msoflio politikuri da ekonomikuri rukis regionaluri aspeqtebi
msoflio politikuri da ekonomikuri rukis regionaluri aspeqtebi
msoflio politikuri da ekonomikuri rukis regionaluri aspeqtebi
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Tengiz grigolia<strong>msoflio</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong><strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>rukis</strong><strong>regionaluri</strong> <strong>aspeqtebi</strong>`teqnikuri universiteti”@
8 Dan ShockerDr. Berendson, ein wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter der PSA,konnte <strong>da</strong>rauf vielleicht eine Antwort geben.X-RAY-1 nahm sofort Kontakt mit der Abteilung auf.Während er die Verbindung wählte, drehten sich seine Ge<strong>da</strong>nkenwie ein Karussell.X-RAY-1 stellte Überlegungen an, die den nun mit großerWahrscheinlichkeit toten X-RAY-14 betrafen.Vor zwei Wochen war dieser Mann von Chicago aus mit ihmin Verbindung getreten und hatte ihm angedeutet, <strong>da</strong>ß er aufdie Spur einer Reihe von Verbrechen gestoßen wäre, von denener annehmen könnte, sie wären einmalig in der Geschichteder Kriminalgeschichte.Die Spur führte nach England...Berendsons Stimme riß ihn aus dem Nachdenken.X-RAY-1 teilte ihm die besonderen Umstände mit, undBerendson war der Meinung, <strong>da</strong>ß es <strong>da</strong>für nur eine einzigeErklärung gab.„Innerhalb weniger Minuten, Sir, muß <strong>da</strong>s gesamte Blutdem Körper von X-RAY-14 entzogen worden sein... Ich steheauch noch vor einem Rätsel, aber eine weitergehendeErklärung kann ich ohne Prüfung der genauen Umstände nichtgeben.“„Verstehe, Doc.“Nachdenklich unterbrach er die Verbindung.Zur Zeit hielt sich ein weiterer Agent in England auf, genaugenommen direkt in London: Larry Brent. Er mußte die Spurdort aufnehmen, wo sich die von X-RAY-14 verlor.Der grauhaarige Geistliche wandte sich mit einem Ausdruckdes Schauderns zu dem jungen Kollegen an seiner Seite: „Sie
wigni informacias awvdis mkiTxvelebs <strong>msoflio</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong><strong>rukis</strong> regionalizaciis sakiTxebze. naSromSi ganxilulia<strong>msoflio</strong> politikur rukaze arsebul regionebis,saxelmwfoebis geografiuli mdebareoba, buneba, regionebisroli kacobriobis istoriaSi, Tanamedrove <strong>politikuri</strong>,<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> geografiis sakiTxebi. evropis, amerikis <strong>da</strong> sxvawamyvani industriul saxelmwifoTa gavlena <strong>msoflio</strong>politikasa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikaze.wigni gankuTvnilia saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis magistrebisa<strong>da</strong> bakalavrebisaTvis, aseve socialur-<strong>ekonomikuri</strong><strong>da</strong> istoriuli geografi-isa <strong>da</strong> regionebis politikur-geografiuliproblemebiT <strong>da</strong>interesebuli mkiTxvelTa farTowrisaTvis.re<strong>da</strong>qtori istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtorimaia amirgulaSvili.recenzenti istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtorizurab kvetenaZe.© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009ISBN 978-9941-14-521-6http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/yvela ufleba <strong>da</strong>culia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto,ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT <strong>da</strong> saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tumeqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvisgareSe.saavtoro uflebebis <strong>da</strong>rRveva isjeba kanoniT.
SesavaliwignSi ganxilulia <strong>msoflio</strong> regionebis <strong>da</strong>wamyvani saxelmwifoebis istoriul-<strong>politikuri</strong>,<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> geografiuli <strong>aspeqtebi</strong>. is Ziri-Tadi istoriul-geipolitikri procesebi, romlebsacadgili hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aqvs <strong>msoflio</strong>s wamyvanqveynebSi.XX saukunis 90-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n, mas Semdeg racsaqarTvelo gax<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso sazogadoebissruluflebiani wevri, istoriuli, <strong>politikuri</strong><strong>da</strong> geografiuli mecnierebis winaSe dRis wesrigSi<strong>da</strong>dga <strong>msoflio</strong>s regionalizaciis procesebismravalmxrivi Seswavlis aucilebloba.naSromi iZleva zogad warmodgenas <strong>msoflio</strong><strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>rukis</strong> regionalizaciis problemebze,mosaxleobisa <strong>da</strong> meurneobis Camoyalibebisistoriaze, regionebis centralur problemebze,regionis qveynebis politikur-geografiul problemebze,bunebriv garemoze, resursebze <strong>da</strong> politikaze,regionebis zogad demografiul suraTze,<strong>politikuri</strong> geografiis istoriul wanam-3
ZRvrebze, geopolitikaze, Tanamedrove politikurgeografiaze.naSromSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia iseT parametrebzerogoricaa: <strong>msoflio</strong> regoinebis <strong>ekonomikuri</strong>,<strong>politikuri</strong>, geografiuli <strong>da</strong> geo<strong>politikuri</strong>CarCo, regionis saxelmwifoTa <strong>politikuri</strong><strong>da</strong> <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> wesrigis konturebi, regionebisgeo<strong>politikuri</strong> mdgomareoba, geo<strong>politikuri</strong><strong>da</strong> geoeknomikuri kavSirebisakenltolva.yvelasaTvis naTelia, rom regionebis siZlieresTanamedrove periodSi gansazRvravs Semdegifaqtorebi: samxedro, <strong>ekonomikuri</strong>, teqnologiuri<strong>da</strong> kulturuli. oTxive aRniSnul sferoSijerjerobiT aSS, Semdeg evropa <strong>da</strong> <strong>msoflio</strong>swamyvani qveynebi inarCuneben liderobas.dReisaTvis regionalizaciis procesebi, <strong>msoflio</strong>Simimdinare politikur proceebze <strong>da</strong>debiTgavlenas axdens.regionalizaciis saqmeSi un<strong>da</strong> gamoiyos cvlilebaTaori tipi: <strong>msoflio</strong> rukaze momx<strong>da</strong>ri4
cvlilebebi raodenobrivi maCveneblebis mixedviT,meore _ cvlilebebi xarisxobrivi maCveneblebiT,romelTac gaaCnia Tavisi istoriul-geografiuliperiodizaciis etapebi.<strong>msoflio</strong> regionalizaciis procesebs saTave<strong>da</strong>udo saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa sistemisCamoyalibebam. dReisaTvis regionalizaciis procesebSiarsebobs Zlierebis sami centri: 1.Crdilo amerikis atlantikuri sanapiro, 2.evropulisanapiro, 3. evraziis Soreuli aRmosavleTi.mas Semdeg rac saqarTvelo gax<strong>da</strong> <strong>msoflio</strong>Tanamegobrobis wevri, <strong>msoflio</strong> rukaze arsebulregionalizaciis procesebis Seswavlas,mis warsulsa <strong>da</strong> dRevandelobas, <strong>da</strong> masTanurTierTobas qveynisaTvis didi mniSvnelobaaqvs.5
amerikis <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong>raionebaiseTi didi qveynebisaTvis, rogoric amerikisSeerTebuli Statebia miTumetes esoden maRalimomwifebuli meurneobisa <strong>da</strong> teritoriulistr-uqturisa, <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong>raioneba iRebsgansakuTrebiT did mniSvnelobas, magram dro-Ta ganmav-lobaSi is cvalebadia.kolonizaciis epoqaSi <strong>da</strong> SeerTebuliStatebis arsebobis pirvel etapze yvelaze wingamoyofdnen qveynis CrdiloeT <strong>da</strong> samxreTnawilebs, romlebic Zlier gamoirCeodnensaerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong> <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> ganviTarebiT.teritoriis aTvisebis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>savleT nawilSiqveynis mesame didi raioni – <strong>da</strong>savleTiasamnawilad amgvari <strong>da</strong>yofa sabolood <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>XIX saukunis miwuruls. <strong>da</strong>raioneba Seer-Tebuli Statebisa, savsea siRrmiseuli azriT.`CrdiloeT amerikisaTvis _ es industriis siZlierea,giganturi qalaqebi, demokratizmi <strong>da</strong>emigrantebis siuxve, xolo samxreTi _ es ubra-6
lod cxeli klimatia, <strong>da</strong>jildoebuli SavkanianimosaxleobiT, socialuri cxovrebis SenelebulisvliT <strong>da</strong> cxovrebiseuli CamorCeniT.rac Seexeba <strong>da</strong>savleTs _ es aris farTo horizontebi<strong>da</strong> farTo SesaZleblobebi a<strong>da</strong>mianissaqmianobisaTvis. agreTve aris sustad miTvisebuliteritoria mdi<strong>da</strong>ri resursebiT, magram gamartivebulicxovrebis wesiT~.ukanaskneli aTeuli wlebis manZilze mdgomare-obasagrZnoblad Seicvala, es stereotipebinel-_nela Seudgnen sakuTari Tavis aRmofxvras.sakma-risia vTqvaT, rom CrdiloeTiswili resursebisa mosaxleobaSi sagrZnobladSemcir<strong>da</strong> 1990 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi 44 <strong>da</strong> 50%-iT,samagierod samxreTis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis resursebisnawili gaizar<strong>da</strong>. pirvelis SemTxvevaSi34 <strong>da</strong> 22%-iT, xolo meoris SemT-xvevaSi 32 <strong>da</strong>18%-iT.es Zvrebi 90-ian wlebSi kvlav grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>,rac gvaZlevs imis saSualebas rom gavakeToT<strong>da</strong>skvna samive ekonomikur raionSi resursebis7
<strong>da</strong> Zalebis gaTanabrebisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.XX saukunis meore naxevarSi amerikis samwevrianmaekonomikurma <strong>da</strong>nawilebam gamoiwvia qveynis<strong>da</strong>yofa oTx ekonomikur raionad. es ga<strong>da</strong>wyv-tilebaiseTma saWiro administraciulma organommiiRo, rogoric aris ga<strong>da</strong>mwerTa biuro,romelic xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis aRweras,mrewvelobas <strong>da</strong> sxva. amgvari <strong>da</strong>yofis drossamxreTis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis sazRvrebi ar Secvlila,xolo CrdiloeTi ki or nawilad gaiyoCrdilo – aRmosavleTi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis Suanawili.mogvianebiT ga<strong>da</strong>mwerTa sazogadoebam <strong>da</strong>iwyomiReba ufro konkretuli gegmisa, romelic iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>qveynis ZiriTadi teritoriebiscxrawevrian ekonomikur <strong>da</strong>raionebas, romelicgax<strong>da</strong> farTod gamoyenebadi samecniero geografiulliteraturaSi.xarisxobrivad ekonomikur raionebSi ganixilebaaxali inglisi, Suaatlantikuri Statebi,8
smirniagi amerikis Statebs yofs oTx mikroregionad,magram maT sazRvrebSi aseve gamoyofs33 raions.niu-iorki - amerikis SeerTebuliStatebis <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> de<strong>da</strong>qalaqiniu-iorki – erTaderTi <strong>da</strong> rTuli movlenaaTanamedrove samyaroSi. es gaxlavT rekorduladdidi zomis qalaqi, urbanizaciis TaviseburiapofeziT, mowme usasrulo sididisa. “esaris sazeimo fasadi amerikis warmoebisa. arisunikaluri saerTaSoriso centri. ucxoeli turistebisTvisniu-iorki aris saxecvlilebamTeli amerikisTvis, magram Tavad amerikelebisaTvises aris qalaqi – kosmopoliti, grandiozuliqalaqi kapitalisturi <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebadiqveynisa”. ase axasiaTeben niu-iorks cnobili10
amerikanizaciis Semswavleli geografebi a.v. novikovi<strong>da</strong> l.v.smirniagini. momavalSi smirniaginsaraerTxel moyavs niu-iorkis magaliTi, rogorc<strong>msoflio</strong> qalaqisa, romlis mniSvneloba scdebaamerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sazRvrebs, ai ratomacaris aucilebeli <strong>da</strong> saintereso misi detaluradSeswavla.niu-iorkis istoria moiTvlis araumetes IVaswleuls. niu-iorkis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTre-buliroli iTamaSa misma ekonomikur _ geogra-fiulmaadgilmdebareobam. xarisxis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan<strong>da</strong> yovelmxriv ganviTarebasTan niu-iorkisul ufro mkafiod gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> aSS-s rols,rogorc misi <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi.niu-iorkis aglomeracias uWiravs qveynisteritoriis 0,2%, magram aZlevs 11% mis saSinaoproduqciis zr<strong>da</strong>s. Tavisi produqciis warmoebiTis cildeba mTel kana<strong>da</strong>s. niu-iorki aramarto<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> de<strong>da</strong>qalaqia, romelsac pirveliadgili uWiravs transportis ganviTarebaSi,is agreTve aris finansuri de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi aSS-sa,11
mniSvnelovani centri arawarmoebadi moqmedebismarTvisa, informaciisa <strong>da</strong> kulturisa. ZiriTadikrebuli misi qalaqobrivi funqciebisa <strong>da</strong>lag<strong>da</strong>jer kidev XIX-XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi,magram urTierTobam maT Soris gansakuTrebiTmecnierul-te-qnikuri reformebis epoqaSi, gainca<strong>da</strong>Zalian didi Zvrebi.xangZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi niu-iorkismniSvnelobas gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong> misi saporto funqciebi.is ganlagebuli iyo havais arqipelagze,qveynis SuaSi, romelic mosaxerxebeli iyo hudzonisTvis<strong>da</strong> eri – arxisTvis. niu-iorki ki oriaswleulis manZilze iyo aSS-s saporto qalaqimTeli <strong>da</strong>savleTis gzisTvis <strong>da</strong> garkveuli droismanZilze mTeli <strong>msoflio</strong>sTvisac.rac Seexeba tvirTbrunvas man pirveloba<strong>da</strong>uTmo roter<strong>da</strong>ms 1962 wels, Tumca mainc rCebo<strong>da</strong><strong>msoflio</strong>Si did samgzavro portad. misigavliT sazRvao sadgurebs yovelwliurad 1mln. mgzavri gadio<strong>da</strong>. niu-iorkis istoriulisaporto funqciebi mWidrod ukavSirdeba misi12
ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong> mrewvelobis funqcias. pirvelrigSi, es ukavSirdeba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva satvirTo nedleuls,romlis safuzvelzec did niu-iorkSiwarmoiSva mZime industriis warmoeba.niu-iorki aSS-s centria <strong>da</strong> erT-erTi udidesicentrTagania <strong>msoflio</strong>Si. am qalaqSi mdebareobsqveynis udidesi banki, mTavari sa<strong>da</strong>z-Rvevo kompaniebi, iseTi wamyvani saerTaSorisosavaWro birJebi, rogoricaa xorblis, bambis,yava-Saqris; niu-iorkis safondo birJa mieku-Tvneba <strong>msoflio</strong>Si udides safinanso-sabanko operaciebisricxvs.rogorc maRalganviTarebuli raioni, rogorc<strong>msoflio</strong> qalaqi, niu-iorkSi mdebareobs Stabbina,ramdenime aTeuli msxvili samrewvelo <strong>da</strong>aSS-s sxva korporaciebi, maT Soris “eqsoni”,“mobili”, “filipmorisi” <strong>da</strong> sxva.niu-iorki aSS-s udidesi samecniero-kulturulicentria. aq aris pirveli saswavlo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi,samecniero institutebi, biblioTekebi<strong>da</strong> muzeumebi, Teatrebi <strong>da</strong> kino-Teatrebi.13
erTdroulad es aris “axali ambebis de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi”,sa<strong>da</strong>c mdebareobs udidesi satelevizokompaniebi. Zalian bevri, yvelaze mniSvnelovani<strong>da</strong> masobirivi Jurnal-gazeTebis re<strong>da</strong>qciebi. esaris SemTxveviTi poligrafiuli mrewvelobaqalaqSimniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba samkervalomrewvelobas.axla mivubrundeT niu-iorkis teritorieulistruqturis sakiTxs. ara mxolod aucilebls<strong>da</strong> sainteresos, aramed friad araCveulebrivs.misi ganxilvis gareSe SeuZlebelia gaigo Turatom sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva, amasTan erTad mTlad utyuarwyaroebSi, gvxvdeba am qalaqis mosaxleobis Sesaxebmonacemebi. es monacemebi utyuaria. Ubralodyvelaferi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia, imaze Tu ra farglebSiganixileba niu-iorki. Tavis droze essazRvrebi ganisazRvrebo<strong>da</strong> 5 struqturuli elementisTvis.qalaqis istoriuli birTvis qveS rogorc wesiaRniSnaven niu-iorkis sagrafos, romelze<strong>da</strong>cganlagebulia patara manheteni. oTx mezobel14
sagrafosTan erTad isini qmnian sakuTar qalaqsniu-iorkis municipalitetis sazRvrebs, an rogorcuwodeben niu-iork-sitis.aucilebelia gavigoT didi niu-iorkis Sesaxeb,romlis moe<strong>da</strong>ni ar aRemateba aTss, mosaxleobaki orjer ufro metia. aseT SemTxvevaSiniu-iorkis municipalur sazRvrebSi umatebenurbanizaciis areals, romelic ganlagebuliaCrdiloeTiT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTiT. rodesacsaubaria didi niu-iorkis aglomeraciis Sesaxeb,maSin moiTvlian urbanzaciis teritoriasac gawolilsniu-iork-sitisken <strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n.niu-iorkis mikromdgomareoba ukeTesia ganvixiloTsakuTari qalaqis magaliTze an<strong>da</strong> niuiork-siti,romelsac ukavia 781 kv/km <strong>da</strong> 1980wels flob<strong>da</strong> 7,1 mln. macxovrebels.xan<strong>da</strong>xan mas eZaxian arqipelags, es simarTlesSeesabameba, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c mxolod 1/8 misi teritoriebismdebareobs materikul nawilSi, xolo7/8 _ kunZulebze, romelic mdebareobs md.paudzonis teritoriaze.15
administraciuli TvalsazrisiT qalaqi iyofaxuT raionad: manheteni, bruklini, kvinsi, bronqsi<strong>da</strong> steitenailendi. pirveli oTxi maTganiekuTvnis erT sagrafos, magram kunZuli steitenailendimdebareobs riCmondis sagrafoSi.mTliTani qalaqi niu-iorki warmoiSva 1986 wels.xuTi raioni<strong>da</strong>n manheteni ganlagebulia kunZulze,romlis moe<strong>da</strong>ni sul 55kv/km-ia. misi mudmivimosaxleoba 1,5 mln. a<strong>da</strong>miania, magram yoveldRiurisamuSao saaTebi izrdeba 3-4jer. aqmdebareobs farTo samuSao adgilebi finansursferoSi, marTvaSi, vaWrobaSi, mecnierebaSi,kulturaSi <strong>da</strong> momsaxureobaSi.zustad manhetenia is, rac gasazRvravs niu-iorkisarqiteqturul garegnobas – rogorc qalaqcaTamrjens. es pirveli TormetsarTuliani Senobaaq gamoCn<strong>da</strong> 1890 wels. axla maTi ricxvi270-ia. maTgan 130 ormoc sarTilze metia. miwamanhetenSi iseTi Zviria, rom rentabeluri yovlisSemZleofisebi Tvlian, rom un<strong>da</strong> aSendes16
mxolod maRali Senobebi, romlbeic iqnebianoc<strong>da</strong>aT sarTuliani.Tanamedrove niu-iorkis winaSe dgas bevri mwvaveproblema. es aris trnsportis, romelic aixsnebaaramarto qalaqis zomiT, aramed quCebissarTo siganiT, romelsac 10 aTasi km. avtoparkigaezar<strong>da</strong> 13 mln. manqaniT, xolo metrosadgurebi,romelic moicavs 460 sadgurs – 1200km-ia. agreTve mxedvelobaSi aris misaRebi qalaqiskunZulebrivi mdebareoba; misi calkeulinawilebi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli aris erTmaneTTan xidebiT,gvirabebiT, bornebiT, gamSvebi saSualebebiT,romlebic ukve ar aris sakmarisi <strong>da</strong>es aris yvela garSemomyofTa problema. es yuradRebiTaris gansaxilveli Tumca amas gasazRvravsmisi geografiuli mdebareoba okeanesTan<strong>da</strong> niu-iorkis ganlagebis Tavisebureba.niu-iorks ekuTvnis <strong>msoflio</strong>Si rekordulimaCvenebeli nagvis raodenobis mxriv. erT sulmosaxleze modis 2 kg. dReSi <strong>da</strong> azotis oqsidebisamaRlebis mxriv is Sedis <strong>msoflio</strong> qala-17
qebis pir-vel aTeulSi. radikalur Secvlas moiTxovswyalmomaragebis sistema.SeuZlebelia ar avRniSnoT im problemebis Sesaxeb,romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia niu-iorkis mosaxleobiseTnkur SemadgenlobasTan.mosaxleobis 28%-s Seadgenen afroamerikelebi,16%-espanurenovani amerikelebi, 5%-gadmosaxlebulebiaziur-wynari okeanis regioni<strong>da</strong>n. Rogorcwesi isini cxovroben kompaqtur jgufebadeTnikur qalaqebSi <strong>da</strong> raionebSi. manhetenSi esaris Cinuri Cainatauni, feradkanianebis harlemi,espanurenovani zemoistsaidi. bruklinsi espanureonavibruklin heiti, afro-amerikuli parkslopi, bronqsSi espanurenovani riversaidi <strong>da</strong>sxva.SesaZlebelia zustad imiT aixsnas is, romcxovrebis xarisxiT niu-iorki bervad CamorCebaiseT lider qalaqebs, rogoric aris vankuveri,vena, ciurixi, verni, sidnei <strong>da</strong> Zalian bevrisxva.18
mosaxleobis ricxvi niu-iorkis aglomerciaSi1950w. Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 12,3 mln-s, 1960w. 14,2 mln, magram1970 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi is rCeba erTsa<strong>da</strong>imavesimaRleze 16 mln-<strong>da</strong>n 16,5 mln-mde. 2000 wels amaglomeraciam <strong>da</strong>ikava <strong>msoflio</strong>Si mexuTe adgili.`oqros Stati~ kaliforniakaliforniis Stati ga<strong>da</strong>Wimulia amerikisukidures <strong>da</strong>savleTSi <strong>da</strong> Sedis wynariokeanisStatis SemadgenlobaSi. pirvelad es adgilebiaRmoCenili iyo espanelebis mier XVI saukunisSua periodSi. zustad maSin <strong>da</strong>erqva `kalifornia~.aSS-s SemadgenlobaSi kalifornia Sevi<strong>da</strong>1848 wels meqsikasTan omis Semdeg, xolo oriwlis Semdeg is gax<strong>da</strong> aSS-s 31-e Stati. kaliforniisTanamedrove Stati Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan vi-19
Tardeba. is mravali aucilebeli maCvenebliTikavebs qveyanaSi lideris pizicias.<strong>da</strong>viwyoT misi teritoriuli zomebiT <strong>da</strong> mosaxleobiT.is 411 000 km 2 -ia <strong>da</strong> aSS-Si ikavebs mesameadgils aliaskisa <strong>da</strong> texasis Semdeg. evropaSiis adgils uTmobs mxolod safrangeTs, espaneTs<strong>da</strong> Svecias.saintereso <strong>da</strong> aucilebeli monacemebigaaCnia mas mosaxleobis Sesaxeb. 1850 wels rodesackaliforniam miiRo Statis statusi, misimudmivi macxovreblebis ricxvi ver aRwev<strong>da</strong> 100aTas a<strong>da</strong>mians. XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi isgaizar<strong>da</strong> 1 milioniT. 1910 wels maRwia 2,4 mlns.1940 wels is am monacemebiT gvi<strong>da</strong> mexuTe,xolo 1950 wels me-2 adgilze. mxolod 1980-90-ian wlebSi kaliforniis mosaxleoba gaizar<strong>da</strong>6 mln. a<strong>da</strong>mianiT. 1990-2000 wlebSi is kidevgaizar<strong>da</strong> 4 mln. a<strong>da</strong>mianiT, xolo saboloodmosaxleobis ricxvma miaRwia 33,7 mln. a<strong>da</strong>mians.aranakleb aucilebelia isic, rom kaliforniaaSS-Si iTvleba ganviTarebul meqad. aq aris20
aTobiT Zlieri umaRlesi saswavlebeli, asobiTkoleji. studentebis ricxvi 2 mln-s aRwevs.kaliforniis did teritoriaze ganlagebuliabevri saintereso RirsSesaniSneoba. SevCerdeTmxolod sam maTganze; los-anjelesi, sanfrancisko<strong>da</strong> didi kaliforniis (centraluri)veli.los-anjelesi _ <strong>da</strong>arsebulia meqsiki<strong>da</strong>n wamosuliespanelebis mier, romlebic aq <strong>da</strong>saxldnenme-18 saukunis bolos. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, romis ganlagebuli iyo nayofieri zRvis napirze,viTaredebo<strong>da</strong> didi xnis manZilze. ase magali-Tad: 1870 wels misi mosaxleoba Seadgen<strong>da</strong> sul6000-s, 1990 wels _ 50 aTas a<strong>da</strong>mians.es iyo provinciuli qalaqi, cnobili TavisisanapiroebiT <strong>da</strong> kinostudiebiT. SemdgomSi losanjelesisganviTareba wavi<strong>da</strong> swrafi tempiT. Ukve1930 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi is gax<strong>da</strong> `milioneri~qalaqi. 1970 wels los-anjelesma gauswro Cikagos<strong>da</strong> gax<strong>da</strong> meore qalaqi aSS-Si niu-iorkisSemdeg. 2000 wlis monacemebiT misi mosaxleoba21
Seadgens 3,7 mln. a<strong>da</strong>mians. metropolitenis arealiTmisi mosaxleoba 2000 wels 9,5 mln. a<strong>da</strong>miania.Tu vnaxavT los-anjelesis mosaxleobismonacemebs <strong>da</strong>vrwmundebiT rom is Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan izrdeba.1950 weli _ 4 mln. 1960 weli _ 6,5 mln.1970 weli _ 8,4 mln. 1980 weli _ 9,5 mln.1990 weli _ 11,5 mln. 2000 weli _ 13 mln.is ikavebs me-7 adgils <strong>msoflio</strong>s maRalmonacemebianqalaqebs Soris. amasTan erTad viTardebakvebis, navTobis <strong>da</strong> navTobga<strong>da</strong>mamuSavebelisawarmoebi. Semdeg _ TviTmfrinavTmSenebloba,aviasaraketo – kosmosuri warmoeba <strong>da</strong> sxvamaRali teqnologiebi.ai ukve ramodenime aTeuli welia los-anjelesigvevlineba niu-iorkis mTavar konkurentadqveynis <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> saxelis mopovebaSi. amkonkurenciiT man Zalian bevrs miaRwia.1980 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi los-anjelesi pirveladgilze gavi<strong>da</strong> warmoebis ganviTarebis doniT.22
didi los-anjelesi umsxvilesi centria<strong>msoflio</strong>Si aerokosmiuri warmoebiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c sruldebayvelaze saWiro administraciuli, gamocdil– konstruqciuli operaciebi, ramodenimemsxvil korporaciaSi. zustad aq 1970 wels iyoSeqmnili kosmiuri xomaldi `apoloni~, axla kiaq iqmneba mravaljeradi moxmarebis xomaldi`Satli~. magram uwindeburad aq xorcieldebasamxedro SekveTebis Sesruleba.los-anjelesi gax<strong>da</strong> aSS-is erT-erTi mTavarisamecniero <strong>da</strong> kulturuli centri. aq mdeba-reobssamxreT kolumbiis universiteti, mravalisxva msxvili universiteti sa<strong>da</strong>c swavlobs800 aTasi studenti. amas emateba aTeuli samecniero– kvleviTi centri, romelic TanamSromlobsrogorc universitetebTan, ise samxedrosawarmoebTan.los-anjelesi _ es aris agreTve saerToerovnuli kanonmdebeli Tanamedrove modis <strong>da</strong>garTobis sferoSi. disneilendi mdebareobs misierT-erTi qalaqis teritoriaze, xolo kino-23
in-dustriis sferoSi mas SeiZleba vuwodoT<strong>msoflio</strong>s mTavari centri. jer kidev 1930 welsaq mdebare holivudi uSveb<strong>da</strong> 2/3 –<strong>da</strong>n 3/4 _ mde<strong>msoflio</strong> kinoproduqcias, mis 75 kinostudiaSi<strong>da</strong>kavebuli iyo 50 aTasi a<strong>da</strong>miani. holivudisdideba axlac aris SemorCenili.magram es yvelaferi ar gamoricxavs bevrproblemas, romelic gamowveulia cxovrebisganvi-TarebiT <strong>da</strong> teritoriiT. es aris qalaqistransportis problema. los-anjelesSi praqtikuladTiTqmis ar muSaobs satransporto saSualeba,xolo piradi manqanebis ricxvi aWarbebs5 mln-s. quCebi, gzatkecilebi, kempingebi ikavebenqalaqis teritoriis mniSvnelovan nawils.1990 wlis bolos kaliforniaSi mwvave energetikulikrizisi ganviTar<strong>da</strong>. mis <strong>da</strong>saZlevadStatis xelisuflebas moux<strong>da</strong> eqstremalurizomebis miReba. saswrafod iqna Sedgenili specialuriprograma saqare <strong>da</strong> helio – energetikisganviTarebisaTvis. sxvaTaSoris zustad energokrizismakaliforniaSi, <strong>da</strong>aCqara jorj buS24
umcrosis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba, rom mieRo axali energoprogramisgegma aSS-Tvis. los-anjelesSiiseve rogorc mTels kaliforniaSi rTuladdgas rasobrivi <strong>da</strong> erovnebaTSorisi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebisproblema.san-francisko _ <strong>da</strong>arsebulia espanelebismier XVIII s-is bolos amave saxelwodebis arxisnapirebTan. qalaqis swrafi zr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyo`oqros cieb-cxelebis~ Semdeg. XIX saukunis bolomdeyvela ZiriTadi monacemebis mixedviT isuswreb<strong>da</strong> los-anjeless, Semdeg san-franciskom<strong>da</strong>Tmo bevri pozicia. mosaxleobis ricxvia 775aTasi. am qalaqs aSS-Si uWiravs me-13 adgili. TumxedvelobaSi miviRebT mis aglomeracias maSin,Tavisi 4 mln. mosaxleobiT, mas uWiravs me-4adgili niu-iorkis, los-anjelesis <strong>da</strong> CikagosSemdeg. es metyvelebs imaze rom amerikelebisumetesoba mas Tvlis yvelaze lamaz qalaqadTavianT qveyanaSi.didi kaliforniis veli _ uWiravs 700 klmnisanapiro Rrmuli qedebs <strong>da</strong> sieraneva<strong>da</strong>s25
Soris, warmoadgens erT-erT umsxviles soflismeuneobis raions Zalian maRali agroteqnikismaCvenebliT. veli, romelzec miedinebamdinareebi sakramento <strong>da</strong> sanxoakini farTovdebamsxvili arxebis saSualebiT, ikvebebamdinaris wylebiT. mohyavT oras saxeobaze metikulturuli mcenare, maT Soris SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vasaxeloT:bamba, Saqris Warxali, brinji. aqgaSenebuli aqvT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ku-lturebi: WermisbaRebi, finikis baRebi, yurZnis venaxebi, atmis<strong>da</strong> nesvis baRebi. aq aris nuSis mTeli plantaciebi<strong>da</strong> berZnuli kaklebi, xolo mis samxreTnawilSi mohyavT limoni. mosaxleobam ukve5 mln. a<strong>da</strong>mians miaRwia, maT Soris arian rogorclegaluri, ise aralegaluri emigrantebimeqsiki<strong>da</strong>n. isini <strong>da</strong>qiravebulni arian soflismeurneobis samuSaoebisaTvis romelic grZeldebamTeli weliwadi.sainteresoa rom kaliforniis Stati ikavebswamyvan pozicias qveyanaSi alternatiuli energiiswyaroebis moxmarebiT. aq cnobil geizerebisvelze mdebareobs aSS-Si <strong>da</strong> mTels mso-26
flioSi umsxvilesi geodeziuri terminali `geiersi~romelic 1980 wlis bolos flob<strong>da</strong> 2mln. kvt. energias.kalifornia iyo <strong>da</strong> rCeba aSS-s mTavar raionadsaqare eleqtrosadgurebis mSeneblobismxriv. aqve mohavas u<strong>da</strong>bnoSi muSaobs ramodenimemzis eleqtrosadguri. mTlianad, am Statis1-2 mln. mcxovrebi sargeblobs eleqtroenergiiT,romelic iwarmoeba misi alternatiuliwyaroebiT.aSS saerTaSoriso <strong>ekonomikuri</strong>kavSirebiSeerTebuli Statebi, rogorc <strong>msoflio</strong>sekonomikis lideri, ikavebs wamyvan poziciebssaerTaSoriso ekonomikur kavSirebSi.am qveyanaze modis <strong>msoflio</strong>s Si<strong>da</strong> vaWrobisbrunvis 15%, 32% _ i pir<strong>da</strong>piri investiciebis27
moculoba, romelic Cadebulia sxva qveynebisekonomikaSi.aseTi maRali maCveneblebis ganmartebisaTvisgavixsenoT aSS-s Zalian didi 1/3-is momcemimTliani Semosavli erovnuli produqtisa, igive`meore ekonomika~ am qveynisa, romelic transnacionalurmakompaniebma Seqmnes mTeli <strong>msoflio</strong>sZiriTad regionebSi. zustad es gax<strong>da</strong> erTerTinaTeli magaliTi transnacionaluri <strong>da</strong>globaluri batonbisa <strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobis sferoSi.sakmarisia iTqvas, rom sazRvargareTisfilialebSi transnacionalur kompaniebs <strong>da</strong>saqmebulihyavT 400 aTas kacze meti. un<strong>da</strong> avRniSnoTamerikis valutis gansakuTrebul rolze_ dolarze, romelzec modis 2/3 mTeli <strong>msoflio</strong>svalutis <strong>da</strong>nazogi. TumcaRa, aSS-s vervuwodebT gaxsnil ekonomikur zonas. Tu Sevxe<strong>da</strong>vTZiriTad maCveneblebs aSS mniSvnelovanwiladuTmobs adgils <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> ganviTarebisbevr evropul saxelmwifos. vTqvaT eqsportisSemosavali erT sul mosaxleze StatebSiSeadgens 2600 dolars, evropaSi – 5750 dolaria.28
saeqsporto kvota aSS-Si agreTve odnav <strong>da</strong>bladgas, vidre sxva qveynebSi. es aixsneba pirvelrigSi misi mniSvnelovani Si<strong>da</strong>sabazro roliT,romelic zomebSi gansxvavdeba.tradiciuli forma aSS-s saerTaSoriso ekonomikisa,aris Si<strong>da</strong> vaWroba. 1960_2000 wlebSi misieqsporti 38-jer gaizar<strong>da</strong>, xolo importi 80-jer <strong>da</strong> ufro metad. am droisaTvis importismoculobam aSS-Si ga<strong>da</strong>aWarba eqsportis moculobas,aman Tavis mxriv gamoiwvia pasiuri sava-Wro balansis zr<strong>da</strong> qveyanaSi. 2000 wlisaTvissavaWro deficitma miaRwia uprecedento absoliturzomebs. savaWro deficitis msgavsi zr<strong>da</strong>aixsneba ramodenime mizeziT: erT-erTi maTgania1990 wlis miwurulisaTvis fasebis zr<strong>da</strong> nav-Tobze <strong>da</strong> navTob produqtebze, meore mizezi –importis didi nawilis Senaxva <strong>da</strong> moxmarebamineralur resursebSi, mesame mizezi – konkurenciissafuZvelze aSS-s poziciebis <strong>da</strong>sustebaramodenime savaWro bazarze. amis magaliTebiamravalricxovani savaWro omebi `saavtomobilo~- iaponiasTan, `bananis~ - evropasTan <strong>da</strong> sxva.29
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom aSS-s monopoliebi awarmoebsbrZolebs Tavis konkurentebTan aramxolod saerTaSoriso, aramed saSinao bazaarzec.aSS-s saeqsporto struqturaSi manqanebisa <strong>da</strong>mowyobilobebis wili kidev ufro gaizar<strong>da</strong>. Misispecialuri saerTaSoriso korporaciebi iyvnen<strong>da</strong> rCebian navTobmompovebel, samSeneblowarmoebis, avtomobilebis <strong>da</strong> TviTmfrinavebiseqsportiorebad. maT <strong>da</strong>emata kompiuterebi, telekomunikaciebi,samecniero <strong>da</strong> samedicino xelsawyoebi,aerokosmiuri <strong>da</strong> lazeruli teqnika.agreTve gaizar<strong>da</strong> momxmarebelze arasavaWrosaqonlis gayidva: sayofacxovrebo, saofise <strong>da</strong>farmacevtuli. maT gverdiT ramodenimejer Semcir<strong>da</strong>metalis <strong>da</strong> qimikatebis warmoeba, magramaSS mainc rCeba <strong>msoflio</strong>Si simindis, soios,xorblis, brinjis <strong>da</strong> Tambaqos msxvil eqsportiorad.kidev ufro swrafad, vidre saqonlis,izrdeba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva momsaxureobis eqsporti,romlis saSemosavlo zomis mixedviT (250 mlrd.30
dolari weliwadSi) aSS ikavebs pirvel adgils<strong>msoflio</strong>Si.didi cvlilebebi mox<strong>da</strong> aSS-s saimporto struqturaSic.1970 wlis Sua ricxvebSi man 50%-zemeti Seadgina, romelic <strong>da</strong>ixarja manqanebze <strong>da</strong>mowyobilobebze. exla mTavar saimporto wyaro<strong>da</strong>ris qceuli manqanebi <strong>da</strong> mowyobilobebi,es mox<strong>da</strong> im mTxovnilebebis safuZvelze, romelicgamoiwvia struqturul – ekonomikurmagar<strong>da</strong>qmnam.aSS-s geografiuli ganlageba Si<strong>da</strong> vaWrobaSiagreTve cvalebadia. 1970 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi <strong>da</strong>axloebiT70% ixarjebo<strong>da</strong> sxva qveynebis ganvi-Tarebaze, xolo 30% ganviTarebadze. 1990 wlisbolosaTvis ganviTarebuli qveynebis wiliSemcir<strong>da</strong>, ganviTarebadis gaizar<strong>da</strong>. ganviTarebuliqveynebi<strong>da</strong>n aSS yvelaze did savaWro ur-TierTobebs amyarebs <strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi –germaniasTan, did britaneTTan, safrangeTTan<strong>da</strong> niderlandebTan; kana<strong>da</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong> iaponiasTan.ganviTarebadi qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n laTinur amerikaSi –31
meqsikasTan <strong>da</strong> braziliasTan; CineTTan <strong>da</strong> aziisaxal industriul qveynebTan. amasTan meqsika <strong>da</strong>malaizia aSS-Si gzavnian TavianTi eqsportis90% -s, kana<strong>da</strong> – 80%-s, fili pinebi – 40%-s,brazilia _ 30%-ze mets, iaponia ki <strong>da</strong>axloebiT20%-s. mTeli rigi am qveynebisaTvis amerikisbazarze gamosvlis uflebis mopovebam, didiroli iTamaSa ekonomikis ganviTarebaze. aRsaniSnaviarom vaWrobis momsaxureobis mxriv amerikaaqac liderobs, jer marto saerTaSorisoturizmi<strong>da</strong>n Semosavali Seadgens 85 mlrd. DolarsweliwadSi, es <strong>da</strong>axloebiT igivea rac safrangeTis,espaneTis <strong>da</strong> italiis saerTo wliuriSemosavali.ufro did rols, vidre saerTaSoriso vaWrobaa,aSS-s Si<strong>da</strong> ekonomikur kavSirebSi TamaSobskapitalis eqsporti. adre is xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong>investiciebis `saportfelo~ formiT, xolo Semdgommisi masStabebi gaizar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sazRvargareTisinvesticiebis pir<strong>da</strong>piri mniSvnelobamiiRo. 1990 wlis bolos maTma gamoxmaurebamaSS-<strong>da</strong>n weliwadSi miaRwia 150 mlrd. dolars,32
xolo sazRvargareT Cadebuli kapitalis mTlianmaTanxam ga<strong>da</strong>aWarba 900 mlrd. dolars (sxvamonacemebiT – 1,5 trln. dolars).evropis centraluri – aRmosavleTis qveynebiikaveben Zalian mokrZalebul adgils aSS-s Si<strong>da</strong>ekonomikur urTierTobebSi, igive SeiZlebaiTqvs ruseTis Sesaxeb, romelic ikavebs 35-eadgils amerikis importior qveynebs Soris.cota ufro sxvanairad gamoiyureba aSS-s Si<strong>da</strong><strong>ekonomikuri</strong> kavSirebi ruseTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n, mis eqsportsa<strong>da</strong> importze amerika ikavebs me-2 adgilsgermaniis Semdeg; maTze modis Sesabamisadeqsportis 9% <strong>da</strong> importis 12%. ruseTis ekonomikaSiinvesticiis zomis mixedviT aSS kvlavme-2 adgilzea germaniis Semdeg. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad tvirTbrunvisTan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT zrdisa 90-ian wlebSi,mainc ver pas-uxobs orive qveynis interess. esagreTve <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia tvirTbrunvis struqturazec:ruseTis eqsports aSS-Si ekuTvnis foladi,alumini, qimikatebi, Tevzis produqtebi, importski – xorci, frinveli, Tambaqos nawarmi33
<strong>da</strong> manqanaTmSeneblobis produqcia. sainteresoarom aSS-sTan urTierTobaSi ruseTs gaaCniaaqtiuri savaWro balansi.SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad savaWro gacvlisCamorCenilobisa, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT warmatebuladviTardeba sxva formebi, Si<strong>da</strong> ekonomikururTierTobebSi ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> aSS-s Soris, magaliTadsamecniero – teqnikur urTierTobebSi.amerikis kapital<strong>da</strong>bandebas ruseTis ekonomikaSi,pir<strong>da</strong>pir investiciebze moaqvs mxolod30%.aziis axali industriuli qveynebi.saerTo <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebasazRvargareTis aziaSi axali industriuliqveynebis (aiq) gaCena Tanamedroveobis imdenadmniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong> araordineluri movlena iyo,rom mis analizs samamulo <strong>da</strong> ucxouri lite-34
aturis sakmaod didi nawili eZRvneba. aseTqveynebs <strong>da</strong> teritoriebs miakuTvnebdnen oTxaziur “vefxvs” – koreis respublikas, singapurs,hongkongs <strong>da</strong> taivans.Aaxla maT xSiraduwodeben “pirveli talRis” axal industriulqveynebs. “meore talRis“ qveynebs miakuTvnebenmalaizias, tailands, filipinebs <strong>da</strong> masTan miaxloebulindonezias.jer kidev me-20 saukunis Sua wlebSi amqveynebis roli <strong>msoflio</strong> politikaSi <strong>da</strong> ekonomikaSi,un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom mesame xarisxovani iyo.magram Semdeg maT ufro aqtiurad <strong>da</strong> Tanmimdevrulad<strong>da</strong>iwyes “<strong>da</strong>wevis ganviTarebis” politikisganxorcieleba. amasTan Tavisebur nimuSad,etalonad maTTvis iqca iaponiis gamocdileba.sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT ganviTarebisiaponuri modeli. SemTxveviT ar amboben, romaziis axali industriuli qveynebi weroebis soliviT,“mfrinavi batebis gundiviT” gahyva iaponias.Aakademikosma n.i. moizlevma xatovnad Searqvaiaponias <strong>da</strong>Cqarebuli ganviTarebis kauWi.amasTan, ara marto am qveynebis, aramed mTeli35
aziis – wynar okeanuri regionisTvis. marTalia,xandisxan arCeven Crd. “pirveli talRis” qveynebis<strong>da</strong> samxreTis “meore talRis” qveynebismodels. Tumca saerTo maT Soris ufro metia,vidre gansxvaveba. orive SemTxvevaSi maT migviyvanes,ise rogorc iaponiaSi – namdvil ekonomikursaocrebasTan. Sedegad koreis respublikam<strong>da</strong> singapurma ukve miiRes ekonomiuradganviTrebuli qveynebis oficialuri statusi.amasTn koreis respublika Sevi<strong>da</strong> rCeuli qveynebisklubSi – <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> TanamSromlobisa<strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis organizaciis wevrad.<strong>da</strong>namdvilebiT bolo 3 – 4 aTeuli wlisganmavlobaSi aziurma “vefxvebma” namdvili naxtomigaakeTes CamorCenilobi<strong>da</strong>n ganviTrebisufro maRali safexurisaken. Maman hpova mkveTrigamoxatuleba <strong>msoflio</strong>Si mTliani Si<strong>da</strong> produqtisyvelaze maRali namatis tempebis miRwevaSi,romlmac 1960 – 1980 w.w. Seadgina 6 – 15 %weliwadSi. 1990w. pirvel naxevarSi 6 – 9% <strong>da</strong>mxolod 1990 wlis meore naxevarSi SesamCnevadiklo.36
yvela am qveynebSi aseTi maRali tempis waylobiTgaizar<strong>da</strong> mTliani Si<strong>da</strong> produqtebissaerTo moculobis maCveneblebi:qveyanam.S.pml.dolariAadgili<strong>msoflio</strong>SivalutisoficialurikursiKkoreis 400 12respublikakunZuli 260 19taivanisiangani 160 25tailandi 132 30indonezia 131 31malaizia 81 4037
cxrilis Sesavsabad <strong>da</strong>matebiT SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom m.S.p saerTo moculobiT koreisrespublikam valutis oficialuri kursis ga-TvliswinebiT gauswro niderlandebs, avstralias,meqsikas, ruseTs, argentinas, Sveicarias;taivanma gauswro belgias, Svecias, avstrias,TurqeTs; sianganma norvegias, poloneTs, saudisarabeTs, samxreT afrikis respublikas; tailandma<strong>da</strong> indoneziam – fineTs, saberZneTs, portugalias,irans, israels; malaiziam – Ciles,irlandias, pakistans, perus, axal zelandias,CexeTs, ukrainas. yuradRebas ipyrobs agreTveisic, rom aziis aiq–is reitingi m.S.p-s maCveneblebiT,romelic gaangariSebulia valutismsyidvelobiTi unaris safuZvelze umetes SemTxvevaSiufro maRalia.ara nakleb STambeW<strong>da</strong>vad gamoiyureba aziisaxali industriuli qveynebis m.S.p. maCveneblebisaSualo suladobis mixedviT;38
Qqveyana m.S.p. AaTasi Aadgilidolari <strong>msoflio</strong>Si(valutisoficialurikursi)singapuri 29,1 7siangani 26,5 8taivani 17,0 25koreis9,7 34respublikamalaizia 4,7 49tailandi 2,7 69filipinebi 1,1 101orive cxrilSi mocemuli cifrebis mixdeviTZneli araa SeiniSnos rom aziis axali qveynebism.S.p. gabnevis maCveneblebi suladobis gaTvaliswinebiTsakmaod didia. Mm.S.p-s mixedviT erTmosaxleze gaangariSebiT liderobs ukve arakoreis respublika, aramed mosaxleobiT mciresingapuri, romelsac odnav CamorCeba siangani.maTi adgili <strong>msoflio</strong>Si Turme ufro maRalia,39
maSin rodesac <strong>da</strong>narCeni axali industriuliqveynebisa mniSvnelovnad ufro <strong>da</strong>bali.sainteresoa, rom m.S.p. moculobiT erTsul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT singapuriaRemateba aSS-s, germanias, Svecias, safrangeTs;SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vamatoT is, rom kidev ufro xelsayreliarespublikis angariSi valutis msyidvelobiTiunaris safuZvelze. am SemTxvevaSi masmexuTe adgili ukavia <strong>msoflio</strong>Si (87% a.S.S-sdonisgan; siangans – 71%; koreis respublikas –45%).aziis axalma industriulma qveynebma aseTSTambeW<strong>da</strong>v warmatebebs miaRwies upirveles yovlisaindustrializaciis politikis ganxorcielebiT.amasTan misi gatarebis prioriteti ucvleliar rCebo<strong>da</strong>. industrializacia aq <strong>da</strong>iwyo1950w.w. msubuq safeiqro mrewvelobaSi. 1960 –1970w.w. aqcenti ga<strong>da</strong>tanil iqna mZime mrewvelobis<strong>da</strong>rgebSi. ufro mogvianebiT ki prioritetimieniWa Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro Sromatevad <strong>da</strong> mecnierebadtevadwarmoebebs (eleqtronika, eleqtroteqnika,axali industriuli masalebi). Garkve-40
uli mosazrebebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare SesaZlebeliaimis mtkiceba, rom aziis axalma industriulmaqveynebma igive gza gaiares, rac evropis ganvi-Tarebulma qveynebma: aSS-m, iaponiam, magram gaakeTeses bevrad ufro swrafad. swored amaSimdgomareobs Tavad am cnebis “axali industrializaciis“ azri.amasTan erTdroulad icvlebo<strong>da</strong> amqveynebis sagareo <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> prioritetebic.industrializaciis sawyis etapze orientaciasaxdendnen Canacvlebis modelze. kursi importisSesacvlelad sakuTari warmoebiT mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>nacionaluri warmoebis <strong>da</strong>cviT, importulisaqonlis konkurenciisgan. Mmeore etapzemox<strong>da</strong> ekonomikis eqsportorientirebul saqonelzega<strong>da</strong>svla, rodesac axalma industriulmaqveynebma <strong>da</strong>iwyes orientireba jer rigiT liTonze,zogierTi saxis manqanebze, qimikatebze, Semdegki ufro maRali teqnologiuri nawarmiswarmoebaze sagareo bazrisaTvis. Gga<strong>da</strong>svla aseTRia tipis ekonomikaze moiTxov<strong>da</strong>, rogorcekonomistebi aRniSnavdnen, sami <strong>da</strong>interesebuli41
mxaris Zalisxmevis gaerTianebas: nacionaluriburJuaziis, saxelwifosa <strong>da</strong> ucxouri kapitalis.saxelmwifos zegavleniT Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>ekonomikis msxvili saxelwifo seqtori, romelic,rogorc wesi moicavs energetikas, transports,samTo - mopovebiT mrewvelobas.Sedegad amisa aziis aiq-is meurneobaSi mox<strong>da</strong>mniSvnelovani struqturuli gar<strong>da</strong>qmna. asemalaiziaSi <strong>da</strong> tailandSi 1980w-<strong>da</strong>n 2000 w.mdegaizar<strong>da</strong> mrewvelobis wili mSp-Si - Sesabamisad38%-<strong>da</strong>n 48%-mde <strong>da</strong> 29%-<strong>da</strong>n 40%-mde. <strong>da</strong>axloebiTaseTive maCveneblebi axasiaTebs koreis respublikas<strong>da</strong> indonezias <strong>da</strong> mxolod singapurSimrewvelobis wili Seadgens 34%-s. amjerad samrewvelowarmoebis moculobiT koreisrespublikas me-11 adgili ukavia <strong>msoflio</strong>Si(dgas ruseTze win), xolo ga<strong>da</strong>mamuSavebeli mrewvelobismoculobiT me-10 adgilzea. taivaniSesabamisad imyofeba me-18 <strong>da</strong> me-14 adgilze,indonezia orive SemTxvevaSi 24-e adgilzea. tailandime-20 <strong>da</strong> 23-ze. soflis meurneobis wilimSp-s moculobaSi, rom araferi vTqvaT singa-42
purze <strong>da</strong> sianganze, sa<strong>da</strong>c is praqtikulad ararsebobs, koreis resp-ublikaSi Semcir<strong>da</strong> 5%-mde <strong>da</strong> 10-15%-mde <strong>da</strong>narCen qveynebSi.drois ganmavlobaSi aziis aiq-is umetesobisaTvissavizito baraTad iqca eleqtrulimrewveloba; maTze wilma am <strong>da</strong>rgis produqciaSi1990w. ga<strong>da</strong>aWarba 1\4. Eeleqtronuli warmoebisprofili Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan ufro icvlebo<strong>da</strong>. aziisaiq-ma <strong>da</strong>iwyo iaffasiani masiuri produqciisgamoSvebiT (eleqtronuli saaTebi, mikrokalkulatorebi,videoTamaSebi <strong>da</strong> sxva), Semdgom kiga<strong>da</strong>vidnen ufro rTuli nawarmis gamoSvebaze(feradi televizorebi, videomagnitofonebi) <strong>da</strong>bolos personalur kompiuterebze. erTdroulad<strong>da</strong>iwyes Tanafardobis cvlileba sayofacxovrebo<strong>da</strong> samrewvelo eleqtronikas Sorisukanasasknelis sasargeblod. kidev ufro mniSvnelovania,rom ganviTarebasTan erTad aiq-iamerikuli, iaponuri, evropuli detalebisganeleqtronuli aparaturis awyobi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>sakuTari integrirebuli warmoebis Seqmnaze,romelic moicavs yvela ZiriTad teqnologiur43
stadiebs. mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos is, rom amasTnerTad <strong>da</strong>culia calkeuli qveynebis sawarmoospecializacia. magaliTad radiomimRebebiswarmoebaSi gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva malaizia<strong>da</strong> singapuri, televizorebiT – koreisrespublika, eleqtronuli saaTebiT – siangani,portatuli personaluri kompiuterebiT <strong>da</strong> nouTbuqebiT– taivani.mraval faqtorTa Soris, romelic xelsuwyob<strong>da</strong> aziis aiq-is ekonomikis struqturulgar<strong>da</strong>qmnas ufro maRal teqnologiur safuZvelze,upirvels yovlisa yuradRebas imsaxurebsSromiTi resursebis faqtori. bunebrivi resursebissimciris gamo, am qveyanaSi mTvarifsoni gaakeTes Tavis did SromiT resursebze,romelic mudmuvad ivseba mosaxleobis sakmaodmaRli bunebrivi namatis wyalobiT. sworedSromiTi resursebis siiafem (muSaxelis Rirebulebaaziis aiq-Si sam _ oTxjer <strong>da</strong>balia,vidre ekonomikurad ganviTrebul qveynebSi) mni-Svnelovnad miizi<strong>da</strong> aq <strong>da</strong>savleTis transnacionalurikorporaciebi miTumetes, rom muSaxeli44
am qveynebSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> aramarto iafi, arameddisciplinirebuli.misi bolo Tviseba pirvel rigSi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuliaganaTlebis donesTan. bolos <strong>da</strong> bolosyvela aiq-ma Tavisi garRveva uzrunvelyo imiT,rom SemoiRo sayovelTao saSualo ganaTleba,aamaRla zogadi <strong>da</strong> profesiuli momzadebisdone Tanamedrove stan<strong>da</strong>rtebamde. saxelmwifosyvela problemaTa Soris ganaTlebis prioritetula<strong>da</strong>Riarebam gamoiwvia namdvili “saganmanaTlebloafeTqeba”, romelmac SecvalaSromiTi resursebis xarisxi. ai ratom SeiZleba<strong>da</strong>veTanxmoT a.p.liferovs, romelmac <strong>da</strong>wera imisSesaxeb, rom aziis aiq-is “ekonomikur saocrebas”safuZvlad udevs ganaTlebis prioriteti– amasTan ara deklaratiuli, aramedsavsebiT realuri.es qveynebi ganaTlebisTvis gamoyofen mSpis2,5-<strong>da</strong>n 4,5%-mde, rac maTi mTliani mSp-ssaerTo moculobi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare sakmaodsagrZnob Tanxas Seadgens. amis Sedegad isiniukve miuaxlovdnen ganaTlebis srul dones.45
jer kidev 1990w.-is <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi bavSvTa sabazisoganaTlebam miaRwia 90%-s. maT ricxvSi srulisaSualo ganaTlebis mqoneTa raodenobam koreisrespublikaSi <strong>da</strong> taivanSi moicva bavSvebis<strong>da</strong> mozardebis 80%., rac aRemateba iaponiis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>savleT evropis umetesi qveynebis mier miRweuldones. aziis aiq-is saSualo skolebis gamoSvebulimoswavleebis 1\3 ganagrZobs swavlasuniversitetSi.Ggar<strong>da</strong> amisa es qveynebi xSira<strong>da</strong>gzavnian Tavis studentebs saswavleblad aSS-Si <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi. mniSvnelovaniaaRiniSnos isic, rom sazRvargareTis qveynebSimoswavle studentebi xSir SemTxvevaSi brundebiansamSobloSi, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom aq maTufro <strong>da</strong>bali xelfasi eqnebaT.ganaTlebis maRali done <strong>da</strong>debiT gavlenasaxdens iseT mniSvnelovan sinTetikur maCveneblebze,rogoricaa a<strong>da</strong>mianis ganviTarebis indeqsi(agi), Tumca misi donis mixedviT singapuri,siangani <strong>da</strong> koreis respublika jerjerobiT<strong>msoflio</strong> qveynebis mesame aTeulSi Sedian.46
yovelive Tqmuls SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>ematos, rom<strong>da</strong>naxarjebi samecniero kvleviT <strong>da</strong> sakonstruqtorosacdel samuSaoebze pirveli talRisoTxive qveyanaSi Seadgens m.S.p.S 1-2% <strong>da</strong> es maTayenebs sxva ganviTarebul saxelwifoebze ma-Rla <strong>da</strong> aaxlovebs <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebTan. ga<strong>da</strong>iResra <strong>da</strong>savleTis gamocdileba, isini <strong>da</strong>adgnenindustriuli <strong>da</strong> mecnieruli (teqnologiuri)parkebis <strong>da</strong> teqnopolisebis Seqmnis gzas.1990w Sua wlebSi aseTi teqnopolisebi hqon<strong>da</strong>Taziis aiq-is umetesobas.naTel magaliTad SeiZleba CaiTvalosaziis aiq-Si yvelaze msxvili samecniero-samrewveloparki sinCJuSi taivanze, romelic mdebareobsde<strong>da</strong>qalaq taibe<strong>da</strong>n samxreT – <strong>da</strong>savleTiT70km.is <strong>da</strong>SorebiT. samecniero <strong>da</strong>sayrdensaq wa-rmoadgens ori universiteti, xolosawarmoo <strong>da</strong>sayrdens ki _ aTeulze meti firma,romlebic muSaoben maRali teqnologiis sferoSi.erT magaliTs warmoadgens msxvili samecniero- samrewvelo parki pinangi malaiziaSi,romelic erTsaxelian kunZulze qveynis <strong>da</strong>sa-47
vleT sanapiroze mdebareobs. SemTxveviT aRarucdis mas silikonis kunZuli, ramdena<strong>da</strong>cparkis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi specialdeba naxevargamtarebispladebis anu Cipebis warmoebaSi. maTgareSe SeuZlebelia kompiuterebis, televizorebisan magnitafonebis warmoeba, romlebsacuSveben mTel <strong>msoflio</strong>Si. mesame magaliTia –singapuris samecniero sawarmoo parki, romelicaerTianebs 10 samecnioero kvleviT instituts<strong>da</strong> 45 samrewvelo korporacias.am jgufis qveynebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli saerTo niSani mdgomareobsmaT Ria ekonomikaSi, maT Rrma Sezr<strong>da</strong>SisaerTaSoriso geografiuli Sromis ganawilebaSi.Jer kidev 1980w. bolos aiq-is pirvelitalRis oTxi qveynis wilma ganviTrebadi samyarossaerTo samrewvelo eqsportSi Seadgina55%. 1990w. bolos mTeli <strong>msoflio</strong>s eqsportSiwilis mixedviT koreis respublikas me-14 adgiliekava (2%-ze meti) <strong>da</strong> uswreb<strong>da</strong> bevr ganviTrebulqveyanas. maT Soris ruseTsac. Aamasun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ematos, rom “pirveli talRis” qveynebi48
eleqtronikis bazarTan erTad, aseve gavidnenavtomobilebis, eleqtroxelsawyoebis, sazRvaogemebis, <strong>da</strong>zgebis, zogierTi saxis SeiaraRebis<strong>da</strong> sxva teqnikurad rTuli saxis manqanaTmSeneblobisproduqciis <strong>msoflio</strong> bazarze. maTSeZles gaemagrebinaT Tavisi poziciebi bazrebzeqimiuri <strong>da</strong> msubuqi nawarmiT.oTxive “pirveli talRis” aiq-is <strong>ekonomikuri</strong>strategiis erTi ZiriTadi safuZveliiyo <strong>da</strong> rCeba Semdegi orientacia – maqsimaluradmiizidos ucxouri kapitali. am mizniTmaTi mTavrobebi wavidnen Sesabamisi SezRudvebisSesustebaze <strong>da</strong> maSinve pirobebis miaxloebazeucxouri filialebis <strong>da</strong> wvrilikompaniebissaqmianobis miaxloebaze nacionalurifirmebisaTvis miRebul reJimTan. 1970-1980w.-Si gansakuTrebuli am politikaSi ekavaTavisufali ekonomiuri, anu saeqsporto zonisteritoriebis Seqmnas, riTac administraciuli<strong>da</strong> finansuri xasiaTis upiratesoba eniWebo<strong>da</strong>Tucxoel mewarmeebs, sa<strong>da</strong>c aucilebeli infrastruqturamaT eZleo<strong>da</strong>T Semcirebuli tari-49
febiT <strong>da</strong> izRudebo<strong>da</strong> profkavSirebis saqmianoba.amJamad aseTi zonebi moqmedeben koreisrespublikaSi, indoneziaSi, taivanze, filipinebSi.isini umetes SemTxvevaSi warmoadgenen samrewvelozonebs.Aaziis axali industriuli qveynebis mierSegrovili simdidris realizeba xdeba oqrosvalutis rezervebiT <strong>da</strong> investiciis formiT sakuTarekonomikaSi, Tumca zogierTi misi produqtiatarebs gulaxdilad ambiciur xasiaTs.erT-erTi aseTi saxis magaliTia – caTmbjenebismSeneblobiT gataceba. gansakuTrebiTsingapurSi, seulSi, kualalumpurSi. KkualalumpurissamxreTiT 40 kilometrze ukve <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong>malaiziis axali de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi patradjaia, aseewo<strong>da</strong> am qveynis pirveli premier ministris abdularaxmana patris saxelis sapativsacemod.am qalaqis mSenebloba, romelic mimdinareobs“caric adgilze” un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sruldes 2008w. savaraudodmisi mosaxleoba Seadgens 250 kacs.Mmagram 1997w, aziuri “vefxvebis” SeteviTiganviTareba uecrad Sewy<strong>da</strong> savaluto-finansuri50
krizisis gamo, romelic ga<strong>da</strong>izar<strong>da</strong> saerTo ekonomikurSi.msgavsi ram aq adrec momx<strong>da</strong>ra, magram1997-1998w.w.-is krizisi gansakuTrebiT RrmaaRmoCn<strong>da</strong>.F finansuri krizisi <strong>da</strong>iwyo 1997w. ivlisSi.tailandis batas kursis mkveTri <strong>da</strong>cemiT. amiskval<strong>da</strong>kval mox<strong>da</strong> malaiziis, indoneziis <strong>da</strong> filipinebisnacionaluri valutis vardna <strong>da</strong>wlis bolos krizisma miaRwia koreis respublikas,siangans <strong>da</strong> Seexo iaponiasac. magram albaTmisgan ufro Zlierad <strong>da</strong>zaral<strong>da</strong> indonezia, sa<strong>da</strong>cvaluta 75% gaufasur<strong>da</strong>. erTdroulad mkve-Trad <strong>da</strong>iwia m.S.p. <strong>da</strong> samrewvelo warmoebis namatma.umetes qveynebSi savaWro balansis saldouaryofiTi gax<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>iwyo bankebi<strong>da</strong>n mosaxleobisSenatanebis gamotana <strong>da</strong> maTi ucxour valutaSiga<strong>da</strong>yvana. bankrotobam moicva aTsobiTfirma. eqstraordinalur antikrizisul zomaTaricxvs SeiZleba miekuTvnos aseTic: imisTvis,rom eSvelaT saxelmwifosaTvis <strong>da</strong>eZlia krizisisamxreT koreis yovelma meoTxe ojaxma Caa-51
ara Tavisi faseulobebi, Tanac or Tve naxevarSiSegrovil iqna 225t. oqro.am krizisis Semdeg bevri politikosi cdilob<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>edgina misi mizezebi. maT Soris Cveulebriva<strong>da</strong>saxelebdnen aziis aiq-is modelisarasrulfasovnebas. magaliTad, iseTi rogoricaauzomo eqsportiT gataceba Si<strong>da</strong> bazris<strong>da</strong>zaralebiT, nacionaluri valutis mibma lar-Tan <strong>da</strong> sxva. SesaZloa <strong>da</strong>ematos, rom globalizaciispirobebSi am krizisis Sedegebi TavisTavze iwvnia ara marto samxreT – aRmosavleTis<strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTi aziis qveynebma, aramed mravalmasxva qveyanamac. magaliTad saqonlis eqsportia.S.S.-<strong>da</strong>n aziis qveynebSi, romelic krizisamdeSeadgen<strong>da</strong> am qveynis mTeli eqsportis30%-s mniSvnelovnad Semcir<strong>da</strong>, amiT ufro metadgaizar<strong>da</strong> deficiti mis savaWro balansSi. KkrizismaagreTve gamoiwvia msxvili <strong>politikuri</strong>ryevebi, xelisuflebis Secvlis CaTvliT, romelicmox<strong>da</strong> indoneziaSi.krizisis Semdgom zogierTi specialistiamtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom ga<strong>da</strong>xedvas saWiroebs aziis ai-52
q-is ganviTarebis modeli, romelic <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuliaekonomikis saeqsporto orientaciaze.<strong>da</strong>namdvilebiT SromiTi resursebis kvalifikaciiszrdis gamo aziis aiq-Si xelfasis doniszr<strong>da</strong> iwvevs warmoebuli saqonlis gaZvirebas<strong>da</strong> kargavs yofil konkurentunarianobas <strong>msoflio</strong>bazarze. pirvel rigSi es yvelaferi exeba“pirveli talRis” aiq-is. gasakviri araa, rombevrma ufro ubralo <strong>da</strong> masiurma sawarmoebmaukve <strong>da</strong>iwyes ga<strong>da</strong>svla “meore talRis” aiq-Si.miT umetes, rom “pirveli talRis~ qveynebSim.S.p.-s SeqmnaSi ukve mTavar rols asrulebs aramrewveloba, aramed momsaxurebis sfero.ar SeiZleba SeumCneveli <strong>da</strong>rCes garkveuligansxvaveba “pirveli talRis” qveynebs Soris. aqki win aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> malaizia <strong>da</strong> tailandi, romlebmacSeZles ufro swrafad <strong>da</strong>eZliaT krizisi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>brunebodnen <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> zrdis maRal tempebs.indonezia <strong>da</strong> filipinebi kvlav Zlier CamorCebianmaT m.S.p. produqciis doniT <strong>da</strong> sxvamravali maCveneblebiT. am bunebrivi <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianuriresursebiT mdi<strong>da</strong>r qveyanaSi jer kidev ar53
amowurula eqstremaluri ganviTarebis saSualebebi,gansakuTrebiT imis gaTvaliswinebiT,rom iq muSaxelis Rirebuleba <strong>da</strong> kvalifikaciamniSvnelovnad maRalia, vidre malaiziaSi <strong>da</strong>tailandSi.imis mtkiceba, rom bolo xanebSisazRvargareTis aziaSi Cndebian “mesame talRis”axali industriuli qveynebi (aiq). pirvel rigSies exeba vietnams, sa<strong>da</strong>c 1986w. <strong>da</strong>iwyo ekonomikisZirfesviani reformireba, romelic didi xnisganmavlobaSi iyo gayinul mdgomareobaSi. isorientirebulia mraval<strong>da</strong>rgovan meurneobaze,arasamTavrobo seqtoris aRiarebaze, soflismeurneobaSi koleqtiuri sakuTrebis uaryofaze,mkacri centralizebuli <strong>da</strong>gegmarebis sistemisagangandgomaze.axali <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> politikis Sedegebma ar<strong>da</strong>agviana gamovlena, rom bolo aT weliwadSiqvey-nis m.S.p orjer gaizar<strong>da</strong>. ganviTarebahpoves iseTma saeqsporto warmoebebma, rogoricaasa-mTomopovebiTi mrewveloba (ma<strong>da</strong>ni, nav-Tobi), soflis meurneoba (tropikuli miwaTmoq-54
medeba) <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT Sromatevadi eleqtronika<strong>da</strong> sainformacio teqnologiisTvis mowyobilobebisaTviswarmoeba; 2000w. ukve iqnagamoSvebuli 1 miliardi dolaris Rirebulebissainformacio teqnika. sursaTis uqoneliqveyni<strong>da</strong>n vietnami ga<strong>da</strong>iqca (meore adgili <strong>msoflio</strong>Si)brinjis wamyvan eqsportiorad. am qveynisganviTarebis perspeqtivis Sefasebisas gaTvaliswinebuliun<strong>da</strong> iqnes masSi 45mln. Eekonomiura<strong>da</strong>qtiuri mosaxleobis arseboba. koreisrespublika, rogorc axali industriuli ganvi-Trebuli qveynis magaliTi aRmosavleT aziaSi.1945w. iaponiis <strong>da</strong>marcxebis Sedegad meore<strong>msoflio</strong> omis dros a.S.S.M Seiyvana Tavisi jarebisamxreTiT, xolo sabWoTa kavSirma ki koreisCrdilo nawilSi. ase aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> korea gayofiliCrdiloeT <strong>da</strong> samxreT nawilebad, romelTaganviTareba SemdegSi wavi<strong>da</strong> sruliad gansxvavaebuligzebiT. 1950-1953w.w. Crdilo koreasa<strong>da</strong> samxreT koreas Soris mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>omi, romelic faqtiurad mSvidobianad ki ar<strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>, aramed zaviT <strong>da</strong> maT Soris gamyofi55
xazis <strong>da</strong>dgeniT, romelic gadis 38-e paralelze.am omis dros koreis orive mxaris ekonomikamdidi zarali ganica<strong>da</strong>. am omis dros samxreTkorea sakmaod CamorCenil, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d agrarulqveyanas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.Mmisi m.S.p. struqturaSisoflis meurneobaze modio<strong>da</strong> 68%, maSin rodesacmrewvelobaze mxolod 15%. m.S.p erT sulmosaxleze ga<strong>da</strong>angariSebiT 100 dolarsac kiver aRwev<strong>da</strong>. mosaxleobis umravlesoba gauna-Tlebeli (wera-kiTxvis ucodinari iyo). misibunebrivi namati Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 3%-s weliwadSi. umu-Sevroba <strong>da</strong> arasruli <strong>da</strong>saqmeba mudmiv movlenaswarmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. savaWro balansi <strong>da</strong>iyvanebo<strong>da</strong> deficitTan.koreis omis Semdeg samxreT koreisganviTareba moicavs ramodenime Tanamimdevruletaps.jer kidev 1950 wlebis meore naxevarSi pirveletapze uwinares yovlisa vidre Seudgebodnenufro radikalur gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebs, qveyanaSiganxorciel<strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovani mosamzadebeli RonisZiebebi.maT SeiZleba miekuTvnos agrarulireforma, romliTac miwa kerZo sakuTrebaSi56
ga<strong>da</strong>eca maT, vinc mas amuSavebs. aseve ucodinarobislikvi<strong>da</strong>cia. amasTan gamoyenebuli iqnanacionaluri tradiciebi. konfucis swavlebisTanaxmad, koreelebi yovelTvis didi pativiscemiTepyrobodnen codnas <strong>da</strong> aRmerTebdnenmaswavleblebs. ukve 1960 wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi Tvi-Toeul koreels SeeZlo wera - kiTxva.naklebi warmateba iyo ekonomikaSi. am etapzeWarbob<strong>da</strong> importCanacvlebadi ganviTarebismodeli, orientirebuli Si<strong>da</strong> bazris uzrunvelyofaze.magram mTlianobaSi man ar gaamarTla.Si<strong>da</strong> bazari Zalian viwro aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. amasTan sakuTariwarmoebis gansaviTareblad uxdebo<strong>da</strong>Tmowyobilobebis Semotana, rasac qveyana ver awarmoeb<strong>da</strong>.Sedegad importma bevrad ga<strong>da</strong>aWarbaeqsports, rac ar iyo xelsayreli. qveyanas kidevufro gauWirdebo<strong>da</strong>, rom ara didi <strong>da</strong>xmarebaa.S.S.-sgan, romelic yovelTvis miiltvo<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>epirispirebina samxreT korea socialisturCrdilo koreasTan.Mmeore etapze 1960-ian wlebSi samxreT koream<strong>da</strong>iwyo industrializaciis politikis gan-57
xorcieleba, Tanac klasikuri sqemiT, e.i. <strong>da</strong>iwyoigi msubuqi mrewvelobi<strong>da</strong>n. amasTan aqcenti gakeTebuliiqna qveynisaTvis tradiciul safeiqro<strong>da</strong>rgebze (bambeuli, qsovilebi, trikotaJi),fexsacmelebis warmoebaze <strong>da</strong> aseve xis<strong>da</strong>muSavebaze. viTardebo<strong>da</strong> aranaklebad tradiciulikvebis mrewvelobis <strong>da</strong>rgebi – safqvavi<strong>da</strong> Saqris mrewveloba. orientacia am Sromatevadwarmoebaze miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong>, rogorme <strong>da</strong>ekavebinaWarbi, iafi muSaxeli, romelic gamudmebiTizrdebo<strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis maRali bunebrivinamatiT. magram mTavari siaxle mdgomareob<strong>da</strong>ara amaSi, aramed importCanacvlebadi<strong>da</strong>n ekonomikisganviTarebis eqsportorientirebul modelzega<strong>da</strong>svlaSi, rac gamowveuli iyo mosaxleobisjer kidev <strong>da</strong>bali msyidvelobiTi unariT<strong>da</strong> savaluto saSualebebis ukmarisobiT. Ukve1960w.-Si saqonlis eqsporti ramdenjerme gaizar<strong>da</strong>,Tumca qveynis savaWro balansis saldokvlav uaryofiTi rCebo<strong>da</strong>.mesame etapze, romelmac moica ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d1970-iani wlebi, samxreT korea ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> indu-58
strializaciis Semdeg stadiaze, romelic iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>mZime mrewvelobis upirveles ganviTarebas,pirvel rigSi metalurgiuli, manqanaTmSeneblobis,qimiuri. mokle drois ganmavlobaSiSeiqmna msxvili Savi metalurgia, romelmacsaSualeba misca sakmaod gaezar<strong>da</strong> Tujiswarmoeba. foladis gamodnobis raodenobiTqveyana gavi<strong>da</strong> meore adgilze aziaSi iaponiisSemdeg, Tanac Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve es sfero orientirebuliiyo progresul teqnologiebze. aSenebuliiqna msxvili metalurgiuli kombinatebi fxoxanSi<strong>da</strong> kvanianSi. aseve gaizar<strong>da</strong> metalurgiiswarmoeba.metalurgiis safuZvelze <strong>da</strong>iwyes sakuTarimanqanaTmSeneblobis Seqmna. am sferoSi pirvelplanze wamoiwia <strong>da</strong>zgaTmSnebebloba, romelicemsaxurebo<strong>da</strong> industrializaciis moTxovnebs<strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> bazris gafarToebas, romelic ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>dorientirebuli iyo eqsportze. 1980-ianwlebSi wyalSi CaSvebuli gemebis tonaJi xuTjerufro metad gaizar<strong>da</strong>.AaTvisebuli iqnasupertankebis, kerebis warmoeba. ganviTar<strong>da</strong> ag-59
eTve sayofacxovrebo eleqtronika. <strong>da</strong>CqarebuliganviTareba <strong>da</strong>iwyo ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d qimiam <strong>da</strong> nav-Tobqimiam. gamagrebul iqna energetikuli baza,uwinares yovlisa atomuri energetikis wyalobiT;pirveli atomuri eleqtrosadguri mwyobrSiCadga 1978wels.mZime mrewvelobis ganviTarebaze ga<strong>da</strong>svlaar niSnav<strong>da</strong> uaris Tqmas eqsportze orientaciisgan.zogierT sferoSi eqsporti gaizar<strong>da</strong>kidec. magaliTad 1980w-Si yvela wyalSi Casa-Svebi sazRvao gemebis 9\10 sazRvargareT gasayi<strong>da</strong>diyo gamiznuli. samxreT koreis eqsportissasaqonlo struqturaSi mZime mrewvelobis produqciaTiTqmis ukve <strong>da</strong>ewia msubuqi mrewvelobisnawarms. pirvel adgilze jer kidev iyoteqstili, Semdeg mas mosdev<strong>da</strong> liTonebi, eleqtronika,satransporto saSualebebi. es niSnav<strong>da</strong>Sromatevadi <strong>da</strong>rgebis Semcirebas <strong>da</strong> kapitaltevadi<strong>da</strong>rgebis wilis zr<strong>da</strong>s. savaWro balansissaldo ki ukve <strong>da</strong>debiTi gax<strong>da</strong>.Aamas Sei-Zleba <strong>da</strong>ematos, rom koreis saqonlis mTavariSemsyidvelebi gaxdnen aSS, iaponia, <strong>da</strong>savleT60
evropis qveynebi. koreis importSi pirveli adgiliekava iaponias. amavdroulad gaizar<strong>da</strong> qveynis<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebi<strong>da</strong>nnavTobis importze.meoTxe etapze 1980-ian w.w. industrializaciagrZeldebo<strong>da</strong>. amasTan gansakuTrebiT didyuradRebas uTmobdnen atomur energetikas, manqanaTmSeneblobas,gemTmSeneblobas. magram <strong>ekonomikuri</strong>politikis mTavari mimarTuleba ukveamaSi ki ar mdgomareob<strong>da</strong>, aramed industrializaciiskidev ufro maRal stadiaze ga<strong>da</strong>svlaSi,romelic ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong> maRalteqnologiuri<strong>da</strong>rgebis upirates ganviTarebaze ga<strong>da</strong>svlas.samxreT koreuli <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> modelis aseTmamodifikaciam Tavis mxriv stimulireba miscainvesticiebs samecniero kvleviTi <strong>da</strong> sakonstruqturosacdeli samuSaoebis sferoSi, romlebmacmiaRwies m.S.p. 2%-s, rac Seesatyvisebabevr wamyvan <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebis dones.erTdroulad xdebo<strong>da</strong> mowinave sazRvargare-Tuliteqnologiebis importis yvelanairiwaxaliseba, romlis ganxorcieleba <strong>da</strong>iwyes jer61
kidev industrializaciis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, sa<strong>da</strong>cxdebo<strong>da</strong> uaxlesi teqnologiuri <strong>da</strong>muSaveba.msgavsi movlenis ufro naTel magaliTswarmoadgens eleqtronuli mrewveloba. <strong>da</strong>sawyisSiaTvisebuli iqna lampiani mimRebebi, tranzistorebi,diodebi, SavTeTri televizorebi, Semdeg– magitofonebi, feradi televizorebi, kompiuterebi<strong>da</strong> sxva. eleqtronuli produqciiswarmoebis <strong>da</strong> eqsportis moculobiT 90-ianiwlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi koreis respublika <strong>msoflio</strong>Simeeqvse adgilze gavi<strong>da</strong>.Sesabamisi cvlilebebi mox<strong>da</strong> qveynis sagareovaWrobaSic. 1990 wlisTvis samxreT koreiswvlili <strong>msoflio</strong>s eqsportSi gaizar<strong>da</strong> 2%-mde.eqsportis sasaqonlo struqturaSi mZime mrewvlobisproduqciis wili orjer <strong>da</strong> metad aRematebo<strong>da</strong>msubuqi mrewvelobis nakeTobis wils.samxreT korea Sevi<strong>da</strong> <strong>msoflio</strong> liderTa ricxvSi.misi mTavari savaWro partniorebi arianiaponia, aSS <strong>da</strong> CineTi.mexuTe etapze 1990-ian w.w. samxreT koreasabolood Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>, rogorc ekonomikurad62
ganviTarebuli industriuli qveyana, postindustriuliganviTarebis sagrZnobi elementebiT.amMaTwleulebis bolos man <strong>da</strong>ikava mniSvnelovanipoziciebi <strong>msoflio</strong>s ekonomikaSi.samxreT koreis adgili <strong>msoflio</strong>ssamrewvelo warmoebaSi.produqciis saxe adgili msof.war-SisazRvao gemebipirvelitelevizorebiplastmasebisinTetikuri boWkoebiavtomobilebifoladieleqtroenergia,gamomuSavebuliatomuri el.sadgurebis miermeoremeoTxemeoTxemexuTemexuTeMmeeqvse63
qveynis ekonomikaSi erTdoroulad grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>mniSvnelovani struqturuli Zvrebi.<strong>da</strong>iwyo 15 wliani gegmis ganxorcieleba, romelmacgansazRvra saxelmwifos samecniero-teqnikuripolitika. am gegmis Tanaxmad sul ufrometad prioritets aniWeb<strong>da</strong> mikro eleqrtronikas,viwro qimias, informatikas, avtmobilizacias.amasTan <strong>da</strong>Cqar<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>svla sayofacxovrebowarmoebi<strong>da</strong>n samrewvelo eleqtronikis,gansakuTrebiT satelekomunikacio mowyobilobebis,sakopirebeli aparatebis, faqsebis, kav-Siris <strong>da</strong> sxva Tanamedrove saSualebebis, samrewvelorobotebis gamoSvebaze. Aatomuri energiesganviTarebis didi programis realizaciisSedegad 1990-ian wlebSi qveyanaSi ukve moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>12 atomuri reaqtori. Zalian mniSvnelovanicvlilebebaa <strong>da</strong>saxuli meurneobis makrosferoSi. es imaSi mdgomareobs rom, arasawarmoosfero samxreT koreaSi swrafad viTardebavidre sawarmoo. Sedegad misi wili saerToSi<strong>da</strong> produqciis SeqmnaSi ukve 1\2-iT gaizar<strong>da</strong>.64
1993w. samxreT koreis ekonomikurleqsikonSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> cneba “axali ekonomika”,romelic pir-vel rigSi niSnavs msxvili<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis <strong>da</strong>wyebas.saqme imaSia, rom qveynis roli sayofacxovrebomeqanizmSi yovelTvis Zalian didi iyo <strong>da</strong>aman miiyvana msxvili saxelwifo seqtoris wamoqmnasTan.saxelmwifo aseve axorcieleb<strong>da</strong> ekonomikiscentralizebul <strong>da</strong>gegmarebas; 1962-1992w.w. realizebul iqna xuT wliani gegma. mTavrobaki astimulireb<strong>da</strong> msxvili finansuri samrewvelojgufebis Seqmnas _ egreTwodebuli`Cebolebis”, romlebic warmoadgenen uzarmazarsawarmoo konglomeratebs. magaliTad SeiZlebamoviyvanoT <strong>msoflio</strong>Si cnobili “samsungi”,“xende” <strong>da</strong> sxva.oTxi aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi industrializaciis<strong>da</strong> <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> reformebis Sedegad,aseve mniSvnelovnad Seicvala samxreT koreismeurneobis teritoriuli struqtura. pirvel-meoreetapebze am procesSi wamyvan rolsTamaSob<strong>da</strong> qveynis Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savluri nawili65
qalaqebiT seuli, inCxini, sxva sityvebiT romvTqvaT, de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis regionebi. mas hqon<strong>da</strong> ganvi-Tarebuli msubuqi mrewveloba <strong>da</strong> gaaCn<strong>da</strong> xelsayrelisatransporto-geografiuli mdebareoba.mesame etapze, roca namati miiRo mZime mrewvelobam,swrafad ganviTar<strong>da</strong> zRvispira raionebi,aseTi ga<strong>da</strong>xra zRvisken ganpirobebuli iyonedleulis <strong>da</strong> saTbobis sazRvao gziT SemotaniT.yvelaze metad igi Seexo qveynis samxreTaRmosavleTsanapiros, sa<strong>da</strong>c axali samrewveloraioni Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> aglomeraciaSi koreisumsxviles saporto qalaq pusasTan. sworedmisken iyo mimarTuli sazRvao satransportoxidebis didi nawili, romelic akavSireb<strong>da</strong> samxreTkoreas avstraliasTan, sparseTis yurisregionebTan, indoneziasTan <strong>da</strong> sxva qveynebTan.umsxvilesi sazRvao portebis ricxviT es pataraqveyana CamorCeba mxolod iaponias, CineTs <strong>da</strong>aSS.s.mTlianad <strong>regionaluri</strong> politika, romelsacxistad awarmoeb<strong>da</strong> koreis mTavroba, mimarTuliiyo de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis upiratesi rolis Sem-66
cirebisaken <strong>da</strong> sxva raionebis ganviTarebisaken.aman miiyvana iqamde, rom seulis wili qveynissamrewvelo warmoebaSi 21%-<strong>da</strong>n 1980 wels Semcir<strong>da</strong>14%-mde 1990 wlisTvis. magram mxedvelobaSiun<strong>da</strong> iqnes miRebuli isic, rom qveynis saqalaqomosaxleobis wili de<strong>da</strong>qalaqSi am aTwleulSigaizar<strong>da</strong> 22%-<strong>da</strong>n 25%-mde <strong>da</strong> isic, rom 1980wlebis Sua xanebSi grZeldeba rigi qalaqebisganviTareba, romlebic funqcionalurad mWidro<strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli seulTan. Sedegad de<strong>da</strong>qalaqisregionis mosaxleobam ga<strong>da</strong>aWarba 18mln kacs.amavdroulad mox<strong>da</strong> mTavari samrewvelo“koridoris” seulipusanis formireba, romelmacgaiara gza msubuqi <strong>da</strong> kvebis mrewvelobisupiratesi ganviTarebi<strong>da</strong>n eleqtronikis <strong>da</strong> sxvamecnierebadtevadi warmoebis prioritetamde.miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa jer kidev 1990 wlebis Sui<strong>da</strong>nsade<strong>da</strong>qalaqo regionSi koncentrirebuli iyoqveynis mTeli mecnierebadtevadi sawarmoebis2\3. magram Semdgom am wilma iwyo kleba, radgan1991 wels 9 axali teqnopolisis <strong>da</strong> teqnopa-67
kebis Seqmnis programa iTvaliswinebs maT gan-Tavsebas sade<strong>da</strong>qalaqo regionis gareT. <strong>da</strong>vumatebTrom “ koredori” seulipuasani ara mxolodsamrewveloa, aramed satransportoc, radganes ori qalaqi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia satransportopolimagistraliT. 2004w. ki mwyobrSi un<strong>da</strong>Cadges 112km sigrZis maRal siCqariani rkinigzaseulipuasani, romelsac eqneba eqvsi sadguri,gvirabebi saerTo sigrZiT 189km, xidebi <strong>da</strong> rkinigzisyrilebi. <strong>da</strong>saxuli tranzkoreis rkinigzismagistralis agebis Semdeg es koridoriSeiZens saerTaSoriso xasiaTs.rac Seexeba Tavisufal ekonomikur zonebs,isini samxreT koreaSi ramdenimea. yvelaze didi<strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> 1970 wels saporto qalaq masanSi qveynissamxreT-aRmosavleTiT. am zonaSi muSaobs70-ze meti sawarmoo, maTgan naxevari erTobliviaiaponiasTan <strong>da</strong> aSS-sTan. isini uSveben kompiuterebs,orgteqnikas, sayofacxovrebo eleqtronikas,eleqtroxmovan sistemebs, samedicino mowyobilobebs,xelsawyoebs, optikas <strong>da</strong> sxva.Aam68
zonis eqsportis moculoba 2 mlrd. dolarsaRemateba weliwadSi.Aazia-wynari okeanis regioni <strong>msoflio</strong>bazarzeM<strong>msoflio</strong> bazris politstruqturuli sivrcismodeli ara marto ar gamoricxavs, aramedgarkveulad varaudobs kidec mTavari “simZimiscentris” ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebas erTi regioni<strong>da</strong>n meoreSi.Uukve naTqvamia evropul <strong>da</strong> Crd. amerikulZalis centrze <strong>msoflio</strong> mmarTvelobaSi. boloperiodSi sul ufro xSirad laparakoben <strong>da</strong>weren azia-wynari okeanis regionis rolze, romelicsul ufro aqtualuri xdeba, amitomacxSirad Cndeba gamonaTqvamebi “wynari okeanisxanis mmarTveloba” <strong>da</strong> Aa.S.msgavsi prognozebi adrec gakeTebula, Tun<strong>da</strong>ckarl marqsis nawerebSi, romelic jer kidevnaxevari saukunis win wer<strong>da</strong>, rom wynariokeane iseTive rols Seasruleb<strong>da</strong>, rogorsacatlantis.69
azia_wynari okeanis regionze isev alaparakdnenXX saukunis meore naxevris <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi,rodesac misi qveynebi gansakuTrebuli dinamiurobiTviTardebodnen. Aamis ramdenime mizeziarsebob<strong>da</strong>. pirvel rigSi es iyo uzarmazari raodenobis<strong>da</strong> amasTan erTad xarisxobrivad ma-Rali samuSao resursebis arsebobis faqti. Meoremisi mdi<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> mravalferovani bunebriviresursebi, aluminis, rkinis, uranis udidesimaragi, romelsac <strong>msoflio</strong> warmoebis 50-70%ukavia, amas emateba misi gansakuTrebulad momgebianiekonomikur-geografiuli mdebareoba, misigasasvleli sazRvao regionebSi, arqipelagisqveynebSi <strong>da</strong> sxv. aRsaniSnavia misi gansakuTrebuliunari praqtikaSi ganaxorcielos samecniero-teqnikurirevoluciis uaxlesi miRwevebi<strong>da</strong> farTod gamoiyenos is Tavis saqmianobaSi.SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom azia-wynariokeanis regioni gax<strong>da</strong> axali qveynebis industrializaciissamSoblo.XX saukunis meore naxevarSi yvela am resursisgamoyenebis Sedegad, azia_wynari okenis70
egionis qveynebi <strong>msoflio</strong> bazris wamyvan poziciebzega<strong>da</strong>vidnen. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom ricxobrivimonacemebi xSirad cvalebadia, gamoTvlebisdidi nawili metyvelebs imaze, rom 1990wlis bolos maTze modio<strong>da</strong> <strong>msoflio</strong> vaWrobis40-45%, aq igulisxmeba manqanaTwarmoebis 70% ,sazRvao mimosvlis 60%.azia-wynari okeanis qveynebis ricxvs SeiZlebamivakuTvnoT, iseTi qveynebi, rogoricaaSril-anka, indoeTi <strong>da</strong> a.S. xSiria ricxobriviuzustobebi, regionis qveynebis raodenobasTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. CineTis ekonomikur literaturaSigvxvdeba miTiTeba, rom am regionSi 32 qveyanaa.logikurad Cndeba kiTxva, saWiroa Tu ara, amregions mivakuTvnoT mTeli ruseTis teritoria,Tu SeiZleba mxolod ukiduresi aRmosavleTiTSemovivifargloT? igive kiTxva SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>esvasamerikis SeerTebul Statebs <strong>da</strong> kana<strong>da</strong>s.regionis aseTi moculobis gamo, gamoiyofapunqtebi <strong>da</strong> aseve qvesistemebi. Eesenia aziuri,Crd.Aamerikuli, samxreT amerikuli <strong>da</strong> okeaneTissistemebi. Aaris SemTxvevebi, rodesac qveyne-71
is ierarqias misi ekonomiuri siZlieris mixedviTgansazRvraven, gamoyofen umaRlesi eSelonebissaxelmwifoebs - aSS, iaponia, CineTi <strong>da</strong>ruseTi, saSualo eSelonebis qveynebs – avstralia,aziis nawili, zelandia <strong>da</strong> okeaneTis qveynebisumravlesoba, <strong>da</strong>bali eSelonebis qveynebi- vietnami, <strong>da</strong>osi, kamboja, <strong>da</strong>Tino <strong>da</strong> a.S.istoriul-geografiuli pozicii<strong>da</strong>n aseTi midgomasakmaod sainteresoa, rameTu omis SemdgomperiodSi azia_wynari okeanis qveynebis ekonomiuriganviTareba sinqronulad ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra.ganviTarebis pirveli faza, romelic XXsaukunis 60-ian wlebSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuliiyo iaponiis ekonomikis swraf zr<strong>da</strong>sTan, romelsac“ <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> saswauli “ uwodes. Mmeore“talRa”, romelmac 1970 weli moicva, gamoixatebo<strong>da</strong>axali industriuli qveynebis aRmavlobaSi,Taviseburi naxtomi cnobili aziuri“vefxvebis” – koreis respublika, singapuri, hongkongi<strong>da</strong> taivani. regionis ganviTarebas, Cine-Tis teritoriis uzarmazari gazr<strong>da</strong> asruleb<strong>da</strong>.72
erT-erTi prognozis mixedviT, romelicaSS - Si gakeT<strong>da</strong> 2020 wlisTvis yvela didi<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> baza azia_wynari okeanis sferoSiiqneba moqceuli. amasTan erTad sididis mixedviTpirvel adgils <strong>da</strong>ikavebs CineTi (20trl.dol.), meore adgilze iqneba aSS (13.5), mesame _iaponia (5), meoTxe _ indoeTi (4.8), mexuTe _indonezia (4.2), meeqvse _ koreis respublika (3.4)<strong>da</strong> meSvide _ tailandi (2.4).ruseTi, azia_atlantikur regionSi gansaku-TrebiT civi omis <strong>da</strong>mTavrebisa <strong>da</strong> srulia<strong>da</strong>xali geo<strong>politikuri</strong> garemos gaCenis Semdegflobs yvela monacemebs imisaTvis, rom gaxdesufro mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong> sagrZnobi yvelasaTvis.vaWrobis mxriv azia_atlantikuri regionis qvynebi<strong>da</strong>nruseTi inarCunebs <strong>da</strong>debiT safinansosavaWrobalanss. Aam qveynebis bazarze igiflobs upiratesobas cimbiris <strong>da</strong> ukiduresi aRmosavleTisresursebis wyalobiT, Rebulobsmza produqcias. aseTi Si<strong>da</strong><strong>ekonomikuri</strong> urTierTobebi<strong>da</strong> kavSirebi momavalSi did yuradRebassaWiroebs, imisaTvis, rom moinaxos infra-73
struqturis ganviTarebis iseTi gzebis Zieba,romelic nakleb drosa <strong>da</strong> xarjebs moiTxovs.amasTan udidesi adgili ukavia <strong>da</strong> yovelTviseqneba ruseTis ukiduresi aRmosavleTis regionsmoculobis mixedviT, resursebiT mdi<strong>da</strong>rs<strong>da</strong> rac mTavaria, igi flobs bunebriv gasasvlels`wynari oekanis ukiduresobamde” .saerTaSoriso geografiuli Sromisga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis cnebaes cneba iqcev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iqcevs mravali geografisyuradRebas, maT Sorisaa: baranski, vitveri,kolokovski, sauSkini <strong>da</strong> sxv. Bbaranskim amcnebas misca ganmarteba, romliTac igigaacalkeva or nawilad, bunebriv <strong>da</strong> socialurnawilebad. Seiswavla misi istoriuli safu-Zvlebi, <strong>da</strong>axasiaTa es cneba, rogorc erT-erTimTavari faqtori <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> geografiisa. igiyovelTvis xazs usvam<strong>da</strong> imas, rom nebismier qveyanasSeuZlia awarmoos mravali saxis saqo-74
neli, rom es mxolod mis mravalferovnebazemetyvelebs <strong>da</strong> ara mis monawileobaze saerTa-Soriso ekonomikaSi. misi Teoriis ganxorcielebapraktikaSi mxolod maSinaa SesaZlebeli,rodesac qveynebi erTmaneTisTvis Sromoben, rodesacmaTi Sromis Sedegi ga<strong>da</strong>dis erTi qveyni<strong>da</strong>nmeoreSi, rac Semdeg <strong>msoflio</strong> vaWrobisgazr<strong>da</strong>-gafar-Tovebaze aisaxeba. vitveri wer<strong>da</strong>sam faqtorze, romelzec formirdeba saerTa-Soriso <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> Sromis ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba. PpirvelrigSi mwarmoebeli qveyana un<strong>da</strong> flobdessagrZnob upiratesobas sxva qveynebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT,meore, gar<strong>da</strong> konkurenti qveynebisa, un<strong>da</strong>arsebobdes qveynebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c warmodgenili produqciaufro maRal fasad gaiyideba <strong>da</strong> maseme,produqciis ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis xarji ar un<strong>da</strong> aRematebodesproduqciis warmoebis fass. vitveriTavis naSromebSi aseve ganixilav<strong>da</strong> geografiuliSromis gafarToebas, am procesSi axaliteritoriebis CarTviT.sauSkinma baranskisa <strong>da</strong> vitverisgan gansxvavebiTcnebis problemebze gaamaxvila yuradRe-75
a. Tavis naSromebSi igi axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong> am cnebismniSvnelobas geografiis mecnierebisTvis, ganixilav<strong>da</strong>mis kavSirs transportirebasTan, bunebrivresursebTan, garemosTan.ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis cnebas SemdgomSi did yuradRebasuTmob<strong>da</strong> bagamalovi. amavdroulad manzustad gansazRvra faqtorebis mTeli jgufi,romelzec <strong>da</strong>yrdnobilia saerTaSoriso geografiuliSromis ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba. esenia:• bunebriv-geografiuli• ekonomikur-geografiuli• socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong>• samecniero teqnikuri faqtorebi.sabolood SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saerTaSorisogeografiuli Sromis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis cnebasTan sdevs ori ganuyofeli procesi. pirvelrigSi esaa saerTaSoriso specializirebuli warmoeba,romelsac SeuZlia iyos, rogorc <strong>da</strong>rg-TaSoriso, aseve Si<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>rgobrivi. <strong>da</strong>rgTaSorisowarmoebis dros qveyana, rogorc wesi awarmoebs<strong>da</strong> eqsportirebas ukeTebs Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT naklebi76
saxis produqcias, upirveles yovlisa adviladmisaReb produqcias, benzins <strong>da</strong> aseve soflismeurneobas.saerTaSoriso <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> integraciasaerTaSoriso <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> integracia <strong>msoflio</strong>ssameurneo cxovrebis erT-erTi TvalsaCinomovlenaa. Mmas SeuZlia miiRos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaformebi, miaRwios garkveul zRvars, magram misigavlena <strong>msoflio</strong> sameurneo bazarze dRiTidReizrdeba, aseve yoveldRiurad matulobs saintegraciojgufebi. Ggeografiul <strong>da</strong> ekonomikurliteraturaSi saerTaSoriso <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> integraciismravali ganmarteba arsebobs. Mmisi zusti<strong>da</strong> sruli ganmartebisTvis, magaliTad Sei-Zleba moviyvanoT Semdegi: saerTaSoriso <strong>ekonomikuri</strong>integracia warmoadgens internacionalizaciis,<strong>msoflio</strong> sameurneo cxovrebis axal etaps,romelic <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebissaerTo a<strong>da</strong>ptaciasa <strong>da</strong> siaxloveze, maT Rrma <strong>da</strong>77
saimedo urTierTobebze. ekonomikur literatureSiaseve xazi esmeva, imasac, rom es procesiara marto sameurneoa, aramed samecniero – <strong>politikuri</strong>c,romelic aerTianebs qveynebs. amprocesSi Cveulebisamebr ikveTeba ramdenime Sedegobrivietapi: Tavisufali vaWrobis zona,sabaJo kavSiri, saerTo bazari, <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong>savaluto kavSiri <strong>da</strong> bolos <strong>politikuri</strong> kav-Siri.procesebis xSir gazr<strong>da</strong>ze metyvelebs faqti,rom 1990 wlisaTvis arsebob<strong>da</strong> ukve msgavsisaxis 90-mde xelSekruleba, magram amasTanaveun<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom am xelSekrulebebis umravlesoba<strong>da</strong>debulia <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong>jgufebebis mier,amitom mas Znelia uwodo internacionaluri.M<strong>msoflio</strong> gamocdileba mowmobs imaze, rom ase-Ti <strong>da</strong>jgufebebi SeiZleba warmoiqmnas mxo-lodZalian maRali donis ekonomiur qveyanaSi, romelicorientirebulia Si<strong>da</strong>-<strong>da</strong>rgobrivi specializaciisgaumjobesebaze. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareekonomikur rukaze msgavsi <strong>da</strong>jgufebebi un<strong>da</strong> ve-78
Zebod CrdiloeTiT, Tumca isini ukve samxreT-Sic SeiniSneba.saerTaSoriso <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> integracia SegviZliagavyoT or ZiriTad formad: <strong>regionaluri</strong><strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>rgo integraciebi. Ppirvels ufrogavrcelebuli <strong>da</strong> meti mniSvneloba aqvs. XXsaukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi ekonomiuri integracia warmodgeniliiyo ramdenime didi <strong>da</strong> saSualozomis <strong>da</strong>jgufebebiT. rogorc mosalodneli iyoori mTavari <strong>da</strong>jgufeba ganlag<strong>da</strong> or wamyan regionSi- <strong>da</strong>s. evropa <strong>da</strong> Crd. amerika. <strong>da</strong>s. evropa_ evrokavSiri, romelmac ganviTarebis ramodenimeetapi gaiara 25 qveyniT <strong>da</strong> mTliani mosaxleobiT455 mln. kaci (2004 we-li). Crd.amerika – SeTanxmeba Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb,romelic or etapad formirdeba, mTlianimosaxleobiT 440 mln.kaci aSS, kana<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> meqsika.yvela <strong>da</strong>jgufebis saboloo mizani erTiiyo, isini isaxavdnen rac SeiZleba swrafadgasuliyvnen Tavisufali vaWrobis zonaSi.79
<strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobistransnacionalizaciatransnacionalur korporacias miakuTvnebenmsxvil safinanso-samrewvelo, nacionalur an,iSviaTad internacionalur kapitals, romelicmoqmedebs or an met qveyanaSi <strong>da</strong> aqvs ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebismiRebis iseTi sistema, romelic saSualebasaZlevs mas miusa<strong>da</strong>gos resursebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebissaerTo strategia <strong>da</strong> politika,teqnologiebi <strong>da</strong> pasuxusmgebloba. gazardosTavisi poziciebi <strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobaSi <strong>da</strong> mii-Ros maqsimaluri mogeba. <strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobistransnacionalizacia Cveulebriv Seicavs saTaokompanias <strong>da</strong> mis filialebs. agreTve asocirebulkompaniebs, ganyofilebebs <strong>da</strong> sxv.pirveli <strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobis transnacionalizacia,rogorc saerTaSoriso karteli ga-Cn<strong>da</strong> jer kidev pirvel <strong>msoflio</strong> omamde. omisperiodSi maTi ricxvi gaizar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> formebismravalferovnebac gadid<strong>da</strong>. meore <strong>msoflio</strong> omisSemdeg Seiqmna <strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobis trans-80
nacionalizaciis sazRvargareTuli filialebic.<strong>da</strong> bolos 1980-ian wlebSi warmoiqmna Tanamedrove<strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobis transnacionalizacia,romelic gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong> didi <strong>ekonomikuri</strong>ZaliT <strong>da</strong> Tavisi struqturuli ganStoebebiT.msgavsi saxis procesi warmoadgens saerTaSorisowarmoebis kompleqss, romelic ara mxolodsabazroa, aramed sawarmoo xasiaTsac atarebs.<strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobis transnacionalizaciaaqcents akeTebs ara marto saTao sazRvargareTisqveynebSi saqonlis gatanaze, aramed axaladgilebSi kapitalis <strong>da</strong>bandebas, romlebic mWidro<strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli adgilobriv warmoebas-Tan. saerTo jamSi yovel <strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobistransnacionalizaciis sazRvrebSi.samecniero literaturaSi xSirad SevxvdebiTcifrebs anu <strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobis transnacionalizaciisraodenobas, saerTaSoriso statistikismixedviT 1970wels <strong>msoflio</strong>Si iricxebo<strong>da</strong>7000 <strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobis transnacionalizacia.1980 wels maTi ricxvi gaiza-81
<strong>da</strong> 10000 mde. 2000 wlisTvis ki Cveneba iyo<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 60000 <strong>da</strong>n 600000 mde.ricxobriv zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad izrdeba <strong>da</strong>xdeba maTi xarisxobrivi cvlilebebi. pirvelrigSi did rols TamaSobs udidesi <strong>msoflio</strong>meurneobis transnacionalizaciebi, romlebicimorCileben naklebi Zalauflebis mqone kompaniebs.meores mxriv adre <strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobistransnacionalizaciis firmebi TavianT Svilobilkompaniebs garkveul <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas aZlevdnen,exla ki ufro mWidrod ikvrebian <strong>da</strong>Zlierdebian maTi integraciuli kavSirebiT.sxva mxriv <strong>da</strong>iwyo sazRvargareT Sereuli kompaniebisformireba adgilobrivi nacionalurikapitalis monawileobiT, rac maT konkurentunarianobazemetyvelebs. aseve sul ufro xSirixdeba sxva qveynebSi eqsportis praqtika arasaqonlis, aramed kapitalis pir<strong>da</strong>piri investticiebissaxiT. msgavsi investiciebi midis iseTsamecniero <strong>da</strong>rgebSi, rogoricaa eleqtronika,informatika, bioteqnologia, qarxnebis Seqmna,raTa ganxorcieldes didi samecniero-teqnikuri82
proeqtebi sawarmoebis mSeneblobasa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebissferoSi.klasikur <strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobis transnacionalizaciasTanerTad Cndeba ukve globalurimeurneobis sferoebi, romlebic aviwrovebensxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>rgebs, ara regionalur, aramedglobalur doneze <strong>da</strong> Tan atareben Sesabamisstrategias. <strong>da</strong> bolos <strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobistransnacionalizacia xdeba ufro specializirebulisaxis produqciaze <strong>da</strong> iqceva konglomeratad,romelic uSvebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>niSnulebissaqonels <strong>da</strong> orientacias akeTebsmomsaxurebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sferoze.<strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobis transnacionalizaciisroli Tanamedrove <strong>msoflio</strong>Si gamoixateba Semdegicifrobrivi maCveneblebiT. 2000 wlis gayidvebissaerTo jamma ga<strong>da</strong>aWarba 10 triliondollars, romelic aWarbebs amerikis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTevropis maCveneblebs. <strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobistransnacionalizacia amJamad akontrolebs<strong>msoflio</strong> mrewvelobis warmoebis 1/2-s,vaWrobis <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis 1/3-s. es yvelaferi83
mowmobs imas, rom <strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobis transnacionalizaciaasrulebs mTavar rols Tanamedrove<strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobaSi. akademikos moiseevisazriT Tanamedrove <strong>msoflio</strong> Tavad arises procesi.inglisuri gazeTi “Financial Timesi” aqveynebs<strong>msoflio</strong>s 500 udidesi kompaniebis sias.1990 wlis bolos <strong>msoflio</strong>s ZiriTadi regionebiase ga<strong>da</strong>nawil<strong>da</strong> : Crd. amerika - 235, evropa -145, iaponia - 71, azia-wynari okeanis regioni(iaponiis gareSe) - 35, laTinuri amerika - 8,afrika - 4, axlo aRmosavleTi - 1, avstralia -1. sxva qveynebs Soris liderebia aSS, iaponia,didi britaneTi, Ggermania, safrangeTi, kana<strong>da</strong>.es cifrebi did sivrceze miuTiTebs, maTi 90%mdebareobs <strong>da</strong>savleTis yvelaze ganviTarebulqveynebSi, ufro zustad <strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobis 3did centrze ( aSS, evropa <strong>da</strong> iaponia), 10 % kiganviTarebad qveynebze modis.did interess iwvevs 10 udidesi <strong>msoflio</strong>meurneobis transnacionalizacia <strong>msoflio</strong>Si,Tumca un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom am aTeulis84
Semadgenloba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva wyaroebSi mocemuliasxva<strong>da</strong>sxva monacemebis bazaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, wliurigayidvebis moculobiT an <strong>da</strong>mokidebuliasabazro kapitalizaciaze, aseve sazRvargareTuliinvesticiebis sidideze. amis gamo maTi reitingiizrdeba, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa pirvel aTeulSiyovelTvis Sedis transnacionaluri zegigantebi:“ jeneral motorsi”, “ford moto-ri”,“eqsoni”, “ai bi emi” (aSS), “toiota motorsi”(iaponia), “ roial <strong>da</strong>C Seli” ( didi britaneTi,holandia) . 1990 wlis monacemebiT “jeneralmotorsis” gayidvebis wliuri mocu-loba meryeob<strong>da</strong>150 miliard dolari<strong>da</strong>n 200 miliarddolaramde. Mman ga<strong>da</strong>aWarba <strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobistransnacionalizaciis iseT qveynebs, rogoricaanorvegia, <strong>da</strong>nia, portugalia, saber-ZneTi, CexeTi, rumineTi <strong>da</strong> indoneziac ki.miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad aseTi maCveneblebisa msgavsi kompaniebis<strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobis transnacionalizaciissaqmianoba ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d koncentrirebuliasaTao qveynebTan urTierTobaze, maSin rocasazRvargareTuli filialebis produqcia85
Seadgens 20-25%-s. sxva kompaniebisaTvis kikorporaciuli weli izrdeba 50 % -iT, gayidvebismaCveneblebi iwevs 47-80% mde. Aam mxrivrekordsmenebi arain Sveduri “eleqtroluqsi”( 89%) , holandiuri “filips eleqtroni-qsi” (93%) <strong>da</strong> ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong> Sveduri firma “nestle”(98%).sxva qveynebis gareT pir<strong>da</strong>piriinvesticiebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT <strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobistransnaciona-lizacia qmnis meorad ekonomikas.amis magaliTia aSS. jer kidev 1980-ian wlebSiamerikul kapitalze aSenebul sazRvargareTissawarmoebSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli iyo 6.5 milionze metia<strong>da</strong>miani, xolo mogebis wilma Seadgina misi 1/3.Tavisi meoradi ekonomikis zomebiT aSS bevraduswrebs iaponiis, didi britaneTis, germaniis <strong>da</strong>safrangeTis analogiur maCveneblebs.ukve ganixileba sakiTxi <strong>msoflio</strong>meurneobis transnacionalizaciis SesaZloSeqmnisa ruseTSi. moiseevis azriT imisaTvis,rom ruseTi Sevides <strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobis transnaciona-lizaciaSi,rogorc partniori mas un-86
<strong>da</strong> hqondes Tavisi Zlieri korporaciebi, konkurentunarian<strong>msoflio</strong> bazarze, xolo es xdebaqveyanaSi arsbuli monopoliebis safuZvelze.moskovis saxelmwifo universitetis zogierTigeogra-fis azriT 1990 wlisTvis ruseTSi arsebob<strong>da</strong>30-40 udidesi safinanso-samrewvelojgufi, romlebic SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo safu-Zveli ms-gavsi <strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobis transnacionalizaciisformirebisa. Ees exeba upirvelesyovlisa gaznavTobis kompleqss, qimiur <strong>da</strong>meta-lurgiur mrewvelobas, aseve aviaciis, raketmSeneblobis<strong>da</strong> energo manqanaTmSeneblobiswarmoebas. “gazpromi”- gazis mrewvelobaSi,“lukoili” _ navTobis, “alrosa”- ukve gaxdnentransnacionaluri korporaciebi. 2005 wlisa-Tvis <strong>msoflio</strong>s 500 udidesi kompaniebis siaSipirvelad Sevi<strong>da</strong> “rao eies rasia” ( 248 adgili).87
teritoria rogorc ganTavsebisfaqtoriteritoriis ganTavsebaze, rogorc faqtorzeukve werdnen baranski, sauSkini, maiergoizi,pokSiSevski, romelebmac xazi gausvesCveni mecnierebisaTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobasteritoriuli midgomis sakiTxSi. maSbicmateritoriuloba Seitana geografiis paradigmismniSvnelovan siaTa ricxvSi. marTlac, teritoriulobaun<strong>da</strong> gavigoT, rogorc erT-erTi mTavariprincipi <strong>da</strong> midgoma <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong>socialuri geografiisa.teritoria _ es aris saxelmwifos warmoebissiZlieris elementi. iseTi Semadgenelieleme-ntebi, rogoricaa bunebrivi resursebi <strong>da</strong>maTi aTvisebis pirobebi, romlebic xels uwyobenmeurneobis aTvisebas. zogierTma geografebmawamoayenes Tezisebi imis Sesaxeb, romnebismier teritorias aqvs Tavisi “moculoba”e.i. SeuZlia <strong>da</strong>itios mosaxleobis garkveuli88
aodenoba <strong>da</strong> samrewvelo <strong>da</strong> sxva obieqtebi.aseTi moculoba <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia mis sidideze,sivrcis sameurneo organizebulobaze, ekologiursituaciaze <strong>da</strong> sxv. rogorc wesi, racufro vrcelia qveyana, miT ufro mravalferovaniamisi bunebrivi resursebi <strong>da</strong> mas aqvsSesaZlebloba teritoriuli manevrirebis, axalimiwebis aTvisebis, sivrciTi Zvrebisa, SromisraionTaSoriso formirebis.teritoriebis sidide problemebsac qmnis.es aris manZilis <strong>da</strong>farva, ga<strong>da</strong>tanis siSore, sa-Wiro infrastruqturis Seqmna <strong>da</strong> misi “momwifebis”miRweva. es problema dgas ruseTis, kanadis,avstraliis, braziliis, CineTis <strong>da</strong> indoeTiswinaSe. rogorc mosalodneli iyo ruseTiam mimarTebaSi Zalian CamorCeba sxva qveynebs,miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom man sabWoTa kavSirisganmemkvidreobiT miiRo DZalian Zlieri navTobenergetikulikompleqsi. XX saukunis 90-ian webSipirveladi energoresursebis warmoeba Semcir<strong>da</strong>1/4-iT. erTdroulad Seicvala energiis wayroebiswarmoebis struqtura, romelSic Sem-89
cir<strong>da</strong> qvanaxSiris <strong>da</strong> navTobis wili <strong>da</strong> gaizar<strong>da</strong>bunebrivi airi 50%-iT.<strong>msoflio</strong> navTobmrewvelobanavTobmrewveloba <strong>msoflio</strong> navTobenergetikulimrewvelobis wamyvani <strong>da</strong>rgia. igi Zliergavlenas axdens mTel <strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobaze <strong>da</strong>aseve <strong>msoflio</strong> politikaze. navTobmrewvelobagamoirCeva didi kapital moculobiT <strong>da</strong> dResarsebuli <strong>msoflio</strong>s eqsploataciis navTob WaburRilebimilions aRwevs. navTob samrewvelomopoveba XIX saukunis SuaSi erTdroulad samqveyanaSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo: ruseTSi, rumineTSi <strong>da</strong> aSS-Si.XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi ukve 20 qveyana moipoveb<strong>da</strong>navTobs, magram yvelaze mets aSS, venesuela<strong>da</strong> ruseTi. 1940 wlisTvis navTobmompovebelqveyanaTa ricxvi gaizar<strong>da</strong> 40-mde <strong>da</strong>wamyvani roli SeinarCunes aSS-m, ruseTma, venesuelam<strong>da</strong> iranma. 1970 wels ukve 60 - mde90
miaRwia, 1990 wels - 80. xolo 1990 wlis bolos95-ma. jer kidev 1960 wlebSi navTobis <strong>msoflio</strong>mopovebis naxevari modio<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT naxevarsferosqveynebze, xolo Semdeg pirveloba ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>aRmosavleT qveynebze. Sesabamisad gaizar<strong>da</strong>navTobis <strong>msoflio</strong> mopoveba. 1980-ani wlebisSemdeg <strong>da</strong>iwyo krizisi <strong>da</strong> navTobis fasimkveTrad gaizar<strong>da</strong> <strong>msoflio</strong> bazarze.msgavsma situaciam imoqme<strong>da</strong> navTobis mopovebisgeografiul suraTze, ramac igi gaxa<strong>da</strong>ararentabeluri, eqstremaluri bunebrivi pirobebismqone Znelad misawvdom adgilebSi. 1990wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi navTobis <strong>msoflio</strong> mopovebaase Tu ise <strong>da</strong>stabilur<strong>da</strong>. es ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra resursebisSezRudviT, aramed navTobmompovebeliqveynebis politikiT, pirvel rigSi ki opekis wevriqveynebisa. aseTi politika iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>mopovebis mkacr normirebul kvotas, imisaTvis,rom fasi ar <strong>da</strong>vardniliyo. aseTive politikasatareb<strong>da</strong> is qveynebic, romlebic ar Sediodnenopekis SemadgenlobaSi. mxolod 1990-iani wlebisbolos mox<strong>da</strong> didi aRmasvla, 2004 wlisTvis91
ki 3.8 miliard saxelmwifoTa mesame jgufebsSoris navTobis mopovebis ganawileba Seicvala;Seicvala 2 jgufs Soris; kapitalistursa <strong>da</strong>socialisturs Soris, radganac <strong>da</strong>savleTSi <strong>da</strong>ganviTarebad qveynebSi mopovebuli navTobismTeli wili jer kidev XX saukunis 20-30-ianwlebi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli imyofebo<strong>da</strong> saerTaSorisonavTobis kartelis kontrolis qveS, romelSicSedio<strong>da</strong> 7 udidesi kompania, amerikuli“stan<strong>da</strong>rt oilis” meTaurobiT. magram, male gaaqtiurdnenopekis qveynebic <strong>da</strong> navTobis mopovebis40%-s isini akontrolebdnen. rac SeexebaganviTarebad qveynebs 1990 wlis bolos 60%avidnen <strong>msoflio</strong> navTobis mopovebaSi, maSinroca <strong>da</strong>savleTis mTeli wilis maCveneblebi24% iyo.92
<strong>msoflio</strong> finansuri bazari<strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobis SemadgenlobaSi<strong>msoflio</strong> saqonlis <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis bazrebsSoris ganTavs<strong>da</strong> <strong>msoflio</strong> finansuri bazari,romelsac sakmaod rTuli struqtura aqvs. Aambazris safuZvelia kapitalis mozidva mdi<strong>da</strong>riqveynebi<strong>da</strong>n im qveynebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c mcire kapitalia.kapitalis mozidva xdeba ori ZiriTadiformiT: samewarmeo <strong>da</strong> sesxiT, anu sasesxo kapitaliT.samewarmeo kapitalis gamowveva sTavazobsorganizaciebs sazRvargareT filialebSi,Svilobil sawarmoebSi, Sereuli sawarmoebiskapitals, romelsac iTviseben warmoebiT,vaWrobiT <strong>da</strong> ekonomikis sxva <strong>da</strong>xmarebebiT.Eesxdeba ori formiT: pir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>da</strong> “porTfelis”investiciiT. Ppir<strong>da</strong>piri kapital<strong>da</strong>bandeba uzrunvelyofssazRvargareTuli sawarmoebis mTlianan nawilobriv ( <strong>da</strong>ax. 25% ) flobas aqcionalurikapitaliT, romelic saSualebas aZlevsinvestors akontrolos igi. “saporTfele” inv-93
estticia – es iseTi kapital<strong>da</strong>bandebaa, romelicxorcieldeba aqciebis, obligaciebis <strong>da</strong>sxva fasiani qaRaldebis SesyidviT.<strong>msoflio</strong> finansuri saqmianobis samiZiriTadi arealia: _ aSS. kapitalis eqsportiT igi pirveladgilzea. amerikuli kapitalis mTavari momxmarebelia<strong>da</strong>savleT evropa, aseve kana<strong>da</strong>,laT.amerika <strong>da</strong> sxv. _ <strong>da</strong>savleT evropa. sazRvargareTuliinvesticiebis masStabiT igi mniSvnelovnad uswrebsaSS-s. Tumca kapitalis gadideba xdebaTviT evropis qveynebs SigniT, rac aisaxeba mWidrointegraciiT evrokavSiris qveynebs Soris.kapitalis eqsportiT meore adgilze aSS-a. _ iaponia. Mman gauswro did britaneTs,iaponiis ZiriTadi kapitali gadis <strong>da</strong>s. evropaSi.miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa igi kapitalis 1/4 gzavnis ganviTarebadqveynebSi. ( korea, brazilia, malaizia,filipinebi ).94
B <strong>msoflio</strong> finansuri struqtura sakmaodrTulia. samewarmeo <strong>da</strong> sesxobrivi kapital<strong>da</strong>bandebebi,oqros bazris gafarToeba, kreditebi,valuta, fasiani qaRaldebi <strong>da</strong> sxv. aman SeqmnamTeli rigi finansuri organizaciebi. Eeseniasaxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> komerciuli bankebi, savaluto<strong>da</strong> safinanso birJebi, sakredito <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi,sainvesticio fondebi, finansuri kompaniebi.es yvelaferi ki qmnis <strong>msoflio</strong> finansurisistemis infrastruqturas. maT Soris gansakuTrebulimniSvneloba eniWeba birJebs <strong>da</strong> bankebs.bankebi, romlebic jer kidev kapital<strong>da</strong>grovebis epoqaSi Seiqmna evropaSi, didi ganviTarebahpova axlandel droSi, roca maT mmar-Tveli pozicia <strong>da</strong>ikaves kapitalis sesxiT bazarze.gar<strong>da</strong>texa mox<strong>da</strong> XXs-is 60-ian wlebSi,radgan am dros gaCn<strong>da</strong> ori tendencia: 1)nacionaluri bankebis Serwyma <strong>da</strong> bankigigantebisSeqmna; 2) sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebis bankebis Serwyma<strong>da</strong> sazRvargareTuli sabanko konsorciumebisSeqmna, romlebmac ufro did monopoli-95
zaciamde miiyvana sabanko sistema <strong>da</strong> transnacionaluribankebis Seqmna.exla <strong>msoflio</strong>Si funqcionirebs imdeni banki,rom maTi <strong>da</strong>Tvla SeuZlebelia. 1990-ianiwlebis bolos <strong>msoflio</strong>s 40 udidesi bankebi<strong>da</strong>n10 iyo – iaponuri, 8 - amerikuli, 6 - franguli,4 - inglisuri <strong>da</strong> germanuli, 3 - Sveicaruli, 2 -holandiuri <strong>da</strong> Cinuri, 1 – avstraliuri.Zalian gavrcel<strong>da</strong> safondo birJebi, romlebicfasiani qaRaldebiT vaWroben. aseT bir-Jebze iyideba aqciebi, romlis procesSic dgindebamaTi sabazro fasi. aqciebis kursiscvlilebiT izomeba ama Tu im <strong>da</strong>rgis monacemebi<strong>da</strong> qveynis mTeli ekonomikis monacemebic ki,amitom maT yuradRebiT akvirdebian saxelmwifoorganoebi <strong>da</strong> kerZo mewarmeni. Uucxo valutisvaWrobisas arsebobs specializirebuli savalutobirJebi.bankebis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong> finansuri saqmianobiskoncentraciasTan erTad Seiqmna finansuricentrebi – jer nacionaluri, Semdeg saer-96
TaSoriso <strong>da</strong> bolos <strong>msoflio</strong>. swored isiniagroveben <strong>da</strong> agzavnian mTels <strong>msoflio</strong>Si udidessasesxo kapitals, maT xelSia mniSvnelovanisavaluto, sakredito, sa<strong>da</strong>zRveo <strong>da</strong>sxva finansuri operaciebi. aseTi finansuri centrebisul 10-15-ia.<strong>msoflio</strong>s safinanso centrebs Soris pirveladgilzea <strong>da</strong>savleT evropa. pirobiTad isSeiZleba <strong>da</strong>iyos Zvel <strong>da</strong> axal centrebad. YyvelazenaTeli magaliTia londoni, am qalaqSia<strong>msoflio</strong>Si wamyvani savaluto birJa, ( TavisidRiuri brunviT utoldeba niu-iorkis <strong>da</strong> tokiosbirJebs erTad ). evropaSia udidesi safondobirJa fasiani qaRaldebisa, aq agreTve xdebaoqros operaciebi <strong>da</strong> kreditebi. Llondonisyoveli me-5 a<strong>da</strong>miani finansebiTaa <strong>da</strong>kavebuli,umetesoba ki muSaobs qalaqis saqmian finansurcentrSi - sitiSi. Aasevea parizic , igi mTavarnacionalur safinanso centri<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>iqca <strong>msoflio</strong>smniSvnelovan finansur centrad. Tumcamisi specializacia ufro viwroa <strong>da</strong> Semoifarglebamxolod sabanko kreditebis bazriT.97
londons <strong>da</strong> parizs konkurencias uwevs ciurixi,romlesac Sveicariis finansur de<strong>da</strong>qalaqsuwodeben, igi qveyana – bankiris reputeciiTsargeblobs. ciurixi , rogorc <strong>msoflio</strong>safinanso centri gamoirCeva oqros <strong>da</strong> fasianiqaRaldebis bazrebze.bolo wlebSi <strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi <strong>da</strong>fuZn<strong>da</strong>kidev sami <strong>msoflio</strong> rangis safinanso centri.es aris luqsemburgi, romelic evrokavSirisfinansur de<strong>da</strong>qalaqad iTvleba <strong>da</strong> specializirebuliagrZelvadiani kreditebis gacemiT. ampatara qveyanaSi 200 - mde bankia, romelic aTasobiTsainvesticio fondis saqmes ganagebs.kidev erTi `saga<strong>da</strong>saxado samoTxea” lixtenStaini,sa<strong>da</strong>c aTasobiT ofSeruli kompaniaa <strong>da</strong>registrirebuli.Aaseve mainis frankuTxedi, romelicII <strong>msoflio</strong> omis Semdeg gax<strong>da</strong> ucxouriinvesticiebis importis centri <strong>da</strong> Semdeg maTiudidesi eqsportiori. igi gamoirCeva grZelvadianisabanko kreditebiT <strong>da</strong> fasiani qaRaldebiT.aSS-Si <strong>msoflio</strong>s udidesi safinanso98
centri iyo <strong>da</strong> aris niu-iorki, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>msoflio</strong>Siyvelaze didi safondo birJaa.singapuri, rogorc axaliindustrialuri ganviTarebis qveynismagaliTi samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSisingapuri (pir<strong>da</strong>piri TargmaniT “lomis qalaqi”)_ aziis kidev erTi industriuli qveyanaa.bevri ram masSi tipiuria am jgufis sxva qveynebisTvisac,magram bevri ram mkveTrad gansxvavebuli.<strong>da</strong>viwyoT Tun<strong>da</strong>c am qveynis sididiT, zomiT,romlis farTobi Seadgens mxolod 650 kv.km. es moskovis farTobze naklebia <strong>da</strong> evropisyvelaze “msxvil” mikrosaxelmwifoze andorazeodnav meti. radgan, sazRvargareT aziis teritoriulimasStabebi sul sxvagvaria, maTi raodenobi<strong>da</strong>ngamomdinare, singapuric savsebiT SesaZlebelia,miekuTvnos mikrosaxelmwifoebis kategorias<strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom misi mosaxleobaukve 39 mln. a<strong>da</strong>mianze metia, aziuri mass-99
tabebiT is ar aris didi raodenobis. rac Seexebamosaxleobis simWidroves, Zneli ar arisgamosaTvlelad, is uaxlovdeba Semdeg maCvenebels6100 a<strong>da</strong>miani 1 kv.km-ze. e.i. (monakosTan erTad)aris rekorduli mTels <strong>msoflio</strong>Si. singapuriseTnikur SemadgenlobaSi ki mkveTrad gamoiyofasami jgufi: Cinelebi (77%), malaizielebi(14%), indoelebi (7%). mosaxleobis <strong>da</strong>narCennawils Seadgenen ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d evropelebi <strong>da</strong>maTi STamomavlebi.miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa rom singapuris istoria Suasaukuneebi<strong>da</strong>n iwyeba, misi warmomavlobis istoriasganixilaven 1819 wli<strong>da</strong>n. zustad am welsingliselebma <strong>da</strong>arses aq Tavisi savaWro faqtoria,romelic Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad ekuTvno<strong>da</strong> postindurkompanias, Semdeg ki streitssetlmentis(<strong>da</strong>saxleba srutesTan) proteqtoratis Semadgenelinawili gax<strong>da</strong>, ufro mogvianebiT ki Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>inglisuri kolonia.misi birTvi gax<strong>da</strong> sazRvao porti singapuri,romelic mdebareobs <strong>da</strong>axloebiT kalkutasa <strong>da</strong>100
kantonis SuaSi (axlandeli guanCJou). Tavi<strong>da</strong>nmisi specializacia iyo saneleblebis eqsportimcire vondis kunZulebi<strong>da</strong>n, Semdeg ki kauCukisa<strong>da</strong> kalas eqsporti malai<strong>da</strong>n.XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi es kunZuli fregat“pala<strong>da</strong>ze” mogzaurobisas moinaxula rusma mweralmai.a. gonCarovma. man ase <strong>da</strong>axasiaTa es kun-Zuli (porti).“singapuri_erT-erTi <strong>msoflio</strong> bazaria, sa<strong>da</strong>cjer kidev yvelaferi Semodis, rac saWiroa<strong>da</strong> ar aris saWiro, rac sasargebloa <strong>da</strong> mavneaa<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis. Aaq naxavT aucilebel nivTebs:purs, qsovilebs, sawamlavs, samkurnalo balaxebs.germanelebi, frangebi, ingliselebi, amerikelebi,somxebi, sparselebi, indoelebi, Cinelebi_ yvela Camovi<strong>da</strong> aq, raTa iyidon <strong>da</strong> gayidon.sxvagvari moTxovnebi <strong>da</strong> miznebi aq ar aris.SemdegSi ingliselebma <strong>da</strong>arses aq Tavisi erTerTiumsxvilesi samxedro-sazRvao baza. pirveli<strong>msoflio</strong> omi ar Sexebia singapurs, meore101
<strong>msoflio</strong> omis wlebSi ki is iyo <strong>da</strong>pyrobili iaponiismier.omis Semdeg singapurma miaRwia jer formalurTviTmmarTvelobas britanuli TanamegobrobisCarCoebSi (1959w), Semdeg ki is cota xnisganmavlobaSi Sedio<strong>da</strong> malaiziis federaciaSi,magram 1965 wels gamovi<strong>da</strong> misi Semagdenlobi<strong>da</strong>n<strong>da</strong> gax<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saxelmwifo -respublika singapuri.singapuris gegrafiuli mikromdebareobis Taviseburebamdgobareobs imaSi, rom is warmoadgenskunZulovan saxelmwifos, romelic ganlagebuliaimave <strong>da</strong>saxlebis <strong>da</strong>blobian kunZulze<strong>da</strong> masTan axlo myof patara kunZulebze. samxreTiTis singapuris srutiT gamoyofilia indoneziurkunZul sematrisgan, CrdiloeTiT kiviwro joxoris srutiT _ malaiziisgan. sarkinigzomagistrali akavSirebs singapurs joxorissrutis meore mxares ganlagebul malaiziurqalaq joxorbarusTan (Semdeg is midiskualalumpurSi <strong>da</strong> bangkokSi). sarkinigzo magis-102
tralisTvis specialurad agebuli iyo <strong>da</strong>mbasruteze, romelze<strong>da</strong>c gadis mravalmxrivi saavtomobilomagistrali <strong>da</strong> wyalsadenis sami mili(singapuri iRebs sasmel wyals malaizii<strong>da</strong>n).singapuris istoriuli birTvi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>kunZulis centraluri nawilis samxreT zRvispireTSi,sa<strong>da</strong>c singapuris sruteSi Caedineba pataramdinare singapuri. aq jer kidev SemorCeniliakolonialuri periodis saxlebi, magramdRes qalaqis centraluri arealis iersaxe ultraTanamedrovea,samTavrobo SenobebiT, otelebiT,sacxovrebeli saxlebiT, maRaziebiT, gar-Tobis adgilebiT.maTi umravlesoba ganlagebulia maRliv SenobebSi<strong>da</strong> caTambjenebSi. yvelaze didi caTambjenebi60 <strong>da</strong> 65 sarTuliania. centraluri arealigarSemortymulia sacxovrebeli SenobebiT,esenic mravalsarTuliania (igrZnoba miwis ukmarisoba).sacxovrebeli Senobebi 3 <strong>da</strong> 5 oTaxiania<strong>da</strong> sakmaod keTilmowyobili.103
mokled rom vTqvaT, centraluri areali mimdebaresacxovrebeli raionebiT gaxlavT qveynisde<strong>da</strong>qalaqi singapuri, romlis mosaxleobaSeadgens 2 mln. a<strong>da</strong>mians. mosaxleobis <strong>da</strong>narCeninawili ki cxovrobs e.w. axal qalaqebSi, gareubnebSi,yvelaze didi maTgan _ qalaqi jurongia.yvela gareubani <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia avtobusebismarSrutebiT <strong>da</strong> metorpolitenis ramdenimexaziT;singapuris samrewvelo profili misi istoriismanZilze icvlebo<strong>da</strong> ramdenimejer. Tavi<strong>da</strong>n,mravali aTwleulis manZilze saxelmwifosmTavari funqcia iyo saerTaSoriso vaWroba,romelic <strong>da</strong>yrdnobili iyo reeqsportze. esniSnavs imas, rom singapuris gavliT <strong>msoflio</strong>bazarze igzavnebo<strong>da</strong> produqcia, warmoebulimezobel qveynebSi. jer kidev 1960 welsreeqsportis wili mTels eqsportSi Seadgen<strong>da</strong>95%-s. Semdeg ki industriuli ganviTarebis warmatebebiswyalobiT, es wili Semcir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> winaplanze wamoiwia mza produqcia, warmoebulisingapurSi.104
2000 wels singapuris eqsportma Seadgina 140mlrd. dolari (2,2% <strong>msoflio</strong>), maT Soris adgilobriviproduqciis _ 80 mlrd dolari (1.2%).pirveli SexedviT es wilobrivi maCveneblebi SeiZlebaarc ise maRali mogveCvenos, magram esase ar aris. meore maCveneblis mixedviTac ki patarasingapuri uswrebs iseT gigant qveynebsrogoric arian ruseTi, avstralia, brazilia,sxva qveynebze rom araferi vTqvaT. misi savaWropartniorebi arian: iaponia, aSS, malaizia <strong>da</strong>tailandi, evrokavSiris qveynebi.singapuris mTeli savaWro qseli iyo, <strong>da</strong> aseTiaaxlac, mWidrod <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sazRvaoportTan, romelic Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveld <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> mdinaresingapuris SenakadSi. axla ki mas uWiravsTiTqmis mTeli sanapiro zoli, romelic ukavSirdebasingapuris srutes, sa<strong>da</strong>c ganlagebuliaspecializirebuli saporto terminalebi. 1990-ian wlebSi tvirTbrunviT (330 mln. tona weliwadSi)singapuris portma gauswro roter<strong>da</strong>ms<strong>da</strong> gavi<strong>da</strong> pirvel adgilze <strong>msoflio</strong>Si. misi gemTbrunvaSeadgens 130 aTas gems dRe-RameSi. 400-105
ze meti sanaosno xazi akavSirebs singapurs<strong>msoflio</strong>s 740 portTan. Cveulebisamebr TavadportSi <strong>da</strong> mis reidze sruteSi erTdrouladimyofeba 700-800 gemi aTeulobiT qveyni<strong>da</strong>n. konteinerulga<strong>da</strong>zidvebSi ki singapuri inawilebs1-2 adgilebs sianganTan.singapuris industrializaciis aCqarebis ganxorcielebis<strong>da</strong>sawyisSive 1960-ian wlebSi swrafadganviTar<strong>da</strong> ,,saporto mrewveloba~, romelicorientirebuli iyo importuli nedleulisga<strong>da</strong>muSavebaze. pirvel rigSi es exeba iseT ,,binZur~warmoebas, rogoric aris navTobga<strong>da</strong>mu-Saveba <strong>da</strong> navTobqimia, romelic 1970-ian wlebSigax<strong>da</strong> aq sakvanZo mrewveloba. singapuris xuTinavTobga<strong>da</strong>mamuSavebeli qarxnis simZlavrem mia-Rwia TiTqmis 60 mln. tonas <strong>da</strong> am maCveneblismixedviT igi gavi<strong>da</strong> mesame adgilze <strong>msoflio</strong>Siamerikuli hiustonisa <strong>da</strong> holandiuri roter<strong>da</strong>misSemdeg. sainteresoa isic, rom es navTobismaragi navTsacavebTan erTd ga<strong>da</strong>tanili iqnaSvid patara kunZulze, romlebic mdebareobsqalaq jurongis samxreTiT. es patara kunZulebi106
faqtiurad gaaerTianes erT didi kunZulad,ramac xeli Seuwyo didi samrewvelo zonis Seqmnas.am zonis bazaze iaponurma <strong>da</strong> germanulmakoncernebma ukve <strong>da</strong>iwyes Tanamedorve msxvilinavTobqimiuri warmoebis ganviTareba. proeqtiiTvaliswinebs <strong>da</strong>mbis agebas, romelic <strong>da</strong>akavSirebskunZul jurongs am samrewvelo raionismTavar nawilTan.`saporto mrewvelobis~ <strong>da</strong>rgs un<strong>da</strong> mivakuTvnoTgemTmSeneblobac. aq aSeneben supertankerebs500 aTas t. tonaJiT <strong>da</strong> navTobsaburR baqnebs.didi mniSvneloba aqvs aseve gemebis Seke-Tebas.1980-1990 wlebSi singapuris industriuliprofili Seicvala. misi mTavari mimarTulebagax<strong>da</strong> eleqtronika, romelze<strong>da</strong>c axla modismTeli samrewvelo warmoebis naxevari. jer kidev1970-ian wlebSi <strong>da</strong>arsebuli es <strong>da</strong>rgi Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli iyo amwyob operaciebze<strong>da</strong> agreTve orientirebuli iyo mcirekvalificirebulsamuSao Zalaze. magram 1980-ian wlebSi107
ganxorcielebuli iyo swrafva maRalteqnologiurwarmoebaze, romlebic Cvens droSi warmodgeniliasayofacxovrebo <strong>da</strong> sawarmoo eleqtronikiT.eleqtronuli mrewveloba amJamad dominirebs,kerZod qalaq singapurSi <strong>da</strong> axali qalaqebisdid nawilSi.ar aris gasakviri, rom Tavad singapuric axdenseleqtronizaciis, warmoebis sainformacioteqnologiebis <strong>da</strong>nergvis mkveTri magaliTebisdemonstrirebas. is ukve Sevi<strong>da</strong> kompiuterebismomxmarebeli qveynebis pirvel xuTeulSi, aSS,Sveicariisa <strong>da</strong> SvedeTis Semdeg. singapurisportis konteinerul terminalze muSaobs eleqtronul-gamoTvliTicentri, romelic irCevsyoveli operaciisaTvis optimalur variants <strong>da</strong>agreTve akontrolebs CamotvirTvis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>tvirTvisprocess.Cangis saerTaSoriso aeroportSi ki romlismgzavrTbrunva Seadgens 28 mln. mgzavrs weliwadSi,TviTmfrinavebis gamgzavrebisa <strong>da</strong> Camosvlisprocesi kontroldeba kompiuterebis me-108
SveobiT erT wuTamde sizustiT. kompiuterizaciammoicva mTeli sasazRvro <strong>da</strong> sabaJo kontroli,saqalaqo transporti, ganaTlebis sistema,magram singapuris momavals amJamad ukavSirebenara marto sawarmo, mwarmoebel, arame<strong>da</strong>rasawarmoo sferos. jer kidev 1990-ian wlebSisingapuris <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> strategia mimarTuliiyo, pirvel rigSi, sainformacio infrastruqturisganviTarebaze, raTa is gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo informaciis<strong>da</strong>muSavebisa <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebis mTavar regionalurcentrad, agreTve sainformacio programebis<strong>da</strong>muSavebis sferos ganviTarebis mizniT.amisTvis saWiro gax<strong>da</strong> saTanado industriisSeqmna.momavalSi msxvili <strong>regionaluri</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>msoflio</strong>savaWro centris funqciis SenarCunebiT singapurigax<strong>da</strong> momsaxureobis sferos, marketingisa<strong>da</strong> finansuri saqmianobis mniSvnelovani centri.aq mdebareobs 3000 meti transnacionaluri kompania,zogi maTgani Sedis `miliardelebis <strong>msoflio</strong>klubSi”. singapuris savaluto birJa yovelwliuribrunviT CamorCeba mxolod londons,109
niu-iorksa <strong>da</strong> tokios. misi safondo birJa emsaxurebamTel samxreT-aRmosavleT azias. qalaqiscentralur arealSic ki, albaT, yvela maRliviSenobis naxevarSi ganTavsebulia bankebis<strong>da</strong> sxva msgavsi <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis sammarTveloebi.<strong>da</strong> kidev erTi singapurisaTvis perspeqtiulisaqmianobis sfero _ saerTaSoriso turizmia.ukve axla singapurSi Cadis 5-6 mln turistiweliw-adSi. maT izi<strong>da</strong>vs ara mxolodultraTanamedrove arqiteqtura, aramed servisismaRali done _ mSvenieri otelebi, gar-Tobebis kargad ganvi-Tarebuli industria, sava-Wro centrebis simravle. singapuris aeroportiCangi, metro, 73 sarTuliani sastumro `Sangrila~aRiarebulia saukeTeso obieqtebad <strong>msoflio</strong>Si.SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vamatoT, rom singapurma <strong>da</strong>imsaxuraagreTve <strong>msoflio</strong>Si yvelaze sufTa qalaqisstatusi, ara marto jarimebis mTeli sistemiswyalobiT (500-<strong>da</strong>n-1000 singapurul dolaramde),aramed kulturis saerTaSoriso donis wyalobiT.aq arsebobs Tavazianobis erovnuli komi-110
tetic ki. amJamad seriozulad ganixileba agreTvesingapuris, romelic mdebareobs 127 km-iTekvatori<strong>da</strong>n DCrdiloeTiT, msxvil sakurortocentrad Camoyalibebis perspeqtiva. amasTanaveun<strong>da</strong> gaviTvaliswinoT, rom samrewvelo saqminobissferos ukavia teritoriis naxevari,<strong>da</strong>narCeni misi nawili ki uWiravs tyeebs, sasoflosameurneo kulturebs (isini Zalian mcireraodenobiTaa warmodgenili) <strong>da</strong> auTvisebel miwebs.amJamad mTavar sakurorto funqciebs asrulebssentosis patara kunZuli singapuris sruteSi.aq SegviZlia vixiloT pirveli mosaxleobis<strong>da</strong>saxleba, Zveli porti, peplebis egzotikuriparki, orqideebis parki (orqidea_singapurisnacionaluri yvavilia), aziis umsxvilesiokeanariumi _ `wyalqveSa~ samyaro, agreTve wyliskunZuli, Sadrevnebis kunZuli, e.w. vulkanolendi.bunebrivi parki aris kunZulis aRmosavleTsanapirozec. mis <strong>da</strong>savleT nawilSi kimdebareobs bunebrivi rezervuari tropikulifloris nairsaxeobiT, frinvelebisa <strong>da</strong> yvelasaxis peplebis saocari samyaroTi. meore bune-111
iv rezeruarSi mdebareobs ga<strong>da</strong>mfreni frinvelebis<strong>da</strong>svenebis adgili maTi migraciis drosaRmosavleT azii<strong>da</strong>n. mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSimuSaobs turistebisTvis niangebis sacavi.qveynis erovnul gerbze gamokveTili devizia:`<strong>da</strong>e ayvavdes singapuri” <strong>da</strong> yvela ambobs, romes devizi warmatebiT xorcieldeba. Zalian pataraqveyanas sabazro <strong>da</strong> Ria ekonomikiT <strong>msoflio</strong>Sipirveli adgili ukavia `<strong>ekonomikuri</strong>Tavisu-flebis doniT” <strong>da</strong> meore _ aSS-s SemdegsakuTari produqciis konkurentunarianobiT.singapuri <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> stabilurobis kargimagaliTia _ 1997-1998 wlebis krizisic ki mas arSexebia. amasTanave singapuri gamoirCeva Sesa-Suri <strong>politikuri</strong> stabilurobiT, magram rogorcxSirad, igi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia qveynismarTvis avtoritarul meTodebze.112
navTobisa <strong>da</strong> gazis sabadoebi -gigantebi sparseTis yuris zonaSisayovelTaod cnobilia rogor did rolsTamaSobs sparseTis yuris qveynebis ekonomikaSinavTobis roli. sakmarisia iTqvas rom navTobiswili saudis arabeTis, quveiTis <strong>da</strong> iranis saeqsportoSemosavlebSi Seadgens 90-95%, erayis,kataris <strong>da</strong> gaerTianebuli arabeTis emiratebiswili ki 95-100%-sac. navTodolarebis SemodinebiswyalobiT am qveynebma Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mokledroSi SeZles Tavisi ekonomikis rekonstruqcia<strong>da</strong> Semosavlebis Zalian maRali donis uzrunvelyofaerT sul mosaxleze (gaerTanebularabeTis emiratebSi <strong>da</strong> katarSi 15-20 aTasi dolari).zustad navTobiT simdidre ganapirobebssparseTis yuris geopolitikur mdgomareobasaziaSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>msoflio</strong>Si. magram es simdidre uSualo<strong>da</strong>ris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli naxSirwyalbadis sabadoebTan,romlebic miekuTvneba gigantur kategorias.113
specialistebi navTobis geologiis <strong>da</strong>rgSisawyisi maragebis maCveneblebiT yofen navTobissabadoebs xuT jgufad:1. mcire (10 mln.tonamde)2. saSualo (10-50 mln)3. msxvili (50-500 mln)4. giganturi (500-1000 mln)5. unikaluri (1 mlrd tonaze meti)zogi SefasebiT 1980-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi 25aTas navTobis sabadoebi<strong>da</strong>n gigantur <strong>da</strong> unikalurkategorias miekuTvnebo<strong>da</strong> mxolod 45(0,18%), magram saerTo maragSi maTi wili aRematebo<strong>da</strong>80%-s. aseT sabadoebSi yvelaze didikoncen-traciiT gamoirCeva axlo <strong>da</strong> Sua aRmosavleTisregioni. SemTxveviTi ar aris, romnavTobis maragiT mas ukavia konkurenciis gareSepirveli adgili <strong>msoflio</strong>Si. am regionisfarglebSi ki pirveloba ekuTvnis sparseTis yurisnavTobairis auzs. am auzs ukavia miwisqerqis didi teritoria. auzis teqtonur rukazegamoiyofa ori mTavari nawili: araviis fila <strong>da</strong>mesopotamiis gverduli.114
saZirkveli Cawolilia 5-8 km siRrmeze <strong>da</strong> amuzarmazar naleqian sisqeSi warmoqmnilia uamraviamoburculobebi <strong>da</strong> naoWebi, romlebTanac<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia navTobairis warmoqmna. yvelazemeti sabadoebi aris saudis arabeTSi <strong>da</strong> iranSi,Semdeg ki eraySi.navTobis sabado gavari iTvleba yvelaze msxvilsabadod ara mxolod axlo <strong>da</strong> Sua aRmosavleTSi,aramed <strong>msoflio</strong>Si. is aRmoCenilia1949 wels. misi sigrZe Seadgens 250 km <strong>da</strong> sigane15-25 km-de. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva wlebSi am sabadozenavTobis mopoveba aRematebo<strong>da</strong> 100 mln tonas,sul ki eqspluataciis ganmavlobaSi aq mopovebuliiyo ra-mdenime mlrd. tona navTobi.sabado aRajari aRmoCenili iyo jer kidev1937 wels, magram misi <strong>da</strong>muSaveba <strong>da</strong>iwyo 1948wels. isic warmoadgens msxvil amoburculobassigrZiT 50 km <strong>da</strong> siganiT 6-7 km. Semdgari kirqvisnapralebisagan. sabado didi burgani (elburqani)aRmoCenili iyo 1938 wels, misi<strong>da</strong>muSaveba ki <strong>da</strong>iwyo 1946 wels.115
sabado es safania, aRmoCenili 1953 wels, genetikurad<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia antiklinalur naoW-Tan, romlis sigrZe Seadgens 60 km sigane ki 20km. produqtiuli fenebis saSualo siRrme aqSeadgens 1,5 km. auzis unikaluri sabadoebisgangansxvavebiT es sabado mdebareobs sparseTisyureSi <strong>da</strong> iTvleba TiTqmis yvelaze msxvil sazRvaosabadod <strong>msoflio</strong>Si. navTobis sawyisimaragiT essafania yvelaze mdi<strong>da</strong>ria CrdiloeTzRvis sabadoebSi.sabado kirkuti mdebareobs erayis Crdiloe-TSi, erayis qurTistanSi <strong>da</strong> aRmoCenili iyo 1927wels. esec antiklinaluri naoWia, romlis sigrZeTiTqmis 100 km-ia, sigane ki 5 km.sparseTis yuris auzi gamoirCeva ara mxolodsabado gigantebis didi raodenobiT aramed nav-Tobis xarisxiT. umravles SemTxvevaSi igi rbilia<strong>da</strong> naklebgogirdovani.imis wyalobiT, rom maTi umravlesoba Sadrevnulia,maTi saSualo produqtiuloba Seadgenssaudis arabeTSi, iranSi, eraysa <strong>da</strong> quve-116
iTSi 800t. dRe-RameSi, maSin rodesac <strong>msoflio</strong>SisaSualod es maCvenebeli 3t. udris. magram<strong>msoflio</strong> rekordsmeni gaxlavT sabado aRajari, sa<strong>da</strong>c WaburRilebis umravlesoba iZleva700-800 t. navTobs.pekini <strong>da</strong> Sanxai - CineTis udidesi qalaqebia.isini Sedian agreTve <strong>msoflio</strong>s udidesi qalaqebisaTeulSi. pekini qveynis administraciulide<strong>da</strong>qalaqia. Sanxais ki SeiZleba vuwodoT ekonomikisde<strong>da</strong>qalaqi. am qalaqebs bevri saerToaqvT, amasTanave isini Zalze gansxvavdebian er-TmaneTisagan. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad yvelafrisa, TiToeulimaTgani Taviseburad asrulebs <strong>msoflio</strong>Si mosaxleobisraodenobiT yvelaze didi qveynis “savizitobaraTis” funqcias.CineTis de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi pekini qveynis umniSvnelovanesi<strong>politikuri</strong>, <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> kulturulicentria. is ganlagebulia didi Cinuri <strong>da</strong>blobisCrdiloeT nawilSi, 120km-iT zRvi<strong>da</strong>n.uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>arsebul savaWro gzebze,romlebic akavSirebs qveynis CrdiloeT-aRmosa-117
vleT <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleT raionebs, aRmosavleT,<strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>da</strong> samxreT raionebTan. <strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>da</strong>CrdiloeT mxri<strong>da</strong>n pekini garSemortymulia mTebiT<strong>da</strong> mxolod misgan 50 km. <strong>da</strong>cilebiT gadisdidi CineTis kedlis erT-erTi nawili. samxreTismimarTulebiT ki mas ar gaaCnia mkveTradgamokveTili sazRvrebi.cnobilia rom pekinis istoria iTvlis 3000wels. am adgilze <strong>da</strong>arsebul punqtebze pirvelixseneba miekuTvneba Zv.w. II aTaswleuls. Semdegqalaqi izrdebo<strong>da</strong>, mas hqon<strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxelwodeba,igi iyo sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxelmwifoebriviwarmonaqmnebis de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi. monRoluri dinastiaiuanis marTvis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n XIII s-Si pekini(saxelwodebiT xanbaliki, e.i. “xanis qalaqi”)xdeba CineTis de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi. Semdeg minis dinastiisgamefebi<strong>da</strong>n igi kargavs Tavis “de<strong>da</strong>qalaqur”funqciebs, magram 1421 wli<strong>da</strong>n kvlavxdeba de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi. im droi<strong>da</strong>n dRemde pekinirCeba CineTis de<strong>da</strong>qalaqad. 1949 wels pekini aRiaresde<strong>da</strong>qalaqad.118
1949 wlamde, de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis funqciis <strong>da</strong>kargvisSemdeg pekini neli tempebiT viTardebo<strong>da</strong>, misiganviTareba ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> savaWrogamanawilebel centrs. mrewveloba aq Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTmcire iyo, Warbob<strong>da</strong> iseTi <strong>da</strong>rgebi, rogoricaakvebis <strong>da</strong> safeiqro mrewveloba, farTodiyo gavrcelebuli kustaruli <strong>da</strong>rgebi. 1949wlis Semged pekinma gacilebiT swrafi tempebiT<strong>da</strong>iwyo ganviTareba. radikalurad Seicvala misifunqciebic:1. pekini asrulebs mniSvnelovan de<strong>da</strong>qalaquradministraciulfunqcias, radgan aq ganlagebuliasaxelwifo xelisuflebis yvela umaRlesiorgano.2. mis mTavar funqciaTa ricxvs miekuTvnebasamrewvelo funqcia. saxalxo mmarTvelobiswlebSi pekini ga<strong>da</strong>iqca qveynis erT-erT umsxvilesindustrial centrad. axla mis samrewveloprofils gansazRvravs mZime mrewveloba,masSi ki igulisxmeba iseTi <strong>da</strong>rgebirogoricaa manqanaTmSenebloba, Savi metalur-119
gia, qimiuri mrewveloba, energetika. mTeli maTiproduqcia warmoebulia warmoebebSi, romelicaSenebulia saxalxo mmarTvelobis periodSi.3. Zalze mniSvnelovania pekinis savaWro satransportofunqcia. is gax<strong>da</strong> qveynis erT-erTimTavari satransporto kvanZi. pekini<strong>da</strong>n gadis 4sarkinigzo magistrali, romlebic akavSirebsde<strong>da</strong>qalaqs qveynis sxva raionebTan. magram bolodros ufro popularulia sagzao <strong>da</strong> sahaerotransporti. pekinSi warmoebuli produqciisdidi nawili miemarTeba eqsportSi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>diaponiaSi, aSS-Si <strong>da</strong> evropis qveynebSi.4. bolo wlebSi ufro mniSvnelovani xdebaCineTis de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis arawarmoebiTi funqciebi.am sferoSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli pekinelebis ricxvmamiaRwia 30%. am funqciebs miekuTvneba momsaxureba,sabanko saqme, jan<strong>da</strong>cva, ganaTleba,kultura, mmarTveloba. pekinSi mdebareobs CineTissaxalxo respublikis mecnierebaTa akademia,aTeuli umaRlesi saswavlebeli <strong>da</strong> kvle-120
viTi instituti, 20-ze meti Teatri, amdenivemuzeumi.bunebrivia, rom pekinis aseTma swrafi tempiTganviTarebam ganapiroba misi mosaxleobis raodenobiszr<strong>da</strong>c. 2000 wels pekinSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong>10,8 mln a<strong>da</strong>miani. 1980 wli<strong>da</strong>n qalaqis mosaxlebaizrdebo<strong>da</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d soflebi<strong>da</strong>n Camosaxlebulia<strong>da</strong>mianebis <strong>da</strong> maRali SobadobiswyalobiT. magram Semdeg demografiuli politikiszemoqmedebiT mosaxleobis zr<strong>da</strong> Semcir<strong>da</strong>.samagierod administraciuli reformisSedegad gaizar<strong>da</strong> qalaqis farTobi, mas SemouerT<strong>da</strong>ramdenime axlo mdebare soflebismazra. samomavlo prognozi metyvelebs imas,rom 2010 wlisaTvis didi pekinis mosaxleobamSeiZleba Seadginos 18 mln kaci.arqiteqturis <strong>da</strong>gegmarebis mxriv pekini asaxavsSua saukuneebis CineTis ZiriTad tradiciebs,rodesac xuroTmoZRvrebi mimarTulni iyvnenmkveTri marTkuTxuli qalaquri struqturisCamoyalibebaze.121
Zveli pekini Sedgeba 2 nawilisagan _ Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>gare qalaqisagan. Si<strong>da</strong> qalaqs aqvs kvadratisforma, romlis centrSi ganlagebulia kedliTgarSemortymuli e.w. akrZaluli qalaqi, arqiteqturulikompleqsebiT, romelic aSenebuliadinastia minis mmarTvelobisas. aq ganlagebuliamravali sasaxle <strong>da</strong> pavilioni, romlebsacgaaCniaT Tavisi <strong>da</strong>saxeleba tipiur CinurstilSi. aq mTavari sasaxle aris guguni, romlisSesasvlelTan aris moe<strong>da</strong>ni saxelwodebiTtiananmeni. is yvelaze didia <strong>msoflio</strong>Si. tiananmeniiSifreba rogorc “sulieri simSvide”,gare qalaqi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> minis epoqaSi, rogorcvaWrobisa <strong>da</strong> xelosnobis centri. aq dRemdeSemorCenilia viwro quCebi erTsarTulianiTixis saxlebiT. qalaqis am nawilis mTavar RirsSesaniSnaobaswarmoadgens cnobili zecistaZari, romelic agebulia 1420 wels <strong>da</strong> xanZrisSemdeg aRdgenili iyo XIX saukunis bolos.naambobi ar gviCvenebs rom pekini uproblemoqalaqia. ara, pekinis mZlavrma ganviTarebam gam-122
oiwvia mTeli rigi rTuli problemebis warmo-Soba. es gaxlavT mosaxleobis simWidrove. qalaqSimudmivad aris sacobebi, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad arsebulimetropolitenis qselisa <strong>da</strong> 300-ze metisaavtobuso marSrutisa. aRsaniSnavia rom CinelTaumravlesoba pirad satransporto saSualebadiyenebs velosipedebs, romelTa ricxvi 8mlns. Seadgens.CineTis saxalxo respublikis <strong>ekonomikuri</strong>de<strong>da</strong>qalaqia Sanxai _ qveynis usxvilesi savaWro,satransporto, finansuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli centri.is ganlagebulia mdinare xuanpuze. Cinuri<strong>da</strong>nTargmanSi Sanxai niSnavs `zRvis zemoT”.Sanxais <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> geografiuli mdebareobaZalze xelsayrelia. aq formirebuliaxmeleTisa <strong>da</strong> mdinareebis sazRvao satransportogzebis mTavari kvanZi. Sanxais istoriaiwyeba IV saukuni<strong>da</strong>n, rodesac zRvis sanapirozeSeiqmna meTevzeTa <strong>da</strong>saxleba.istoriuli dokumentebi metyveleben imaze,rom axlandeli <strong>da</strong>saxleba marTlac mdebare-123
ob<strong>da</strong> aRmosavleT CineTis zRvis sanapiroze, magramSemdeg mdinare ianZis deltis gafarToebisSedegad Sanxai aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> misgan <strong>da</strong>Sorebuli 50km-iT.didi xnis ganmavlobaSi es adgili iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>naklebad mimzidvelad. cvlilebebi mox<strong>da</strong> masSemdeg rac <strong>da</strong>iwyes mdinare ianZis SesarTavSigemebis mSenebloba. magram mTavari gar<strong>da</strong>texamox<strong>da</strong> ukve XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi. “opiumispirveli omis” Semdeg (1840-1842). ingliselebmaSeZles CinelebisTvis Tavs moexviaT xelSekruleba,romlis Tanaxmad Sanxai xdebo<strong>da</strong> ucxourigemebisaTvis Ria sazRvao porti. moklexanSi is ga<strong>da</strong>iqca CineTis mTavar saporto qalaqad<strong>da</strong> aseve qveynis samrewvelo, savaWro <strong>da</strong>finansur centrad.gar<strong>da</strong> imisa rom Sanxai Sevi<strong>da</strong> <strong>msoflio</strong>s didiqalaqebis ricxvSi aq yvao<strong>da</strong> usamarTloba, eqspluatacia,<strong>da</strong>naSaulobebi. misTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasia-Tebeli iyo Zalze mkveTri socialuri kontrastebi.aq evropuli feSenebeluri <strong>da</strong>saxle-124
ebis gverdiT arsebob<strong>da</strong> Raribi <strong>da</strong> mWidrod<strong>da</strong>saxlebuli raionebi.Sanxai rCeba CineTis mTavar samrewvelo centrad:masSi ganlagebulia 13000 sawarmo, romlebicawarmoeben mTeli qveynis samrewvelo produqciis7%. Sanxai konkurencias uwevs ara martocalkeul regionebs aramed mTel rig qveynebs.bolo wlebSi SanxaiSi didi yuradRebaeqceva mecnierul warmoebebs saeqsporto orientaciiT.ganviTar<strong>da</strong> Sanxais savaWro-satransportofunqciac. jer imitom, rom is mzardi Cinuriekonomikis lideris rols asruleb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> agzavni<strong>da</strong>Tavis produqcias qveynis sxva regionebSi.meore imitom rom droTa ganmavlobaSimisma produqciam ufro metad miiRo saeqsportomimarTuleba. saerTo jamSi, Sanxai uzrunvelyofsCineTis saxalxo respublikis sagareovaWrobis 0,25%.sruliad axali movlena iyo SanxaisaTvisarawarmoebiTi sferos ganviTareba. saxalxo xe-125
lisuflebis wlebSi qalaqi ga<strong>da</strong>iqca kulturisa<strong>da</strong> mecnierebis msxvil centrad, sa<strong>da</strong>cfunqcionirebs 45 umaRlesi saswavlebeli <strong>da</strong>mravali samecniero kvleviTi instituti. aqmuSaobs 800 000 specialisti, maT Soris wamyvanispecialistebi iseT <strong>da</strong>rgebSi, rogoricaamikroeleqtronika, bioteqnologia, roboteqnika,xelovnuri masalebi, optika, okeanologia.bolo drois ganmavlobaSi Sanxais “savizitobaraTi” xdeba Waobisa <strong>da</strong> sasoflo-sameurneofarTobze gaSenebuli axali raioni puduni,romelic lideri gax<strong>da</strong> axali teqnologiebis<strong>da</strong>rgSi <strong>da</strong> nouhauSi.1990-iani wlebis miwuruls podunSi ukve arsebob<strong>da</strong>Tavisufali vaWrobis zona, samrewvelo,savaWro, samecniero specializaciis raionebi,sazRvao porti konteineruli terminaliT. aqregistrirebulia 400000 meti sawarmo ucxourimonawileobiT. aq <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia ramdenime transnacionalurikorporaciis Stabbinebi <strong>da</strong> war-126
momadgenlobebi. 2000 wlisaTvis pudunis saerToproduqciam ga<strong>da</strong>aWarba 20 mlrd. dolars.Sanxais ekonomikur zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad izrdebamisi mosaxleobac. 2000 wlisaTvis misi mosaxleobaSeadgen<strong>da</strong> 14,2 mln kacs.Sanxais arqiteqturul-gegmiuri iersaxec Seicvala.uwindeburad mis mTavar fasads warmoadgensxuanpus sanapiro. axali sacxovrebelisaxlebis mSeneblobaSi Sanxai ar Camouvardebapekins, aq SenarCunebulia Zveli qalaqic. XXsaukuneSi aq aSen<strong>da</strong> caTambjenebi, romelTa simaRlea380-460 m. amis gamo mas uwodeben “aziismanhetens”.rogorc pekinSi aseve SanxaiSic bevri ga<strong>da</strong>uwyveteliproblemaa, yvelaze mTavari aqac mosaxleobisdidi matebaa. qalaqSi arsebobs rogorcsatransporto, aseve fexiT mosiaruleTasacobebi. pekinisa <strong>da</strong> Sanxais ganviTarebis perspeqtiuligegmebi iTvaliswineben am mwvave problemebisga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis aucileblobas.127
CineTis sagareo <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> kavSirebiCineTi <strong>msoflio</strong>s erT-erTi uZvelesi derJavaa.jer kidev uZveles droSi arsebob<strong>da</strong> didi abre-Sumis gza, romelic akavSireb<strong>da</strong> zeciur imperiasxmelTaSua zRvis qveynebTan. Sua saukuneebSiigi Secvala sxva zRvis gzam, romelic gadio<strong>da</strong>aziis samxreT sanapiroze. CineTi<strong>da</strong>n gamohqon<strong>da</strong>TabreSumi, faifuri, qaRaldi <strong>da</strong> rkinis nakeTobebi.sazRvao vaWroba hyvao<strong>da</strong> CineTSi adrindel,axal droSic <strong>da</strong> didi geografiuli aRmo-Cenebis periodSic, magram Semdeg CineTi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>“Caketili karis “ politikaze, romelic grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>XIX s-is Suamde, e.w. opiumis omamde.1949 wels CineTis saxalxo respublikis Seqmnamdeqveynis sagareo <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> kavSirebi mkve-Trad asaxav<strong>da</strong> misi ekonomikis mdgradobas. Cine-Ts gahqon<strong>da</strong> Tavisi soflis meurneobis tradiciuliproduqtebi: Cai, bamba, abreSumi, soio <strong>da</strong>samTo ma<strong>da</strong>nis nedleuli. Semohqon<strong>da</strong> sursaTi<strong>da</strong> sxva samrewvelo saqoneli.128
axal CineTSic ki “didi naxtomisa” <strong>da</strong> “kulturulirevoluciis” dros sagareo <strong>ekonomikuri</strong>kavSirebi meorexarisxovani iyo. magram “Riakaris” politikaze ga<strong>da</strong>svlis Semdeg situaciaSeicvala. sagareo ekonomikur kavSirebs mieniWadidi mniSvneloba, rac gax<strong>da</strong> <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> aRmavlobismniSvnelovani winapiroba. am yvelafermaxeli Seuwyo Cinuri ekonomikis sabazro relsebzega<strong>da</strong>yvanas <strong>da</strong> mis Sezr<strong>da</strong>s saerTaSorisoekonomikur urTierTobebSi. am cnobili urTieTobebisformebi<strong>da</strong>n CineTisaTvis yvelaze didimniSvneloba aqvs ors: sagareo vaWrobas <strong>da</strong> ucxourikapitalis mozidvas.sagareo vaWroba _ es <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> urTierTobebisis tipia, romelSic CineTma STambeW<strong>da</strong>v warmatebebsmiaRwia. saboloo jamSi qveynis ekonomikaromelic 2-3 aTaswleulis win iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>yvelaze <strong>da</strong>xurulad <strong>msoflio</strong>Si, gax<strong>da</strong> yvelazeRia.sagareo vaWrobis ganviTarebis maRalma tempebmagamoiwvia mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi CineTis129
mdgomareobaSi <strong>msoflio</strong> “tabelis” rangebSi. eqsportismoculobiT CineTs ukavia meSvide adgili<strong>msoflio</strong>Si, xolo importis moculobiT _mecxre. mudmivad izrdeba eqsporti importTanSe<strong>da</strong>rebiT, rac zrdis qveynis Semosavals.1980-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ZlierSeicvala CineTis saxalxo respublikis sagareovaWrobis sasaqonlo struqturac, am gar<strong>da</strong>qmnisZiriTadi mimarTuleba mdebareob<strong>da</strong> eqsportisgakeTilSobilebSi, rac niSnavs mza sawarmooproduqciis raodenobis gazr<strong>da</strong>s pirveladiga<strong>da</strong>muSavebis produqciasTan erTad <strong>da</strong> nedleulTanSe<strong>da</strong>rebiT.CineTi msubuqi mrewvelobis produqciis tradiciulimimwodebelia sagareo bazarze. am produqciasmiekuTvneba bambisa <strong>da</strong> abreSumis qsovilebi,trikotaJi, fexsacmeli, saTamaSoebi, sportuli<strong>da</strong> turistuli saqoneli. plastmasisa <strong>da</strong>manqanaTmSeneblobis saeqsporto produqcias miekuTvneba:<strong>da</strong>zgebi, gemebi, SeiaraRebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanivTebi, magram am produqciaSi Warbobs sao-130
jaxo eleqtronikis nawarmi. rogorc msubuqimrewvelobis produqciac, isini didi moTxovnebiTsargebloben <strong>msoflio</strong> bazarze. amavdrouladwarmoebs sursaTisa <strong>da</strong> soflis meurneobisnedleulis eqsportic. maTSi Warbobs bostneuli,xili, Tevzi, zRvis produqtebi <strong>da</strong> agreTvebamba. CineTi agrZelebs agreTve qvanaxSiris, feradi<strong>da</strong> Savi liTonebis eqsports.CineTis ekonomikis industrializaciam <strong>da</strong> modernizaciamganapiroba misi importis xasiaTic,romelSi<strong>da</strong>c Warbobs manqanebi, satransportosaSualebebi, samrewvelo eleqtronika. samrewveloaRWurvilobis forsirebuli importis Ziri-Tadi mizania Cinuri mrewvelobis teqnologiuridonis amaRleba, aseve misi produqciis xarisxisamaRlebac, es Zalian mniSvnelovania, radgandRemde nivTebi markiT “made in china” gansakuTrebiTmaRali xarisxiT ar gamoirCevian. aseveCineTs uwevs navTobisa <strong>da</strong> navTobproduqtebis,rkinisa <strong>da</strong> qimikatebis importic. SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vamatoTrom CineTi aris SeiaraRebis msxvili importiori.131
CineTis saxalxo respublikis sagareo vaWrobisgeografiuli ganawileba asaxavs or sawinaa-Rmdego tendencies _ koncentraciisken <strong>da</strong> dekoncentraciisken.qveyana vaWrobs 160 qveyanasTan,magram maTgan mxolod aTeuli miekuTvneba maTmTavar savaWro partniorTa ricxvs.porvel rigSi eseni arian misi mezobeli qveynebi:iaponia, korea, malaizia, indonezia, romlebTanacsavaWro kavSirebis ganviTarebas xelsuwyobs CineTis satransporto <strong>da</strong> gegorafiulimdebareoba.meore rigSi dgas aSS, visTan vaWrobaSic Cine-Ts yovelTvis aqvs savaWro brunvis <strong>da</strong>debiTisaldo.mesame adgilze arian evrokavSiris qveynebi:germania, niderlandebi, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi,italia <strong>da</strong> a.S.meoTxe partniori ki ruseTia. magram vaWrobismoculoba qveynebs Soris 1990-ian wlebSi iyo<strong>da</strong>bali <strong>da</strong> ar Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong> maT moTxovnebsa <strong>da</strong>132
SesaZleblobebs. saerTo saqonlis brunvis moculobiTruseTi iyo mxolod meaTe adgilze.2002 wlis bolos CineTi miRebuli iyo sagareosavaWro organizaciaSi. CineTis sagareo <strong>ekonomikuri</strong>kavSirebis meore mTavari forma <strong>da</strong>kav-Sirebulia savaluto-finansur sferosTan <strong>da</strong>gamoisaxeba upirveles yovlisa kapitalis importSi,romelic farTod gamoiyeneba qveynis <strong>ekonomikuri</strong><strong>da</strong> socialuri ganviTarebis tempebis<strong>da</strong>CqarebisTvis.CineTi iyenebs sazRvargareTi<strong>da</strong>n investiciebismozidvis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xerxebs. Zalze didi mniSvnelobaeniWeba sesxebs <strong>da</strong> kreditebs, romlebsacqveyana iRebs ucxouri qveynebis mTavrobebi<strong>da</strong>n<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso finansuri organizaciebi<strong>da</strong>n,romelTa ricxvs miekuTvneba <strong>msoflio</strong> banki<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, magram Cine-TisTvis ufro mniSvnelovani gax<strong>da</strong> pir<strong>da</strong>piriinvesticiebi, romlebic mozidvis moculobiTCamorCeba mxolod aSS-s.133
sagareo ekomomikuri kavSirebis sxva formebsSeiZleba miekuTvnos sawarmoo TanamSromloba.1990-iani wlebis bolos qveyanaSi iyo 300 aTasamdeerToblivi sawarmo ucxouri kapitalis monawileobiT,romlebis wilic sagareo vaWroba-Si Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 1/2-s. samecniero teqnikuri kavSirebijer-jerobiT gamoixateba ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d teqnikuridokumentaciis <strong>da</strong> nouhaus SesyidviT <strong>da</strong>savleTisqveynebisgan. Tu SevexebiT momsaxurebissferos, aRsaniSnavia, rom CineTi ufro met SemosavlebsiRebs saerTaSoriso turizmi<strong>da</strong>n(2002 wels <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli iyo 37 mln. turistulijgufi). is sTavazobs SromiT momsaxurebasac.sxva qveynebSi samuSaod yovelwliurad miemarTebaaTobiT <strong>da</strong> aTasobiT mln. Cineli.agreTve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom 1990-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>nTavad CineTmac <strong>da</strong>iwyo kapitalis gatana _kreditebisa <strong>da</strong> pir<strong>da</strong>piri investiciebis formiT.134
iaponia: teritoria, sazRvrebi,mdgomareoba, mosaxleobateritoriis zomebis mixedviT iaponia SeiZlebaSeva<strong>da</strong>roT evropis iseT qveynebs rogoricaagermaniis federaciuli respublika, norvegia <strong>da</strong>aziis iseT saxelmwifoebs, rogoricaa: vietnami,malaizia. iaponia Tavisi konfiguraciiT Zaliangansxvavdeba <strong>msoflio</strong>s mravali qveynisgan, radganacwarmoadgens saxelmwifo _ arqipelags.mis SemadgenlonaSi <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 4000 kunZulia,Tu CavTvliT patara kunZulebsac. saxelwifosZiriTad saxes warmoadgens 4 yvelaze didi kunZuli_ xonsiu, kiusiu, sikoku <strong>da</strong> hokaidu,hromlebicSeadgenen iaponiis arqipelags. amisgar<strong>da</strong> iaponias ekuTvnis riukius 200_ze metikunZulTa arqipelagi <strong>da</strong> agreTve sakmaod moSorebulikunZulebi wynar okeaneSi.administraciulad iaponia iyofa 47 prefeturad.iaponias gaaCnia mxolod sazRvao sazRvrebi,radganac misi napirebi Zalian SeWrilia sanapi-135
o zolis sigrZe aRwevs 30000 kvadratul kilometrs,rac Sefardebulia ekvatoris sigrZis3/4-Tan. iaponiis erT kvadratul kilometrzemodis 80km. sanapiro zoli. iaponiaSi ar arisadgili, romelic iqneba 120 km-iT <strong>da</strong>SorebulizRvi<strong>da</strong>n. amitomac maT cxovrebaSi zRva TamaSobsmniSvnelovan rols. XIX saukunis bolomdeiaponiis mTeli mniSvnelovani satransporto <strong>da</strong>savaWro kavSirebi aziisken iyo mimarTuli. XVIsaukuneSi iaponelebi SeiWrnen koreaSi, amis Semdgomara erTxel SeWrilan koreasa <strong>da</strong> CineT-Si. dResdReobiT SeiZleba iTqvas rom iaponiasuWiravs centraluri mdebareoba azia _ wynariokeaniis regionSi.ruseTis teritorii<strong>da</strong>n iaponia <strong>da</strong>Sorebuliaori zRviT, es zRvebia: oxoti <strong>da</strong> iaponiis zRva.ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> iaponias Soris urTierTobaSi mniSvnelovaniadgili ukavia kuriliis kunZulebs,romlebic mdebareobs hokaidosa <strong>da</strong> kamCatkasSoris 1200 kilometrze. 1855 wlis simodis traqtatismixedviT es samxreT kunZulebi marTlaciaponias ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>, II <strong>msoflio</strong> omSi iaponiis136
<strong>da</strong>marcxebis Semdeg kuriliis kunZulebi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi. 1951 wlissamSvidobo xelSekrulebiT kuriliis kunZulebiarc iaponias ekuTvno<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> arc ruseTs, risSedega<strong>da</strong>c ruseTama uari Tqva xeli moewera xelSekrulebaze.es sakiTxi mravaljer ganixilebo<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong> savaraudod 2000 wels mas xeli un<strong>da</strong>moswero<strong>da</strong>, magram es jer ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra <strong>da</strong> kuriliiskunZulebis problema dResac ga<strong>da</strong>uWrelia.XX saukunis I naxevarSi iaponiis mosaxleobagaizar<strong>da</strong> 44 milioni<strong>da</strong>n 83 milionamde. jerkidev 1950-iano wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi ricxvi izrdebo<strong>da</strong>1,5 miloni a<strong>da</strong>mianiT, xolo 1950 wlebisSua periodSi mosaxlebis zr<strong>da</strong>dobam swrafadiwyo cvla iaponiaSi.137
tokio _ <strong>msoflio</strong>s yvelaze didiqalaqiiaponiis erTerTma premierminstrma erTxelTqva rom iaponia Sedgeba ori qveynisgan <strong>da</strong> mar-Tlac tokios roli iaponiaSi SeiZleba Seva<strong>da</strong>roTparizis rols safrangeTSi. es aris qveynis<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> administraciul-mmarTvelobiTicentri, londonis <strong>da</strong> niu-iorkis msgavsad udidesisaerTaSoriso finansuri centri. igi warmoadgenswamyvan centrs mecnierul gamogonebaSi.tokio es aris qalaqi, romelic ancvifrebs warmosaxvassxva maravli cifrebiT, swored am yvelafriTaixsneba iaponuri Tqmuleba: ,, iaponiaiwyeba tokioSi.’’tokios istoria iwyeba XV saukunis Sui<strong>da</strong>n.qalaqs safuZveli Cauyara 1437 wels aSenebulmacixesimagrem edom, rac niSnavs ,,yureSi Sesvlas’’.marTlac igi mdebareob<strong>da</strong> qveyanis yvelazedid <strong>da</strong>blob kantos aRmosavleT nawilSi.1590 wels edos <strong>da</strong>epatrona msxvili feo<strong>da</strong>li138
ieasu tokugava, siogunov tokugavas dinastiis<strong>da</strong>maarsebeli, romlebic marTavdnen 1603 wli<strong>da</strong>n1867 wlamde. mTeli am drois ganmavlobaSi edoiyo maTi rezidencia, im dros oficialur de<strong>da</strong>qalaqadiTvlebo<strong>da</strong> kioto, sa<strong>da</strong>c imperatoriimyofebo<strong>da</strong>.siogunebis likvi<strong>da</strong>ciis Semdeg 1869 wels kioto<strong>da</strong>nedoSi ga<strong>da</strong>tanil iqna iaponiis imperatorisrezidencia. amis Semdeg de<strong>da</strong>qalaqmaiwyo swrafi zr<strong>da</strong>, qalaqis moxaxleoba Seadgen<strong>da</strong>1 000 000 a<strong>da</strong>mians, aseTi zr<strong>da</strong> grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>XX saukunis I naxevramde. 1910 wels tokiosmosaxleoba Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 2,8 milion a<strong>da</strong>mians,1920 wels - 3,7-s, 1930 wels - 5,4-s, 1940 wels - 7,4milion a<strong>da</strong>mians. am periodSi qalaqis ganvi-Tareba orjer seriozulad <strong>da</strong>irRva. pirvelades mox<strong>da</strong> 1923 wlis seqtembris <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, rodesacZlierma miwisZvram <strong>da</strong> amis Semdeg Zliermacecxlma Seiwira 100 000 a<strong>da</strong>mianis sicocxle <strong>da</strong>usaxlkarod <strong>da</strong>rCa 3,5 milioni a<strong>da</strong>miani. meoreki <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo amerikis aviaciur SetevebTan.1945 weli, rodesac <strong>da</strong>iRupa 250 000 a<strong>da</strong>m-139
iani <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 900 000 saxli iqna <strong>da</strong>ngeruli.rac Seexeba dRevandeli iaponiis de<strong>da</strong>qalaqstokios, is ikavebs 577 kvadratul kilometrs,rac mniSvnelovnad naklebia moskovis farTobze.zustad am teritoriaze cxovrobs 8 000000 a<strong>da</strong>miani. mosaxleobis qalqi<strong>da</strong>n gadinebastabilurobas unarCuneb<strong>da</strong> tokios, magram un<strong>da</strong>gvaxsodes rom igi Seefardeba avsrtriis mosaxleobas,xolo aRemateba Sveicariis mosaxleobas.qalaqi tokio iyofa 23 administracuilraionad. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis imperatorissasaxle, partalamentis Senoba, sinZiukus mTavarisadguri, Teatri kabuki, caTambjenebi, uamravipatara parki.1991 w. sinZiukus raionSi <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong> axaliadministraciuli centris mSenebloba, romelicmoicavs or caTambjens <strong>da</strong> kongresis Senobas.teritoriis ukmarisobis gamo iaponiis de<strong>da</strong>qalaqmaga<strong>da</strong>iwia tokios yureSi. im teritoriebze140
mdebareobs mxolod portebi, samrewvelo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebani<strong>da</strong> sawyobis Senobebi.didi tokios teritoria igivea rac TviTonqalaqi. Mmisi farTobia 2,1 aTasi kvadratuli kilometria<strong>da</strong> 90-iani wlebis SuaSi mosaxleobaSeadgen<strong>da</strong> 12 000 000 a<strong>da</strong>mians. qalaqis Semogarenisteritoriaze romelic Serwymuli iyotokiosTan <strong>da</strong>savleTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n, mdebareobes 26patara qalaqi, romelTa mosaxleoba mWidrokavSirSia de<strong>da</strong>qalaqTan. tokios aglomeraciatokiosa <strong>da</strong> tokios prefeqturis gar<strong>da</strong> moicavssam mezobel prefeqturas 87 qalaqiT (iokogama,kavasaki, tiba <strong>da</strong> sxv.) Cveulebriv mas keixinisaglomeracias uwodeben: am <strong>da</strong>saxlebaSi tokiosganaRebulia – ieroglifi ,,kei” (de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi)<strong>da</strong> iokogamisagan – ieroglifi ,,xin” (napiri).Bbolo dros gamoikveTa agreTve tokios metropolitenisareali. Mmis SemogarenSi Sedis150 <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli punqti <strong>da</strong> 1990 wlis Sua periodSimosaxleobam 30 000 000 a<strong>da</strong>mians mia-Rwia,anu qveynis mTeli mosaxleobis 1/4¼nawili.141
qaosiT gamorCeo<strong>da</strong> ,,edo”-s <strong>da</strong>Seneba. Mmsgavsadlondonisa, romelic Zlieri xanZris Semdeg1666w iqna ga<strong>da</strong>mwvari, qalaqi ,,edoc” 1657 welsganadgur<strong>da</strong>, magram ganaxlebul iqna zustadZveli saxiT. centrSi ganlagebuli iyo siogunovisrezidencia.erT-erTi iaponeli specialisti ambob<strong>da</strong>, romtokios ,,qalaq – amebas“ uwodebs. 1960 wli<strong>da</strong>nigi xdebo<strong>da</strong> ufro Tanamedrove qalaqi. didiroli iTamaSa amaSi 1964 wlis olimpia<strong>da</strong>m, romlismzadebisTvisac iqna aSenebuli aramartosportuli nagebobani, aramed sxva mravaliSenobac. qalaqSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> satelevizio anZa 333m.<strong>da</strong> amis Semdeg Sendebo<strong>da</strong> caTambjenebi 50-60sarTulis simaRlis. Ees aris adgili ara martocaTambjenebis, aramed saSualo <strong>da</strong> orsar-Tuliani Senobebisac. tokio izrdeba ara martozeviT <strong>da</strong>SenebebiT, aramed miwis qveSac. misiqalaqebis <strong>da</strong> quCebis qvemoT ganlagebuliafaqtiurad kidev erTi qalaqi, miwisqveSa maRaziebiT,restornebiT, sportuli <strong>da</strong>rbazebiT,sawyobebiT, farexebiT, romlebic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul-142
ia erTmaneTTan. gasakviri ar aris rom didtokioSi orientacia Zalze rTulia. mkvidr mosaxleobasac<strong>da</strong> turistebsac amaSi exmarebaqalaqis taqsis mZRolebi, romlebic <strong>msoflio</strong>Siyvelaze swraf <strong>da</strong> xarisxian mZRolebadiTvlebian. xalxs SeuZliaT isargeblon qalaqismetropoliteniT, magram sadgurebi <strong>da</strong> metrosmatareblebi Zalian ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTulia. Aar un<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>gvaviwydes, rom qalaqis centrSi mezobelprefeqturebi<strong>da</strong>n Camodis yoveldRe samuSaod<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 6-7 milioni a<strong>da</strong>miani. erTi SexedviTtokio warmoadgens uzarmazar fantastikurarsebas, sa<strong>da</strong>c gverdi-gverd arsebobs oripolaruli urTierTwinaaRmdegoba: qalaqis jojoxeTi<strong>da</strong> qalaqsgareT samoTxe. ase moixseniebatokio erT-erT CanawerSi romelic naTargmnia,rogorc ,,tokio oci wlis Semdeg”. qalaqgareTsamoTxe – upirveles yovlisa aris ultra-Tanamedrove caTambjenebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c ganlagebulia<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi <strong>da</strong> ofisebi. Qqalaqi jojoxeTiki, viwro quCebi manqanebiT ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTuli,mWidro <strong>da</strong>Senebebi, TiTqmis ar aris gamwvaneba143
<strong>da</strong> mcenareebi, Aaris kanalizaciis qselis nakleboba.Hhaiveis oras kilometrze <strong>da</strong>gegmiliiyo gaSeneba ormwkriviani moZraobis, orivemxares SuqniSnebis gareSe, magram radganac amhaiveiT sargeblobs 1 000 000 mZRoli, mravalkilometrianisacobebi iqceva namdvil jojoxeTad.didi kontrasti arsebobs agreTve qalaqissxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nawilebs Soris. mkafiod gamoikveTebaadministraciuli centri imperatoris sasaxliT,parlamentisa <strong>da</strong> saministroebis SenobebiT.tokios RirsSesaniSnav adgilad iTvleba agreTve<strong>msoflio</strong>Si yvelaze didi Tevzis bazaricukiZi, sa<strong>da</strong>c dilis xuT saaTze un<strong>da</strong> mixvideTrom auqcions miuswroT. Aakihabas savaWro raionSigamotanilia uSualod eleqtronuli teqnika.hariZukus raionSi, Cveulebriv axalgazrdobaatarebs dros, romelsac <strong>da</strong>savluri orientaciaaqvs. ai ratomac arsebobs ase didxans tokiossafuZvliani Secvlis proeqti. maT Sorisaaqalaqebis mSeneblobis proeqti <strong>da</strong> tokios yures<strong>da</strong>Srobis ramodenime proeqti. Aarqiteqtorkiso kurokavam SesTavaza am akvatoriis yureSi144
Seeqmna kunZuli, romlis farTobic 30 000 heqtariiqnebo<strong>da</strong>, mosaxleoba ki 5 000 000 a<strong>da</strong>miani.misi centraluri nawili garSemortymuli un<strong>da</strong>yofiliyo 2 arxiT, romelTa napirzec iqnebo<strong>da</strong>mravalsarTuliani Senobebi, xolo maT gverdiTiqnebo<strong>da</strong> avtostradebi. am proeqtebSi agreTveun<strong>da</strong> ganTavsebuliyo saerTaSoriso aeroporti,otelebi, reaqciuli zonebi <strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> Seqmniliyomocurave kunZuli. faqtiurad es proeqti ukvexorcieldeba, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c tokios yureTavisufldeba portisgan <strong>da</strong> sxva Senobebisagan.im teritoriebze romlebic wylisgan <strong>da</strong>aSreskvlavac iqneba tokios axali raioni, romelicCanafiqris mixedviT un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes TanamedrovesaerTaSoriso saqmianobis finansuri <strong>da</strong>sainformacio centris etaloni. mTeli mSeneblobagayofilia oTx nawilad, romelnic <strong>da</strong>moukidebelniarian TavianTi specializaciiT, romlebicerTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulni iqnebian380 metriani saseirno <strong>da</strong> saavtomobilo xeivnebiT.zogierTi ukve aSenebuli Senoba unikaluria.ginesis wignSi weria, rom tokioSi aSenebu-145
lia pirami<strong>da</strong> TviTformirebad betonisagan, romelic2004 metria simaRliT. Aam ultra caTambjenmaun<strong>da</strong> gantvirTos qalaqi. Pproeqtis mixedviTigi itevs 1 000 000 a<strong>da</strong>mians <strong>da</strong> ikavebs 2800kvadratul metrs. misi eqspluataciisaTvis gamoyenebuliiqneba mzisa <strong>da</strong> qaris energia. ginesiswignSi agreTve moxv<strong>da</strong> samSeneblo teqnologia,,tiap”-is gamogoneba, romelic iTvaliswinebsrom Senoba ukve mTeli sarTulebiT Sendeba. amproeqtebTan erTad arsebobs de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis ga<strong>da</strong>tanisproeqti sxva qalaqSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi1993 wels qveynis parlamentma miiRo swored esga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba <strong>da</strong> amis realizebisTvis sami weligamoyo.146
iaponiis ganviTarebis modeliTanamedrove iaponia sayovelTaod aRiarebulilideria <strong>msoflio</strong>s ekonomikaSi. oqros valutisrezerviT <strong>da</strong> sxva mravaliT igi uswrebs <strong>msoflio</strong>sTiTqmis yvela qveyanas. mecnieruli produqciiswarmoebis mixedviT igi adgils uTmobs mxolo<strong>da</strong>merikas. zogierTi avtori wers, rom iaponia<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> ganviTarebiT sakmaod konservatiuliqveyanaa, romelmac bolo 150 wlis ganmavlobaSiorjer ganica<strong>da</strong> radikaluri gar<strong>da</strong>qmna.pirvelad meiZis revoluciis Semdeg, romelmacmas saSualeba misca ga<strong>da</strong>suliyo Zveli feo<strong>da</strong>luri,socialur-<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> sistemi<strong>da</strong>n kapitaluriekonomikisaken <strong>da</strong> gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo WeSmarita<strong>da</strong>momavali mzis qveyana. meored ki meore <strong>msoflio</strong>omis Semdeg, rodesac qveyana omSi aramarto<strong>da</strong>marcx<strong>da</strong>, aramed <strong>da</strong>karga mTeli Tavisi koloniebi.amerikis xelmZRvanelobiT qveyanaSigatar<strong>da</strong> <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> reformebi. upirvelesyovlisaisini moicavdnen demonopolizacias, samxedromrewvelobis konservacias, fulis, saga<strong>da</strong>saxado<strong>da</strong> miwis reformas.147
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa iaponiis <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> ganviTareba20-e saukunis meore naxevris periodSi iyogansxvavebuli. masSi gamoyofen 4 momdevno etaps<strong>da</strong> TiToeul maTgans ergebo<strong>da</strong> Tavisi <strong>ekonomikuri</strong>modeli.20-e <strong>da</strong> 21-e saukuneSi kvlav mouwia iaponiasTavisi <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> modelis reformireba. aseTireformireba moicavs arsebuli sistemis Secvlas.<strong>da</strong>axloebiT saukunis meoTxedis gan-mavlobaSiiaponia iyo nomer meore qveyana amerikis Semdeg.1990-ian wlebSi misi ganviTareba Seferx<strong>da</strong>, xoloCineTis piriqiT gaizar<strong>da</strong>. dRes ki CineTiTavisi zomebiT <strong>da</strong> mrewvelobis mocu-lobiT uswrebsiaponias.148
iaponiis eleqtroenergetikaiaponiis swrafi <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> zr<strong>da</strong> omis SemdgomperiodSi gaZlier<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gamyar<strong>da</strong>. amis <strong>da</strong>masabuTebeliaam qveyanaSi eleqtroenergiis gamomuSavebismonacemebi (miliardi kilovati saaT-Si)1950w - 45 1980w – 5781960w – 116 1990w – 8351970w- 360 2000w – 10801993 wels iaponiam gauswro ruseTs <strong>da</strong> gavi<strong>da</strong>meore adgilze amerikis Semdeg. iaponiis energetikamgaiara ramodenime etapi. pirvel etps SeiZlebavuwodoT hidroenergetikuli. 1950 welshesis wili eleqtroenergiis saerTo gamomuSavebaSiSeadgen<strong>da</strong> 85%-s, 1960 wels igi Semcir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iyo 50%. iaponiaSi ar aris didi hesebi. yvelahidrosadguri aris mcire zomis <strong>da</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d149
ganlagebulia kunZul xonsius raionebSi. maTmasaerTo ricxvma 600-s miaRwia.meore etapi moicavs 1960-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong> 1970wlis pirvel naxevars <strong>da</strong> mas SeiZleba vuwodoTTboenergetikuli. Tboenergetikuli sadguri Sendebo<strong>da</strong>manamdec, magram isini orientirebulniiqnen adgilobrivi naxSiris resursebze. kunZulkiusiu<strong>da</strong>n naxSiri mohqon<strong>da</strong>T Tboenergetikulsadgurzec, sai<strong>da</strong>nac ikvebebo<strong>da</strong> tokaidos udidesiqalaqebi. 1960 wels iaponia navTobis importsawarmoeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amitomac naxSiri SecvalesnavTobiT, radganac igi metad privilegirebuligax<strong>da</strong>. iaponiis yvela energetkuli sadguri ganlagebuliawynari okeanis <strong>da</strong> iaponiis zRvis Si<strong>da</strong>sanapiroebze, tokios maxloblad. 1970 welseleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba gaizar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mia-Rwia 80%-s.mesame etapi <strong>da</strong>iwyo 1970 welSi <strong>da</strong>wyebuli eleqtronergetikulikrizisis Semdeg. navTobisuecarma gaZvirebam <strong>da</strong> misma importis klebam gamoiwviakoncefciis ga<strong>da</strong>Tvaliereba, romelic150
eleqtroenergetikasac Seexo. iaponia Zalian mowadinebuliiyo atomuri energetikis swraf ganviTarebaSi.amitomac mesame etaps ewodeba atomur-energetikuli.erTi SexedviT es SeiZlebaucnauri mogeCvenoT. karga<strong>da</strong>a cnobili, rom iaponiapirveli qveyanaa, romelmac ga<strong>da</strong>itana hirosimosa<strong>da</strong> nagasakis atomuri <strong>da</strong>bombva. agreTvecnobilia, rom es qveyana mdebareobs seismuradsaSiS zonaSi <strong>da</strong> aesis mSeneblobisas aucilebeliaZviradRirebuli <strong>da</strong>matebiTi saSualebebi.iaponiis atomuri energetika mTlianad <strong>da</strong>mokidebuliaimportul uranis nedleulze <strong>da</strong> Tu amaze<strong>da</strong>Tanxmdnen es imitom, rom qveyanas ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>sxva alternativa energetikis ganviTarebisaTvis.atomur-energetikuli reaqtorebis mSeneblobaiaponiaSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo 1970 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi amerikuli<strong>da</strong> franguli firmebis licenziiT. 1980 wlisSua xanebSi qveyanaSi ukve arsebob<strong>da</strong> 30 reaqtori,xolo gamomuSavebuli enegria Seadgen<strong>da</strong>18%. 1980 wlis bolosaTvis iqna <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuliiseTi atomuri sadgurebis mSenebloba151
ogoricaa fukusima (romlis simZlavrecaa 8,8mln. kilovati <strong>da</strong> igi uzarmazaria aramarto iaponiaSi,aramed mTels <strong>msoflio</strong>Si), takahama (simZlavre3,4 mln. kilovati), hitati <strong>da</strong> sxva mravali.faqtiurad iaponiis yvela aesi ganlagebuliazRvis sanapiroze. es aixsneba imiT, rom kunZulhonsius mdinareebi ver amarageben aess wyliTraTa moxdes reaqtorebis gaciveba wyliscirkulaciiT.meoTxe etapisaTvis, romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoTTanamedrove, <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia Semdgomizr<strong>da</strong> eleqtroenergetikuli simZlavrisa, romelmac1990 wlis bolosaTvis miaRwia <strong>da</strong> aRemata220 mln. kilovats <strong>da</strong> qveyanaSi arsebob<strong>da</strong> 50 aeszemeti, romlis simZlavrec iyo TiTqmis 45mln. kilovati, TiTqmis mTeli warmoebuli eleqtroenergiis35%.1970 wlis SuaSi energetikuli krizisis drosiaponiam didi yuradReba mianiWa ,,mzis Suqs”,romelic iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> mzis energiis farTogamoyenebas, xolo dRes misi roli mainc umniS-152
vnelo Savi metalurgia qveynis erT-erTi uZvelesiindustriuli <strong>da</strong>rgia, romelic ganicdisqronikul vardnas warmoebaSi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisaiaponiaSi igi iyo <strong>da</strong> rCeba erT-erT mniSvnelovan<strong>da</strong>rgad. foladis dnoba izrdebo<strong>da</strong> 1970 wlisSuamde. romelmac 1973 wels maqsimums miaRwia.upirveles yovlisa es aris <strong>da</strong>sawyisi didikapitaluri mSeneblobisa. 1960-1970 wlebSi qveyanaSiaSen<strong>da</strong> Savi metalurgiis 20 axali msxviliqarxana. 1980 wels kidev <strong>da</strong>eca liTonis dnoba,romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo ekonomikur ganviTarebasTan.sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>Slis Semdeg iaponiagavi<strong>da</strong> pirvel adgilze. SemdgomSi iaponiasam adgilis SesanarCuneblad amerikasTan brZolauwev<strong>da</strong>, xolo 1996 wels iaponiam es adgiliCineTs <strong>da</strong>uTmo. amasTan erTad un<strong>da</strong> gaviTvaliswinoT,rom teqnikuri done liTonga<strong>da</strong>mdnobi<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebisa iaponiaSi sakmaod maRaliavidre amerikaSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi. amasgar<strong>da</strong> iaponia didi xani rCebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>msoflio</strong>Siudides liTonis eqsportiorad, magram am boloxanebSi es eqsporti Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT Semcir<strong>da</strong>. yo-153
vel SemTxvevaSi 2000 wlisaTvis iaponias liTonisdnobaSi <strong>da</strong>ewia ruseTi <strong>da</strong> germania. iaponiisSavi metalurgiisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia didimwarmoebrivi koncentracia. 14 umsxvilesi metalurgiulisawarmoTagan iaponiaSi mdebareobs8, im dros rodesac amerikaSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>s. evropaSiaris 3. amerikisagan gansxvavebiT es raionebi <strong>da</strong>centrebi ganlagebulia zRvis sanapiroze. maTganyvelaze uZvelesi – kitakiusu _ mdebareobskunZul kiusius CrdiloeTiT. qalaqi kitakiusuwarmoiqmna 1963w. iaponiis zogierTi kombinatiaSen<strong>da</strong> ara ubralod zRvis sanapiroze, aramedspecialurad ga<strong>da</strong>recxil teritoriebze am miznisaTvis.iaponiis manqanTmSeneblobamaqanaTmSenebloba warmoadgens iaponiis mrewvelobisguls. am produqciis RirebulebiT iaponiaadgils mxolod amerikas uTmobs, xolo eqsportiTki pirveli adgili uWiravs <strong>msoflio</strong>Si.gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTeba iseTi <strong>da</strong>rgebi, rog-154
oricaa: gemebis mSenebloba, avtomobilebis, <strong>da</strong>zgebis,robototeqnikis <strong>da</strong> sxva mravali eleqtronikiswarmoeba. axla iaponia warmoadgens kargmagaliTs Zveli, axali <strong>da</strong> uaxlesi industriis<strong>da</strong>rgebisas. Zvel <strong>da</strong>rgebs miekuTvneba – gemebismSenebloba, raSic 1956 wels iaponias pirveliadgili ekava, bolo wlebSi ki mas korea<strong>da</strong>ewia am <strong>da</strong>rgSi. axal <strong>da</strong>rgs miekuTvneba <strong>da</strong>zgebismSeneblobis warmoeba. liTonis ga<strong>da</strong>mamuSavebeli<strong>da</strong>zgebiT iaponia <strong>msoflio</strong>Si pirvel adgilzegavi<strong>da</strong> jer kidev 1982 wels. aranaklebmniSvnelovan <strong>da</strong>rgs warmoadgens avtomanqanebiswarmoeba axal <strong>da</strong>rgSi. <strong>da</strong>axloebiT am <strong>da</strong>rgiT<strong>da</strong>kavebulia 700 000 a<strong>da</strong>miani. avtomobilebis mSenebloba<strong>da</strong>fuZn<strong>da</strong> 1920w. Sua periodSi. 1923w.miwisZvram Zalian <strong>da</strong>aziana qalaqis transportitokioSi <strong>da</strong> sxva centrebSi. amitomac saWiro gax<strong>da</strong>tramvaisa <strong>da</strong> qalaqis rkinigzis Secvla avtobusebiT.Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad mas SeerTebul StatebSiyidulobdnen. 1924-1925 wlebSi amerikulmafirmebma ,,fordi” <strong>da</strong> ,,jeneral motors”-ma tokiosraionSi aaSenes TavianTi pirveli avtomobi-155
lebis asawyobi qarxnebi, romlebic 1930w. ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d satvirTo manqanebis awyobaze,romelsac moixmar<strong>da</strong> iaponiis armia. meore <strong>msoflio</strong>omis periodSi es yvelaferi ganadgur<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong> mxolod 1950w. <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi <strong>da</strong>iwyes avtobusebisa<strong>da</strong> satvirTo manqanebis gamoSveba. Semdegki msubuqi manqanebisac. am periodSi iaponiamawarmoa 30 000 avtomobili, im dros rodesacamerikam awarmoa – 8 000 000.1960-ian wlebSi iaponiam TiTqmis 7-jer gazar<strong>da</strong>manqanebis warmoeba, 1970w. kidev 2-jer <strong>da</strong> ukve1974w. iaponiam ga<strong>da</strong>uswro amerikas avtomobilebiseqsportiT <strong>da</strong> sul male maTi gamoSvebiTacki. 1980-ian w-Si iaponia kvlav liderob<strong>da</strong>. mxolod1994w. moipova amerikam pirveli adgili.weliwadSi iaponia awarmoebs 5 000 000 avtomobiliseqsports <strong>da</strong> amitomac mas <strong>msoflio</strong> bazaarzepirveli adgili uWiravs.mxedvelobaSi un<strong>da</strong> miviRoT, rom iaponiaara marto moculobiT uswrebs sxva qveynebs,aramed xarisxiTac <strong>da</strong> produqciis TviTRirebu-156
lebiTac. amerkisagan gansxvavebiT iaponia didixania awarmoebs ekonomiur <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mcirezomis avtomobilebs, xolo energetikuli krizisis<strong>da</strong>wyebisas am mimarTulebam miiRo axaliganviTareba. bunebis <strong>da</strong>cvis kanonebis gamo iaponiam<strong>da</strong>iwyo yvelaze ,,sufTa” avtomobilebis warmoeba,romlebic nakleb mavne nivTierebebsgamoyofdnen atmosferoSi.<strong>da</strong> bolos, uaxles <strong>da</strong>rgs miekuTvneba – sayofacxovreboeleqtronika, romlis masStabebiTaciaponia adgils uTmobs mxolod amerikas,xolo misi eqsportiT pirveli adgili ukavia.1990-ian wlebSi am <strong>da</strong>rgSi saqmianobiT <strong>da</strong>kavebuliiyo 1,8 mln. a<strong>da</strong>miani. rogorc cnobilia arces <strong>da</strong>rgi <strong>da</strong>rCa Seucvleli. adre iaponia umTavresa<strong>da</strong>warmoeb<strong>da</strong> audio <strong>da</strong> video apa-raturas,xolo Semdeg ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> ufro rTuli produqciiswarmoebaze. magaliTad: personaluri kompiterebi,romelic 1990-ian wlebSi weliwadSi 8 000000 gamodio<strong>da</strong>.157
iaponiis wynari okeanis sartyeliiaponiis sameurneo teritoriul struqturasgaaCnia erTi <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba. mas-Si garkveviT gamoirCeva ori ZiriTadi nawili,romelTac uwodeben saxisas (mzians) <strong>da</strong> zurgisas(Crdilisas). saxis ZiriTad nawils qmniskunZuli honsiu, romelic ga<strong>da</strong>Wimulia simonosekamde<strong>da</strong> agreTve CrdiloeT sanapiro sikokusa<strong>da</strong> kiusius kunZulebisa. am teritorias, romelsacuWiravs <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 1/3 mTeli iaponiis farTobisauwodeben _ wynari okeanis sartyels.kunZul kiusius CrdiloeTiT warmoiSva im droisaTvisiaponiis mTavari naxSirmetalurgiulibaza. 1960-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli mravaliaseTi baza Seiqmna xelovnurad <strong>da</strong>mSral teritoriaze,romlebic zRvas waarTves.wynari okeanis sartyels xSirad uwodeben sawarmoos,magram es mTlad marTali araa. mimdebare<strong>da</strong>blobebi, romelTa Sorisac yvelaze msxviliaris kanto, erTdroulad aris msxvili sam-158
eurneo raioni sa<strong>da</strong>c ganviTarebulia brinjismoyvana, bostneulisa <strong>da</strong> xilis moyvana, Rorebisa<strong>da</strong> frinvelebis moSeneba <strong>da</strong> sxva. SegaxsenebTrom wynari okeanis sartyelis teritoriazea ganlagebulitokaidos megapolisi, romlis mosaxleobacSeadgens 70000000 a<strong>da</strong>mians <strong>da</strong> mis SemadgenlobaSiSedis qalaqis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 25 aglomeracia.amitomac wynari okeanis sartyelidid rols TamaSobs iaponiis mosaxleobis meurneobasa<strong>da</strong> cxovrebaSi.aTi <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> raioni<strong>da</strong>n, romlebaTac iyofamTeli iaponiis teritoria, mTlianad an nawilobrivadeqvsi maTgani Sedis wynari okeanis sartyelSi.esenia _ kanto, tokai, kinki, tiugoku,sikoku, <strong>da</strong> kiusiu. maT gaaCniaT rogorc oTxiniSani erTobisa ise 4 niSani sxvaobisa.am sartyelis aRmosavleTiT mdebareobs kantosraioni _ iaponiis mTavari <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> raioni.tokioSi met kocentracias ganicdis eleqtronika<strong>da</strong> sxva maRali teqnologiis <strong>da</strong>rgebi,rogoricaa poligrafiuli, samkervalo <strong>da</strong> kveb-159
is <strong>da</strong>rgebi. CrdiloeT kanto – iaponiis erT-er-Ti mTavari sasoflo-sameurneo raionia. samx.<strong>da</strong>s.-iT kanto faqtiurad erwymis tokais raions,romlis fuZesac warmoadgens nagois garSemoformirebuli aglomeracia tiukio. adre es raionicnobili iyo Tavisi teqstilis warmoebiT.Semdeg aq gaizar<strong>da</strong> Savi metalurgiisa <strong>da</strong> navToqimiissawarmoebi. axla mis ,,saxes” warmoadgenseleqtronuli. saavtomobilo, saaviacio <strong>da</strong>sxva uaxlesi <strong>da</strong>rgebi. aglomeraciis sazRvrebsmiRma ganviTarebulia sasoflo meorneobac. yureSi,romlis napirzec ganoiaa ganlagebuli –iaponiis margalitis warmoebis mTavari centria.tokais raionis <strong>da</strong>s.-iT mdebaroebs raioni kinki,romelsac monacemebiT meore adgili uWiravskantos raionis Semdeg. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad aq <strong>da</strong>iwyoteqstilis warmoeba, xolo Semdeg sxva raionebismsgavsad ganviTar<strong>da</strong> Savi metalurgia, qimiuri<strong>da</strong> navToqimiuri sawarmoebi, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvasaxis manqanebis warmoeba <strong>da</strong> bolos mecnieruli<strong>da</strong>rgebi.160
iaponuri teqnopolisebiiaponia cnobilia rogorc qveyana ganviTarebulimecnierebiT. inJinrebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnirebis ricxviTigi adgils mxolod amerikas uTmobs. geografiulipoziciebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare yvelazemet interess warmoadgens sakiTxi iaponiaSi mecnierebisteritoriuli organizacia – es qveyanayovelTvis gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong> mecnierebis teritoriulikoncentraciis doniT, romlebic ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>dganlagebulia kantos, tokais <strong>da</strong> kinkis raionebSi.mxolod did tokioSi xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong>mecnieruli gamokvlevebis TiTqmis naxevari, romelicqveyanaSi warmoeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iq aswavlidnenmTel profesorTa naxevari. ganaTlebas iReb<strong>da</strong>arsebul studentTa 40%. metad mniSvnelovania,rom 1970 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi mox<strong>da</strong> ,,didi ga<strong>da</strong>saxleba”mecnierebisa tokio<strong>da</strong>n mecnierebis axalqalaq cukubuSi, romelic specialurad am miznisTvisiqna aSenebuli. igi mdebareobs de<strong>da</strong>qalaqisCrdilo-aRmosavleTiT 60km.-ze, igi sul malegax<strong>da</strong> mecnieruli gamokvlevebis centri.1990 wlis Sua xanebSi cukubuSi muSaob<strong>da</strong> 78 sx-161
va<strong>da</strong>sxva mecnieruli <strong>da</strong>wesebuleba. maT Soris 2universiteti, 46 nacionaluri macnierul-kvleviTilaboratoria, 8 kerZo firmebis sawarmoebi<strong>da</strong> mecnieruli <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi, magram es yvelaferiiyo <strong>da</strong>sawyisi. ufro masStaburi mecnieruligamokvlevebis decentralizacia <strong>da</strong>iwyo Semdegiprogramis ganxorcielebis Sedegad romelsac,,teqnopolisi” hqvia. sityva ,,teqnopolisi”(tekunoporisi) iaponur leqsikokonSi gaCn<strong>da</strong>1980w. programa ,,teqnopolisi” pirvelad formirebuliqna 1980w. specialur dokumentSi, romelicmomzad<strong>da</strong> sagareo vaWrobis saministroSi.igi iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> balansirebul maRalteqnologiursawarmos. amavdroulad sakmaod naTladiqna formirebuli momavali teqnopolisebisZiriTadi kriteriumebis ganTavseba. 1983w. miiReskanoni teqnopolisebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyo misiganxorcieleba. Tavi<strong>da</strong>n es programa iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>7-8 teqnopolisis Seqmnas, magram aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>,rom masSi monawileobis miRebaze survili mxolod40 prefeqturam gamoTqva 47-<strong>da</strong>n. amitomac1983-1984w. <strong>da</strong>mtkic<strong>da</strong> 14 teqnopolisis proeqti,162
xolo SemdgomSi maTi saerTo ricxvi <strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> 26-mde. 12 maTgani miekuTvneba naxevradperiferiulraions, xolo 14 – periferiuls. aseTi teqnopolisebiSeiqmna iaponiis ekonomikur yvela raionSi.SeTanxmebis mixedviT teqnopolisebi Seiqmnauniversitetul qalaqebTan, mag. hakotateSi, esaris okeanis teritoriis aTvisebis warmoebissaSualebebi, akiteSi – eleqtronika, megatronika,nagaokeSi – perspeqtiuli teqnikuri sistemebiswarmoeba, dizainis industria. ucunomiaSi –eleqtronika, hamamacuSi – oftoeleqtronika,toiamaSi – bioteqnologia, informatika.garemos <strong>da</strong>binZureba <strong>da</strong> iaponiisekologiuri problemebiswrafma ekonomikurma ganviTarebam gamoiwviaaseTive swrafi garemos <strong>da</strong>binZureba. amisramdenime mizezia: erT-erTi maTgania teritoriiszomebis simcire, misi reliefi, geologiuriwyoba, atmosferos cirkulacia <strong>da</strong> sxva bunebrivifaqtorebi (miwisZvra, taifuni <strong>da</strong> sxva stiqi-163
uri ubedurebebi). meores mxriv es aris ,,binZuri”warmoebebi, rogoricaa Tboenergetika, Savi<strong>da</strong> feradi metalurgia, qimiuri, navToqimiuri<strong>da</strong> cementis warmoeba. mesame – es aris teritoriulistruqtura <strong>da</strong> mWidro mosaxleoba. dResiaponiis teritoriis TiTqmis 15% warmoadgensama Tu im xarisxis nakrZals. mis ZiriTadobaswarmoadgens erovnuli parkebi, romlis umetesobaganlagebulia kunZul honsius Si<strong>da</strong> mTianraionebSi <strong>da</strong> sxvebi mis mimdebare <strong>da</strong>blobebzean sxva kunZulebze. 1970-ian wlebSi pirveladSeiqmna wyalqveSa parkebi kunZul sikoku <strong>da</strong> okinavaze.erovnuli parkebis gar<strong>da</strong> arsebobs kidev300-ze meti raionuli <strong>da</strong> prefeqtuli parkebi<strong>da</strong> agreTve 500-ze meti sxva <strong>da</strong> sxva nakrZali.yovel wliurad mas stumrobs <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 100mln. a<strong>da</strong>miani, magram miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa mravalraionSi ekologiuri mdgomareoba kvlav <strong>da</strong>Zabulia.164
iaopniis saerTaSoriso,<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> kavSirebiiaponia warmoadgens naTel magaliTs im qveynisa,romelic aqtiurad aris CarTuli SromissaerTaSoriso geografiul gayofaSi. misTvis<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia yvela saxis Si<strong>da</strong><strong>ekonomikuri</strong>kavSirebis ganviTareba, magram aseTi kavSirebissxva <strong>da</strong> sxva saxeebis mniSvneloba dro<strong>da</strong>droicvlebo<strong>da</strong>. iaponiam SeZlo moepovebina myaripoziciebi iseT saqmianobaSi rogoricaa kapitalisgatana. iaponiis sagareo vaWroba SeiZleba<strong>da</strong>xasiaTdes sami ZiriTadi maCvenebliT: brunvadoba,struqtura <strong>da</strong> geografiuli ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba.gare brunvadobis zomebiT (850 miliardi dolari)Tanamedrove iaponias uWiravs <strong>msoflio</strong>Simesame adgili amerikisa <strong>da</strong> germaniis Semdeg. misiwili saqonlis <strong>msoflio</strong> eqsportSi aRemateba8%-s, xolo <strong>msoflio</strong> importSi – 5%. eqsportiTigi adgils uTmobs mxolod amerikas, xoloimportiT _ amerikas <strong>da</strong> germanias.165
erT-erTma cnobilma Jurnalistma iaopniis ekonomikaganviTarebis pirvel etapze Sea<strong>da</strong>rauzarmazar ga<strong>da</strong>mamuSavebel qarxanas, romelsacSemoaqvs yvela saWiro nedleuli, Semdeg amuSavebsmas <strong>da</strong> gzavnis <strong>msoflio</strong> bazarze ukve produqciissaxiT. ar aris gasakviri, rom am etapzeiaponia gar<strong>da</strong>iqmna mineraluri nedleulisa <strong>da</strong>navTobis uzarmazar <strong>msoflio</strong> importiorad,Savi <strong>da</strong> feradi metalurgiis, navTmSeneblobisa<strong>da</strong> navToqimiis produqciis eqsportiorad. Semdegqveynis eqsportis struqturaSi ufro metiroli iTamaSa avtomobilebma, sayofacxovreboeleqtronikam <strong>da</strong> sxva mravalma.1990-ian wlebSi iaopniis eqsports ¾ Seadgen<strong>da</strong>manqanebis warmoeba (avtomobilebi, gemebi, televizorebi,fotoaparatebi, kompiuterebi, integralurisqemebi <strong>da</strong> avtomaturi xelsawyoebi) TumcazogierTi sawarmos eqsportma miaRwia 50-70% <strong>da</strong> mets. rac Seexeba imports iaponia kvlav<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia sxva <strong>da</strong> sxva saxis nedleulisa<strong>da</strong> navTobis Semotanaze. ufro metic, igi warmo-166
adgens <strong>msoflio</strong>Si yvelaze msxvil, Semsyidvels(qvanaxSirisa, rkinisa <strong>da</strong> feradi metalebisa). navTobiswliuri SemotaniT igi mxolod amerikasuTmobs adgils. Tu ufro detalurad <strong>da</strong>vaxasi-TebT iaponiis importis geografiuli ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebasSeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vamatoT rom masSi pirveliadgili uWiravs aRm. <strong>da</strong> samxreT-aRmosavleT aziisqveynebs. meore adgili iaponiis importSiuWiravs amerikas. korea<strong>da</strong>n, indonezii<strong>da</strong>n, malaizii<strong>da</strong>n<strong>da</strong> singapuri<strong>da</strong>n iaponias Semoaqvs navTobi,xis masala, bunebrivi Txevadi gazi <strong>da</strong> Savi<strong>da</strong> feradi metali. kalifornii<strong>da</strong>n Semodis rogorcmza nawarmi iseve qvanaxSiri, bamba, xorbali,fosforiti, farmacevtuli nawarmi <strong>da</strong> kompiuterebi.1990-ian wlebSi amerikis mniSvnelobaiaponiis importSi metad gaizar<strong>da</strong> manqanebisa<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nadgarebis xarjze. samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleTi aziisqveynebis wilma 1980w. piks miaRwia, rac <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuliiyo navTobis fasis swraf zr<strong>da</strong>sTan,Semdeg ki igi Zalian Semcir<strong>da</strong>. avstraliiswili ki piriqiT, yovelTvis izrdebo<strong>da</strong>. am qveyanazeaxla modis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT mTeli iaponiis167
qvanaxSiris importi. pirvel adgilze (<strong>da</strong>axloebiT1/3) iyo <strong>da</strong> rCeba amerika, sa<strong>da</strong>c mimarTuliaZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d saavtomobilo eqsporti, sxva <strong>da</strong>sxva eleqtronuli xelsawyoebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nadgarebi.meore adgili (1/4) ekuTvnis samx.-aRm. azias (gansakuTrebiTgamoiyofa singapuri, tailandi, malaizia)mesame (1/5) – <strong>da</strong>savleT evropas (germania).saerTo jamSi iaponiis sawarmoo eqsportimoicavs <strong>msoflio</strong>s yvela msxvil regions: upirvelesyovlisa es exeba avtomobilebis eqsports.iaponiaSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba kapitaliseqsports. mas pir<strong>da</strong>piri kavSiri aqvs oqrosvalutis rezervis zr<strong>da</strong>Si, romelic xels uwyobsmis <strong>msoflio</strong> pirvelobas. am maCvenebliT iaponiiskapitalis eqsportSi monawileobas iRebensaxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> monopoliebi. 1990-iani wlebisSuaSi iaponiis kapitalis eqsporti gavi<strong>da</strong> pirveladgilze <strong>msoflio</strong>Si <strong>da</strong> didi xani inarCuneb<strong>da</strong>am adgils. magram krizisis Semdeg 1997-1998w. eqsportis moculoba sagrZnoblad Semcir<strong>da</strong>.miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa sazRvargareTis saerTokapital<strong>da</strong>bandeba 1990-iani wlebis bolos aRema-168
ta 300 mlrd. dolars. geografiuli poziciebi<strong>da</strong>numetes interess warmoadgens iaponiis sazRvargareTuliinvesticiebi. es <strong>da</strong>iwyo 1970-ianwlebSi, magram maTi moculoba iyo umniSvnelo.1980-iani wlebis bolos iaponia gar<strong>da</strong>iqmna <strong>msoflio</strong>SierT-erT udides eqsportiorad pir<strong>da</strong>pirisazRvargareTuli investiciebiT. 1990-ianiwlebis bolos iaponiis pir<strong>da</strong>piri sazRvargare-Tuli investiciebis saerTo raodenobi<strong>da</strong>n 40%meti igzavnebo<strong>da</strong> amerikaSi, 25% _ aziis sxva <strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebSi, 15% _ <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis qveyneb-Si, xolo <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 10% _ laTinuri amerikisqveynebSi. amas SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vumatoT is rom iaponialiderobs sxva qveynebisaTvis finansur <strong>da</strong>xmarebaSi(10 mlrd. dolari) mravali qveynebisa-Tvis iaponia donor qveyanad iqca. magaliTad:(CineTi, indoeTi, indonezia, tailandi, filipinebi)– aziis qveynebi, afrikis qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n (hana,kenia, tanzania), laTinoamerikis (brazilia, meqsika,peru, Cile) <strong>da</strong> dsT-s qveynebis (azerbaijani,yirgizeTi). 1980-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli iaponiaufro aqtiurad monawileobs mecnierul-169
teqnikur TanamSromlobaSi. masSi monawileobismTavari formaa msxvilmasStaburi mravalwlianiprogramebi. magaliTis saxiT SeiZleba moviyvanoTerovnuli programa ,,a<strong>da</strong>mianis sazRvrebi”,romelic 2005 wlamdea gaTvlili. saqonlis brunvaruseTsa <strong>da</strong> iaponias Soris 1990-ian wlebSiSeadgen<strong>da</strong> 3,5-4,5 mlrd. dollars weliwadSi,rac 40-jer naklebia iaponiasa <strong>da</strong> CineTs Soris.ruseTis eqsports iaponiaSi warmoadgens xe-tye,metalebi <strong>da</strong> naxSiri. iaponii<strong>da</strong>n ki ruseTs miewodeba¾ manqanaTwarmoebis produqcia. ruseTisbazarze iaponias myarad uWiravs pirveli adgilieleqtronikis gayidvaSi, iseTi cnobili firmebisarogoricaa ,,soni’ <strong>da</strong> ,,panasoniki”.170
<strong>msoflio</strong>s navTobis mrewvelobanavTobis mrewveloba <strong>msoflio</strong>s saTbobenergetikulimrewvelobis wamyani <strong>da</strong>rgia. igi Zaliandid gavlenas axdens mTel <strong>msoflio</strong> mrewvelobaze<strong>da</strong> saerTod <strong>msoflio</strong> politikazec.navTobis mrewveloba gamoirCeva sakmaod didikapital tevadobiT.navTobis samrewvelo mopoveba erTdrouladsam qveyanaSi ruseTSi, rumineTsa <strong>da</strong> aSS-Sime-XIX-e saukunis Sua xanebSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo. XX-is<strong>da</strong>mdegs mas ukve <strong>msoflio</strong>s 20 qveyanaSi moipovebdnen,magram yvelaze metad aSS_Si, venesuelasa<strong>da</strong> ruseTSi. 1940w. navTobga<strong>da</strong>mamuSavebelqveyanaTa ricxvi 40-mde gaizar<strong>da</strong>, Tumca mowinaveebadiTvlebo<strong>da</strong> aSS, ssrk, venesuela <strong>da</strong> agreTveirani. 1970w. navTobga<strong>da</strong>mamuSavebel qveyanaTaricxvma 60-s miaRwia, xolo 1990w-s 80-s.1990-iani wlebis bolos ki 95-s. jer kidev 1960-ian wlebSi navTobis <strong>msoflio</strong> mopovebis naxevarsiZleo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT naxevarsferos qveynebi,171
magram Semdgom pirvelobas miaRwia aR. naxevarsferosqveynebma.Sesabamisad izrdebo<strong>da</strong> navTobis <strong>msoflio</strong>mopovebac. 1980-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>mdegamde, iafi navTobisepoqaSi es zr<strong>da</strong> iyo winsvliTi, magramSemdgom mas <strong>da</strong>etyo energetikuli (navTobis)krizisis zemoqmedeba, romelmac rogorc ukveavRniSneT, gamoiwvia <strong>msoflio</strong> bazarze navTobismkveTri gaZvireba am garemoebam gavlena moaxdinanavTobis mopovebis geografiazec, vinai<strong>da</strong>nigi gax<strong>da</strong> ararentabeluri mraval Zneladmisadgom raionSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c eqstremaluri bunebrivipirobebi arsebob<strong>da</strong>. 1990-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>mdegsnavTobis <strong>msoflio</strong> mopovebis done Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTgastabilur<strong>da</strong> es <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo ara na-Ziebi resursebis SezRudvasTan aramed rigi navTobga<strong>da</strong>mamuSavebeliqveynebis politikasTan,pirvel rigSi ki opeka-s wevrebisa, rogorc <strong>msoflio</strong>navTobis bazarze fasebis mTavari regulatorisa.navTobze fasebis vardnis gaWianurebulviTarebaSi aseTi politika iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>mkacrad normirebuli kvotebis SemoRebas,172
misi mopovebis zomebze, raTa fasebi ar <strong>da</strong>cemuliyo.analogiur politikas atareb<strong>da</strong> zogier-Ti qveyanac, romlebic ar Sediodnen opeka-Si<strong>da</strong> mxolod 1990-iani wlebis bolos aRiniSnaaxali aRmavloba 3.8 mlrd t-mde 2004w-Tvis.1990-iani wlebis bolos koniunuqtura <strong>msoflio</strong>snavTobis bazarze araerTxel Seicvala.1996w-s Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT myari balansis pirobebSi, navTobismiwodebasa <strong>da</strong> moxmarebas Soris navTobzesaSualo fasi 1 tonaze 145 dolari SenarCun<strong>da</strong>.1999w-s 135 dolamde Semcir<strong>da</strong>, xolo1998w-s katastrofulad <strong>da</strong>eca 1 tonis fasi 80dolaramde ga-x<strong>da</strong>. bunebrivia, aseTma klebammkveTrad Seamcira navTob eqsporiori qveynebisSemosvlebi, maTi sanavTobe renta. imisTvis romxelaxla gaezar<strong>da</strong>T es Semosavlebi opeka-s wevrmaqveynebma, romelTac SeuerT<strong>da</strong>: norvegia,meqsika, omani, ruseTi <strong>da</strong>iwyes navTobis mopovebisSemcireba Sedegad misma fasma kvlav iwyozr<strong>da</strong>, Tanac ise, rom 1999w bolosTvis 160-170dolars miaRwia 1 tonaze Semdgom ki 200-300dolarsac ki ga<strong>da</strong>aWarba. aman <strong>da</strong>rtyma miayena173
mTavari navTobimportiori qveynebis ekonomikas,upirvelesad ki aSS-s, did britaneTs, gfr-s,gamoiwvia ra SeiZleba iTqvas, mini krizisi nav-TobmoxmarebaSi <strong>da</strong> aiZula es qveynebi gamoeyenebinaTavianTi, xelSeuxebeli komerciuli maragi.mxolod 2000 wlis bolosTvis mdgomareobanavTobis bazarze gax<strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT stabileri.Mme-20 saukunis me-2 naxevarSi navTobis <strong>msoflio</strong>mopovebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba agreTve Seicvalaqveynebis sam jgufs Soris. saerTod, jerswori iqnebo<strong>da</strong> gvelaparaka ara sam, aramed qveynebisor <strong>da</strong>jgufebaze kapitalisturebisa <strong>da</strong>socialisturebze, vinai<strong>da</strong>n navTobis TiTqmismTeli mopoveba <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebSic <strong>da</strong> <strong>msoflio</strong>sganviTarebad qveynebSic faqtobrivadjer kidev me-20 saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi warmoqmnilisaerT. navTobis kartelis (snk) kontrolqveSimyofebo<strong>da</strong>. am kartelSi Sedio<strong>da</strong> Svidiumsxvilesi navTobis kompania (Svidi <strong>da</strong>),romelTac saTaveSi edga amerikuli “stan<strong>da</strong>rtoili”. opeka-s Seqmnis Semdeg pirvel xanebSi174
es Svidi <strong>da</strong> akontroleb<strong>da</strong> ganviTarebadi qveynebismier navTobis mopovebis aranakleb 2/3-smagram 1970-iani wlebis Sua xanebis krizisisSemdeg aseve ganviTarebadi qveynebis mier TavianTinavTobis resursebis nacionalizaciis <strong>da</strong>sakuTari navTobis saxelmwifo kompaniebis SeqmnisSemdeg snk-is roli nulamde <strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>, axla“musikas ukveTdnen” ukve “opeka”-s qveynebi <strong>da</strong>es arcaa gasakviri,vinai<strong>da</strong>n amJamad swored opekas11 qveyana akontrolebs navTobis mopovebis<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 40%-s xolo Tu vilaparakebT yvelaganviTarebad qveyanaze, maSin 1990-iani wlebisbolos maTma wilma navTobis <strong>msoflio</strong> mopovebaSi60% Seadgina roca <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebiswili 24%-ia. hidrosocialisturi <strong>da</strong> socialisturiqveynebis wili ki 16%-mde Semcir<strong>da</strong>,rac aixsneba adre ssrk-Si Semaval qveyanaTaumetesobaSi navTobis mopovebis vardniT; 1990-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>mdegamde es wili meti iyo.yofil ssrk-Si navTobis mopovebis matebaxdebo<strong>da</strong> 1970-1980-ian w. <strong>da</strong>savleT cimbiris nav-Tobis auzTa gaxsnisa <strong>da</strong> aTvisebis gamo. amasT-175
an mopovebis piki miRweul iqna 1988w-s 624mlnt. magram ukve 1990w-s igi Semcir<strong>da</strong> 570 mln t-mde, xolo 1991w-s 515 mln t-mde. aseTi vardnismizezi mravalia. es kapital<strong>da</strong>bandebaTa ukmarisobacaa<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>zverviTi <strong>da</strong> saZiebo burRvis moculobaTaSemcirebac, milebis ukmarisobac <strong>da</strong>mowyobilobaTA cveTac, moZvelebuli teqnologiebisgamoyenebac <strong>da</strong> sxva uamravi ram, rac sabadoebisswraf <strong>da</strong>tborvas iwvev<strong>da</strong>. isic un<strong>da</strong>gaviTvaliswinoT,rom 1990-iani w. <strong>da</strong>mdegs bevrmaumsxvilesma sabadom ukve miaRwia maqsimalurimopovebis stadias <strong>da</strong> mxolod XXI saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegsnavTobis mopovebam ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> dsT-issxva qveynebSi (yazaxeTSi, azerbaijanSi) kvlaviwyo zr<strong>da</strong>.<strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi navTobmopovebaSi naxtomimox<strong>da</strong> 1970-1980-ian wlebSi, rac aixsneba Cr.zRvispireTis auzis eqspoataciaSi SesvliT. aziaSiki 1990-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>dgomamde SeimCneo<strong>da</strong>mopovebis winsvliTi zr<strong>da</strong>, rac <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuliiyo sparseTis yuris zonaSi aseve indoneziasa176
<strong>da</strong> CineTSi. msxvilesi sabadoebis aTvisebasTan1990-ian wlebSi navTobis mopoveba kvlav gaizar<strong>da</strong>.afrikaSi gar<strong>da</strong>texa 1960-ian wlebSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo,roca aiTvises libiis <strong>da</strong> nigeriis navTobisresursebi <strong>da</strong> mopoveba gaizar<strong>da</strong> alJirsa <strong>da</strong>egvipteSi. Cr. amerikaSi mopoveba izrdebo<strong>da</strong>1970-iani w. <strong>da</strong>mdegamde, Semdeg misi done gastabilur<strong>da</strong>xolo 1990-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n man iwyokleba. laTinur amerikaSi navTobis mopovebiszr<strong>da</strong> iyo ufro Tanazomieri, amasTan msxvilnavTobga<strong>da</strong>mamuSavebel qveyanaTa ricxvSi venesuelasTanerTad Sevi<strong>da</strong> meqsikac. navTobis mopovebamavstraliaSi zr<strong>da</strong> mxolod 1980-ian wlebSiiwyo.Sesabamisad icvlebo<strong>da</strong> msxvili regionebiswilic navTobis <strong>msoflio</strong> mopovebaSi. jer kidev1950w-s misi 1/2-ze meti modio<strong>da</strong> Cr. amerikaze,romelsac didi CamorCeniT mosdev<strong>da</strong> sazRvargareTulievropa, laTinuri amerika, ssrk.1970w-s pirvel adgilze aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> ukve sazRvargareTuliazia, meoreze Cr.amerika, mesameze _177
ssrk, meoTxeze _ afrika, mexuTeze _ laTinuriamerika.aSkaraa rom msxvili regionebis reitingi ganisazRvrebaupirvelesad mTavari navTobmompovebeliqveynebiT (saudis arabeTi, ruseTi, aSS,irani meqsika, CineTi, nigeria) SegviZlia avRniSnoT,rom 1990-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi didicvlilebebi mTavari navTobmompovebeli qveynebisSemadgenlobaSi ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra, magram mowinavesameuli qveynis Tanmimdevroba erTgvaradsxvanairi gax<strong>da</strong> (1990w. navTobis mopovebaSi pirveliadgili ekava ssrk-s, meoreze iyo aSS, mesamezesaudis arabeTi).navTobis mrewvelobasTan erTad Cveulebrivganixilaven xolme mis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>moukidebelqve<strong>da</strong>rgs navTobga<strong>da</strong>mamuSavebel mrewvelobas.1990-iani wlebis bolos <strong>msoflio</strong>Si iyo<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 700 navTobga<strong>da</strong>mamuSavebeli qarxana(6gq) pirveladi ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebis saerTo simZlavriT3.7 mlrd t. am <strong>da</strong>rgis sawarmoebi ganawi-178
lebulia mTel de<strong>da</strong>miwaze bevrad ufro Tanabrad,vidre navTobis resursebi <strong>da</strong> mopoveba, vinai<strong>da</strong>nTiToeuli metnaklebad msxvili sax. iswrafvisflobdes sakuTar ngqebs, romlebicimuSavebs Si<strong>da</strong> moxmarebis bazarze, xolo umeteswiladeqsportzec. am TvalsazrisiT ekonomikuradganviTarebuli qveynebis mniSvnelovaniupiratesoba <strong>msoflio</strong>s yvela ngq-is SejamebulisimZlavriT savsebiT asaxsnelia: Cr. amerikaSikoncentrirebulia 930 mln t., <strong>da</strong>savleTevropaSi 700 mln t., iaponiaSi aseTi simZlavreebis250 mln t., aRmosavleT evropis qveynebsa<strong>da</strong> dsT-Si kidev 650 mln. t. <strong>da</strong> mxolod <strong>da</strong>narCenimodis ganviTarebad qveynebze.aseTi Tanafardoba Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> mravaliaTwleulis ganmavlobaSi,vinai<strong>da</strong>n iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>rom ekonomikurad mamogebiania nedli navTobisSemotana <strong>da</strong> misi ga<strong>da</strong>muSaveba moxmarebis adgilze.Tumca 1980-1990-ian wlebSi sul ufro mkafiodgamovlin<strong>da</strong> sawinaaRmdego tendencia awarmoonnedli navTobis pirveladi ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebamisi mopovebis raionebSi, xolo Semdeg moaxdi-179
non ukve miRebuli navTobproduqtebis eqsportireba.am tendencias safuZvlad udevs rogorcganviTarebadi qveynebis industrializacia upirvelesyovlisa, navTobmompoveblebis aseve <strong>da</strong>savleTisqveynebis politikac, romelic mimar-Tulia “WuWyiani” warmoebebis ga<strong>da</strong>tanaze ganvi-Tarebad qveynebSi. Sedegad bolo xanebSi navTobga<strong>da</strong>muSavebissimZlavreebi ganviTarebad qveynebSisakmaod swrafad izrdeba <strong>da</strong> ukve mniSvnelovanzomebs aRwevs: laTinur amerikaSi 300mln-s. afrikaSi 150-s. amJamad ganviTarebadi qveynebiswili ngq-ebis <strong>msoflio</strong> simZlavreSi ukve<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 1/3-s Seadgens, amasTan es maCvenebeliagrZelebs zr<strong>da</strong>s. upirveles yovlisa es exebasparseTis yuris navTobmompovebel qveynebs_ saudis arabeTs, irans, erays, quveiTs, romlebsacgaaCnia navTobga<strong>da</strong>muSavebis mniSvnelovanisimZlavreebi; isini ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d eqsportzeagaTvlili. exeba es sxva navTobmompovebel qveynebsac(venesuela, meqsika, indonezia), agreTvebrazilias, indoeTs, argentinas, tailands, sa<strong>da</strong>cngq-ebi upiratesad an savsebiT muSaobs Si-180
<strong>da</strong> bazrebisaTvis. navTobga<strong>da</strong>mamuSavebel msxvilcentrebad agreTve iqca <strong>msoflio</strong> sazRvaosnogzebis zogierTi sakvanZo wertili (singapuri),karibis zRvis kunZulebi (virginiis, niderlanduriantiliis aseve trini<strong>da</strong>di <strong>da</strong> tobago)amasTan iq ganlagebuli ngq-ebi gamoirCevanavTobis ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebis gansakuTrebuli simZlavriT(20-30 mln. t. weliwadSi).ruseTSi 1990-ian wlebSi navTobis mrewvelobaseriozul kriziss ganicdi<strong>da</strong>, ramac gamoiwvianavTobis mopovebis donis Semcireba 2-jer,xolo misi ga<strong>da</strong>muSaveba TiTqmis aseve. aseTiSemcireba ganpirobebuli iyo grZelvadiani xasiTisfaqtorebiT, upirvelesad investiciebisSemcirebiT am <strong>da</strong>rgSi mopovebis TviTRirebulebismudmivi zrdis fonze, romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuliamis Semdgom win wawevasTan Cr. <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTraionebSi, yvelaze mdi<strong>da</strong>ri sabadoebismniSvnelovan gamolevasTan, sa<strong>da</strong>c navTobs moipovebeniafi Sadrevnuli xerxiT, investiciebisSemcirebis ar SeiZleba, ar gamoewvia mravaliuaryofiTi Sedegi. erT-erTi maTgani gax<strong>da</strong> nav-181
Tobis saZiebo burRvis moculobebSi CamorCena,ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c naZiebma maragebma Sewyvita saTanadodmopovebis aucilebeli namatis kompensireba.yovelive amas SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vumatoT <strong>da</strong>rgisarc Tu ise martivi saorganizacio gaformeba<strong>da</strong> konkurencia ruseTis navTobis biznesis ZiriTadsubieqtebs Soris esaa umsxvilesi bunebrivimonopoliebi “lukoili”, ”iukosi”, ”se<strong>da</strong>nko”,”rosnefti”, ”sibnefti” <strong>da</strong> sxv., agreTve faswarmoqmnisrTuli problemebi Si<strong>da</strong> bazarze<strong>da</strong> navTobze <strong>msoflio</strong> fasebis meryeoba, magrambolo wlebSi am <strong>da</strong>rgma SeZlo krizisis <strong>da</strong>Zleva<strong>da</strong> navTobis mopovebam swrafad iwyo zr<strong>da</strong>.ufro metic, <strong>msoflio</strong> bazarze navTobze fasebismkveTri zrdis wyalobiT igi savaluto saSualeba(navTobSemosavlebis) gax<strong>da</strong> qveynis biujetSi.182
gaTxevadebuli bunebrivi gaziTsaerTaSoriso vaWroba1970-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebuli<strong>msoflio</strong> ene-rgetikuli meurneobis axalifaqtoris saxiT mogvevlina gaTxevadebulibunebrivi gazi (gbg). interesi amenergomatareblis mimarT ganpirob-ebuli iyomravali mizeziT .maT Soris SeiZle-ba<strong>da</strong>vasaxeloT bunebrivi gazis didi resurse-bisarseboba aziis, afrikis <strong>da</strong> laTinuri amer-ikismraval qveyanaSi, romelic mopovebis Semd-egSeuZlebelia gazsadenebis meSveobiT mivawodoTekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebs maSinroca gbg-is saeqsporto miwodeba Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTioli gansaxorcielebelia <strong>da</strong> amasTanave ar sa-Wiroebs ZviradRirebuli gazis magistralebismSeneblobas. saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT isicrom gaTxevadebuli gazi xelsayrelia gamosayenebladmeurneobis mraval <strong>da</strong>rgSi (gansakuTrebiTelenergetikasa <strong>da</strong> komunalur-sayofacxovreboseqtorebSi) <strong>da</strong> gazis gaTxevadebis teqno-183
logia <strong>da</strong> misi Semdgomi transportireba ukvesavsebiT aTvisebulia.sawarmoo-teqnologiuri kompleqsi gbg-is warmoebasa<strong>da</strong> miwodebaze Tavis TavSi moicavsSemdeg Semadgenel nawilebs:1) bunebrivi an gzad mdebare navTobiani gazissabado (<strong>msoflio</strong> masStabiT isini <strong>da</strong>axloebiTyvela miwodebis 2/3-s uzrunvelyofs, gazis<strong>da</strong>narCen nawils iZleva navTobga<strong>da</strong>mamuSavebeliqarxnebi);2) qarxana bunebrivi gazis gasaTxevadeblad162*c temperaturaze, misi droebiTi SenaxvistevadobisTvis;3) gazsaeqsporto terminali, sa<strong>da</strong>c miRebulgbg-s tumbaven specialur tankergazis ga<strong>da</strong>mtanebSi;4) <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis adgilze gazsaimporto terminali,sa<strong>da</strong>c xdeba miwodebuli gbg-is gadmotvirTva;184
5) gbg-is sacavi <strong>da</strong> misi regazifikaciis sadguri;6)mowyobilobebi gbg-is miwodebisaTvis gazisqselSi.msgavsi teqnologiebis SesamuSaveblad pirvelicdebi Catar<strong>da</strong> aSS-Si jer kidev XX-is 40-ian wlebSi, xolo samrewvelo realizacia maTpoves iqve 1950-ian w. male aSS-Si konstuirebuli<strong>da</strong> agebuli iqna pirveli tankeri-gazmatarebeli,romelic ara marto awvdi<strong>da</strong> gaTxevadebulbunebriv gazs meqsikis yuris sabado<strong>da</strong>n,aramed ramdenime reissac axden<strong>da</strong> did britane-TSi. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad gbg-is <strong>msoflio</strong> warmoebaizrdebo<strong>da</strong> sakmaod nela, magram 1970-iani wlebisSua xanebis energetikuli krizisis <strong>da</strong> navTobismkveTri gaZvirebis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>savleTis mravaliqveynis interesi mis gamosayeneblad SesamCnevadgaizar<strong>da</strong>. aman stimuli misca gazisgaTxevadebisTvis qarxnebis mSeneblobas, asevegazis terminalTa <strong>da</strong> Seiqmna tanker-gazmatare-185
elTa floti. gbg-is mimarT interesi dResacarsebobs, razec upirveles yovlisa; metyvelebsmisi <strong>msoflio</strong> warmoebis zomebi, romelicjer kidev 1995w. 275 mln t-s Seadgen<strong>da</strong>. kvlavizrdeba tanker-gazmatareblebis flotic, amas-Tan tipiuri tankeris tevadobac agreTve gaizar<strong>da</strong>10-15 aTasi m-3-<strong>da</strong>n 80-100-mde, xolo Semdeg120-130-mde, misi 165-mde gazrdis perspeqtiviT,SemdgomSi ki 200.1990-iani wlebis bolos gaTxevadebuli bunebrivigazis warmoeba mogvar<strong>da</strong> ukve sakmaodbevr qveyanaSi, amasTan maTgan 15-20-ma miaRwiametnaklebad mniSvnelosan zomebs. sazRvargare-Tis evropaSi aseTi qveynebia didi britaneTi<strong>da</strong> norvegia, sazRvargareTis aziaSi ki indonezia,malaizia, saudis arabeTi, gaerTianebuliarabeTis emiratebi, katari, CineTi, indoeTi, afrikaSi_ alJiri, egvipte <strong>da</strong> libia, Cr. amerika-Si _ aSS <strong>da</strong> kana<strong>da</strong>, laTinur amerikaSi _ meqsika,venesuela <strong>da</strong> brazilia; maT ricxvSi Sedisavstraliac. CamoTvlil qveyanaTa umetesoba186
ara marto awarmoebs, aramed gbg-is eqsportsacaxdensgbg-is ZiriTadi eqsportiorebi iyvnen <strong>da</strong> rCebianganviTarebadi qveynebi pirvel rigSi, samxreT-aRmosavleTaziis, magram aseve afrikis<strong>da</strong> samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleT aziis, maSin roca ekonomikuradganviTarebuli qveynebis wili <strong>msoflio</strong>eqsportSi ar aRwevs 1/10-sac ki. bunebrivia,am nawilobrivi maCveneblebis ukan dgas calkeuliqveyana. 1990-iani wlebis bolos samxreTaRmosavleTaziis qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n eqsports uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong>indonezia, malaizia, brunei, afriki<strong>da</strong>n_ alJiri <strong>da</strong> nigeria, samx.-<strong>da</strong>savleT azii<strong>da</strong>n_ katari <strong>da</strong> abu<strong>da</strong>bi. <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebsSoris gbg-is eqsportiorebs miekuTvneba mxolo<strong>da</strong>SS <strong>da</strong> avstralia. mniSvnelovania gaviTvaliswinoT,rom wamyvani qveyana eqsportiorebises jgufi ar rCeba ucvleli. ukve XX-XIs mijnazemasSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> kidev ramdenime qveyana (katari,nigeria, trini<strong>da</strong>di <strong>da</strong> tobago).187
gbg-is eqsportior qveyanaTa jgufis gverdiTCamoyalib<strong>da</strong> sakmaod mdgradi importiorqveyanaTa jgufi. es upirveles yovlisa, aRmosavleTaziis qveynebia iaponia (gbg-is mTeli <strong>msoflio</strong>imports 1/2-ze meti), koreis resp. <strong>da</strong> taivaniskunZ., agreTve <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis qveynebisafrangeTi, espaneTi, italia, belgia, Cveulebrivam jgufSi rTaven TurqeTsac. gbg-is importirebascotaoden aSS-ic axdens. am qveynebi<strong>da</strong>nzogierTs (iaponias, koreis respublikas,kunZ. taivans) bunebrivi gazi mxolod gaTxevadebulisaxiT Semoaqvs, sxvebi ki (safrangeTs,belgias rom aRaraferi vTqvaT aSS-ze), gbg-isimportTan erTad upiratesad orientirebas axdens“gazsadenebis” gazis importze.geografiuli TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiTsainteresoa is garemoeba, rom gbg-is eqsportis<strong>da</strong> importis calkeuli raionebi erTmaneTTanmWidro<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong> erTad qmnis saer-TaSoriso gazsatransporto sistemebs, romel-Tagan TiToeuli Tavis TavSi moicavs mTel sawarmoojaWvs bunebrivi gazis mopovebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>n-188
iSnulebis adgilze momxmareblebTan miwodebamde.XXI saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegs <strong>msoflio</strong> meurneoba-Si Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> ori ZiriTadi gazsatransportosistema aziur-wynarokeanuri sistema <strong>da</strong> afrikul-<strong>da</strong>savleTevropuli.Aazia wynari okeanis regionis gazsatransportosistema – yvelaze mZlavri <strong>da</strong> ganStoebuliuzrunvelyofs gbg-is mTeli <strong>msoflio</strong>s saeqsperto-saimportomiwodebaTa 1/2- ze mets. amregionSi yvelaze msxvili eqsportiori iyo <strong>da</strong>aris indonezia, romelic Tavisi gazis sabadoebissafuZvelze Seqmna gazkondensaturi qarxnebibontangaSi, kunZ. kalimantanis aRmosavleTsanapiroze (es qarxana 20 mln. t. gbg-is mwarmoeblobiTweliwadSi <strong>msoflio</strong>Si yvelaze msxviladiTvleba) <strong>da</strong> kunZ. sumatris CrdiloeTiT.malaiziis <strong>da</strong> bruneis gazkondensanturi qarxnebiagreTve mdebareobs kunZul kalimantaze,mxolod mis CrdiloeT sana-piroze. am qarxnebisterminalebs akavSirebs “gazis xidebi” ramdenimegazmimReb terminalTan, romlebic mdebareobsiaponiis kunZul honsiuze, wynari okeanis189
sanapiroze. gbg-is miwodeba indonezii<strong>da</strong>n koreisrespublikaSi <strong>da</strong>iwyes 1980-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi, xolo taivanSi 1990-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>mdegs.Semdeg koreisTvis miwodebaSi CaerTo malaiziac.Mmeore “gazis xidi” azia-wynari okeanisregionSi (awr) Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> abu-<strong>da</strong>bis emiratsa<strong>da</strong> iaponias Soris. es mox<strong>da</strong> mas Semdeg, rac1970-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi sparseTis yurispatara kunZul <strong>da</strong>sze aages bunebrivi gazis gasaTxevadebladqarxana. iq gazs awvdidnen oriSelfuri sabado<strong>da</strong>n. 1990-iani wlebis bolosabu-<strong>da</strong>bis magaliTs mibaZa katarma, romelicgbg-is qarxnebi <strong>da</strong> terminali aago iaponiasa <strong>da</strong>koreis respublikaSi maTxevadebuli gazis saeqsportod.Aaziawynari okeanis regions kidev ori “gazisxidi” SeiZleba mivakuTnoT. isini aerTianebs iaponias,<strong>msoflio</strong>Si gbg-is yvelaze msxvil momxmarebels,erTi ukavSirdeba alaskas meore –avstralias. alaskaze agebuli qarxana <strong>da</strong> gbgisterminali ankorijis axlos agebul iqna1960-iani wlebis bolos <strong>da</strong> maSinve tanker-gazm-190
atareblebma aqe<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>iwyo gaTxevadebuli bunebrivigazis miwodeba kunZul honsius sanapiroze.am “ga<strong>da</strong>bmis” Seqmnas xeli Seuwyo ramdenimefaqtorma. upirveles yovlisa, iaponiis politikam,romelic didi xania miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong> Tavisigazis importis maqsimalur diversifikacias;meore, TviT alaskaze gbg-is msxvili momxmareblebispraqtikulma arsebobam. mesame, aSS-is wynariokeanis Statebis <strong>da</strong>uintereseblobam, radganisini orientirebuli iyo adgilobriv gazsa<strong>da</strong> gazis miwodebaze kanadi<strong>da</strong>n gazsadenebismeSveobiT gbg-is alaska<strong>da</strong>n miRebaSi. rac Seexebaam gbg-is transportirebas aSS-is aRmosavleTsanapiroze panamis arxiT, es varianti ZalzeZviri aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. iaponur bazarze ki gbg alaski<strong>da</strong>nsavsebiT konkurentunariani aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>; gansakuTrebiTimis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom iaponurikapitali monawileob<strong>da</strong> am amerikuli Statisgazis sabadoebis <strong>da</strong>muSavebaSi.191
“gazis xidi” avstraliasa <strong>da</strong> iaponias Sorisukve 1990-ian wlebSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. igi akavSirebsgazkondensantur qarxanas kontinentis Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleTsanapiros iaponur kunZul honsiusterminalTan <strong>da</strong> qarxanasTan.Aafrikul – <strong>da</strong>savleTevropuligazsatransporto sistemagaaCnia prioriteti warmoSobis drosTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT,magram miwodebaTa moculobiT mni-Svnelovnad CamorCeba azia-wynari okeanis regionissistemas. misi warmoSoba ganpirobebuliaori ZiriTadi faqtoriT: pirvel rigSi, resursuliT,romlis gavlena erTis mxriv gamovlin<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>savleT evropis umetesi qveynis bunebrivigaziT uzrunvelyofis ukmarisobiT <strong>da</strong> meoremxriv gazis didi Warbi resursebis arsebobiTCr. afrikis qveynebSi upirvelesad alJirsa <strong>da</strong>libiaSi, romelTa sakuTari moTxovnebi am sax-192
is saTbobSi didi araa. Mmeore, ekonomikur-geografiulimdgomareobiT an sxva sityvebiT romvTqvaT Cr. afrikis qveynebis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi siaxloviTevropis samxreT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT nawilTanacki.wamyvani qveyana, romelic Cr. afrikaSi gaTxevadebuligazis eqsportioria alJiri. man pirvelma<strong>da</strong>iwyo gbg-is mniSvnelovani eqsporti safrangeTSi,espaneTsa <strong>da</strong> belgiaSi. am TvalsazrisiTiqve meore qveyanaa – libia, magram misimiwodebebis maStabi <strong>da</strong>savleT evropisTvis arcise didia <strong>da</strong> igi mxolod espaneTSia mimarTuli.1990-iani wlebis bolos gbg-is eqsportiorebsmiemata kidev erTi afrikuli qveyana – nigeria,sa<strong>da</strong>c gazis gasaTxevadeblad aSen<strong>da</strong> qarxanaportxarkortSi <strong>da</strong> gazsaeqsporto terminalibonSi. gbg-is eqsportiorebisTvis emzadebaegviptec.gar<strong>da</strong> am ori gazsatransporto sistemisa, arsebobssxva msgavsi “ga<strong>da</strong>bmebi” Tumca isini mniSvnelovnadmcire zomebisaa.193
specialistTa umravlesoba gbg-is warmoebis<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso vaWrobis perspeqtivebs sakmaodxelsayrelad miiCnevs. wamyvani roli kvlavawris qveynebs ekisreba; prognozebis Tanaxmad2010 wlisTvis gbg-is miwodeba SeiZlebagaizardos 130-150 mln. t-mde. gbg-is eqsportiorTaricxvs momavalSi SeiZleba SeuerTdes axaliqveynebi rogorebicaa: norvegia, irani, iemeni,venesuela, papua-axali gvinea, xolo qveyana– importiorebs <strong>da</strong>emateba CineTi, indoeTi,pakistani, tailandi.ruseTSi, romelic yovelTvis orientirebuliiyo qselur gaze, gaTxevadebuli bunebrivigazis gamoyeneba 1990-iani wlebis bolomdefarTo gavrcelebas ar poveb<strong>da</strong>, Tumca gazismrewvelobis ganviTarebis Semdgomi strategiaiTvaliswinebs gbg-is warmoebis ganviTarebas,romelic ukve <strong>da</strong>wyebulia Selfuri sabadoebisbazaze saxalinis Cr. nawilSi. es gazi gaTvaliswinebuliarogorc eqsportisaTvis aseve Si<strong>da</strong>moxmarebisaTvis Soreul aRmosavleTSi.194
<strong>msoflio</strong> okeaneSi navTobis <strong>da</strong>bunebrivi gazis mopovebanavTobis <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi gazis mopovebas <strong>msoflio</strong>okeanis akvatoriebSi ukve sakmaod xangr-Zlivi istoria aqvs. zRvi<strong>da</strong>n navTobis mopovebasprimitiuli xerxebiT jer kidev XXI s-Si awarmoebdnenruseTSi (kaspiis zRvaze), aSS-sa (kaliforniaSi)<strong>da</strong> iaponiaSi. zRvi<strong>da</strong>n navTobis<strong>da</strong> gazis mopovebis namdvilad swrafi zr<strong>da</strong>1960-ian wlebSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo. kidev ufro meti gaqanebapova man 1970-1980-ian wlebSi. 1970 wels aseTiqveyana iyo mxolod 20, xolo 1990-iani wlebis<strong>da</strong>mdegs ukve 50-ze meti. Sesabamisad izrdebo<strong>da</strong>navTobis zRvi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>msoflio</strong> mopovebac. <strong>da</strong>beji-TebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom zRvi<strong>da</strong>n navTobismopovebis aseTi zr<strong>da</strong> ganpirobebuli iyo oriZiriTadi faqtoriT. jer erTi, 1970-iani wlebisSua xanebis enegetikuli krizisis Semdeg, ramacnavTobis mkveTri gaZvireba gamoiwvia, interesigaizar<strong>da</strong> Selfuri auzebis <strong>da</strong> sabadoebismimarT, romelTac manmade arc ise farTod iyenebdnen.isini naklebad iyo gamoleuli <strong>da</strong> gar-195
kveul ekonomikur mogebas hpirdebo<strong>da</strong> mompovebelT,rogorc ukve avRniSneT, navTobis <strong>da</strong> gaziszRvi<strong>da</strong>n mopoveba resursuli sazRvrebis gafarToebismaSindeli politikis mkafio magaliTigax<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> meore zRvis sabadoebis msxvilma-Stabiani aTviseba SesaZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong> mTelirigi teqnikuri siaxleebis wyalobiT <strong>da</strong> upirvelesadsaburRi platformebis gamoyenebiT.aseTi platformebiT jer kidev 1990-ianiwlebis <strong>da</strong>mdegs gaiburRa <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 40 aTasizRvis WaburRili, amasTan burRvis siRrme mu<strong>da</strong>mizrdebo<strong>da</strong>. jer kidev 1980-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>mdegszRvis navTobis 85%-s iRebdnen 100m-mde siRrmeebSi,burRva 200m siRrmeze saerTod ar xdebo<strong>da</strong>.1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi maqsimaluriburRvis siRrme 1000m-mde gaizar<strong>da</strong>, xolo 1998ws1800m-mde. amJamad burRvis siRrme ukve 3000m-ia<strong>da</strong> kidev meti. siRrmis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad rewvanapiri<strong>da</strong>n sul ufro Sors xdeba. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvela<strong>da</strong>seTi <strong>da</strong>Soreba 10-15 km-s ar aWarbeb<strong>da</strong>, Semdeg50-100 km-s axla ki 400-500 km-s aRwevs. faqt-196
obrivad es niSnavs, rom mas ukve SeuZlia gascdeskontinentur Selfs.bolo xanebSi zRi<strong>da</strong>n navTobis mopovebistempebi Semcir<strong>da</strong>. saqme isaa, rom energetikulikrizisis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis Semdeg roca axal sakmaodiafi navTobis mopovebis xangrZliv stadiaSiSevediT mravali Selfuri sabados <strong>da</strong>muSavebisgagrZeleba gansakuTrebiT maRal ganedebSi ubralo<strong>da</strong>rarentabeluri gax<strong>da</strong> misi didi TviT-Rirebulebis gamo xmeleTTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.mTlianobaSi zRvis akvatoriebSi WaburRilebisburRva bevrad Zviria vidre xmeleTze, amas-Tan igi sul ufro Zvirdeba, rac mopovebis si-Rrme matulobs. burRvaze <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi 20-30msiRrmeze 2-jer aWarbebs analogiur <strong>da</strong>naxarjebsxmeleTze. burRvis Rirebuleba 50m-ze 3-4jer izrdeba, 200m-ze ki 6 jer. burRvis <strong>da</strong>naxarjebimarto siRrmeze ki ara sxva bunebriv faqtorebzecaa<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli, mag. arqtikis pirobebSiigi ufro Zvir-ia (15-16-jer), vidre subtropikebSi.197
<strong>msoflio</strong> eleqtroenergetikaeleqtroenergetika saTbob-energetikuli komplesisSemadgenlobaSi Sedis qmnis ra masSie.w “ze<strong>da</strong> sarTuls”. SeiZleba iTqvas rom igiwarmoadgens <strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobis erT-erT sabazo<strong>da</strong>rgs. misi roli aixsneba a<strong>da</strong>mianuri moRvaweobisyvelaze sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sferos eleqtrofikaciisaucileblobiT, amitomac <strong>msoflio</strong>s sa-Tbob-energetikuli balansis eleqtrofikaciisdone, romelic izomeba pirveladi energo resursebisraodenobiT, rac eleqtroenergiis warmoebazeixarjeba sul ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro izrdebaganviTarebul qveyn-ebSi ukve 2/5-s ga<strong>da</strong>aWarba.eleqtroenergiis <strong>msoflio</strong> warmoebisdinamikaXX saukunis me-2 naxevarSi eleqtroenergiisgamomuSaveba gaizar<strong>da</strong> TiTqmis 15-jer, mTeliam xnis ganmavlobaSi eleqtroenergiaze moTxovniszrdis tempebi aWarbeb<strong>da</strong> pirvelad energo-198
esursebze moTxovnis zrdis tempebs. Sesabamisadisini 1990-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi Seadgen<strong>da</strong>2.5% <strong>da</strong> 1.5%-s weliwadSi.prognozebis Tanaxmad 2010 wlisaTvis eleqtroenergiis<strong>msoflio</strong> moxmareba SeiZleba gaizardos18-19 trln kvt/sulze xolo 2020 w-Tvis 26-27 trln kvt.-mde sulze. Sesabamisad gaizar<strong>da</strong><strong>msoflio</strong>s eleqtrosadgurTa <strong>da</strong>dgenilisimZlavreebic romelTa donem ukve 1990-ianiwlebis Sua xanebSi 3 mlrd kvt-s ga<strong>da</strong>aWarba.qveynebis sam ZiriTad jrufs Soris eleqtroenergiisgamomuSaveba ga<strong>da</strong>nawildeba SemdegisaxiT: ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebiswilad 65% modis ganviTarebadis 22% <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>mavaliekonomikis mqoneTa 13%. varaudoben,rom perspeqtivaSi ganviTarebadi qveynebis wiligaizrdeba <strong>da</strong> 2020 wlisaTvis isini gamoimuSavebs<strong>msoflio</strong> eleqtroenergiis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT naxevars.eleqtroenergiis <strong>msoflio</strong> warmoebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebamsxvil geografiul regionebs Soris199
agreTve Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT icvleba. ase mag. 1950w.Cr. amerikis wilad modio<strong>da</strong> 46%, <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis25, aRmosavleT evropis (ssrk-Tan erTad)14, aziis 10, laTinuri amerikis, avstraliis <strong>da</strong>okeaneTis 2-2 <strong>da</strong> afrikis wilad 1%. 1990-ianiwlebis bolos Cr. amerikis wili 30%-mde Semcir<strong>da</strong>,<strong>da</strong>savleT evropis 19-mde, aRmosavleT evropis(dsT-Tan erTad) 11 %-mde, maSin roca aziiswili 30%-mde gaizar<strong>da</strong>, laTinuri amerikis5-mde afrikis TiTqmis 3%-mde avstraliis <strong>da</strong>okeaneTis wili ki ucvleli <strong>da</strong>rCa. prognozebisTanaxmad 2010w. eleqtroenergiis moxmarebaCr. amerikasa <strong>da</strong> azia-wynari okeanis regionSigautoldeba <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 6tr-ln kvt/sulze.<strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi igi Seadgens 2800 mlrd kvtsulze laTinur amerikaSi 1350 mlrd-s afrika-Si 550mlrd-s axlo <strong>da</strong> Sua aRmosavleTSi 350mlrd kvt sulze.regionebis aseT wesrigs garkveulwiladganapirobebs eleqtroenergiis mTavari qveyanamwarmoeblebi. eleqtroenergiis warmoebis maCvenebelimosaxleobis 1 sulze gaTvliT aris200
yvelaze mniSvnelovani maCvenebeli romelic axasiaTebsama Tu im qveyanas vinai<strong>da</strong>n igi yvelazemetad asaxavs eleqtrofikaciis xarisxs misekonokmikaSi. es maCvenebeli mTeli mTeli <strong>msoflio</strong>sTvisTan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT izrdeba <strong>da</strong> amJamadSeadgens <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 2500 kvt-s sulze. suladobrivigamomuSaveba romelic am saSualo raodenobrivmijnas aWarbebs ukve aqvs <strong>msoflio</strong>s55 qveyanas, rogorc mosalodneli iyo maT SorisWarbobs ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli Cr.amerikis (kana<strong>da</strong> 16-aTasze meti kvt/sulze, aSS<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 13 aTasi) sazRvargareTuli evropis(safrangeTi <strong>da</strong>ax. 9 aTasi ermania <strong>da</strong>ax. 7 aTasi).qveynebi iaponia, (8 aTasze meti kvt/sulze)magram maT Soris “<strong>msoflio</strong>s Cempionad” rCebanorvegia sa<strong>da</strong>c sulze eleqtroenergiis warmoebismaCvenebeli 26 aTas kvt-s aWarbebs sulze.ganviTarebad <strong>msoflio</strong>Si saSualo <strong>msoflio</strong>doneze meti suladobrivi gamomuSaveba aqvs Zaliancota qveyanas ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d navTobmompoveblebs(quveiTi-<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 14 aTasi kvt sulze)katari – 10 aTasi Saudis arabeTi gaerT. arabe-201
Tis emiratebi, bahreini – 6 – 7.5 aTasi, magramam qveynebis umravlesobas eleqtroenergiis suladobrivigamomuSaveba Zalze cota aqvs 1000kvt sulze <strong>da</strong> amaze naklebic ki.eleqtroenergiis warmoebis struqtura aseveucvleli rCeba XX saukunis Sua xanebamde aqWarbob<strong>da</strong> naxSirze momuSave el-sadgurebi, hesebismciredi <strong>da</strong>namtebi. dRes suraTi aseTia:eleqtroenergiis msof. warmoebis TiTqmis 2/3modis saTbob energetikul sadgurebze <strong>da</strong> 1/5 –1/6 ki hesebsa <strong>da</strong> atomur el – sadgurebze, prognozebisTanaxmad saTbob energetikul sadgurebzesaTbobis gamoyenebis struqtura perspeqtivaSiramdenadme Seicvleba: 2010 w. gazis wiliSeiZleba gaizardos 17 – 24% xolo mazuTisSemcirdeba 6-7%-mde.sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva bunebrivi <strong>da</strong> <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> mizezebisgamo eleqtroenergiis warmoebis maCveneblebimsof. msxvil regionebSi SeiZleba mniSvnelovnadgansxvavdebodes saSualo msof. maCveneblisgan.msgavsi struqturuli kontrastebi ki-202
dev ufro mkafiod vlindeba calkeuli qveynebismagaliTebze. am TvalsazrisiT isini SeiZleba<strong>da</strong>iyos sam did jgufad.pirveli jgufis qveynebisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeliaeleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba saTbob energetikulisadgurebSi, romlebic muSaobs nax-Sirze, mazuTsa <strong>da</strong> bunebriv gaze. am jgufs miekuTvnebaaSS, sazRvargareTis evropis umetesiqveyana <strong>da</strong> dsT, aseve iaponia, CineTi, indoeTi,avstralia <strong>da</strong> sxva. gansakuTrebul qvejgufsqmnis is qveynebi, romlebSic saTbobenergetikulisadgurebi iZleva mTeli eleqtroenergiis95-100%.-s. eseni tipiurad an naxSiris (polone-Ti, samx.afr. resp.) an navTobgazis qveynebia (saudisarabeTi, quveiTi, omani, erayi, libia, alJiri,tobago, TurqmeneTi) an is qveynebia romlebicorientirebulia Semotanil saTbobze (<strong>da</strong>nia,irlandia, belorusia, mol<strong>da</strong>veTi, israeli,ior<strong>da</strong>nia, singapuri, somali, kuba) gar<strong>da</strong> amisaam qvejgufSi Sedis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 40 mcir, upiratesadkunZulovani qveyana. maT ZiriTad yvelas203
Semoaqvs saTbobi TavianTi eleqtrosadgurebis-Tvis.Tanamedrove umsxviles saTbobenergetikulsadgurebs aqvs 4/5 mln kvt simZlavre. yvela essadguri ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d mdebareobs iseT adgileb-Si, sa<strong>da</strong>c ufro advilia energetikuli naxSiris,navTobis Tu gazis miwodeba.Qmeore jgufSi Sedis is qveynebi sa<strong>da</strong>chidroenergetika Warbobs isini 50 metia sazRvargareTisevropaSi <strong>da</strong> sazRvargareTis aziaSiSe<strong>da</strong>rebiT cotaa. samagierod afrikaSi aseTiqveyana 20 metia, amasTan zogierT maTganSi (zambia,mozambiki, kameruni <strong>da</strong> a.S.) faqtobrivadmTeli eleqtroenergia gamomuSavdeba hesebze.rac Seexeba laTinur amerikas, am qveynebSi hidroenergetikaganmsazRvrelia, gamonaklisia meqsika<strong>da</strong> argentina. Cr. amerikis qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n meorejgufSi Sedis kana<strong>da</strong>, okeaneTis qveynebi<strong>da</strong>naxali zelandia, dsT-s qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n tajikeTi,saqarTvelo, yirgizeTi.204
umsxviles Tanamedrove hesebs 5-6 mln. kvt-ssimZlavre aqvs, zogierTs ki 10-12mln. kvt-c ki.jer kidev 180-iani wlebis bolos msof. moqmedi110 hesi<strong>da</strong>n simZlavriT kvt-naxevari <strong>da</strong>savleTisqveynebSi iyo, gansakuTrebiT aSS-sa <strong>da</strong>kana<strong>da</strong>Si, 1/3 ganviTarebad qveynebSi, xolo <strong>da</strong>narCenisocialistur qveynebSi. TumcaRa bolodros Zalian msxvil hesebs arc sazRvargareTisevropaSi <strong>da</strong> arc Cr. amerikaSi ukve aRar aSeneben,ga<strong>da</strong>vidnen ra hidroakumlatoruli eleqtrosadgurebismSeneblobaze, aseve mcire <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>balwnevian hesebze. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa hidroenergetikulipotencialis Semdgomi aTvisebaenergetikis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanes amocanadrCeba. <strong>da</strong>bolos mesame jgufs qmnis isqveynebi, romlebSic Warbobs atomur eleqtrosadgurSigamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergia, eseniaupirveles yovlisa, safrangeTi, belgia,slovakeTi, slovenia <strong>da</strong> litva.205
eleqtroenergiiT vaWrobis saerTo moculobaSeadgens <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 500mlrd kvt-s sulzeweliwadSi anu misi Sejamebuli warmoebis3.5%-s. eleqtroenergiis msxvil eqsportiorebsmiekuTvneba safrangeTi, kana<strong>da</strong>, paragvai, germania,xolo importiorebs upirveles yovlisaaSS,Ggermania, italia, brazilia, Sveicaria.ruseTi eleqtrosadgurTa saerTo simZlavriT<strong>msoflio</strong>Si mxolod aSS-s CamorCeba. igiflobs 440 siTbur <strong>da</strong> Hhidravlikur eleqtrosadgurs,romelTa simZlavre Sesabamisad 132mln <strong>da</strong> 44 mln kvt-ia, aseve 9 atomur elsadgurs,simZlavriT 22 mln kvt. es sadgurebi,romelTa Zabva 220 kv–ze maRalia maTi saerTosigrZe ki 150 aTas km-s Seadgens. ruseTis yvelaelsadguris <strong>da</strong>axloeb-iT 4/5 qmnis qveynis energetikulsistemas. ruseTis energetika yovelTvisviTardebo<strong>da</strong> swrafi tempebiT, Tumca1990-ian wlebSi misi zrdis tempi Senel<strong>da</strong>,ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d kapital<strong>da</strong>bandebaTa mkveTri Semcirebisgamo. ruseTis energetikis ganviTarebisperspeqtivebi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia mTeli rigi rTu-206
li problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis aucileblobasTan.gansakuTrebiT imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom misiZiriTadi fondebis 2/3-ze meti gacveTilia <strong>da</strong>maTi rekonstruqciisaTvis saWiroa <strong>da</strong>axloebiT20 mlrd dolari. Tu aseTi rekonstruqcia arCatardeba qveyana el. energiis dificits Sei-Zleba Seejaxos. ai amitom miiRes ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebareformaze ruseTis erT-erTi umsxvilesbunebriv monopoliasTan “rao ees ruse-TTan” <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.<strong>msoflio</strong>s atomuri energetikaatomuri (birTvuli) energetika SeiZlebaganvixiloT rogorc <strong>msoflio</strong> energetikis erTerTimniSvnelovani qve<strong>da</strong>rgi, romelmac me-20saukunis me-2 naxevarSi mniSvnelovani wvliliSeitana el. energiis warmoebaSi. gansakuTrebiTes exeba planetis im regionebs sa<strong>da</strong>c araa anTiTqmis araa sakuTari pirveladi energetikuliresursebi. Tanamedrove atomuri sadguebigamomuSavebuli el-energiis TviTRirebulebiT207
ukve savsebiT konkurentunariania sxva tipisel-sadgurebisgan isini imiT gansxvavdeba romatmosferos ar abinZurebs gamonabolqvebiT,rac namdvilad maTi Rirsebaa.gasakviri araa, rom bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi<strong>msoflio</strong> atomuri energetika ga<strong>da</strong>iqcamsxvil <strong>da</strong>rgad, <strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobis mniSvnelovanSemadgenel nawilad. jer kidev 1970w<strong>msoflio</strong>s yvela atomurma el-sadgurma gamoimuSavael-energiis mxolod 85 mlrd kvt sulze,magram ukve 1980w-s <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 700 mlrd, xolo1990 w-s 1800 mlrd, 2002w-s ki TiTqmis 2700mlrd kvt sulze. imavdroulad izrdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>msoflio</strong>satomur el-sadgurTa Sejamebuli simZlavrec.atomuri energetikis swrafi zrdis pirveliprogramebi SeimuSaves jer kidev me-20-s-is 50-60-ian wlebSi aSS-Si, did britaneTSi, ssrk-Si,Semdeg gfr-Si, iaponiaSi, magram umeteswiladisini ver Sesrul<strong>da</strong>, es upirveles yovlisa, atomurielsadgurebis arasakmarisi konkurentun-208
arianobiT aixsnebo<strong>da</strong> saTbob elsadgurebTanSe<strong>da</strong>rebiT, romlebic naxSirze, mazuTsa <strong>da</strong> gazecmuSaob<strong>da</strong>.<strong>msoflio</strong> energetikuli krizisis <strong>da</strong>wyebam,ramac mkveTrad gaaZvira navTobi, atomuri energetikisSansebi swrafad gazar<strong>da</strong>. pirvel rig-Si, es exeba im qveynebs, romelTac ara aqvs nav-Tobis <strong>da</strong> gazis didi resursebi, zogjer ki naxSiri.aseTebia: safrangeTi, gfr, belgia, SvedeTi,fineTi, iaponia, koreis respublika. ise kiatomuri energetikis ganviTarebis msxvili programebimiiRes mineraluri saTbobiT iseT mdi<strong>da</strong>rqveyanebSi rogoricaa: aSS <strong>da</strong> ssrk.1970-iani wlebis bolos <strong>da</strong>savleTis bevrieqsporti miiCnev<strong>da</strong>, rom XXI s-is <strong>da</strong>mdegs simZlavresSeiZleba 1300-1600 mln kvt-Tvis miRwia,anu yvela elsadguris Sejamebuli simZlvris<strong>da</strong>axloebiT naxevrisaTvis, xolo Tavad aes-igaCndebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>msoflio</strong>s 50 qveyanaSi. ”mirek”-isme-10 sesiaze ganixilebo<strong>da</strong> prognozi 2020 w.,romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c, atomuri energetikis wili209
saTbobis <strong>da</strong> energiis <strong>msoflio</strong> moxmarebaSi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>30%.magram ukve 1980-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi atomurienergetikis zrdis tempebi kvlav Senel<strong>da</strong>.es mizezTa kompleqsiT aixsneba. maT Sorisenergomomaragebis politikis warmatebebi, navTobisTan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT gaiafeba <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiTaes-is nagebobaTa ekologiuri Sedegebis Gga<strong>da</strong>faseba.es ga<strong>da</strong>faseba mox<strong>da</strong> amerikis aes “Trimeil ailend”-ze avariis Semdeg gansakuTrebiTki Cernobilis aes-ze katastrofis mere (1986w),romelic Seexo ukrainis, belorusiis <strong>da</strong> ruse-Tis 11 olqs anu 17 milion a<strong>da</strong>mians. am avariamgamoiwvia radiaciis momateba 20 qveyanaSi, 2000km-is radiusSi Cernobili<strong>da</strong>n. Cr.-<strong>da</strong>savleTiTradioaqtiurma neleqebma miaRwia norvegiis Cr.raionebs, <strong>da</strong>savleTiT md. reins, samxreTiT sparseTisyures.ai amitomac atomuri energetikis ganviTarebaaSkarad Senel<strong>da</strong>, Tumca sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynispolitika am <strong>da</strong>rgis mimarT srulia<strong>da</strong>c ar aRm-210
oCn<strong>da</strong> erTnairi. am pozicii<strong>da</strong>n isini SeiZleba<strong>da</strong>vyoT sam jgufad.pirvel jgufs miekuTvneba ase vTqvaT qveyana`uarmyoflebi”, romlebmac saerTod gaauqmesTavianTi atomuri programebi <strong>da</strong> miiRes ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaaes-ebis saswrafo an Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT<strong>da</strong>xurvaze, ase mag. avstriaSi <strong>da</strong>akonserves ukve<strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli aes-i venis axlos. italiaSi 1987wlis referendumis Semdeg 3 aes-i <strong>da</strong>xures, meoTxeki TiTqmis <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli ga<strong>da</strong>akeTes sa-Tbob. energetikl elsadgurad <strong>da</strong> a.S. aseve mox<strong>da</strong>SvedeTSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c 12 moqmedi atomuri reaqtori<strong>da</strong>xures 2010 w-mde. ara<strong>da</strong> es qveyanaatomuri elenergiiT 1 sul mosaxleze pirveladgilze iyo <strong>msoflio</strong>Si.meore jgufs SeiZleba mivakuTnoT is qveynebi,romlebmac ar <strong>da</strong>Sales TavianTi aes-ebi,magram ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites axlebi aRar aeSenebinaT. amjgufSi xvdeba aSS <strong>da</strong> sazRvargareTi evropisumetesi qveyana, sa<strong>da</strong>c 1990-ian wlebSi faqtobriva<strong>da</strong>Rar <strong>da</strong>wyebula arc erTi axali atomu-211
i sadguris mSenebloba. masSi aseve Sedian ruseTi<strong>da</strong> ukraina.mesame jgufSi Zalze mcirericxovania. masSiSedis is qveynebi romelnic miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad yvelafrisakvlavindeburad axorcieleben TavianTfarTomaStabian atomur energetikul programebs(safrangeTi, iaponia, koreis resp.) an iRebenmaT xelaxla (CineTi, irani).Aam sami jgufis Semadgenloba ar rCebaucvleli, ase magaliTad bolo xanebSi ama Tuim mizezis gamo ramdenime qveyanam ga<strong>da</strong>xe<strong>da</strong>TavianT negatiur <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas atomurielsadguris mSeneblobaze: esenia: italia, espaneTi,SvedeTi, xolo 2002 w-s aSS-m mwyobrSiCaayena Tavisi pirveli aes-i. rumineTma <strong>da</strong> kana<strong>da</strong>mki piriqiT <strong>da</strong>iwyes zogierTi SezRudvisganxorcieleba. kidev ufro mniSvnelovanwiladexeba es germanias. iq 1998 wlis Semodgomaze,roca xelisuflebis saTaveSi movi<strong>da</strong> socialdemokratTa<strong>da</strong> “mwvaneTa” koaliciuri mTavrobaam ukanasknelTa zewoliT miiRes ga<strong>da</strong>wyv-212
etileba <strong>da</strong>exuraT 20 germanuli atomuri energobloki,romlebic qveyanaSi warmoebuli elenergiis1/3-s iZleo<strong>da</strong>. am ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas hyav<strong>da</strong>Tavisi momxreebi <strong>da</strong> mowinaRmdegeebic, romelTacmiaCn<strong>da</strong>T, rom amas SeiZleba qveynisTvisdidi zarali mieyenebina.atomur energetikaSi saerTo <strong>msoflio</strong> situaciaXXI-s-is <strong>da</strong>mdegisaTvis SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>xasia-Tdes Semdegi mTavari maCveneblebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT.31 qveyanaSi 248 aes-ze eqsploataciaSia 441 samrewveloatomuri energobloki. <strong>da</strong>dgenili SejamebulisimZlavriT 354 mln kvt-ze meti. ase-Ti energoblokebi <strong>msoflio</strong>Si warmoebuli elenergiis18%-s gamoimuSavebs. mSeneblobis stadiaSiakidev <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 40 energobloki 35mln kvt-mde simZlavriT.<strong>msoflio</strong> atomuri energetikis geografiulaspeqts Tu ganvazogadebT, SeiZleba vamtkicoT,rom <strong>msoflio</strong> atomuri energetika, xatovnadrom vTqvaT, emyareba “sam veSaps”- evropas213
(dsT-is CaTvliT), Cr. amerikasa <strong>da</strong> azia-wynariokeanis regions.<strong>msoflio</strong>s uranis mrewvelobauranis mrewveloba, momuSave atomur energetikaze<strong>da</strong> masTan mWidrod <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli,moicavs or ZiriTad sawarmoo stadias. pirvelimaTgania uranis madnis mopoveba, romelic gvxvdebaqviSaqvis, fosforian, ZarRveul <strong>da</strong> zogierTisxva tipis sabadoebSi. maT moipovebenkarierebis, Saxtebis, miwisqveSa gamotutviT,agreTve iReben <strong>da</strong>namati produqtis saxiT spilenZis<strong>da</strong> oqros sabadobebSi. meore stadiauranuli koncentratebis warmoebaa, romelTacswored atomur energetikaSi iyeneben. am warmoebasCveulebriv rentabelurad miiCneven Tuki1 kg uranis fasi ar aWarbebs 80 dolars.uranuli koncentratebis <strong>msoflio</strong> warmoebisdinamika gamoirCeva Zlieri cvalebadobiT.Tavis maqsimums 45 aTas t-s man 1970-iani wlebis214
olos miaRwia. es iyo energetikuli krizisisdro, roca atomuri energetikis ganviTarebisperspeqtivebi yvelaze warmtaci Can<strong>da</strong>, xolo 1kg uranis fasi avi<strong>da</strong> 100 dolaramde <strong>da</strong> zeviT.magram 1985 w. <strong>da</strong>iwyo uranze moTxovnis vardna<strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad misi warmoebac, romelic Semcir<strong>da</strong>31 aTas tonamde 1994 <strong>da</strong> 1990-iani wlebisbolomde <strong>da</strong>axloebiT aseTive doneze <strong>da</strong>rCa.literaturaSi am aTwleuls Cveulebriv axasiaTebenrogorc msof. uranuli mrewvelobisRrma krizisis dros <strong>da</strong> marTlac moqmedi uranissabadoebis saerTo ricxvi am wlebis ganmavlobaSiramdenjerme Semcir<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>ixura bevrisabado <strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleT evropaSi, afrikaSi,kana<strong>da</strong>Si, xolo aSS-Si maTi ricxvi 343-<strong>da</strong>n 11-mde Semcir<strong>da</strong>. krizisi ori ZiriTadi mizeziTiyo gamowveuli, jer erTi Tavad atomurienergetikis ganviTarebis SenelebiT, ramacuranuli nedleulis siWarbemde migviyvana; uranididi raodenobiT grovdeba sawyobebSi. meore“civi omis” <strong>da</strong>mTavrebiT <strong>da</strong> <strong>msoflio</strong> bazarzeuranis im maragebis SemodeniT, rac <strong>da</strong>g-215
ovili iyo konfrontaciis mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi,zesaxemwifoTa samxedro uwyebebismier.amerikel specialistTa SefasebiT, 1993 w.<strong>msoflio</strong>Si maRalgamdidrebuli `samxedro” uranismaragebma 1700 t Seadgina rac <strong>da</strong>axloebiT500 t. <strong>da</strong>balgamdidrebuli uranis eqvivalenturia.Tuki mTeli es urani iqnebo<strong>da</strong> gamoyenebulisaTbobebis saxiT atomuri elsadgurebisTvis,1990-iani w. Sua xanebSi, uranuli koncentratebismimdinare warmoebiT <strong>da</strong>ifarebo<strong>da</strong>birTvuli saTbobis saxiT aes-is msof. yovelwliurimoTxovnebis mxolod naxevari, rac Sefasebuliiyo 62-63 aTas t, maSin roca maT<strong>da</strong>rCenil nawils <strong>da</strong>faravdnen adre <strong>da</strong>grovilimaragebis <strong>da</strong> iaraRis uranis ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebisxarjze.216
saerTaSoriso konfliqtebisSeswavlis <strong>da</strong> marTvis TeoriulisafuZvlebisaerTaSoriso konfliqtebis problema arissaerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriis centraluriproblema. es marTobulia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebTim amocanas, rac dgas kaocbriobis winaSebolo aTwleulebSi: _ esaa globaluriTermobirTvuli katastrofis acileba, anu br-Zola sicocxlisaTvis. radgan nebismieri Seiar-Rebuli brZola aris <strong>politikuri</strong> konfliqtisukiduresi gamovlineba, misi umaRlesi stadia.saerTaSoriso konfliqti _ esaa uSualo anTeoriulad interesebis <strong>da</strong>pirispireba ori anramodenime mxaris (saxelmwifoebis, saxelmwifo-Ta jgufebis, <strong>politikuri</strong> moZraobis), rac efu-Zneba subieqturi Tu obieqturi xasiaTis uTanxmoebas.Tavisi warmoSobiT winaaRmdegobebi <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoTaSoris problemebi SeiZleba iyos217
teritoriuli, nacionaluri, religiuri,ekonomiuri, samxedro-strategiuli, samecnieroekonomiuri<strong>da</strong> a.S. magram mTlianobaSi konfliqtiyovelTvis iRebs politikur saxes, radganes winaaRmdegobebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pirispirebebi gaiazreba<strong>da</strong> wydeba saxelmwifoebis mier ganxorcielebadisagareo politikis formebis meqanizmebiT.saerTaSoriso konfliqtis warmoSoba <strong>da</strong>ganviTareba <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia ara marto obieqtursaxelmwifoTa Soris warmoSobil <strong>da</strong>pirispirebebze,aramed iseT subieqtur faqtorze, rogoricaaTviTon qveyanaTa sagareo politika.konfliqti warmoiSoba, mzaddeba <strong>da</strong> wydeba saxelmwifoTagaazrebuli, mizanmimarTuli sagareopolitikiT, ar SeiZleba ar gaviTvaliswinoTis subieqturi faqtori, rogoricaa masSimonawile <strong>politikuri</strong> moRvaweebis piradi <strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba.zogjer liderTa Soris <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebamSeiZleba iqonios mniSvnelovani gavlenasaerTaSoriso urTierTobebze, maT Soris konfliqturisituaciis ganviTarebaze.218
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis praqtikisaTviscnobilia saerTaSoriso konfliqtebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvatipebi <strong>da</strong> saxeebi. Tumca erTiani, yvelasmier aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso konfliqtebistipologia ar arsebobs. saerTaSoriso konfliqtebisklasifikaciaSi yvelaze xSirad gvxvdebamaTi <strong>da</strong>yofa simetriulad <strong>da</strong> asimetriulad.simetriulebs miekuTvneba is konfliqtebi, romlisTvisac<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia masSi monawileerTnairi Zalis mqone mxareebi. asimetriulikonfliqtebi _ esaa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva potenciis mqonemxareebs Soris konfliqtebi.kanadelma konfliqtologma a. raportma warmoadginakonfliqtebis saintereso klasifikacia:man kriteriumad gamoiyena saerTaSorisokonfliqtis mimdinareobis forma. misi azriT,konfliqtebis sami saxe arsebobs: `brZolis~,`TamaSis~ <strong>da</strong> `debatebis~. mSvidobisa <strong>da</strong> uSiSroebisaTvisyvelaze sariskoa `brZolis~ formiskonfliqti. TviTon saxelwodeba ambobs, rommasSi monawile mxareebi Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve saomrad arianganwyobili <strong>da</strong> cdiloben maqsimaluri zar-219
ali miayenon erTmaneTs, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad negatiuriSedegisa maTTvis. aseT konfliqtSi monawileTaqceva SeiZleba Sefasdes iracionalurad, radganisini miuRwevad mizans isaxaven, araadekvatura<strong>da</strong>Riqvamen saerTaSoriso situacias <strong>da</strong>mopir<strong>da</strong>pire mxaris moqmedebas.piriqiT, konfliqti, romelic viTardeba `TamaSis~formiT, monawileebis moqmedeba ganisazRvrebaracionaluri mosazrebebiT. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vadgaregnuli sabrZolo SemarTebisa, monawileebicdiloben ar miiyvanon TavianTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaukiduresobamde. ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba miiRebayvela garemoebebis <strong>da</strong> faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT,rac <strong>da</strong>fuZnebulia situaciis obieqturadSefasebaze.konfliqti, romelic viTardeba rogorc`debati~ <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia monawileTa swrafva,ga<strong>da</strong>Wran konfliqturi <strong>da</strong>pirispireba kompromisebisgamoyenebiT.saerTaSoriso konfliqti SeiZleba ganixiloTrogorc saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis <strong>da</strong>-220
moukidebeli gamovlineba. saerTaSoriso konfliqtebissubieqtebi SeiZleba iyvnen saxelmwifoebi,saxelmwifoTaSorisi gaerTianebebi, saer-TaSoriso organizaciebi – gaeros CaTvliT, organizaciebadgaerTianebuli politikur sazogadoebriviZalebi qveynis SigniT <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivarenaze. konfliqtis dros SeiZleba Seicvalosmisi xarisxi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>interesebuli mxareebisxasiaTic, konfliqtis adgili <strong>da</strong> masSimonawileebis ierarqiis miznebi. SeiZleba gafarTovdesan Semcirdes monawileTa ricxvi, Sei-Zleba Seicvalos monawile <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>interesebulimxareebi.saerTaSoriso konfliqtis ganviTarebis kvlevasaSualebas gvaZlevs CamovayaliboT bevrimisi mizezis kvlevis aspeqti, rac mniSvnelovaniaanalizisaTvis, xolo misi mizezis <strong>da</strong>struqturis Seswavla ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d konfliqtisstruqturuli, funqcionaluri mxaris gamokvlevasuwyobs xels. ar SeiZleba saerTaSorisokonfliqtis es <strong>aspeqtebi</strong> ganvixiloT erTmane-Tisagan izolirebulad. konfliqtis Tanamim-221
devrulad cvalebadi faza gvaZlevs saSualebasganvixiloT igi, rogorc erTiani procesi, romelsacaxasiaTebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulimxareebi.saerTaSoriso konfliqtebis ganviTarebis faza– araa nebismieri drois abstraqtuli monakveTi,romlis drosac viTardeba mocemuli konfliqti:isini realurad ganisazRvreba istoriuli,socialuri mizezebiT, es mizezebi vlindebakonkretul TvisebebSi, romelic Seexeba imsaxelmwifoTa Si<strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebis cvalebadobas,romlebic monawileoben konfliqtebSi,saerTo <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> konkretuli interesebi,mizanebi, saSualebebi, sagareo kavSirebi <strong>da</strong> mxareTapasuxismgeblobebi, masStabebi <strong>da</strong> konfliqtisganviTarebis intensiuroba, axali monawileebisCabma <strong>da</strong> am konfliqtisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelibrZolis xerxebis, kavSirebis <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgeblobebissaerTaSoriso pirobebTan, romelSicviTardebo<strong>da</strong> konfliqti.222
mocemuli konfliqtis arsTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiTSinaarsi <strong>da</strong> forma, misi monawileebis mizani <strong>da</strong>konkretuli interesebi, gamoyenebuli saSualebebi<strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebi moqmedebis <strong>da</strong>matebiTisaSualebebis Setanis axali monawileebis Cabmaan gamosvla <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso konfliqtis pirobebisganviTareba SeiZleba viTardebodes sruliadsxva<strong>da</strong>sxva, maT Soris arastan<strong>da</strong>rtuliwinaswar gauTvaliswinebeli fazebiT. zogier-Ti faza SeiZleba amovardes mTlianad, Seiqmnascarieli sivrce ama Tu im konfliqtis tipiurganviTarebaSi. SeiZleba warmoiSvas aseve moulodnelifazebi, romlebic Secvlis konfliqtistipiur suraTs. konfliqtis fazebi SeiZleba SemWidrovdesan gaiwelos droSi, <strong>da</strong>iyos nawilebad.saerTaSoriso konfliqtma, Tavis ganvi-TarebaSi, ramodenime dReSi an saaTSi gaakeTosnaxtomi fazebs Soris, magram SeuZlia ganviTardesnel-nela. SeiZleba is viTardebodes fazi<strong>da</strong>n-fazamde,izrdebodes, magram amave dros SesaZlebelia,rom erTYadgilas itkepnebodes, me-223
ordebodes es fazebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwios konfliqtisdonem.saerTaSoriso konfliqtis pirveli fazaa –principuli <strong>politikuri</strong> urTierToba, romelicCamoyalib<strong>da</strong> obieqturi <strong>da</strong> subieqturi winaaRmdegobebissafuZvelze, saerTaSoriso arenaze<strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli mxareebis <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong>interesebi <strong>da</strong> misTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasia-Tebeli <strong>ekonomikuri</strong>, ideologiuri, samxedrostrategiuli,diplomatiuri urTierToba mocemulia<strong>da</strong>pirispirebis gamoxatuli SefardebiTmwvave konfliqtur formaSi.meore fazaa – konfliqturi mxareebis miergansazRvruli interesebi, miznebi, strategiebi<strong>da</strong> brZolis formebi obieqturi <strong>da</strong> subieqturi<strong>da</strong>pirispirebis ga<strong>da</strong>WrisaTvis potencialis <strong>da</strong>SesaZleblobis gaTvaliswinebiT mSvidobiani <strong>da</strong>ar-mSvidobiani saSualebebiT, gareSe kavSirebisgamo-yenebiT <strong>da</strong> valdebulebebiT; Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saer-TaSoriso situaciis SefasebiT. am fazaSi mxareebismier ganisazRvreba an TiTqmis realurad224
tardeba praqtikuli RonisZibebi, romlebicatareben brZolis <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobis xasiaTs,romlis mizanicaa ga<strong>da</strong>Wras <strong>da</strong>pirispireba amaTu im qveynis in-teresebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad, maT Soriskompromisis safuZvelze.mesame faza – mxareebis mier konfliqtSigamoyenebuli farTo diapazonis <strong>ekonomikuri</strong>,polit-ikuri, ideologiuri, fsiqologiuri, moaluri,samarTlebrivi, diplomatiuri <strong>da</strong> samxedro(magr-am ara pir<strong>da</strong>piri saomari formiT)saSualebebi, sxva saxelmwifoebis Careva ama Tuim formiT, konfliqtSi uSualod monawile mxareebisbrZolaSi – individualurad, blokebisa<strong>da</strong> molaparakebebis saSualebiT, gaeros saSualebiTY– Semdgomi garTulebuli sistemis <strong>politikuri</strong><strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT <strong>da</strong> konfliqtSi monawileuSualo Tu gareSe Zalebis moqmedeba.meoTxe fazaa – brZolis gaZliereba yvelazeumaRles politikur donemde – saerTa-Soriso politikur krizisamde, romelic moicavsuSualo monawileebis konfliqts, moc-225
emuli <strong>da</strong> sxva regionebis saxelmwifoebs, <strong>msoflio</strong>sudidesi saxelmwifoebi, gaero <strong>da</strong> rigSemTxvevaSi mTeli <strong>msoflio</strong>. sxva sityvebiT romvTqvaT, krizisi SeiZleba ga<strong>da</strong>izardos <strong>msoflio</strong>krizisSi, rac Seicavs SeiaraRebuli konfliqtissaSiSroebas.mexuTe fazaa – saerTaSoriso samxedrokonfliqti <strong>da</strong>wyebuli SezRuduli konfliqtiT,Tanamedrove uaxlesi iaraRis gamoyenebiT udidessamxedro brZolaSi ga<strong>da</strong>zrdis SesaZleblobiT,mokavSireebis <strong>da</strong> udidesi <strong>msoflio</strong> saxelmwifoebisCarevis <strong>da</strong> teritoriebis gafar-ToebiT.saerTaSoriso konfliqtebis <strong>ekonomikuri</strong>ganviTarebis Seswavla Zalian mniSvnelovaniamaTi acilebisa <strong>da</strong> regulirebisaTvis. konfliqtiswarmoSobis SemTxvevaSi aucilebeliamisi lokalizaciisken swrafva, <strong>da</strong>konservebasawyis stadiaSi. mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebssaerTaSoriso <strong>politikuri</strong> krizisis faza. misisaSiSroeba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi mWidrod226
akavSirebs konfliqtur mxareebs samxedro Setakebamde.saerTaSoriso krizisis dros situaciaicvleba swrafad, izrdeba <strong>da</strong> aqtiurdeba samxedroTaroli, romlebmac nebiT Tu uneblieTSeiZleba ubiZgon konfliqtis monawileebs Zalisgamoyenebisaken. civi omis droindeli saerTaSoriso<strong>politikuri</strong> krizisi Seicav<strong>da</strong> didsaSiSroebas, aseve SeeZlo gamoewvia TermobirTvulikatastrofa. im dros yvelaze cnobilikrizisi iyo 1962 wlis `karibis zRvis krizisi~,rac <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo f. kastros mierkubaSi Zalauflebis mopovebasTan, romlis drosac<strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong> aSS-s <strong>da</strong> ssrk-s interesebi.im dros Zalian swrafad ganviTar<strong>da</strong> konfliqtis<strong>da</strong>sawyisi fazebi <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>izar<strong>da</strong> ara mxolodsaerTaSoriso krizisSi am qveynebTan <strong>da</strong>kav-Si-rebiT, aramed globalur krizisSi.am periodis movlenebis analizi gviCvenebs,rom Seqmnili situaciis mizezi iyo orive saxelmwifoebismeTaurebis Secdomebi, sapirispiromxaris moqmedebebis araswori Sefasebebi. karibiskrizisis gaRvivebaSi didi roli miekuT-227
vneba sabWoTa liders nikita xruSCovs, romelmacver Seafasa amerikis axalgazr<strong>da</strong> prezidentisj. kenedis potenciali, is saerTaSorisosaqmeebSi gamoucdelad CaTvala, miuxe<strong>da</strong>va<strong>da</strong>misa, bolo wuTebSi n. xruSCovma <strong>da</strong> j. kenedimSesZles ufskrulis piras SeCereba <strong>da</strong> gamonaxesgzebi kubis garSemo konfliqturi situaciis<strong>da</strong>regulirebis.civi omis droindeli Zalian bevrikonfliqti momzadebuli iyo mopir<strong>da</strong>pire blokebismier, zogierTis ukan idga ori zesaxelmwifo– aSS <strong>da</strong> ssrk. civi omis <strong>da</strong>mTavrebisSemdeg SesaZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong> gaxsniliyo gza zogierTiam konfliqtis ga<strong>da</strong>Wrisa, magram amavedros warmoiSva <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis axali kerebi, planetisbevr regionSi iRvreba sisxli, mTliana<strong>da</strong>r gamqrala globaluri SeiaraRebuli SetakebissaSiSroeba, amitom saerTaSoriso uSiSroebisproblema aqtualuria winandeburad.TeoriaSi <strong>da</strong> praqtikaSi arsebobs mravali gzakonfliqturi situacii<strong>da</strong>n gamosvlisa. saerTa-228
Soriso konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi, romelic ukvega<strong>da</strong>sulia SeiaraRebuli brZolis fazaSi, mxareebiiswrafvian sabrZolo gamarjvebisken <strong>da</strong>gamarjvebuli karnaxobs Tavis nebas <strong>da</strong>marcxebuls.konfliqti wydeba, magram igi momavalSiSeiZleba ganaxldes. ase magaliTad, pirveli<strong>msoflio</strong> omi <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong> germaniis <strong>da</strong> misimokavSireebis <strong>da</strong>marcxebiT <strong>da</strong> samSvidobo pirobebinakarnaxevi iyo antantis mxareebis mier,Tumca SezRudvebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mcireba, romlebic iyo<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli versalis samSvidobo molaparakebebTangax<strong>da</strong> masazrdovebeli nia<strong>da</strong>gi germanelTaSoris warmoSobili <strong>da</strong> gazrdili revanSistuliganwyobis, ramac xeli Seuwyo hitlerssaxelmwifos saTaveSi mosvlas. saboloodman warmoSva axali <strong>msoflio</strong> omi. erTimxaris gamarjveba <strong>da</strong> meore mxaris kapitulaciasamxedro <strong>da</strong>marcxebis Sedegad warmoadgenscalmxriv gzis konfliqtis ganaxlebisken, gzas,romelic eyrdnoba Zalis gamoyenebas.konfliqtis mSvidobianad ga<strong>da</strong>Wris gzebi moiTxovsmasSi monawile yvela mxaris Zalisxme-229
vas. konfliqtebis mSvidobianad mogvareba –farTe cnebaa, romelic moicavs konfliqturisituacii<strong>da</strong>n gamosvlis ramodenime mimarTulebas.pirveli _ esaa konfliqtebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wra – anumisi gamomwvevi mizezebis aRmofxvra, romelicmTavrdeba konfliqtis <strong>da</strong>mTavrebis SeTanxmebisxelmoweriT. meore _ aris konfliqtis regulireba.regulirebis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi,rom konfliqtis Rrma mizezebi mTlianad araRmoifxvreba, magram SeiZleba SemdgomSi misiCarCoSi moTavseba, rac iZleva <strong>da</strong>interesebulimxareebis garantias minimaluri usafrTxoebisa.konfliqtis regulirebis xelSekrulebaSi mocemuliapirobebi, rom konfliqti ar ganviTardebacudi scenariT, amave dros misi mTlianadga<strong>da</strong>wyveta ga<strong>da</strong>tanilia momavalSi. mesame– es aris konfliqtis acilebis gza, anu SeiaraRebulifazis ar <strong>da</strong>Sveba. Tu <strong>da</strong>iwyo Siara-Rebuli moqmedeba mesame varianti SesaZlebelsxdis SeTanxmebas Serigebis SesaZleblobas. ukiduresSemTxvevaSi cecxlis Sewyvetas. Tu gavi-230
TvaliwinebT saSiroebas, romelic Tan sdevs SeiaraRebulbrZolas, misi ar <strong>da</strong>Sveba <strong>da</strong> Sewyvetaaris Zalian faseuli.konfliqtis mSvidobiani <strong>da</strong>regulireba yvelavariantSi gulisxmobs molaparakebebis warmoebas.molaparakebis procesi konfliqtis situaciaSi,miT umetes saerTaSoriso aris ZalianrTuli <strong>da</strong> axasiaTebs specifika <strong>da</strong> igi iyofaramodenime etapad.* pirveli etapi – molaparakebis momzadebaa;* meore etapi – monawileebi uyenebenerTmaneTs Tavis wina<strong>da</strong>debebs, amavdroula<strong>da</strong>kritikeben mopir<strong>da</strong>pire mxaris poziciebs;* mesame etapi – niSnavs molaparakebis ZiriTadisakiTxebis garSemo diskusiaze ga<strong>da</strong>svlas;* meoTxe etapi – molaparakebis finaluretapze an iReben erTobliv ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas,dokuments (sabuTs), an sabolood Sedis CixSimolaparakeba.231
molaparakebebi asrulebs rig mniSvnelovanfunqciebs. maT Soris ZiriTadia _ molaparakebiscentrSi myofi problemis erToblivadga<strong>da</strong>Wra. amis gar<strong>da</strong> molaparakebebi asrulebssainformacio komunikaciur funqcias. molaparakebismsvlelobisas mxareebs SeuZliaT gacvaloninformacia, romelic exeba ara marto uSualodprocess, aramed sxva sakiTxebsac orivemxarisaTvis sainteresos. sanam mimdinareobs molaparakebebi,mis monawileebs aerTianebs komunikaciismyari xazebi, rac Zalian mniSvnelovaniakonfliqturi situaciis pirobebSi, rocanormalur urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba <strong>da</strong>rRveulia.saerTaSoriso problemebis gansakuTrebul situaciebSimolaparakebebma SeiZleba Seasrulosromelime Si<strong>da</strong><strong>politikuri</strong> problemis ga<strong>da</strong>Wrisfunqcia.specialistebi yuradRebas amaxvileben molaparakebiskidev erT funqciaze, romelic ar aris<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli uSualod mis SinaarsTan. esfunqcia imaSi mdgomareobs, rom molaparakebaSimonawile pirebi mimarTaven ara mxolod partni-232
orebs, aramed Tavisi qveynis sazogadoebriv azrs,socialur jgufebs <strong>da</strong> politikur ZalebsimisaTvis, rom miiRon maTi mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera <strong>da</strong> SesaZlebeliaSecvalos maTi azri <strong>da</strong> moqmedebamaTi interesebis Sesabamisad. molaparakebebispropagandistuli funqciis mkafio magaliTia l.trockis moqmedeba 1918 w. brest-litovskSi.bolSevikuri revoluciis erT-erTma liderma<strong>da</strong> sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisarma uxelmZRvanelasabWoTa ruseTis delegacias germanias,avstria-ungreTis <strong>da</strong> maT mokavSireebTanmolaparakebis dros. trocks aRelveb<strong>da</strong> is saki-Txebi, romelsac ixilavdnen profesionali diplomatebi.misTvis mniSvnelovani iyo ara imdenadzavis <strong>da</strong>deba qveynisaTvis sasurveli pirobebiT,aramed magaliTi mieca evropuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>msoflio</strong>reoluciebisaTvis Tavisi teritoriulikoncefciebis Sesabamisad. amitom trocki mimarTav<strong>da</strong>ara germanel generlebs <strong>da</strong> diplomatebs,aramed maT `Tavs zemoT~ _ `germanel saerTaSorisoproletariats~. brestis xelSekrulebebi<strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> misi uazro <strong>da</strong> upasuxi-233
smgeblo gancxadebiT. `sabWoTa ruseTi wyvetsoms, samSvidobo xelSekrulebas ar awers xels,armias ukeTebs demobilizacias~. es magaliTigviCvenebs, rom molaparakebis procesis fitaciur-propagandistulifuncia axdens negatiurgavlenas mis Sinaarsze.saerTaSoriso molaparakebebisTvis saWiroaspecialuri momzadeba, romlis drosac ganisazRvrebamisi dro, adgili, yalibdeba dRisganrigi, ganisazRvreba warmomadgenelTa done.radgan konfliqtis pirobebSi am sakiTxebis teqnikuriga<strong>da</strong>wyveta ar aris advili, zogjerxdeba saWiro `molaparakebebi – molaparakebebze~.erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi winapiroba molaparakebebisprocesis <strong>da</strong>wyebisaTvis aris molaparakebulisivrcis qona, anu situacia, romlisdrosac SesaZlebelia Teoriulad miaRwionorive mxarisaTvis rame misaReb <strong>da</strong>Tmobebs. Tuar arsebobs molaparakebuli sivrce, maSin saWiroakonfliqturi situacii<strong>da</strong>n gamosvlis sxva234
xerxebis moZebna, an sakuTari poziciebis xelaxlaga<strong>da</strong>xedva. aseTi molaparakebebis sivrcisar qonis magaliTia CeCneTi. saomari moqmedebebisganaxlebis Semdeg ruseTSi <strong>da</strong> mis sazRvrebsgareT xSirad ismo<strong>da</strong> mowodebebi <strong>da</strong>wyebuliyomolaparakebebi ruseTis xelisuflebasa <strong>da</strong>CeCen separatistebs Soris, magram am SemTxvevaSiar arsebob<strong>da</strong> molaparakebis sivrce, radgan er-Ti mxare eWvis gareSe ganixilav<strong>da</strong> CeCneTs, rogorcruseTis Semadgenel nawils, xolo meoreikaveb<strong>da</strong> sruliad sapirispiro pozicias.<strong>msoflio</strong> politika <strong>da</strong> <strong>msoflio</strong>ekonomika globalizaciis pirobebSiarsebobs mravali mcdeloba, mieces yovlismomcveliganmarteba globalizacias, magram SeuZlebeligax<strong>da</strong> saerTo ganmartebis micema. TumcabevrisTvis misaRebia globalizaciis Tanamedroveetapis ganmarteba, romelic entoni gidensismier aris SemoTavazebuli. igi mas gansazRvravs235
`rogorc <strong>msoflio</strong> <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis intensifikacia~<strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli erTmaneTisgan <strong>da</strong>Sorebuliadgilebisa ise, rom lokaluri movlenebiyalibdeba mravali milis moSorebiT mimdinaremovlenebiT <strong>da</strong> piriqiT.amrigad, saubaria <strong>msoflio</strong> ekonomikis <strong>da</strong> politikisyvela segmentis mzard urTierTkavSirze,dRes globalizacia niSnavs integraciuliprocesebis axal etaps <strong>msoflio</strong>Si <strong>da</strong> iwvevsmTeli kacobriobis Cabmas erTian Ria sistemaSisafinanso-ekonomikur, sazogadoebriv-politikur<strong>da</strong> kulturul kavSirebSi uaxloesi sainformacio<strong>da</strong> satelekomunikacio saSualebebis safuZvelze.mudmivad usvavs xazs dRes mimdinareglobaluri cvlilebebis ekonomikur safuZvels.sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva avtorebi gamoyofen globalizaciissxva<strong>da</strong>sxva aspeqtebs, magaliTad saorganizaciomarTviTi, ekonomikur-teqnikuri, sivrcobrivi,kulturuli, <strong>politikuri</strong>.sinamdvileSi globalizacia ar aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> ise`globaluri~ <strong>da</strong> universaluri, rogorc warmo-236
gvedgina. is sruliad realuria <strong>da</strong>, upirvelesyovlisa, aris saerTo veqtori <strong>msoflio</strong>s ganvi-Tarebisa. Taviseburad gamawonasworebeli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaZalebis <strong>da</strong> tendenciebisa. igi gansazRvravsmetad mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong> gavleniani klasisekonomikur, politikur <strong>da</strong> sxva procesebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvadoneze, warmoSoben aseve sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva principebs,wesebs, normebs <strong>da</strong> procedurebs ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebismisaRebad. Tanamedrove etapis globalizaciis<strong>da</strong>xasiaTebisas un<strong>da</strong> gaviTvaliswinoTsami mniSvnelovani istoriuli mdgomareoba:1) sabWoTa blokis <strong>da</strong>Sla <strong>da</strong> popularuli sistemis,saerTaSoriso urTierTobis gafarToeba.2) <strong>msoflio</strong> ganviTarebis lideri qveynebis ga<strong>da</strong>svlapostindustriul stadiaSi.3) <strong>msoflio</strong> ekonomikis regionalizacia.* kapitalis, moZraobis masStabebis <strong>da</strong> tempebiscvalebadi zr<strong>da</strong>.* saerTaSoriso sawarmoebis qselebis Seqmna,simZlavreebis swrafad ganviTareba unificireb-237
uli <strong>da</strong> stan<strong>da</strong>rtuli produqciis warmoebisaTvis.* <strong>msoflio</strong> safinanso bazrebis Camoyalibeba,romlebSic tardeba operaciebi swrafad <strong>da</strong> praqtikulad,24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi.* safinanso sferos Camoyalibeba, romelic gansazRvravsmrewvelobis ganviTarebis, soflismeurneobis infrastruqturis momsaxurebis sferos.dReisaTvis safinanso sfero TviTon yalibdeba`realur ekonomikad~.* <strong>msoflio</strong> safinanso bazrebis gamosvla calkeulisaxelmwifoebis iurisdiqcii<strong>da</strong>n.* axali, mZlavri <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> subieqtebis Seqmnatransnacionaluri korporaciebis gaerTianebisa<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>ylapvis Sedegad.* mkveTrad gafarToveba Sromis bazris, muSa-Ta bazris <strong>da</strong> maTi struqturebis cvla, romelicwarmoebs axali teqnologiebis <strong>da</strong>nergvis xarjze,ramac gamoiwvia erTis mxriv masobrivimigracia ganviTarebul qveynebSi <strong>da</strong> sagrZnobl-238
ad Secvala tradiciuli eTnikuri Semadgenlobamosaxleobisa, ramac warmoSva zogierT maTganSisocialuri <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba, meores mxriv –warmoebis migracia, evropi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> aSS-<strong>da</strong>n regionebSi,sa<strong>da</strong>c SenarCunebulia cxovrebis tradiciuliwesebi. aman Tavis mxriv warmoiSva anklanurimodernizaciis fenomeni, mesame <strong>msoflio</strong>sbevr qveyanaSi <strong>da</strong> aseve gamoiwvia socialuri <strong>da</strong>-Zabulobis zr<strong>da</strong>.* warmoiSva Taviseburi Semosavlebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebaganviTarebuli CrdiloeTis sasargeblod.aseTi ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis mkafio magaliTad SeiZlebagamoviyenoT cnobili `fasebis makrateli~ _mzardi gansxvaveba nedleulis <strong>da</strong> mza produqciisfasebisa. aseTi ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba Crdiloeli qveynebissasargeblod warmoadgens geo<strong>ekonomikuri</strong>renituli ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis arss, rac warmoadgensTavisebur globalur ga<strong>da</strong>saxads ekonomikursaqmianobaze.* <strong>msoflio</strong> ekonomikis farglebSi vlindebamisi specializirebis segmentebi: TviTmyofadi239
`did sivrceebis~. gaerTianebuli kulturuliistoriuli kodebiT, sameurneo saqmianobis stiliT,saerTo socialur-<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> faqtorebiT<strong>da</strong> strategiuli mizanmimarTulebiT. yalibdeba<strong>msoflio</strong> sistema `<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> pluralizmis~sami centriT: Crdilo <strong>da</strong> samxreT amerika _aSS-s egidiT, evropa – evrokavSiris egidiT, samxreT-aRmosavleTazia – iaponiis egidiT.globalizaciis procesi aseve did gavlenasaxdens saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sistemaze<strong>da</strong> mis cvlilebaze. saubaria, upirveles yovlisa,nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis rolis Semcirebaze<strong>da</strong> arasaxelmwifoebrivi aqtorebis rolisgazr<strong>da</strong>ze axali saerTaSoriso institutebis Seqmnaze.mTlianobaSi globaluri samyaros saerTaSorisourTierTobebis axal <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelad SeiZlebagamovyoT:* ara saxelmwifo aqtorebis <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> potencialiszr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis moTxovnisrealizacia saerTaSoriso sferoSi.240
* saxelmwifoTa Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gare politikis saz-Rvrebis moSla.* warmoiqmneba pirobebi, romlis drosac geo<strong>ekonomikuri</strong><strong>da</strong> geofinansuri Zalaufleba karnaxobs<strong>msoflio</strong>s TamaSis Tavis wesebs, rac qmnisTavisebur neoliberaluri globalizaciissakanonmdeblo bazas, geopolitika amarTlebsmaT, xolo samxedro komponenti icavs. doplomatiaam SemTxvevaSi xelovnebis sfero<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>dis<strong>msoflio</strong>s ekonomikurad gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis teqnikuradgaformebis doneze.amis gar<strong>da</strong> globalizaciam saerTaSoriso arenazegamoiyvana moqmedi pirebis mTeli jgufi(saerTaSoriso finansuri institutebi, ekologiuri<strong>da</strong> samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcavi organizaciebi, religiurimoZraobebi, teroristuli jgufebi, <strong>da</strong>na-Saulebrivi gaerTianebebi, kvleviTi centrebi<strong>da</strong> bevri sxva). Zalian gansxvavebulia Tavisi miznebiT<strong>da</strong> interesebiT, rac tradiciuli diplomatiasaqcevs, rogorc erT-erT mravalTa Sor-241
is, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis azrad <strong>da</strong> sakamaToproblemis mosagvarebel meqanizmad.globalizaciis pirobebSi farTovdeba areali<strong>da</strong> intensiuri, <strong>ekonomikuri</strong>, kulturuli, finansurikavSirebi mTels <strong>msoflio</strong>Si. globalizacia,romelic aRniSnavs globaluri <strong>ekonomikuri</strong>procesebis a<strong>da</strong>ptacias adgilobriv pirobeb-Si, an ufro farTod – igi sazRvravs CaxlarTuliprocesebis <strong>da</strong> urTierT a<strong>da</strong>ptaciis globaluri`mimdinareobebis~ <strong>da</strong> kulturuli tradiciebis<strong>da</strong> `adgilebis~ socialur umoqmedobas.avtori wignisa `konkurenciis sazRvrebi~ gvafrTxilebs,rom <strong>msoflio</strong>Si ukve midis brZolasrolebis gareSe, magram brZola sicocxlisaTvis.es aris brZois axali saxe _ `fsiqologiur-<strong>ekonomikuri</strong>omi globaluri marTvisaTvis~.konkurencia <strong>msoflio</strong>Si iqca `universalurkredo ideologiad~; transnacionalisturi kompaniebiganixilaven mTel planetas rogorc erT<strong>msoflio</strong> bazars, globalizacia qmnis ganxeTqi-242
lebis zrdis saSiSroebas saxelmwifoTa keTildReobaTaSoris – am pirobebSi SeuZliaT ganmtkicdnenara marto isini, romelTa gankargulebaSiauaxloesi teqnologiebi <strong>da</strong> iaffasiani,kvalificiuri <strong>da</strong> moqnili samuSao Zala~.amrigad, ekonomikur sferoSi miRebuli ganvi-Tarebis Sedegad XX s-is bolos globalizaciagasc<strong>da</strong> mis sazRvrebs <strong>da</strong> realurad iwyo <strong>msoflio</strong>s<strong>politikuri</strong> struqturis gar<strong>da</strong>qmna. amitomdRes mkvlevarTa yuradRebis centrSia globalizaciisiseTi winaaRmdegobebi, rogoricaa:* urTierTkavSiri saerTo sakaciobrio interesebisaTvis<strong>msoflio</strong>Si, nacionaluri <strong>da</strong> eTnikuriTaviseburebebi.* globalizaciisa <strong>da</strong> identurobasTan swrafvaSixalxTa TviTgamorkvevaSi, socialur sazogadoebaSi,pirovnulobaSi.* sazogadoebriv wesrigSi, saxelmwifos SigniTSenarCunebuli wesrigi <strong>da</strong> `bunebrivi garemo-243
ebebiT~ gamefebuli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi<strong>da</strong> a.S.244
gamoyenebuli literatura1. r. gaCeCilaZe, axlo aRmosavleTi, sivrce,xalxi, politika; Tb., 2003w.2. T. grigolia, m. amirgulaSvili, z. kvetena-Ze; Savi zRvis auzSi mimdinare integraciuliprocesebi (1991-2008); Tb., 20093. z. <strong>da</strong>viTaSvili, nacionalizmi <strong>da</strong> globalizmi;Tb., 2003w.4. a. rondeli, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi,Tb., 1996w.5. q. jijeiSvili, <strong>msoflio</strong> politika; Tb.,2004w.6. g. Wanturia, sazRvargareTis qveynebis geografia;Tb., 2004w.7. g. jolia, qveyanaTmcodneoba, azia, amerika,okeaneTi; Tb., 2003w.8. g. jolia, saerTaSoriso <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> ur-TierTobebi; Tb., 2002w.9. amerikis Seswavlis sakiTxebi; Tb., 2002w.10. В.П. Максаковский, Историческая географиямира,М.,1998г.245
11. И. А. Родионова, Экономическая география,М.,2003г.12. М.М. Голубчик, Политическая картина мира,Справочное учебное посовие, Смоленск, СГУ,2001г.13. Е.Н. Перцик, Города мира. География мировойурбанизаций, М., 1999гю14. К.А. Семенов, Международная экономическаяинтеграция, М., 2001г.15. Глобальние экономические проблеми на пороге XXвека, М.. 1998г.16. D. Held, Global transformation, Stanford 1999.17. I. Wellerstein, The politics of the world economy,Combridze, 2005.246
Sinaarsi1. Sesavali __________________________ 32. amerikis <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong>raioneba _____ 63. niu-iorki -_ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi ________ 104. `oqros Stati~ kalifornia __________ 195. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso<strong>ekonomikuri</strong> kavSirebi __________-276. aziis axali industriuli qveynebis saer-TaSoriso <strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba ______________ 347. azia-wynari okeanis regioni <strong>msoflio</strong>bazarze __________________________- 698. saerTaSoriso geografiuli Sromis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebiscneba ____________________ 749. saerTaSoriso <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> integracia - 7710. <strong>msoflio</strong> meurneobis transnacionalizacia_______________________________ 8011. teritoria rogorc ganTavsebis faqtori________________________________ 8812. <strong>msoflio</strong> navTobmrewveloba _________ 90247
13. <strong>msoflio</strong> finansuri bazari __________ 9314. singapuri, rogorc axali industrialuriganviTarebis qveynis magaliTi samxreTaRmosavleTaziaSi __________________ 9915. navTobisa <strong>da</strong> gazis sabadoebi _ gigantebisparseTis yuris zonaSi _____________ 11316. CineTis sagareo <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> kavSire_bi ________________________________ 12817. iaponia: teritoria, sazRvrebi, mdgomareoba,mosaxleoba ___________________ 13518. tokio _ <strong>msoflio</strong>s yvelaze didi qalaqi________________________________ 13819. iaponiis ganviTarebis modeli _______ 14720. iaponiis eleqtroenergetika _________ 14921. iaponiis manqanaTmSenebloba _________ 15422. iaponiis wynari okeanis sartyeli ____ 15823. iaponuri teqnopolisebi ____________ 16124. garemos <strong>da</strong>binZureba <strong>da</strong> iaponiis ekologiuriproblemebi ____________ 16325. iaponiis saerTaSoriso <strong>ekonomikuri</strong> kav-Sirebi ____________________________ 165248
26. <strong>msoflio</strong>s navTobis mrewveloba _____ 17127. gaTxevadebuli bunebrivi gaziT saerTaSorisovaWroba ______________________ 18328. afrikul _ <strong>da</strong>savleTevropuli gazsatransportosistema ________________-___ 19229. <strong>msoflio</strong> okeaneSi navTobis <strong>da</strong> bunebrivigazis mopoveba _____________________ 19530. <strong>msoflio</strong> eleqtroenergetika ________ 19831. <strong>msoflio</strong>s atomuri energetika _______ 20732. <strong>msoflio</strong>s uranis mrewveloba _______ 21433. saerTaSoriso konfliqtebis Seswavlis <strong>da</strong>marTvis Teoriuli safuZvlebi ______ 21734. <strong>msoflio</strong> politika <strong>da</strong> <strong>msoflio</strong> ekonomikaglobalizaciis pirobebSi __________ 23535. gamoyenebuli literatura __________ 245249
ibeWdeba avtoris mier warmodgenili saxiTga<strong>da</strong>eca warmoebas 01.05.2009. xelmowerilia <strong>da</strong>sabeW<strong>da</strong>d21.05.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi15,5. tiraJi 100 egz.sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi,kostavas 77
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