoniT:W =ΣiWi C iα(4.25)saSualo dayovneba i-uri xazisTvis ganisazRvreba rigSilodinis droiT im daSvebiT, rom Setyobinebebis sigrZes gaaCniaeqsponencialuri ganawileba:T i = 1 / ( μC i - λ i ), (4.26)sadac λ i – aris i-ur arxSi Setyobinebebis nakadisintensiuroba; 1/μ - aris Setyobinebebis saSualo sigrZe (bitebSi).Seyovnebis saSualo mniSvneloba yvela Semadgenelze miiRebaТ i -is niSvnelobis gasaSualoebiT, woniTi koeficientebiT λ i / γ,sadac γ - aris Setyobinebebis miRebis jamuri siCqare. Sesabamisad,saSualo Setyobineba Т ganisazRvreba Semdegi gamosaxulebiT:λi⎛ 1 ⎞T = Σ⎜⎟.i ν ⎝ μCi− λi⎠(4.27)mosaZebni gamtarunarianobebi, romlebic axdenen T-sminimizirebas mudmivi W-s dros, ganisazRvreba lagranJisganusazRvreli mamravlebis meTodiT. Sesabamisi maTematikurogardasaxvebi rom gamovtovoT, miviRebT Semdeg Sedegs:CiλiW λe iWi= +,(4.28)μ W Σ λ Wiiiisadac W е – ganisazRvreba Semdegi gamosaxulebiT:λW e = W iWΣ i.(4.29)i μС i -is formulis marjvena mxares pirveli Sesakrebi λ i / μ arisxazis gamtarunarianoba gajerebis reJimSi, xolo meore Sesakrebi– am xazis damatebiTi gamtarunarianoba.97

zemoT mocemuli formulebiT mocemuli С igamtarunarianobebis mqone xazebze gadacemis dros rezultaturitranzituli Seyovnebis sidide ganisazRvreba rogorc:xazebze.T min =nμW e⎛⎜ Σ⎜ i⎝λ ⎞iW i ⎟λ ⎟⎠(4.30)sadac λ - aris trafikis λ i intensiurobebis jami yvelaganxiluli amocana saSualebas iZleva mocemuliSezRudvebiT kavSiris arxebis Rirebulebaze, ise iqnes SerCeuligamtarunarianobebi, rom Setyobinebis saSualo dayovneba iyosminimaluri. [58]rogorc ukve avRniSneT kompiuteruli qselis optimizaciistipiur amocanebs ganekuTvneba nakadebis ganawilebis amocana.wina magaliTSi xdeboda gamtarunarianobebis SerCeva nakadebismocemuli konfiguraciis pirobebSi. am amocanaSigamtarunarianobebi mocemulia, xolo nakadebi unda iqnesgadanawilebuli ise, rom minimizirebuli iyos saSualodayovneba Т. igulisxmeba, rom gamtarunarianobebi akmayofilebstrafikis moTxovnebs, xolo gzebis SerCevis procedurebifuqsurebuli da erTmniSvnelovania.formula:sawyisi gamoaxulebis saxiT miviRoT zemoT moyvaniliam SemTxvevaSi nakadebis optimaluri ganawilebis amocanawarmoadgens wrfivi funqciis Т–s minimizacias {λ i } nakadebze,TiToeul kvanZSi nakadebis Senaxvis kanonis Sesrulebis pirobiT.am kanonis Tanaxmad, jamuri trafiki (j - k), romelicmiewodeba kvanZSi n, tolia jamuri trafikisa (j - k), romelicgamodis kvanZidan, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac kvanZi u = jwarmoadgens kvanZ-wyaros, an n = k – daniSnulebis kvanZs.gamtarunarianobebze ideba SezRudvebi, romlebic mdgomareobsimaSi, rom nakadi λ i / μ arxSi i ar unda iyos uaryofiTi danaklebi gamtarunarianobis, anu 0 ≤ λ i / μ < С.98

aseTi pirobebisa da SezRudvebis dros Т aris nakadebisgamoburculi funqcia, xolo realizebuli nakadebis simravlewarmodgeba maTematikuri modeliT gamoburculi mravalwaxnagassaxiT nakadebis parametrebis N-ganzomilebian sivrceSi.aRniSnuli amocana wydeba simpleqs-meTodiT, romelvzec CvnvisaubreT zemoT. Tu mas gaaCnia realizebadi gadawyvetileba,maSin nebismieri lokaluri minimumi warmoadgens globalurminimums Т–Tvis.xSirad optimizaciis amocanebis gadasaWrelad gamoiyenebae.w. nakadis gadaxris meTodi, romlis arsic mdgomareobs i-uriwaxnagebis “sigrZeebis” Rirebulebis mniSvnelobebisTvis qselisRirebulebis gansazRvra. waxnagebis sigrZeebis mniSvnelobagamosaxeba Semdegi gamosaxulebiT:∂TCil i = =,2⎛ λi⎞∂⎜⎟⎡ ⎛ λ ⎞⎤iγ ⎢C− ⎜ ⎟⎥⎝ μi⎠ ⎣ ⎝ μ ⎠⎦(4.31)amsaTan, nakadi arxSi tolia λ i / μ-is. aseTi, maTi Sesabamisi“sigrZeebi” an “RirebulebiTi koeficientebi” gamoiyenebaumoklesi gzebiT nakadebis moZiebis amocanebisformulirebisaTvis da imis gasarkvevad sawyisi nakadis Tu ranawili unda iqnes gadaxrili. amocanis gadawyvetis procesiciklurad meordeba manam, sanam ar iqneba miRebuli Т з –s misaRebimniSvnelobebi. nakadis gadaxris optimaluri algoriTmi iZlevaТ–s, qselSi Setyobinebis saSualo Seyovnebis minimalurmniSvnelobas. [42]4.6. kompiuteruli qselebis optimizaciisa da SefasebisZiriTadi praqtikuli amocanebiimisaTvis, rom kompiuterulma qselma imuSaos maqsimaluradefeqturad, saWiroa gadawyvetil iqnas garkveuli amocanebi:99

1. unda iqnes formulirebuli kompiuteruli qselisfunqcionirebis efeqturobis kriteriumebi. umetes wiladaseT kriteriumebs warmoadgens warmadoba da saimedooba,romelTaTvisac, Tavis mxriv, saWiroa SerCeul iqnasSefasebis konkretuli maxasiaTeblebi, magaliTadreaqciis dro an mzadyofnis koeficienti, Sesabamisad.2. unda gansazRvrul iqnas qselis varirebadi parametrebissimravle, romlebic pirdapir Tu iribad zemoqmedebenefeqturobis kriteriumebze. es parametrebi namdviladunda iyos varirebadi, anu unda davrwmundeT imaSi, romSesaZlebelia maTi Secvla garkveul farglebSisurvilisamebr. magaliTad, Tu romelime protokolispaketis zoma konkretul operaciul sistemaSi yendebaavtomaturad da ar SeiZleba Secvlil iqnas awyobamomarTvissaSualebiT, maSin es parametri am SemTxvevaSiar aris varirebadi, Tumca sxva operaciul sistemaSi igiSeiZleba ganekuTvnebodes cvlad parametrebsadministratoris survilisamebr, da Sesabamisad igiiqneba varirebadi. sxva magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoTmarSrutizatoris Sida saltis gamtarunarianoba – igiSeiZleba ganxilul iqnas rogorc optimizaciisparametri mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qselSi dasaSvebiamarSrutizatorebis Secvla. [58]yvela varirebadi parametri SeiZleba dajgufebul iqnassxvadasxva saxiT. magaliTad, calkeuli konkretuliprotokolebis parametrebi (Ethernet protokolis kadrismaqsimaluri zoma an TCP protokolis daudasturebelipaketebis fanjrebis zoma) an mowyobilobebisparametrebi (misamarTebis cxrilis zoma an xidisfiltraciis siCqare, marSrutizatoris Sida saltisgamtarunarianoba). awyoba-momarTvis parametrebiSeiZleba iyos mowyobilobebis parametrebi daprotokolebi mTlianobaSi. ase, magaliTad, kavSiris100

neli da momatebuli xmauris mqone globaluri arxebismqone qselis muSaobis gaumjobeseba SesaZlebeliaIPX/SPX protokolebis stekidan TCP/IP protokolebzegadasvliT. aseve SeiZleba miRweul iqnes mniSvnelovanigaumjobeseba ucnobi warmoebis qseluri adapterebisSecvliT adapterebze BrandName.3. unda gansazRvrul iqnas efeqturobis kriteriumebismniSvnelobebis mgrZobiarobis zRvari. vTqvaT, qseliswarmadoba SeiZleba Sefasdes logikuri mniSvnelobebiT“muSaobs” / “ar muSaobs”, maSin optimizaciia daiyvanebamtyunebebis diagnostikaze da qselis nebismieri saxiTmuSa mdgomareobaSi moyvanaze. meore ukidures SemTxvevaswarmoadgens qselis faqizi momarTva, romlis drosacmoqmedi qselis parametrebi (magaliTad, kadris zoma andaudasturebelis paketebis fanjris sidide) SeiZlebavarirebul iqnas mwarmoeblurobis amaRlebis mizniT(magaliTad, reaqciis drois saSualo mniSvnelobis)Tundac ramdenime procentiT. rogorc wesi, qselisoptimizaciaSi gulisxmoben garkveul Sualedur varints,romlis drosac saWiroa SerCeul iqnas qselisparametrebis iseTi mniSvnelobebi, rom misi efeqturobismaCveneblebi mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesdes, magaliTad,momxmareblebma miiRon pasuxebi maT SekiTxvebzeserveris mimarT ara 10 wamis ganmavlobaSi, aramed 3wamis ganmavlobaSi, xolo failis gadacema moSorebiTmdebare kompiuterze xdebodes ara 2 wuTSi, aramed 30wamSi. [58]amrigad, SeiZleba SemoTavazebul iqnas optimizaciisamocanis sami sxvadasxva traqtovka.1. qselis moyvana nebismieri saxis muSa mdgumareobaSi.Cveulebriv am amocanis gadaWra xdeba pirvel rigSi daigi Seicavs Semdegs:101

- qselis mwyobridan gamosuli elementebis – kabelebis,adapterebis, kompiuterebis – Zieba;- mowyobilebebsa da programul uzrunvelyofas SorisSeTavsebadobis Semowmeba;- programuli uzrunvelyofisa da mowyobilobebis ZiriTadiparametrebis koreqturli mniSvnelobebis SerCeva,romlebic uzrunvelyofs SetyobinebaTa gavlas qselisyvela kvanZs Soris – qselebisa da kvanZebis misamarTebi,Semoyenebuli protokolebi, Ethernet-is kadrebis tipebi daa.S.2. uxeSi momarTva - im parametrebis SerCeva, romlebic axdensmkveTr gavlenas qselis maxasiaTeblebze (saimedooba,warmadoba). Tu qseli aris muSa mdgomareobaSi, magrammonacemTa urTierTgacvla xdeba Zalian nela (lodinisdro Seadgens aTobiT wams an wuTebs) an kavSiris seansixSirad wydeba xilvadi mizezebis gareSe. aseTi qselsqmediTunariani SeiZleba ewodos mxolod pirobiTad, damas aucileblad esaWiroeba uxeSi momarTva. am etapzeaucilebeli moinaxos qselSi paketebis gavlisSeyovnebebis ZiriTasi mizezebi. Cveulebriv, qselismuSaobis seriozuli Senelebisa da aramdgradobismizezia erTi cudad momuSave elemnti an arakoreqtuladdayenebuli parametri, magram SesaZlo mizezebis didiraodenobis gamo Ziebam SeiZleba moiTxovos qselismuSaobaze grZelvadiani dakvirveba da didi odenobiTvariantebis ganxilva da gadamowmeba. qseli uxeSimomarTva bevr rameSi emsgavseba qselis moyvanas muSamdgomareobaSi. aq aseve xdeba efeqturobis maCveneblebiszRvruli mniSvnelobebis gansazRvra da moiTxovebaqselis iseTi variantis moZieba, rodesac es mniSvnelobebiar aris zRvrulze uaresi. magaliTad, qselis undamomarTul iqnas ise, rom qselis serveris reaqciis dromomxmareblis moTxovnaze ar aRematebodes 5 wams.102

3. qselis parametrebis (Tavad optimizacia) faqizi momarTva.Tu qselis funqcionirebs damakmayofileblad, maSin misimwarmoeblurobis an saimedoobis Semdgomi amaRlebanaklebad savraudoa miRweul iqnas romelime erT-erTiparametris cvlilebiT, rogorc es iyo qselis mTlianadaraqmediTunarian mdgomareobaSi yofnis an misi uxeSimomarTvis dros. normalurad momuSave qselis SemTxvevaSi,misi funqcionirebis xarisxis Semdgomi amaRlebisaTvis,saWiro moZiebul iqnas didi odenobiT parametrebisgarkveuli iRbliani Sexameba, amitomac miiRo am procesmafaqizi momarTvis saxelwodeba.unda aRinisSnos, rom qselis faqizi momarTvis SemTxvevaSicki misi parametrebis optimaluri Sexameba (termini “optimaluri”-s mkacri maTematikuri gagebiT) miReba SeuZlebelia, da arcaris saWiro. ar aqvs azri daxarjul iqnas kolosaluriZalisxmeva mkacri optimumis mosaZebnad, romelic gansxvavdebamuSaobis misTvis axlo reJimebisgan iseTive rigis sididiT,rogoricaa qselSi trafikis gazomvis sizuste. sakmarisiamoZiebul iqnas optimlurTan axlo nebismieri gadawyveta,imisaTvis igi CaiTvalos qselis optimizaciis amocanagadaWrilad. aseTi, optimalurTan axlo mdebaregadawyvetilebebs racionalur variantebs uwodeben da sworedmaTi moZebna ainteresebs praqtikaSi qselis administrators.qselSi mtyunebebis Zieba – aris analizis (gazomva,diagnostika da Secdomebis lokalizacia) da sinTezis(gadawyvetilebis miReba imis Taobaze, Tu rogori cvlilebebiund aiqnes ganxorcielebuli, imisaTvis rom gaumjobesdes misimuSaobis xarisxi) erToblioba.- analizi - aris qselis efeqturobis kriteriumis (esigivea, rac optimizaciis kriteriumi) mniSvnelobisgansazRvra qselis parametrebis mocemuli SexamebisaTvis.xandaxan am etapidan gamoyofen monitoringis qveetaps,romelzec sruldeba ufro martivi procedura -103

pirveladi monacemebis Segrovebis procedura qselismuSaobis Sesaxeb: statistika qselSi cirkulirebadisxvadasxva protokolebis kadrebisa da paketebisraodenobis Sesaxeb, koncentratorebis, komutatorebisada marSrutizatorebis portebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb daa.S. Semdeg sruldeba Tavad analizis etapi, romelSic amSemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba ufro rTuli dainteleqtualuri procesi. igi moicavs: monitoringisetapze Segrovebuli informaciis gaazrebas, maTiSeTavseba adre miRebul monacemebTan da varaudebisSemuSaveba qselis Senelebuli da arasaimedo muSaobismizezebis Sesaxeb. monitoringis amocana gadaiWrebaprogramuli da aparaturuli mzomebiT, testirebebiT,qseluri analizatorebiTa da qselebisa da sistemebismarTvis sistemis monitoringis CaSenebuli sistemebissaSualebiT. analizis amocana moiTxovs adamianis ufroaqtiur monawileobas, da aseve iseTi rTuli saSualebebisgamoyenebas, rogoricaa eqspertuli sistemebi, romlebicaxdenen bevri qseluri specialistis praqtikuligamocdilebis akumulirebas.- sinTezi – aris varirebadi parametrebis mniSvnelobebisiseTi SerCeva, romelTa drosac efeqturobis maCvenebelsgaaCnia saukeTeso mniSvneloba. Tu mocemuliaefeqturobis maCveneblis zRvruli mniSvneloba, maSinsinTezis Sedegi unda iyos qselis erT-erTi variantiromelic ukeTesia mocumul mniSvnelobaze. qselis muSamdgomareobaSi moyvana – aseve sinTezia, rodesac xdebaqselis nebismieri variantis moZieba, romlis drosacefeqturobis maCveneblis mniSvneloba gansxvavdebamdgomareobisagan “ar muSaobs”. qselis racionalurivariantis sinTezi – aris ufro xSirad araformaluriprocedura, radganac igi dakavSirebulia qselisparametrebis Zalian didi da mravalferovani simravlis –104

gamoyenebadi sakomunikacio mowyobilobebis tipebis, ammowyobilobebis modelebis, serverebis raodenobis,serveris saxiT gamoyenebadi kompiuterebis tipebis,operaciuli sistemebis tipebis, am operaciuli sistemebisparametrebis, sakomunikacio protokolebis stekebis, maTiparametrebis da a.S. da a.S. Zalian xSirad motivi,romelic gavlenas axdens arCevanze “mTlianobaSi”, anumowyobilobebis tipisa da modelis, protokolebisstekisa Tu operaciuli sistemis arCeva ar atarebsteqnikuri xasiaTs, aramed miiReba sxva mosazrebebiT -komerciuli, “politikuri” da a.S. amitom optimizaciisamocanis dayenebis formalizeba aseT SemTxvevebSiubralod SeuZlebelia. aq ZiriTadi yuradReba eTmobaqselis monitoringisa da analizis etapebs, rogorcufro formalur da avtomatizirebul procedurebs. imSemTxvevebSi, rodesac es SesaZlebelia xdeba qmedebaTagarkveuli Tanmimdevrobis Sesruleba qselisracionaluri variantis mosaZieblad an am procesisgasamartiveblad. [57]4.7. Sedegebis SefasebaaRniSnul TavSi ganxilulia kompiuteruli qselisoptimizaciis ZiriTadi principebi. mocemulia optimizaciiskriteriumebis, SezRudvebisa da miznobrivi funqciebisgansazRvris principebi, rac mniSvnelovnad damokidebuliarogorc qselis daniSnulebaze, aseve mis ZiriTad parametrebsada efeqturobis kriteriumebze, rac Cems mier gansazRvrul iqnawinamdebare disertaciis mesame TavSi. aseve daxasiaTebuliaoptimizaciis tipiuri amocanebi da maTi gadaWris gzebi.yovelve es saSualebas gvaZlevs movaxdinoT disertaciisamocanis saboloo furmulireba da realizacia.105

Tavi 5. korporaciuli qselis struqturisoptimizaciis modeli5.1. korporaciuli qselis struqturisoptimizaciis amocanis dasmaTanamedrove sazogadoebaSi rogorc ukve avRniSneT farTogamoyeneba aqvs korporaciul qselebs. aRniSnuli qselebisgamoyeneba xdeba biznesis, eknomikisa Tu mrewvelobis nebismiersferoSi. kompanias, romelic SeiZleba moRvaweobdes zemoTCamoTvlili mimarTulebebidan nebismierSi mizanSewonilia, romgaaCndes sakuTari korporaciuli kompiuteruli qseli, rac misfunqcionirebas gaxdis ufro efeqturs. aqve unda aRiniSnos, romnebismieri organizacia miiswrafvis ganviTarebisa dagafarToebisadmi, Sesabamisad udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba imasrom kompaniis korporaciuli qseli iyos aseTi cvlilebebisadmimorgebadi, anu unda SeiZlebodes misi gazrda da masSi axalimomxmareblebis CarTva qselis funqcionirebis xarisxis dacemisgareSe. aseTi pirobis dasakmayofileblad mizanSewoniliaSerCeul iqnas ierarqiuli struqtura, romlis doneebisa daganStoebebis raodenoba ukve konkretuli kompaniis moTxeovnebzeiqneba damokidebuli. [43]asve, praqtikidan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom erT-erTumniSvnelovanes, realurad ki yvelaze mniSvnelovan kriteriumswarmoadgens qselis Rirebuleba. nebismier sferoSi moRvaweorganizacia orientirebulia maqsimalurad meti sargeblismiRebaze minimaluri danaxajebiT. Sesabamisad, korporaciuliqselis daproeqtebisa da realizaciis mTavar kriteriums sworedgaweuli xarjebi warmoadgens. mniSvnelovania romganxorcieldes winaswar gansazRvuli parametrebisa damaCveneblebis mqone korporaciuli qselis realizacia, oRondminimaluri danaxarjebiT.106

gamomdinare zemoaRniSnulidan, korporaciuli qselisoptimizaciis sakiTxebi Cems mier ganxilul iqneba misiierarqiuli struqturis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca, ZiriTadikriteriumis saxiT aRebul iqna, ara ubralod qselis Seqmnisdanaxarjebi, aramed jamuri xarjebi Π. igi warmoadgensmiznobriv funqcias da mas gaaCnia Semdegi saxe: [41]Π =Е H КK + Эsadac:Е H - aris SedarebiTi ekonomiuri efeqturobis normatiulikoeficientiК - aris kapitaluri danaxarjebi, romlebic monotonuradizrdeba qselis funqcionirebis xarisxis zrdis SesabamisadЭ - aris saeqspluatacio danaxarjebiSezRudvis saxiT aRebulia Setyobinebis miwodebis saSualodro T V , romelic gamoiTvleba Semdegi saxiT:Tv1 ⎛ μ= ⎜ +e1μ − λ ⎝ desadac:κ π⎞⎟⎠μ e – aris momsaxurebis eqvivalenturi intensiuroba,λ – aris Semavali nakadis intensiuroba(5.1.)an Setyobinebis drouli miwodebis albaToba Q, romelicgamoiTvleba Semdegi gamosaxulebiT:μe− λQ = , ν > , μe≥ λ (5.2.)μ − λ + νesadac:eμ e – aris momsaxurebis eqvivalenturi intensiuroba,υ e – aris daZvelebis eqvivalenturi intensiuroba,λ – aris Semavali nakadis intensiurobamiznobrivi funqcia geometriuli modelis monacemebisgaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnas Semdegi saxiT:⎧R qR fΠ = EΗ⎨∑∑ωirCini+ ∑∑ωjr( a⎩ r= 2 i=1r= 1 j=1i = 1,2,3...; j = 1,2,3...; γ = 1,2,3...j+ b ljj) mj⎫⎬ +⎭g∑γ = 1CγSγ,(5.3)107

sadac:1, Tu i-uri komutaciis centri an j-uri arxiω ir , ω jr =mdebareobs ierarqiis r doneze0 – sawinaaRmdego SemTxvevaSin i = aris i-uri tipis Setyobinenebis komutaciis centrebisraodenoba qselSi;C i – aris i-uri tipisSetyobinenebis komutaciis centrisRirebuleba;q – aris i-uri Setyobinenebis komutaciis centrebis tipebisraodenobaR – aris ierarqiis doneebis raodenobam – aris arxebis konebis tevadoba;l – aris arxebis saSualo sigrZe;f – aris qselis arxebis tipebis raodenoba;a da b – aris konstantebi arxis Rirebulebis modelSi;Sγ– aris γ tipis teqnikuri momsaxurebis centrebis saerTomoTxovnili raodenoba;Cγ – aris γ tipis erTi teqnikuri momsaxurebis centrisSemadgenlobis Rirebuleba;g – aris teqnikuri momsaxurebis centris tipebis raodenoba.SezRudva Setyobinebis miwodebis saSualo droze ierarqiiserT doneze SeiZleba gamosaxul iqnas Semdegi saxiT:Tv = π ( T + T ) + T(5.4)vkvyvysadac:T v – aris Setyobinebis miwodebis saSualo dro ierarqiiserTi donisaTvis;T vk – aris Setyobinebis mier arxebis gavlis saSualo dro;T vy – aris Setyobinebis mier kvanZebis gavlis saSualo dro;π – aris gzis saSualo sigrZe ierarqiis erT donezegeometriuli modelis Sesabamisad.108

ierarqiuli qselisaTvis gamosaxuleba (5.4) miiRebs Semdegsaxes:Tv= π T + α π T(5.5)1 v12 2 v2sadac:π 1 da π 2 – aris marSrutebis saSualo sigrZeebi ierarqiispirveli donisa da danarCeni doneebis saabonento ubanzeerToblivad;T v1 da T v2 – aris Setyobinebis miwodebis saSualo droierarqiis pirveli donisa da danarCeni doneebis saabonentoubanze erToblivad;α 2 = 1 – φ 2 – aris datvirTvis safexurebsSoriTi tranzitiskvanZuri koeficienti;or- samdoniani korporaciuli kompiuteruli qselisaTvisgamosaxuleba (5.5) gardaiqmneba Semdegnairad:Tv= π1Tv1+ α2ψ2π2Tv2+α2β2π2 3Tv2−3+ α2β2α3π3Tv3−(5.6)ψ – datvirTvis CarTvis qseluri koeficienti;α 2 , β 2 – ierarqiis meore donis Setyobinebebis komutaciiscentrebis datvirTvis dooneebsSorisi tranzitis kvanZurikoeficientebi;π 2-3 – ierarqiis meore da mesame doneebis SemakavSirebeliqveqselis marSrutis saSaulo sigrZe;T v2-3 – ierarqiis meore da mesame doneebis SemakavSirebelqveqselSi Setyobinebis miwodebis saSualo dro.aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi analogiurad SeiZleba miRebuliqnes Tanafadrobebi oTxi-xuTi da meti donis mqonekorporaciuli qselisaTvis.SezRudva Setyobinebis miwodebis albaTobaze ierarqiiserTi donisaTvis gamoisaxeba Semdegnairad:π π +1Q =(5.7)Q kQ ysadac:Q kπalbaToba– aris kavSiris arxiT Setyobinebis drouli miwodebis109

Q yπ+1– aris kvanZSi Setyobinebis drouli miwodebisalbaToba.ordoniani ierarqiuli qselisaTvis (5.7) gamosaxulebagardaiqmneba Semdegi saxiT:Q = Qπ Q α(5.8)1122samdoniani qselisaTvis:Qπ1α2ϕ 2π2 α2β2π2−3α2β 2 α 3π3= Q1Q2Q2−3Q3(5.9)sadac:Q 1 , Q 2 , Q 3 – aris qselis pirvel – mesame doneebzeSetyobinebebis drouli miwodebis albaToba.Q 2-3 – aris igive ierarqiis meore da mesame doneebs Soris.T v -sa da Q-s gamosaTvleli gamosaxulebebis miReba R-donianiierarqiuli qselisaTvis martivad SeiZleba miRebul iqnas (5.6)da (5.9) gamosaxulebebbidan:TRR−1∑r=2R−1∑= π1Tv1+ α2β2α3β3...αrβrπrTvr+ α2β2...αrβrπr,r+1Tvr,r+1(5.10)r−2QR= QRπ1 ∏r=2QR−1α...2β2α3β3...αrϕrπαr2β2αrβrπr , r + 1r ∏Qr,r+1r=2(5.11)saWiroa gansazRvrul iqnas struqturisa da teqnikurigadawyvetilebebi garkveuli simravle, romlisTvisacminimizirebadi Π funqciis mniSvneloba iqneba mis minimalurmniSvnelobaze naklebi garkveuli ε sididiT. Tu optimizaciisSedegad U (momsaxure personalis odenoba) parametrismniSvneloba aRmoCndeba dasaSveb mniSvnelobaze meti, maSinamocanis dasmaSi Semodis mesame SezRudva: U≤U m , sadac U m – arisqselis personalis mocemuli odenoba.aseve unda aRiniSnos kidev erTi kriteriumi – proeqtis(modelis) fizikuri realizaciis SesaZlebloba. anu,optimizaciis algoriTmis mier unda ukudgebul iqnas rogorcmiuRebeli Semdegi saxis variantebi:- Setyobinebebis komutaciis centrebis raodenoba metiaabonenturi punqtebis raodenobaze;110

- Setyobinebebis komutaciis centrebis raodenoba (r+1)doneze metia Setyobinebebis komutaciis centrebisraodenobaze r doneze;- qselis Stoebis raodenoba erTis mxriv ar undaaRematebodes n(n – 1)/2-s, xolo meores mxriv ar unda iyosn-1-ze naklebi;- fizikuri sidideebis uaryofiTi mniSvnelobebi.martivi msjelobebis daxmarebiT SeiZleba vaCvenoT rom (5.3)-is tipis amocanas miRebuli SezRudvebiT gaaCnia Semdegi amoxsna.nebismieri sawyisi monacemebisaTvis ierarqiis yvela donezeoptimaluri iqneba radialuri konfiguracia, anu, mTlianadcentralizebuli struqtura gardasaxul iqneba sxva,diametralurad sapirispiro, srulkavSirian struqturaSi. [57]5.2. ierarqiuli qselis optimizaciiskerZo modelebi5.2.1. oprimizaciis ZiriTadi etapebis gamoyofa:gamomdinare iqidan, rom gamosakvlevi funqcia ganekuTvnebacudad organizebuli funqciebis klass, xolo qselisoptimizaciis amocana mTlianobaSi – sustad struqturirebulproblemas, qselis optimizaciis amoxsna mizanSewoniliadavafuZnoT suboptimizaciebis mravaletapian proceduraze.SemoTavazebuli midgoma gulisxmobs amocanis saerTostruqturaSi dekompozicias mTel rig kerZo amocanebze,romelTa Soris umniSvnelovanesia:- teqnikuri gadawyvetilebebis SerCeva (komutaciis meTodi,teqnikuri saSualebebis kompleqsi, maTi awyobisprincipebi da a.S.);- qselis struqturis SerCeva, anu, ierarqiis doneebisraodenobis, TiToeul doneze operaciuli qvesistemebisraodenobis da maTi kavSirunarianobis gansazRvra;111

- geografiuli amocanis gadawyveta, anu operaciuliqvesistemebisa da xazebis mibma adgilmdebareobaze;- rigi damxmare amocanebis gadawyveta, romlebicdakavSirebulia informaciis ganawilebasTan, teqnikurimomsaxurebisa da marTvis organizebasTan. [49]dekompoziciis SemoTavazebuli sqemis realizacias gaaCniarigi sirTuleebi, romelTa Soris umniSvnelovanesia CamoTvliliamocanebis Zlieri kavSirunarianoba, rac mTel rig SemTxvevebSiar iZleva aseTi dekompoziciis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas.swored amiTaa gamowveuli qselis optimaluri struqturisproeqtirebis kerZo amocanebis dasmis didi odenoba teqnikursamecnieroliteraturaSi da am amocanebis gadaWris srulimidgomebisa da meTodikebis absoliturad umniSvnelo odenoba.SemoTavazebuli midgoma efuZneba geometriuli modelisbazaze zogierTi sawyisi monacemebis gasaSualoebis ideaze,kerZo funqciebis aproqsimaciasa da miRebuli winaswari SedegisSemdgom dazustebaze. aRniSnuli midgomis upiratesobamdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi iZleva dekompoziciis gamoyenebissaSualebas, radganac struqturuli amocanis pirvel etapzemiRebuli gadawyvetilebis (Sedegis) Semdeg, mTlianobaSivlindeba kerZo amocanebs Soris urTierT damokidebulebisxasiaTi da urTierT kavSiris xarisxi.ierarqiuli korporaciuli qselis struqturis optimizaciissaerTo sqema SeiZleba warmovadginoT Semdeg etapebad: amocanisgadaWris pirvel etapze xdeba teqnikuri saSualebebisoptimaluri variantebisa d qselis struqturis, kerZod misiierarqiulobisa da ganStoebadobis donis gansazRvra.Semdeg miRebuli optimaluri variantebi miiReba rogorcsawyisi monacemebi meore etapisaTvis, romelzec xorcieldebasaboloo struqturis dazusteba. aq igulisxmeba operaciuliqvesistemebis, Stoebis, ierarqiis doneebis, qselis struqturisada teqnikuri saSualebebis tipebis dazusteba.112

SemoTavazebuli midgoma orientirebulia msxvilikorporaciuli qselebis optimizaciaze, radgnac sawyisistruqturis Ziebis etapi naklebad aris damokidebuli qseliszomebze, xolo struqturis gaumjobesebis Semdgomi etapebisaSualebas iZleva mniSvnelovnad Semcirdes sawyisi amocanissidide. [2]rogorc ukve cxadia zemoaRniSnulidan korporaciuliqselis struqturis optmizaciis saerTo amocana iyofa rigqveamocanebze, romelTagan TiToeulisaTvis iqmneba Sesabamisimodeli, romelic upirveles yovlisa gansxvavdeba sxvamodelisagan Tavisi funqcionaluri daniSnulebiT.funqcionaluri niSniT SeiZleba modelebi davyoT Semdegnairad:- qselis albaTobiT-droiTi maxasiaTeblebis Sefasebismodeli;- struqturuli modeli;- teqnikuri momsaxurebis efeqturobis (saimeddobis)Sefasebis albaTobiTi modeli;- ekonomikuri modeli.albaTobiT-droiTi maxasiaTeblebis Sesafasebis modeli.aRniSnuli modeli ukve ganxilul iqna zemoT da T R -isa da Q R -isgamosaTvleli formulebi (5.10) da (5.11) miRebulia qselisparametrebidan gamomdinare.qselis struqturuli modeli. qselis struqturul modelzeaucilebelia ierarqiis doneebis raodenobis, TiToeul donezeSetyobinebebis komutaciis centrebis raodenoba, maTi TanabariganTavsebis pirobiT, struqturis tipisa da qseliskavSirunarianobis gansazRvra.ierarqiuli R-safexuriani qselis struqtura warmovadginoTkonturulad R-dayofadi grafiT (R ≥ 2), anu grafiT, romlicwveroebis simravle NSeiZleba dayofil iqnas R qvesimravled n 1 ,n 2 , . . . , m R , Tanac grafis woboebi akmayofileben Semdeg Tvisebas:Tu romelime wibos gaaCnia erTi wvero n r simravleSi, maSin misimeore wvero mdebareobs n r+1 simravleSi. aseTi saxiT113

interpretirebadi qseli warmodgeba R mravalpolusianiqselebiT ierarqiis sxvadasxva doneze da (R-1) mravalpolusianidoneebs Sorisi qselebiT, romlebic maT aerTebs.W RW R-1,RW r,r+1W rW r-1W 2W 1,2W 1sur 5.1: ierqrqiuli qselis interpretacia Wpravalpolusiani struqturebiT.qselis W struqturis aseTi aRweris formas gaCniatopologiuri rekurentulobis Tviseba, romelic cnobiliinduqciuri wesebis Tanaxmad saSualebas iZleva gansazRvruliqnas (r+1) donis maxasiaTeblebi wina r doneebis maxasiaTeblebismixedviT.ierarqiis erT doneze Semavali nakadis intensiurobagamoiTvleba Semdegi gamosaxulebiT:λ = λ N /Β Α2sadac:λΑ- aris xvedriTi saabonento datvirTva;N – aris abonentebis raodenoba erT doneze.114

qselis r doneze Semavali nakadis intensiuroba undagamoTvlil iqnas ierarqiis pirveli donis monacemebis mixedviTdatvirTvis doneebs Sorisi tranzitis koeficientebisgaTvaliswinebiT:λλ Nr∏ − 1r= ΑΒ2 i=2α βiiteqnikuri eqspluataciis efeqturobis Sefasebis modeli.sawyisi monacemebis mocemulobis saSualebidan gamomdinareteqnikuri eqspluataciis modeli SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnasornairad. Tu qselis teqnikur saSualebebze SemuSavebuliadokumentacia, romelSic mocemulia maTi eqspluataciis wesebi,reglamenturi samuSaosa da mimdinare da kapitaluri remontisperioduloba, aseve, miTiTebulia is saSualebebi, romlebicaucileblad teqnikuri eqspluataciis da remontisaTvis, maSinmodelis daniSnuleba mdgomareobs teqnikuri eqspluataciiscentrebis im raodenobis gansazRvraSi, romelic uzrunvelhyofsteqnikuri eqspluataciis maCveneblis dadagenil mniSvnelobas.teqnikuri dokumentaciis ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnulimodelis gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia momsaxure personalisraodenobis gansazRvris mizniT.detalurad ganvixiloT pirveli varianti.vTqvaT ierarqiis r doneze xdeba n r raodenobis erTi tipisSetyobinebebis komutaciis centrebisa da m raodenobis erTitipis arxebis eqspluatacia, romlebic eqspluataciis procesSigamodis mwyobridan da saWiroebs aRdgenas.mwyobridan gamosuli elementebi warmoqmnian teqnikurieqspluataciis sistemaSi moTxovnaTa Semaval nakads, romelicSedgeba S kr raodenobis Tanabrad miRwevadi teqnikurieqspluataciis centrebisagan, romlebic specializirebuliawrfivi struqturebis momsaxurebaze da S yr raodenobis TanabradmiRwevadi teqnikuri eqspluataciis centrebisagan, romlebicgamiznulia kvanZuri saSualebebis momsaxurebaze. mTlianobaSi115

maT SeiZleba Seadginon S r gaerTianebuli teqnikurieqspluataciis centrebi, romlebsac gaaCnia unari gamocvalosmwyobridan gamosuli detalebi da moaxdinos rogorcstacionaruli, aseve gasvliTi teqnikuri momsaxureba.mtyunebebis SemTxveviTi nakadi qmnis moTxovnaTa rigsteqnikuri eqspluataciis centrebTan momsaxurebisaTvis. amasTanteqnikuri saSualebis momsaxurebis albaToba rigSi lodinisgareSe K e0 ganisazRvreba Semdegi gamosaxulebiT:K11 S < k < n(5.12)ne= − ∑ ( k − S)P kn,0 k=S+1aq k – aris imis albaToba, rom teqnikuri eqspluataciissistemaSi aris k raodenobis mwyobridan gamosuli saSualeba:S k −1= ! ⎡ !( )! !⎢ ∑ S i i+ ∑nn S ρ n S ρPkn − k S ⎣S in!S ρ ⎤⎥⎦i= 0 i!(n − i)!i=S ( n − i)!S!−1(5.13)sadac:ρ = c / d – aris datvirTva ste-Si;c – aris teqnikuri saSualebebi umtyuno muSaobisintensiuroba;d – aris teqnikuri saSualebebis aRdgenis intensiuroba.realur pirobebSi, anu S < n-Tvis, adgili eqneba teqnikurmomsaxurebaze rigSi lodinze drois dakargvas, rac migviyvansgarkveuli zomiT aRdgenis saSualo drois gazrdamde anaRdgenis intensiurobis Semcirebamde. amitom, droiTimaxasiaTeblebis gamoTvlisas SemoTavazebul modelebzemizanSewonilia gamoyenebul iqnas aRdgenis intensiurobisSemcirebuli maCvenebeli. Sedegad, rezultaturi k r (S) dasapasporto k’ r mzadyofnis koeficientebi urTierTdakavSirebuli iqneba Semdegi gamosaxulebiT:kr ( S)= k'rke0(S)(5.14)sxva saxe gaaCnia Setyobinebebis nakadis momsaxurebisintensiurobis gamoTvlis formulas:μ = μk( S)= μk'k0(S)(5.15)erre116

amrigad (5.12) da (5.13) formulebis safuZvelze cnobili c, d, n,da S –Tvis erTmniSvnelovnad ganisazRvreba teqnikurieqspluataciis efeqturobis koeficienti.teqnikuri eqspluataciis sistemis ierarqiuli wyobisSemTxvevaSi optimaluri momsaxurebis amocanis gadaWra xdebaTanmimdevrulad ierarqiis sxvadasxva donisaTvis, xoloTiToeuli donis SigniT – Tanmimdevrulad sxvadasxva tipismowyobilobebis jgufebisaTvis.ekonomikuri modeli. arsebobs ekonomikuri modelelbisdidi simravle. Tumca yvela maTgani dafuZnebuli arxebisa dakvanZebis faqtiuri ekonomikuri maCveneblebis martivaproqsimaciaze. es modelebi farTod gamoiyeneba kompiuteruliqselis proeqtirebis adreul etapebze. amasTanave, cxadia, romsamuSao proeqtirebis etapebze aseT aproqsimaciaze uars ambobenda gamoiyeneba faqtiuri (limituri) an pirobiT-gegmiuriRirebulebebi. winaswari proeqtirebis etapebisaTvisaucilebelia sxvadasxva saxis aproqsimaciebi. ganvixiloT maTganZiriTadebi. [41]saerTo saxiT arxis Rirebuleba SeiZleba aproqsimirebuliqnas Semdegi gamosaxulebiT:K K= a + f l)+ f ( S)+ f ( S.)(5.16)1( 2 3lsadac:K K – aris arxze kapitaluri danaxarjebi;α – aris konstanta;f 1 (l) – aris kapitaluri danaxarjebis wazrda arxis sigrZisgazrdis gamo;f 2 (S) – aris kapitaluri danaxarjebis Semcireba gadacemissistemis gadidebis gamo;f 3 (S.l) – aris kapitaluri xarebis wazrda / Semcireba xazisstruqturidan gamomdinare.umartives SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba (5.16) formulis pirveliori wevri, f 1 funqcia ki miiReba rogorc wrfivi:117

K K= a + bl, b − const.(5.17)aRniSnuli modeli gulisxmobs arsebuli aparaturispirobebSi qselis daproeqtebas an optimizacias. im SemTxvevaSiTu qselis daproeqteba xdeba 0-idan, maSin ekonomikuri modelisgamosaxulebaSi daemateba kompiuteruli teqnikis SeZenisRirebuleba.5.3. ierarqiuli korporaciuli qselis struqturis optimizaciaganxiluli amocana mTlianobaSi ganekuTvneba arawrfivmaTematikur programirebas. amasTan, miznobrivi funqciac asevemocemulia arawrfivi funqciiT. aseTi amocanis gadaWra arissakmaod rTuli. misi amoxsnis efeqtur saSualebas warmoadgensamocanis dayvana ufro mcire zomis qveamocanebisTanmimdevrobaze.SemoTavazebul variantSi misaRebia ormagi reduqciismeTodis gamoyeneba, rodesac minimizaciis sawyisi amocanis (5.3),SezRudvebiT (5.10), (5.16) Secvla xdeba Semdegi amocanebisTanmimderuli gadaWriT:1. teqnikuri aRWurvilobis variantebis SerCevaformalur-evristikuli meTodiT;2. miznobrivi funqciisa da SezRudvis gaerTaniebasaerTo dunqcionalSi jarimis funqciis meTodiT,romelic gulisxmobs sawyisi miznobrivi funqciisa daSezRudvis gardaqmnas upirobo minimizaciisamocanebis TanmimdevrobaSi.3. saboloo gadawyvetileba, ganxorcielebuli upirobominimizaciis meTodiT.ganvixiloT amocanebis gadaWra ufro detalurad.pirveli amocanisaTvis damaxasiTebelia Semdegi evristikebisgamoyeneba:118

- ufro Zvirad Rirebuli elemetebis arCevisas, qselisRirebuleba sxva Tanabar pirobebSi iqneba ufro maRali,xolo albaTobiT-droiTi maCveneblebi – ukeTesi;- ierarqiis doneebis gazrdis SemTxvevaSi teqnikurisaSaulebebis kompleqsis datvirTva unda iyos maRali;- teqnikuri saSualebebi kompleqsis gardaqmnis SemTxvevaSiSecvlas upirveles yovlisa unda eqvemdebarebodes isteqnikuri saSualebebi, romelTac axasiaTebs maqsimalurjamuri Rirebuleba da/an romelTac yvelaze didiwvlili SeaqvT saerTo dayovnebaSi.meore amocanis gadaWra martivdeba miznobrivi funqciisgarTulebis xarjze:F( x,h)= Π(x)+ P(h)ϕ(x)(5.18)sadac:Π(x) – aris (5.3)-is tipis miznobrivi funqcia;ψ(x) – aris x veqtoris uwyveti funqcia, Tanac ψ(x) = 0, TuSezRudva g i (x) ≤ 0, i = 1,m 0 , anu, wertili mdebareobs dasaSvebi arisSigniT an mis sazRvaeze, da ψ(x) ≠ 0 – sawinaaRmdego SemTxvevaSi;P(h) – aris erTi cvladis realuri funqcia, romelsacgaaCnia Semdegi Tvisebebi:1. Tu 0 < h 1 < h 2 , maSin 0 < P(h 1 ) < P(h 2 );2. Tu h k aris SeuzRudavi monotonurad mzardi ricxvebisTanmimdevroba, maSinlim P(h k ) = ∞ (5.19)k→∞(5.18) funqciis minimizaciis procesi daiyvaneba Semdegze.ganixileba dadebiTi ricxvebis raRac SezRuduli Tanmimdevroba{h k }, h 1 > 0 –Tvis iZebneba upirobo minimumi. Semdeg iZebneba F(x, h 2 )funqciis mniSvneloba, sadac h 2 > h 1 . procesi grZeldeba manamde,sanam, ar miiReba F(x, h k ) funqciis globaluri minimumi.arsebobs jarimis funqciis sxvadasxva saxeoba. misi SerCevadamokidebulia yovel konkretul SemTxvevaze.119

mesame amocanis gadasaWrelad gamoiyeneba upirobominimizaciis sxvadasxva meTodebi (magaliTad, gradientuli,uswrafesi daSvebis da a.S.), romelTagan TiToeuli undagamoyenebul iqnas miznobrifi funaciis im monakveTze, sadac igimaqsimalurad racionaluria. kerZod mocemul SemTxvevaSiSesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnas fletCer-rivsisa da SemTxveviTiZiebis (uiRblo nabijis SemTxvevaSi ukan dabrunebiT)algoriTmebis kombinacia.5.4. ierarqiuli ganviTarebadi korporaciuli qselisstruqturis optimizacia5.4.1. saerTo debulebani.qselis mdgomareoba drois yovel calke aRebul momentSixasiaTdeba misi parametrebis ricxobrivi mniSvnelobebiserTobliobiT. CavTvaloT, rom maxasiaTebelTa es erTobliobaaris optimaluri. Sedegad, qselis muSaobis gadasvlisas droiserTi momentidan meoreSi, igi gadadis erTi optimalurimdgomareobidan meoreSi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebaSemavali datvirTvis sididiT da momxmarebelTa sxvadasxvamoTxovnebiT, aseve, sxva Sida parametrebiT, romlebicdamokidebulia gamoyenebuli teqnikis tipebisa da raodenobisaganda maTi urTierTkavSirebisgan. am TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba iTqvas,rom, qseli drois sxvadasxva momentebSi mdebareobs TiTqosdasxvadasxva fazur sivrceSi.qselis mdgomareobis fazuri sivrce aris diskretuli.qselis erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasvla xdeba marTviszemoqmedebiT. Sesabamisad, ierarqiuli ganviTarebadi qselisoptimizaciis amocana SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc yoveletapze Sesabamisi marTvis SerCevis amocana, romelicaxorcielebs qselis mdgomareobis etapobriv cvlilebas. amitom,ganviTarebadi qselis optimizaciis amocanad CavTvaloT iseTi120

marTvis SerCeva, romelic uzrunvelhyofs maravalganzomilebianfazur sivrceSi da droSi moZraobis saukeTeso traqetorias.5.4.2. qselis ganviTarebis optimaluritraeqtoriis Ziebis maTematikuri modeliqselis ganviTarebis procesi ganvixiloT mocemul periodze(0, T), romlis yovel etapze xangrZlivobiTm⎛ ⎞τi⎜∑τi= T ⎟⎝ i=1 ⎠xdebaqselis struqturaSi garkveuli cvlileba. vTqvaT, rom sawyis (0-nulovan) momentSi arsebobs qselis raRac garkveulistruqtura. magram ukve i = 1, 2, . . . –Tvis SesaZlo mdgomareobebisraodenoba izrdeba gamomdinare qselis Semavali da Sidaparametrebidan.qselis mdgomareoba drois yovel momentSi SiZlebaoptimizirebul iqnas zemoT aRwerili meTodiT. Tumca mTelintervalze (0, T) qselis erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasvladamokidebulia rogorc wina mdgomareobaze, aseve Semdgommdgomareobebze.aseTi amocanebis gadaWra xdeba dinamiuri programirebismeTodiT. saerTo saxiT, dinamiuri programirebis amocana qselisoptimizaciasTan mimarTebaSi ismeba Semdegnairad: n-bijianiprocesis marTvis optimizacia mdgomareobs imaSi, rom undamoiZebnos marTvebis u 0 , u 1 , . . . , u n-1 iseTi Tanmimdevroba, romlisdrosac xarisxis kriteriumi (Cvens SemTxvevaSi jamuri xarjebi,SezRudviT Setyobinebis miwodebis saSualo droze) miiRebsminimalur mniSvnelobas, anu:ΦΠ( Π0 0 0, 0 1 1 1−1n−1n−1) = min...min...min[ F ( Π u ) + F ( Π , u ) + ... + F n( Π , u )] (5.20)avRniSnoT, rom (5.20) gamosaxulebis pirveli Semadgenelidamokidebulia mxolod marTvaze u 0 , maSin, rodesac sxvaSemadgenlebi damokidebulia rogorc marTvaze u 0 , aseve marTvaze121

sxva bijebze. amitom gamosaxuleba (5.20) SeiZleba warmodgeniliqnas Semdegi saxiT:ΦΠ( Π0)= min{ F0( Π0,u0)+ min...min[ F1( Π1,u1)+ ... + F−1(Π−1,u−1)]}u1un−1avTniSnoT, rom gamosaxulebamin...min[F1( Π1,u1)+ ... + F−1(Π−1,u−1)]u1un−1nnnnnn(5.21)warmoadgens (n-1) bijiani procesis marTvis xarisxiskriteriumis minimalur mniSvnelobas, romelsac gaaCnia sawyisimdgomareoba Π 1 . (5.20)-Tan Sesabamisad es sidide SeiZlebaavRniSnoT Semdegnairad: Ф n-1 (Π 1 ), maSin:ΦΠ ) = min[ F ( Π , u ) + Φ ( Π )](5.22)n( 00 0 n−11u0es msjelobebi SeiZleba gavagrZeloT da miviRoT (n-1)bijiani procesisaTvis gamosaxuleba:ΦΠ ) = min[ F ( Π , u ) + Φ ( Π )](5.23)n−l(ll l n−( l+1) l+1uaRniSnul gamosaxulebaSi (5.23) n-1 aRniSnavs bijebisraodenobas procesis bolomde. avTniSnoT es sidide k-Ti.amasTan Π l = Π n-k da u l = u n-k . SemdgomSi isini avRniSnoT Π-Ti da u-Ti indeqsebis gareSe, isini warmoagens qselis mdgomareobas damarTvis gamoyenebas procesis dasrulebamde k bijiT adre.Semdegi mdgomareoba avRniSnoT Π’-Ti. maSin gamosaxuleba (5.23)miiRebs Semdeg saxes:Φ ( Π ) = min[ F ( Π , u)+ Φ 1(Π ')](5.24)kuk−122

daskvnaTanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, nebismier sferoSiwarmatebuli saqmianobisaTvis, udidesi mniSvneloba eniWebakorporaciul qselebs. isini gamoiyeneba, rogorc mcire, asevemsxvil sawarmoebSi, imisda miuxedavad Tu romel sferoSimoRvaweobs kompania. korporaciuli qselebi saSualebas iZlevaufro efeqturad moxdes kompaniis TanamSromlebs Sorisinformaciis urTierT gacvla, rac mniSvnelovania swrafi daswori gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad. korporaciuli qselebi,aseve, xels uwyobs ganxorcieldes sawarmoo procesis,gayidvebisa Tu momsaxurebis organizebisa da menejmentisoptimizacia, rac, Tavis mxriv, warmatebuli saqmianobissawindaria. cxadia, imisaTvis, rom korporaciuli qseliasrulebdes yvela zemoT amoTvlil funqcias, udidesimniSvneloba eniWeba Tavad korporaciuli qselebisfunqcionirebis xarisxs, radganac araefeqturi qseli veranairadver Seuwyobs xels kompaniis saqminobis efeqturobis gazrdisproblemis gadaWras. Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania korporaciuliqselis optimaluri variantis daproeqteba da realizacia.mocemuli sadisertacio naSromis amocana mdgomareobskorporaciuli qselis parametrebis optimaluri SerCevisprincipis damuSavebaSi dasaxelebuli parametris minimizaciisbazaze.aRniSnuli amocanis konteqstSi, naSromSi ganxiluliaierarqiuli korporaciuli qselis struqturis optimizaciisproblema misi jamuri Rirebulebis minimizaciis bazaze.ierarqiuli struqturis SerCeva ganpirobebuliakorporaciuli qselebis specifikiT. rogorc cnobilia,nebismieri organizacia, imisda miuxedavad, Tu ra zomisaa igi daromel sferoSi moRvaweobs, awarmoebs igi raime produqcias, Tumxolod eweva momsaxurebas, iltvis ganviTarebisa dagafarToebisaken. aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia rom organizaciis123

korporaciuli qseli unda Seesabamebodes sawarmos miznebsa daamocanebs da aseve iyos ganviTarebadi da gafarToebadi.mniSvnelovania, rom qselSi axali terminalebisa damoxmareblebis damatebis aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi ar iyossaWiro qselis struqturis mniSvnelovani cvlileba an misiTavidan SemuSaveba, rac damatebiT finansur danaxarjebTanaadakavSirebuli. zemoT miTiTebul pirobebs yvelaze metadakmayofilebs swored ierarqiuli topologiuri struqtura. igisaSualebas iZleva saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, qselSi martivad iqnesdamatebuli axali terminalebi da axali kavSirebi. garda amisa,aRniSnuli struqturis gamoyeneba aseve mizanSewonilia qselissaimedoobis TvalsazrisiT. es ganpirobebulia imiT, romierarqiuli qselis romelime erTi ganStoebis mwyobridangamosvla ar iwvevs mTeli qselis funqcionirebis Sewyvetas.dResdReobiT arsebul realobaSi, nebismieri organizaciamiiltvis miiRos maqsimaluri Sedegi minimaluri danaxarjebiT.gamomdinare aRniSnuli praqtikuli aucileblobidan,minimizirebadi miznobrivi funqciis saxiT SerCeul iqnakorporaciuli qselis jamuri Rirebuleba. es parametri moicavsara mxolod qselis proeqtirebisa da realizaciisaTvis gaweulkapitalur danaxarjebs, aramed, aseve eqspluataciis xarjebs.SezRudvis saxiT SemoTavazebulia Setyobinebis miwodebissaSaualo dro an drouli miwodebis albaToba. orive parametriganekuTvneba droiT maxasiaTeblebs da aRwers qselisswrafqmedebas.zemoT mocemuli amocanis gadasaWrelad sadisertacionaSromSi SemoTavazebulia dekompoziciis gamoyeneba, romelSicigulisxmeba optimizaciis mTliani amocanis warmodgena mravaletapiani suboptimizaciebis proceduris saxiT. aRniSnulimidgomis upiratesoba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi saSualebasiZleva ganxorcieldes msxvil masStabiani korporaciuliqselebis optimizacia. rogorc cnobilia didi zomis qselisoptimizacia warmoagens Zalian rTul amocanas, rac124

ganpirobebulia rogorc misi zomebis, aseve mis parametrebsSoris urTierTkavSirebis dadgenis sirTuliT.SemoTavazebuli dekompoziciis meTodi niSnavs, rom xdebaqselis optimizaciis amocanis daSla qveamocanebad, romlebicSeiZleba formulirebul iqnas Semdegnairad: 1. qselisalbaTobiT-droiTi maxasiaTeblebis Sefasebis modeli; 2.struqturuli modeli; 3. teqnikuri momsaxurebis efeqturobis,anu saimedoobis uzrunvelyofis, Sefasebis albaTobiTi modeli;4. ekonomikuri modeli.albaTobiT-droiTi maxasiaTeblebis modeli gulisxmobsSetyobinebis miwodebis saSualo droisa da drouli miwodebisalbaTobis maCveneblebis Sefasebas. qselis struqturulmodelze aucilebelia ierarqiis doneebis raodenobis, TiToeuldoneze Setyobinebebis komutaciis centrebis raodenoba, maTiTanabari ganTavsebis pirobiT, struqturis tipisa da qseliskavSirunarianobis gansazRvra. teqnikuri eqspluataciis modeliSeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas ornairad. Tu qselis teqnikursaSualebebze SemuSavebulia dokumentacia, romelSic mocemuliamaTi eqspluataciis wesebi, reglamenturi samuSaosa da mimdinareda kapitaluri remontis perioduloba, aseve, miTiTebulia issaSualebebi, romlebic aucilebelia teqnikuri eqspluataciis daremontisaTvis, maSin modelis daniSnuleba mdgomareobsteqnikuri eqspluataciis centrebis im raodenobis gansazRvraSi,romelic uzrunvelhyofs teqnikuri eqspluataciis maCveneblisdadagenil mniSvnelobas. teqnikuri dokumentaciis ar arsebobisSemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli modelis gamoyeneba mizanSewoniliamomsaxure personalis raodenobis gansazRvris mizniT. dabolos, ekonomikuri modelis dros gamoiyeneba arxebisa dakvanZebis faqtiuri (limituri) an pirobiT-gegmiuri Rirebulebebi.ierarqiuli topologiuri struqturis optimizaciisamocanis gadaWra ki xorciledeba qveamocanebis TanmimdevruligadaWriT: 1. teqnikuri aRWurvilobis variantebis SerCevaformalur-evristikuli meTodiT; 2. miznobrivi funqciisa da125

SezRudvis gaerTanieba saerTo funqcionalSi jarimis funqciismeTodiT, romelic gulisxmobs sawyisi miznobrivi funqciisa daSezRudvis gardaqmnas upirobo minimizaciis amocanebisTanmimdevrobaSi. 3. saboloo gadawyvetilebis miReba,ganxorcielebuli upirobo minimizaciis meTodiT.aseve, sadisertacio naSromSi SemoTavazemulia ganviTarebadiierarqiuli korporaciuli qselis struqturis optimizaciismodeli. ganviTarebad qselSi igulisxmeba korporaciuli qseli,romelic drois sxvadasxva momentebSi cvlilebebs ganicdis. esfaqtori Zalian mniSvnelovania, ragadanc, rogorc ukvearaerTxel avRniSneT nebismieri organizacia iltvisgafarToebisaken. Sesabamisad es iwvevs mis korporaciul qselSiaxali terminalebisa da kvanZebis damatebis aucilebelobas. amSemTxvevaSi saWiroa imis uzrunvelyofa rom TavdapirveladSemuSavebuli optimaluri qseli momxdari cvlilebebis Semdegkvalav inarCunebdes optimalurobis Tvisebas. gamomdinareaRniSnulidan Tu korporaciuli qselis Tavdapirveli variantiwarmoadgens optimalur variants, maSin qselis muSaobis reJimisgadasvlisas drois erTi momentidan meoreSi, igi undagadadiodes erTi optimaluri mdgomareobidan meoreSi, romlebicerTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba Semavali datvirTvis sididiT damomxmarebelTa sxvadasxva moTxovnebiT, aseve, sxva SidaparametrebiT, romlebic damokidebulia gamoyenebuli teqnikistipebze, maT raodenobaze da maT Soris urTierTkavSirebze.qselis erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasvla xdeba marTviszemoqmedebiT. Sesabamisad, ierarqiuli ganviTarebadi qselisoptimizaciis amocana SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc yoveletapze Sesabamisi marTvis SerCevis amocana, romelicaxorcielebs qselis mdgomareobis etapobriv cvlilebas. amitom,saWiroa ganviTarebadi qselis optimizaciis amocanad CavTvaloTiseTi marTvis SerCeva, romelic uzrunvelhyofs sivrceSi dadroSi moZraobis saukeTeso traqetorias. sxva sityvebiT, n-bijiani procesis marTvis optimizacia mdgomareobs imaSi, rom126

unda moiZebnos marTvis u 0 , u 1 , . . . , u n-1 iseTi Tanmimdevroba, romlisdrosac xarisxis kriteriumi (Cvens SemTxvevaSi jamuri xarjebi,SezRudviT - Setyobinebis miwodebis saSualo droze) miiRebsminimalur mniSvnelobas.amrigad, sadisertacio naSromSi ganxiluli amocanebi: 1.ierarqiuli struqturis mqone korporaciuli qselisstruqturis optimizaciis amocana qselis jamuri Rirebulebisminimizaciis bazaze; da 2. ganviTarebadi ierarqiulikorporaciuli qselis struqturis optimizacia; aseve maTigadaWris SemoTavazebuli meTodebi saSualebas iZlevaganxorciledes Tanamedrove, rogorc mcire asevemsxvilmasStabiani korporaciuli qselebis struqturisoptimizacia minimaluri jamuri danaxarjebiT. xazgasasmelia,rom jamur danaxarjebSi igulisxmeba ara mxolod qselisSemuSavebisa da realizaciis kapitaluri dabandebebi, aramedmisi Semdgomi eqsploataciis xarjebic, rac mniSvnelovanianebismieri sawarmos efeqturi funqcionirebisaTvis. mocemuliamocanebis gadawyveta aseve saSualebas iZleva ganisazRvrosqselis saimedo funqcionirebis uzrunvelsayofad saWiroteqnikuri momsaxurebis centrebisa da momsaxure teqnikuripersonalis aucilebeli raodenoba. da bolos, mniSvnelovaniaimis aRniSvna, rom sadisertacio naSromSi SemoTavazebulidekompoziciis meTodi saSualebas iZleva daZleul iqnasparametrebs Soris urTierT kavSiris dadgenisa da maTematikurigamoTvlebis maRali sirTule, rac yovelTvis axasiaTebsoptimizaciis amocanebs.127

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