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RELATIONS BETWEEN
THE UNITED STATES
AND THE GERMAN III REICH (1929-1942) in
incompatibility of world’s differences and it often justify
military involvements because of their “morality against
immorality” nature.
4
84
Today, every menace to the Western systems are
commonly compared to the Nazism, even if the geopolitical
contexts are very different. As Casey introduces
his book Franklin D. Roosevelt, American Public Opinion,
and the War against Nazi Germany- Cautious Crusade:
“More than fifty years after the collapse of the Third Reich,
America’s crusade against Nazism still exerts a powerful
hold over he popular imagination. Not only do books,
film, and TV documentaries on the subject continue to
proliferate, but politicians, recognizing the resonance that
this era still possesses, remain quick to compare every
threat to US security in terms of the danger posed by
Nazism in the 1930s and 1940s. So in their time, Stalin, Ho
Chi Minh, Saddam Hussein, and Slobodan Milosevic have
all been depicted as the new Adolf Hitler, no doubt in the
hope that if the public equated them with this archetype
of evil then they would both understand the nature of
the enemy and rally behind the administration’s calls for
energetic response.” 85
But people’s archetypes derived principally by pressures
which are acted, as in this case, by their governments.
Today we assist in the growth of consumerism in our
societies, extended also to the international sphere where
the international community is related through the
capitalist system that found their relations on financial
interests.
A 2000’s report of the PNAC86 , for example, has been
written to suggest to the American president a series of
military measures to assure the US superiority, near an
increasing defence spending. 87
The report, asserted: “Further, the process of transformation,
even if it brings revolutionary change, is likely to be a long
one, absent some catastrophic and catalyzing event – like
a new Pearl Harbor. Domestic politics and industrial policy
will shape the pace and content of transformation as
much as the requirements of current missions. A decision
to suspend or terminate aircraft carrier production, as
recommended by this report and as justified by the clear
direction of military technology, will cause great upheaval.
Likewise, systems entering production today – the F-22
fighter, for example – will be in service inventories for
decades to come.” 88
In the light of preceding events, today’s decisions place
the future international relations in a very doubtful
perspective, in fact, they seems to forget the lesson learnt
from history.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Freya
ALBRECHT RENÉ-CARRIÉ, A Diplomatic History of Europe
since the Congress of Vienna, Marper & Brothers Publishers,
NY, 1958.
BERNSTEIN JEREMY, Hitler’s Uranium Club- The secret
recordings at Farm hall, AIP Press, Woodbury, NY, 1966.
BRAUNTHAL GERARD, The federation of German Industry in
Politics, Cornell University press, Ithaca, NY, 1965.
CASEY STEVEN, Franklin D. Roosevelt, American Public
Opinion, and the War against Nazi Germany- Cautious
Crusade, Oxford University Press, 2001.
COMBS JERALD A., American Diplomatic History, University
of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1983.
DI NOLFO ENNIO, Storia delle relazioni internazionali 1918-
1999, Laterza, Bari, 2003.
DUBAIL RENÉ, L’ordinamento economico nazionalsocialista,
All’insegna del Veltro Ed., Parma, 1991.
FRIEDÄNDER SAUL, Hitler et les États-Unis 1939-1941, library
Droz, Genève, 1963.
GOZZANO FRANCESCO, Europa e America: egemonia
o partnership?- cinquant’anni di difficili relazioni
transatlantiche ( 1946-1999), FrancoAngeli, Milano, 1999.
HASTEDT GLENN P., American Foreign Policy- past, present,
future, by Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1991.
HERZSTEIN ROBERT E., Roosevelt & Hitler- prelude to war,
Paragon house, New York, 1989.
HILLGRUBER ANDREAS, La strategia militare di Hitler,
Rizzoli, Milano, 1986.
MAMMARELLA GIUSEPPE, Destini incrociati- Europa e Stati
Uniti nel XX secolo, Laterza, Bari, 2000.
POWERS THOMAS, La storia segreta dell’atomica tedesca,
Mondatori, Milano, 1993.
STACKELBERG RODERICK, Hitler’s Germany- Origins,
Interpretations, Legacies, Routledge, London, 1999.
TEODORI MASSIMO, Storia degli Stati Uniti e il sistema
61 JERALD A. COMBS, ,
American Diplomatic History,
University of California Press,
Berkeley and Los Angeles,
1983, 205.
62 JERALD A. COMBS,
Op.cit, 207.
63 JERALD A. COMBS,
Op.cit, 207.
64 Declaration of State of war
with Germany, December
1941.
Document available at “The
Avalon Project” at Yale Law
School, online:
http://www.yale.edu/
lawweb/avalon/wwii/dec/
dec04.htm#germany , last
accessed: 2005-09-22.
65 http://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Union_Banking_
Corporation , last accessed:
2005-11-8.
66 SAUL FRIEDÄNDER, Hitler
et les États-Unis 1939-1941,
library Droz, Genève, 1963, 18.
67 ARNOLD A. OFFNER,
Appeasement Revisited: The
United States, Great Britain,
and Germany, 1933-1940, The
Journal of American
History, Vol. 64, No. 2, Sep.
1977, Organization of
American Historians, 376.
68 The International
Emergency Economic Powers
Act is commonly known as
the Trading with the Enemy
Act. It is a
United States law allowing
presidents to prohibit
transactions in which a
foreign government or
national has an
interest. The official
description of the Act, as part
of Public Law, is: An Act To
define, regulate, and punish
trading
with the enemy, and for
other purposes.
69 http://
fleshingoutskullandbones.
com/P.Bush-Union_Banking/
grafx/full%203.pdf , last
accessed 2005-11-8.
70 PRESCOTT SHELDON BUSH
was the father of George
Herbert Walker Bush and
grandfather of President
George
W. Bush. He was a senator
from Connecticut and a Wall
Street executive banker with
Brown Brothers Harriman.
Harriman Bank was the
main Wall Street connection
for German companies and
the varied U.S. financial
interests of
Fritz Thyssen, who had been
an early financial backer of
the Nazi party until 1938, but
who by 1939 had fled
Germany and was bitterly
denouncing Hitler. Dealing
with Nazi Germany wasn’t
illegal when Hitler declared
war on
the US, but, six days after
Pearl Harbor, President
Franklin D. Roosevelt
activated the Trading With
the Enemy Act.
On October 20, 1942, the
U.S. government ordered
the seizure of Nazi German
banking operations in
New York
City. Available online:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Prescott_Bush , last accessed:
2005-11-17.
71 Trading With the Enemy: An
Expose of the Nazi-American
Money Plot 1933-1949.
Critical revision available
online:
http://www.namebase.org/
cgi-bin/nb09?Na=Nazism ,
last accessed: 2005-11-8.
72 LAWRENCE BIRKEN,
Hitler as “Enlightenment
Intellectual”: The Enduring
Allure of Hitlerism, from
The Journal of Historical
Review, Vol. 16, No. 5, Sept.-
Oct. 1997, pages 34-37.
Available online:
http://www.ihr.org/jhr/v16/
v16n5p34_Weber.html , last
accessed: 2005-11-17.
73 ROBERT E. HERZSTEIN,
Roosevelt & Hitler- prelude
to war, Paragon house, New
York, 1989.
lingua
politico americano, Newton & Compton, Roma, 1996.
WALLACE MAX, The American Axis: Henry Ford, Charles
Lindbergh, and the Rise of the Third Reich, St. Martin’s Press,
New York, 2003.
REVIEWS
BORCHARD EDWIN, Neutrality and Unneutrality, The
American Journal of International Law, Vol. 32, No. 4, Oct.,
1938, edited by the American society of International
Law.
MAY ERNEST R., Nazi Germany and the United States: A
Review Essay, The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 41, No. 2,
Jun., 1969, The University of Chicago Press.
MARKS FREDERICK W., Six between Roosevelt and Hitler:
America’s Role in the Appeasement of Nazi Germany, The
Historical Journal, Vol. 28, No. 4, Dec. 1985, Cambridge
University Press.
OFFNER ARNOLD A., Appeasement Revisited: The United
States, Great Britain, and Germany, 1933-1940, The Journal
of American History, Vol. 64, No. 2, Sep. 1977, Organization
of American Historians.
ONLINE SOURCES
THE ROOSEVELT PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY:
http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/
THE AVALON PROJECT AT YALE LAW SCHOOL:
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/
PROJECT FOR THE NEW AMERICAN CENTURY:
http://newamericancentury.org/
HISTORICAL REVIEWS: http.//www.jstor.org/
HISTORICAL REVIEWS: http://ww.ihr.org
JEWISH LIBRARY: http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/
germany/lectures/26paramilitary.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
http://fleshingoutskullandbones.com/P.Bush-Union_
Banking/grafx/full%203.pdf
http://www.nhgazette.com/cgi-bin/NHGstore.cgi?user_a
ction=detail&catalogno=NN_Bush_Nazi_Link
http://www.namebase.org/cgi-bin/nb09?Na=Nazism
http://www.mega.nu:8080/ampp/sutton_wall_street/
chapter_02.htm
OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS
CORRESPONDENCE:
CONFIDENTIAL LETTER SEND BY DODD TO
ROOSEVELT IN NOVEMBER 27, 1933.
available at The Roosevelt Presidential Library
on-line:http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/
box32/t299c01.html
CONFIDENTIAL LETTER SEND BY ROOSEVELT TO
DODD IN DECEMBER 2, 1935.
available at The Roosevelt Presidential Library
on-line:http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/
psfbox32/a299w01.html
INTERVIEW:
GERMANY ENTIRELY RIGHT: A SENSATIONAL
SPEECH OF AMERICAN UNDER SECRETARY OF
STATE WELLES.
available at The Roosevelt Presidential Library
on-line:http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/
psfbox32/a300z03.html
CONVERSATION WITH REICH MINISTER OF
PROPAGANDA DR. GOEBBELS available at The
Roosevelt Presidential Library on-line:http://
www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box32/a301b02.
html
DECLARATIONS OF STATE OF WAR:
HITLER ANNOUNCED TO THE REICHSTAG THE
DECLARATION OF WAR AGAINST THE UNITED