saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #2 (55)
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saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa<br />

da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti<br />

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film<br />

Georgian State University<br />

<strong>saxelovnebo</strong> <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong><br />

<strong>Ziebani</strong><br />

<strong>#2</strong> (<strong>55</strong>), 2013<br />

ART SCIENCE STUDIES<br />

<strong>#2</strong> (<strong>55</strong>), 2013<br />

gamomcemloba `kentavri~<br />

Tbilisi _ 2013

UDC(uak) 7(051.2)<br />

s-364<br />

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos<br />

saxelmwifo universiteti<br />

<strong>saxelovnebo</strong> <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong> <strong>Ziebani</strong> <strong>#2</strong> (<strong>55</strong>), 2013<br />

saredaqcio sabWo<br />

giorgi<br />

CarTolani<br />

Teo xatiaSvili<br />

Tamar cagareli<br />

literaturuli<br />

redaqtori<br />

mariam iaSvili<br />

krebulisaTvis mowodebuli<br />

masala uzrunvelyofili unda<br />

iyos Sesabamisi samecniero<br />

aparatiT. Tan unda axldes<br />

monacemebi avtoris samecniero<br />

kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb qarTul<br />

da inglisur enebze, agreTve<br />

naSromis inglisurenovani<br />

reziume.<br />

garekanis dizaini<br />

levan dadiani<br />

dakabadoneba<br />

ekaterine<br />

oqropiriZe<br />

gamomcemlobis<br />

xelmZRvaneli<br />

maka vasaZe<br />

krebulis stamburi gamocema<br />

egzavneba sxvadasxva<br />

saerTaSoriso kvleviT centrs.<br />

naSromebi mogvawodeT da<br />

cnobebisaTvis mogvmarTeT:<br />

0102, Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblis<br />

gamziri #40, saqarTvelos SoTa<br />

rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos<br />

saxelmwifo universiteti,<br />

II korpusi.<br />

tel/faqsi: +995 (32) 2943728<br />

mob: +995 (95) 305 060<br />

+995 (77) 288 750<br />

E-mail: mariamiashvili@yahoo.com<br />

Web: www.tafu.edu.ge

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University<br />

Art Science Studies <strong>#2</strong> (<strong>55</strong>), 2013<br />

Editorial Group<br />

GIORGI<br />

CHARTOLANI<br />

TEO KHATIASHVILI<br />

TAMAR TSAGARELI<br />

Literary Editor<br />

MARIAM IASHVILI<br />

Cover Design<br />

LEVAN DADIANI<br />

Book Binding<br />

EKATERINE<br />

OKROPIRIDZE<br />

Head of Publishing<br />

House<br />

MAKA VASADZE<br />

Materials supplied for the<br />

volume should be provided<br />

with corresponding scientific<br />

appliance. Paperwork<br />

concerning author’s academic<br />

qualification and summary of<br />

work should be attached in<br />

Georgian and English languages.<br />

Printed version of the volume is<br />

sent out to various international<br />

research centers.<br />

Works should be supplied under<br />

the following contact:<br />

0102, Tbilisi, Davit<br />

Agmashenebeli Avenue #40<br />

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and<br />

Film Georgian State University<br />

Second Block<br />

Tel/Fax: +995 (32) 2943728<br />

Mob: +995 (95) 305 060<br />

+995 (<strong>55</strong>) 288 750<br />

E-mail: mariamiashvili@yahoo.com<br />

Web: www.tafu.edu.ge

Teatrmcodneoba<br />

e o a<br />

sarCevi<br />

maia kiknaZe<br />

1946 wlis debuleba –<br />

dramatuli Teatrebis repertuarisa da<br />

misi gaumjobesebis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb ............................................9<br />

Tamar quTaTelaZe<br />

`mariam stiuarti~ da `guSindelni???~ ..........................................16<br />

lela wifuria<br />

erTi piesis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi .....................................32<br />

kinomcodneoba<br />

o n o TamTa TurmaniZe<br />

almodovari da momxmarebelTa<br />

sazogadoebis fetiSebi ............................................................................53<br />

lela oCiauri<br />

kulturfilmi `buba~ =<br />

saqarTvelos istorias + qarTulikinos istoria +<br />

pirovnebis bedi sabWoTa epoqaSi ..........................................................60<br />

doqtorantTa<br />

o t samecniero e statiebi<br />

t i<br />

maka vasaZe<br />

robert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana<br />

nawili III<br />

`makbeti~ ......................................................................................75<br />

aleko gelaSvili<br />

`mrokav-mlocveli figurebi~ ...............................................................93<br />

mzia zautaSvili<br />

sad gaqra mayurebeli? ..............................................................................103<br />

naTia mefariSvili<br />

stiven spilbergi -<br />

axdenili „amerikuli ocneba“ ..............................................................112<br />

4

maia Rvinjilia<br />

animaciuri saqmianoba turistul biznesSi ................................121<br />

dodo WumburiZe<br />

Teatris sakomunikacio strategia miznobriv jgufebTan*<br />

(mayureblis mozidvis da<br />

`aRfrTovanebis~ koncefcia) ................................................................129<br />

5

CONTENTS<br />

THEATRE STUDIES<br />

Maia Kiknadze<br />

1946 YEAR’S REGULATIONS - ABOUT THE<br />

REPERTOIRE OF DRAMATIC THEATRES AND THE<br />

MEASURES FOR THEIR IMPROVEMENT .....................143<br />

Tamar Qutateladze<br />

“MARY STUART” AND “FROM YESTERDAY???’ ...................144<br />

Lela Tsiphuria<br />

DIFFERENT INTERPRETATIONS OF ONE PLAY ...............145<br />

FILM STUDIES<br />

Tamta Turmanidze<br />

ALMODOVAR AND FETISHES OF<br />

CONSUMER SOCIETY ..................................................................148<br />

Lela Ochiauri<br />

BUBA – CULTURE-FILM - REFLECTION OF THE ERA .........149<br />

UNIVERSITY ‘S Ph.D PROGRAM<br />

Maka Vasadze<br />

ROBERT STURUA’S GEORGIAN SHAKESPEARIAN<br />

Part II<br />

KING LEAR ................................................................................151<br />

Aleko Gelashvili<br />

DANCING-PRAYING FIGURES ...............................................153<br />

Mzia Zautashvili<br />

WHERE HAS THE AUDIENCE DISAPPEARED? ...................1<strong>55</strong><br />

Natia Meparishvili<br />

STEVEN SPIELBERG – “THE AMERICAN DREAM” ................156<br />

Maya Gvinjilia<br />

ANIMATION ACTIVITIES IN TOURISM BUSINESS ...............158<br />

Dodo Chumburidze<br />

THEATRE COMMUNICATION STRATEGY<br />

WITH TARGET GROUPS<br />

(Concept of attraction and ‘admiring’ of audience) ............................159<br />

6

Teatrmcodneoba<br />

7

maia kiknaZe<br />

1946 wlis debuleba –<br />

dramatuli Teatrebis repertuarisa da<br />

misi gaumjobesebis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb<br />

xelovanisa da saxelmwifos urTierToba, sabWoTa<br />

epoqis arsebobis sxvadasxva etapze, gansxvavebuli<br />

politikuri aqcentebiT xasiaTdeboda. Sesabamisad, _<br />

saxelmwifos damokidebuleba da moTxovnebic xelovanTa<br />

mimarT,ama Tu im periodSi socialur-politikuri garemos<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT dadgenili wesebiT regulirdeboda.<br />

magaliTad,meore msoflio omis damTavrebis pirvel wlebSi,<br />

erT-erT mZime periodSi, roca xalxSi Cacxra faSizmze<br />

gamarjvebis eiforia,sabWoTa kavSiri urTulesi realobis<br />

winaSe dadga, _ yvelaferi, rac omis dros daingra,<br />

sabWoTa xalxebs unda aeSenebinaT. qveyanaSi arsebobda<br />

sasursaTo krizisi. purs gramebiT urigebdnen `baraTebis~<br />

saSualebiT. Tavi iCina pesimisturma ganwyobilebam.<br />

saWiro gaxda kulturul-saganmanaTleblo saqmianobis<br />

sferoSi ideologiuri propagandis sworad warmarTva.<br />

xuTwliani gegmis Sesrulebac ki yvela kulturulsaganmanaTleblo<br />

dawesebulebis mTavari amocana gaxda.<br />

radiokomunikaciebis gamarTva da filmebis Cveneba<br />

raionul centrebsa da soflebSi saxelmwifos mTavar<br />

sazrunavad iqca. muzeumebs evalebodaT eqspoziciis<br />

saSualebiT, saukeTeso adamianebisa da sawarmoebis,<br />

sabWoTa meurneobisa da kolmeurneobebis miRwevebis<br />

demonstrireba. kulturul-aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis<br />

Catareba garkveuli wesebis SemoRebas moiTxovda, rac<br />

mTeli rigi direqtivebiTa da brZanebebis saSualebiT<br />

regulirdeboda.<br />

1946 wlis 14 agvistos miiRes sakavSiro centraluri<br />

komitetis dadgenileba 1 leningradSi gamocemuli<br />

1<br />

ix. gazeTi `pravda~. 1946, #198.<br />

9

maia kiknaZe<br />

Jurnalebis _ `zvezdasa~ da `leningradis~ Sesaxeb,sadac<br />

mkacrad iyo gakritikebuli axmatovas `pesimisturi~<br />

leqsebi (`pesimizmiTa da dacemulobis suliskveTebiT<br />

gaJRenTili poezia zians ayenebs axalgazrdobas da<br />

amdenad Seuwynarebelia sabWoTa literaturaSi~)<br />

da zoSCenkos `uideo~ moTxrobebi. misi `maimunis<br />

Tavgadasavali~ 1 ki sabWoTa yofa-cxovrebis amsaxvel<br />

uxams paskvilad iyo miCneuli. Jurnalma `bolSevikma~<br />

zoSCenkos Semoqmedebis Sefasebisas mas `literaturis<br />

naZiralac~ ki uwoda,sabWoTa weswyobilebisa da sabWoTa<br />

adamianis maxinj, regven, obivateluri gemovnebisa da<br />

karikaturulad gamosaxvis gamo. bunebrivia, zoSCenkosa<br />

da axmatovas SemoqmedebasTan erTad, aRniSnuli<br />

Jurnalebi, romlebmac maT nawarmoebebs literaturuli<br />

tribuna dauTmes, aseTi saxiT veRar iarsebebdnen.<br />

marTalia, Jurnalebis redaqtorebi (saianovi, lixarevi),<br />

romlebic seriozuli `politikur Secdomebs uSvebdnen~,<br />

Tanamdebobidan ar mouxsniaT, magram mkacri kontroli<br />

dauweses. jer Jurnal `leningradis~ gamocema Sewyvites<br />

da maTi literaturuli Zalebi `zvezdaSi~ gadaisroles,<br />

Semdeg mTavar redaqtorad sakavSiro kp (b) centraluri<br />

komitetis propagandis sammarTvelos ufrosis moadgile<br />

amx. egolini dauniSnes.<br />

mTel imperiaSi gaCaRda brZola sabWoTa literaturisa<br />

da xelovnebis `maRali idealebis~ dasacavad. am<br />

TvalsazrisiT,gansakuTrebiT yuradReba mieqca Teatrebis<br />

repertuaris problemas. 1946 wlis 4 oqtombers<br />

TbilisSi gamoqveynda brZaneba #470 `dramatuli<br />

Teatrebis repertuarisa da misi gaumjobesebis<br />

RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb~. 2<br />

saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba iyo gamoZaxili<br />

sakavSiro komunisturi partiis (b) centraluri<br />

1<br />

ix. gazeTi `zvezda~. 1946, #5-6.<br />

2<br />

krebuli dadgenilebisa da gankargulebebisa xelovnebis ganviTarebis<br />

Sesaxeb, Tb., 1946.<br />

10

1946 wlis debuleba – dramatuli Teatrebis<br />

repertuarisa da misi gaumjobesebis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb<br />

komitetis 26 agvistos dadgenile bisa `dramatuli<br />

Teatrebis repertuarisa da misi gaumjobesebis<br />

RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb~, 1 sadac mkacrad gakritikebulia<br />

sabWoTa Teatrebis saerTo mdgomareoba.<br />

1. repertuarSi saTanado yuradReba ar eTmoboda<br />

sabWoTa Temaze daweril Tanamedrove piesebs.<br />

statistikuri monacemebi Sejerda ramdenime Teatris<br />

magaliTze (samxatvro TeatrSi _ 20 speqtaklidan<br />

3 eZRvneba Tanamedrove sabWoTa cxovrebis sakiTxebs,<br />

mcire TeatrSic igive suraTia _ 20-dan 3, vaxtangovis<br />

TeatrSi 10-dan 2, leningradis puSkinis sax. TeatrSi<br />

10-dan 2, kievis frankos sax. dramatul TeatrSi 11-dan 3,<br />

sverdlovskis dramatul TeatrSi 17-dan 5 da a. S.);<br />

2. sabWoTa Temaze daweril mcire raodenobis<br />

piesebSi, sabWoTa adamianebi obivateluri gemovnebis zne-<br />

Cveulebis adamianebad iyvnen gamoyvanilni, rac qmnida<br />

damaxinjebul warmodgenas sabWoTa cxovrebaze;<br />

3. Teatris xelmZRvanelebi sabWoTa cxovrebaze<br />

daweril piesebs gamoucdel msaxiobebsa da reJisorebs<br />

andobdnen;<br />

4. istoriuli piesebis moWarbeba da burJuaziuli<br />

piesebis dadgma miuRebeli iyo;<br />

debulebaSi naTlad ikveTeba, rom sabWoTa Teatraluri<br />

cxovreba ar warmoadgenda kulturis mowinave sabWoTa<br />

ideologiisa da moralis danergvis keras, rac ar<br />

Seesabameboda mSromelTa aRzrdis interesebs. arada,<br />

sabWoTa Teatris moRvaweebs kargad unda hqonodaT<br />

gacnobierebuli,rom isini aqtiuri propagandistebi unda<br />

yofiliyvnen sabWoTa saxelmwifos politikisa.<br />

sabWoTa saxelmwifos mSeneblobis gzaze, didi<br />

yuradReba eqceoda bolSevikuri Teatraluri kritikis<br />

mniSvnelobas. am kuTxiT uaryo fiTad Sefasda Jurnalebis<br />

_ `sovetskoe iskustvosa~ da `Teatris~ muSao bac. aseTi<br />

1<br />

ix. Jurn. `bolSeviki~, 1946, #16.<br />

11

maia kiknaZe<br />

`aradamakmayofilebeli~ Teatraluri cxovrebis fonze,<br />

centraluri komiteti Teatris muSakebs amocanebs<br />

usaxavda, xeli SeewyoT sabWoTa adamianis xasiaTis<br />

saukeTeso mxareebis warmoCenasa da axalgazrda Taobis<br />

optimisturad aRzrdis saqmeSi.<br />

moskovSi gamocemuli aRniSnuli dadgenileba<br />

sxvadasxva respublikazec vrceldeboda. es iyo mkacri<br />

politikuri gadawyvetileba, romelic scildeboda<br />

Teatrebis ganviTarebis sferos. sarepertuaro<br />

politikis kritika magaliTi iyo mTeli ideologiuri<br />

sferos kritikisa. sakavSiro komunisturi partiis<br />

dadgenilebis Sedegad,farTod gaiSala propagandistuli<br />

kampania sabWoTa respublikebis aqtiuri monawileobiT.<br />

swored am konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT 1946 wlis<br />

5 seqtembers saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis<br />

centraluri komitetis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebac<br />

`Tbilisis Teatrebis repertuarebis Sesaxeb~, romelSic<br />

gakritikebuli iyo `mSromelTa ideur-politikuri<br />

aRzrdis aqtualuri problemebis naklebad gaSuqeba~,rac,<br />

Tavis mxriv,iZleoda sababs,axali 21 seqtembris brZanebis<br />

safuZvelze qarTuli Teatris repertuaridan amoeRoT<br />

iseTi piesebi, romlebic susti iyo `ideur- politikuri<br />

da mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT~. aRniSnuli debuleba<br />

dasabuTebuli gaxldaT faqtobrivi statistikuri<br />

monacemebiT. yvela qarTul TeatrSi, gasuli saTeatro<br />

sezonis ganmavlobaSi dadgmuli 98 piesidan, mxolod 32<br />

exeboda sabWoTa cxovrebas, rac, rogorc Cans, cota iyo.<br />

repertuaris Sefasebis amgvari kriteriumebis daweseba,<br />

sadac mTavari moTxovna sabWoTa Tematikis upiratesobis<br />

damkvidreba iyo, bunebrivad xels uSlida mxatvruli<br />

xarisxis uzenaesobis principebis dacvas. repertuaric<br />

drosTan erTad icvleboda. mag., Tu meore msoflio<br />

omis wlebSi, mTavroba moiTxovda xalxSi gmirulpatriotuli<br />

suliskveTebis gaRvivebas da Teatrebic<br />

12

1946 wlis debuleba – dramatuli Teatrebis<br />

repertuarisa da misi gaumjobesebis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb<br />

Sesabamisad did adgils uTmobdnen am tendencias, meore<br />

msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg situacia radikalurad<br />

Seicvala. istoriuli piesebis raodenoba ara Tu<br />

Semcirda, maTi dadgmac ki kritikis obieqti gaxda.<br />

`Teatrebis xelmZRvanelebi da dramaturgebi metismetad<br />

gatacebulni arian istoriuli TematikiT da naklebad<br />

zrunaven sabWoTa sinamdvilis amsaxvel piesebis SeqmniT~<br />

_ vkiTxulobT dokumentSi. istoriul gmirebs _ Zvel<br />

patriotebs Caenacvla komunisturi mSeneblobisaTvis<br />

mebrZoli axali patrioti adamiani.<br />

saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (b) centralurma<br />

komitetma da saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWom saq. ssr.<br />

ministrTa sabWosTan arsebuli xelovnebis saqmeTa<br />

sammarTvelos daavala `saqmiani RonisZiebebis Catareba~<br />

da daSvebuli Secdomebis gamosworeba. Teatrebis<br />

repertuaris gawmenda ideur-mxatvruli dabali donis<br />

piesebisgan da iseTi piesebis Seqmna, romlebic asaxavdnen<br />

sabWoTa xalxis cxovrebasa da gmirul brZolas<br />

komunisturi sazogadoebis asaSeneblad.<br />

Teatrebis repertuaris safuZvlianad gaumjobesebisa<br />

da maTi SemoqmedebiTi donis amaRlebis mizniT, 4 oqtombris<br />

dadgenilebis Sesabamisad, nabrZanebi iyo saqarTvelos<br />

Teatris repertuaridan amoeRoT ideurad da mxatvrulad<br />

Seuferebeli piesebi: k. kalaZis `erTi Ramis komedia~,<br />

g. qelbaqianis `Sesaferi jildo~, g. berZeniSvilis<br />

`tirifis qveS~ da `dasasrulis dasawyisi~. n. ribakisa<br />

da savCenkos `TviTmfrinavi igvianebs~, braitonis `srul<br />

SuaRames~, l. xelmanis `meliebi~, benetis `ratom dumda~,<br />

pinerosis `saxifaTo asaki~, barseRianis `somexi qali~<br />

da miqaelianis `varazdati~.<br />

ideurad sustad miCneuli piesebisagan repertuaris<br />

gawmenda problemis mxolod erTi nawili iyo. miiRes<br />

damatebiTi zomebi axali piesebis Sesaqmnelad. 1947<br />

wlisaTvis, yvela Teatrs `ideurad da mxatvrulad<br />

13

maia kiknaZe<br />

maRali Rirebulebis ara naklebi 2-3 piesa unda<br />

daedgaT, romelTa ganxorcielebac saukeTeso reJisorebs,<br />

msaxiobebs da mxatvrebs unda uzrunveleyoT. amave<br />

dros, 6-7 qarTuli originaluri piesebis Seqmna<br />

Tanamedrove sabWoTa Temaze aucilebeli iyo. am<br />

amocanis gadasaWrelad SemuSavda kontrolis meqanizmi,<br />

romelsac axorcielebda xelovnebis saqmeTa sammarTvelo<br />

(saTeatro ganyofilebis sammarTvelodan – d. benaSvilis,<br />

mweralTa kavSiris dram-seqciis xelmZRvanelis _ i.<br />

vakelis SemadgenlobiT). mTavro bis dadgenilebis mTavari<br />

obieqtebi rusTavelisa da marjaniSvilis Teatrebis<br />

movaleobis gansazRvra iyo. akaki vasaZes (rusTavelis<br />

Teatris samxatvro xelmZRvanels) pasuxismgebloba<br />

unda aeRo im dramaturgebTan (a. samsonia, k. kalaZe,<br />

s. kldiaSvili, v. daraseli, d. kasraZe) muSaobaze,<br />

romlebsac dadebuli hqondaT xelSekru leba (Tanamedrove<br />

Sinaarsis piesebze) xelovnebis sabWoTa sammarTvelosTan.<br />

analogiuri davaleba misces Salva RambaSiZes _<br />

kote marjaniSvils Teatris samxatvro xelmZRvanels,<br />

romelsac administraciuli wesiT valdebuleba unda<br />

aeRo p. kakabaZis, v. gabisonias, g. SatberaSvilis, v.<br />

pataraias, a. aRlaZis piesebis droulad Sesrulebaze.<br />

amave dros,ak. vasaZec da S. RambaSiZec valdebulni iyvnen<br />

xelovnebis sabWoTa sammarTvelos winaSe, yoveli Tvis<br />

15 ricxvSi, moexsenebinaT `sabWoTa Sinaarsis~ piesebze<br />

muSaobis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb. maT unda miemagrebinaT<br />

dramaturgebTan Teatraluri xelovnebis mowinave<br />

muSakebi SemoqmedebiTi daxmarebisaTvis. laboratoriuli<br />

muSaobis gaZlierebis mizniT, gaizarda saliteraturo<br />

nawilis roli da funqcia (rusTavelis TeatrSi dainiSna<br />

S. afxaiZe, S. jafariZe moxsnes marjani Svilis Teatridan<br />

aradamakmayofilebeli muSaobis gamo). yuradReba<br />

eqceoda mTargmnelobiT muSaobasac. mTargmnelebs Tavad<br />

Teatrebi irCevdnen. debulebis Tanaxmad, Teatrebs unda<br />

14

1946 wlis debuleba – dramatuli Teatrebis<br />

repertuarisa da misi gaumjobesebis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb<br />

uzrunveleyoT sajaro ganxilvis wesi xelovnebis<br />

moRvaweTa, mecnierTa, mxatvarTa, kompozitorTa da<br />

pedagogTa monawileobiT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Teatris<br />

sareJisoro kolegia dadgmas ganixilavda da Sesworebebs<br />

Seitanda.<br />

Teatrebs ufleba ar hqondaT da pirdapir<br />

ekrZalebodaT,xelovnebis sammarTvelos nebarTvis gareSe<br />

cvlilebebi SeetanaT repertuarSi da Tu aseTi ram<br />

mainc moxdeboda, direqtori miiRebda disciplinarul<br />

sasjels,Tanamdebobidan ganTavisufldeboda da miecemoda<br />

politikuri Sefaseba, rogorc `antisaxelmwifoebrivi<br />

praqtikis damSvebi~.<br />

SoTa rusTavelisa da kote marjaniSvilis saxelobis<br />

TeatrebSi damyarebuli mkacri saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

kontroli samagaliTo unda yofiliyo mTeli<br />

respublikis SemoqmedebiTi dasebis muSaobisaTvis. Tumca<br />

dadgenilebaSi yuradRebis gareSe ar dautovebiaT e. w.<br />

`meore jgufis~ Teatrebis perspeqtivebic. yvelasaTvis<br />

cxadi iyo, rom raionebSi Teatris repertuars Tbilisis<br />

sarepertuaro politikis gaTvaliswinebiT adgendnen.<br />

1946 wlis debuleba moicavda mwerlebisa da<br />

Teatrebis SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis ZiriTad parametrebs,<br />

warmoadgenda ideologiuri muSaobis orientirs da<br />

mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravda xelovanis movaleobis<br />

praqtikuli saqmianobis xasiaTs.<br />

15

Tamar quTaTelaZe<br />

`mariam stiuarti~ da `guSindelni???~<br />

goCa kapanaZis mier dedaqalaqis ori centraluri<br />

Teatris scenaze dadgmuli speqtaklebi `mariam stiuarti~<br />

da `guSindelni???~ gasuli Teatraluri sezonis erTerT<br />

mniSvnelovan warmodgenebad iqca. maT Soris uxvadaa<br />

msgavsebaca da gansxvavebac. isini mkafiod exmianebian<br />

Cvens realobas. orive maTgani asaxavs politikur<br />

process,xelisuflisa da misi oponentis,an xelisuflis<br />

msaxurisa da oponirebisaTvis ganwyobili sazogadoebis<br />

xasiaTs, mis arCevansa da Sesabamis logikur Sedegs.<br />

XVI saukune da inglisis oqros xana, elisabed<br />

pirvelisa da mariam stiuartis, am daumorCilebeli<br />

monarqi qalebis, dapirispireba saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi<br />

mravali SemoqmedisaTvis iqca STagonebis wyarod. am<br />

legendaruli pirovnebebisadmi interesi ki iklebs maSin,<br />

rodesac gaqreba ltolva siyvarulis, Zalauflebis,<br />

Tavisuflebisa da srulyofisadmi.<br />

19<strong>55</strong> wels reJisorma vaso yuSitaSvilma marjaniSvilis<br />

Teatris scenaze dadga f. Sileris „mariam stiuarti“.<br />

Tavad speqtakli qarTuli Teatris istoriaSi araa<br />

miCneuli Sedevrad,Tumca masSi Seiqmna ori mniSvnelovani<br />

mxatvruli saxe, – veriko anjafariZis mariam stiuarti<br />

da sesilia TayaiSvilis elisabed tiudori.<br />

g. kapanaZis mier ganxorcielebuli f. Sileris `mariam<br />

stiuartis~ premiera rusTavelis TeatrSi (mcire scenaze)<br />

pirvelad 1997 wlis 29 maiss gaimarTa. speqtakls granpri<br />

mieniWa Sileris me-15 saerTaSoriso festivalze.<br />

miuxedavad warmatebisa, dadgmaSi SesamCnevi iyo jer<br />

kidev damwyebi reJisoris gauwafavi fantazia. 15 wlis<br />

Semdeg, reJisorma kvlav ganaaxla `mariam stiuartis~<br />

dadgma. msaxiobTa Semadgenloba, centraluri rolebis<br />

16

SemsrulebelTa garda, mniSvnelovnad Seicvala.<br />

Teatris istoriaSi mravladaa ganaxlebuli dadgmebi,<br />

magram maT Soris arcTu ise bevria originalze aRmatebuli<br />

interpretaciebi. rusTavelelTa warmodgenis ganaxlebuli<br />

premiera 2012 wlis 14 marts ki swored am niSniTac<br />

gamorCeuli aRmoCnda. mizanmimarTuli aqcentebiTa da<br />

wiaRsvlebiT gamZafrebulma Sileriseulma speqtaklma<br />

Seqspiruli masStabiT gaiJRera. piesa Targmnes robert<br />

sturuam da lili fofxaZem. qoreografia ekuTvnis gia<br />

marRanias.<br />

rusTavelis Teatris mcire scenaze principuli<br />

ekleqtizmiT Seqmnili warmodgena gajerebulia<br />

klasikuri da mkveTrad Tanamedrove JReradobis<br />

goran bregoviCis musikiT (musikaluri gamformebeli<br />

goCa kapanaZe). scenografi beqa janaSia harmoniulad<br />

uxamebs erTmaneTs epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebel da<br />

axali tendenciebis gamomsaxvel Strixebs. kostiumebi<br />

amaRlebulicaa da prozaulic (kostiumebis mxatvari<br />

nino asaTiani). speqtakli warmoadgens marina janaSias<br />

mier gansaxierebuli moxuci elisabed I-is aRsarebas,<br />

gandobas, maradisobaSi gardamavali dedoflis ganvlili<br />

cxovrebiseuli gzis retrospeqtul analizs. `amboben,<br />

mkvlelis xelebi sisxliani rCebao. ai, arcerTi laqa,<br />

arcerTi laqa ar Cans.~ mkacrad acxadebs igi warmodgenis<br />

dasawyisSi da mayurebels uCvenebs qaTqaTa xelebs. `mariam<br />

stiuart, Sotlandiis uWknobo yvavilo!~ gulwrfeli<br />

sinanuliT aRmoxdeba mSvenierebis uzado Tayvanismcemel<br />

dedofals da swams,rom natifi silamaziT saxelganTqmul<br />

metoqes maradiuli axalgazrdoba SeunarCuna.<br />

dadgmis msvlelobisas moxuci elisabed I<br />

periodulad Tvalyurs adevnebs ganviTarebul movlenebs,<br />

zogierT scenaSi marina janaSias moxuci da nanuka<br />

xuskivaZis axalgazrda dedofali pirispir xvdebian,<br />

yuradRebiT akvirdebian erTmaneTs da cnobiswadiliT<br />

17

Tamar quTaTelaZe<br />

iyurebian sakuTar warsulsa da momavalSi. aseT dros,<br />

gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia msaxiobebis TamaSis mozomili,<br />

identuri gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis primati. uaRresad<br />

emociuri aRsarebis miuxedavad, marina janaSias moxuci<br />

elisabedis xmaSi kvlavac krTis liTonis mkacri bgerebi.<br />

sinanulis, TiTqosda Sendobis maZiebeli tonis miRma<br />

aSkarad ikveTeba, rom elisabedis mier ganvlili gzis<br />

gaxseneba da gaazreba sulac ar eqvemdebareba sinanulisa<br />

da patiebis wadils.<br />

elisabed I (1533-1603), inglisisa da irlandiis<br />

dedofali, tiudorebis dinastiidan sicocxleSive iqca<br />

legendad. aRiarebulia britaneTis yvelaze saxelovan<br />

monarqad. taxtze asvlisas man Caibara TiTqmis gakotrebuli,<br />

religiuri SuRliT gaxleCili qveyana, romelsac srul<br />

ganadgurebas uqadda elisabedis xelis uiRblo maZiebeli<br />

– espaneTis mefe filipe II. amay dedofalTan dawyvilebis<br />

pretendentTa vrcel siaSi figurirebda ruseTis mefe<br />

ivane mrisxanec. elisabedi ki ar apirebda Zalauflebis<br />

gayofas mamakacTan. misi erTaderTi satrfo inglisi iyo<br />

da elisabedic swored masze gaxldaT jvardawerili.<br />

elisabed I-is moqnilma politikam inglisi gadaaqcia<br />

msoflio hegemonad. `qalwul dedofalTan~ brZolaSi<br />

samarcxvinod damarcxda espaneTis `uZleveli armada~<br />

(1588), dasrulda msoflioze espaneTis monopolia da<br />

safuZveli Caeyara msoflio politikis mokarnaxed qceul<br />

britaneTis imperias. swored elisabedis mmarTvelobisas<br />

Seiqmna Seqspiris Sedevrebic daEuCveulo aRmavlobas<br />

miaRwia Teatralurma xelovnebam. elisabedi qali iyo,<br />

Tumca, dRemde verc erTma kacma monarqma ver gaimeora<br />

misi Rvawli inglisisa da msoflios winaSe.<br />

elisabedi inglisis legitimuri monarqi gaxldaT.<br />

momxibvleli, Tavqariani, mflangveli dedofali mariam<br />

stiuarti (1542—1587) ki inglisis mefis, henri II<br />

tiudoris, SvilTaSvili iyo da inglisis erTaderT<br />

18

`mariam stiuarti~ da `guSindelni???~<br />

kanonier dedoflad gamoacxada Tavi, riTac axlo<br />

naTesavTan SuRli gaaRviva. mdgomareoba gansakuTrebiT<br />

daiZaba mas Semdeg, rac Sotlandiidan devnilma daxmareba<br />

sTxova elisabeds. man neba darTo naTesavs, ecxovra<br />

inglisSi, Tumca mariam stiuartma Tavisi qarizmiT ara<br />

marto ingliseli xalxis, aramed didebulTa mxardaWera<br />

da keTilganwyobac moipova da elisabedis winaaRmdeg<br />

dagegmili SeTqmulebis epicentrSi moeqca. ganrisxebulma<br />

elisabedma mariams sikvdili miusaja.<br />

goCa kapanaZis speqtaklSi Sotlandiidan devnili<br />

marina kaxianis mariam stiuarti jambazis rangSi<br />

warsdga inglisis didebulTa winaSe.DniRabmorgebuli<br />

da gvirgvinosani dedoflis SemoZarculi kabis<br />

kalTidan moCans mokle TeTri sacvali, natifi fexebi<br />

da gaSiSvlebuli xelovnuri mkerdi. marina kaxianis<br />

mariam stiuarti Tamamad parodirebs elisabeds da<br />

amxels `qalwuli dedoflis~ Rameul gatacebebs, mis<br />

TiTqosda saeWvo warmoSobas. ori samefos damkargavi<br />

dedofali gamomwvevad mimarTavs jambazobas, nacionalur<br />

Sotlandiur samosSi gamowyobili masxrobs da cdilobs,<br />

piradi tragedia ostaturad SeniRbos. msaxiobis<br />

scenuri gmiri Tavisufalia,artistuli,laRi,momxiblavi<br />

da mravalplaniani. „sicocxle tkbilia, siyvaruli _<br />

netareba“ – mogvianebiT aRmoxdeba xelmocarul, vnebian<br />

dedofals. Zalauflebis daTmobas igi siyvarulsa da<br />

sicocxlesTan ganSorebad aRiqvams da TviTmkvlelobis<br />

scenasac gaiTamaSebs, rom gaacnobieros misTvis<br />

saZulveli sikvdilisaken mimavali gza.<br />

gvirgvini speqtaklis mTavari rekvizitia. Sotlandiis<br />

yofilma dedofalma Zirs moisrola es avbediTi samefo<br />

atributi. Zalauflebis macduri mimzidvelobiT<br />

monusxuls uneburad kvlav gaeqca Tvali misken, xarbi<br />

mzeriT SeaTvaliera da Tavzardacemulma gaacnobiera,<br />

rom ar ZaluZs Seeguos ugvirgvino arsebobas. mariam<br />

19

Tamar quTaTelaZe<br />

stiuartic elisabediviT martosuli, Zalauflebaze<br />

ukiduresad damokidebuli adamiania. ori uaxloesi<br />

naTesavis mudmivi mtrobis miuxedavad, SesamCnevia<br />

erTmaneTisadmi Rrmad dafaruli, daTrgunuli, magram<br />

mTeli arsebiT gancdili TanagrZnobaca da urTierTsimpaTiac.<br />

amaRlebuli da emociuria eSafotisken mimavali<br />

marina kaxianis mariam stiuartis xangrZlivi svla.Ees<br />

scena gulgrils veravis tovebs. msaxiobi TamaSobs amay,<br />

TxemiT terfamde gvirgvinosan dedofals, romelmac<br />

Tavisi mebrZoli suliskveTebiT saxifaTo, istoriuli<br />

arCevani ganumzada inglisis Zlevamosil monarqs.<br />

scenis siRrmidan auCqarebeli, Tavdajerebuli<br />

nabijiT, moemarTeba mariam stiuarti _ marina kaxiani.<br />

mas xasxasa wiTeli, farTokalTiani kaba mosavs natif<br />

sxeulze. `Sotlandiis yvavilis~ mSvenieri hangis<br />

ritmis TanxlebiT (Sotlandiis ar aRiarebuli himni),is<br />

nela da didxans modis win, rampisaken da Sokismomgvrel,<br />

gamaognebel STabeWdilebas axdens mayurebelze. mis zviad<br />

msvlelobaSi igrZnoba personaJis didebuleba. mudam<br />

yuradRebiT ganebivrebuli mandilosnis Tavdajerebul<br />

simSvidesTan erTad ki, uxvad asxivebs saTayvanebel<br />

siyvarulsa da ZalauflebasTan ganSorebis TavSekavebul,<br />

magram mZafr tkivilsac. dedoflis ukanaskneli<br />

Txovnaa, magrad ar daartyan culi mis sust kisers.<br />

misi, nebaa efeqturad aResrulos da lamazi darCes.<br />

msaxiobi krZalviT, pativiT, didi vnebiT, siyvaruliTa da<br />

TanagrZnobiT TamaSobs am legendaruli dedoflis saxes.<br />

zogjer rolsa da msaxiobs Soris sazRvaric sruliad<br />

qreba.<br />

nanuka xuskivaZis „qalwuli-dedofalic“<br />

momxibvlelia, qaluri, vnebiani, magram ukiduresad<br />

TavdaWerili. igi TiTqmis sasikvdilod daWra levan<br />

xurcias graf laisteris Ralatma da lamis eWviT<br />

20

`mariam stiuarti~ da `guSindelni???~<br />

ganawyo mudam erTguli murman jinorias daxvewili lord<br />

berleisadmic. n. xuskivaZe Tanmimdevrulad warmoaCens<br />

inglisis ZlevamosilebisaTvis TavSewiruli, mebrZoli<br />

dedoflis portrets. nanuka xuskivaZis elisabedis<br />

saxeSi _ qalisa da dedoflis maradiul omSi _ mudam<br />

mZlavrobs erovnuli interesebisaTvis Tavdadebuli<br />

didi dedofali, m. kaxianis mariam stiuartSi ki _<br />

siyvarulisTvis Tavganwiruli qali.<br />

nanuka xuskivaZis TamaSis stilizebuli manera, _<br />

misi texili Jesti, intonacia Tu moZraobebi mkafiod<br />

warmoaCens marad stresSi myofi dedoflis daeWvebul<br />

xasiaTsac da mis mtkice nebisyofasac. igi SiSobs,<br />

meryeobs, didxans fiqrobs sabediswero da istoriuli<br />

gadawyvetilebis miRebas, _ sakuTar TavSi Cakluli<br />

sasurveli qaluri sawyisis _ momajadoebeli mariam<br />

stiuartis dasjas. elisabedma isic icis,rom xalxi brboa,<br />

romelic,SesaZloa,umal aRmoCndes mowinaaRmdegis banakSi<br />

da dedoflis Tavdaviwyebul siyvaruls Zalauflebisa<br />

da inglisisaTvis sabediswero Zalad moevlinos.<br />

efeqturobiTa da emociurobiT gamoirCeva n.<br />

xuskivaZis elisabedis xalxTan Sexvedris scena. es ufro<br />

klounadaa, moxerxebuli triuki. rogorc cnobilia,<br />

sacirko, Teatraluri elementebiT, uxvadaa gajerebuli<br />

krizisul situaciaSi myof politikosTa qmedebebi,<br />

mTeli maTi saqmianoba. speqtaklSic niRbebmorgebuli<br />

garemocvis TanxlebiT sazogadoebis winaSe warmdgar<br />

dedofals xalxis _ didi masis damajerebeli dasturi<br />

dasWirda yvelaze saxifaTo oponentisgan Tavdasacavad,<br />

mis sabolood mosacileblad. erTgul garemocvaze<br />

amxedrebuli, frTagaSlili arwiviviT wamomarTuli<br />

n. xuskivaZis elisabedi Sekavebuli cinizmiT, Sinagani<br />

mRelvarebiT wardga brbos winaSe da yuradRebiT<br />

daakvirda naZaladevad morekil mrevls. dedofalma unda<br />

amoicnos mteri, mimaluli uzarmazar masaSi.<br />

21

Tamar quTaTelaZe<br />

ori dedoflis maradiul sasufevelSi Sexvedris scena<br />

emociuri da metaforulia.Mmarina kaxianis axalgazrda,<br />

momxibvleli mariam stiuarti TaRis Wrilidan<br />

gadmoixara, nabiji win gadadga da xeli SeaSvela welSi<br />

moxril, valmoxdil dedofals. mxcovani elisabedic<br />

ndobiT daeyrdno metoqes da ukvdavebaSi saxelovan<br />

oponentTan erTad Seabija. imavdroulad, marina kaxianis<br />

TavSekavebul RimilSi wamiT gakrTa pativiscemisa da<br />

cinizmis sxivic didi metoqis istoriuli Rvawlisa<br />

da Zalauflebis efemerulobis gamo. aRsaniSnavia isic,<br />

rom mariam stiuartis gareSe, verc elisabedi gaxdeboda<br />

is, rac gaxda. elisabedis politikuri didebis, misi<br />

masStabis Tanamoziare mariam stiuarticaa. Serigeba<br />

Sedga da maradiul sasufevelSi samaradJamod gverdigverd<br />

dasaxldnen inglisis didebisaTvis moRvawe<br />

didi dedofali da misi mSvenieri, diadi oponenti,<br />

ZalauflebisaTvis mebrZoli ori saxelovani monarqi.<br />

reJisoris yuradRebis centrSi umTavresad<br />

centraluri gmirebi aRmoCndnen, xolo mravalricxovani<br />

garemocva, ZiriTadad, efeqtur fons qmnis maTTvis.<br />

srulyofilad ver gamoikveTa verc nanuli sarajiSvilis<br />

scenuri gmiris xasiaTi. misi infanta mari mxolod<br />

speqtaklis finalSi qmnis originalur scenas. speqtaklis<br />

msvlelobisas drodadro interesiT umzerda scenaze<br />

ganviTarebul movlenebs, dasasruls ki, udierad daswvda<br />

uyuradRebod migdebul gvirgvins da ironiulad Tavze<br />

daimxo. am originaluri pasaJiT reJisorma xazi gausva<br />

didi politikis miRma `moRvawe~ fsevdopolitikosTa<br />

wvrilmani miznebis uazrobas, mis maskaradul xasiaTs.<br />

Sedegad _ samefo gvirgvins nanuli sarajiSvilis sadari<br />

juja masxara (infanta mari) daepatrona.<br />

Tu `mariam stiuartis~ dadgmaSi unisons qmnida<br />

ZalauflebisaTvis brZolisa da saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

aRmSeneblobis mzardi faqtori, qarTuli dramaturgiis<br />

22

`mariam stiuarti~ da `guSindelni???~<br />

klasikad aRiarebul S. dadianis `guSindelnSi???~<br />

dampyroblis politikasTan Sexmatkbilebulad moRvawe<br />

adgilobrivi Cinovniki samSoblos moRalated, misda<br />

uneburad ki, modgmis aRsasrulis Tanamonawiledac<br />

mogvevlina.<br />

goCa kapanaZis mier soxumis saxelmwifo dramatuli<br />

Teatris dasTan ganxorcielebuli da marjaniSvilis<br />

Teatris mcire scenaze warmodgenili Salva dadianis<br />

`guSindelni???~ piesis modifikacias warmoadgens.<br />

proeqti afxazeTis mTavrobis xelSewyobiT ganxorcielda<br />

(speqtaklis premiera gaimarTa 2011 wlis dekemberSi).<br />

piesis scenuri versia da musikaluri gaformeba reJisors<br />

ekuTvnis. qoreografia _ kira mebukes. speqtaklSi<br />

sami Taobis msaxiobia dakavebuli. maTgan soxumis<br />

Teatris dasis 16 msaxiobi, ramdenime mowveuli da oric<br />

debiutantia.<br />

1917 wels Seqmnili piesa asaxavs saqarTvelos<br />

gasabWoebamdel periods, magram masSi gacxadebuli<br />

problemebi dRemde ar kargavs aqtualobas. rusTavelis<br />

Teatris scenaze Temur CxeiZem 1972 wels qarTuli<br />

Teatris istoriaSi Salva dadianis `guSindelnis~<br />

Sedevrad aRiarebuli dadgma ganaxorciela. STambeWdavi<br />

iyo S. gawerelias warmodgenac (2001) saqarTvelos<br />

Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetSi. mZafr<br />

interess iwvevs goCa kapanaZis axali interpretaciac.<br />

erTi gaRatakebuli qarTuli soflis magaliTze<br />

speqtaklSi asaxulia sruliad saqarTvelos problemuri<br />

saukunovani yofa-cxovreba. dadgmis dasaTaureba<br />

reJisorma sami kiTxvis niSniT daamZima da warmodgenis<br />

msvlelobisas naTeli gaxada, rom saukunis win arsebuli<br />

umwvavesi Temebi mravalmxriv gamZafrebula. CixSi<br />

Sesuli kritikuli viTarebis, uimedo da sruliad<br />

uuflebo mdgomareobis gacnobierebiT Tavzardacemuli<br />

axali Taoba TviTmkvlelobiTRa axerxebs tragikuli<br />

23

Tamar quTaTelaZe<br />

sinamdvilis gaprotestebas, misgan Tavdaxsnas.<br />

mxatvarma ana ninuam Sav ferSi gadawyvita scenaze<br />

warmodgenili mamasaxlisis saxlis interieri. marjvniv<br />

dgas grZeli magida, romelzedac, Temur CxeiZis<br />

speqtaklisagan gansxvavebiT, sufra aRar gaiSleba.<br />

g. kapanaZis dadgmaSi odesRac erovnuli Rirsebis<br />

amsaxveli qarTuli sufra fexqveSaa gaTelili. am<br />

magidaze dadian, cekvaven, mRerian. am magidaze sZinavs nika<br />

weredianis nabaxusev grengolms. mogvianebiT swored aqve<br />

aupatiurebs igi Teona guramiSvilis facias, speqtaklis<br />

miwuruls ki, ucxotomelebi da maTTan aliansSi myofi<br />

gadagvarebuli qarTvelebi am magidazeve marTaven<br />

Tavawyvetil Rreobas.<br />

speqtaklis dasawyisSi avanscenaze mdgar skamze<br />

Camomjdari da ararealizebad garemoSi sakuTar uimedo<br />

xvedrze dafiqrebuli agrafina – qeTi CaCua agresiulad<br />

moisvris wigns da safeTqelTan miibjens revolvers.<br />

msaxiobi gaazrebulad, emociurad da saxierad TamaSobs<br />

ara marto sakuTari mxatvruli gmiris, aramed mTeli<br />

misi Taobis sulier tragedias. cnobierdeba, rom am<br />

samyaroSi yvela Rirseba damxobilia, ganaTlebam fasi da<br />

azri dakarga. igi ara mxolod usargeblo atributad,<br />

aramed xSir SemTxvevaSi tvirTadac iqca. sicocxlisaTvis<br />

saxifaTo zonad qceul realobaSi ganaTlebul da<br />

moazrovne pirovnebas asparezi ar gaaCnia, igi idevneba da<br />

sazogadoebisgan izolirebuls aRarafris Secvla aRar<br />

SeuZlia. Tavisuflebadakargul qveyanaSi saxelisuflebo<br />

politikis mizanmimarTuli Sedegebidan aRmocenebuli<br />

problemebis gacxadeba akrZalulia da mkacrad isjeba.<br />

dapyrobili qveynis mosaxleobas erTaderT funqciad<br />

dauwesda morCileba, dumili da molodini. igi movalea,<br />

guluxvad aRasrulos stumar-maspinZlobis wesi, mudmivad<br />

SeinarCunos Rimiliani saxe da cekva-simReriT gaarTos<br />

ucxotomeli stumari Tu misi adgilobrivi sateliti.<br />

24

`mariam stiuarti~ da `guSindelni???~<br />

satusaRod qceul saqarTveloSi ki sul ufro matulobs<br />

TviTmkvlelobebi.<br />

speqtaklis dasawyisSi revolveris Caxmaxs agrafina<br />

– qeTi CaCuamac gabedulad gamohkra TiTi, magram<br />

revolverma ar gaisrola. nacnob, sabediswero xmaze<br />

SeSfoTebuli SemoiWra kekela – lorina papuaSvilielerdaSvili<br />

da qaliSvils gamomcdelad daacqerda.<br />

agrafinam saswrafod gadamala iaraRi da iqaurobas<br />

gaecala. sabralo deda miuxvda ganzraxvas mwuxrisfer<br />

samosSi Cacmul cremlmoreul, mudam sevdian, haerovan<br />

qaliSvils, romelsac albaT manamdec mravalgzis ucdia<br />

TviTmkvleloba da gulmoklulma xmis kankaliT datuqsa<br />

igi.<br />

mTeli speqtaklis ganmavlobaSi avi winaTgrZnobisagan<br />

aRelvebuli da dafiqrebuli mamasaxlisis meuRle<br />

kekela – lorina papuaSvili-elerdaSvili moCvenebiTi<br />

stumarTmoyvareobiT ismens daupatiJebeli stumrebis<br />

saubrebs. igi daZabuli uTvalTvalebs ganmartoebisken<br />

midrekil Svilebs da eswrafis _ aicilos mosalodneli<br />

katastrofa.<br />

socialist karlo yayutaZeze TavdaviwyebiT<br />

Seyvarebuli agrafina – qeTi CaCua daJinebiT gascqeris<br />

soflis gzas. siyvarulisa da harmoniisadmi mtrulad<br />

ganwyobil garemoSi xelovnurad daSorebuli<br />

axalgazrdebi TvalebiTRa axerxeben erTmaneTTan<br />

gasaubrebas.<br />

karlo yayutaZis saxe reJisors amoSlili aqvs<br />

moqmedi pirebis siidan,magram agrafinas mier darbazisaken<br />

mimarTuli mzeris ucvleli mimarTuleba mayurebels<br />

mudmivad ganacdevinebs karlo yayutaZis siaxloves. iqmneba<br />

STabeWdileba,rom Seyvarebuli kaci nerviulad moZraobs<br />

mamasaxlisis saxlis Soriaxlos da Tvals ver acilebs<br />

sayvarel qals. Tanasoflelebi saxifaTod miiCneven<br />

revoluciurad ganwyobil meamboxe, nasamarTlev da<br />

25

Tamar quTaTelaZe<br />

gankicxul axalgazrdasTan urTierTobas. isic cdilobs<br />

simSvidismoyvare Tanamemamuleebs ar gaurTulos isedac<br />

damZimebuli cxovrebis ritmi.<br />

mamasaxlisis ojaxSi wasaxemseblad mudam uxvad<br />

Tavmoyrili Tanasoflelebi gahyureben nangrevebad<br />

qceul sofels, ritmulad Tvals adevneben gzaze mimaval<br />

gamvlel-gamomvlels da soflis problemebze frTxili<br />

kamaTiT, WoraobiT, mezoblebis gakilviT, naZaladevi<br />

mxiarulebiT, cekviTa da simReriT TviTgamxnevebas,uimedo<br />

momavlisgan ganridebas, Tavdaviwyebas eswrafvian. `Cemi<br />

iyo is minda, Sen ki sxvisken garbixar!~, (`cicinaTela~)<br />

mRerian scenaze da ikveTeba,rom am sofelSi yvelaze didi<br />

deficiti dadebiTi emocia da harmoniuli siyvarulia.<br />

marina solomonia mkafiod warmosaxavs soflis<br />

vnebadaumcxrali lamazmani fofodias mxatvrul saxes.<br />

msaxiobi TamaSobs didi iumoriT, qaluri eSxiT, pewianad<br />

da laRad. momajadoebeli artistizmiT gamorCeuli<br />

fofodia _ marina solomonia ostaturad, zusti da<br />

zomieri intonirebebiT, momxibvleli grafikuli naxaziT<br />

saxavs scenur gmirs. mas efeqturad xelewifeba, Tavadve<br />

gauarSiydes mizanSi amoRebul sasurvel mamakacs,<br />

Tavi moawonos Tavdajerebul daTo velijanaSvilis<br />

jvebe qolordavasac da iqve, TxilnarSi daicxros<br />

mozRvavebuli vneba. msaxiobi warmoaCens ubiri<br />

sofleli qalis sulier samyaroSi aSlil dramatul<br />

xvedrs Seuferebel partniorTan Tanacxovrebis gamo.<br />

mis mier mravalgzis gaJRerebuli _ `miwa gagisktes,<br />

miwa~ _ xan saalerso formas iZens, xan muqaras, xan<br />

ki iseT aRSfoTebas gamoxatavs, rom taqtianad icilebs<br />

arasasurvel moZalades.<br />

gakotrebuli Tavadi kowias umziTvo qaliSvili<br />

facia _ Teona guramiSvili amayi, Tamami axalgazrda<br />

qalia da Riad saubrobs sakuTar miznebze. kowias<br />

mSvenieri asuli acnobierebs, rom arsebul sinamdvileSi<br />

26

`mariam stiuarti~ da `guSindelni???~<br />

mxolod mSobliuri garemodan uswrafesi ganrideba da<br />

TviTgadarCenaze zrunvaa Rirebuli. misi damokidebuleba<br />

vano duglaZis adikosadmi araa midrekili, Tavi<br />

moawonos axalgazrda frants.Mmsaxiobi warmoaCens<br />

scenuri gmiris pragmatizms. mis civ, drodadro TiTqmis<br />

medidur damokidebulebas momxiblavi, magram arasaimedo<br />

adikosadmi.<br />

sofels moulodnelad wveuli nika weredianis riJaparikiani<br />

mazris ufrosi radikalurad gansxvavdeba<br />

J. lolaSvilis impozanturi, Tavdajerebuli, Sinagani<br />

simSvidiT aRbeWdili, daxvewili manerebiT gamorCeuli<br />

grengolmisagan. rusTavelis Teatris scenaze Seqmnili<br />

amayi mazris ufrosis vizualuri portretic ki<br />

sazogadoebas samarTlianad ganacdevinebda krZalvisa da<br />

pativiscemis uxv grZnobas didi da Zlevamosili imperiis<br />

Rirseuli msaxurisadmi.Aam mxriv nika weredianis<br />

scenuri gmiri,iseve rogorc S. gawerelias warmodgenaSi<br />

g. bregaZis mier Seqmnili saxe, sakuTar mdgomareobasa da<br />

uflebebSi daeWvebuli, frTxili, TavdaWerili, TiTqmis<br />

uCinari Cinovnikia. orive maTgans mkafiod SerCenia<br />

mdabio, saeWvo warmomavlobis kvali.<br />

nika weredianis mxatvruli saxe moCvenebiTi<br />

zrdilobiT SejavSnuli, kontaqturi, yuradRebiani,<br />

efeqturi axalgazrdaa da arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba<br />

garemomcveli moqalaqeebis fonze. msaxiobi ironia -<br />

iumoriT gamokveTili gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebiT xatavs<br />

dapyrobil qveyanaSi qveSevrdomTa gasacnobad,Mxarkis<br />

asakrefad, drostarebisa da `tuzemcebis~ monobis<br />

masStabis Sesamowmeblad warmogzavnili ucxotomelis<br />

portrets. mis Tavdapirvel cnobismoyvareobas, ridsa da<br />

Sinagan mRelvarebas maleve enacvleba Sekavebuli brazi.<br />

sargeblismoyvare qveSevrdomTa daufaravi mliqvnelobiT<br />

ganrisxebuli uTmo grengolmi Taviseburad gamoxatavs<br />

Sinagan protests. igi sul ufro mourideblad,nerviulad<br />

27

Tamar quTaTelaZe<br />

ixsnis da ixuravs ukve usargeblo atributad qceul<br />

pariks.<br />

msaxiobi nugzar Ciqovani speqtaklSi didi sarkazmiT<br />

ganasaxierebs mxdal da farisevel malxaz pitriSaZes.<br />

erovnuli Tavmoyvareobisagan ganZarcul mamasaxliss<br />

sakuTar movaleobad didi xelmwifis erTguleba<br />

miuCnevia. igi kategoriuli uariT istumrebs mrevls _<br />

soflis gasaWiris gamo `sayvedurs ver vetyvi~ xelmwifis<br />

kacso da Tanasoflelebsac ukrZalavs koloniuri<br />

politikis mizanmimarTul Sedegebze Civils. gausaZlisi<br />

yofiT SeWirvebuli qarTvelebi ki, didi winaaRmdegobis<br />

miuxedavad, mravalgvari xrikis momarjvebiT axerxeben<br />

xelmwifis msaxurTan SeRwevasa da Civils.<br />

mamasaxlisis sixarbiTa da TaRliTobiT aRSfoTebuli<br />

paata kikvaZis jibo kvantriSvili zewarSi gaxveuli<br />

Seipara grengolmis saZinebelSi. nabaxusev stumars<br />

uSvelebeli moZravi TeTri masa moCveneba egona da<br />

SiSisagan lamis suli ganuteva. merab brekaSvilis<br />

gakotrebuli Tavadi kowia sasmeliT eaxla xelovnurad<br />

welgamarTuli da SiSmoreulma mewileoba SesTavaza<br />

madneulis gayidvaSi daxmarebis SemTxvevaSi. julieta<br />

pakelianis kneina eSxam mJave kitri miarTva stumars.<br />

es energiuli qalbatoni daTo velijanaSvilis jvebe<br />

qolordavam Zlivs moaSora simSvidismoyvare ufross<br />

da ganwiruli qali ise CaebRauWa grengolms, rom misi<br />

yuradRebis mosapoveblad Ceqma gaxada da Tan gaiyola.<br />

Temur CxeiZis saxelovan speqtaklSi, iseve rogorc<br />

Salva gawerelias dadgmaSi, generali berdosani (g. WiWinaZe,<br />

p. kublaSvili) wels qvemoT gadaWrili da urikaze<br />

dakruli xeibari iyo. rusTavelelTa warmodgenaSi `g.<br />

WiWinaZis generali scenaze urikiT SemohyavdaT. igi Cia,<br />

CvrebSi Cafluli,daleuli berikaci iyo da mogagonebdaT<br />

Tojinebis Teatris tikinas,romelsac laparakis unariRa<br />

28

`mariam stiuarti~ da `guSindelni???~<br />

SerCenia~. 1 am mxriv g. kapanaZis dadgmaSi nugzar weredianis<br />

berdosani galoTebuli, fexSiSvela, eqscentruli,<br />

TiTqmis Seuracxadi moxucia, romlis imedze yofna kidev<br />

ufro gamokveTs SeWirvebuli qarTvelebis araadekvatur<br />

azrovnebas. aSkara iyo,rom nugzar weredianis berdosanis<br />

Zalebs aRemateboda dakisrebuli movaleoba da bunebrivad<br />

JRerda xelisuflebis msaxurTan mis mier mxolod<br />

sakuTar Tavze zrunvis motivi.<br />

nugzar Ciqovanis mliqvnelma mamasaxlisma Tavisi<br />

guluxvobiT mravlismxilveli mazris ufrosic daabnia.<br />

man xelisuflebis msaxuris keTilganwyobis mosapoveblad<br />

ara marto oqros beWdebi da fulis msxvili dasta uZRvna<br />

grengolms,aramed uyoymanod gawira sruliad saqarTvelo.<br />

Zarcvis azartiT galaRebuli mamasaxlisi eswrafvis,<br />

nebismieri msxverplSewirvis fasad uzrunvelyos piradi<br />

komforti. Tumca, rogorc irkveva, didi qonebis moxveWis<br />

miuxedavad, verc mis ojaxSi davanebula saocnebo<br />

idilia.<br />

qarTvelebis degradaciis masStabiT gaocebuli<br />

nika weredianis grengolmi zizRmoreuli aqilikebs<br />

samyaros erT-erT uZveles ers da cinikurad epatroneba<br />

upatrono qveynis simbolod, momaval kneina Cituniad<br />

CamoqveiTebul, gakotrebuli Tavadis ulamazes asuls.<br />

naTesavis xvedriT SeSfoTebuli kira mebukis xandazmuli<br />

Citunia alersianad tuqsavs `Tayvanismcemels~ da<br />

rekviemis hangebze ZaliT ahkidebs gasaqcevad gamzadebul,<br />

gamofxizlebul grengolms. `facias moCvenebiTi<br />

winaaRmdegobidan aRaraferi rCeba. misi unebisyofo<br />

buneba emorCileba grengolmis Segonebas~ 2 , _ werda<br />

akaki baqraZe n. faCuaSvilis scenuri gmiris Taobaze.<br />

es Sefaseba identuria soxumis Teatris speqtaklSi<br />

Seqmnili Teona guramiSvilis faciasTvisac. rusTavelis<br />

1<br />

baqraZe a. ,kino, Teatri, 1989., gv. 298<br />

2<br />

iqve. gv. 299<br />

29

Tamar quTaTelaZe<br />

Teatris scenaze `facia – n. faCuaSvili welSi gamarTuli,<br />

gafxorili, damcinavi RimiliT tovebda Tanamemamuleebs<br />

da grengolmTan erTad miemgzavreboda~. 1 am mxriv<br />

Teona guramiSvilis facia mTeli arsebiT acnobierebs<br />

pirovnulsa da erovnul tragedias. protesti da mZafri<br />

sayveduri JRers mis ukanasknel replikaSic _ `iyideba<br />

saqarTvelo!~ magram mas pirze xelis afarebiT aCumeben<br />

daWeris SiSiT yvela Seuracxyofis amtani uuflebo<br />

qarTvelebi. aCqarebuli ucxotomeli ki cinikurad<br />

svams maspinZlebis sadRegrZelos _ `gaumarjos Cveni<br />

RvTismSoblis wilxvedr gasxivebul saqarTvelos~<br />

da Riad amcirebs yvela adamianuri uflebebisagan<br />

ganZarcul qveSevrdomebs. erT-erTi maTgani, mkveTri<br />

feris makiaJiT daxatuli wiTelloyeba, mokle wiTel<br />

kabaSi gamowyobili da wiTelbafTiani zaza asaniSvilis<br />

Tavadi gorgaslaniani stumars TavdaviwyebiT ecekveba<br />

kankans. gorgaslanianis saxiT mterTan aliansSi myofi<br />

qarTvelebis gadagvarebuli, momakvdavi da cvedani modgma<br />

laRobs scenaze. M<br />

T. CxeiZis dadgmaSiA`m. gogavas adiko pitriSiZe<br />

ganaTlebuli axalgazrda, sportis moyvare,<br />

ultraTanamedrove azrebis mqone, Tavisuflebis<br />

motrfiale (Tumca sityviT da ara saqmiT), TiTqos<br />

amayi da Tavmoyvare arafers sTxovda mazris ufross...<br />

misi protesti moCvenebiTi gaxldaT da suliT adikoc<br />

araraoba iyo~. 2 soxumis Teatris speqtaklSi Seqmnili<br />

vano duglaZis adiko sulierad Rataki da Tavisufali<br />

siyvarulis mexotbe pozioria. facias damkargavi<br />

axalgazrda kaci ki sruliad kargavs sakuTari Tavisa<br />

da momavlis rwmenas. igi rwmundeba, rom sasurvel<br />

partniorad ver gamodgeba da mzadaa, gauarSiydes marina<br />

solomonias fofodiasac da TiTqmis bebias asakis kira<br />

1<br />

iqve. gv. 300<br />

2<br />

iqve. gv. 295<br />

30

`mariam stiuarti~ da `guSindelni???~<br />

mebukis kneina Cituniasac. vano duglaZis scenuri gmiris<br />

saxelovani bolo monologi dakninebul-gadagvarebuli<br />

kacis mier patriotuli TemiT spekulirebis mcdelobad<br />

iqca da igi nabaxusevi Tanasoflelebis gniasSi<br />

Caikarga.Aam fonze sruliad logikur finals iZens<br />

misi TviTmkvlelobis aqti. mxolod amgvari JestiTRa<br />

ZaluZs gaaprotestos mamis naqurdalze damokidebuli<br />

uperspeqtivo kacis uazro arseboba, romelsac mxolod<br />

erTi Ramis siamovnebis SeTavazebaRa ZaluZs sayvareli<br />

qalisaTvis.<br />

XXI saukunis qarTul realobaSi uswrafesad<br />

ganviTarebuli procesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, swored<br />

klasikur dramaturgias aRmoaCnda yvelaze didi resursi.<br />

igi SesaZleblobas qmnis, qarTulma Teatralurma<br />

reJisuram adekvaturad asaxos Cveni krizisuli viTareba<br />

da niRabi SemoaZarcvos degradaciis uZiro ufskrulSi<br />

danTqmul, fsevdopolitikur TamaS-garigebebSi,<br />

demagogiur ritorikebSi urcxvad gawaful `mamebsa da<br />

Svilebs~.<br />

31

erTi piesis gansxvavebuli<br />

interpretaciebi<br />

Llela wifuria<br />

artur mileri meoce saukunis udides amerikel<br />

dramaturgad aris miCneuli. misi yvelaze cnobili<br />

piesebia: „yvela Cemi vaJiSvili“ /„All My Sons“ (1947)/,<br />

„komovoiaJeris sikvdili“ /„Death of a Salesman“ (1949)/,<br />

„xedi xididan“/ “A View from the Bridge“ (19<strong>55</strong>)/, „fasi“/<br />

„The Price“ (1968)/ da, ra Tqma unda, „mkacri gansacdeli“,<br />

(„The Crucible“ (1953)/ „seilemis procesi“/, CvenSi<br />

am saTauriT cnobili piesa, romelsac originalSi<br />

gansxvavebuli saxelwodeba aqvs. artur mileris<br />

Semoqmedeba da misi piradi cxovrebac (mogexsenebaT, is<br />

meoce saukunis silamazis simbolod miCneuli merlin<br />

monros meuRle iyo xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi da maT<br />

qorwinebas mzeTunaxavisa da geniosis qorwineba uwodes)<br />

mudmivad iyo rogorc amerikuli, aseve msoflio presis<br />

yuradRebis centrSi. artur mileris piesebi idgmeboda<br />

msoflios wamyvan TeatrebSi, misi piesebis mixedviT<br />

iRebdnen filmebs. Tavad dramaturgis namuSevrebi da misi<br />

piesebis mixedviT Seqmnili speqtaklebi Tu filmebi ara<br />

erTi nominaciiTa da jildoTi aRiniSna. kvlevis Temaa<br />

artur mileris „seilemis procesis“ interpretaciebi<br />

Tbilisis scenebze. Tumca, vidre uSualod kvlevis<br />

sagans SevexebiT, minda mokled gavaanalizo mileris<br />

piesis Seqmnis istoria, misi pirveli dadgma da am piesis<br />

mixedviT gadaRebul filmebi.<br />

artur mileris „mkacri gansacdelis“ („The Crucible~)<br />

premiera 1953 wlis 22 ianvars Sedga brodveize, martin<br />

bekis TeatrSi. Sesabamisad, piesis daweris TariRad 1952<br />

weli unda miviCnioT. piesa relur ambebs efuZneba –<br />

masaCusetsis StatSi momxdar process, e. w. kudianebze<br />

32

nadirobas 1692–1693 wlebSi. piesis moqmedi pirebis<br />

umetesobas realuri prototipebi hyavs. artur milerma<br />

mciredi koreqtivebi Seitana personaJTa biografiebSi –<br />

mTavari moqmedi piris, abigail uiliamsis prototipi 11<br />

wlis iyo,piesaSi is 17 wlisaa. 1 es cvlileba dramaturgs<br />

dasWirda, raTa gaemZafrebina abigailis SurisZiebis<br />

motivacia: piesiseuli personaJi jon proqtorze<br />

– im ojaxis ufroszea Seyvarebuli, romelTanac igi<br />

mosamsaxured muSaobda da romelTanac sasiyvarulo<br />

kavSiri hqonda. abigaili titubasTan, barbadosel monasa<br />

da mis Tanatol gogonebTan erTad ritualur cekvebs<br />

asrulebs tyeSi. samuel perisi seilemis eklesiis<br />

winamZRvari gogonebis cekvis momswre xdeba. swored<br />

amis Semdeg iwyeba seilemSi kudianebze nadiroba.<br />

procesSi, saeklesio winamZRvrebis garda, erTvebian<br />

samarTaldamcavebi: denforti, mosamarTle hotorni,<br />

Civeri da a. S. oRond seilemSi xdeba ukugeba – gogonebi<br />

sakuTari Tavis gasamarTleblad seilemis mcxovreblebs,<br />

umetesad maT, vinc ar moswonT da viszedac SurisZieba<br />

surT, jadoqrobaSi deben brals. swored es xdeba mizezi<br />

imisa, rom mSvidobiani provinciis cxovrebaSi qvena<br />

grZnobebis aRzeveba iwyeba – xorciel vnebebs ayolili<br />

abigaili cdilobs jon proqtoris meuRlis, elisabedis<br />

gzidan Camocilebas da misi adgilis dakavebas. en patnemi<br />

sakuTari Cvilebis ususurobasa da gardacvalebas<br />

mravalSvilian qals – rebeka nersis abralebs da misi<br />

gasamarTlebisa da CamoxrCobis mizezi xdeba. Tomas<br />

patnems, enis meuRles, jails koris miwebis Cagdeba surs<br />

da uyoymanod wamebs cils mezobels sakuTari mamulis<br />

gasafarToeblad... saocari suraTi ixateba _ erTi mxriv,<br />

angarebiani adamianebis mier udanaSauloTa daundoblad<br />

gawirvisa, romelsac samarTaldamcavebi aRasruleben da<br />

meore mxriv, zneobrivi simaRlisa, romlis upirvelesi<br />

1<br />

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crucible<br />

33

Llela wifuria<br />

warmomadgenelic piesis protagonisti jon proqtoria.<br />

meCvidmete saukunis dasasrulis amerikul provinciaSi<br />

datrialebuli ambavi sainteresoa ara mxolod rogorc<br />

faqti, aseve rogorc mZafri intrigisa da peripetiebis<br />

Semcveli istoria. cxadia,es procesi iseTi dramaturgis<br />

xelSi, rogoric artur mileri iyo, uaRresad emociur<br />

piesad iqca, _ personaJTa vnebaTaRelva ukiduresobamdea<br />

gamZafrebuli da, Sesabamisad, uaRresad saintereso<br />

masalaa msaxiobisTvis personaJis saxis gamosaZerwad.<br />

magram, cxadia, mxolod emociuroba ar aris am piesis<br />

mTavari Rirseba: artur milerma „mkacri gansacdeli“<br />

(„The Crucible“) makartizmis aRzevebis xanaSi dawera.<br />

viTareba, romelic im dros amerikis SeerTebul<br />

StatebSi iyo,marTlac gvagonebs „kudianebze nadirobas“.<br />

cxadia, artur mileri, rogorc namdvili Semoqmedi, mis<br />

samSobloSi mimdinare rTuli procesebis miRma ver<br />

darCeboda. „mkacri gansacdeli“ („The Crucible“) milerma<br />

dawera rogorc makartizmis alegoria. savaraudod, es<br />

piesa erT-erTi mizezicaa imisa, rom 1956 wels artur<br />

mileri Tavad daikiTxa warmomadgenelTa palatis<br />

komitetSi antiamerikuli qmedebebis gamorkvevis mizniT<br />

da kongresis upativcemulobis braldeba wauyenes. 1<br />

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, „mkacri gansacdelis“ („The<br />

Crucible“) premiera 1953 wlis 22 ianvars Sedga martin<br />

beqis TeatrSi, brodveis erT-erTi wamyvan TeatrSi,<br />

romelic 1924 wels daarsda. am Teatris repertuarSi,<br />

garda dramatuli warmodgenebisa, mravladaa miuziklebi.<br />

es Teatri 2003 wlidan al hirSfildis Teatris<br />

saxeliTaa cnobili. speqtaklis premieras presaSi<br />

didwilad mtrulad ganwyobili Sefasebebi mohyva.<br />

mxolod „niu-iork Taimsis“ Sefaseba iyo dadebiTi. Tavad<br />

artur mileri ambobda, rom speqtakli iyo stilizebuli<br />

da civi. da mainc, es warmodgena dajildovda amerikis<br />

1<br />

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crucible<br />

34

erTi piesis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis umaRlesi saTeatro priziT, Tony<br />

Award-iT. es prizi rangiT utoldeba kinematografiis<br />

umaRles priz oskars, musikalur gremis, satelevizio<br />

emis...<br />

„mkacri gansacdeli“ ( „The Crucible“) mravalgzis<br />

daidga amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis TeatrebSic<br />

da evropaSic. evropuli dadgmebidan gansakuTrebiT<br />

aRsaniSnavia 1954 wlis parizis sara bernaris Teatris<br />

speqtakli, sadac mTavar rolebs iv montani da simona<br />

siniore TamaSobdnen. piesa orjer iyo ekranizebuli:<br />

pirvelad 1957 wels, safrangeT-germaniis erToblivi<br />

nawarmoebi, romelic reJisorma raimond roulaum<br />

dadga. umniSvnelovanesi faqtia, rom piesis adaptacia<br />

da filmis scenari Jan-pol sartrma Seqmna. cxadia,<br />

im rangis filosofosi da dramaturgi, rogoric Janpol<br />

sartri iyo, artur mileris piesaSi uciloblad<br />

Seitanda problemis egzistencialur xedvas da am<br />

prizmidan warmoaCenda gadarCenis dilemis winaSe<br />

mdgari personaJebis arsebobis problemas. filmSi im<br />

periodis evropuli kinos namdvili Tanavarskvlavedi<br />

iyo dakavebuli. simona siniore – elisabed proqtori,<br />

iv montani – jon proqtori (es msaxiobebi TamaSobdnen<br />

sara bernaris Teatris speqtaklSic), milen de monJo –<br />

abigail uiliamsi,miSel pikoli – patnemi da a. S... filmi<br />

mravali priziT aRiniSna da, rac Zalze mniSvnelovania,<br />

prizebiT aRiniSna samsaxiobo namuSevrebi.<br />

meore ekranizacia 1996 wels ganxorcielda. amjerad<br />

scenaris avtori Tavad artur mileri gaxldaT. filmis<br />

reJisori iyo nikolas pitneri, xolo mTavar rolebs<br />

asrulebdnen: deniel de luisi – jon proqtori, vainuna<br />

raideri – abigail uiliamsi,pol skofildi – mosamarTle<br />

denforti. samsaxiobo namuSevrebi ara erTi nominaciiT<br />

aRiniSna. Tavad artur mileri oskaris nominanti gaxda<br />

saukeTeso adaptirebuli scenarisTvis. filmi 1997<br />

35

Llela wifuria<br />

wels berlinales monawile iyo. amrigad, „mkacri<br />

gansacdeli“ („The Crucible“) samarTlianad iTvleba<br />

amerikuli dramaturgiis erT-erT saukeTeso qmnilebad,<br />

romelic misi Seqmnidan dRemde ar kargavs popularobas<br />

rogorc Tavad amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, aseve<br />

evropaSi. miT ufro sainteresoa am piesis qarTuli<br />

interpretaciebis analizi da qarTuli speqtaklebis,<br />

rogorc msoflio saTeatro procesebis monawilis<br />

Sefaseba.<br />

1965 wlis TebervalSi rusTavelis TeatrSi artur<br />

mileris piesis premiera Sedga. „seilemis procesi“ –<br />

rusTavelis Teatris speqtakls ase ewodeboda. piesa<br />

qarTulad qeTevan lorTqifaniZem Targmna. rusTavelis<br />

Teatris speqtakli amerikeli dramaturgis piesis pirveli<br />

interpretacia iyo. Teatris muzeumSi daculi 1965 wlis<br />

15 Tebervlis oqmi #4 speqtaklis Cabarebis dokumentia. 1<br />

msgavsi oqmebi yoveli warmodgenis samxatvro sabWosTvis<br />

Cabarebis dros dgeboda. biurokratuli procedura da<br />

rigiTi dokumenti uaRresad mniSvnelovan informacias<br />

gvawvdis warmodgenis Taobaze. upirveles yovlisa,<br />

samxatvro sabWos Semadgenloba: irakli abaSiZe, vaxtang<br />

beriZe, niko yiasaSvili, guram saRaraZe, sergo zaqariaZe,<br />

Tamaz WilaZe, buxuti zaqariaZe, giorgi gegeWkori, badri<br />

kobaxiZe, gizo Jordania, robert sturua, aleqsandre<br />

slovinski,oleg qoCakiZe,iuri CikvaiZe,oTar liTaniSvili,<br />

ramaz CxikvaZe, emanuel afxaiZe. sazogadod, Teatrebis<br />

samxatvro sabWoebis SemadgenlobaSi Teatrebisa da<br />

sazogadoebisTvis Rirebul pirovnebebs iwveven. amis gamoc,<br />

speqtaklis Cabarebis oqmebi umetesad warmodgenis sakmaod<br />

Rrma analizs Seicavs. vfiqrob, oqmSi warmodgenili<br />

pirovnebebis sia TavisTavad mravlismetyvelia. amgvari<br />

oqmebi samxatvro sabWos wevrebis pirvel emocias Seicavs<br />

da amiTac aris saintereso. ramdenime citatas moviyvan<br />

1<br />

rusTavelis Teatris muzeumi. oqmi #4, „seilemis procesi“.<br />

36

erTi piesis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi<br />

am oqmidan:<br />

„vaxtang beriZe _ reJisoris mier azrobrivi,emociuri<br />

da ritmuli mxare SesaniSnavadaa monaxuli. amitom<br />

gitacebs da gaRelvebs. es nawarmoebi SesaniSnavia, magram<br />

amave dros,aSkarad publicisturi. amitom gansakuTrebiT<br />

mniSvnelovania is simarTle, romelic yvela msaxiobs<br />

moaqvs. s. zaqariaZe rom SesaniSnavia, es araa gasakviri.<br />

amx. n. yiasaSvili – darwmunebuli var, rom es<br />

warmodgena namdvil moqalaqeobriv JReradobas miaRwevs.<br />

mayurebeli didi xania elis aseT warmodgenas.<br />

amx. i. abaSiZe – „seilemis procesi“ mxatvruli<br />

TvalsazrisiT, mileris saukeTeso piesad ar mimaCnia –<br />

es publicisturi piesaa, Tumca didi mxatvris mieraa<br />

dawerili. amitom, xSirad miWirs imis gansxvaveba,<br />

sad moqmedebs Cemze xelovneba da sad sinamdvile. es<br />

piesa diqtaturis winaaRmdegia, Tumca problemuria da<br />

filosofiuri.<br />

amx. T. WilaZe – guSin win rom vnaxe, megona dasi<br />

scenaze saTamaSod ki ar asula, aramed adamianis<br />

Rirsebis dasacavad. ar SeiZleba dRes mayurebeli ar<br />

dafiqrebuliyo Tavisi Rirsebis dacvaze. me bednieri<br />

viyavi reJisorisa da msaxiobebis gamarjvebiT. es<br />

Sekruli, ansambluri speqtaklia yvela Taobis msaxiobTa<br />

organuli SerwymiT. qarTul TeatrSi bolo dros es<br />

iSviaTi movlenaa. SesaniSnavia mxatvroba – idea ixateba<br />

masSi, – msaxiobi damTrgunveli samyaroTia garemoculi.<br />

amx. b. zaqariaZe – aRtacebuli davrCi dRevandeli<br />

warmodgeniT, magram erTi raRac mafiqrebs: analogiuri<br />

ambavi moxda CvenTan 1937 wels. bevrSi gamoiwvevs<br />

asociacias,guls atkens,iqneb boloSi diqtoris teqstSi<br />

Seicvalos `20 weli“.<br />

amx. n. yiasaSvili – Tu nawarmoebi aseT asociacias<br />

iwvevs, TariRis Secvla arafers niSnavs.<br />

amx. s. zaqariaZe – rom ar yofiliyo CvenSi 1937 w.<br />

37

Llela wifuria<br />

es piesa Tavis mniSvnelobas ar dakargavda. ra aris 1937<br />

w. samamulo omTan SedarebiT? milionobiT ebraelis<br />

gawyvetasTan SedarebiT? amitom „20“ weli arafers<br />

niSnavs da avtoris Sesworeba amisTvis ar Rirs. Cven<br />

is gvinda, rom mayurebelma am speqtaklis meore dRes<br />

ifiqros Tavis da sxvis Rirsebaze, kacTmoyvareobaze“. 1<br />

rogorc speqtaklis Cabarebis oqmidan irkveva, sabWos<br />

wevrebis analizi mxolod warmodgenis mxatvrul xarisxze<br />

msjelobiT ar Semoifargleba. buxuti zaqariaZis teqstSi<br />

naxsenebi 1937 wlis asociacia uciloblad gaCndeboda<br />

sazogadoebaSi. magram ara mxolod 1937 wlis. gasuli<br />

saukunis 60-ian wlebs, romlebic SedarebiT mSvidi<br />

iyo saqarTvelosTvis, win uamravi represia uZRoda.<br />

mogexsenebaT, meoce saukunis saqarTvelos istoria<br />

uamrav texils moicavs, sadac msxverpli udanaSaulo<br />

xalxi iyo. cxadia, masaCusetsis StatSi meCvidmete<br />

saukuneSi datrialebuli tragedia artur mileris<br />

piesaSi ara mxolod istoriuli garemoa, aramed imgvari<br />

samyaros modeli, sadac adamianuri qvena grZnobebis<br />

aRzeveba sazogadoebis wevrebs da Tavad sazogadoebas<br />

uqmnis safrTxes. asociaciebi, romelTac rusTavelis<br />

Teatris warmodgena aRZravda mayurebelSi, mxolod<br />

1937 welTan ar iyo dakavSirebuli. inteleqtualuri<br />

mayurebeli artur mileris Seqmnil samyaros modelSi<br />

sakuTari qveynis models xedavda, sadac ciliswameba,<br />

dasmena da kaenis sindromic araerTgzis aRzevebula da<br />

aTasobiT adamiani Seuwiria. amdenad, „seilemis procesi“<br />

60-iani wlebis mayureblisTvis iyo speqtakli, romelic<br />

emociis gareSe aravis datovebda. kidev erTi viTareba,<br />

romelic garkveulwilad airekla robert sturuas am<br />

dadgmaSi, Tavad rusTavelis Teatris Sida, SemoqmedebiTi<br />

konfliqtia, romelic sabolood Tavad robert sturuas<br />

pedagogis, mixeil TumaniSvilis Teatridan wasvliT<br />

1<br />

rusTavelis Teatris muzeumi. oqmi #4, „seilemis procesi“.<br />

38

erTi piesis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi<br />

dasrulda. kvleva am sakiTxs ar exeba da mxolod imas<br />

aRvniSnav,rom iseT sensitiur garemoSi,rogoric Teatria,<br />

SemoqmedebiTi Sida konfliqtebi Zalze mtkivneulad<br />

aRiqmeba. „seilemis procesSi“ dakavebuli msaxiobebis<br />

nawili mixeil TumaniSvilis Tanamoazre, „miSas msaxiobi“<br />

iyo. cxadia,es viTareba garkveul gavlenas axdenda rogorc<br />

Semsruleblebze, aseve damdgmelebze da speqtaklSi<br />

Seqmnili vizualuri garemoc da aqtiorTa emociuri<br />

muxti ukiduresad iyo gamZafrebuli. speqtaklis<br />

programaze dabeWdili anotacia amgvari sityvebiT<br />

Tavdeboda: „warsulis gaxsenebiT a. milerma daundoblad<br />

amxila burJuaziuli sistema, romelic Zaladobasa<br />

da usamarTlobas emyareba. a. mileri icavs adamianis<br />

maRal Rirsebas da mouwodebs yvelas SeebrZolos<br />

Zaladobas, usamarTlobas“. 1 cxadia, amgvari „mxilebani“<br />

sabWoTa kavSirSi mxolod burJuaziul sistemas exeboda,<br />

qarTul sinamdvilesTan ki mas rusTavelis Teatris<br />

maRalmxatvruli warmodgena akavSirebda.<br />

Teatrmcodne naTela uruSaZe, romelic imxanad<br />

rusTavelis Teatris literaturuli nawilis gamge iyo,<br />

amgvarad afasebda artur mileris piesis damkvidrebas<br />

rusTavelis Teatris repertuarSi: „artur mileris<br />

dadgma arc erTi TvalsazrisiT ar SeiZleba SemTxveviTi<br />

iyos. mileri mkveTri, naTlad Camoyalibebuli poziciis<br />

mqone avtoria, misi nawarmoebis dedaazri usaTuod<br />

konkretulia da naTeli. maSasadame, Teatris arCevani<br />

SeiZleba SeCerdes mileris piesaze mxolod maSin,Tu masSi<br />

Caqsovili idea axlobelia imaTTvis, vinc es nawarmoebi<br />

scenaze unda ganaxorcielos. amgvari moqalaqeobrivi<br />

siaxlovis da ideiT WeSmariti aRelvebis gareSe<br />

SeuZlebelia mileris piesis xarisxovani ganxorcieleba<br />

scenaze“. 2<br />

1<br />

rusTavelis Teatris muzeumSi daculi „seilemis procesis“<br />

programa.<br />

2<br />

naTela uruSaZe. rusTavelis Teatris muzeumi, xelnaweri, eqsponati<br />

39

Llela wifuria<br />

speqtaklis aRqma dekoraciiT iwyeba. artur mileris<br />

piesis robert sturuaseuli interpretaciac sameulis<br />

(oleg qoCakiZe, aleqsandre slovinski da iuri CikvaiZe)<br />

dekoraciiT iwyeboda. mxatvrebma sruliad originaluri<br />

xerxi SesTavazes mayurebels – „parteri da scena gayofili<br />

iyo Teatris „rkinis fardiT“ (saxanZro uSiSroebis<br />

mizniT rom eSveba xolme speqtaklis dasasruls). am<br />

„fardis“ mZime,tlanqi,pirquSi forma damTrgunveli iyo.<br />

rogorc giganturi giliotina xrWialiT, mZimed adioda<br />

da Tavzardamcemi xmauriT ecemoda Zirs. misi sicive,<br />

Seuvaloba, Semazrzeni SegrZneba raRac gamoucnobisa<br />

da tiranulis Sua saukuneebis siRrmeSi daZruli<br />

idumalebis xatad iyo TiTqos qceuli“. 1 es rkinis farda,<br />

erTi mxriv, dekoraciis vizualur-materialuri nawili<br />

iyo da, meore mxriv, metafora, romelic am termins _<br />

„rkinis fardas“, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris danarCen<br />

samyarosgan izolacias aRniSnavda, _ Seesatyviseboda.<br />

sameulis mier warmosaxuli seilemis yofiTi garemo<br />

uxeSi, gaurandavi xis faqturiT Seqmnili aveji mbrunav<br />

scenaze sxvadasxva kuTxiT warmoCndeboda. dekoraciis<br />

Semadgeneli nawili iyo uzarmazari koWebi da zed<br />

Camokidebuli saxrCobelebi. es saxrCobelebi simbolur<br />

datvirTvas iZenda da mTeli sazogadoebis ganwirulebis<br />

motivs warmoaCenda.<br />

aranakleb saintereso iyo speqtaklis musikaluri<br />

gaformeba, ufro zustad _ musikisa da xmaurebis<br />

sinTezi, romelic erTgvarad filmis gaxmovanebas ufro<br />

hgavda. xmovani partituris avtori evgeni maWavariani<br />

iyo. dekoracia da xmovani rigi speqtaklSi qmnida im<br />

damTrgunvel atmosferos, sadac personaJebi sakuTari<br />

udanaSaulobis damtkicebis SeuZleblobis gamo zneobis<br />

# 947.<br />

1<br />

nodar gurabaniZe. „pirveli nabiji konceptualuri reJisurisken“,<br />

„sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1988, # 10, gv. 25.<br />

40

erTi piesis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi<br />

sawinaaRmdego arCevans akeTeben.<br />

mosamarTle denfortis rolis Semsrulebeli sergo<br />

zaqariaZe TiTqos momnusxvelad moqmedebda seilemis<br />

mcxovreblebze. „misi pirquSi, msajulis mantiiT mosili<br />

zviadi sxeuli sivrces yovelmxriv seravda,TiTqos Tavisi<br />

msxverplis gamo, sivrces yovelmxriv gamo kabalistikur<br />

niSnebs xatavda... metad Semazrzenia misi refleqsi<br />

adamianis aRqmisa, rogorc potenciuri damnaSavisa“. 1<br />

rusTavelis Teatris „seilemis procesSi“ araerTi<br />

saintereso roli Seiqmna: ediSer maRalaSvilis jon<br />

proqtori, guram saRaraZis heili, zina kverenCxilaZis<br />

elizabeti, iza gigoSvilis abigaili, nana faCuaSvilis<br />

susana... da mainc, sergo zaqariaZis denforti am<br />

warmodgenis yvelaze srulyofili roli iyo. visac<br />

es bumberazi msaxiobi scenaze unaxavs, uciloblad<br />

gaiziarebs Cems mosazrebas...<br />

1965 wels artur mileri Tbiliss ewvia da<br />

rusTavelelTa speqtakls amgvari Sefaseba misca:<br />

„darbaisluri warmodgenaa da ara sentimentaluri,<br />

rogorc es zogierT scenaze minaxavs. momewona, Zalze<br />

STambeWdavia... mizanswrafulia, Zlieria moqmedeba,<br />

mTliani da monoliTuri“.<br />

rusTavelis Teatrma „seilemis procesi“ moskovSi,<br />

kremlis TeatrSi warmoadgina da didi warmateba xvda<br />

wilad“. 2<br />

da kidev erTi faqtori, riTac artur mileris piesis<br />

mniSvnelovneba SeiZleba Sefasdes qarTuli Teatris<br />

istoriaSi: „seilemis procesis“ dadgma robert sturuas<br />

politikuri Teatris dasawyisia. meoce saukunis meore<br />

naxevris qarTuli Teatris umniSvnelovanesi movlena –<br />

sturuas Teatris fenomenis saxeliT Sesuli qarTuli<br />

da, gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, msoflio kulturis<br />

1<br />

m. levini, „sergo zaqariaZe“, gam. „xelovneba“, 1975, gv. 356.<br />

2<br />

„seilemis procesis warmateba“, „literaturuli saqarTvelo“, 1966,<br />

09. 12.<br />

41

Llela wifuria<br />

istoriaSi _ swored am speqtakliT iRebs saTaves. Tavad<br />

reJisori ase afasebs „seilemis procesis“ rols mis<br />

biografiaSi:„es speqtakli saetapo iyo Cems SemoqmedebaSi.<br />

CemTvis SeumCnevlad mivedi konceptualur reJisuramde.<br />

me savsebiT uari vTqvi moralizaciaze da didaqtikur<br />

tonze. kriteriumebi? azrobrivi wyobis sifxizle da<br />

mniSvneloba zneobrivi qveteqstisa gamravlebuli naTel<br />

sceniur saxeze. „seilemis procesis“ Semdeg daiwyo Cemi<br />

profesiuli muSaoba. me ukve vicodi, Tu ras veZebdi<br />

TeatrSi da ra msurda mimeRo misgan“. 1<br />

amrigad, „seilemis procesis“ dadgma mravalmxriv<br />

mniSvnelovani movlenaa: qarTuli Teatris scenaze<br />

warmatebiT daidga udidesi amerikeli dramaturgis<br />

artur mileris piesa da swored am piesis dadgmam<br />

ganapiroba axali saTeatro azrovnebis dasawyisi didi<br />

reJisoris, robert sturuas SemoqmedebaSi.<br />

1994 wels Temur CxeiZem marjaniSvilis TeatrSi<br />

„seilemis procesi“ dadga. oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis<br />

dasawyisi samarTlianad Seva saqarTvelos istoriaSi,<br />

rogorc urTulesi sulieri da materialuri problemebis<br />

aRmniSvneli periodi. saqarTveloSi momxdari iyo<br />

xalxis mier arCeuli prezidentis ZaliT damxobis aqti,<br />

wagebuli iyo afxazeTis omi, saqarTveloSi sicive da<br />

SimSili mefobda... programis fasi 4000 kuponi iyo,<br />

saxelmwifos fulis niSanic ki ar hqonda. scenaze<br />

gasvlis win administracia saTeatro Senobamde fexiT<br />

misul msaxiobs saWmels axvedrebda,raTa aqtiors scenaze<br />

SimSiliT guli ar wasvloda. TeatrSi aseve fexiT misul<br />

mayurebels gayinuli Senoba xvdeboda. orad gayofili<br />

sazogadoeba, e. w. „zviadistebi“ da maTi araerTgzis<br />

damrbevi „putCistebic“, damnaSaves eZebda da „kudianebze<br />

nadirobas“ iwyebda. am viTarebaSi gansakuTrebiT mZafri<br />

iyo iseTi reJisoris pozicia, rogoric Temur CxeiZea.<br />

1<br />

gaz. „zaria vostoka“, 1984, 17. 06.<br />

42

erTi piesis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi<br />

cxadia, Temur CxeiZe kargad icnobda robert sturuas<br />

cnobil speqtakls. „1994 wels, anu TiTqmis sami aTeuli<br />

wlis Semdeg, Temur CxeiZe kvlav „seilemis procesiT“<br />

usvams diagnozs sulierad dasneulebul, davrdomil da<br />

znedacemul sazogadoebas da am mxrivac agrZelebs da<br />

ukavSirdeba Teatris saukeTeso tradiciebs“. 1<br />

unda aRiniSnos,rom „seilemis procesi“ Temur CxeiZem<br />

jer peterburgis giorgi tovstonogovis saxelobis<br />

TeatrSi dadga da Semdgom _ marjaniSvilis TeatrSi.<br />

reJisors araerTi speqtakli gadautania qarTuli<br />

scenidan rusul scenaze. oRond „seilemis procesis“<br />

SemTxvevaSi is jer peterburgSi daidga, xolo Semdeg<br />

TbilisSi. peterburgSi dadgmul warmodgenas udidesi<br />

warmateba xvda wilad da presaSic mravlad daibeWda<br />

dadebiTi recenzia. am warmodgenis eqom Tbilisamdec<br />

CamoaRwia da sazogadoeba interesiT eloda „seilemis<br />

procesis“ axal versias.<br />

marjaniSvilelTa warmodgenis mxatvari SoTa<br />

glurjiZe iyo. scenaze ewyo xis uzarmazari lodebi,<br />

romlebic sami mxridan Semofarglavdnen samoqmedo<br />

areals. portalze ganlagebuli iyo morebis gadaWris<br />

Sedegad darCenili kunZebi, romlebic TokebiT iyo mibmuli<br />

zecad moazrebul scenis zeda nawilTan. es vizualuri<br />

kavSiri ormag asociacias aRZravda – erTi mxriv,zecasTan<br />

kontaqtis, da meore mxriv, _ saxrCobelebis Tokebis.<br />

moxda reJisorisa da mxatvris Tanamoazreobis sinTezi,<br />

rogorc dekoraciis, aseve personaJebis samoselis<br />

gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT _ kostiumisa da grimis,rogorc<br />

gmiris warmosaxvis erT-erT umTavres maxasiaTeblad<br />

gadaqcevis gziT. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani<br />

iyo nato murvaniZis meri uoreni. oTxmocdaaTiani<br />

wlebis dasawyisSi nato murvaniZe qarTuli Teatrisa<br />

da kinos amomaval varskvlavad iTvleboda. am garemoebas<br />

1<br />

kravai naxucriSvili. `gamocda~, gaz. „iveria eqspresi“, 1994, 23.<br />

09.<br />

43

Llela wifuria<br />

upiratesad misi silamaze ganapirobebda. marjaniSvilis<br />

Teatris warmodgenaSi nato murvaniZe meri uorenis<br />

rols asrulebda. momxibvlelma msaxiobma ramdenadme<br />

saxasiaTo, saTvaliani, dabneuli knaWa gogona warmosaxa.<br />

imdroindeli presa nato murvaniZis rolze aRniSnavda,<br />

rom misi Sesrulebis mxatvruli xarisxi speqtaklSi<br />

yvela Taobis msaxiobebis rolebs aRemateboda.<br />

denfortis rols marjaniSvilis Teatris speqtaklSi<br />

nodar mgalobliSvili asrulebda. Temur CxeiZem,robert<br />

sturuasgan gansxvavebiT, am rolze imgvari faqturis<br />

msaxiobi aiyvana, romelic fizikuri monacemebiT uxeSi<br />

Zalis gansaxiereba ki ar iqneboda,aramed „uflebamosili<br />

araraobis“, rogorc mas Teatrmcodne naTela uruSaZe<br />

uwodebs. 1 saintereso saxe iyo speqtaklSi Temur<br />

kilaZis jon heili. swored is iqca Temur CxeiZis<br />

warmodgenaSi reJisoris koncefciis gamomxatvel ZiriTad<br />

mxatvrul saxed. speqtakli „mTavrdeba avanscenaze<br />

marto, mayurebelTan pirispir mdgomi, rwmenaSeryeuli<br />

axalgazrda heilis ukiduresad mRelvare sityvebiT,<br />

romlebsac xmamaRali musika axSobs. marTlac, vin unda<br />

gaigonos is,rac am sasowarkveTili axalgazrdis sulidan<br />

moedineba, roca irgvliv aravinaa, garda scenis siRrmeSi<br />

moxatuli carieli saxlebisa! uflebamosilTa araraoba<br />

da rwmenaSeryeuli axalgazrdoba – ai, rogor ikiTxeba<br />

am speqtaklSi T. CxeiZis satkivari“. 2<br />

amrigad, meoce saukunis dasasrulis saqarTvelos<br />

yvelaze mtkivneuli problemebi qarTul scenaze<br />

kvlav artur mileris piesis dadgmiT warmoisaxa.<br />

marjaniSvilis Teatris „seilemis procesi“ Temur<br />

CxeiZis moqalaqeobrivi poziciis gamoxatvad iqca.<br />

calke Seswavlis Temaa „seilemis procesis“ dadgmebi<br />

1<br />

naTela uruSaZe. `rad mivdivar TeatrSi~, gaz. `literaturuli<br />

saqarTvelo“, 1994, 2–9. 12.<br />

2<br />

iqve;<br />

44

erTi piesis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi<br />

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatrisa<br />

da kinos universitetSi. amTaviTve unda iTqvas, rom<br />

dramis fakultetis pedagogebi yovelTvis cdiloben,<br />

sadiplomo speqtaklebisTvis imgvari piesebi SearCion,<br />

romlebic yvelaze kargad warmoaCenen samsaxiobo jgufis<br />

swavlebis Sedegs. sainstituto speqtaklebis amocanaa,<br />

maqsimalurad kargad warmoCndes, Tu rogor iswavles<br />

momavalma msaxiobebma msaxiobis ostatoba, metyveleba,<br />

sasceno moZraoba, grimis xelovneba... artur mileris<br />

piesis arCeva am miznis misaRwevad saukeTeso gza aRmoCnda<br />

– piesaSi xom araCveulebrivad saintereso personaJebis<br />

saxeebia Seqmnili, romelTa ganxorcielebisas students<br />

maRalmxatvruli masala aqvs da rolis ganviTarebis<br />

diagrama dramaturgiulad srulyofilad viTardeba.<br />

profesor gizo Jordanias arCevani mis samsaxiobosareJisoro<br />

eqsperimentul jgufTan swored am viTarebam<br />

ganapiroba. speqtakli mxatvrulad gaaformes elene<br />

doncovam da giorgi gegeWkorma. metyvelebis pedagogi<br />

leila kapanaZe iyo, grims giorgi sarCimeliZe aswavlida.<br />

speqtakli mihyavdaT momaval reJisorebs _ Tamar<br />

falavandiSvils da levan svanaZes. elisabed proqtoris<br />

rolis Semsrulebeli nino koberiZe (msaxiobi am rols<br />

mogvianebiT Temur CxeiZis dadgmaSic TamaSobda) pirad<br />

saubarSi igonebda, rom jgufi SeSinda kidec, rodesac<br />

gizo Jordaniam winasadiplomo speqtaklad artur<br />

mileris piesis dadgma SesTavaza. reJisoris pozicia ki<br />

marTebuli gaxldaT – umjobesi iyo, Zlieri samsaxiobo<br />

potenciis jgufs maRali rangis dramaturgiuli<br />

nawarmoebis ganxorcielebiT gaekeTebina ganacxadi.<br />

eqsperimentuli jgufi bevrs muSaobda. premiera 1980<br />

wels Sedga griboedovis saxelobis dramatuli Teatris<br />

mcire scenaze. unda aRiniSnos, rom am samsaxiobo<br />

jgufis speqtaklebi – „seilemis procesi“ da „samoTxis<br />

Citi“ udidesi popularobiT sargeblobda imdroindel<br />

45

Llela wifuria<br />

Tbilisel studentTa Soris. es arc iyo gasakviri,<br />

radganac gizo Jordanias maRalprofesiul sareJisoro<br />

namuSevarSi axalgazrdebis marTlac saukeTesod<br />

ganxorcielebuli rolebi SesaniSnav debiutad<br />

gadaiqca. am samsaxiobo jgufSi araerTi varskvlavi<br />

gaizarda. rolebis ganawileba amgvari iyo: perisi –<br />

mamuka kikaleiSvili, abigaili – qeTevan gegeSiZe, jon<br />

proqtori – Teimuraz kilaZe,elisabed proqtori – nino<br />

koberiZe, heili – irakli afaqiZe da a. S. sruliad<br />

gansxvavebuli interpretaciiT iyo warmodgenili<br />

mamuka kikaleiSvilis perisi. mileriseuli personaJi<br />

samuel perisi, seilemis eklesiis winamZRvari, romlis<br />

gaurkvevloba da primitiuli azrovnebac seilemis<br />

tragediis dawyebas ganapirobebs, mamuka kikaleiSvilis<br />

SesrulebiT iumoriT savse naxevrad komikur rolad<br />

gadaiqca. Zalze sainteresod iyo gaazrebuli jon da<br />

elisabed proqtorebis urTierToba. mindvris yvavils<br />

amoiRebda ubidan Temur kilaZis jon proqtori,am patara<br />

detaliT gamoxatavda dapatimrebuli meuRlisadmi<br />

sinazes. nino koberiZe elisabedis faqiz fsiqologiur<br />

portrets qmnida. gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />

am studentur speqtaklSi Seqmnili rolebi axalgazrda<br />

msaxiobebisTvis warmatebuli gzis dasawyisad iqca.<br />

2012 wels „seilemis procesis“ dadgma reJisorma,<br />

profesorma sandro mrevliSvilma ganaxorciela<br />

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatrisa<br />

da kinos universitetis dimitri aleqsiZis saxelobis<br />

saswavlo TeatrSi mis samsaxiobo jgufTan. saswavlo<br />

Teatrs lali kodalaSvili xelmZRvanelobs. es,<br />

faqtobrivad, namdvili Teatria sakmaod vrceli<br />

repertuariT. sandro mrevliSvili dadgmis reJisoric<br />

iyo da mxatvaric. rogorc reJisorma pirad saubarSi<br />

aRniSna, es piesa saswavlo procesisTvis metad noyieri<br />

masalaa. siyalbesa da simarTlis konfliqti, romelic<br />

46

erTi piesis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi<br />

rigiT adamians ukompromiso gmirad Camoayalibebs,<br />

dResac aqtualur problemad rCeba. makartizmisTvis<br />

niSneuli „kudianebze nadirobis“ problema ama Tu im<br />

qveyanaSi periodulad wamotivtivdeba. Cveni uaxlesi<br />

istoria,politikuri ryevebi amis TvalsaCino magaliTia.<br />

studenturi speqtakli ansambluri warmodgena iyo da<br />

Tavad pedagogma ar indoma misi studentebis namuSevrebSi<br />

romelimes gamoyofa. am axalgazrdebis saxelebi jerjerobiT<br />

ucnobia farTo sazogadoebisaTvis da vimedovnebT,<br />

rom es speqtakli warmatebuli gzis dasawyisi iqneba.<br />

sandro mrevliSvili am jgufis safuZvelze axali<br />

Teatris daarsebas gegmavs. artur mileris „seilemis<br />

procesi“ am Teatris repertuarSi uciloblad iqneba da,<br />

SesaZloa, swored am warmodgeniT gaixsnas axali Teatri<br />

TbilisSi.<br />

reJisor giorgi margvelaSvilis SemoqmedebiTi<br />

saxelosnos namuSevrebi saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis<br />

saxelobis Teatrisa da kinos universitetSi yovelTvis<br />

gamoirCeva. amJamad saswavlo process am jgufSi<br />

giorgi margvelaSvilTan erTad uZRvebian ostatobis<br />

pedagogi, asocirebuli profesori nino lipartiani,<br />

metyvelebis pedagogebi, asocirebuli profesori manana<br />

berikaSvili da sofo ebraliZe, cekvis pedagogebi _<br />

kote furcelaZe da maia lipartiani, sasceno moZraobis<br />

pedagogi SoTa sxirtlaZe... udavoa, rom es akademiuri<br />

personali profesionali msaxiobebis aRzrdis garantia.<br />

nino lipartianis dadgmuli „seilemis jadoqrebis“ (am<br />

saxelwodebiT iyo warmodgenili speqtakli) premiera<br />

2013 wlis 28 marts Sedga. amTaviTve unda iTqvas, rom<br />

speqtakli axalgazrdebSi ukve popularobiT sargeblobs<br />

da araerTgzis iqna warmodgenili. damdgmeli mxatvris,<br />

qeTi nadibaiZis dekoraciaSi xis faqtura dominirebs:<br />

grZeli merxebi da magidebi. ukana fonadac xis faqturaa<br />

gamoyenebuli. personaJebis kostiumebi amerikuli<br />

47

Llela wifuria<br />

soflis mcxovreblebis Cacmulobis Sesabamisia – tyavis<br />

Ceqmebi, tyavisa da naWris Jiletebi, sasuliero pirebis<br />

sutanebi, gogonebis winsafrebi grZel qveda boloebze...<br />

speqtaklSi gamoyenebulia popularuli kompozitoris,<br />

miSa mdinaraZis kompoziciebi. warmodgena gogonebis<br />

cekviT iwyeba. es ritualuri cekvaa da imavdroulad<br />

speqtaklis efeqturi Sesavali. maRali tempo-ritmiT<br />

dawyebuli warmodgena aseve grZeldeba – studentebis<br />

swavlebis Sedegi mwyobri kompoziciebiT Seqmnil<br />

mizanscenebSi TamaSdeba. da mainc, upirvelesi Rirseba am<br />

speqtaklisa axalgazrda msaxiobebis Seqmnili rolebia.<br />

Znelia maT Soris vinmes gamoyofa, da mainc aRvniSnavdi<br />

jon proqtorisa (laSa juxraSvili) da abigail<br />

uiliamsis (mariam sujaSvili) Seqmnil saxeebs. epizodi,<br />

rodesac abigaili faqtobrivad xelmeored cdilobs jon<br />

proqtoris Secdenas, personaJebis vnebaTa dapirispirebis<br />

asparezad iqceva. momxibvleli gogonas cdunebas<br />

proqtoris agresia upirispirdeba – amgvarad cdilobs<br />

igi codvisa da siyalbisgan Tavis dacvas. „seilemis<br />

jadoqrebi“ saswavlo Teatris saukeTeso speqtaklia,<br />

sadac pedagogebisa da studentebis TanaSemoqmedeba<br />

samomavlod profesiuli Camoyalibebisken warmarTavs<br />

axalgazrdebis Semoqmedebas.<br />

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom artur<br />

mileris „mkacri gansacdeli“, sxvadasxva saxelwodebiT<br />

warmodgenili qarTul scenebze, TiTqmis naxevari<br />

saukunea mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs qarTul saTeatro<br />

cxovrebaSi. robert sturuas dadgmuli „seilemis<br />

procesi“ reJisoris politikuri Teatris Camoyalibebis<br />

dasawyisad iqca. Temur CxeiZis uaRresad aqtualurma<br />

speqtaklma gasuli saukunis dasasruls sazogadoebis<br />

gamofxizlebis, dafiqrebis misia Seasrula. mileris<br />

piesis personaJebi qarTveli msaxiobebis SesrulebiT<br />

SesaniSnav mxatvrul saxeebad gardaiqmna. 80-iani wlebidan<br />

48

erTi piesis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi<br />

moyolebuli, artur mileris am piesis personaJebis<br />

mixedviT Seqmnili rolebi axalgazrda qarTveli<br />

msaxiobebis warmatebul debiutebad iqca. mileris es<br />

piesa TiTqmis yvela maRali rangis qarTvelma reJisorma<br />

dadga. meoce saukuneSi seilemis tragediis msxverplT<br />

memoriali gauxsnes, sadac qvebze TiToeuli daRupulis<br />

saxelia ukvdavyofili. samwuxarod, seilemis problemebi<br />

sazogadoebaSi mainc permanentulad iCens Tavs. artur<br />

mileris piesa da misi dadgmebi mTel msoflioSi<br />

seilemis msxverplTa ukvdavyofac aris da kacobriobis<br />

gafrTxilebac samomavlod. Cvens saTeatro procesebSic<br />

mileris dramaturgiis dadgmis roli asec moiazreba.<br />

da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, qarTulma speqtaklebma<br />

artur mileris saukeTeso interpretaciebs Soris<br />

daimkvidra adgili.<br />

49

kinomcodneoba<br />

51

TamTa TurmaniZe<br />

almodovari da momxmarebelTa<br />

sazogadoebis fetiSebi<br />

TiTqmis 40-wliani diqtaturis Semdeg espaneTSi<br />

ganviTarebul politikur, socialur Tu kulturul<br />

procesebs erTi terminiT axasiaTeben _ Movida,<br />

rac qarTulad moZraobas niSnavs. marTlac, 1975<br />

wlidan, diqtator frankos sikvdilis Semdeg, rodesac<br />

TiTqmis yvela SezRudva da akrZalva gauqmda, TiTqos<br />

istoriuli ganviTarebis manamde SekumSuli zambara<br />

gaimarTa, yvelaferi amoZravda da drois aTvla axali,<br />

daCqarebuli siswrafiT daiwyo. Movida-s suliskveTebas<br />

erT-erTi misi Tanamedrove ase aRwers: `mTavaria, ar<br />

gaCerde! Torem im bneli wlebis mogonebebi wamogeweva.<br />

gamoiqce baridan iq misvlis pirvelive wuTebis Semdeg,<br />

mere vernisaJidan modebis Cvenebaze gaqande, Tan am<br />

rbolisas rok-koncertis ramdenime noti daiWiro, kvlav<br />

taqsSi Caxte da ukve sadRac, sxvagan gaemarTo. rogorc<br />

romelime qali almodovaris ukanaskneli filmidan~. 1 am<br />

frazidan ukve Cans, Tu vin gaxda am moZraobis mTavari<br />

flagmani da vis SemoqmedebaSi aisaxa misi suliskveTeba<br />

yvelaze mZafrad.<br />

wlebis ganmavlobaSi espanelebs arwmunebdnen, rom<br />

swored maT akisriaT, am cvalebad samyaroSi, maradiuli<br />

faseulobebis: ojaxis, rwmenis, tradiciebisa da Rirsebis<br />

gadarCenis diadi misia. magram diqtaturis dasrulebis<br />

Semdeg, liberizaciisa da demokratizaciis politikasTan<br />

erTad sazRvargareTidan Semosulma masobrivma kulturam<br />

da seqsualurma revoluciam namdvili gardatexa moaxdina<br />

eris SegnebaSi.<br />

swored am dros gamoCnda asparezze Tanamedroveobis<br />

1<br />

http://seance.ru/n/10/almodovar-portait/nad-vsey-ispaniey-anilinovoe-nebo/<br />

53

TamTa TurmaniZe<br />

albaT erT-erTi yvelaze TviTmyofadi reJisori pedro<br />

almodovari. Tavisi uCveulo kinematografiT axalgazrda<br />

almodovari metismetad feradovani, feTqebadi,<br />

daudgromeli, sasacilo da zogjer uxamsic ki iyo. udieri<br />

damokidebulebiT mravali espanelisaTvis xelSeuxebeli<br />

ojaxisa da religiis Temebisadmi, tabuirebuli<br />

seqsualobis sakmaod groteskuli warmosaxviTa da<br />

ferTa namdvilad aranormaluri, Tvalebisamatkivebeli<br />

siWreliT, is TiTqos silas awnida momxmarebelTa epoqis<br />

mowesrigebul da gawonasworebul sazogadoebas, Tumca<br />

mogvianebiT imave sazogadoebam amisaTvis madlobac ki<br />

gadauxada da lamis cocxal klasikosad Seracxa.<br />

Aalmodovaris SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebaze<br />

garkveulwilad albaT im faqtmac imoqmeda, rom is,<br />

praqtikulad, TviTnaswavli reJisoria. mSobliuri la<br />

manCidan madridSi misi Camosvlis droisTvis frankos<br />

brZanebiT kinoskola daxuruli iyo da almodovars<br />

pirdapir praqtikaze mouwia montaJisa da reJisuris<br />

xelovnebis swavla. Tavis maswavleblebad bunuelis<br />

meqsikur periods, hiCkoks da bili uailders<br />

asaxelebs: `uailderma maCuqa Savi iumorisa da dramis<br />

nazavi, is saucxoo nazavi, romelic kurnavs sulieri<br />

sentimentalurobisagan da romelsac, samwuxarod, Zalian<br />

iSviaTad iyeneben Tanamedrove kinoSi. hiCkokma Tavis<br />

SemoqmedebaSi gaaerTiana daxvewili ostatoba, maRali<br />

xarisxis iumori da idumalebis momnusxveli suliskveTeba.<br />

me da bunueli ki erT kulturas mivekuTvnebiT. is Cemi<br />

maswavlebelia~. 1<br />

sakuTar maswavleblad reJisori agreTve madrids<br />

miiCnevs. sadReRamiso cxovrebiT mcxovrebi xmauriani<br />

megapolisi, _ ojaxis, axloblebis, kavSirebisa da fulis<br />

gareSe dedaqalaqis dasapyrobad Casuli axalgazrda<br />

provincielisaTvis, romelsac erTaderTi mizani<br />

1<br />

www.videodrome.ru/stuff/3980-4<strong>55</strong>.shtml<br />

54

almodovari da momxmarebelTa sazogadoebis fetiSebi<br />

amoZravebda _ cxovreba da kinos `keTeba~ eswavla,namdvil<br />

muzad iqca. `me miviRe is iseve, rogorc avadmyofobas<br />

iReben. miveCvie realobas, rom madridi mxolod garToba<br />

da fufuneba ar aris da es monetis marto erTi mxarea,rom<br />

did qalaqebs aqvT gareubnebi da nagavsayrelebi, xmauri<br />

da siRaribe, magram, amasTanave, swored am naklovanebebSia<br />

maTi sidiade. SeiZleba iTqvas, gavizarde, ganvviTardi,<br />

gamovibrZmede da gavmdidrdi madridSi,qalaqis ritmisa da<br />

guliscemis paralelurad. Cemi cxovreba da Cemi filmebi<br />

dakavSirebuli, gadajaWvulia madridTan~. 1 dedaqalaqis<br />

macxovrebeli ubralo adamianebi, momxmarebelTa epoqis<br />

Camoyalibebis dasawyisis saSualo klasis espanelebi,<br />

Tavisi patara sisusteebiTa da midrekilebebiT,<br />

sixarulebiTa da problemebiT, almodovaris STagonebis<br />

wyaro gaxda.<br />

misi filmebi yvela arsebuli da ararsebuli<br />

mimdinareobis nazavia, risTvisac mas `kinopankic~ 2 ki<br />

uwodes. mis namuSevrebs espanuri kulturisaTvis ukve<br />

qrestomaTiulad qceuli erovnuli Tavisebureba _<br />

Savi iumori, ironia da TviTironia gamoarCevs. reJisori<br />

dascinis adamianur sisusteebsa da TvalTmaqcobebs,<br />

masobrivi kulturis nawilad qceul religias da<br />

religiad qceul televizias.<br />

masobrivi kulturis fetiSebiT Sepyrobil<br />

momxmarebelTa epoqis sazogadoebisTvis,romlis gemovneba<br />

da faseulobebi satelevizio reklamebSi warmodgenili,<br />

mudmivgaxamebuli TeTreulisa da mudmivad gaRimebuli<br />

adamianebiT dasaxlebuli,ararsebuli idealuri samyaros<br />

gavleniT yalibdeba, moraluri muxruWebi mniSvnelobas<br />

kargaven, radgan mTavari _ gayidvebis raodenobis zrda<br />

xdeba. swored satelevizio reklamaa reJisoris dacinvis<br />

1<br />

www.clubcultura.com/clubcine/clubcineastas/almodovar/eng/engnoticias.<br />

htm<br />

2<br />

В е т р о в а Т. Кто вы сеньор Альмодовар?, сбор. «Киносценарии, фильмы,<br />

люди, события»., стр. 136.<br />

<strong>55</strong>

TamTa TurmaniZe<br />

yvelaze mkveTri da mudmivi obieqti. almodovaris<br />

filmSi „qalebi nerviuli krizis zRvarze~ (1988)<br />

karmen maura asaxierebs msaxiob qals, visi yvelaze<br />

`warmatebuli~ roli sarecxi fxvnilis satelevizio<br />

reklamaSi Sesrulebuli mkvlelis dedaa, romelic<br />

saswaulmoqmedi fxvnilis saSualebiT ukvalod aqrobs<br />

sisxlis laqebs sakuTari Svilis perangidan da mas<br />

policielTa devnisgan gadaarCens. aranakleb groteskulia<br />

imave filmSi prezervativis reklama, romelsac mRvdeli<br />

pirdapir jvrisweraze gadascems patarZals. reJisori<br />

am sareklamo rgolebs kolaJurad, moulodnelad rTavs<br />

xolme filmis struqturaSi. onavari bavSvis msgavsad, _<br />

aRizianebs, eTamaSeba, TiTqos maxes ugebs mayurebels, rom<br />

mere misi gaocebuli saxis gamometyvelebaze gaicinos.<br />

Tanamedrove sazogadoebas televizia hkarnaxobs _<br />

rogor icxovros, raze ifiqros da iocnebos, ra aris<br />

cudi da ra _ kargi, risken unda iswrafodes da ras<br />

ufrTxodes. is ukve didi xania Caenacvla namdvil<br />

cxovrebasa da gancdebs, sinamdvile popkulturis mier<br />

damkvidrebulma stereotipebma Secvales. amitomac<br />

umowyalo,daundobeli ironiulobiT asaxavs almodovari<br />

am axali droebis bomons da Tavis filmebSi dascinis<br />

TiToeuli CvenganisTvis yoveldRiurobad qceul Toq-<br />

Souebs, sadac adamianebis namdvili grZnobebi da gancdebi,<br />

tkivilebi da sixarulebi mxolod reitingis amaRlebis<br />

iaraRad qceula da gansakuTrebulad cremlebi an<br />

pirdapir eTerSi Cxubi fasobs. asea almodovaris 2002<br />

wels gadaRebul filmSi `esaubre mas~, sadac mTavari<br />

gmiri qalisTvis,toreador lidiasTvis,misi sayvarelTan<br />

ganSorebis Sesaxeb detalebis dasatyueblad,Sous wamyvani<br />

kabis kalTaze Camoekideba mas da aseT mdgomareobaSi<br />

studiis kulisebamde sdevs. asevea 2006 wels gadaRebul<br />

filmSi `dabruneba~, sadac kiboTi daavadebuli personaJi,<br />

saxelad agustina,mkurnalobisTvis saWiro fulis Sovnis<br />

56

almodovari da momxmarebelTa sazogadoebis fetiSebi<br />

mizniT,Tavisi cxovrebiseuli dramis sarfianad `miyidvas~<br />

cdilobs televiziisTvis. magram reJisorisTvis<br />

autaneli, yalbi telesamyaros yvela mankierebis saxieri<br />

xorcSesxma misi filmis _ `kikas~ (1993) erT-erTi gmiri<br />

andreaa. mas televiziiT sakuTari gadacema _ `yvelaze<br />

saSineli dRe~ mihyavs da yovel saRamos teleekranidan<br />

didi dramatulobiTa da aSkara siamovnebiT uyveba<br />

mayurebels momxdari mkvlelobebis, TviTmkvlelobebis,<br />

sisxlis aRrevebisa Tu gaupatiurebebis Sesaxeb. andreas,<br />

reJisoris sayvarel ferebSi gadawyvetili,samosi TiTqos<br />

agresiuli genderulobis afeTqebis nimuSia, romelsac<br />

Sav fonze Semxmari sisxlis laqebiviT dayveba wiTeli<br />

arSiebi. leSze monadire svavis mizandasaxulobiT daeZebs<br />

sakbilos, nebismieri ubeduri SemTxveva misTvis mxolod<br />

sensaciuri siuJetis Seqmnis saSualebaa. andrea albaT<br />

erTaderTi qali personaJia almodovaris filmografiaSi,<br />

romelic reJisoris TanagrZnobas ar iwvevs. is,<br />

televiziis mier damkvidrebuli da deklarirebuli,<br />

momxmarebelTa epoqis obivatelTa cru faseulobebis,<br />

mZafri SegrZnebebisa da Zaladobisaken miswrafebis<br />

saxea, romlisTvisac Cveulebrivi adamianuri grZnobebi<br />

mxolod reportaJisaTvis xelisSemSleli faqtorebia.<br />

Tavad almodovari ki yovelTvis uaryofda Zaladobas,<br />

mis nebismier gamoxatulebaSi: `mZuls Zaladoba.<br />

gulisamrevia, rodesac vinme cdilobs isargeblos Zalis,<br />

asakis, mdgomareobis an Tundac gonebis upiratesobiT~. 1<br />

miuxedavad mTeli Tavisi araordinalurobisa,<br />

almodovari espanuri kulturis WeSmariti<br />

warmomadgenelia da mis SemoqmedebaSi aranaklebi<br />

mniSvneloba masobrivi kulturis nawilad qceuli<br />

religiis cru msaxurebis groteskul warmoCenas eniWeba.<br />

pedro almodovarma, iseve rogorc misma „maswavlebelma~<br />

diadma espanelma „RvTismgmobelma da skandalistma~<br />

1<br />

http://videodrome.ru/stuff/3980-4<strong>55</strong>.shtml<br />

57

TamTa TurmaniZe<br />

luis bunuelma, RvTis rwmena pataraobidanve iezuitTa<br />

kolejSi swavlisas dakarga. diqtaturis dros<br />

savaldebulo saeklesio swavlebis realuri saxe<br />

mogvianebiT reJisorma Tavis yvelaze polemikur filmSi<br />

„cudi aRzrda~ (2004) warmoaCina. eklesia, romelic<br />

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi eris gamaerTianebeli ideis<br />

funqcias asrulebda, diqtaturis periodSi, jarsa<br />

da aristokratiasTan erTad, reJimis erT-erT mTavar<br />

sayrdenad iqca. gansakuTrebulad groteskulia eklesiis<br />

warmoCenis mxriv almodovaris filmi `bneli vnebani~<br />

(1983). reJisori xSirad aRniSnavda, rom yvelgan, sadac<br />

kiCis Cveneba surda, eklesias mimarTavda. 1 magram is,<br />

rac xdeba am filmSi, codvebis gamosasyidi ordenis<br />

dedaTa monasterSi, yvelaze gabedul fantaziaSic ki<br />

warmoudgenelia. monastris winamZRoli dedao mocaleobis<br />

Jams heroins etaneba, morCilebs arcTu dedaSviluri<br />

siyvaruliT uTvalTvalebs, misi samuSao oTaxis kedlebi<br />

ki wmindanebis gamosaxulebebis paralelurad kinodivebis<br />

_ merilin monros, requel uelCis, liz teilorisa<br />

Tu sxvebis posterebiTaa morTuli; Semowirulobebis<br />

Sesagroveblad tortebis gayidvisas erT-erTi monazoni<br />

maT rogorc qristes xorcisa da sisxlisgan gamomcxvar<br />

saswaulmoqmed namcxvrebs warmoaCens; RvTismsaxurebidan<br />

Tavisufal dros mamao film `Cem mSvenier lediSi~ odri<br />

hepbernis Cacmulobis detalebs ganixilavs; ukiduresi<br />

sasowarkveTilebis Jams ki `qristes sasZloebi~ oxvriT<br />

acxadeben, rom mxolod RvTis imedadRa unda darCnen.<br />

moCvenebiTi morCilebisa da farisevlobis samyaro, sadac<br />

saxalxo TviTgvema sacirko balaganis nomrad qceula.<br />

TiTqmis yvela Tavis filmSi kaTolikuri eklesiis<br />

sakmaod ironiuli warmoCeniT almodovari Tavisi<br />

arCeuli maswavleblis _ luis bunuelis WeSmariti<br />

memkvidrea. marTalia,am ori reJisoris xelwera mkveTrad<br />

1<br />

http://esquire.ru/wil/pedro-almodovar<br />

58

almodovari da momxmarebelTa sazogadoebis fetiSebi<br />

gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, magram orive maTgani, udidesi<br />

individualobis miuxedavad, pirvel rigSi, espanuri<br />

kulturis warmomadgenlebi arian da swored erovnuli<br />

wiaRidan, sinamdvilis mwvave groteskiT gadmocemis<br />

tradiciidan iRebs saTaves maTi kinematografi. Tavad<br />

don pedroc xom am stilis fuZemdeblis samSoblodan<br />

– la manCidan aris warmoSobiT. almodovari didi<br />

siamovnebiT TamaSobs arsebuli realobis iluzorulobiT<br />

da daundoblad dascinis momxmarebelTa epoqis<br />

sazogadoebis yofis, moCvenebiTi keTildReobisa da<br />

simSvidis gamomxatvel fetiSebs.<br />

gamoyenebuli literatura<br />

• Ветрова Т. Кто вы сеньор Альмодовар?, сбор.<br />

«Киносценарии, фильмы, люди, события». Москва,<br />

«Вереск»,1996.<br />

• http://seance.ru/n/10/almodovar-portait/nad-vsey-ispanieyanilinovoe-nebo/<br />

• www.videodrome.ru/stuff/3980-4<strong>55</strong>.shtml<br />

• www.clubcultura.com/clubcine/clubcineastas/almodovar/eng/<br />

engnoticias.htm<br />

• http://esquire.ru/wil/pedro-almodovar<br />

59

60<br />

lela oCiauri<br />

kulturfilmi `buba~ =<br />

saqarTvelos istorias + qarTuli kinos<br />

istoria + pirovnebis bedi sabWoTa<br />

epoqaSi<br />

qarTul kinomcodneobiT teqstebSi arsebobs<br />

damkvidrebuli gansazRvrebebi _ qarTuli... `kinos<br />

gariJraJze~, `kinos pionerebi~, `kinos novatorebi~...<br />

saqarTveloSi aseve uyvarT xazgasma, rom _ raRac,<br />

Tu viRac _ `pirvelia~, raRac `pirvelad xdeba~, viRacam<br />

raRac `pirvelad gaakeTa~...<br />

mec mivbaZav sxvebs da gamoviyeneb imas, rac<br />

saqarTveloSi uyvarT da damkvidrebulia, radgan filmi,<br />

romelzec saubars vapireb _ `axali saqarTvelos<br />

gariJraJs~,axali (gamanadgurebeli) saxelmwifos Senebis,<br />

saqarTveloSi axali cxovrebis wesis damkvidrebisa da<br />

qarTuli (sabWoTa) kinematografis Camoyalibebis pirvel<br />

wlebs ukavSirdeba. e. i., am mxriv, erT-erTi pirvelia.<br />

misi Semqmneli ki _ nuca (nino) RoRoberiZe<br />

(xuciSvili) _ pirveli qarTveli kinoreJisori qalia,<br />

qali-kinoreJisoris gadaRebuli pirveli sabWoTa (cxadia,<br />

qarTulic) mxatvruli filmis avtoric.<br />

da es werilic nuca RoRoberiZesa da mis dokumentur,<br />

`kulturfilmze~ 1 `buba~ erT-erTi pirvelia [`bubas~<br />

1 `aTian wlebSi germaniaSi gaCnda axali kinoJanri, romelic<br />

dokumenturi kinos nairsaxeobas warmoadgenda da romelsac germaniis<br />

garda, yvelgan, sadac am Janris filmebs iRebdnen, kulturfilmi<br />

erqva (Culturfilm). misi aRzevebis periodi nacistebis xelisuflebaSi<br />

yofnis xanas emTxveva. Tavdapirvelad kulturfilmebis daxmarebiT<br />

moxerxda kinos, rogorc konstruqciuli kulturuli Zalis,<br />

legitimacia. amaSi yvelaze didi wvlili saganmanaTleblo seqtorma<br />

Seitana, romelic cdilobda, mozardebze kinos mavnebluri zegavlena<br />

Seesustebina da sxva tipis kinematografi SeeTavazebina axalgazrda<br />

mayureblisTvis, Tumca, male Janris SesaZleblobebiT politikuri

garSemo kvleva-analizi Catarebuli aqvs kinomcodne<br />

eTer okujavas wignSi `daviT kakabaZe Teatrsa da<br />

kinoSi~ da laSa baqraZes (germanisti, mkvlevari,<br />

saqarTvelos giorgi leoniZis saxelobis saxelmwifo<br />

muzeumis direqtori), JurnalSi `kino cxeli Sokoladi~,<br />

gamoqveynebul statiaSi `nuca RoRoberiZe (1902-1966)<br />

pirveli qarTveli reJisori qali~. am publikaciaSi,<br />

faqtobrivad, yvela arsebuli dokumentia Tavmoyrili,<br />

`dRis sinaTleze gamotanili~ (esec sayvareli gamoTqmaa<br />

saqarTveloSi) da gaanalizebuli].<br />

winamdebare statiis `pirvelobasac~ araerTi mizezi<br />

Zalebic dainteresdnen. kulturfilmebis warmoebaSi nacionalisturmilitaristuli<br />

da saganmanaTleblo miznebi erTmaneTs gadaejaWva.<br />

... 1920-iani wlebis bolos ramdenime sabWoTa reJisors mieca<br />

germaniaSi mogzaurobisa da iqauri kinoindustriis gacnobis<br />

saSualeba. berlinSi ramdenime weli gaatares nikolai lebedevma<br />

da vladimir erofeevma. saganmanaTleblo da kulturuli xasiaTis<br />

filmebidan maT ufro eTnografiuli, saeqspedicio da geografiuli<br />

filmebi moewonaT da sabWoTa kavSirSi dabrunebis Semdeg maTi<br />

aqtiuri propaganda daiwyes.<br />

im droisTvis sabWoTa kavSiri kulturfilmebis warmoebiT<br />

germanias ver Seedreboda, Tumca, iseve rogorc nacisturma, sabWoTa<br />

reJimmac kargad gaacnobiera kulturfilmebis potenciali Tavisi<br />

Zalauflebis gamyarebis TvalsazrisiT. socialisturi respublikebis<br />

adgilobriv kinomrewvelobebs, maT Soris _ qarTul saxkinmrewvs,<br />

dokumentur-qronikaluri seqciis Seqmna/gaZliereba daevala. nelnela<br />

mTeli kavSiris masStabiT daiwyo kulturfilmebis bumi _<br />

ase uwodebdnen TiTqmis yvelafers, rac mxatvruli kinos sazRvrebs<br />

scildeboda. 20-iani wlebis bolos da 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi<br />

axalgazrda kinoenTuziastebma saqarTvelos kinostudiis bazaze<br />

bevri kulturfilmi Seqmnes, romlebic dRes Janris SesaniSnav<br />

magaliTebad SeiZleba miviCnioT. aseTebia sergei fiodorCenkos „visi<br />

bralia~, siko doliZis „miwis Zaxili~, aleqsandre jaliaSvilis<br />

„dilis aTi wuTi~, vaxtang SveliZis „kolmeurnis higiena~, mark riJis<br />

„janmrTelobis samWedlo~, kote miqaberiZisa da vasil dolenkos<br />

„rasac dasTes, imas moimki~, nuca RoRoberiZis „buba~ da mravali<br />

sxva suraTi, romlebic mizezTa gamo, saqarTveloSi mayureblisTvis<br />

dRes sruliad ucnobia, ufro metic – ignorirebulia~. Nnino ZanZava,<br />

`kulturfilmi: Janri da ideologia~, 24 oqtomberi, 2012, http://<br />

mastsavlebeli.ge/?action=news&npid=560<br />

61

lela oCiauri<br />

aqvs da es metad mniSvnelovania, ara TavisTavad, aramed<br />

gamomdinare im realobidan, romelic saqarTvelosa da,<br />

uSualod, reJisoris piradi da, Sesabamisad, kinosuraTis<br />

istoriidan (romelic ganzogadebul istoriadac<br />

SeiZleba miviRoT _ adamianis, sazogadoebis, xelovanis,<br />

kinematografisa Tu filmis...) gamomdinarea da pirdapiraa<br />

masze mibmuli.<br />

saqarTveloSi aseve uyvarT Tqma _ `cxovrebaSi<br />

dabruneba~, `xelaxali sicocxle~, `mayureblis farTo<br />

masebs ar (an jer ar) unaxavT~ da a. S. `buba~ dRes<br />

am procesebsac gadis _ mayurebelTan, sazogadoebasTan,<br />

qveynis kulturaSi,AcxovrebaSi dabrunebis gzas. 1<br />

didi xania, ukve aRarc sabWoTa kavSiria da aRarc<br />

saxelmwifo, romelsac komunistebi 70 weli aSenebdnen,<br />

aRarc saxalxo komisrebi da represiebi, aRarc<br />

1 `... reJisorma sul sami filmis gadaReba moaswro: 1928 wels mixeil<br />

kalatoziSvilTan erTad _ `maTi samefo~, 1930 wels, dokumenturi<br />

filmi `buba~, xolo 1933 _ wels mxatvruli filmi `uJmuri~, romlis<br />

scenaris SeqmnaSi nuca xuciSvili-RoRoberiZis megobrebi, didi<br />

reJisorebi _ dovJenko da eizenSteini monawileobdnen. filmis Cabarebisas<br />

samxatvro-politikur sabWoze, nuca RoRoberiZem lamis winaswarmetyvelurad<br />

ganacxada: `Tqven Cvengan agitfilms moiTxovT...<br />

CvenTan iseTi mdgomareobaa, rom vimyofebiT gzisgasayarze, saidanac<br />

yvela mimarTuleba sasikvdiloa~. es sityvebi 30-iani wlebis sab-<br />

WoTa epoqis zusti Sefasebaa. Zalian male, misi cxovreba marTlac<br />

jojoxeTad iqca _ devna,gadasaxleba,cixe da... dabruneba. mogvianebiT,<br />

tkivilnarevi RimiliT ityvis: `arqipelagi gulagi~ _ es Cemi qveyanaa,<br />

me iq aTi weli vicxovre~!. dagvianebiT, magram sabednierod, mainc vixileT<br />

pirveli qarTveli reJisori-qalis dokumenturi filmi, romlis<br />

xarisxi, ganvlil wlebTan erTad, kidev ufro dasafasebelia.<br />

bedis ironiiT, nuca xuciSvili-RoRoberiZis erTaderTi da CvenTvis<br />

ucnobi mxatvruli filmi `uJmuri~, romelic aseve `gosfilmofond-<br />

Si~ aRadgines, jer kidev miuwvdomelia... arada, aTiode wlis win<br />

aRdgenili firis originalis yidva sul raRac 10 aTas dolarad<br />

SeiZleboda~. daviT buxrikiZe, `sabWoTa jojoxeTidan bednierebis<br />

matareblamde~, `cxeli Sokoladis~ qarTuli filmebis krebuli~. 24<br />

Tebervali, 2012<br />

62

kulturfilmi `buba~ = saqarTvelos istorias +<br />

qarTuli kinos istoria + pirovnebis bedi sabWoTa epoqaSi<br />

`gulagebi~ da aRarc mgznebare idealisti _ jalaTibolSevikebi<br />

arian; aRarc sabWoTa ideologiaa da aRarc<br />

samTavrobo dadgenileba _ dekreteb-yriloba-direqtivebi<br />

moqmedebs. akrZalvebi didi xania moixsna; Taroebidan,<br />

rac CamosaRebi iyo, CamoiRes da yvela skivri gaiRo,<br />

SigTavsis gamosamzeureblad, ukve 20-ze meti welia<br />

da damaluli TiTqos aRaraferi darCa, magram pirveli<br />

qarTveli qali-kinoreJisoris filmi TiTqmis dRemde<br />

`eloda~ cxovrebaSi _ Sin _ dabrunebas _ gadaRebidan<br />

80 wlis Semdeg.<br />

filmi laSa baqraZem kinostudiaSi saarqivo masalebze<br />

muSaobisas SemTxveviT aRmoaCina. misi varaudiT, `buba~<br />

XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi (savaraudod, miwuruls,<br />

rodesac aseTi raRacebi SesaZlebeli gaxda) moskovis<br />

`gosfilmofondidanaa~ (sadac uklebliv yvela filmi<br />

inaxeba, gansakuTrebiT ssrk-Si Seqmnili) gamowerili.<br />

Tumca, drosa da samSobloSi `dabrunebis~ miuxedavad,<br />

filmi sul erTxel Tu orjeraa datrialebuli (isic,<br />

savaraudod,uviwroves wreSi),Semdeg isev,ramdenimewlian<br />

daviwyebas micemuli (albaT saqarTveloSi 90-ian<br />

wlebSi arsebuli viTarebidan gamomdinare) da rom ara<br />

laSa baqraZe, vin icis, ganwiruli iqneboda kidev ramdeni<br />

wliT (an samudamod) warsulSi dasarCenad. sabolood<br />

dasaviwyeblad.<br />

manamde, filmis sxva asli, calkeuli fragmentebis<br />

garda (daculia saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi),<br />

saqarTveloSi arsad arsebobda. dokumenturi, saarqivo<br />

beWduri, foto masalac `bubasa~ da misi reJisoris<br />

Sesaxeb Zalian mwiria.<br />

ratom xvda wilad aseTi bedi `bubas~ da ratom<br />

aRmoCnda is, xelovnebis sxva araerTi nawarmoebis<br />

msgavsad da raRac TvalsazrisiT,raRacaze ufro metadac,<br />

Serisxuli sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier?! ratom moxda,<br />

rom filmi, romelic sabWoTa ideologiis, cenzuris,<br />

63

lela oCiauri<br />

skp(b)-s dadgenilebebisa da kinoxelovnebisTvis wayenebuli<br />

moTxovnilebebis Sesrulebisa da Tavis droze aRiarebis<br />

miuxedavad, bolos TiTqmis dakarguli iyo fizikuradac<br />

da qarTuli kinematografis istoriidanac?!<br />

imitom, rom nuca RoRoberiZe represirebuli iyo,<br />

10 weli gadasaxlebaSi gaatara. bunebrivia, `xalxisa<br />

da samSoblos mtris~ Semoqmedebas, miT umetes, iseT<br />

sferoSi, rogoric kinematografia (komunistebis xedviT<br />

_ yvelaze masobrivi da agitaciis saukeTeso saSualeba)<br />

informacias mis Sesaxeb, TviT saxelsac gansakuTrebuli<br />

sisastikiT mospobdnen da gaanadgurebdnen. asec moxda.<br />

Semdeg ki, rodesac represiebma gadaiara, TiTqmis yvelam<br />

miiviwya pirveli qarTveli kinoreJisori qali da manac<br />

`daiviwya~ sakuTari Tavi. daiviwya `Zveli~ cxovreba da<br />

profesia,rodesac gadasaxlebidan Sin dabrunda da kvlav,<br />

albaT ukve mesamed, axali cxovreba daiwyo, romelic,<br />

samwuxarod, didxans ar gagrZelebula. igi 62 wlisa<br />

gardaicvala.<br />

nuca RoRoberiZe reJisori 25 wlis asakSi gaxda.<br />

sxvaTa Soris, erTaderTi qali reJisori (maSin da ara<br />

mxolod pirveli) da rogorc laSa baqraZem gamoikvlia,<br />

`saxkinmrewvis~ erTaderTi qali TanamSromeli.<br />

reJisoroba dokumenturi kinoTi daiwyo da pirveli<br />

filmi,romelzec mixeil kalatoziSvilTan erTad imuSava,<br />

1928 wels,`maTi samefo~ iyo,romelSic kalatoziSvilis<br />

sareJisoro azrovnebaa ukve gamokveTili, im periodis<br />

kinostilistikis mTavari xazebic gavlebuli<br />

da ideologiuri moTxovnebis principebic ukve<br />

fexmokidebulia.<br />

`cnobilia, rom XX saukunis 20-30-iani wlebis<br />

mijnaze sabWoTa kinoSi axali cxovrebis pozitiuri<br />

sivrceebis saCveneblad kinematografistebi mimarTavdnen<br />

asaxvis iseT xerxs,rogoricaa Zveli da axali cxovrebis<br />

Sepirispirebuli Cveneba da amis safuZvelze cdilobdnen<br />

64

kulturfilmi `buba~ = saqarTvelos istorias +<br />

qarTuli kinos istoria + pirovnebis bedi sabWoTa epoqaSi<br />

realuri sinamdvilis axsnas. mxatvruli asaxvis es<br />

meTodi erTnairad popularuli iyo dokumentur da<br />

mxatvrul kinoSi. mixeil kalatoziSvilisa da debiutanti<br />

reJisoris nino RoRoberiZis dokumenturi filmi `maTi<br />

samefo~ (`18-28~), gadaRebuli 1928 wels daviT kakabaZis<br />

mxatvrobiT, am SemoqmedebiTi tendenciis nimuSia. amis<br />

Taobaze TviT mixeil kalatoziSvili mogvianebiT<br />

igonebda, rom mtkvris piras man ipova firi, romelic<br />

aRmoCnda menSevikebis dros gadaRebuli kinoqronika<br />

(`makdonaldis Camosvla saqarTveloSi~). swored es<br />

napovni firi daupirispires man da nino RoRoberiZem<br />

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos yofiT sinamdviles. `maSin,<br />

_ werda m. kalatoziSvili _ `memarcxene~ xelovanTa<br />

JurnalSi, “H2SO4” (1927) – Zalian gatacebuli viyavi<br />

obieqtis uCveulo wertilidan gadaRebiT. aparatiT<br />

sul Tavdayira videqi, sad ar vZvrebodi, rom kadris<br />

saintereso kompoziciisaTvis mimegno~. 1<br />

amboben, rom nuca RoRoberiZe `win ver aRudga~<br />

iseTi didi reJisoris xelovnebis Tavbrudamxvev Zalas,<br />

rogoric `jim SvanTes~ avtors gaaCnda da aSkarad ganicada<br />

mixeil kalatoziSvilis gavlena damoukidebel film<br />

`bubaze~ (gadaRebulia 1930 wels, nuca RoRoberiZisve<br />

scenariT, mxatvaria daviT kakabaZe, operatori _ sergo<br />

zabozlaevi, monawileoben _ quTaisis Teatris msaxiobi<br />

petre WiWinaZe da raWis sofel Rebis mcxovreblebi)<br />

muSaobisas. aseTi ram sruliad bunebrivi da gasagebi iyo,<br />

radgan kinoena mxolod maSin yalibdeboda da reJisorebi<br />

am kinoenis Ziebebis,eqsperimentebis,saxeebis _ sxvadasxva<br />

xarisxiTa da formiT _ arsebul gamocdilebas aSkarad<br />

organulad iyenebdnen. (`bubas~ Temac axloa `jim<br />

SvanTesTan~, romelSic ambavi svaneTSi viTardeba da<br />

analogiur istorias moicavs).<br />

1 eTer okujava, `daviT kakabaZe Teatrsa da kinoSi~, gv. 127,<br />

saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministro, kulturuli<br />

memkvidreobis dacvis 2008 wlis programa, Tbilisi, 2008.<br />

65

lela oCiauri<br />

`udavoa, rom mTis Temam didi STabeWdileba moaxdina<br />

TanamedroveTa Semoqmedebaze. magaliTad,nino RoRoberiZem<br />

gadawyvita Seeqmna kidev erTi axali filmi mTielTa<br />

Sesaxeb, amas gvamcnobs Jurnali `droSa~ (1930, <strong>#2</strong>).<br />

SesaZloa, swored `jim SvanTes~ gavleniT miiwvia man<br />

daviT kakabaZe filmis mxatvrad. rogorc Cans, am filmsa<br />

da `jim SvanTeze~ muSaoba TiTqmis paralelurad<br />

mimdinareobda.<br />

rogorc filmis Sesaxeb SemorCenili masalebidan<br />

Cans, n. RoRoberiZis dokumenturi filmi mxatvruli<br />

filmisaTvis damaxasiaTebel siuJetur monacemsac<br />

moicavda. igi mayurebels mouTxrobda samaCablos da<br />

zemo raWis soflebis yofa-cxovrebaze. Canafiqri,<br />

romelic egzotikis miRma, ugzoobas da sxva gaWirvebas<br />

amxelda, gadmocemuli iyo sadadgmo elementebiT. kerZod,<br />

filmSi mTxroblis funqcias warmarTavda moqmedi<br />

piri _ turisti, romelic aRtacebuli iyo bunebiT,<br />

raWis myinvarebiT, ucxo peizaJebiT. aq sainteresoa<br />

aRiniSnos erTi ram, kerZod: revoluciidan cameti wlis<br />

Semdeg sabWoTa xelisuflebis xotbis kvaldakval<br />

gaJRerda mniSvnelovani saTqmeli adamianis fizikuri<br />

Tu socialuri yofis autaneli pirobebis Sesaxeb.<br />

konkretulad `bubas~ magaliTze n. RoRoberiZis mizani<br />

iyo,rom mayureblisaTvis eCvenebina garegnuli silamazis<br />

miRma arsebuli cxovrebis mtkivneuli simarTle da<br />

amisaTvis iyenebda turistis mogzaurobas, romelsac<br />

upirispirdeba sinamdvile: `ugzooba,miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis<br />

autaneli geografiuli klimaturi pirobebi, qalebis<br />

da bavSvebis mZime samuSaoebi, romelnic asrulebdnen<br />

Sinaursa da mindvris samuSaos. mTavari kinogadaRebebi<br />

warmoebda sofel RebSi, 2100 metris simaRleze. amJamad<br />

suraTi ukve damTavrebulia da uaxloes droSi iqneba<br />

gamoSvebuli Tbilisis kinoekranze~, _ vkiTxulobT<br />

66

kulturfilmi `buba~ = saqarTvelos istorias +<br />

qarTuli kinos istoria + pirovnebis bedi sabWoTa epoqaSi<br />

filmisadmi miZRvnil publikaciaSi~. 1<br />

`buba~ 5-nawiliani dokumentur-sadadgmo filmia,<br />

romelSic Txroba Taviseburi formiTaa ganviTarebuli<br />

_ raWis bunebiTa da realobiT turisti tkbeba,<br />

romelic aqeT-iqiT midi-modis, mTis wyaros wyliT<br />

bunebis sadRegrZelos svams da mosaxleobis cxovrebas<br />

ecnoba. misi `STabeWdilebebi~ saagitacio elferis<br />

titrebis monacvleobiTaa `gaxmovanebuli~, romlebsac<br />

sadRac miCqmaluli ironia dahkravT da amave dros,<br />

politkoreqtulia, radgan mTavar saTqmels atareben.<br />

filmis mxatvarma daviT kakabaZem, iseve, rogorc `jim<br />

SvanTes~ SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra `bubas~<br />

plastikur-mxatvruli saxis gadawyveta. aqac, reJisori,<br />

mxatvarsa da operatorTan erTad, iyenebs montaJurpoeturi<br />

kinos principebs (romelic imdroindel<br />

qarTul Tu evropul-amerikul kinoSi axali aRmoCenili<br />

da damkvidrebuli iyo), mniSvnelovan aqcents akeTebs<br />

filmis plastikur gadawyvetaze. rakursebi, xedebis da<br />

gadaRebis wertilebis, montaJuri wyobis monacvleoba,<br />

specifikuri ganaTeba,ambis Txrobis manera,portretebi _<br />

tipaJebi, eTnografiuli etiudebi, wafenebi, diagonaluri<br />

kadrebi _ erTi sityviT, aq yvela mxatvruli elementia,<br />

romlebic kinematografiuli struqturis Sesaqmnelad<br />

`gamoiyeneba~.<br />

buba raWis erT-erTi umaRlesi da Tovliani<br />

mwvervalia. aqedan filmis saxelwodebac da bunebis<br />

sipirquSis, stiqiis umarTaobisa da adamianebis bedze<br />

bunebrivi pirobebis mZime Sedegebis metaforulobac,<br />

bubas am yvelaferTan gaigivebac _ saTaurSi Cadebuli.<br />

saerTod, `kulturfilmi~ _ am SemTxvevaSi, `buba~ _<br />

sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT SemecnebiTi, propagandistuli,<br />

1<br />

iqve, gv. 165 (eTer okujavas naSromi `daviT kakabaZe Teatrsa da kinoSi~,<br />

saidanac maqvs citatebi moxmobili, laSa baqraZis mier filmis<br />

aRmoCenamdea dawerili da gamoqveynebuli. amitom msjelobs avtori<br />

mxolod gadmocemebsa da publikaciebze dayrdnobiT).<br />

67

lela oCiauri<br />

saagitacio filmia, romelic, erTi mxriv, mayurebels<br />

acnobs raWas, mis bunebas, samkurnalo wylebs da meore<br />

mxriv, im mZime yofas, romelSic sofel Rebis, zogadad<br />

raWis, zogadad mTiani regionebisa da kidev ufro<br />

zogadad Zveli saqarTvelos mZime cxovrebas asaxavs. am,<br />

socialurad da fizikurad rTul cxovrebas, Zvels _<br />

axliT _ axali saqarTvelo cvlis da Tu manamde glexebi,<br />

soflis mcxovreblebi didian-patarianad iZulebulni<br />

iyvnen muxlCauxrelad eSromaT, bavSvebs, Cvilobis<br />

asakidan gamovidodnen Tu ara,maSinve Sroma unda daewyoT,<br />

dedebs SvilebisTvis ar ecalaT, radgan muSaobiT iyvnen<br />

dakavebulni, mamebi qeds iqiT SeSis saWrelad, didi xniT<br />

midiodnen, rom sarCo eSovaT, maTi soflis naTesebs ki<br />

mewyeri aCanagebda, axalma saqarTvelom axali cxovreba<br />

moutana adamianebs!!! buneba moTvinierda, aSenda hesebi,<br />

kaSxalebi, kurortebi, sanatoriumebi, mSromelebma<br />

komfortul pirobebSi sagzurebiT dasveneba daiwyes da<br />

samkurnalo wylebis sma da gaWirveba daiviwyes. maTma<br />

Svilebma ki, Sromis, WinWris krefis, xelebis dasusxvis,<br />

dedebze ocnebisa da mamebis monatrebis nacvlad,garTobis<br />

ufleba moipoves, mxiarulad drostarebis, cekva-TamaSisa<br />

da sicilis ufleba _ tirilis nacvlad.<br />

es xerxi _ Zvelisa da axlis dapirispireba, _<br />

sabWoTa kinos pirveli aTwleulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

gamoxatvis, savaldebulo forma iyo. adamianebs unda<br />

daenaxaT, Tu ra mSvenieri cxovreba moutana maT axalma<br />

droebam da reJisorebs maTTvis es yvelaferi unda<br />

eCvenebinaT.<br />

nuca RoRoberiZe am mxrivac _ rogorc reJisori _<br />

Tavisi epoqis msxverpli iyo da unda damorCileboda<br />

`bedis Zalas~, romelsac Semakavebeli jebirebi ar<br />

gaaCnda, erTaderTi gamosavlis garda _ ideur kabalas,<br />

XX saukunis 30-iani wlebis pirvel wlebamde,mxatvruli<br />

amocanebis,wminda kinematografiuli xerxebis,plastikuri<br />

68

kulturfilmi `buba~ = saqarTvelos istorias +<br />

qarTuli kinos istoria + pirovnebis bedi sabWoTa epoqaSi<br />

Tu SemoqmedebiTad esTetizebuli xelovnebis nimuSebiT,<br />

xerxebiT azrovneba da dapirispireba. `buba~ swored<br />

amgvari dapirispirebisa da SemoqmedebiTi Ziebebis<br />

nimuSia.<br />

P.S. nino _ nuca _ xuciSvili _ RoRoberiZe _<br />

ingilo iyo, sofel kaxidan. 1903 wels (meore versiiT,<br />

1902-Si) daibada, 6 wlisa (cxadia, ojaxTan, mSoblebTan,<br />

sam Zmasa da 5 dasTan erTad) saingilodan TbilisSi<br />

gadmosaxlda. kargi ganaTleba miiRo. gimnazia daamTavra,<br />

iswavla rusuli, franguli, germanuli enebi. Tbilisis<br />

universitetis filosofiis fakultetze Caabara da<br />

Semdeg ienis (germania) universitetis studenti gaxda.<br />

samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg kinos _ rogorc maSin<br />

iTvleboda _ axal, progresul da aqtualur xelovnebas<br />

_ daukavSirda da reJisori gaxda. Tumca, sul sami<br />

(1928-1934 wlebSi) filmis (yovel SemTxvevaSi, dRemde<br />

arsebuli informaciiTa da dokumenturad dadasturebiT)<br />

gadaReba moaswro _ ori dokumenturis _ `maTi samefo~,<br />

mixeil kalatoziSvilTan erTad da zemoxsenebuli `buba~<br />

da mxatvrulis _ `uJmuri~.<br />

im wlebSive Zmis _ raJden xuciSvilis ojaxSi gaicno<br />

rZlis Zma levan RoRoberiZe _ axalgazrda partiuli<br />

muSaki (romelsac sxvadasxva wlebSi sxvadasxva, maRali<br />

saxelisuflo Tanamdeboba hqonda) da didi siyvaruliT<br />

colad gahyva mas.<br />

riT damTavrda siyvarulis es ambavi da ra moutana<br />

nuca RoRoberiZes im sabediswero Sexvedram?<br />

TiTqos `Cveulebrivi~ istoriaa, sadRac<br />

sentimentaluric, melodramatuli surneliTa da<br />

sevdismomgvrelic. mis miRma rogorc erTi pirovnebis,<br />

aseve mTeli qveynis istoria da bedic TiTqos ilandeba,<br />

am istoriis mTeli tragizmi da SemaZrwunebloba, rac<br />

qarTuli sazogadoebis udidesma nawilma sakuTar Tavze<br />

tanjviT gadaitana.<br />

69

lela oCiauri<br />

Tu cotaTi romantikulebi, cota ufro adamianuri<br />

da aracinikurebi viqnebiT da sxva rakursSic SevxedavT<br />

nuca RoRoberiZis Tavgadasavals, davinaxavT, rom man<br />

– axalgazrda qalma, romelsac patara bavSvi hyavda,<br />

romelic im droisTvis qmarma miatova (romelmac<br />

dapatimrebis Semdeg SeuTvala _ urCia, gaecxadebina,<br />

rom mitovebuli coli iyo da levan RoRoberiZesTan<br />

aRaraferi akavSirebda), gadawyvita, gaeziarebina adamianis<br />

bedi, romelic, albaT, mainc (an odesRac) uyvarda. misi<br />

mdgomareobis Tanamonawiled yofna isurva. rogorc<br />

gvaxsovs, aseTi SemTxvevebi arsebobs istoriaSi.<br />

SeiZleba Tavisuflad gaviziaroT lana RoRoberiZis<br />

pozicia, rodesac igi dedis saqciels (nuca da levan<br />

RoRoberiZeebi misi mSoblebi iyvnen) xsnis da Tu Cvenc<br />

nuca RoRoberiZis namoqmedaris axsnis sxva kuTxesac<br />

movZebniT, SeiZleba Sedegi kidev ufro rTuli da mZime,<br />

ufro amaRelvebeli da ufro amaRlebulic aRmoCndes.<br />

`cixidan mamam werili moswera dedas (misi ori<br />

baraTi, romelic miviReT, papirosisTvis axeul qaRaldze<br />

iyo dawerili da gasarecxad gamogzavnili tanisamosis<br />

sarCulSi Camaluli): _ dawere, rom daSorebuli<br />

xar CemTan da daWeras gadarCebio. lanaze ifiqre da<br />

dawereo, _ TviTon marTlac ase dawera cixeSi Sedgenil<br />

avtobiografiaSi. dedam es ar gaakeTa, ver gadadga nabiji,<br />

romelic albaT, aTi wlis saSinelebas gadaarCenda,<br />

radgan Tvlida, rom amis moraluri ufleba ar hqonda.<br />

rom valdebuli iyo, Tavisi sindisis winaSe, mamasTan misi<br />

sasjeli gaenawilebina. monanieba! dedisTvis es sityva<br />

Rrma da Zalian piradi mniSvnelobiT iyo savse. mas<br />

unda moenaniebina misi meuRlis bolSevikuri mrwamsi,<br />

romelsac TviTon arasodes iziarebda... rogor, riTi?<br />

albaT mxolod cixiT da gadasaxlebiT~ _ wers lana<br />

RoRoberiZe nuca RoRoberiZis moTxrobebis krebulis<br />

70

kulturfilmi `buba~ = saqarTvelos istorias +<br />

qarTuli kinos istoria + pirovnebis bedi sabWoTa epoqaSi<br />

winaTqmaSi. 1 E<br />

nuca RoRoberiZem albaT sakuTar Tavs marTla<br />

TviTon gamoutana ganaCeni da miiRo sasjeli, romelic<br />

ar daumsaxurebia, msxverplSewirvis aqti aRasrula<br />

danaSaulisTvis,romelic ar Caudenia,magram romlis iribi,<br />

sulieri Tanamonawilec (Tanamoazre) aRmoCnda, radgan<br />

uyvarda adamiani, romlis politikur orientaciasac<br />

ar iziarebda da romelic, rogorc sxva araerTi misi<br />

Zveli TanamebrZoli, Semdeg Tavadve iqca Tavisianebis<br />

msxverplad.<br />

P.P.S. nuca RoRoberiZes Semoqmedebidan sami filmi<br />

da eqvsi moTxroba darCa. moTxrobebis es krebuli<br />

_ `bednierebis matarebeli~ lana RoRoberiZis,<br />

zemoxsenebuli winaTqmiT, axlaxan (2011 wlis miwuruls)<br />

gamosca gamomcemloba `inteleqtma~. literaturis<br />

muzeumSi, laSa baqraZis iniciativiT, wignis wardgineba<br />

da `bubas~ Cveneba gaimarTa. yvelaferi es _ filmic,<br />

moTxrobebSi aRwerili ambebi `gulagidan~, maTi avtoris<br />

bedic da is,rac Sida istoriebs gars axvevia,Cveni qveynis<br />

istoriaa, romelic warsulidan Tavs mudam gvaxsenebs da<br />

Tan bevr gamafrTxilebel niSans iZleva.<br />

1<br />

lana RoRoberiZe,winaTqma,nuca RoRoberiZe, `bednierebis matarebeli~,<br />

gv. 10, `inteleqti~, 2011.<br />

71

doqtorantTa<br />

samecniero statiebi 1<br />

1 naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelebis rekomendaciiT.<br />

statiis stili daculia<br />

73

maka vasaZe,<br />

Teatrmcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,<br />

xelmZRvaneli _ prof. mixeil kalandariSvili<br />

robert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana<br />

nawili III<br />

`makbeti~<br />

robert sturuam Seqspiris `makbeti~ rusTavelis<br />

TeatrSi 1995 wels dadga. es iyo reJisoris mier<br />

saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli Seqspiris mesame tragedia.<br />

`makbetSi~ reJisori isev mimarTavs ZalauflebisaTvis<br />

brZolis Temas, magram am SemTxvevaSi igi yuradRebas<br />

amaxvilebs adamianze, mis gancdebze. am speqtaklSi ufro<br />

mZafrad gamoikveTa samyaro _ adamianTa codvebiTa<br />

Tu ubiwoebiT aRvsili. aq adamianis sulieri ngreva,<br />

gadagvareba, sikvdili gaTanabrebulia samyaros ngrevasa<br />

da gacamtverebasTan.<br />

`makbetSi~ dro ar aris gansazRvruli. is,rac scenaze<br />

xdeba,yovel drosa da epoqaSi SeiZleboda momxdariyo da<br />

momavalSic moxdes. reJisoris am Canafiqrs scenografia<br />

(mxatvari m. SveliZe) da kostiumebi mkveTrad usvamen<br />

xazs. speqtakli TiTqos migdebul sardafSi an, SeiZleba,<br />

bunkerSi TamaSdeba. scenaze mimofantuli nivTebi drois<br />

ganusazRvrelobas usvams xazs. scenis Suaguli TiTqmis<br />

carielia. ufro swori iqneboda meTqva, gacamtverebulia.<br />

scenis orive mxares CaSavebuli kedlebi omis Semdgom<br />

gadabuguli Senobebis narCenebis STabeWdilebas toveben.<br />

adgilebSi moCans daJangebuli, gamoCrili milebi<br />

da eleqtrosadenebi. gaugebar nagebobebze mtvriani<br />

polieTilenis materiebia Camofarebuli. zemoT, mTeli<br />

scenis gaswvriv celofania gadaWimuli, romelic scenaze<br />

gaTamaSebuli movlenebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, xan<br />

TiTqos moiqufreba, xan scenaze CamoeSveba da fardis<br />

75

maka vasaZe<br />

rols asrulebs da scenas orad yofs. avanscenaze<br />

wiTeli savarZeli dgas, mis garSemo sxvadasxva nivTia<br />

mimobneuli. marjvniv maRalzurgiani Savi savarZelia.<br />

gverdiTa loJaze miyudebulia wmindanis fituli, wminda<br />

weriliT xelSi. TabaSirisagan damzadebuli Tavi metalis<br />

joxzea wamocmuli. qvabSi adamianis fitulia Cakidebuli.<br />

qveviT, mTel sigrZeze, gafenilia tyavismagvari, WuWyiani,<br />

TiTqos sisxliT gaJRenTili, qsovili. scenis garSemo<br />

xmlebia CarWobili. cariel scenaze dgas mxolod Savad<br />

SeRebili tabureti _ samefo taxtis komikuri analogi.<br />

scenaze Seqmnilia usaxuri, erTferovani samyaro, sadac<br />

sicocxlisTvis adgili ar arsebobs. swored am garemoSi<br />

TamaSdeba amazrzeni, binZuri brZola ZalauflebisaTvis.<br />

speqtaklSi yvelaferi reJisoris nebas eqvemdebareba. aq,<br />

xazgasmulia mxolod misi xedva speqtaklSi warmoCenili<br />

konfliqturi situaciebisa. scenografia, mizanscenebi,<br />

Strixebi, msaxiobebis TamaSi reJisoris zust, TiTqosda<br />

maTematikur gaTvlebs eqvemdebareba. aq, am speqtaklSi<br />

yvelaferi TamaSobs: tani, xelebi, TiTebis plastika.<br />

TiToeuli moZraoba, yvelaferi dakavSirebulia adamianis<br />

sulierebasTan, mis Sinagan ganwyobasTan. `makbetSi~<br />

robert sturuas sareJisoro ena Sors aris `yofiTi~<br />

scenuri urTierTobebisgan,cxovrebiseuli detalebisgan.<br />

aq, TiTqos, yvelaferi ukiduresi daZabulobis zRvarze<br />

mimdinareobs. speqtakli ar aris gadatvirTuli efeqtebiT,<br />

magram amave dros mayurebeli SeigrZnobs reJisoris<br />

ulevi fantaziis nayofs.<br />

speqtaklis dasawyisSi zaza papuaSvilis makbeti<br />

erTgvar nagvis grovaSi Tvlems. mxolod viwro Suqis<br />

zoli gamohyofs mas sibnelidan. igi gayuCebulia, TiTqos<br />

elis xelsayrel moments, raTa es momenti xelidan ar<br />

gauSvas da samefo gvirgvins daeuflos. am natvris<br />

asaxdenad ki xelsayreli pirobebia saWiro. speqtaklSi<br />

makbetis garSemo arsebuli qveyana ZalauflebisaTvis<br />

76

obert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana<br />

nawili III `makbeti~<br />

brZolis morevSia Cafluli. aq yovel avantiurists<br />

SeuZlia ibrZolos taxtisTvis. amisaTvis igi sxvebze<br />

odnav Wkviani, moxerxebuli, sastiki da daundobeli<br />

unda iyos. aq, am samyaroSi, aravinaa ucodveli. piesis<br />

personaJebisagan gansxvavebiT, speqtaklSi mefe dunkanic<br />

(daviT papuaSvili) sisxliani tirania. danarCeni<br />

didebulebic, qveynis mmarTvelobis saTaveSi myofni,<br />

masaviT TvalTmaqcni arian. yvelani erTnairebi arian<br />

da yovelis sanukvari ocneba samefo gvirgvinia. samefo<br />

gvirgvinisaTvis brZolaSi ki xan erTi imarjvebs, xan<br />

meore.<br />

robert sturuas makbets samefo atributika,<br />

simboloebi saerTod ar ainteresebs. misTvis mTavaria<br />

Zalauflebis mopoveba, rac mas saSualebas miscems<br />

ibatonos adamianebze. sisxlis suni aTrobs da abruebs.<br />

piesaSi makbeti SeSfoTebulia imis gamo, rom xelebidan<br />

sisxlis laqebs ver iSorebs, speqtaklSi ki makbeti<br />

sisxlis sunis SegrZnebas ver iSorebs. mefe dunkanis<br />

mkvlelobis Semdeg xSirad ynosavs Tavis xelebs.<br />

Tavdapirvelad TiTqos gulisrevis SegrZneba eufleba,<br />

magram Semdgom, sisxlis suni axali sisxlis daRvris<br />

survils aRuZravs. ledi makbetic raRacnairi netarebiT<br />

Seiynosavs xolme am sisxlis suns. magaliTad, makbetTan<br />

alersis scenaSi igi xarbad daynosavs meuRlis xelebs<br />

da mis saxeze Rimili gakrTeba. sisxlis suni meuRleebs<br />

TiTqos simxneves matebs da Semdgomi qmedebebis survils<br />

aRuZravs. amasTanave, makbets sindisis qenjnac awuxebs.<br />

mas aRelvebs `imqveyniuri dasjis~ sakiTxi. zaza<br />

papuaSvilis makbetisTvis ar aris sulerTi, Tu ra<br />

moelis mas sikvdilis Semdeg. speqtaklSi makbetisTvis<br />

erT-erTi yvelaze sulisSemZvreli kiTxvaa: `da me sad<br />

gameRviZeba?~ es fraza reJisoris CarTulia, rac kidev<br />

ufro metad aRrmavebs makbetis danaSaulis da sasjelis<br />

mniSvnelobas. erTxel Cadenili borotebis, mkvlelobis<br />

77

maka vasaZe<br />

Semdeg, sindisis qenjnis miuxedavad, makbeti jiutad<br />

agrZelebs sakuTar TavSi adamianuri grZnobebis Cakvlas.<br />

TiTqos borotebas gemo gaugoo, veRar Cerdeba, Tumca<br />

dunkanis mkvlelobis Semdeg igi Tavad aRar isvris<br />

sisxlSi xelebs da mkvlelebs qiraobs.<br />

speqtaklSi zaza papuaSvilis makbeti da nino kasraZis<br />

ledi makbeti ufro axalgazrdebi arian,vidre es piesaSia.<br />

gaaxalgazrdavebulia maTi garemocvac. isini TiTqos<br />

daavadebulni arian mkvlelobebis Cadenis sindromiT<br />

da daufiqreblad xocaven erTmaneTs. maTSi Cabudebuli<br />

sisastike uazro da auxsnelia. isini TiTqos gangebam<br />

Seqmna mkvlelebad. amis xazgasasmelad robert sturuam<br />

grZneuli debis saxeebi groteskul aspeqtSi gadawyvita.<br />

sam grZneul arsebas speqtaklSi ufrosi Taobis<br />

msaxiobebi: giorgi gegeWkori, guram saRaraZe da jemal<br />

RaRaniZe ganasaxierebdnen. reJisoris CanafiqriT isini<br />

idumali moCvenebebi ki ara, aramed gaurkveveli sqesis<br />

arsebebi arian. reJisori daeyrdno piesaSive arsebul<br />

miniSnebas _ banqo mimarTavs kudianebs: `dedakacebi unda<br />

iyoT, magram eg wveri sxvas mowmobs~. sturuas alqajebi<br />

ufro miwierni arian, vidre mistikurni. reJisorma da<br />

msaxiobebma ganzrax mimarTes yofiT detalebs, raTa<br />

alqajebi ufro cocxal, miwier arsebebad eqciaT. maTi<br />

personaJebi speqtaklSi ufro sasaciloebi Canan, vidre<br />

idumalni da mistikurni. `jadosnobis~ adgili didi<br />

sardafia, romlis SuagulSi qvabi daudgamT, grZneul<br />

naxarSs aTuxTuxeben da xtunva-xtunviT uvlian gars.<br />

eSmakeulnic da adamianebic, reJisorisa da mxatvris<br />

CanafiqriT, erTsa da imave garemoSi moqmedeben. es<br />

garemo jojoxeTis asociacias iwvevs. speqtaklSi<br />

zRvari adamianebsa da grZneulebs Soris ar arsebobs.<br />

grZneulebi gaadamianurebulebi arian da, piriqiT,<br />

adamianebi satanisebr arsebebad gvevlinebian. amitomac<br />

aris, rom makbeti aranair gaucxoebas ar ganicdis maT<br />

78

obert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana<br />

nawili III `makbeti~<br />

sabrZanebelSi, maTTan erTad amzadebs jadosnur naxarSs<br />

da gemosac ki usinjavs. reJisoris interpretaciiT<br />

makbetis beds Tavad makbeti ganagebs da ara es grZneuli<br />

arsebebi. ritualebi, romlebsac alqajebi asruleben,<br />

komikur xasiaTsac ki atareben. reJisoris CanafiqriT<br />

msaxiobebi xazs usvamen im garemoebas, rom isini, swored<br />

rom, TamaSoben grZneulebs. amitomac arian isini ufro<br />

groteskulebi da ara idumalebiT garemoculni. makbetis<br />

moqmedeba mxolod formalurad aris dakavSirebuli<br />

grZneulebis winaswarmetyvelebasTan. makbeti<br />

ar<br />

moqmedebs sxvisi karnaxiT, vinaidan Tavis bedisweras<br />

Tavadve gansazRvravs. marTalia, igi meoredac midis<br />

grZneulebTan, magram gulgrilad usmens maT darigebebs,<br />

vinaidan mSvenivrad icis,Tu rogori iqneba misi Semdgomi<br />

nabijebi.<br />

SeqspirTan makbets gmiruli da saxelovani warsuli<br />

aqvs. robert sturuas interpretaciiT ki z. papuaSvilis<br />

makbetis warsulis erTgvari ugulebelyofa xdeba. igi<br />

TiTqos warsulis gareSe xvdeba am samyaroSi, sadac<br />

TviTon, brZoliTa da agresiiT, unda ipovos Tavisi<br />

Tavi.<br />

`rogorc cnobilia, tragedia `makbeti~ gamsWvalulia<br />

arsebobis orazrovnebis suliskveTebiT. gmiris vaJkacoba,<br />

qveloba saSinel borotebaSi gadaizrdeba, riTac TviT<br />

es qvelobaa eWvqveS dayenebuli. r. sturuas mixedviT,<br />

yovlismomcveli qaosi stiqiurad amoraluria da<br />

gulgrilia yvelanairi borotebisa da sikeTis mimarT. amas<br />

ganasaxierebs swored z. papuaSvilis makbeti. tragikuli<br />

kolizia mis SigniTaa, mis sulSia dabudebuli, anu mas<br />

ar upirispirdeba (garkveul dromde) raime garegani<br />

faqtori, an vinme _ antigmiri~. 1<br />

robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis, misi Teatraluri<br />

1<br />

gurabaniZe n. reJisori robert sturua. Tb. `xelovneba~. 1997. gv.<br />

476-477.<br />

79

maka vasaZe<br />

esTetikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia dramaturgiis<br />

sapirispiro gziT siaruli. imavdroulad igi axerxebs<br />

asaxos dramaturgiuli Canafiqri. am SemTxvevaSic robert<br />

sturuas grZneuli qalebi formaluri mxatvruli<br />

xerxia, metaforaa. maT gamosaxvas reJisorma Camoacila<br />

yovelgvari tragikuli, mistikuri, idumali paTosi. aseve,<br />

Seqspiris tragikuli gmiri makbeti speqtaklSi erTob<br />

miwieria, aranairi sidiade da gansakuTrebuloba ar<br />

axasiaTebs z. papuaSvilis makbets.<br />

`robert sturuas speqtaklSi bedi makbetis winaSe<br />

warsdgeba ara `grZneuli debis~ zRapruli saxiT,<br />

aramed swored adamianuri, dakninebis da gadagvarebis<br />

gansaxierebiT. da, amave dros, es marTlac rom ucnauri<br />

arsebani (Weird Sisters) Cvens TvalSi ufro sasaciloni<br />

Canan, vidre SiSis momgvrelni _ Tavisi suleluri<br />

xiTxiTiTa da CifCifiT,moulodneli paTetikiT,mediduri<br />

pozebiTa da JestebiT, aSkarad Tavis gemoze SerCeuli<br />

xatovani ZonZebiT~. 1<br />

zaza papuaSvilis TamaSSi wina planzea wamoweuli<br />

makbetis sulieri dakninebis procesi. movlenebis<br />

ganviTarebasTan erTad, igi TandaTan kargavs adamianur<br />

Rirsebebs da sul ufro naklebad mogvagonebs mamac<br />

meomars. misi arseba iJRinTeba borotebiTa da<br />

siZulviliT, sakuTari Tavisadmi pativiscemas enacvleba<br />

agresiuli TviTdamkvidrebisaken ltolva. mis sulSi<br />

gaCenil sicarieles ki SiSis grZnoba avsebs. am SiSis<br />

grZnobis damalvas igi jambazobiT da cinizmiT cdilobs.<br />

kudianebTan Sexvedris Semdeg makbetis yvela qvena grZnoba<br />

gamosavals poulobs. misi erTguli Tanamzraxveli _<br />

ledi makbeti, romelsac nino kasraZe asaxierebs robert<br />

sturuas speqtaklSi, momxibvleli, nazi, mimzidveli<br />

axalgazrda qalia. maT erTmaneTisadmi Zlieri ltolva<br />

aqvT. ledi makbeti am ltolvas ostaturad iyenebs da<br />

1<br />

uruSaZe p. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 12.<br />

80

obert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana<br />

nawili III `makbeti~<br />

cdilobs qmris gaorebisa da yoymanis aRmofxvras.<br />

speqtakli qmnis SiSis, sikvdilis, katastrofis<br />

molodinis atmosferos. aq, am garemoSi, yvela erTmaneTs<br />

mtrobs. scenaze damTrgunveli ganwyobilebaa gamefebuli.<br />

daviT papuaSvilis mefe dunkanic ki daundobeli da<br />

borotebiT aris aRvsili. misi pirveli gamoCena scenaze<br />

gia yanCelis musikis TanxlebiT erTgvar sabrZolo<br />

Tavdasxmas mogvagonebs. igi Tavisi amaliT SemoiWreba<br />

scenaze. gaismis ucnauri xmebi, rkinis JRaruni, kvnesa,<br />

oxvra, frinvelTa gamkivani xmebi, jariskacTa legionebis<br />

nabijebis xmebi. dunkani da misi jariskacebi avanscenisken<br />

moabijeben. keTili ambis mauwyebel, sasikvdilod daWril<br />

jariskacs dunkani yelSi xels wauWers da awamebs.<br />

mTeli speqtaklis ganmavlobaSi normaluri<br />

adamianuri urTierTobebi TiTqmis ar xorcieldeba.<br />

qmedebebSi Warbobs damcireba, Zalmomreoba, cinizmi,<br />

mkvleloba,gaSmagebuli seqsualuri urTierTobani. ufro<br />

metic, speqtaklSi Cveulebrivad TiTqos arc dadian: an<br />

darbian, an Zirs dacemulni xoxaven, an erTmaneTs ebrZvian,<br />

moWrili TavebiT burTaoben. mravlis mimniSnebelia<br />

moRalate kavdoris mTavris sikvdilis epizodi. urikaze<br />

moTavsebul TavmokveTil gvams Semoagoreben scenaze,<br />

Semdeg ki saorkestro ormoSi gadauZaxeben. es epizodi<br />

makbetisTvis bevris mimaniSnebelia. kavdoris mTavari<br />

makbetiviT warCinebuli didebulia. makbetma misgan<br />

ara marto adgil-mamuli, aramed TiTqos sulic miiRo.<br />

makbeti _ z. papuaSvili, xeliT exeba mis waWril Tavs<br />

da sisxlian xelebs daynosavs. Tavidan zizRis grZnoba<br />

eufleba, mere ki am zizRs erTgvari netareba cvlis,<br />

ufro Rrmad Seiynosavs sisxlis mZafr surnels. robert<br />

sturuam am scenas sabediswero mniSvneloba mianiWa. aq<br />

gadmotanili riCard mesames fraza _ `Cven codvilni,<br />

mxolod saxeebs vcnobT da ara gulebs~, usazRvrod<br />

vendobodi am didebulso, _ romelsac mefe dunkani<br />

81

maka vasaZe<br />

warmoTqvams, makbets unda moxvedroda gulze. es fraza<br />

xom swored misi misamarTiT iyo naTqvami, magram makbetis<br />

ukan daxeva SeuZlebelia, igi ukve daadga sisxlian<br />

gzas.<br />

speqtaklSi mkvdrebs ar asaflaveben. maT TiTqos<br />

uzarmazar nagavsayrelze gadaisvrian xolme. Tavad<br />

mefe dunkansac qsovilSi gaxveuls moaTreven da<br />

avanscenaze daasveneben. celofnis WuWyiani ca<br />

kulminaciisas talRisebr moZraobas iwyebs, misi<br />

neli rxeva avismomaswavebelia. scenaze maxvilebia<br />

mimobneuli, amdenad, dapirispirebulebs iaraRis Zebnac<br />

ki ar sWirdebaT. speqtaklSi erTxel moklulebi<br />

kvlav agrZeleben sicocxles da ara marto makbetisa<br />

da misi meuRlis `zmanebebSi~, aramed `realurad~.<br />

isini cocxldebian piradi SurisZiebisaTvis da ara<br />

samarTlianobis aRsadgenad. sikeTe da samarTlianoba<br />

Sors aris am adamianebisagan. Tumca, makbetis boroteba<br />

erTxel ukve moklulebs aiZulebs mis mowinaaRmdegeTa<br />

banakSi yofnas. makbetis kidev ufro didi borotebis<br />

winaaRmdeg mkvdrebi da cocxlebi erTiandebian. makbetis<br />

mier mokluli dunkani, romlis qsovilSi gaxveuli gvami<br />

avanscenaze miatoves, gainZreva, Tavs gamoiTavisuflebs<br />

da ambobs, Tu ramdeni sazareli ambis momswre yofila<br />

cxovrebis manZilze, magram aseTi saSineli Rame jer ar<br />

maxsovso. es TiTqos sakuTari mkvlelobis mxilvelis<br />

aRsarebaa da amave dros ukve dawyebuli `saSineli<br />

Rameebis~ koSmaris gancdac. es `saSineli Rame~ mZime<br />

tvirTad awevT speqtaklis gmirebs.<br />

speqtaklSi ar aris mkveTrad gamijnuli boroteba<br />

da sikeTe, iseve rogorc, waSlilia zRvari mkvdrebsa da<br />

cocxlebs Soris. aq, am speqtaklSi idumal, mistikur<br />

Zalebs didi yuradReba ar eqceva. aq mTavaria personaJebis<br />

urTierTobebi, gauTavebeli Ralati, SeTqmulebebi,<br />

mkvlelobebi. piesaSi mefe dunkanis mkvlelobiT yvelani<br />

82

obert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana<br />

nawili III `makbeti~<br />

gaognebulebi arian, speqtaklSi ki dunkanis mkvlelobas<br />

SeTqmulebis, saxelmwifo gadatrialebis elferi aqvs.<br />

makbetma da misma meuRlem mokles mefe dunkani, magram<br />

sakmarisia banqom da makdufma eWvi Seitanon makbetis<br />

sityvebSi, rom myisierad SavebSi Cacmuli mebrZolebi<br />

gamocvivdebian,alyaSi moaqceven da Tofebs miuSveren maT,<br />

vinc eWvi gamoTqva. lenoqsis sityvebi ki _ `rogorc Cans,<br />

misma mcvelebma mohkles...~ ise JRers, rom man, lenoqsma<br />

ki icis, vinc aris namdvili mkvleli, magram igi makbetis<br />

mxaresaa.<br />

makbeti da ledi makbeti mefe dunkanis mkvlelobis<br />

Semdeg erTmaneTis alersiT cdiloben aforiaqebuli<br />

sulis damSvidebas. amazrzeni da Semzaravia maTi<br />

erTmaneTisadmi vnebiani ltolva am sisxliT mosvril,<br />

binZur samyaroSi.<br />

makbetis sityvebia _ `sisxls sisxli mosdevs~<br />

da igi iwyebs Tanamzraxvelebis mkvlelobas, tirani<br />

mxardamWerebis mospobas iwyebs da TandaTan ufro metad<br />

efloba sisxlSi. reJisori da msaxiobi gviCveneben<br />

borotmoqmedad qceuli makbetis zneobriv dacemas,<br />

sulieri samyaros rRvevas, adamianuri Rirebulebebis<br />

gaufasurebas da aqedan gamomdinare, sulieri simSvidis<br />

dakargvas. makbeti ledi makbetTan erTad logikurad<br />

miemarTeba aRsasrulisaken, magram am aRsasrulamde isini<br />

sazarel tanjvas ganicdian. es aris safasuri Zalauflebisa<br />

da gvirgvinisaTvis brZolisa. manamde ki makbetis<br />

mefed kurTxeva xorcieldeba. makbetis mefed kurTxeva<br />

hendelis hangebis fonze xdeba. brWyviala gvirgvini,<br />

hendelis musikis hangebi da is tragikuli movlenebi,<br />

romlebic am didebis mosapoveblad ganaxorciela makbetma,<br />

specialurad xazgasmulia speqtaklSi reJisoris mier,<br />

raTa ufro naTlad warmoaCinos adamianuri dacemis<br />

siRrmeebi.<br />

takimasxara tiranis, romelic cinikurad Telavs<br />

83

maka vasaZe<br />

yvelas da yvelafers sakuTari miznis misaRwevad,<br />

gverdiT dgas namdvili jambazi (d. uflisaSvili). igi<br />

ganasaxierebs morCil, laquca qveSevrdoms, romelsac<br />

mTlianad dakarguli aqvs adamianuri Rirseba. `makbetis~<br />

masxara gansxvavdeba `riCard mesamis~ masxarisagan.<br />

`riCard mesameSi~ avTo maxaraZis mier gansaxierebul<br />

personaJs ironiuli damokidebuleba hqonda scenaze<br />

gaTamaSebuli movlenebisadmi.<br />

mefed kurTxevis Semdeg makbeti wveulebas marTavs.<br />

am scenaSi igi Tavs anebebs jambazobas da manWva-grexas.<br />

mas daqiravebuli mkvlelebis mier mokluli banqo (l.<br />

berikaSvili) ecxadeba. im wuTebSi makbets arc stumrebi<br />

ainteresebs da arc ledi makbeti. misTvis banqos aCrdili<br />

ufro realuria, vidre mis garSemo arsebuli cocxali<br />

adamianebi. aq erTmaneTs enacvleba realuri da irealuri.<br />

stumrebi da ledi makbeti _ molandebebi arian, banqo<br />

ki realuri, xelSesaxebi da namdvilia. es situacia<br />

orjer meordeba, rac kidev ufro aZlierebs makbetis<br />

sulier depresias, kriziss. es `avi seni~ tanjavs da<br />

nel-nela anadgurebs makbets. stumrebi ki SeSinebulebi<br />

arian da moaxloebul katastrofas an makbetis `TamaSis~<br />

dasasruls elian. piesaSi makbetis wveuleba xalxmravali<br />

da didebulia, speqtaklSi ki _ erTob mcirericxovania.<br />

mowveuli stumrebi ledi makbetis miwodebuli langridan<br />

sasmelsac ver iReben, radgan mowamvlos eSiniaT. swored<br />

es SiSi da undoblobaa gamefebuli makbetis samyaroSi<br />

da ara moaxloebuli katastrofis mistikuri niSnebi.<br />

`rac Seexeba speqtaklis fantasmagoriul Sres, igi aq<br />

Tavisebur filosofiur `zednaSenad~ aRiqmeba. swored<br />

masSia Caqsovili is maradi, dRemde amouxsneli kiTxvebi,<br />

romlebzedac pasuxis gacema bolomde verc Seqspiris<br />

drom SeZlo da verc am droze ufro xnierma da<br />

gamocdilma dRevandelobam...~. 1<br />

1<br />

uruSaZe p. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 9.<br />

84

obert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana<br />

nawili III `makbeti~<br />

robert sturuas speqtaklSi, iseve rogorc<br />

SeqspirTan, zaza papuaSvilis makbeti, upirveles yovlisa,<br />

adamiania, yvelanairi adamianuri gancdebiT. igi, rogorc<br />

adamiani,sCadis borotebas da am Cadenili borotebisTvis<br />

adamianiviT isjeba. zaza papuaSvilis makbeti yoymanobs,<br />

itanjeba, igi gadmoscems im rTul sulier mdgomareobas,<br />

romelsac makbeti ganicdis. yvelaze sastiki ki am sulier<br />

WidilSi sindisis qenjnaa. makbeti, erT dros mamaci<br />

mebrZoli, moazrovne da mosiyvarule adamiani, sastik<br />

borotmoqmedad iqca. yvelaferi es ki, swored adamianuri<br />

ampartavnebis Sedegia. gamarjvebebma, romlebic makbetma<br />

brZolebSi moipova, daarwmuna, rom mas SeuZlia adamianebze<br />

batonoba, adamianebis marTva. amitomac mzad aris ibrZolos<br />

Zalauflebis mosapoveblad,am gzaze ki arafris winaSe ar<br />

daixevs ukan. yvela is sikeTe, rac mas adre gaaCnda, axla<br />

sastik da damangrevel Zalad gardaiqmneba. makbets didi<br />

warmosaxvis da fantaziis unari aqvs. es mkafiod vlindeba<br />

mis gamZafrebul mgrZnobelobaSi. SeuZlia dainaxos is,<br />

rac sxvebisTvis uxilavia. swored es exmareba Tavisi<br />

sastiki borotmoqmedebebis ganxorcielebaSi. banqosa<br />

da makdufis ojaxis mkvlelobebi zustad gaTvlili da<br />

dagegmili aqvs. yuradRebiT adevnebs Tvals Canafiqris<br />

ganxorcielebas, erT epizodSi ki Tavad axorcielebs e.<br />

w. `Sikrikis~ rols.<br />

speqtaklSi makbeti da ledi makbeti Zalian Cqaroben.<br />

yvelafers swrafad, impulsurad, nervulad, aRgznebulad<br />

akeTeben. maTi qmedebebi TiTqos deformirebulic ki aris.<br />

maTi sasiyvarulo scenebic ki TiTqos ormxrivi seqsualuri<br />

Zaladobaa. swored siyvarulia maTi borotebis yvelaze<br />

ufro sulisCamdgmeli da, imavdroulad, qmediTi Zala.<br />

Tanac siyvaruli mTeli Tavisi arsiTa da gamovlinebebiT.<br />

robert sturuam erTgan aRniSna, rom makbeti Seqspiris<br />

`romeo da julietas~ erTgvari transformirebuli<br />

85

maka vasaZe<br />

gagrZelebaa. ai, raSi SeiZleboda gadazrdiliyo maTi<br />

siyvaruli, rogorebad SeiZleba qceuliyvnen romeo<br />

da julieta. boroteba da siyvaruli aq erTmaneTSi<br />

gadaxlarTula. siyvaruli kvebavs borotebas da piriqiT,<br />

boroteba raRac gansakuTrebul simwvaves aniWebs maT<br />

siyvaruls. bedis ironia is aris, rom es siyvaruli<br />

borotebisaTvis micemuli droiT Semoifargleba. swored<br />

boroteba aniWebs am siyvaruls simwvaves da gznebas.<br />

makbeti da ledi makbeti e. w. idealuri wyvilia. isini<br />

WeSmaritad `erT xorc da erT sul~ arian. usityvod<br />

esmiT erTmaneTis, gumaniT xvdebian erTmaneTis sanukvar<br />

miswrafebebs. robert sturuam da qoreografma gia<br />

marRaniam am wyvilis araCveulebrivi plastikuri naxazi<br />

Seqmnes, scenaze gaacocxles maTi ucnauri da tragikuli<br />

siyvaruli. reJisorma da qoreografma msaxiobebTan<br />

erTad SeZles SeeqmnaT mZafri, eqspresiiT aRsavse<br />

plastikuri naxazi. maTi vneba da sulieri erTianoba<br />

yvelaze mZafrad mefe dunkanis mkvlelobis Rames<br />

gamovlinda maTi sisxliani xelebis SeerTebaSi. Semdgom<br />

am wyvils aseTi vnebiani Rame aRar eqnebaT... finalSi am<br />

udidesi grZnobis mxolod namsxvrevebiRa rCeba. ledi<br />

makbeti cdilobs xelebidan uxilavi sisxlis moSorebas,<br />

igi esaubreba makbets, romelsac mxolod Tavad xedavs,<br />

ealerseba, amSvidebs da Tan cdilobs raRac gaixsenos,<br />

raRac moZebnos. bolos aRmoaCens makbetis werils,<br />

romelSiac igi kudianebTan Sexvedris ambavs mouTxrobs.<br />

ledi makbeti nakuwebad aqcevs am werils. am aqtiT<br />

mas surs xazi gadausvas yvelafers, rac moxda. unda<br />

yvelaferi Tavidan daiwyos, magram axla aRar surs im<br />

borotebebis Cadena, romlebic man da misma meuRlem<br />

moimoqmedes.<br />

`speqtaklis namdvili gmiri ledi makbetia. igi<br />

reJisoris mier araorazrovnad win wamoweulia...<br />

rogorc makbeti itanjeba hamletiseuli meryeobiT, aseve<br />

86

obert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana<br />

nawili III `makbeti~<br />

ledi makbeti ofelias xvedrs iziarebs. Tu gamocdas<br />

ver gauZlo, is SeiSleba da daasrulebs sicocxles...<br />

meoTxe jadoqrad. Tumca ara, rogorc pirveli ledi.<br />

axali samoselic ki im sameuli jadoqrisgan ergeba~ 1 .<br />

speqtaklSi sinamdvile da irealoba erTmaneTSia<br />

gadaxlarTuli. am xerxiTvea dadgmuli makdufis colis<br />

(lela alibegaSvili) da Svilis (daviT iaSvili)<br />

mkvlelobis scena. es epizodi Tavisi plastikiTa da<br />

emociuri zegavleniT isea awyobili, rom swored am<br />

or _ realur da irealur, sinamdvilisa da koSmaruli<br />

zmanebis mijnaze aRiqmeba. irgvliv sibnelea. mxolod<br />

mkrTali sinaTlis Suqi gamohyofs saxeebs. maT win<br />

saSineli Savi ormoa. teqsti `moRalate mamebis~ Sesaxeb<br />

msaxiobebis mier meqanikurad, yovelgvari emociis gareSe<br />

warmoiTqmeba. maTi yuradReba mipyrobilia im Semzaravi<br />

siCumisaken, romelic aseve Semzaravi Zalis moaxloebis<br />

momaswavebelia. ukan,scenis siRrmeSi,makbetis Savi silueti<br />

moCans lurj burusSi gaxveuli. ai,scena naTdeba,makbeti<br />

uaxlovdeba deda-Svils da makdufis Sikrikad moaCvenebs<br />

maT Tavs. eubneba, male moSordnen aqaurobas da scenaze<br />

mkvlelebic gamoCndebian. mkvlelebi (l. gafrindaSvili,<br />

t. salariZe) reJisorma kabares mocekvaveebis stilSi<br />

warmoaCina. kabaresaTvis damaxasiaTebeli CacmulobiT,<br />

stekiT xelSi,sacekvao ritmSi moZraoben,saxeze ki Rimili<br />

ar scildebaT. isini mocekvavisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

msubuqi moZraobebiT klaven banqosa da Semdgom makdufis<br />

col-Svils _ adamianis mkvleloba xom makbetis mier<br />

dadgmul sanaxaobad aris qceuli. makdufis col-Svilis<br />

mkvleloba reJisorma regTaimis fonze ganaxorcielebina<br />

mkvlelebs. mkvlelobebis warmoCenam aseT, erTi SexedviT,<br />

TiTqosda msubuq, ironizirebul formaSi, kidev ufro<br />

meti simZafre da Semzaraoba SesZina maT. aseTi scenebiT,<br />

1<br />

gulCenko v. makbetis gamarTleba, an suitis saqebari sityva. J. `Teatri<br />

da cxovreba~, 1996, #5-6. gv. 66.<br />

87

maka vasaZe<br />

sxvadasxva detalze aqcentirebiT, reJisori speqtaklSi<br />

qmnis adamianis damTrgunvel, adamianis aRqmisTvis<br />

SemaZrwunebel atmosferos.<br />

Teatrmcodne paola uruSaZe robert sturuasa da<br />

zaza papuaSvulis makbets uwodebs `reJisors~, romelic<br />

garedan adevnebs Tvalyurs Tavis `dadgmebs~. 1<br />

reJisor robert sturuas saTeatro enas axasiaTebs<br />

erTdroulad ramdenime moqmedebis gaSla scenaze.<br />

ase xdeba `makbetSic~. sakmarisia, gavixsenoT epizodi,<br />

rodesac scenis erT mxares malkolmi (Temiko WiWinaZe)<br />

da misi momxreebi makbetis winaaRmdeg,misTvis samagieros<br />

gadasaxdelad, SeTqmulebas amzadeben, xolo scenis meore<br />

mxares SeSinebuli, sindisis qenjniT gawamebuli ledi<br />

makbetis sasikvdilo agonia TamaSdeba.<br />

reJisorma da mxatvarma `makbetSi~ iseTi scenuri<br />

atmosfero Seqmnes, sadac dro gansazRvruli ar aris.<br />

zeviT ukve aRvniSne, rom scena mogvagonebs sardafs an<br />

bunkers, Tavisi CaSavebuli kedlebiT da gaSiSvlebuli<br />

sakomunikacio sistemebiT. alag-alag am usaxur<br />

garemocvas mimobneuli sisxlisferi laqebi avsebs.<br />

swored, aq, am atmosferoSi, SeiZleba kudianebis dabadeba.<br />

nagvis grovidan, romelzedac gamWvirvale celofania<br />

gadafarebuli, aRmocendebian gaugebari sqesis, ucnaur<br />

samosSi gamowyobil arsebebi. swored es ucnauri, jojo<br />

arsebebi wamosweven makbetis idumal zraxvebs, sxva<br />

adamianebze batonobis, Zalauflebis mopovebis usazRvro<br />

survils. alqajebTan Sexvedra makbets gaumyarebs miznis<br />

miRwevis wadils da imavdroulad erT-erTi kudianis<br />

mier micemuli `mezRvauris ceri~, romelsac kiserze<br />

Camoikidebs, daarwmunebs, rom igi dausjeli darCeba.<br />

Semdgom es metafora, transformirebuli saxiT, mTel<br />

speqtaklSi povebs gagrZelebas. laparakia moqmed pirTa<br />

e. w. `boroti xelebis~ aqcentirebaze. zogierT scenaSi<br />

1<br />

uruSaZe p. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 9-10.<br />

88

obert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana<br />

nawili III `makbeti~<br />

swored xelebi amxelen gmirTa zraxvebs. magaliTad,<br />

ledi makbetisaTvis speqtaklis dasawyisSi xelebi misi<br />

survilebis yvelaze erTguli Semsruleblebi arian,<br />

bolosken ki es xelebi mtrebad iqcevian. swored am<br />

xelebSia ledi makbetisTvis raRac Semzaravi. aseve,<br />

speqtaklis pirvel scenebSi makbetis mzera yvelaze xSirad<br />

xelebisken aris mimarTuli. igi xSirad gakvirvebuli<br />

uyurebs Tavis xelebs,TiTqos ukvirs,Tu ras sCadian misi<br />

xelebi. makbetis xelebi ki isev da isev axorcieleben<br />

borotebas, makbetis mzeridan ki TandaTan qreba gaoceba<br />

da SiSi, maT Soris gaugebroba aRar arsebobs.<br />

mZime da sulis SemZvrelia `makbetis~ finali. Zalian<br />

efeqturad aris dadgmuli makbetis `cad amaRlebis~<br />

scena. reJisorma mokluli makbeti savarZelSi Casva<br />

da ase savarZlianad adis igi maRla. makbeti yvelam<br />

miatova, igi martoa. makbeti Tavdauzogavad ibrZvis. mas<br />

gars Semoexvevian SavebSi Cacmuli mowinaaRmdegeebi.<br />

mayurebeli mxolod imas xedavs, Tu ra gametebiT<br />

urtyams mas maxvils makdufi (m. qvriviSvili). am masidan<br />

amovardeba makbetis mokveTili Tavi. makbetis nacvlad<br />

taxtze kanonieri memkvidre malkolmi adis (Temiko<br />

WiWinaZe). mis mSvidobian, humanur dapirebebs ironiuli<br />

RimiliT usmenda d. iaSvilis gmiri, romelic speqtaklSi<br />

sam rols asaxierebda: mefe dunkanis umcros vaJs,<br />

donalbens, banqos vaJs, fleanss da makdufis vaJs. samive<br />

personaJi garegnulad erTnairia. am sami axalgazrdis<br />

saxiT igi mTel Taobas ganasaxierebda. finalur scenamde<br />

banqo (levan berikaSvili) Tavis vaJs burTs eTamaSeboda.<br />

mama Svils ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis sastik, sisxlian<br />

TamaSSi iTrevs. d. iaSvilis gmiric xalisiT dgeboda<br />

karSi, raTa mamis mier dartymuli burTi moegeriebina.<br />

ufrosebi sakuTari TamaSis wesebs sTavazoben da Tavs<br />

axveven momaval Taobas.<br />

finalSi scenaze gamodioda mokluli makbeti. igi<br />

89

maka vasaZe<br />

patara fleanss, alqajebma mefoba rom uwinaswarmetyveles,<br />

gamoiwvevda burTis saTamaSod. makbeti burTis nacvlad<br />

sakuTar, butaforiul mokveTil Tavs debda Zirs da<br />

ukan ixevda burTis dasartymelad. d. iaSvilis fleansi,<br />

azarts ayolili, swrafad garboda da warmosaxviT<br />

karSi ikavebda adgils, ar afrTxobda, rom burTis magier<br />

mokveTili TaviT unda iTamaSon. igi iRebda ufrosebis<br />

mier SemoTavazebuli sisxliani TamaSis pirobebs,vinaidan<br />

Tavadac am samyaros Svilia. makbetis mokveTili Tavi,<br />

romelic SiSis zars scemda, axla saTamaSo sagnad aris<br />

qceuli. speqtaklis damagvirgvinebeli akordi ki makbetis<br />

mier ledi makbetis danTebuli sanTlis sulisSeberviT<br />

Caqroba iyo, ris Semdegac scenaze ukuneTi sibnele<br />

daisadgurebda.<br />

is, rom samyaros gadarCena SesaZlebelia, speqtaklis<br />

sivrceSic SeigrZnoboda. es sivrce ar warmoadgenda<br />

mxolod usaxur bunkersa Tu sardafs, sadac adamianebi<br />

erTmaneTis sawameblad arian movlenilni. scenis<br />

sivrcis miRma, reJisoris CanafiqriT, uxilavi Ramea,<br />

romelic mkvdreTiT aRmdgar mefe dunkans moajadovebs.<br />

iqvea buneba, romelsac mzeras ver swyvetda sikvdilis<br />

win banqo. iqidanve ismoda eklesiis zarebis rekvac.<br />

scenaze Camowolili celofnis Rrubelic adamianis<br />

qmedebebiT ganicdida metamorfozas. is, rac scenaze<br />

xdeboda, TiTqos airekleboda masSi. xan sisxliT, xan<br />

ki naRveliT iJRinTeboda. raRac momentebSi, TiTqos<br />

moiqufreboda da mZimed daawveboda scenas, Semdgom ki<br />

Secbunebuli ikumSeboda. masSi TiTqos Cvengan damaluli<br />

sicocxle arsebobas ganagrZobda. aqac kidev erTxel<br />

xazgasmulia realurisa da moCvenebiTis, sizmriseulisa<br />

da sinamdvilis erTmaneTSi aRreva. am aRreulobisagan,<br />

realoba-irealobisagan speqtaklSi gmirebs sikvdilic<br />

ki ver ixsnis: dunkani, banqo, ledi makbeti da TviT<br />

makbetic sikvdilis Semdegac gaorebulni arian, raRac<br />

90

obert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana<br />

nawili III `makbeti~<br />

momentebSi isev ubrundebian saaqaos, da mainc, romeli<br />

samyaroa am ors Soris realuri? kiTxvaze, romelic<br />

mayurebels ebadeba,Tavad mayurebelma unda gasces pasuxi,<br />

vinaidan reJisori ar cdilobs am kiTxvaze konkretuli<br />

pasuxis gacemas.<br />

adamianis sulis gadarCenis an sabolood daRupvis<br />

globaluri problemis gadawyvetaSi, rogorc ukve aRvniSne,<br />

`Svilebic~ monawileoben, reJisorma am `Svilebis~ e. w<br />

krebiTi saxe Seqmna. speqtaklSi aqcentirebuli iyo, rom<br />

es `Svilebi~ Tavidanve wigniT xelSi Cndebian. am xerxiT<br />

reJisorma gviCvena, rom SesaZlebelia biWi Seqspiris<br />

`makbets~ kiTxulobs da yvelaferi is, rac scenaze xdeba,<br />

misi warmosaxvis, misi fantaziis nayofia. Teatrmcodne<br />

paola uruSaZe erTgvar asociacias xedavs Seqspiris<br />

hamletTan.<br />

mamis mkvleloba donalbens wigns gverdze<br />

gadaadebinebda da xelSi xanjals aaRebinebda, yoymanis<br />

Semdeg ki gaqcevas amjobinebda. fleansisaTvis banqo<br />

mxolod mama ar iyo. igi iyo misi uaxloesi megobari,<br />

simamacis da keTilSobilebis gansaxiereba. speqtaklis<br />

bolos ki donalbeni da fleansi sivardSi erTiandebodnen.<br />

swored sivardi aRmarTavda pirveli xels makbetze.<br />

yvela axalgazrda masSia gaerTianebuli. TeTri perangis<br />

amaras xelSi isev wigni eWira, gulSi ki mamis qurTuki<br />

hqonda Caxutebuli. avanscenaze dgeboda, xolo mis<br />

zurgs ukan `ufrosebi~ makbets klavdnen samarTlianobis<br />

aRsadgenad.<br />

speqtaklis finalSi donalbeni `aRmdgari~ makbetis<br />

win idga. igi TiTqos mzad iyo makbetis mier dagegmil<br />

TamaSSi CasarTvelad. makbetis fexebTan TeTri, burTis<br />

formis sagani ido, mokveTili Tavebis metafora,<br />

romliTac araerTxel uTamaSiaT. donalbenic idga da<br />

mouTmenlad eloda burTis (mokveTili Tavis) miRebas,<br />

magram mokveTili TavebiT, adamianTa sicocxliT, TamaSs<br />

91

maka vasaZe<br />

Tavad makbeti asrulebda. burTi adgilze rCeboda.<br />

reJisori aq wertils svamda. robert sturua TiTqos<br />

gveubneboda: siave, boroteba aRar gagrZeldeba.<br />

92

aleko gelaSvili,<br />

Qqoreografiuli xelovnebis istorisa da Teoriis<br />

mimarTulebis doqtoranti,<br />

xelmZRvaneli _ prof. anano samsonaZe<br />

`mrokav-mlocveli figurebi~<br />

qvemo qarTlis (1965-1971w.w.) arqeologiuri<br />

gaTxrebis dros (arqeologiur eqspedicias<br />

xelmZRvanelobdnen: al. javaxiSvili da o. jafariZe),<br />

imiris gorasa da aruxlos goraze gamovlinda Tixis<br />

WurWlis fragmentebi antropomorfuli figurebis<br />

reliefuri gamosaxulebebiT 1 ,romlebic Zv. w. aR-is VI-IV<br />

aTaswleulebiT, neoliT–eneoliTis xaniT TariRdeba.<br />

figurebis ZiriTad damaxasiaTebel niSanTagan<br />

gamoikveTeba mamakacuri gamnayofierebeli Zalis simbolo<br />

(falosi) da xelebis uCveulod maRla apyrobili<br />

mdgomareoba, romelic SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc<br />

mlocveli adamianis Jesti da imavdroulad, rogorc<br />

mrokavi adamianis sacekvao poza (sur. 1,2,3,4). am faqtma<br />

Cveni gansakuTrebuli yuradRebac miiqcia.<br />

imiris goris IV samSeneblo horizontSi aRmoCenil<br />

Tixis WurWlis fragmentebs Soris gamoirCeva erTi<br />

mowiTalo Tixis WurWlis piris fragmenti, romelzec<br />

reliefurad gamosaxulia anTropomorfuli figura. igi<br />

warmoadgens sqematurad Sesrulebul xelebapyrobili<br />

mamakacis gamosaxulebas 2 . (sur. 1) figuras axasiaTebs<br />

wawvetebuli, grZeli Tavi da pirisaxe. saxeze Savi<br />

laqebi SeiZleba miviCnioT tuCebis,cxvirisa da Tvalebis<br />

gamosaxulebad. Tavze aseve SeimCneva odnav CaRrmavebuli<br />

nawili yuris saxiT, yelis are da grZeli nikapi.<br />

1<br />

qvemo qarTlis arqeologiuri eqspediciis Sedegebi, (1965-1971),<br />

,,mecniereba’’, 1975, gv. 85.<br />

2<br />

Rlonti l., javaxiSvili a., kiRuraZe T., xramis didi goris<br />

anTropomorfuli qandakebebi, ,,Zeglis megobari~, #33, Tb., 1973, gv. 5.<br />

93

aleko gelaSvili<br />

figuris xelebi idayvSia moxrili, marT kuTxes qmnis<br />

da Tavis gaswvriv, maRla aris aRmarTuli. maja, xelis<br />

mtevani da TiTebi ar aris gamokveTili. figuras welze<br />

Semokruli aqvs sartyeli, wels qvemoT ki daaxloebiT<br />

45-gradusiani kuTxiT gamomavali ori fexis nawili<br />

da fexebs Soris mamakacuri gamnayofierebeli Zalis<br />

simbolo falosi SeimCneva. samwuxarod, WurWeli isea<br />

gatexili, rom adamianis gamosaxulebas mxolod am saxiT<br />

warmogvidgens, Tumca SemorCenili nawilidanac SeiZleba<br />

mis mniSvnelobaze saubari.<br />

analogiur gamosaxulebiani WurWlis fragmenti,<br />

rogorc g. javaxiSvili gvamcnobs, aRmoCenilia<br />

aruxlozec 1 (sur. 2). magram am SemTxvevaSi msgavseba<br />

mxolod orive figuris falikuri niSniT gamosaxvaSi<br />

mdgomareobs. aruxlos goris figuris xelebze ver<br />

vityviT, rom isini idayvebSia moxrili, piriqiT, isini<br />

Tavisgan moSorebiT, ganze sruliad gaSlil da erTob<br />

daZabul mdgomareobaSia mocemuli. igive SeiZleba iTqvas<br />

fexebzec da iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom figura TiTqos<br />

naxtomis mdgomareobaSia gamosaxuli.<br />

garda amisa, wiTeli WurWlis anTropomorfuli<br />

plastikis nimuSs paraleli moepoveba imiris gorazeve<br />

aRmoCenil Savzedapiriani WurWlis fragmentze gamosaxul<br />

figurasTanac, im gansxvavebiT, rom am SemTxvevaSi figura<br />

sruli saxiT aris miZerwili fragmentis zedapirze (sur.<br />

3). am figurasac zustad iseve aqvs aRmarTuli xelebi<br />

maRla, rogorc wiTeli WurWlis figuras. maja, xelis<br />

mtevani da TiTebi arc am figuraze aRiniSneba. Mmas<br />

axasiaTebs mrgvali patara Tavi viwro kisriT,wvrili da<br />

grZeli tani da aseve wvrili joxebiviT fexebi. fexebi,<br />

rogorc wiTeli figuris SemTxvevaSi iyo, daaxloebiT<br />

45-gradusiani kuTxiT gamodis korpusidan da muxlis<br />

saxsarSi isea moxrili, rom TiTqos figura Camjdaria<br />

1<br />

javaxiSvili g. anTropomorfuli plastika warmarTuli xanis<br />

saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 24.<br />

94

`mrokav-mlocveli figurebi~<br />

(e. w. `plieSi~), Tumca, isic ar aris gamoricxuli, rom<br />

mis gamomsaxvels surda muxlis saxsris Cvenebac da<br />

man es survili mxolod am gziT ganaxorciela. fexebi<br />

bolovdeba terfebiT, fexebs Soris, TiTqmis muxlebamde,<br />

figuras CamoSvebuli aqvs falosi.<br />

Tu kargad davakvirdebiT figuras, SevamCnevT imasac,<br />

rom igi moZrav mdgomareobaSia gamosaxuli. aSkaraa, rom<br />

sxeulis simZime araTanabrad aris ganawilebuli orive<br />

fexze, korpusi ufro metad gadaxrilia Cvengan marjvniv,<br />

Sesabamisad, sxeulis simZime gadatanilia figuris<br />

marcxena fexze, marjvena fexi ki SeiZleba haerSic iyos<br />

amgvari gadaxridan gamomdinare. Tu SesaZlebeli iqneboda<br />

imiris Savzedapiriani WurWlis fragmentis figurisTvis<br />

fexebis mdgomareobebis Secvla, anu sxeulis simZimis<br />

gadatana figuris marcxena fexidan marjvena fexze da Tu<br />

amgvari moqmedeba ramodenimejer ganmeordeboda, aSkarad<br />

miviRebdiT xelebapyrobili figuris `ornabijian~,<br />

`yunculis~ msgavs martiv sacekvao moZraobas.<br />

zemoT moyvanili ori Zeglisgan gansxvavebul<br />

anTropomorfuli plastikis nimuSs warmoadgens imiris<br />

goraze aRmoCenili, aseve Savzedapirian WurWlis<br />

fragmentze reliefurad gamosaxuli figura (sur. 4).<br />

WurWlis SemorCenilma fragmentma, Semoinaxa mxolod:<br />

figuris uterfo fexebi,zeda ori nimuSis msgavsad,fexebs<br />

Soris CamoSvebuli falosiT, marjvena xeli da marcxena<br />

xelis sawyisi nawili idayvamde. figuris marjvena xeli<br />

qveviT aris daxrili da zeda korpusisgan moSorebulia<br />

daaxloebiT 45-gradusiani kuTxiT. Cveni azriT, aseTive<br />

mdgomareoba unda hqonoda marcxena xelsac. figuras<br />

ar axasiaTebs muxlebSi Camjdari mdgomareoba da<br />

Cveni dakvirvebiT, muxlis gadmocemas figuris avtori<br />

muxlis adgilas saZerwi Tixis ufro meti amoburcviT<br />

axerxebs.<br />

imiris da aruxlos goris anTropomorful figurebs<br />

95

aleko gelaSvili<br />

paralelebi TiTqmis mTel msoflioSi moeZebneba<br />

(avstralia, espaneTi, italia, azerbaijani, somxeTi,<br />

arabeTis gaerTianebuli saemiro da sxv.) da Sesabamisad,<br />

am figurebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva Sexedulebac arsebobs.<br />

magaliTad, amerikeli mkvlevari antoni perati maT<br />

,,Cacucqul kacebad~ moixseniebs da miiCnevs, rom isini<br />

uZvelesi cis plazmis formaciebs warmoadgenen 1 . (sur.<br />

5) igi iZleva ilustrirebas imisa, Tu rogori formebiT<br />

gamoxatavdnen plazmas (fizikaSi da qimiaSi plazma aris<br />

airi, romelic mTlianad an nawilobriv ionizirebulia 2 )<br />

sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva adgilas. erTi mxriv,<br />

antoni peratis Sexedulebas ver uarvyofT, magram aqve<br />

dasakonkretebelia, plazmis ra tipzea saubari. rogorc<br />

cnobilia,airebis msgavsad,plazmas ar aqvs gansazRvruli<br />

forma an moculoba, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac is<br />

raime WurWelSi an konteinerSia moTavsebuli 3 . Tu antoni<br />

perats mxedvelobaSi aqvs bunebaSi arsebuli plazmis<br />

tipiuri magaliTebi:ali,elva,varskvlavebi da mze,romelTa<br />

danaxva Zveli drois adamians SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT<br />

SeeZlo, maSin misi mosazreba CvenTvisac misaRebia, radgan<br />

uZveles adamians, magaliTad, SeeZlo elvis garkveuli<br />

forma adamianis formisTvis miemsgavsebina da Semdeg is<br />

gamoesaxa kldeze, qvaze an Tixis WurWelze. Tumca, am<br />

SemTxvevaSic ki mainc migvaCnia, rom e. w. `Cacucquli<br />

kacebis~ formaSi adamianuri sawyisi ufro metia, vidre<br />

plazmuri. garda amisa, qarTuli `mrokvel-mlocveli~<br />

figurebis magaliTebi ar Seicaven iseT damaxasiaTebel<br />

niSnebs (magaliTad or wertils), romelic antoni<br />

peratis mier ilustrirebul figurebs tanis orive<br />

mxares, fexebsa da xelebs Soris aReniSneba. amave dros,<br />

daaxloebiT imave figurebis (saubaria valkamonikas<br />

1<br />

http://www.thunderbolts.info/tpod/2004/arch/041231predictions-rock-art.<br />

htm<br />

2<br />

http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/პლაზმა<br />

3 http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/პლაზმა<br />

96

`mrokav-mlocveli figurebi~<br />

da tirolis alpebis kldeebze gamosaxul figurebze)<br />

sxvagvari da sinamdvilesTan ufro axlos mdgomi<br />

interpretaciac arsebobs.<br />

magaliTad, italiaSi `valkamonikas~ figurebis Sesaxeb<br />

saintereso cnobebs iZleva andrea arka gamokvlevaSi:<br />

`valkamonikas kldis xelovnebis `mlocavi figurebis~<br />

qronologia da interpretacia~. `italiaSi valkamonikas<br />

kldis xelovnebis figurebi `mlocav figurebad~ an<br />

`mlocvelebad~ iwodebian, iqidan gamomdinare, rom Cans,<br />

TiTqos figurebi loculoben aweuli xelebiT. Tumca,<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom locvis aqti am figurebisTvis<br />

yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli interpretaciaa, es<br />

srulebiT ar gamoricxavs imavdroulad figurebis<br />

mdgomareobebSi garkveuli tipis cekvis amokiTxvasac 1 ~<br />

(sur. 6, 7) – aRniSnavs andrea arka da gamohyofs<br />

`mlocveli~ figurebis ramodenime tips:<br />

1. `mlocveli figurebi simetriulad<br />

urTierTsawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli (maRla da dabla)<br />

moRunuli, `U~-s formis xelebiTa da fexebiT;<br />

2. mlocveli figurebi simetriulad<br />

urTierTsawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli (maRla da dabla)<br />

marTkuTxa `L~-is formis xelebiTa da fexebiT;<br />

3. mlocveli figurebi samkuTxa formis fexebiT;<br />

4. Sereuli saxis figurebi~ 2<br />

.<br />

andrea arkas TqmiT, SeiZleba ganisazRvros figurebis<br />

sxva kategoriebic, romlebic iZlevian:<br />

`sasqeso reprezentacias. SesaZlebelia vipovoT<br />

mamri figura (sqesi warmodgenilia joxis saxiT),<br />

mdedri figura (sqesi warmodgenilia wertiliT an zog<br />

SemTxvevaSi ori sxvadasxva wertiliT biustTan axlos,<br />

mkerdis adgilebis misaTiTeblad) da usqeso figurebi;<br />

1<br />

Andrea Arca, ,,Chronology and interpretation of the “Praying figures” in<br />

Valcamonica rock-art’’, http://www.rupestre.net/tracce/?p=4123<br />

2<br />

Andrea Arca, ,,Chronology and interpretation of the “Praying figures” in<br />

Valcamonica rock-art’’, http://www.rupestre.net/tracce/?p=4123<br />

97

aleko gelaSvili<br />

xelebisa da fexebis poziciebis arsebobas an ar<br />

arsebobas;<br />

sxva martiv figurebTan damokidebulebas;<br />

SeiaraRebul xasiaTs~ 1<br />

.<br />

valkamonikas kldis xelovnebis qronologiis yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovani kvleva, rogorc andrea arka migviTiTebs,<br />

SemoTavazebuli aqvs e. anatis jer kidev 1960-ian wlebSi,<br />

sadac qronologiurad oTxi stili gamoikveTa. amaTgan<br />

I da II stili daTariRda neoliTuri xaniT, III stili –<br />

eneoliTisa da brinjaos xaniT,IV stili brinjaos xanis<br />

dasasrulidan rkinis xanis dasasrulamde. e. anatis mier<br />

`mlocavebi~ miCneul iqna I da II stilad. I stili<br />

TariRdeba V aTaswleulidan _ Zv. w. aR. IV aTaswleulis<br />

dasawyisamde (5000 – 3800 Zv. w. aR.) da II stili<br />

TariRdeba Zv. w. aR. IV aTaswleuliT (3800 – 3000 Zv. w.<br />

aR.) 2 . Cven mier warmodgenili qarTuli anTropomorfuli<br />

plastikis nimuSebic, imirisa da aruxlos goris Tixis<br />

WurWlis fragmentebze reliefurad miZerwili `mrokavmlocveli~<br />

figurebis saxiT, arqeologebma Zv. w. aR.<br />

VI-IV aTaswleulebis farglebs miakuTvnes 3 , anu isini<br />

neoliT-eneoliTuri kulturis nawarms warmoadgenen.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, mrokav-mlocveli figurebi, rogorc<br />

uZvelesi sacekvao informaciis mqone qarTuli nivTebi,<br />

ise gvevlinebian.<br />

mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvnac,rom imiris da aruxlos<br />

figurebi paralelebs avleben eneoliT-adrebrinjaos<br />

xanis `oznis Tixis fialis xatovan niSnebTan, kerZod I<br />

niSanTan, romelic `xelebapyrobil~, `yunculas-calyuassamaias~<br />

gamoxatavs.<br />

rac Seexeba neoliT-eneoliTis xanis qarTuli<br />

1<br />

Andrea Arca, ,,Chronology and interpretation of the “Praying figures” in<br />

Valcamonica rock-art’’, http://www.rupestre.net/tracce/?p=4123<br />

2<br />

Andrea Arca, ,,Chronology and interpretation of the “Praying figures” in<br />

Valcamonica rock-art’’, http://www.rupestre.net/tracce/?p=4123<br />

3<br />

qvemo qarTlis arqeologiuri eqspediciis Sedegebi (1965-1971),<br />

,,mecniereba~, 1975, gv. 85.<br />

98

`mrokav-mlocveli figurebi~<br />

antropomorfuli figurebis gansakuTrebuli sicxadiT<br />

ikonografiul msgavsebas `valkamonikas~ kldis reliefze<br />

mocemul figurebTan, es garemoeba TavisTavad am figurebis<br />

gamomZerwvelTa Tu amomkveTelTa SemoqmedebiTi (da<br />

ara marto SemoqmedebiTi) ganviTarebis erTnair doneze<br />

miuTiTebs, _ erTmaneTisgan Sors myofi, imdroindeli<br />

avtorebisTvis adamianis sxeulis nawilebis warmosaxva<br />

aracnobier niadagze erTnairad xorcieldeboda.<br />

sur. 1 imiris goris mrokav - mlocveli figura (Zv. w. aR.<br />

VI _ IV aTaswleulebi)<br />

sur. 2 aruxlos goris mrokav-mlocveli figura (Zv. w. aR.<br />

VI _ IV aTaswleulebi)<br />

99

aleko gelaSvili<br />

sur. 3 imiris goris mrokav-mlocveli figura (Zv. w. aR. VI<br />

_ IV aTaswleulebi)<br />

sur. 4 imiris goris mrokav-mlocveli figura (Zv. w. aR. VI<br />

_ IV aTaswleulebi)<br />

100

`mrokav-mlocveli figurebi~<br />

sur. 5 `Cacucquli kacebi~, rogorc cis plazmis formaciebi<br />

(anton peratis mixedviT)<br />

sur. 6 - 7 valkamonikas kldis figurebi<br />

101

aleko gelaSvili<br />

sur. 8 `yuncula~ _ oznis Tixis fialis I niSani (Zv. w. aR.<br />

IV _ III aTaswleulebi)<br />

sur. 9 `mrokavi urCxuli~ _ rexis qvis gamosaxuleba (Zv.<br />

w. aR. IX _ VII ss.)<br />

102

mzia zautaSvili,<br />

saSemsruleblo xelovnebis telereJisuris<br />

mimarTulebis doqtoranti,<br />

xelmZRvaneli _ prof. sandro vaxtangovi<br />

sad gaqra mayurebeli?<br />

`sad gaqra mayurebeli?~ 1 _ kiTxulobs amerikeli<br />

telewamyvani, RBS-is Jurnalisti, terens smiti da iqve<br />

mohyavs statistikuri maCvenebeli _ `Tu ramdenime wlis<br />

win sainformacio programebis saeTero dros CarTuli<br />

iyo televizorebis 75%, axla es cifri 44-iT Seicvala<br />

da dRiTidRe katastrofulad klebulobs~. 2 misi kolega<br />

den reizeri agrZelebs azrs da ambobs,rom `sainformacio<br />

telegadacemebis mayureblis kleba gardauvalia, radgan<br />

amerikelebis umravlesoba axal ambebs igebs sadReRamiso<br />

radiosadgurebiT, internetiT, adgilobrivi sakabelo<br />

arxebiT, da es yvelaferi xdeba bevrad ufro adre,<br />

vidre nacionaluri televiziis wamyvani gauRimebs da<br />

miesalmeba mayurebels. telemauwyeblobam fexi ver<br />

auwyo teqnologiur miRwevebs. misi sakomunikacio manera<br />

moZvelebulia da ar asaxavs auditoriis Tanamedrove<br />

moTxovnebs~. 3<br />

ukve ramdenime welia debatebi ar wydeba tradiciuli<br />

sainformacio programebis garSemo. Zneli saTqmelia,<br />

ra formas miiRebs axali ambebis warmoeba momavalSi.<br />

mayureblisTvis informaciis wyaros aRar warmoadgens<br />

oficialuri mauwyebeli. internetma pirveloba CamoarTva<br />

televizias. veb-saitebis momxmarebels saSualeba aqvs<br />

misTvis xelsayrel dros CamotvirTos, misTvis sando<br />

wyaroebSi gadaamowmos, piradad misTvis saintereso<br />

informacia. internet momxmarebels ar sWirdeba Suamavali,<br />

1<br />

White T.,Writing, reorting and producing,NY, Fokal Press,2007, p.460<br />

2<br />

iqve;<br />

3<br />

iqve;<br />

103

mzia zautaSvili<br />

mmarTveli elitis mentori Jurnalisti, romelic<br />

realurad momxdar ambavs xelisuflebis instrumentad<br />

aqcevs. gamonaklisia auditoriis is nawili, visac ara<br />

aqvs interneti da sakabelo televizia. Tumca maTi<br />

cifric yoveldRiurad klebulobs. `CBS, ABC, NBCis<br />

sainformacio programebis SeuzRudavi dafinanseba<br />

karga xania istorias Cabarda. aRar arian `axal ambebSi~<br />

reklamis ganTavsebis msurvelebic. Tanxebis ararsebobis<br />

gamo qselebma daxures nacionaluri da saerTaSoriso<br />

warmomadgenlobebi. ukve ramdenime welia ar wydeba<br />

korespondentebisa da sainformacio samsaxuris Statebis<br />

Semcireba. Jurnalistebis didi nawili Tavisi surviliT<br />

uars ambobs satelevizio karieraze da profesiul<br />

gzas internet gverdebze agrZelebs. komerciuli, kerZo<br />

samauwyeblo arxebic auqmeben axali ambebis gamoSvebebs<br />

ararentabelurobis gamo~. 1<br />

ismis kiTxva _ amarTlebs Tu ara tradiciuli<br />

satelevizio sainformacio programebi misi momzadebisTvis<br />

gaweul sawarmoo xarjebs? dargis analitikosebi<br />

Tvlian, rom Tanamedrove sakomunikacio saSualebebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT, Sereul telemauwyeblobaSi `axali<br />

ambebis~ miwodebas azri aRara aqvs. isini konkurencias<br />

ver uweven internets, radios, CNN-isa da BBC-is<br />

ocdaoTxsaaTian,srulad sainformacio arxebs. gadacemebsa<br />

da filmebs Soris ganTavsebuli News-ebi dagvianebulia<br />

da mxolod mauwyeblis politikuri Tu finansuri<br />

interesebiT SeiZleba iyos gamarTlebuli.<br />

mocemuli realoba ar aris Sedegi teqnikuri<br />

progresisa da komunikaciis axali saSualebebiT<br />

informaciis swrafad miwodebis mizeziT ver aixsneba.<br />

`ratom aRar hyavs mayurebeli saeTero axal ambebs?<br />

rogorc arasdros darwmunebuli var, rom maT meoTxe<br />

xelisuflebis mimarT mZime braldebebi daugrovdaT~,<br />

1<br />

White T.,Writing, reorting and producing,NY, Fokal Press,2007, p.460<br />

104

sad gaqra mayurebeli?<br />

_ pasuxobs kiTxvas bernar goldbergi, _ `da erTerTi<br />

maTgani Cveulebrivi undoblobaa. Jurnalistebi<br />

Tavs uflebas aZleven, politikuri dakveTis, an piradi<br />

Sexedulebebis mixedviT aagon reportaJis teqsti,<br />

struqtura, miznobrivad SearCion gamosaxuleba da<br />

damzadebuli informaciiT socialuri mbrZaneblis<br />

statusSi moevlinon sazogadoebas~. 1 Tumca, `nawili<br />

am informaciisa namdvilad ainteresebs mayurebels,<br />

magaliTad amindis prognozi _ mowvims xval Tu ara;<br />

danarCens erTi saxeli aqvs, yvela damaxasiaTebeli<br />

komponentidan gamomdinare _ wminda wylis propaganda~. 2<br />

`mxolod samoqalaqo JurnalistikiT SeiZleba samsaxuri<br />

gauwio mayurebels. televizia axlo urTierTobaSi<br />

unda iyos sazogadoebasTan. dadga dro fundamenturi<br />

cvlilebebisa, aucilebelia axlidan ganvsazRvroT cneba<br />

`informacia~ da gaviazroT, ra samsaxurs uwevs es<br />

informacia xalxs~. 3<br />

rogor aRwers samoqalaqo Jurnalistikis principebs,<br />

am mimarTulebis pioneri, maiamis universitetis<br />

profesori ed arnouni. `samoqalaqo Jurnalistika<br />

gulisxmobs:<br />

ifiqro adamianze pirvel rigSi, rogorc moqalaqeze<br />

da ara rogorc informaciis momxmarebelze.<br />

gaaSuqo problema ara eqspertebis, ara<br />

institucionaluri an ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT, aramed<br />

gaerkve ra WrilSi xedavs am sakiTxs sazogadoeba.<br />

gaxsovdes, rom demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />

sainformacio samsaxuris yvelaze mniSvnelovani amocanaa,<br />

pirdapiri da arapirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, xeli Seuwyo<br />

1<br />

Goldberg B.White T.,Writing, reorting and producing,NY, Fokal<br />

Press,2007, p.368<br />

2<br />

Крисбаум K. Правительство как агент по связи с общественностью.<br />

http://www.ref.by/refs/68/15694/1.html<br />

3<br />

Fuy E. White T.,Writing, reorting and producing,NY, Fokal Press,2007,<br />

p.405<br />

105

mzia zautaSvili<br />

samoqalaqo sivrcis Seqmnas. am sivrceSi waradgino<br />

aqtualuri Tema da gaarkvio, ra gziT unda sazogadoebas<br />

svla. es Jurnalistis umTavresi movaleobaa, sajaro<br />

analiziT daexmaro moqalaqis piradi pasuxismgeblobis<br />

amaRlebas.<br />

gaaSuqo axali ambavi samoqalaqo TvalsazrisiT,<br />

niSnavs upasuxo kiTxvas _ `ra SegviZlia Cven, yvelas<br />

erTad am problemis gadasaWrelad?~ da ara erT<br />

romelime pirovnebas an Tundac, mcire jgufs mmarTveli<br />

struqturebidan.<br />

Tu Cven gavmijnavT xelisuflebas, rogorc sxva<br />

adamianebs da warvadgenT, rogorc moqalaqisgan raRac<br />

calke mdgom dajgufebas, Cven miviRebT qveynis marTvis<br />

warumatebel, mcdar sistemas, sadac sazogadoebriv<br />

problemebze pasuxismgebloba mxolod Cinovnikebs<br />

ekisrebaT. realoba ki aseTia _ socialuri progresi<br />

politikuri struqturebis miRma miiRweva da is<br />

TiToeuli adamianis calke da mTlianad sazogadoebis<br />

pasuxismgeblobisa da Sromis Sedegia~. 1<br />

samoqalaqo Jurnalistika Tvlis, rom qveyanaSi<br />

ganviTarebuli problemebis Zieba xelisuflebaSi<br />

satelevizio manipulaciis moZvelebuli mesijia da<br />

yovelTvis SefarviT, an aSkarad emsaxureba favoriti<br />

politikuri jgufis propagandas. damnaSavis Zieba<br />

mmarTvel elitaSi azrovnebis mcdari mimarTulebaa da<br />

qveynis winsvlas ar emsaxureba, radgan xelisuflebaSi<br />

mosul mcirericxovan jgufs, yovelTvis eqneba mcdeloba<br />

piradi keTildReobisa. aqtiuri, Rirsebis gancdis mqone<br />

sazogadoebis gareSe, romlis TiToeuli wevri mis wil<br />

movaleobas ver acnobierebs demokratiul procesebSi,<br />

qveynis progresi ganwirulia.<br />

sazogadoeba satelevizio mauwyeblobis dasawyisSive<br />

1<br />

Арноун Э., Несколько слов о принципах народной журналистики<br />

http://silamedia.ru/2010/07/arnone-principles/<br />

106

sad gaqra mayurebeli?<br />

susti rgoli aRmoCnda propagandisa da finansuri<br />

interesebis jaWvSi. masobriv komunikaciebze politikuri<br />

wreebis, faSisturi da komunisturi ideologiis<br />

diqtaturam mware gakveTili dautova istorias.<br />

Tavisufal azrsa da gonierebas moklebulma masam<br />

xifaTi Seuqmna kacobriobis arsebobas. aucilebeli<br />

gaxda politikuri da komerciuli struqturebisgan<br />

damoukidebeli satelevizio mauwyeblobis modelis Seqmna,<br />

romelic sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze, misi interesebis<br />

gaxmovanebaze,ganaTlebaze,kulturuli donis amaRlebaze<br />

izrunebda. meti damoukideblobisTvis gadawyda _<br />

arxi salicenzio gadasaxadiT mayurebels TviTonve<br />

daefinansebina da misi ideologiisgan, saxelmwifo<br />

struqturebisgan damoukidebeli, arakomerciuli<br />

prioritetebi kanonmdeblobis saxiTac Camoyalibda. Tumca<br />

es CanafiqriT idealuri samauwyeblo sivrce mxolod<br />

ganviTarebuli, ukve demokratiuli sazogadoebisTvis<br />

gadaiqca realobad da mis saukeTeso nimuSad dRemde<br />

BBC rCeba. bevr qveyanaSi, ise rogorc CvenTan,<br />

`sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli~ axlac, mxolod wesdebiT<br />

moTxovnil komponentebs butaforiulad deklarirebs,<br />

arsiT ki imitirebul sazogadoebas infantiluri<br />

mozardis rols sTavazobs, romelsac Wiqa wyalic ki<br />

manipulatoris rCeulma, mzrunvelma, politikurma<br />

jgufma unda dausxas. `socialuri problemebis<br />

gverdis avliT telemayurebeli mudmivad datvirTulia<br />

politikuri, TiTqos `zogadsakacobrio~ sakiTxebiT.<br />

aseTi sainformacio taqtikis Sedegi yovelTvis erTi da<br />

igivea: umoqmedoba, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi _ gulgriloba~. 1<br />

laparakiT daRlili `sazogadoebis gaucxoeba imdenad<br />

didia, mTlianad mediisa da gansakuTrebiT, satelevizio<br />

komunikaciebisadmi, rom presisa Tu mauwyeblis yvela<br />

1<br />

Шиллер Г.,Манипуляторы сознанием , http://psyfactor.org/<br />

infmanipulat2.htm , c 18<br />

107

mzia zautaSvili<br />

mcdeloba _ kontaqti aRadginos mayurebelTan, aRiqmeba,<br />

rogorc reitingisa da tiraJebis gazrdis mizniT<br />

dagegmili cinikuri manipulacia~. 1<br />

sabednierod, teqnologiur cvlilebebs moaqvs<br />

komunikaciis axali saSualebebi da komunikaciis<br />

saSualebebs sazogadoebis axali tipi. internetiT<br />

socialurma komunikaciam istoriis mamoZravebeli Zala<br />

SeiZina. guSindeli `egzotikuri saTamaSo~ dRevandeli<br />

statistikuri monacemebiT miliardamde momxmarebels<br />

iTvlis. misi daxmarebiT msoflio veRarasodes iqneba<br />

iseTi, rogoric adre iyo. Tu aqamde informaciis<br />

gavrcelebisa da sazogadoebrivi azris formirebis<br />

monopolisti profesionali Jurnalisti da mediapersonebi<br />

iyvnen, axla internetma yvela gaaTanabra.<br />

nebismier adamians SeuZlia gamoiyenos sakomunikacio<br />

sivrce piradi mosazrebebis, ambebis, SerCeuli masalis<br />

gasaziareblad. mkiTxvelebis raodenobiT internetma<br />

ukve gaaswro beWdviT medias. pasiuri telemayureblis<br />

statusi ki facebook-is statusma Secvala. socialuri<br />

qselis TiToeuli wevri individualuri mauwyebelia,<br />

pirobiTad eleqtronuli mediis mflobeli, romelsac<br />

hyavs Tavisi auditoria SerCeuli megobrebis saxiT,<br />

aqvs SeuzRudavi saeTero dro, internetis video,<br />

foto, audio da beWdviTi sakomunikacio baza. postis<br />

ganaxlebisaTvis sxvadasxva SemecnebiTi, musikaluri da<br />

sainformacio xasiaTis gverdebi, sistematurad awvdian<br />

Tematur masalas. statusmauwyebeli Tavisi gemovnebiT,<br />

im wuTieri ganwyobiT, an Tundac, raime movlenidan<br />

gamomdinare, aqveynebs SerCeul informacias, aziarebs<br />

pirad mosazrebebs, Sedis dialogSi daAaqvs ukukavSiri<br />

Tavis mayurebelTan. `internetma Seqmna kacobriobis<br />

istoriaSi aqamde arnaxuli, principulad axali<br />

1<br />

Fuy E. White T.,Writing, reorting and producing,NY, Fokal Press,2007,<br />

p.405<br />

108

sad gaqra mayurebeli?<br />

`eleqtronuli demokratiis~ sivrce. es aris pirvel<br />

rigSi informaciis gavrcelebis unikaluri saSualeba _<br />

dRes yovlad SeuZlebelia raime faqtis damalva an azris<br />

SezRudva. saxelmwifo da komerciuli struqturebisgan<br />

damoukidebeli socialuri Tanamegobroba gaxsnilia<br />

sazogadoebrivi diskusiisaTvis~. 1 `axali sainformacio<br />

da komunikaciuri teqnologiebi axal horizonts<br />

xsnis mcodne sazogadoebis gzaze, romelic gadalaxavs<br />

socialur marginalizacias, iZleva ganaTlebas, aiolebs<br />

samecniero mignebebis gacvlas, xels uwyobs xelovnebas<br />

da kulturaTa Soris dialogs~. 2<br />

formalurad ukve arsebobs masmediis ori polusi:<br />

xelisuflebisa da komerciuli struqturebis media _<br />

tradiciuli satelevizio mauwyebloba da sazogadoebis<br />

media _ `socialuri qselis~ saxiT. yvela statistikiT<br />

aSkaraa, rom mayurebeli sakomunikaciod `socialur<br />

qsels~ irCevs. televiziebs rCeba xanSesuli asakobrivi<br />

kategoria da sazogadoebis mcire Semosavliani<br />

segmenti. wlidan wlamde internetis, gansakuTrebiT<br />

`socialuri komunikaciis~ popularoba matulobs.<br />

tradiciuli satelevizio mauwyebloba mayureblis<br />

gareSe rCeba da azrs kargavs. televizia cdilobs<br />

Tavisi samsaxuri SesTavazos, megobruli urTierTobebi<br />

daamyaros `facebook~-Tan da sxva `socialur qselebTan.~<br />

gansakuTrebiT `sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli~ Tavs<br />

valdebulad Tvlis, daemorCilos auditoriis survils<br />

da im teqnikur sivrceSi gaavrcelos sainformacio,<br />

saganmanaTleblo, kulturul-SemecnebiTi komponenti,<br />

sadac mayurebelma gadainacvla. radgan `socialuri<br />

qseli~ ufro metad saeWvo Rirebulebis samoyvarulo<br />

1<br />

Кречетников А., «Электронная» демократия против «суверенной»<br />

Би-би-си, Москва, 2013 http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/russia/<br />

newsid_6279000/6279719.stm<br />

2<br />

UNESCO., Служба общественного вещания:Справочник лучших приемов<br />

и методов работы, Гелеос,2005,c 179.<br />

109

mzia zautaSvili<br />

postebiT maragdeba, sazogadoebrivi televizia Tavis<br />

misias internetkomunikaciis formatSi sando da<br />

profesiuli standartiT damzadebuli, xarisxiani<br />

masalis miwodebaSi xedavs. `sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli<br />

personalurad unda moemsaxuros mayurebels. gaxdes<br />

kvalificiuri `portali~ da megzuroba gauwios<br />

sazogadoebas sakomunikacio servisebisa da Sinaarsis<br />

kolosaluri potencialis mqone internetSi~. 1 BBC-im<br />

calke arxi dauTmo samauwyeblo samsaxurs, romelic<br />

cifrul formatSi sagamomcemlo formiT funqcionirebs<br />

da programebis didi nawili mayureblebis dakveTiT<br />

internetSi, mobilur telefonebze gadaicema. arxi ar<br />

aris SezRuduli arc samauwyeblo badiT, arc formiT,<br />

arc SinaarsiT da Cafiqrebulia, rogorc Tamami<br />

eqsperimentuli sivrce axali ideebis mosasinjad. 2<br />

arsebobs mosazreba, rom televiziis momavali<br />

kompiuteris, mobiluri mravalfunqciuri sakomunikacio<br />

gajetebis TandarTul saitebSia. mayurebeli, misTvis<br />

mosaxerxebel nebismier dros, arxidan arxze gadasvlis<br />

nacvlad, planSetze airCevs SemoTavazebuli kontentidan<br />

misTvis saintereso gadacemas. samauwyeblo teqnologiebis<br />

eqspertebi jer ver akeTeben prognozs, ra saxes miiRebs<br />

momavalSi televizia. teqnikur komponentSi ukve<br />

gamogonilia hologramuli televizori, gamosaxulebaSi<br />

Cadebuli sareklamo informaciiT, romelic magidaze<br />

furceliviT efineba da vizualis proeqcia sivrceSi<br />

xdeba. mayurebels, romelsac filmis yurebis dros<br />

daainteresebs,magaliTad personaJis mklavze gadadebuli<br />

CanTa,pultis damiznebiT gadava danarTze,sadac Seityobs<br />

srulad nivTis brends, faqturas, feris arCevans da sad,<br />

ra fasSi SeZlebs mowonebuli CanTis yidvas. es niSnavs,<br />

rom sareklamo rgoli damoukidebeli saxiT gaqreba. misi<br />

1<br />

UNESCO., Служба общественного вещания:Справочник лучших<br />

приемов и методов работы, Гелеос,2005,c 181<br />

2<br />

iqve;<br />

110

sad gaqra mayurebeli?<br />

damzadebisa da ganTavsebis xarjebi mTlianad satelevizio<br />

nawarmoebis Sinaarssa da xarisxs moxmardeba.<br />

`Cven axla vcxovrobT samauwyeblo teqnologiebis<br />

winarevoluciur xanaSi. momdevno 15 weliwadSi<br />

telearxebis bazars kontenti gamodevnis. romelic<br />

multimediur sivrceSi gavrceldeba. es iqneba mauwyeblobis<br />

arsebobis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze radikaluri cvlileba.<br />

revoluciuri cvlilebebi gviaxlovdeba~. 1 aRniSna HATis<br />

saerTaSoriso konferenciaze eduard sagalaevma,<br />

romelic moiwvies Temaze _ `strategia 2015: kontenti,<br />

teqnologia, ekonomika. liderebis scenarebi.~<br />

dRes ki, Tu gvainteresebs sad aris mayurebeli?<br />

pasuxi martivia, mayurebeli aris iq, sadac ainteresebs.<br />

kiTxva sxvagvarad unda davsvaT _ sad aris televizia?<br />

1<br />

САГАЛАЕВ. Э., XIV Международный Конгресс Национальной ассоциации<br />

телерадиовещателей, 2010, www.natexpo.ru/conference<br />

111

naTia mefariSvili,<br />

kinomcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,<br />

xelmZRvaneli _ prof. zviad doliZe<br />

stiven spilbergi _<br />

axdenili „amerikuli ocneba“<br />

`Seqmna kargi filmi _ Zalian rTulia! Seqmna filmi,<br />

romelic moswons mayurebels _ martivi ar aris. magram<br />

gadaiRo kargi kino, popularuli mayureblisTvis da<br />

Tanac es SeZlo yovel wels _ igivea, rom moipovo is<br />

wmida graali, romlisTvisac indiana jonsi sicocxles<br />

riskis winaSe ayenebs da romlis mopovebis udidesi<br />

survili aqvs bevrs holivudSi!~<br />

rojer eberti 1<br />

stiven spilbergi daibada 1949 wlis, 18 dekembers,<br />

amerikis qalaq cincinatSi, inJiner-eleqtrikos arnold<br />

spilbergis ojaxSi. spilbergis mama erT-erTi pioneri iyo<br />

kompiuteruli saqmianobis sferoSi. mamis profesiidan<br />

gamomdinare, spilbergs bevri mogzauroba uwevda. 2<br />

„xelovani adamianebi, romel sferoSic ar unda<br />

moRvaweobdnen: TeatrSi, kinoSi, arqiteqturasa Tu<br />

literaturaSi, TavisTavad warmoadgenen sakuTari<br />

STabeWdilebebis xarjze produqts, im STabeWdilebebisa,<br />

romlebic miiRes bavSvobaSi. ar mjera uecari<br />

genialurobis gamovlinebisa _ es mxolod da mxolod<br />

miTia,Tumca farTod gavrcelebuli. Cven yvela ganvicdiT<br />

STagonebas. mec yovelTvis raRac STamagonebs, magram<br />

mTeli Cemi STagoneba _ es aris Sedegi imisa, Tu risgan<br />

var Semdgari. mTeli Cemi organizmi sawyiss iTvlis<br />

erT dRes 1946 wels (18 dekemberi), rodesac movevline<br />

1<br />

Ebert, Roger. Awake in the Dark: The Best of Roger Ebert. London: The<br />

University of Chicago Press, 2006, p. 99.<br />

2<br />

Юрченко Е. Стивен Спилберг. Ростов, “Феникс”, 2000, с. 81.<br />

112

dedamiwas qalaq cincinatSi (Stati ohaio). Semdgom Cemi<br />

cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba TandaTanobiT izrdeba, da<br />

ase xdeba Cemi Semadgeneli _ kargic da cudic...“ _<br />

ambobda stiven spilbergi. 1<br />

bavSvoba da axalgazrdoba qalaq hodonfildsa (niujersis<br />

Stati) da skotdeilSi (arizonas Stati) gaatara.<br />

am provinciulma qalaqebma ganaviTara misi fantazia,<br />

romlis realizaciamac kinoSi SeZra msoflio. pirveli<br />

filmi 12 wlis asakSi gadaiRo, feniqsis SemogarenSi.<br />

26 wlis asakSi spilbergma gadaiRo filmi „ybebi“<br />

(1975), 30 wlisam – „mesame xarisxis axlo kontaqtebi“<br />

(1977), xolo 34 wlisam ki _ „uZvelesi kidobnis<br />

maZiebelni“ (1984) (jorj lukasTan erTad). mis mier<br />

gadaRebuli filmebidan yvelaze Semosavlian filmad<br />

kinos istoriaSi iqca filmi „ucxoplaneteli“. ukve<br />

34 wlis asakSi spilbergi „holivudis mefed“ aRiares. 2<br />

mis mier Seqmnilma filmebma mayureblis yvelaze didi<br />

raodenoba moicva, rac Semosavlis uwyvet wyaros qmnida.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT stiven spilbergs toli ar hyavs _<br />

aris namdvili „amerikuli ocnebis“ cocxali magaliTi.<br />

zogadad moiazreben sabavSvo da axalgazrduli<br />

filmebis specialistad, samecniero fantastikis JanrSi.<br />

es reputacia mas SesZina filmebma – „xafangi“ da<br />

„iuruli parki“, arada, sinamdvileSi, spilbergi muSaobs<br />

sxvadasxva JanrSi – trileridan dawyebuli („eqspresi<br />

Sugarlendisken“, 1974), saSinelebaTa filmebiT („ybebi“,<br />

1975),komediebi („1941“, 1979),saTavgadasavlo filmebiT<br />

(„Zveli kidobnis maZiebelni“, 1981, „indiana jonsi da<br />

jvarosnuli laSqroba“, 1984) damTavrebuli. spilbergi<br />

ganagrZobda eqsperiments kinoSi, risi magaliTicaa<br />

„mewamuli feri“ (1985) da „mzis imperia“ (1987). stivenis<br />

1<br />

Юрченко Е. Стивен Спилберг, Ростов, “Феникс”, 2000, с. <strong>55</strong>-56.<br />

2<br />

Sanello, Frank. Spielberg: The Man, the Movies, the Mythology. Dallas:<br />

Taylor Trade Publishing, 2002, p.132.<br />

113

naTia mefariSvili<br />

Semdgomi namuSevrebi gankuTvnilia ufrosi TaobisaTvis,<br />

esenia: romantikuli komedia „samudamod“ (1989) da raRa<br />

Tqma unda, istoriuli drama „Sindleris sia“ (1993).<br />

„arasdros vakeTeb Cemi filmebis klasifikacias,<br />

me ubralod viReb mxatvrul films“ _ aRniSnavda<br />

spilbergi. 1<br />

reJisori Tavis Tavs mxatvruli kinos Semoqmedad<br />

miiCnevs da Tvlis, rom upirvelesi davaleba mayureblis<br />

garTobaa da ara maTi informireba Semecnebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />

Tumca, mas Tavs esxmian kritikosebi, romlebic miiCneven<br />

spilbergis namuSevrebs „primitiul produqciad“,<br />

gajerebulT specefeqtebiT, sentimentalurobiTa<br />

da komikurobiT. isini akritikeben spilbergs, rom<br />

is mTel aqcents akeTebs filmis teqnikur mxareze,<br />

bavSvur gulubryvilobaze da ara inteleqtualur<br />

siRrmiseul Sinaarsze. Tavad reJisori Tvlis, rom es<br />

kanonzomieria da Semoifargleba zogadi pasuxiT: „kino<br />

_ didi biznesia; swored amitom yoveli filmi ganicdis<br />

eqspluatacias“. 2<br />

reJisoris sawyisi pozicia gadasaReb moedanzea:<br />

„yvelaferi unda iyos mkafiod gamoxatuli scenarSi!<br />

SeuZlebelia warmovaCinoT dedofali mosamsaxureebisa<br />

da sefe qalebis garemocvis gareSe. momwons Sinaarsis<br />

gamoxatva saxeebiT (gmirebiT), da ara dialogebiT“. 3 mis<br />

profesionalizmze am mimarTulebiT mowmobs is siswrafe,<br />

ris mixedviTac viTardeba siuJeti. bevri fiqrobs, rom<br />

swored pompezurma suraTebma, gmirebma da specefeqtebis<br />

siuxvem ganapiroba misi saukeTeso namuSevrebis warmateba.<br />

magram sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris: es mxolod da<br />

1<br />

Ebert, Roger. Awake in the Dark: The Best of Roger Ebert. London: The<br />

University of Chicago Press, 2006, p. 98.<br />

2<br />

Sanello, Frank. Spielberg: The Man, the Movies, the Mythology. Dallas:<br />

Taylor Trade Publishing, 2002, p. 145.<br />

3<br />

Friedman, Lester and Notbohm Brent. Steven Spielberg Interviews.<br />

Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2000, p. 16.<br />

114

stiven spilbergi _ axdenili „amerikuli ocneba“<br />

mxolod emsaxureba mayureblis reagirebis gamoRviZebas,<br />

romlebic unda gadavidnen arsebuli realobidan axal<br />

samyaroSi, Seiqmnan alternatiuli ganwyoba da moamzadon<br />

azrovneba, romlis drosac SeuZlebeli iqceva realobad,<br />

da yvela emocia gaRvivdeba.<br />

20-iani wlebi is periodia,rodesac holivudma daipyro<br />

msoflio kinoekranebi, amerikuli filmebi sxva qveynebis<br />

mayurebels xiblavdnen Tavisi „amerikanizmiT“: rac<br />

igulisxmeba tempSi, moZraobaSi, progresSi, optimizmsa<br />

da grZnobebis siuxveSi. 1 spilbergis filmebi amjeradac<br />

inarCuneben am niSnebs. filmis „axlo kontaqtebi“<br />

ekranebze gasvlisas reJisorma Tqva: „suraTis Seqmnisas,<br />

me mudam viTvaliswineb ara mxolod amerikuli, aramed<br />

saerTaSoriso kinobazris interesebs“. 2 rogorc Cans,<br />

spilbergs ufro uadvildeba kontaqti mayurebelTan,<br />

vidre kritikosebTan. saqme imaSic aris, rom mayurebeli<br />

midis kinoTeatrSi, raTa gaerTos, kritikosebi _<br />

imisaTvis, rom Seiswavlon suraTi. mayurebeli Tanxas<br />

ixdis konkretul sanaxaobaSi, romelic ganixileba<br />

individualurad, kritikosi ganixilavs namuSevars sxva<br />

mraval filmTan SedarebiT, ikvlevs ideis literaturul<br />

safuZvlebs da a. S.. kritikosebi adanaSaulebdnen<br />

spilbergs elis uolkeris romanis damaxinjebaSi filmSi<br />

„mewamuli feri~. spilbergis pasuxi braldebaze iyo<br />

Semdegi: `isini, vinc acxadeben, rom me wigni Tavdayira<br />

amovatriale, rodesac misgan gavakeTe sentimentaluri,<br />

rasistuli da seqsualuri Txroba, aCvenebs amiT Tavis<br />

sakuTar SezRudulobas da gariyulobas im adamianebisagan,<br />

romlebic dadian filmebis sanaxavad da ara maTze<br />

sawerad. mayurebelma dainaxa filmSi zustad is, rac<br />

masSi aris da ara damakavSirebeli xazi am filmisa Cems<br />

1<br />

Friedman, Lester and Notbohm Brent. Steven Spielberg Interviews.<br />

Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2000, p.11.<br />

2 Friedman, Lester and Notbohm Brent. Steven Spielberg Interviews.<br />

Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2000, p. 93.<br />

115

naTia mefariSvili<br />

momdevno namuSevrebTan. 1<br />

yuradRebas ipyrobs reJisoris ara mxolod, rogorc<br />

qveynierebis udidesi masStabis fantastikis filmebis<br />

Seqmna, aramed is, rom spilbergis filmebi faqtobrivad<br />

daexmara mTeli Taobis kinomayurebels 70-iani wlebis<br />

periodis axleburi aRqmis formirebaSi, maSin rodesac<br />

80-ian wlebamde maT cnobierebaSi mxolod vietnamis<br />

omis istoriebis sxvadasxva Sinaarsis filmebi iyo<br />

xelmisawvdomi, rasac ronald reiganis politika<br />

gansazRvravda. 2<br />

1980 wels, rodesac ronald reigani gaxda<br />

prezidenti da amerikeli tyveebi samSobloSi daabrunes,<br />

gaCnda Zveli didebis dabrunebis imedi. saWiro gaxda<br />

axali figuris moZieba, romelic xorcs Seasxamda Zvel<br />

miTebs, kargad ecodineboda holivudis SesaZleblobebi,<br />

iqneboda „opengeimeri“, romelic SeZlebda xelovnebisa<br />

da realobis sinTezs. 3 im dros, rodesac reiganis<br />

(es msaxiobi adre TanamSromlobda liu vasermanTan,<br />

romelic im dros spilbergis mentori da „universalis“<br />

ufrosi iyo) administracia eZebda politikur gzebs<br />

warsulis dasabruneblad da amiT warsulis didebis<br />

momavlad qcevas,holivudma axali aRmoCena gaakeTa,riTac<br />

SeZlo momavlis uzrunvelyofa kulturis sferoSi _<br />

spilbergis saxiT. 4 spilbergi amas ver iazrebda, magram<br />

misi bavSvuri gataceba da ubraloeba iqca nacionaluri<br />

sindromis gamomxatvelad. bedis ironiiT, is xdeba 70-80<br />

ian wlebSi amerikis yvelaze popularuli kinoreJisori<br />

1<br />

Friedman, Lester and Notbohm Brent. Steven Spielberg Interviews.<br />

Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2000, p. 93.<br />

2<br />

Sanello, Frank. Spielberg: The Man, the Movies, the Mythology. Dallas:<br />

Taylor Trade Publishing, 2002, p. 163-166.<br />

3<br />

Vaughn, Stephen. Ronald Reagan in Hollywood: Movies and Politics.<br />

Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press, 1994, p. 11.<br />

4<br />

Wasser, Frederick. Steven Spielberg’s America. Cambridge: Polity Press,<br />

2010, p. 93.<br />

116

stiven spilbergi _ axdenili „amerikuli ocneba“<br />

da prodiuseri.<br />

spilbergma Tavisi filmebiT 80-iani wlebis amerikis<br />

kinoindustriaze mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina,rogorc<br />

reJisorma da prodiuserma. SesaZloa iTqvas, rom is iyo<br />

sulieri mama amerikuli kinoskolis axali Taobisa,<br />

romelSic Sevidnen: jorj lukasi, robert zemekisi, don<br />

bluni da jon dante. swored, rom maTi filmebs wilad<br />

xvdaT komerciuli warmatebebi.<br />

kritikosebis nawili aRniSnavs, rom spilbergis<br />

filmebi ideologiurad konservatiulia. kritikosi<br />

robert kolkeri ambobda: „forma da struqtura<br />

spilbergis filmebisa, iZleva ideologiuri xedvis<br />

dakmayofilebis saSualebas, SeTavazebiT mSvidi da<br />

usafrTxo virtualuri garemosi. filmebi arafers<br />

axals ar eubnebian mayurebels, arafers iseTs, rac<br />

mayureblisTvis ucnobia, an raime iseTs, rac manamde<br />

miuwvdomeli iyo. amaSia maTi (filmebis) konservatuloba,<br />

gavrcelebuli 80-iani wlebis yvela kinosTvis“. 1<br />

televiziaSi miRebulma gamocdilebam spilbergs<br />

aswavla Txrobis zusti Tanmimdevruloba, amitomac<br />

misi xelovneba warmoaCens dramaturgiis kanonebis<br />

srul dacvas da siuJetis ganviTarebis dinamikurobas;<br />

sxvagvarad rom avxsnaT, televiziam Seaswavla spilbergs<br />

moqmedebebis iseTi TanmimdevrobiT ganawileba, rom<br />

mayurebels ramdenime nabijiT win uswrebs da ar aZlevs<br />

modunebis saSualebas.<br />

spilbergis filmebs aqvT unari, gamoicnon<br />

mayureblis xasiaTi, amitom Tavad is gardaiqmna<br />

Tavisi Taobis winaswarmetyvelad. aman ubiZga erT-erT<br />

yvelaze realisturi midgomebiT gamorCeul kritikos<br />

robert kolkers daewera Semdegi: „spilbergis filmebi<br />

aris ideologiuri produqcia qarxnulad Seqmnili,<br />

udidesi galerea 80-iani wlebis Seqmnil saxeTa<br />

1<br />

Юрченко Е. Стивен Спилберг. Ростов, “Феникс”, 2000, c. 67.<br />

117

naTia mefariSvili<br />

mravalferovnebisa“. 1<br />

spilbergma didi xniT SeinarCuna bavSvobis mogonebebi,<br />

rac gaxda wyaro misi Semdgomi SemoqmedebisaTvis. filmSi<br />

„ucxoplaneteli“ man gamoxata grZnobebi, romlebic<br />

gamohyva bavSvobis droindeli ojaxuri cxovrebidan.<br />

magaliTad, kamaTi ded-mamas Soris, romelic dasrulda<br />

ganqorwinebiT (1966). 2 rac Seexeba films „mesame xarisxis<br />

axlo kontaqtebi“ _ filmis siuJets safuZvlad daedo<br />

4 wlis asakSi mamis mier naCvenebi meteorituli wvimis<br />

xilvisas miRebuli STabeWdilebebi.<br />

raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, spilbergi ver<br />

moxvda amerikis verc erT prestiJul kinoinstitutSi.<br />

Caabara kaliforniis Statis universitetSi, longbiCSi,<br />

holivudTan axlos, „satelevizio warmoebis“<br />

specialobaze, magram miatova swavla bolo kursze. es<br />

saqcieli ar iyo SemTxveviTi. is iswrafoda miznisaken,<br />

romelic didi xnis win daisaxa _ gamxdariyo kinoreJisori.<br />

pirveli filmebi jer kidev bavSvobaSi gadaiRo. undoda<br />

Seeswavla kinowarmoeba,magram misi skolis atestati arc<br />

ise damajerebeli gamodga prestiJuli universitetisTvis,<br />

iseTebisTvis, rogorebicaa _ samxreT kaliforniis<br />

universiteti an kaliforniis universiteti da mas mouwia<br />

dakmayofilebuliyo inglisuri enisa da literaturis<br />

SeswavliT. stiveni ufro met dros kinoTeatrebSi<br />

atarebda vidre biblioTekaSi. mTel Tavisufal dros<br />

uTmobda studia „universals“, cdilobda ra daenaxa,<br />

rogor muSaobdnen kinos namdvili ostatebi, rogoricaa<br />

_ hiCkoki. stiveni ar iSurebda arc drosa da arc Zalas<br />

Tavis klasgareSe namuSevrebisaTvis da eZebda gzebs,<br />

rogorme eCvenebina vinmesTvis studiis administraciidan<br />

1<br />

King, Geoff. New Hollywood Cinema: An Introduction. New York: Taurus<br />

& Co Ltd, 2002, p. 108.<br />

2<br />

Lewis, Jon and Smoodin, Eric. Looking Past the Screen: Case Studies in<br />

American Film History and Method. Durham: Duke University Press 2007,<br />

p. 78.<br />

118

stiven spilbergi _ axdenili „amerikuli ocneba“<br />

Tavisi namuSevrebi. am mondomebis Sedegia 26-wuTiani<br />

filmi „emblini“ (1968), dialogebis gareSe. 1 filmSi<br />

moTxrobilia gogonasa da biWze, romlebic mogzauroben<br />

`avtostopiT~ wynari okeanisken. filmis gadaRebebi<br />

dasrulda 10 dReSi,35mm-ian firze da biujetma Seadgina<br />

10 000 dolari. finansuri mxardaWera filmisaTvis<br />

spilbergs gauwia mdidarma megobarma denis hofmanma,<br />

romelic swavlobda kolejSi stivenTan erTad da<br />

abarebda kinosaprodiuseroze. 2<br />

sidni Sainbergma, „universal studios~ televiziis<br />

warmoebis direqtorma, „emblinis“ naxvis Semdeg<br />

ganacxada, rom filmi SesaniSnavia. meore dRes Sainbergi<br />

Sexvda spilbergs da SesTavaza samsaxuri „universal<br />

studioSi“ reJisorad. spilbergma pasuxi ar daayovna<br />

da daTanxmda SeTavazebas. 3 erT kviraSi gaformda<br />

TanamSromlobis xelSekruleba da damwyeb reJisors<br />

daeniSna xelfasi 275 aSS dolari kviraSi. mas evaleboda<br />

satelevizio gadacemebis reJisura da filmebis gadaReba<br />

televiziisTvis. ase daiwyo spilbergis, rogorc<br />

reJisoris profesiuli saqmianoba did kinoSi. spilbergis<br />

pirveli warmateba da aRiareba ukavSirdeba 1968 wels<br />

gadaRebul films „emblini“. am namuSevriT stivenma,<br />

rogorc reJisorma miiqcia kinoindustriis yuradReba.<br />

suraTma moipova ramdenime prizic. 1969 wels filmi<br />

aCvenes atlantis kino festivalze. filmis operatori<br />

iyo alen daviu (romelic SemdegSi muSaobda spilbergTan<br />

„ucxoplanetelis“ gadaRebaze). 4<br />

films „ucxoplaneteli“ spilbergi exmianeba,rogorc<br />

1<br />

Powers, Tom. Steven Spielberg: Master Storyteller. Minneapolis: Lerner<br />

Publishing Group, 1997, p. 48.<br />

2<br />

Юрченко Е. Стивен Спилберг. Ростов, “Феникс”, 2000, c. 11.<br />

3<br />

Buckland, Warren. Directed by Steven Spielberg: Poetics of the Contemporary<br />

Hollywood Blockbuster, New York: Continuum, 2006, p. 53.<br />

4 Powers, Tom. Steven Spielberg: Master Storyteller. Minneapolis: Lerner<br />

Publishing Group, 1997, p. 24.<br />

119

naTia mefariSvili<br />

„uxeS komercias“ da „sareklamo kampanias“ „pepsis“<br />

suliskveTebiT. kinos istoriaSi filmi aRiarebulia,<br />

rogorc pirveli magaliTi „frodaqT fleismentis“<br />

danergvisa kinematografSi. 1<br />

stiven spilbergma fantastikas,rogorc Janrs mimarTa<br />

ufro adre,vidre jorj lukasma da garkveul warmatebasac<br />

miaRwia. „varskvlavuri omebis“ gamosvlamde ori wliT<br />

adre spilbergi ukve `SeiWra~ mayurebelTa masobriv<br />

azrovnebaSi da aRafrTovana TiToeuli maTgani. 2<br />

mZime iyo gza, romelic gaiara spilbergma holivudis<br />

„olimpze“ asasvlelad, magram man udidesi wvlili<br />

Seitana ara marto amerikuli, aramed msoflios kinos<br />

istoriaSi da SeZlo gamxdariyo udidesi reJisori.<br />

stiven spilbergis miRwevebi kinoindustriaSi amerikulma<br />

kinoakademiam sxvadasxva jildoTi aRniSna. 8 filmma<br />

kinoakademiis 28 jildo miiRo sxvadasxva nominaciaSi.<br />

es filmebia: „ybebi“, „mesame xarisxis axlo kontaqtebi“,<br />

„indiana jonsi, dakarguli kidobnis maZiebelni“, „indiana<br />

jonsi,ukanaskneli jvarosnuli laSqroba“,„iuruli parki“<br />

da „Sindleris sia“. rodesac amerikis kinoinstitutma<br />

Seadgina saukeTeso kinoaseuli, spilbergis 5 filmi maT<br />

Soris moxvda. spilbergi aris adamiani, romelic iqca<br />

kinoxelovnebis ganuyofel nawilad.<br />

1<br />

Hook, V. Sue. Steven Spielberg: Groundbreaking Director. New York:<br />

ABDO Group, 2010, p. 39.<br />

2<br />

Powers, Tom. Steven Spielberg: Master Storyteller. Minneapolis: Lerner<br />

Publishing Group, 1997, p. 47.<br />

120

maia Rvinjilia,<br />

kulturis menejmentis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,<br />

sakonferencio Tema<br />

xelmZRvaneli _ sruli prof. miron tuRuSi<br />

animaciuri saqmianoba turistul<br />

biznesSi<br />

turizmis mdgradi ganviTareba SesaZlebelia mxolod<br />

im SemTxvevaSi,Tu mudmivad gaumjobesdeba SemoTavazebuli<br />

momsaxurebis xarisxi. turistuli biznesis ganviTarebis<br />

mTavari winapirobaa turistuli produqtis xarisxis<br />

maRali done.<br />

turizmSi axali mimarTulebaa _ turistuli<br />

animacia, romelic specifikuri turistuli produqti<br />

da turizmis programebis mniSvnelovani elementi gaxda.<br />

`animacia~ laTinuri warmoSobis sityvaa (anima _ qari,<br />

haeri,suli, animatus _ gacocxleba) da niSnavs enTuziazms,<br />

xels uwyobs sicocxlisunarianobas da CarTulobas<br />

saqmianobaSi 1 . animacia aris moRvaweoba, mimarTuli imaze,<br />

rom provocireba gaukeTos da gaaZlieros interesi<br />

mxatvruli Semoqmedebisa da kulturisadmi. 2 am tipis<br />

momsaxureba gankuTvnilia momsaxurebis xarisxis<br />

gasaumjobeseblad, amave dros – animaciuri produqtebi<br />

gamoiyeneba,rogorc sareklamo SesaZlebloba vizitorebis<br />

da maTi axloblebis xelaxla mosazidad, igi xels<br />

* mimdinare statia avtorma wakiTxa saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis<br />

Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetSi 2012 wels Catarebuli<br />

konferenciis `<strong>saxelovnebo</strong> procesebi (1960-2000)~ araTematur<br />

seqciaSi.<br />

1<br />

Гаранин Н. И., Булыгина И. И., Менеджмент туристской и гостиничной<br />

анимации, Москва, 2002, стр..3<br />

2<br />

dragiCeviC-SeSiCi m., stoikoviCi b,. kultura, menejmenti, animacia,<br />

marketingi, Tb., 2007, gv.28<br />

121

maia Rvinjilia<br />

uwyobs bazarze turistuli produqtis sargeblis da<br />

turistuli biznesis momgebianobis zrdas.<br />

animaciuri momsaxureba ganisazRvreba rogorc<br />

gasarTobi programis, dasvenebis `gacocxleba~. animacia<br />

aris mravalmxrivi, turistebis sxvadasxva interesebisa<br />

da moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. animacia turistebisaTvis<br />

kulturul-sanaxaobrivi programebis wardgenas<br />

iTvaliswinebs. aq igulisxmeba, rogorc sportuli<br />

RonisZiebebi, konkursebi da Sejibrebebi, cekvis saRamoebi,<br />

Teatralizebuli warmodgenebi, aseve sxvadasxva saxis<br />

TamaSebi turistTa garTobis uzrunvelsayofad.<br />

animacia pasiur dasvenebas aqtiurad gadaaqcevs da<br />

pirovnebas srulfasovan dasvenebasTan erTad sulier da<br />

fizikur reabilitacias sTavazobs. animaciuri saqmianoba<br />

turists uCveulo da unikaluri SegrZnebis gancdis<br />

saSualebas aZlevs.<br />

animaciuri saqmianobis sargeblianoba<br />

turizmis<br />

biznesSi, animatoris roli da funqciebi: animacia _ am<br />

tipis momsaxureba gankuTvnilia momsaxurebis xarisxis<br />

gasaumjobeseblad, da amave dros _ es aris sareklamo<br />

forma vizitorebis da maTi axloblebis xelaxla<br />

mosazidad, igi xels uwyobs bazarze turistuli<br />

produqtis sargeblis da turistuli biznesis<br />

momgebianobis zrdas.<br />

animacia _ turistuli saqmianobis saxesxvaobaa,<br />

romelic xorcieldeba turistul sawarmoebSi<br />

(turistuli kompleqsi, sastumro, sakruizo gemi,<br />

matarebeli da sxva), da dasvenebisTvis specialurad<br />

SemuSavebuli programebiT sxvadasxva RonisZiebaSi<br />

turistebis monawileobas gulisxmobs.<br />

turistuli animacia _ turistuli momsaxurebis<br />

is formaa, romlis drosac turisti aqtiuradaa<br />

CarTuli kulturul RonisZiebaSi. turistuli animacia<br />

efuZneba pirad adamianur urTierTobebs turanimatorsa<br />

122

animaciuri saqmianoba turistul biznesSi<br />

da turists Soris, turistuli kompleqsis mier<br />

SemoTavazebuli animaciuri programiT isini garTobis<br />

Tanamonawileni xdebian.<br />

animaciuri momsaxureba aris erT-erTi yvelaze<br />

efeqturi saSualeba stumrebis mozidvisa, romlis<br />

mixedviTac stumrebi animatoris saqmianobas pozitiurad<br />

afaseben. es damatebiTi momsaxureba saSualebas aZlevs<br />

damsvenebels,miiRos dadebiTi emociebi da iyos dasvenebiT<br />

kmayofili,raTa mas gauCndes am adgilas kvlav dabrunebis<br />

survili.<br />

iseve rogorc yvela saxis turistuli sawarmos<br />

saqmianoba, animacia unda iyos kargad dagegmili,<br />

reglamentirebuli da organizaciulad kontrolirebadi<br />

saqmianoba, romelic uzrunvelyofili iqneba finansuri,<br />

materialuri da adamianuri resursebiT.<br />

ZiriTadi rekreaciuli funqciebidan (samedicino,<br />

gasarTobi da SemecnebiTi) turistuli animacia<br />

mowodebulia Seasrulos sportul-gamajansaRebeli<br />

da SemecnebiTi funqcia. Sesabamis pirobebSi iribad<br />

xorcieldeba Terapiuli (samkurnalo) funqciac 1 .<br />

animaciis praqtikaSi animaciuri programebis<br />

miznobrivi CamoyalibebisaTvis moduria turistuli<br />

animaciis Semdegi funqciebi:<br />

• adaptaciuri funqcia yoveldRiuri garemodan<br />

Tavisufal da dasasvenebel garemoSi gadasvlis<br />

saSualebas iZleva;<br />

• sakompensacio funqcia aTavisuflebs adamians<br />

yoveldRiuri fizikuri da gonebrivi daRlilobisgan;<br />

• stabilizaciis funqcia qmnis dadebiT emociebs da<br />

gonebriv stabilurobas astimulirebs;<br />

• gamajansaRebeli funqcia miznad isaxavs aRadginos<br />

da ganaviTaros adamianis fizikuri Zala, romelic maTi<br />

yoveldRiuri cxovrebiTaa dasustebuli;<br />

1<br />

Гаранин Н. И., Булыгина И. И. ,Менеджмент туристской и гостиничной<br />

анимации, Москва, 2002, стр. 11<br />

123

maia Rvinjilia<br />

• sainformacio funqcia axali informaciis miRebis<br />

saSualebas iZleva qveynis, regionis, adamianebis Sesaxeb;<br />

• saganmanaTleblo funqcia Zlieri STabeWdilebebis<br />

Sedegad samyaros Sesaxeb axali codnis SeZenis<br />

saSualebas iZleva;<br />

• gasaumjobesebeli funqcias moaqvs inteleqtualuri<br />

da fizikuri ganviTareba;<br />

• sareklamo funqcia saSualebas iZleva animaciuri<br />

programebiT turistebi qveynis, regionis, turistuli<br />

kompleqsis, sastumros, turistuli saagentos da a.S.<br />

reklamis matareblebi gaxadon;<br />

turistuli animaciis funqciebis aseTma<br />

mravalferovnebam gamoiwvia animaciuri saqmianobis,<br />

animaciuri programebisa da RonisZiebebis<br />

mravalferovneba.<br />

sistemuri midgomiT turistuli animacia _ es aris<br />

specifikuri turistuli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba<br />

urTierTobaSi,moZraobaSi,kulturaSi,xelovnebaSi,droSi,<br />

garTobaSi. am saWiroebebis speqtri Zalian farToa,<br />

radgan adamianebi, romlebic imyofebian SvebulebaSi, am<br />

koncefciaSi sruliad gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas xedaven,<br />

kerZod, zogierTisTvis dasveneba _ es aris mogzauroba,<br />

sxvebisTvis _ kiTxva, zogisaTvis – tyeSi gaseirneba,<br />

sxvaTaTvis _ Tevzaoba da a.S.. aseTi moTxovnebis<br />

Sesabamisad turistuli momsaxurebis praqtikaSi n.<br />

garaninma da i. buliginam 1 Camoayalibes animaciis Semdegi<br />

saxeebi, romlebic turistis sxvadasxva moTxovnebs<br />

akmayofileben:<br />

• animacia moZraobaSi _ akmayofilebs Tanamedrove<br />

adamianis moZraobis moTxovnas, siamovnebasTan, sasiamovno<br />

gancdebTan erTad.<br />

• animacia gancdebiT _ akmayofilebs moTxovnas axlis,<br />

1<br />

Гаранин Н. И., Булыгина И. И. ,Менеджмент туристской и гостиничной<br />

анимации, Москва, 2002, стр. 14<br />

124

animaciuri saqmianoba turistul biznesSi<br />

ucnobis, moulodneli sirTuleebis daZlevis gancdis.<br />

• animacia urTierTobiT _ akmayofilebs moTxovnas<br />

axal saintereso adamianebTan urTierTobaSi, _ adamianTa<br />

Sida samyaros gaxsna da sakuTari Tavis Secnoba<br />

komunikaciis meSveobiT.<br />

• animacia damSvidebiT _ akmayofilebs adamianTa<br />

fsiqologiuri gantvirTvis moTxovnas yoveldRiuri<br />

daRlilobisgan _ simSvidiT, martoobiT, bunebasTan<br />

kontaqtiT.<br />

• kulturuli animacia _ akmayofilebs pirovnebis<br />

sulieri ganviTarebis moTxovnas ZeglebTan da qveynis,<br />

regionis, xalxis, eris Tanamedrove kulturis nimuSebTan<br />

kontaqtiT.<br />

• SemoqmedebiTi animacia _ akmayofilebs adamianis<br />

moTxovnas SemoqmedebaSi, maTi SemoqmedebiTi mxatvruli<br />

SesaZleblobebis CvenebaSi, kontaqtebis damyarebaSi<br />

sulierad axlo adamianebTan saerTo Semoqmedebis<br />

meSveobiT.<br />

rogorc wesi,animaciuri programa,amave dros,rogorc<br />

wminda gasarTobi saqmianoba _ moicavs sxvadasxva sportul<br />

TamaSobebs, varjiSebsa da Sejibrebebs. es kombinacia<br />

animaciur programebs ufro naTels, sainteresosa<br />

da janmrTelobisaTvis sasargeblos xdis, amitomac<br />

turistuli animaciisa da sportis urTierToba yvelaze<br />

xSirad aRwevs aRdgenisa da gamajansaRebel efeqts.<br />

piaduSkinas mixedviT turizmSi animaciis formulaa:<br />

interesis gamoyeneba + eqspoziciis gacocxleba +<br />

turistebis CarTva moqmedebaSi + mravalferovani<br />

gasarTobi 1 . mTavari amocanaa _ turists Seeqmnas<br />

komforti, rom misTvis saintereso iyos programaSi<br />

monawileoba, raTa mas dasveneba daamaxsovrdes rogorc<br />

misi saukeTeso drois gatareba.<br />

1<br />

Пядушкина И. И., Анимация в социально-культурном сервисе и<br />

туризме, Иркутск , 2011, стр. 39.<br />

125

maia Rvinjilia<br />

animators unda uyvardes Tavisi saqmianoba, vinaidan<br />

is Zalian did energiasa da Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. kargi<br />

animatori nebismieri RonisZiebis warmatebis naxevaria.<br />

turistuli animaciis saboloo mizania turisti<br />

kmayofili iyos dasvenebiT, miiRos dadebiTi emociebi,<br />

SeZlos moraluri da fizikuri Zalis aRdgena. swored<br />

es aris turistuli animaciis mniSvnelovani rekreaciuli<br />

funqcia.<br />

saqarTvelos turistul sivrceSi animaciuri<br />

programebis CarTuloba turistuli produqtis<br />

`gacocxlebis~ xelSemwyobi faqtori gaxdeba. arsebuli<br />

mimarTulebebi nel-nela ikidebs fexs Cvens realobaSi,<br />

Tumca masStabebi imdenad mcirea, rom turistul dekors<br />

ver cvlis.<br />

saqarTvelo, rogorc uZvelesi kulturisa da<br />

civilizaciis qveyana, romelic stumar-maspinZlobis<br />

mdidari gamocdilebiT gamoirCeva, animaciebis<br />

warmoebisaTvis did resursul potencials flobs.<br />

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia qarTuli folklori da<br />

qoreografia, romlebic turizmis warmoebisaTvis erTerT<br />

mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoadgenen.<br />

Tanamedrove qarTuli saxelmwifos prioritetuli<br />

turistuli politikis `promouSenis~ erT-erT mTavar<br />

winapirobas warmoadgens kargad `SefuTuli~ da<br />

mravalferovani asortimentis mqone turproduqtis<br />

warmoeba. animaciac swored is saSualebaa, romelic<br />

yvelaze ukeT warmoaCens konkretul geografiul<br />

arealSi lokalizebul turistul resurss. miznobrivi<br />

scenarebis dagegmva-warmoeba, romelSic qarTuli<br />

eTnografiuli Canaxatebis farTo speqtri iqneba<br />

CarTuli, optimalurad uzrunvelyofs turproduqtis<br />

xarisxobrivi maxasiaTeblebis warmoCenas.<br />

qarTul turistul produqtSi animaciis mTavar<br />

resurss vizualuri efeqtebis miznobriv mayurebelze<br />

(turistze) koncentracia warmoadgens. animators unda<br />

126

animaciuri saqmianoba turistul biznesSi<br />

hqondes informacia potenciuri turistebis sqesis,<br />

asakisa da profesiis Sesaxeb. gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />

agreTve nacionaluri kulturebis Taviseburebani,<br />

saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. kerZod, Tu romeli<br />

kulturis (`dasavleTis~, `aRmosavleTis~, `islamuri~,<br />

`Savi,anu afrikuli~ da sxva) da nacionaluri klasteris<br />

warmomadgenelia turisti da a.S..<br />

mniSvnelovania animaciis warmoebis procesSi turistis<br />

CarTulobac. vinaidan turisti, romelic aqtiurad<br />

monawileobs mocemuli scenaris SesrulebaSi, garda<br />

garTobisa, mocemul regionSi aprobirebuli istoriuli<br />

yofiTi kulturis unar-Cvevebs iZens. igi am scenaris<br />

realizaciis procesSi mocemuli geografiuli arealisa<br />

da eTnografiuli sivrcis moqmedi gmiri xdeba.<br />

saqarTvelos istoriuli tradiciebi, saero da<br />

saeklesio dResaswaulebi, Rvinis moxmarebis kultura,<br />

Zveli sabrZolo bataliebis arealebi, materialuri<br />

memkvidreobis Zeglebi da sxva erovnuli TviTmyofadobis<br />

mqone adgilebi swored im resursTa nusxas ganekuTvneba,<br />

romelTa CarTulobac animaciis programaSi TiToeuli<br />

am produqtis popularizacias Seuwyobs xels. swored<br />

amitom saqarTvelos turoperatorul kompaniebsa da<br />

turistul saagentoebSi turproduqtis warmoebisas<br />

animaciebis CarTuloba misi xarisxobrivi maxasiaTeblis<br />

gaumjobesebasa da mocemuli firmebisaTvis iribi reklamis<br />

warmoebas uzrunvelyofs. saqarTveloSi animaciuri<br />

saqmianoba xorcieldeba ramodenime sastumroSi.<br />

magaliTad, daba grigoleTSi sastumro `andamatSi~<br />

komfortulad dasvenebisa da garTobisTvis zrunaven<br />

ucxoeli animatorebi; bazaleTis sastumro kompleqsSi<br />

stumrebs emsaxurebian animatorebi. aq erTnairad erToba<br />

da isvenebs sxvadasxva asakisa da interesebis mqone<br />

adamiani; nunisis parkis teritoriaze mdebare sastumro<br />

`samTaSi~ patarebs arToben animatorebi, romelTa mier<br />

SemuSavebuli gasarTobi programa sxvadasxva saintereso<br />

127

maia Rvinjilia<br />

TamaSs moicavs; CaqvSi sastumro „oazisSi“ Seqmnilia<br />

miznobrivi animaciuri programebi. turistTa garTobisa<br />

da kargi ganwyobisaTvis sqesis, asakisa da hobis<br />

Sesabamisad Sedgenilia sportuli, sabavSvo da saRamos<br />

animacia. programis xarisxobriv amaRlebas uzrunvelyofs<br />

ukrainidan specialurad Camoyvanil animatorTa jgufi,<br />

romlebic maRal profesiul gamocdilebas uziareben<br />

damwyeb qarTvel animatorebs.<br />

turistuli animaciis mniSvneloba turistuli<br />

produqtis xarisxisa da mimzidvelobis gaumjobesebaSi,<br />

masze moTxovnis zrdaSi da Sesabamisad, turistuli<br />

saqmianobis efeqturobis, momgebianobis da Semosavlianobis<br />

gaumjobesebaSi mdgomareobs.<br />

animaciuri momsaxureba aris stumrebis mozidvis<br />

erT-erTi yvelaze efeqturi saSualeba. es damatebiTi<br />

momsaxureba saSualebas aZlevs damsvenebels, miiRos<br />

dadebiTi emociebi da iyos dasvenebiT kmayofili, raTa<br />

mas gauCndes am adgilas kvlav dabrunebis survili.<br />

128

dodo WumburiZe,<br />

kulturis menejmentis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,<br />

sakonferencio Tema<br />

xelmZRvaneli _ asoc. prof. nino sanadiraZe<br />

Teatris sakomunikacio strategia<br />

miznobriv jgufebTan*<br />

(mayureblis mozidvis da `aRfrTovanebis~ koncefcia)<br />

Teatris mayurebelTa arealis gafarToeba da interesis<br />

gaRvivebaze msjeloba Teatris potenciuri mayureblis<br />

damokidebulebaTa Seswavlis gareSe saTuoa. Tumca<br />

arsebobs Teoriuli aspeqtebi, romelzec statistikuri<br />

maCveneblebis gareSec SeiZleba msjeloba.<br />

mayurebeli yovelTvis iyo da darCeba problemad,misi<br />

damokidebuleba xelovnebisadmi ganpirobebulia araerTi<br />

faqtoriT. xSirad rTuli da urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa<br />

mxatvruli nawarmoebis aRqmis procesi.<br />

kulturis sferoSi Seqmnili produqti<br />

gansakuTrebulia. misi gansakuTrebuloba mdgomareobs<br />

imaSi, rom sxva produqtebisagan gansxvavebiT Tavad<br />

qmnis moTxovnilebas. Tumca sabazro ekonomikis<br />

principebi kulturis sferozec axdens gavlenas da<br />

garkveuli kulturuli produqtebi da RonisZiebebi<br />

swored, rom momxmarebelTa moTxovnaTa da survilebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT iqmneba.<br />

`xelovnebis dargebidan Teatri yvelaze gasageb,<br />

yvelaze misawvdom enaze marTavs saubars miznobriv<br />

jgufebTan~. 1 Teatraluri xelovneba, upirveles yovlisa,<br />

mayurebelTan kavSirs moiazrebs. Teatri zemoqmedebs<br />

* mimdinare statia avtorma wakiTxa saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis<br />

Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetSi 2012 wels<br />

Catarebuli konferenciis `<strong>saxelovnebo</strong> procesebi (1960-2000)~<br />

araTematur seqciaSi.<br />

1<br />

SalutaSvili al., _ `ra aris Teatri~, Tb. 1977, gv. 6.<br />

129

dodo WumburiZe<br />

mayurebelze,ayalibebs mis sulier samyaros,xels uwyobs<br />

mis ideur-esTetikur aRzrdas.<br />

Teatraluri xelovneba exmaureba mimdinare cxovrebis<br />

ritms. igi xvdeba konkretuli drois satkivars, aqtualur<br />

sakiTxebs da reagirebs wamoWrili problemebis gadaWris<br />

gzebze. Teatri masebze ideologiuri da esTetikuri<br />

zemoqmedebis mZlavri iaraRia.<br />

`dasrulebuli speqtakli Teatraluri saqmianobis<br />

produqtia, romelic, rogorc yvela danarCeni produqti,<br />

saWiroebs kulturis sferos produqtebisaTvis<br />

aucilebeli sasicocxlo ciklis fazebis gavlas<br />

(produqtis gatana bazarze, zrda, bazris gajereba, kleba<br />

_ moTxovnilebis vardna)~. 1 speqtakli warmoadgens ara<br />

mxolod repertuaris nawils an mxatvrul nawarmoebs,<br />

aramed produqts, romlis realizaciac unda moxdes<br />

kulturul bazarze. is iwyebs arsebobas mxolod maSin,<br />

rodesac sazogadoebisaTvis xdeba xelmisawvdomi.<br />

speqtaklis aRqmis procesi qmnis situacias, sadac<br />

calkeul individebs Soris myardeba fsiqologiurmxatvruli<br />

kavSiri, igi ganapirobebs msgavs gancdebs.<br />

swored amis Semdgom iqmneba garkveuli erTianoba, iqmneba<br />

erTiani sistema, romelic SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc<br />

socialuri jgufi. am jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia<br />

msgavsi interesebi, molodini da gancda. am jgufis<br />

erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSania misi xanmokleoba.<br />

speqtaklis damTavrebis Semdeg mayurebelTa jgufi<br />

iSleba. mayurebelTa erT jgufs cvlis mayurebelTa<br />

meore jgufi.<br />

`xelovnebis yoveli nawarmoebi TavisTavSi or<br />

ZiriTad moments _ nawarmoebis Seqmnisa da aRqmis<br />

moments Seicavs. yoveli xelovani, iqneba is mxatvari<br />

Tu musikosi, mwerali Tu msaxiobi, qmnis ara TavisTvis<br />

aramed sxvisTvis, mayureblisTvis, mkiTxvelisTvis.<br />

1<br />

sanadiraZe n., `kulturis sferos proeqtebis menejmenti da<br />

dagegmareba~, Tb., 2011, gv. 76.<br />

130

Teatris sakomunikacio strategia miznobriv jgufebTan<br />

(mayureblis mozidvis da `aRfrTovanebis~ koncefcia)<br />

amitom nawarmoebis Seqmnis procesi TavisTavSi aRqmis<br />

processac iTvaliswinebs. xelovnebis nebismier dargSi<br />

mayurebeli mza nawarmoebs Rebulobs. mas mxolod misi<br />

aRqma SeuZlia da ara zemoqmedebis moxdena, TeatrSi ki<br />

mayurebeli speqtaklis Seqmnis uSualo Tanamonawilea.<br />

mayureblis gareSe ar arsebobs Teatri, iseve, rogorc<br />

Teatri ar arsebobs msaxiobis gareSe. stanislavskis<br />

sityvebs Tu moviSveliebT: `mayureblis Seswavla iseve<br />

aucilebelia, rogorc msaxiobis scenuri grZnobisa~. 1<br />

Teatris menejers Zalze saTuTi produqti abaria,<br />

maszea damokidebuli xelovnebisa da kulturisadmi<br />

sazogadoebis interesis gaRviveba da SenarCunebac.<br />

warmatebis miRwevis yovelgvari mcdeloba uSedego iqneba,<br />

Tu Teatris menejeri umTavres prioritetad auditorias<br />

ar ganixilavs. kargi organizebis, finansebis moZiebis,<br />

mxatvruli programis SerCevis, reklamirebisa Tu Sida<br />

urTierTobaTa mowesrigebis umTavresi mizani swored<br />

auditoriis molodinis gamarTleba da moTxovnaTa<br />

dakmayofilebaa.<br />

mayureblis cneba mravlis momcvelia da amitom<br />

misi Seswavla mravali aspeqtiT aris SesaZlebeli.<br />

TeatrisaTvis mayurebeli aris obieqti, romlisTvisac<br />

iqmneba speqtakli. igi gansazRvruli esTetikuri<br />

gemovnebis, Sexedulebis mqonea.<br />

`mayurebelTan urTierToba marto erTmaneTisaTvis<br />

raRacis gaziareba ki ar aris,aramed urTierTSi raRacis<br />

Secvlaa.<br />

Teatraluri procesis unikaloba msaxiobis<br />

scenuri Semoqmedebisa da mayureblis urTierTkavSiris<br />

Sedegia~. 2<br />

`speqtaklis mayurebelTa~ specifika mdgomareobs<br />

1<br />

javaSvili g., qvarcxava r., TeatrmcodneobiTi <strong>Ziebani</strong>, samecniero<br />

Sromebis krebuli, `Teatraluri sociologiis sagani da amocanebi“,<br />

Tb., 1978-1979, gv. 364 .<br />

2<br />

TumaniSvili m., `sanam repeticia daiwyeba~, Tb., 2008, gv. 25.<br />

131

dodo WumburiZe<br />

msaxiobebTan kontaqtSi, ris Sedegadac mayurebeli<br />

xdeba scenuri cxovrebis Tanamonawile da ganicdis<br />

scenaze nanaxs. swored am dros iqmneba speqtaklisaTvis<br />

aucilebeli kavSir-ukukavSiri mayurebelsa da msaxiobebs<br />

Soris.<br />

mayurebelma darbazi xelovnebasTan ziarebis Sedegad<br />

miRebuli amaRlebuli ganwyobiT unda datovos Seusabamo<br />

atmosferom an momsaxurebis dabalma donem uaryofiTi<br />

gavlena ar unda moaxdinos mayurebelze da xeli ar<br />

unda SeuSalos mas warmodgenis srulyofilad aRqmaSi.<br />

Teatris menejmenti miznobriv jgufTan urTierTobisas<br />

unda iTvaliswinebdes auditoriis: asaks, inteleqts,<br />

socialur da materialur mdgomareobas.<br />

arsebobs ori saxis auditoria: pasiuri da aqtiuri.<br />

pasiurSi igulisxmeba is adamianebi,romlebsac zerele da<br />

uintereso damokidebuleba gaaCniaT informaciis mimarT.<br />

aqtiur auditorias ganekuTvnebian adamianebi, romlebic<br />

aqtiurad arian CarTulebi informaciis miRebis procesSi,<br />

isini damatebiT informacias eZeben produqtis Sesaxeb.<br />

aqtiuri auditoriisTvis gankuTvnili informacia unda<br />

iyos detaluri Sinaarsis, xolo pasiuri auditoriis<br />

ufro kreatiuli da `madisaRmZvreli~. Teatris samizne<br />

auditoriaSi mayureblis orive tipi erTiandeba,<br />

amitom mniSvnelovania sakomunikacio instrumentis<br />

gamoyeneba srulfasovani sainformacio kampaniisaTvis,<br />

romelic efeqturad imuSavebs rogorc pasiur, aseve<br />

aqtiur auditoriasTan. sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis<br />

strategiaSi mkafiod unda ganisazRvros mizani _ risi<br />

miReba surs organizacias momxmareblisagan anu Teatrs<br />

mayureblisagan. situaciis analizi Teatris menejments<br />

aseve daexmareba mosalodneli Sedegebis ganWvretaSi<br />

da im safrTxeebis Tavidan acilebaSi, romelic eWvqveS<br />

ayenebs sasurveli Sedegis miRwevas.<br />

Tanamedrove marketinguli koncefciebi aRiareben,<br />

rom organizaciebis, maT Soris kulturis sferoSi<br />

132

Teatris sakomunikacio strategia miznobriv jgufebTan<br />

(mayureblis mozidvis da `aRfrTovanebis~ koncefcia)<br />

moqmedi organizaciebis mizani, aris is, rom maqsimalurad<br />

daakmayofilon momxmarebelTa moTxovnilebebi, magram<br />

amasTanave ar miayenon ziani sazogadoebas,romlis winaSec<br />

Teatrs aqvs aRiarebuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba. es,<br />

upirveles yovlisa, gamoixateba kulturis produqciis<br />

(am SemTxvevaSi speqtaklis) xarisxis kontrolSi.<br />

marketingi aSkarad konkurentuli procesia, romelic<br />

cdilobs momxmarebels, am SemTxvevaSi mayurebels,<br />

miawodos saWiro produqti speqtaklis saxiT da amasTan<br />

miiRos sargebeli.<br />

`tom petersi avtori wignisa `SevicnoT<br />

momxmarebeli~ gvimtkicebs: mzardi konkurencia niSnavs,<br />

rom Cven momxmareblis dasakmayofileblad meti moZraoba<br />

gvesaWiroeba, miznad ki momxmareblis (am SemTxvevaSi<br />

mayureblis) `aRfrTovaneba~ unda davisaxoT~. 1<br />

Teatris sakomunikacio strategiaSi Tavidanve<br />

unda ganisazRvros, rom mayureblisaTvis gagzavnili<br />

Setyobineba maTTvis gasagebi da misaRebia. sazogadoebasTan<br />

urTierTobis specialist devid terkelsenis azriT:<br />

`imisTvis, rom Setyobineba miiRos samizne auditoriam,<br />

Setyobineba unda iyos mkafio da SeZlos miipyros<br />

auditoriis yuradReba. aseve unda iyos sarwmuno,<br />

dasamaxsovrebeli da moqmedebis mastimulirebeli,<br />

romelime am komponentis uqonloba mTeli Setyobinebis<br />

marcxs niSnavs~.<br />

`auditoriis gacnobierebulobisa da Setyobinebis<br />

gagebasTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli auditoriis<br />

aRqmisa da damokidebulebis cvlileba. am cvlilebis<br />

dadgenis ZiriTad teqnikad miiCneva e. w. ZiriTadi xazis<br />

kvleva~. ZiriTad xazis kvleviT xdeba auditoriis<br />

damokidebulebisa da sazogadoebrivi azris Seswavla<br />

sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis kampaniis dawyebamde, misi<br />

1<br />

raisi q., „SevicnoT momxmarebli (momxmareblis qceva)“, Tb., 2001, gv.<br />

5.<br />

133

dodo WumburiZe<br />

msvlelobisas da misi damTavrebis Semdeg~. 1<br />

mesijis (sakvanZo ideis) Camoyalibeba da miznobriv<br />

jgufebSi gavrceleba sakomunikacio strategiis<br />

Semadgeneli nawilia. sakvanZo idea warmatebad miiCneva,<br />

rodesac sazogadoeba Rebulobs mas.<br />

komunikacia sasicocxlod aucilebelia nebismieri<br />

sferosTvis, maT Soris _ kulturis sferosTvis.<br />

igi Tanamedrove organizaciuli sistemis swori<br />

funqcionirebis erT-erTi umTavresi pirobaa.<br />

komunikaciaTa nakadi gansazRvravs organizaciis<br />

ganviTarebis mimarTulebasa da dinamikas.<br />

mniSvnelovania ukukavSiri mayureblisgan. ukukavSiris<br />

gagebisTvis arsebobs ormxrivi komunikacia. calmxrivi<br />

komunikacia mxolod avrcelebs informacias gamgzavnidan<br />

mimRebamde. is ar aris efeqturi. ufro Sedegiania<br />

ormxrivi komunikacia, romlis Sedegadac dialogi<br />

myardeba gamgzavnsa da mimRebs Soris.<br />

komunikacia miznad isaxavs sakvanZo ideebisa da<br />

mniSvnelovani informaciis gadagzavnas erTi gonebidan<br />

meoreSi. Setyobinebis gadacema-miRebis procesSi erTerTi<br />

mniSvnelovani faqtoria auditoriis azri.<br />

socialuri qselebi ormxrivi komunikaciis kargi<br />

saSualebaa, radgan iTvaliswinebs interaqtiul<br />

saubrebs. onlain samyaroSi urTierTobiT momxmareblebi<br />

srulad akontroleben TavianT gamocdilebas da isini<br />

motivirebulni arian daukavSirdnen sxva momxmareblebs<br />

am gamocdilebis gasaziareblad. am SemTxvevaSi isini<br />

ufro `marketerebi~ arian, vidre momxmareblebi.<br />

socialur qselebSi Cadebul investiciebze ukugdeba<br />

yovelTvis ar SeiZleba gaizomos fulad erTeulebSi,<br />

organizaciis cnobadoba SeiZleba aseve Sefasdes<br />

wevrebis/fanebis raodenobiT, STabeWdilebis raodenobiT<br />

aqtiuri momxmarebelTa ricxovnobiT, komentarebisa da<br />

1<br />

uilkoqsi d., kameroni g., `sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis strategia<br />

da praqtika~, Tb., 2011, gv. 205.<br />

134

Teatris sakomunikacio strategia miznobriv jgufebTan<br />

(mayureblis mozidvis da `aRfrTovanebis~ koncefcia)<br />

,,laiqebis~ raodenobiT, xmis gavrceleba _ kedelze<br />

gagzavnili postebiT, megobrebis mowvevebze reagirebebis<br />

raodenobiT da a. S.<br />

oTxi ZiriTadi motivi amoZravebs momxmarebels<br />

socialuri mediis gamoyenebisas, esenia: dakavSireba, Seqmna,<br />

moxmareba da kontroli.<br />

Teatris menejerma unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom<br />

socialur media ar aris tradiciuli marketinguli<br />

komunikaciis erT-erT saSualeba. socialuri mediagaremos<br />

Tavad momxmareblebi akontroleben.<br />

TiTqmis yvela moqmed qarTul Teatrs aqvs Facebook–<br />

is gverdi, es kargia da ukeTesi iqneba, meti Zalisxmeva<br />

rom daixarjos maT efeqturad gamoyenebaze, kerZod,<br />

mayurebelTa mozidvaze da damokidebulebaTa kontrolze.<br />

mayureblis informirebasTan erTad, droulad unda<br />

moxdes dasmul SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacema da mayurebelTa<br />

interesis SeZlebisdagvarad dakmayofileba.<br />

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare Facebook-i unda<br />

marTos kompetenturma pirovnebam, romelic Rirseulad<br />

warmoaCens Teatris imijs da reputacias. rogorc amboben<br />

_ ar arsebobs cudi SekiTxvebi, arsebobs cudi pasuxebi<br />

da imavdroulad, arsebobs cudi kiTxvebisgan Tavis<br />

aridebis gzebi da xerxebi. es yvelaferi kompetenciasa<br />

da gamocdilebas iTxovs.<br />

socialur media-garemoSi marketerebs unikaluri<br />

SesaZleblobebi eZlevaT _ SeimuSaon socialuri mediaprogramebi,<br />

romlebic mibmuli iqneba Teatris, rogorc<br />

brendis, cnobadobasTan, klientis brendTan dakavSirebasa<br />

da xmis gavrcelebasTan.<br />

socialuri qselebis ukidegano SesaZleblobebis<br />

miuxedavad, igi ver Caanacvlebs organizaciis vebgverds.<br />

`veb-gverdebi erTmaneTisagan Sinaarsobrivad da<br />

Tvisobrivad gansxvavdebian. veb-gverdis yvelaze mTavari<br />

tipi korporaciuli veb-gverdia. igi iqmneba myidvelis<br />

135

dodo WumburiZe<br />

keTilganwyobis Sesaqmnelad _ ufro, rogorc gayidvis<br />

sxva arxebis damatebad, vidre kompaniis produqciis<br />

pirdapiri gayidvisaTvis~. 1 misi meSveobiT organizaciebs<br />

SeuZliaT mouTxron internetmomxmareblebs da miznobriv<br />

jgufebs sakuTari saqmianobis Sesaxeb, gamoaqveynon<br />

proeqtebi, daicvan sakuTari pozicia.<br />

Teatris veb-gverdi unda iyos aRqmadi, informaciuli,<br />

kreatiuli da ara zedmetad `gadapranWuli~. swored<br />

amitom igi unda Seqmnas profesionalma. kargi veb-gverdi<br />

niSnavs, rom minimum erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ar gaxdeba<br />

saWiro axali funqciebis damateba an/da misi mTlianad<br />

gadakeTeba.<br />

maqsimaluri yuradReba unda mieqces dizains da<br />

navigaciis struqturas. aseve gverdze mocemuli<br />

informacia unda iyos kompaqturi da mokle. mTavria, rom<br />

veb-gverdze mocemuli informacia xSirad axldebodes<br />

da dauSvebelia sakontaqto informaciis uzustoba (ar<br />

miTiTeba) sxva SemTxvevaSi misi arseboba azrs kargavs.<br />

denis uilkoqsis ganmartebiT: „sazogadoebasTan<br />

urTierToba aris marTvis funqcia, romelic afasebs<br />

sajaro, sazogadoebriv damokidebulebebs, ayalibebs<br />

pirovnebis an organizaciis midgomebsa da procedurebs<br />

sazogadoebrivi interesis mimarT da gegmavs da<br />

aRasrulebs moqmedebaTa programas sazogadoebrivi<br />

gageba-mxardaWerisa da moTminebis mopovebis mizniT~.<br />

sareklamo kampania, rarig momxibvleli da kreatiuli<br />

ar unda iyos, erTjeradad sakmarisi ver iqneba produqtis/<br />

speqtaklis popularizebis, an/da misi myidvelunarianobis<br />

gasazrdelad. erTguli mayureblis wasaxaliseblad aseve<br />

araa sakmarisi erTjeradi waxaliseba. sakomunikacio<br />

strategia da aseve loialuri momxmareblis waxalisebis<br />

strategia unda iyos droSi gawerili da Teatris mTavar<br />

1<br />

amstrongi g., kotleri f., `marketingis safuZvlebi, Tb., 2006, meSvide<br />

gamocema, gv. 604.<br />

136

Teatris sakomunikacio strategia miznobriv jgufebTan<br />

(mayureblis mozidvis da `aRfrTovanebis~ koncefcia)<br />

mizanze orientirebuli. pasuxi unda gaeces Semdeg<br />

kiTxvebs: vin gvinda iyos `Cveni Teatris~ mayurebeli?<br />

da ras viTxovT Cveni erTguli mayureblisgan?~<br />

xSirad saWiro xdeba erTi da imave produqtis<br />

win wasawevad ramdenime saxis reklamis Seqmna, raTa<br />

momxmareblisaTvis mosabezrebeli ar iyos erTi da<br />

igive saxis reklama da sareklamo mesijebi. sareklamo<br />

Setyobinebebis da maTi SeTavazebis cvla saWiroa maSin,<br />

Tu produqtze moTxovna iklebs. produqtis arasaTanado<br />

xarisxi masze moTxovnis klebis winapirobaa. swored<br />

amitom,rodesac warmatebul Sedegze varT orientirebuli,<br />

arasdros unda dadges eWvqveS produqtis/speqtaklis<br />

xarisxi.<br />

organizaciebi, maT Soris kulturis sferoSi<br />

moRvawe organizaciebi, yoveli axali produqtis/<br />

speqtaklis waxalisebasa da popularizebas axorcielebs<br />

erTiani sakomunikacio strategiis mixedviT, romelic<br />

moicavs: sazogadoebasTan urTierTobas (PR), reklamas<br />

da individualur gayidvebs. yovelive zemoaRniSnulis<br />

Sedegad vRebulobT produqtze moTxovnis zrdas.<br />

Cven gvesmis,rom Teatris arseboba mayureblis gareSe<br />

warmoudgenelia, swored amitom, Teatris sakomunikacio<br />

strategiis avtorebma (marketingis da sazogadoebasTan<br />

urTierTobis specialistma) unda daiwyon mayureblis<br />

waxaliseba. `marketingis cnobili instrumentis<br />

gamoyenebiT kulturis menejerebs SeuZliaT miiqcion<br />

Tavisi programebisadmi imaTi yuradReba, vinc ar<br />

warmoadgens kulturis mayurebels, anu adamians,romelsac<br />

ar gaaCnia mudmivi moTxovnileba kulturisadmi~. 1<br />

Teatri unda daexmaros mayurebels _ gauCndes<br />

siamayisa da gansakuTrebulobis gancda,radgan is `Tqveni<br />

Teatris~ mayurebelia.<br />

1<br />

dragiCeviC-SeSiCi m., stoikoviCi b., `kultura, menejmenti, animacia,<br />

marketingi~, Tb., 2007, gv. 157.<br />

137

dodo WumburiZe<br />

yoveli mayurebeli erTsa da imave dros ramodenime<br />

jgufs miekuTvneba, rogorc formalurs, aseve<br />

araformalursac. yoveli maTgani aiZulebs maT garkveul<br />

valdebulebebs, _ qcevis wesebis dacvas. mizezebi,<br />

romelTa gamo adamianebi Tavs ama Tu im jgufebs<br />

akuTvneben, an sakuTar Tavs jgufebSi pouloben, _<br />

sxvadasxvaa. zogierTi mizezi Segnebuli da winaswar<br />

dagegmilia, zogierTi ki – situaciuri an viTarebaze<br />

damokidebuli.<br />

arsebobs loialuri da potenciuri momxmareblis<br />

waxalisebis strategia. erTnairad ar unda davajildovoT<br />

`erTguli~ da `Cveulebrivi~ momxmarebeli. loialurma<br />

mayurebelma unda igrZnos, rom mis erTgulebas afasebs<br />

Teatris administracia.<br />

wasaxaliseblad aprobirebuli meTodia fasdaklebisa<br />

da dagrovebis baraTebi, es ukanaskneli gvexmareba<br />

davajildovoT momxmarebeli, gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc<br />

mets ixdian.<br />

Teatris administracia loialuri programis<br />

SemuSavebisas,yovel meore Tu yovel mesame vizitis Semdeg,<br />

daasaCuqrebs Tu ara mayurebels, es misi gadasawyvetia.<br />

erTi ram Tavidanve unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli: nu<br />

SehpirdebiT mayurebels imas, rasac ver SeusrulebT _<br />

es maT yvelaze metad gaaRizianebT. aseve loialuri<br />

programis SemuSaveba TavisTavSi moiazrebs moqnili<br />

bazis Seqmnas, sadac Tavmoyrili iqneba Teatris yvela<br />

erTguli momxmarebeli. erTguli momxmarebeli nebismieri<br />

kulturis sferoSi moRvawe organizaciis, maT Soris<br />

Teatris `ganZia~. maT ukeT esmis Tqven mier gagzavnili<br />

sakvanZo idea/mesiji da Zalisxmevas ar daiSurebs,<br />

referentul jgufebTan daicvas Tqveni interesebi.<br />

loialuri momxmareblebi TavianTi damokidebulebis<br />

sanacvlod Rebuloben `erTgulebis tituls~ da garkveul<br />

waxalisebas. rac ufro mastimulirebelia waxaliseba,<br />

138

Teatris sakomunikacio strategia miznobriv jgufebTan<br />

(mayureblis mozidvis da `aRfrTovanebis~ koncefcia)<br />

miT ufro aZlierebs Teatri maT mijaWvulobas.<br />

Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikis erT-erTi mTavari<br />

principi _ `momxmarebeli aris mefe~ _ SeiZleba Teatris<br />

magaliTzec ganvazogadoT. Teatris menejmenti unda<br />

cdilobdes, erTgul mayureblebs gauCndes upiratesobisa<br />

da gansakuTrebulobis gancda, radgan is `Tqveni Teatris<br />

mayurebelia~. aRniSnuli midgoma Teatrs daexmareba<br />

pasiuri mayureblis loialur mayureblad gardaqmnaSi<br />

da zogadad mayurebelTa arealis gafarToebaSi.<br />

139

140

THEATRE STUDIES<br />

141

142

Maia Kiknadze,<br />

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University<br />

1946 YEAR’S REGULATIONS - ABOUT THE REPERTOIRE<br />

OF DRAMATIC THEATRES AND THE MEASURES FOR<br />

THEIR IMPROVEMENT<br />

Summary<br />

In the work there is examined current political processes and Soviet<br />

demands in the cultural- educational sphere. Right management<br />

for strengthening the ideological propagandistic role was the main<br />

task of Soviet republic.<br />

The works held for the cultural-education used to require introducing<br />

some rules, what had been regulated by a number of means of<br />

directives and orders. Particular attention was payed to the problem of<br />

the tehatre repertoire.<br />

In this point of view, the central committee of Union communist<br />

Party published the resolution in 1946 August 26 about “The repertoire<br />

of dramatic theatre and events for its improvement”. Where had<br />

been sharply criticized and estimated the situation of Soviet theatre.<br />

On the basis of mentioned document, Art affair division, existing<br />

at the Georgian SSR council of Ministers had published the regulations<br />

(order# 470)<br />

About dramatic theatre repertoire and events for its improvement<br />

in 1946 yr October 4 in Tbilisi also, what first of all was aimed to<br />

bring in repertoire the written modern plays about the Soviet theme.<br />

143

144<br />

Tamar Qutateladze,<br />

Doctor of Arts<br />

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University,<br />

Georgian theater researcher Scientific Research Center<br />

“MARY STUART” AND “FROM YESTERDAY???’’<br />

Summary<br />

In this work analyzed two interesting theatrical performances of<br />

the last seasons, - on the two central theatre stage had made “Mary<br />

Stuart” and “From yesterday!’’ by stage director Gocha Kapanadze.<br />

There are many likeness and difference between in these two<br />

performances. They clearly reply to our reality. Both of them reflect<br />

the political process, character of the power and his opponent or a<br />

servant of the power and society, which are feeling oppositional, and<br />

the logical result of his choice.<br />

At first the premiere of the performance “Mary Stuart” staged by<br />

Gocha Kapanadze arranged in the Rustaveli Theatre (on the Small<br />

Stage) on May 29, 1997. After the 15 year director had resumed<br />

production.<br />

There are many renovated performances in the history of<br />

the theater, but they were not so much superior to the original<br />

interpretations. The premiere of the renovated performance by group<br />

of the Rustaveli Theatre, which arranged on March 14, 2012, became<br />

distinguished in this sign too.<br />

If in the play “Mary Stuart” by Friedrich Schiller’’ created<br />

unisons a power struggle and the state building a growing factor, in<br />

the performance “From yesterday???’’ by Shalva Dadiani made by<br />

Gocha Kapamadze at the theatre group of Sukhumi on the stage of the<br />

Marjanishvili theater’s small stage before us appeared as an invaders<br />

policies in unison, working with local officials and a traitor, the demise<br />

of his generation, and unintentionally appeared as a his accomplice.<br />

Headline hardened and erect by a director with three question<br />

marks in the course of the presentation made clear that a century ago,<br />

many of the problems escalating.<br />

In the Georgian reality of the XXI century taking into account<br />

possible developments, it was found to have the greatest resource<br />

of classical dramaturgy. It creates opportunities for our directing<br />

adequately reflects the reality of our crisis.

Lela Tsiphuria,<br />

PhD of Art, Assistant-Professor, an author and head of Educational<br />

Vocational Program Film and TV Director at Ivane Javakhishvili<br />

Tbilisi State University<br />

DIFFERENT INTERPRETATIONS OF ONE PLAY<br />

Summary<br />

Arthur Miller’s “The Salem’s Trial” (“The Crucible”) was held<br />

at the Rustaveli theatre in February 1965. It was the first interpretation<br />

of greatest American playwright’s tragedy in Georgia.<br />

The same year A. Miller visited Georgia and he appraised<br />

Rustaveli theater play in such way: “It is decent and not sentimental,<br />

as I’ve seen on some stages. I like it, it is rather impressive, objective,<br />

with strong acting, full and monolitical”.<br />

Why Miller appraised young Georgian directors performance<br />

and what role did it play in Robert Sturua’s directive conception and<br />

in formatting his creative style?<br />

The play was premiered in a very difficult period for the Rustaveli<br />

theatre, when it’s stylistic was changing. Young director’s one of the<br />

early play responded to the problems which Georgia faced in the<br />

twentieth century. Contemporary American literature had a great<br />

influence on Rustaveli theatre repertoire.<br />

“The Salem’s Trial” premiered in 1994 at Marjanishvili theatre.<br />

It was directed by Temur Chkheidze. The scenery was designed by<br />

Shota Glurjidze.<br />

“The Salem’s Trial” was staged for several times at the Shota<br />

Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University. In the eighteens<br />

of the twentieth century the play staged by Gizo Zhordania was<br />

very popular among youngsters. Recently premiered play by Nino<br />

Lipartiani was also very successful. Arthur Miller’s characters acting<br />

caused young actors successful debut.<br />

The article is interdisciplinary and includes the research<br />

components of synthetic art performance.<br />

The production, interesting roles, conceptual scenery is reviewed<br />

according to social and political situation when the plays were<br />

staged.<br />

145

The objective of scientific research is to define actuality of this<br />

play in repertory of Georgian theater, which representative method<br />

do Georgian’s apply during the play’s interpretation and what role<br />

does Arthur Miller’s “The Salem’s Trial” (“The Crucible”) play in<br />

Georgian theatrical life.<br />

146

FILM STUDIES<br />

147

Tamta Turmanidze,<br />

The doctor of Art study<br />

An associated professor of University named after Akaki Tsereteli<br />

ALMODOVAR AND FETISHES OF CONSUMER SOCIETY<br />

Summary<br />

The article deals with the depiction of the fetishes of consumer’s<br />

society in Pedro Almodovar’s films.<br />

After the Franco dictatorship was over in Spain, the processes<br />

which took place were known under the name of „Movida` which<br />

actually means the „movement`. By eliminating the limits and<br />

abolishing bans the society got the feeling of unlimited freedom and<br />

the establishment of massive foreign cultural values.<br />

Best of all it was reflected in Pedro Almodovar ironical<br />

cinematography. In his films, this modern and nightly individual<br />

director laughs at the new fetishes established in the consumer society:<br />

popularization of violence, television converted in to religion and the<br />

church which became part of mass culture. He does this based on the<br />

Spanish Grotesque and self ironical traditions.<br />

148

Lela Ochiauri,<br />

Doctor of Art Studies, Full Professor<br />

Shota Rustaveli Theatre And Film Georgian State University<br />

BUBA – CULTURE-FILM = THE GEORGIAN HISTORY +<br />

THE GEORGIAN FILM HISTORY + FATE OF THE PERSON<br />

IN SOVIET EPOCH<br />

Summary<br />

The film which I am going to talk about is related with the<br />

“Dawn of the New Georgia”; construction of the new (fighter)<br />

State; establishing of new life style; and the first years of setting up<br />

ground for Soviet Cinematography. One of the founders of Georgian<br />

cinematography is Nutsa (Nino) Ghoghoberidze (Khutsishvili) – The<br />

first Georgian female film-maker and the author of one of the first<br />

Soviet fiction films.<br />

“Buba” has been waiting for returning home - back to life for 80<br />

years since it has been made.<br />

How come that the film, despite its relevance with the soviet<br />

ideology, censorship, GSSR resolutions and requirements, being<br />

set to the art of cinematography and after being recognized, was<br />

almost lost physically and even scratched out from the history of the<br />

cinematography?<br />

Nutsa Ghoghoberidze had spent 10 years in exile. It is natural that<br />

the art and the name of the “enemy of motherland” had been destructed<br />

and annihilated and especially from the field of cinematography.<br />

“Buba” was a documentary-fiction film comprised of 5 parts,<br />

narration of which was developed in a specific form: a tourist enjoys<br />

the nature and the reality of Racha (one of the picturesque regions of<br />

Georgia); he visits every corner of Racha, drinks spring water saying<br />

a toast expressing appreciation to nature and gets introduced to the<br />

life of the local residents. His “impressions” are “dubbed” by titles<br />

carrying agitation character but still maintain some irony. Though the<br />

titles are politically correct they still carry the main idea to say.<br />

The film designer David Kakabadze just the same way as in the<br />

film “Jim Shvantee” showed a very important plastic and artistic<br />

personage, Buba. The film director together with the cameraman<br />

and the designer of the film use the edition principles of so called<br />

149

poetic films, which was newly invented and implemented in Georgian<br />

cinematography like in European-American cinematography. The<br />

emphasis is put on plastic artistic decision of the film.<br />

They say that Nutsa Ghoghoberidze “could not go up against”<br />

the power of such a big film-maker as Mikheil Kalatozishvili, the<br />

author of the film “Jim Shvantae” and she actually was influenced by<br />

his art. It was pretty natural and understandable as the language of<br />

cinematography was in the process of development at that time and<br />

the film-makers were seeking, experimenting, and discovering new<br />

faces by using existing experience of different forms and qualities.<br />

“Culture-film” – such as “Buba” in given case – according to<br />

different viewpoints is a cognitive, propagandist, agitating film,<br />

which on one hand introduces Racha (one of the picturesque regions<br />

of Georgia), its nature and curing mineral waters; and on the other<br />

hand, it describes hard life in Racha mountains and in General in old<br />

Georgia. According to the film existing social and physical hardship<br />

is supposed to be replaced by new Georgia – the old to be replaced<br />

by the new, joyful existence of happy people and new industrial<br />

constructions . . .<br />

Such method – opposing new with old – was a way of expression<br />

characterized for the first decades of the Soviet movie development and<br />

an obligatory decision at the same time. People were to be convinced<br />

what an amazing life the new era brought to them and film-makers<br />

were the ones who were supposed to do so.<br />

Nutsa Ghoghoberidze as a film-maker was a victim of the era from<br />

this point of view and she had to follow the “force of fate”, which had<br />

no “detaining dams”, except, she could use only one way: before<br />

30-ies of XX century she still could oppose the ideological servitude<br />

by the means of decision of artistic tasks by using plastic, creatively<br />

aesthetic cinematographic modes.<br />

“Buba” is an example of such opposition and creative quest.<br />

150

UNIVERSITY ‘S Ph.D PROGRAM<br />

Maka Vasadze,<br />

PhD Student of the Theatre Study Direction<br />

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University<br />

Head of the program: Prof. Mikheil Kalandarishvili<br />

ROBERT STURUA’S GEORGIAN SHAKESPEARIAN<br />

Part II<br />

KING LEAR<br />

Summary<br />

Struggling for power and thrown is also reflected in the “Macbeth”<br />

too. The crown for what the ruthless struggle is unleashed, again ends<br />

for the benefit of vicious and merciless person… The human sins<br />

and purity was revealed more sharply in this performance. Directing<br />

language of Robert Sturua in “Macbeth” is far from “existing” scenic<br />

relationships, and vital details. As if, everything here is going on the<br />

bound of utter tenseness. Performance isn’t loaded with effects, but a<br />

viewer feels director’s inexhaustible fantasy at the same time. Existing<br />

country around Macbeth is striving for the power in the performance.<br />

Now one is sinless in this Universe. Everyone is equal and all dream<br />

about the crown. In the struggle for Royal crown, sometimes one wins<br />

sometimes the other.<br />

In the “Macbeth” of Robert Sturua – Zaza Papuashvili’s Macbeth<br />

and Nino Kasradze’s lady Macbeth are younger than they are in the<br />

play, their surrounding is rejuvenated also.<br />

Macbeth has got heroic and famous past according to Shakespeare.<br />

There is no past in the interpretation of Robert Sturua. As if, he gets in<br />

this world without having his past, any he must get know himself by<br />

the struggle and aggression.<br />

To go the different way is characteristic for Robert Sturua’s<br />

theatre language and theatre esthetics. At the same time he manages<br />

to describe his intention. Even in this case, Robert Sturua’s magic<br />

women are the formal art method, metaphor.<br />

Evil and kindness aren’t sharply isolated in the performance,<br />

151

as there is erased bound between alive or dead. Dead people aren’t<br />

buried in the “Macbeth’. As if they are thrown on a huge landfill.<br />

Once killed persons again continue their life not only in the dreams<br />

of Macbeth and his wife, but also in reality. They are rising from the<br />

dead for their personal revenge; kindness and justice are far from<br />

these people. Devil of Macbeth makes once killed people being in the<br />

group of opposition. Life and death is united against Macbeth’s devil.<br />

The clowns of Shakespeare are different in Sturua’s performances.<br />

In this case the clown is an obedient, ingratiated subordinated<br />

person, who has absolutely lost his human dignity. Robert Sturua and<br />

choreographer Gia Marghania created Macbeth’s and lady Macbeth’s<br />

unusual plastic draft. They raised tragic and strange love of this couple<br />

from the death. Simultaneous spreading of several actions on the stage<br />

is characteristic for the theatre language of director Robert Sturua. It<br />

happens in Macbeth too. It is enough if we remember the episode,<br />

when Malcolm and his partners are planning conspiracy against<br />

Macbeth on one side of the stage, but on the other side of the stage<br />

there is frightened lady Macbeth’s feeling of regret and mortal agony.<br />

Metaphorical understanding of the action of the personages is<br />

significant for Robert Sturua. The talk is about the accent of so called<br />

“Evil hands” of the active persons. Hands are disclosing intentions of<br />

the heroes in some episodes.<br />

The fact is significant that in the end of the performance the<br />

director even stopped Macbeth of playing football with cut head of<br />

human. It was the metaphorical method of director.<br />

152

Aleko Gelashvili,<br />

PhD student,<br />

The history and Theory of choreographic Art,<br />

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University<br />

Head of the program: Prof. Anano Samsonadze<br />

DANCING-PRAYING FIGURES<br />

Summary<br />

The symbol (phallus) of masculine power of fecundation and its<br />

unusual condition such as high uplifted hands, which was depicted on<br />

the pottery fragment had been identified among the anthropomorphic<br />

figures’ characteristic signs, which could be perceived as the gesture<br />

of the prayer and also the dancer’s pose. Among these figures, most<br />

of all, the dynamics is noticeable in the case of depicted figures on<br />

the fragments of the dish was founded on Arukhlo and on the hill of<br />

Imiri, with having black surface. The hands of Arukhlo Gori figures<br />

are given in completely open and extremely strained situation,holding<br />

away from himself. The same could be said about the legs, as if, the<br />

figures are in the posture of jumping.<br />

The hands of Imiri Gori figure are high uplifted. The legs come<br />

out from the body with the angle of approximately 45 degree and it is<br />

so bent in the joint of the knee, as if he is squatted down. (in so called<br />

plies).<br />

If we attentively look at the figure of Imiri Gori, we could see<br />

him in the movable condtion. It is obvious, that body burden is not<br />

equally divided on the both feet, body is moved on the right from us,<br />

accordingly the body burden had been moved on the left leg, so right<br />

leg could be in the air.<br />

If it could be possible to change the condition of the legs of Imiri<br />

dish fragment’s figure of having black surface, i.e. moving the body<br />

burden from the figure’s left leg to the right one and such action<br />

could be repeated for the several times, we will obviously get the<br />

“Two steps” dance movement of figure with uplifted hands. Similar<br />

examples of Imir-Arukhlo Gori’s human images are found in many<br />

parts of the world, but the Georgian anthropomorphic figures reveal<br />

iconographic similarities to the figures given on the rock relief of<br />

153

“Val Camonica”.This similarity indicates the level of creative<br />

development (not only creative) of the modeler and cutter of these<br />

figures, the authors of being far from each other used to imagine the<br />

parts of the human body and it wasequally carried out on unconscious<br />

ground. It is also important that dancing praying figures of Imiri and<br />

Arukhlo Gori ichnographically resembles and relates to the image<br />

of Quncula – the first sign of Ozni’s pottery Bowl, dated back to the<br />

Bronze age – Eneolith and to Rekhi’s “dancing monster “ dated by<br />

IX-VII centuries BC. By N. Vacheishvili.<br />

154

Mzia Zautashvili,<br />

PhD student, Performing Art, TV directing,<br />

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University<br />

Head of the program: Prof. Sandro Vakhtangovi<br />

WHERE HAS THE AUDIENCE DISAPPEARED?<br />

Summary<br />

TV field stands in the face of Global changes. The experts of<br />

broadcasting technologies couldn’t have broadcasted the future image<br />

of TV yet. The hologram Television had been already invented in<br />

the technical components, which lays on the table like a sheet and<br />

projection of visual is in the space form of communication with<br />

audience and also content is the material of analysis. If until know,<br />

the monopolist of spreading information and forming the opinion of<br />

society used to be the professional journalists and media-persons, now<br />

internet equalized everyone.<br />

Anyone can use communicative space by sharing his own opinion,<br />

stories and chosen materials.<br />

Formally, two poles of mass- media exist: Media of commercial<br />

structure and authority – traditional TV broadcasting and the media of<br />

society – in the form of “Social Network” by the all statistics. It is clear,<br />

that the viewer chooses “Social network” for communication. Old age<br />

category and the low- income segment of society remains to TVs.<br />

The popularity of internet and especially “Social communication”<br />

increases from year to year. Traditional TV broadcasting stays without<br />

audience and time to time loses its sense.<br />

There is an opinion, that the future of TV is in the sites with attached<br />

version of the multi-functional communicating gadget. Viewer could<br />

choose the program at any time, convenient and interesting for him.<br />

Today, if it is interesting to get know where the viewer is, answer<br />

is simple, the audience is in an interesting space for him. We should<br />

ask the question otherwise – Where is TV? Moreover, where is the<br />

Georgian TV?<br />

1<strong>55</strong>

156<br />

Natia Meparishvili,<br />

PhD Student<br />

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University<br />

Head of the program: Prof. Zvizd Dolidze<br />

STEVEN SPIELBERG – “THE AMERICAN DREAM”<br />

Summary<br />

Born on December 17 1946 in Cincinnati, Spielberg’s childhood<br />

was fairly mobile, including time spent in Northern California and<br />

most famously Phoenix, Arizona. Countless interviews with him,<br />

especially up until The Color Purple, (although his interviews for<br />

Saving Private Ryan returned to the Phoenix years) testify to his time<br />

in Phoenix being when he discovered filmmaking, rapidly writing and<br />

directing his own short films, including Escape to Nowhere and<br />

most famously Firelight, his three-hour epic which he even managed<br />

to have screened locally at a cinema. In a 1985 interview with Time<br />

magazine and a piece of self-penned material, Spielberg explained<br />

how ‘I dream for a living. I use my childhood and go back there for<br />

inspiration.’<br />

At the age of twenty-one, Spielberg found himself directing<br />

Hollywood great Joan Crawford in his first TV piece, an episode<br />

of Night Gallery, called Eyes. From all accounts, on the shoot for<br />

the show, Spielberg swiftly learnt that Hollywood is a relationship<br />

business. When you consider the pattern of Spielberg’s career it<br />

seems fair to say that he has not only been a master manipulator<br />

of audience emotion but also of the business – ‘the skullduggery of<br />

movie-making’ as he once described it in one of his many infectiously<br />

energetic interviews.<br />

The name Spielberg brings us to what is almost too neat a meaning:<br />

Play Mountain. It is a suitable tag for a storyteller whose films have<br />

so often converted life into a playground, in which characters learn<br />

and are illuminated about their own potential. His films as a whole,<br />

as an experience, could be said to work in this way, and on many<br />

occasions this sense of playfulness is spiked with a very vivid sense<br />

of menace so that sometimes we do not know whether to giggle or<br />

scream.

Over the years, Spielberg’s films have shifted from being about<br />

mothers caring for endangered and lost children (usually boys or even<br />

men) to fathers learning to care for sons (and some- times daughters),<br />

whether literally (Hook) or more usually symbolically (Empire of the<br />

Sun, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Always, Indiana Jones<br />

and the Last Crusade, Saving Private Ryan, Jurassic Park, Schindler’s<br />

List, Amistad).<br />

Spielberg has received his fair share of criticism for his work – for<br />

being too sentimental (after ET some critics perceive his work taking<br />

a downturn), too facile (Jurassic Park and Schindler’s List in the same<br />

year?), too focused on spectacle rather than substance, prone to happy<br />

endings no matter how traumatic the story and its stated claims to<br />

truth.<br />

In more recent years Spielberg has moved away from the story<br />

settings and images that his name-making films often drew on. Yet,<br />

even now, almost thirty years into his career, Spielberg continues to<br />

populate his movies.<br />

157

Maya Gvinjilia,<br />

Ph.D student of Culture Management,<br />

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University<br />

Head of the program: Prof. Miron Tugushi<br />

ANIMATION ACTIVITIES IN TOURISM BUSINESS<br />

Summary<br />

The tourist animation is comparatively a new direction in tourism.<br />

This is an important element of specific and original tourism product<br />

and tourism program. More and more people professionally involved<br />

in tourism understand that accommodation, food, and transportation<br />

services for guests are not enough. A different kind of service needs<br />

to be included – one that satisfies the spiritual needs of people. This is<br />

precisely what tourist animation is about.<br />

The tourist animation represents one form of service. It has as<br />

unique objective that to let the tourists to have fun, involving them<br />

in activity of game, dance, humour, sport and other kind of diversion.<br />

Animation is closely related to the personality of animators. Tourist is<br />

actively involved in action.<br />

Animation requires a high level of professionalism. It is a wellplanned,<br />

organized, and managed tourist service. Effective animation<br />

elevates the mood and makes tourists’ leisure time more meaningful.<br />

A tourist enterprise can describe itself as successful only if it takes<br />

into account animation and invests a substantial amount of time and<br />

effort into its development. In most cases, animation can be the key<br />

to success.<br />

Animated services is one of the most effective way to attract<br />

guests. This additional service allows visitors to get positive emotions<br />

and be satisfied, to have a desire to return to this place again. Thus it<br />

contributes to the hospitality image of the country.<br />

158

Dodo Chumburidze,<br />

Ph.D student of Management of culture<br />

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University<br />

Head of the program: Asoc. Prof. Nino Sanadiradze<br />

THEATRE COMMUNICATION STRATEGY<br />

WITH TARGET GROUPS<br />

(Concept of attraction and ‘admiring’ of audience)<br />

Summary<br />

Each work of art itself means two main aspects the time of creation<br />

and perception of work. The problem of theatre’s audience does not<br />

lose the actuality. Therefore, the theme „Theatre communication<br />

strategy with target groups (Concept of attraction and ‘admiring’<br />

of audience)“ is about the theatre, as a cultural product’s particular<br />

characteristics and specification of target audience.<br />

The theme also includes: what kind of influence has the principles<br />

of market economy on the cultural sphere; how it is possible to expand<br />

the scope of theatre’s audience and to rouse the interest;<br />

What should be clear in the theatre’s public relations strategy and<br />

how should encourage devotion of loyal audience;<br />

How can be conducted the theatre’s communication strategy, in<br />

order to be possible to transform the potential audience into loyal<br />

audience.<br />

159

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