krebuli 3 (56) 2013.indd

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisada kinos saxelmwifo universitetiShota Rustaveli Theatre and FilmGeorgian State Universitysaxelovnebo mecnierebaTaZiebani#3 (56), 2013ART SCIENCE STUDIES#3 (56), 2013gamomcemloba `kentavri~Tbilisi _ 2013

UDC(uak) 7(051.2)s-364saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universitetisaxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #3 (56), 2013saredaqcio sabWomaia goSaZeandro enuqiZeliakalandariSvililiteraturuliredaqtorebimarikamamacaSvilimaka vasaZegarekanis dizainilevan dadianidakabadonebaekaterineoqropiriZegamomcemlobisxelmZRvanelimaka vasaZekrebulisaTvis mowodebulimasala uzrunvelyofili undaiyos Sesabamisi samecnieroaparatiT. Tan unda axldesmonacemebi avtoris samecnierokvalifikaciis Sesaxeb qarTulda inglisur enebze, agreTvenaSromis inglisurenovanireziume.krebulis stamburi gamocemaegzavneba sxvadasxvasaerTaSoriso kvleviT centrs.naSromebi mogvawodeT dacnobebisaTvis mogvmarTeT:0102, Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblisgamziri #40, saqarTvelos SoTarusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universiteti,II korpusi.tel/faqsi: +995 (32) 2943728mob: +995 (95) 305 060+995 (77) 288 750E-mail: mariamiashvili@yahoo.comWeb: www.tafu.edu.ge

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State UniversityArt Science Studies #3 (56), 2013Editorial GroupMAIA GOSHADZEANDRO ENUKIDZELIAKALANDARISHVILILiterary EditorMARIKAMAMATSASHVILIMAKA VASADZECover DesignLEVAN DADIANIBook BindingEKATERINEOKROPIRIDZEHead of PublishingHouseMAKA VASADZEMaterials supplied for thevolume should be providedwith corresponding scientificappliance. Paperworkconcerning author’s academicqualification and summary ofwork should be attached inGeorgian and English languages.Printed version of the volume issent out to various internationalresearch centers.Works should be supplied underthe following contact:0102, Tbilisi, DavitAgmashenebeli Avenue #40Shota Rustaveli Theatre andFilm Georgian State UniversitySecond BlockTel/Fax: +995 (32) 2943728Mob: +995 (95) 305 060+995 (55) 288 750E-mail: mariamiashvili@yahoo.comWeb: www.tafu.edu.ge

TeatrmcodneobasarCeviTamar bokuCavaTanamedrove saTeatro procesis zogierTitipologiuri da esTetikuri TaviseburebisSesaxeb 60-iani wlebidan dRemde ....................................11Tamar quTaTelaZegiorgi wereTlis dramaturgia ......................................25Tamar cagareliSeni sxeuli - samyaroa, Seni xma _mTeli msoflios ena .....................................................................38suliko (lamara) kirvaliZeqarTuli Teatri XIX saukunismeore naxevris erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebelmoZraobaSi ...................................................................................................50kinomcodneobamaia levaniZesazogadoeba da pirovnebamiloS formanis filmSi `viRacamgugulis budes gadaufrina~ ................................................63lela oCiauriqarTuli kino gaRma napirzegadasasvlelad ...................................................................................69doqtorantTasamecniero statiebimaka vasaZe maka vasaZerobert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriananawili IV`rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~ ...............................874

paata iakaSvilieTnikuri cenzura uxmo periodisqarTul kinoSi ......................................................................................111marika mamacaSvilicvladi da ucvladi Rirebulebebi .........................123laSa CxartiSvili„liris“ geografia„mefe liris“ scenuri interpretaciis ruka me-20 saukunismeore naxevris evropul TeatrSi ...................................................138nanuka xuskivaZemsaxiobi _ pirovneba samsaxioboxelovnebaSi ............................................................................................1455

CONTENTSTHEATRE STUDIESTamar BokuchavaON SOME TYPOLOGICAL AND AESTHETICALPECULIARITIES OF COTEMPORARY THEATRICAL PROCESSFORM 1960-IES AND AFTER ......................................................161Tamar KutateladzeDRAMATURGY OF GIORGI TSERETELI ..................................163Tamar TsagareliYOUR BODY – IS A WORLD, YOUR VOICE IS ALANGUAGE OF WORLD ............................................................165Suliko (Lamara) KirvalidzeGEORGIAN THEATRE IN THE NATIONAL-LIBERATIONMOVEMENT IN THE SECOND HALF OF XIX CENTURY(Historiography) ..............................................................................167FILM STUDIESMaia LevanidzeSOCIETY AND PERSONMilos Forman’s film ‘One Flew Over theCuckoo’s Nest’ ..............................................................................170Lela OchiauriGEORGIAN CINEMATOGRAPHY READY TO MOVEON THE OTHER BANK ............................................................171UNIVERSITY’Ph.D PROGRAMMaka VasadzeROBERT STURUA’S GEORGIAN SHAKESPEARIANPart IV“What you will or Twelfth nights” .........................................1756

Paata IakashviliTHREE LIVES ...............................................................................177Marika MamatsashviliINVARIABLE AND VARIABLE VALUES ................................178Lasha ChkartishviliLEAR’S GEOGRAPHY“THE KING LEARS“ MAP OF SCENICINTERPRATATION IN THE SECOND HALFOF 20S OF EUROPEAN THEATRE ...........................................179Nana KhuskivadzeACTER - THE PERSON IN THE ART OF ACTING ...................1807

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Tamar bokuCavaTanamedrove saTeatro procesiszogierTi tipologiuri da esTetikuriTaviseburebis Sesaxeb 60-iani wlebidandRemde 1`sadReisod, ara mxolod yoveli tradiciulierToblioba iqca babilonad,sadac erTmaneTs Seeria enebida gaqra saerTo rwmena,aramed dRes TiToeuli adamianicaseTive babilonia, radgan misi arsebobis safuZvelSiukve aRar devs RirebulebaTa monoliTuri erToblioba~,werda eJi grotovski werilSi `Teatri da rituali~,romelic 1968 wels Tavisi mTavari speqtaklebis dadgmisSemdeg gamoaqveyna.SeiZleba iTqvas, rom grotovskis werilis es citatanaTlad cxadyofs im realobas, romlis winaSec dadgaTanamedrove Teatri da romlis wiaRSic unda moeZebnamas Tavisi axali identoba. problema swored Teatrisontologiuri statusis gadaxedvaSi, Teatris xelaxalTviTdadgenaSi mdgomareobda. es TviTdadgena axalikulturul-istoriuli realobis pirobebSi, masTanmimarTebaSi unda ganxorcielebuliyo. es realobaki tradiciul RirebulebaTa da cnebaTa totalurigadafasebis process warmoadgenda. dasavleTisfilosofiurma da kritikulma azrovnebam gvianimodernisa da gansakuTrebiT postmodernis epoqaSidasavluri kulturis tradiciul msoflmxedvelobissabaziso debulebaTa gadasinjva ganaxorciela. maTSoris gadaixeda adamianis anTropologiuri identobisracionalisturi safuZvlebic, dairRva adamianis,1es naSromi avtorma saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa dakinos saxelmwifo universitetSi 2012 wels Catarebul konferenciaze`XX saukunis saxelovnebo procesebi 1960-2000~ waikiTxa11

Tamar bokuCavarogorc mTlianobis xedva. gaCnda iseTi mimarTulebebi,rogorebicaa scientizmi da transhumanizmi, romlebicadamians ganixilaven rogorc tranzaciis procesSi myofarss da ara rogorc Semdgar mTlianobas.realobis, WeSmaritebis, enis adamianis, istoriis,codnis, Tavad filosofiis cnebebi kritikis obieqtigaxda. 1967 wels gamovida frangi filosofosisa dakritokosis esse saxelwodebiT `avtoris sikvdili~.bartis azriT mwerali teqstTan erTad ibadeba daaraviTari yofiereba ar gaaCnia arc manamde, arc mere.faqtobrivad, mwerali mxolod erTgvari Camweria(skriptoria),im informaciisa da mravlobiTi sazrisebisa,romlebsac teqsti TavisTavad da upirovnod awarmoebs.avtoris nivelirebis, misi `sikvdilis faqti~ dasavlurilogocentruli cnobierebis krizisis mauwyebelia.`evropuli filosofiuri kosmogoniebisaTvis samyarosformirebisa da Semdgomi ganviTarebis iseTi modelebiadamaxasiaTebeli, romlebic sawyisi subieqtis - kosmiuriprocesis momwyobis da iniciatoris fiqsirebasa dagamoyofas gulisxmobs. amdenad, kosmogoniuri procesiganixileba rogorc mocemuli subieqtis mizandasaxulisaqmianobis Sedegi da, Sesabamisad, sawyis mizansa dagonivrul logikas eqvemdebareba”. 1avtoris sikvdili dasavluri cnobierebisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli logocentrizmisa da sazrisismimniWebeli sawyisis princips auqmebs. teqsti adamianiscnobierebis produqtad aRar ganixileba. am logikiT,pirovneba, rogorc subieqturi mTlianoba, rogorckosmogoniuri procesis avtori da warmmarTveli,TamaSgare mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. am garemoebam adamianisanTropologiuri identobisa da mTlianobis problemacwamoWra.1Можейко М.А. Смерть Автора, Новейший философский словарь,http://www.gumer.info/bogoslov_Buks/Philos/New_Dict/722.php12

Tanamedrove saTeatro procesis zogierTi tipologiurida esTetikuri Taviseburebis Sesaxeb 60-iani wlebidan dRemdedasavleli adamianis identobis RerZis dekonstruqciam,ra Tqma unda, Teatraluri xelovnebis TeoriulisafuZvlebic Searyia da Teatri ontologiur krizisSiSeiyvana. ra unda daupirispiros aseT viTarebasTeatrma?albaT, swored am kiTxvaze surda gaeca pasuxipolonel reJisors eJi grotovskis,romelmac 1958 welsludovik fliaSenTan erTad qalaq opoleSi `13 rigis~laboratoriuli Teatri daaarsa. grotovskis Ziebebie.w. Raribi Teatris mimarTulebiT warimarTa, romliscentralur figurad swored adamiani,kerZod ki msaxiobiiqca. rodesac werilSi `Raribi Teatrisaken~ grotovskiTavisi Teatraluri Ziebebis e. w. meTodologias aanalizebs,is daaskvnis, rom misi qmedeba TeatrisaTvis araarsebiTisuaryofisa da gamoricxvis principiT xorcieldeboda.`Cven vcdilobT ganvTavisufldeT ekleqtizmisagan,Teatris aRqmisagan, rogorc sxvadasxva xelovnebaTasinTezisa anu /veswrafviT/ imis zust gansazRvras, Tu rawarmoadgens Teatris Taviseburebas, gansakuTrebulobasda ar SeiZleba iyos dublirebuli sxva sanaxaobaTamier... Teatris arsad Cven msaxiobis sulieri da sascenoteqnika migvaCnia~. 1 Sesabamisad, grotovski gamoricxavsmisive gansazRvrebiT `mdidari Teatris~ ekleqturpraqtikas,Teatris arss aSiSvlebs da msaxiobamde dahyavs.Tumca is aqac gaurbis swavlebis, wvrTnis, xelobis raimedeklarirebul racionalur principebs da transisteqnikebs SeimuSavebs, romlebic `msaxiobis yvelasulieri da fizikuri Zalebis integraciasa da intimurinstiqturidan`gasxivosnebisaken~ 2 aris mimarTuli.grotovskis meTodi, rogorc TviTonve ambobs, miznadisaxavs, rom msaxiobma `treiningisadmi winaaRmdegoba~Sewyvitos, gaqres gansxvaveba Sida impulssa da1Гротовский Ежи, К Бедному Театру, Изд. «Артист. Режиссёр. Театр.»,2009.2iqve;13

Tamar bokuCavagamovlenil reaqcias Soris,esaa erTgvari ` via negativa anuara CvevaTa dajameba, aramed winaaRmdegobaTa mocileba~. 1rac Seexeba Teatraluri gamomsaxvelobis kodur niSnebs,grotovski aqac zedmetis mocilebis,mokveTis gziT midis.mis mizans ar warmoadgens raime tipis cxovrebiseulirealobis imitacia, adamianis tipiuri qmedebebisa dareaqciebis asaxva. `Cven rols vagebT, rogorc niSanTasistemas, - wers igi, - romlebic imas aSiSvleben, racyoveldRiurobis niRabqveSaa damaluli. ai,isic,adamianisqcevis dialeqtika~. 2grotovskis e.w. sistemaSi mniSvnelovani adgiliukavia miTisa da umartivesi adamianuri viTarebebis Temas.magram amas reJisori `raRac xelovnebis filosofiis~meSveobiT ki ara, xelobis obieqturi kanonebismeSveobiT aRwevs. `am TvalsazrisiT, wers grotovski,sartrs daveTanxmebodi, imaSi rom `yovelgvari teqnikametafizikisaken midis~. rac Seexeba teqsts, grotovskisazriT, is warmodgenaSi Semodis ara gareSeE sazrisissaxiT, aramed adamianis, aqtioris meSveobiT, intonaciiT,bgeraTa SeTanxmebiTa da enis musikalobiT. miTis mimarTreJisors specifikuri damokidebuleba aqvs, radganmasSic is ukve mkvdradqceul formas xedvas, romelicTanamedrove adamianSi sruli moculobiT ar cocxldeba.amitomac miTTan damokidebuleba grotovskis TeatrSimiTTan konfrontaciis gziT xorcieldeba, radgan, misiTqmiT, Tanamedrove adamians ukve aRar Seswevs Zala`piradi simarTle universalur simarTlesTan gaaigivos~ 3 .maSin, rodesac Teatri ukve yalibdeboda, magram jerkidev religiis wiaRSi arsebobda, is aTavisuflebdasulier energias miTis sazeimo profanirebiT,1iqve;2iqve;3Гротовский Ежи. К Бедному Театру, Изд. «Артист. Режиссёр. Театр.»,2009.14

Tanamedrove saTeatro procesis zogierTi tipologiurida esTetikuri Taviseburebis Sesaxeb 60-iani wlebidan dRemdedarRveviT. am energiis gamoTavisufleba TanamedroveepoqaSi kombinirebuli midgomiTaa SesaZlebeli, xdebamiTis morgeba, masSi STagrZnoba da, amave dros, masTanSignidan dapirispireba sakuTari piradi da istoriuligamocdilebis gamoyenebiT. `Tu udidesi TavdamblobiTvaSiSvlebT sakuTar TavSi yvelaze faruls, idumals,TiTqos mTlianad veZleviT da msxverplad gaviRebTyoveldRiur cxovrebaSi xelSeuxebels, cxovrebiseuliniRabi imsxvreva.~ 1`sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb warmodgenebTan am brZoliT,Tavisi konkretulobiT, xelSesaxebobiT, cxovrebiseuliniRbis moglejis mcdelobiT, TiTqmis fiziologiurobiT,CemTvis Teatri TiTqmis yovelTvis asocirdebodaprovokaciasTan, sakuTari Tavis gamowvevasTan, am gziTmayureblis gamowvevasTanac... aRqmis, xedvisa da gansjisstereotipebis rRvevasTan, miT ufro ZlierTan dasastikTan, radgan is adamianis organizmSi aisaxeba,sunTqvaSi, sxeulSi, Sinagan impulsebSi; es tabusdarRvevis, transgresiis 2 problemaa, rac saSualebasgvaZlevs niRbis moglejiT gancdili Sokis meSveobiTda sruli gaSiSvlebiT, gaxsniT, ganZarcviT – miveceTraRacas, risi gansazRvrac TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, magramimas, rac erossa da karitass 3 moicavs~. 4miTTan konfrontaciis, miTis ganzrax profanaciisgrotovskiseul meTods kritikosebi sxvadasxva saxelsuwodebdnen _ `fesvebTan dajaxebas~, `dacinvisa dagaRmerTebis dialeqtikas~, `RvTisgmobiT gamoxatulreligias da siZulviliT gadmocemul siyvaruls~. CemiazriT, grotovskis mizanswrafvas swored adamianis1iqve;2transgresia _ subieqtis mier sazRvrebis gadalaxva, sazRvrebsmiRma gasvla;3caritas (lat.) - mowyaleba, samsxverplo siyvaruli;4Гротовский Ежи. К Бедному Театру, Изд. «Артист. Режиссёр. Театр.»,2009.15

Tamar bokuCavaidentobis legitimacia da yalbi danaSrevebisaganganTavisufleba warmoadgens. mas surs sicocxlisertianobis gancda daubrunos adamians da ideologiurteqstTa tvirTqveS gaqrobisagan ixsnas.`Teatrsa da ritualSi~ grotovski logikuradagrZelebs da aviTarebs Tavis meTodologiasa daTeatraluri xelovnebis miznebis miseul xedvasayalibebs. `Raribi Teatrisagan~ gansxvavebiT, mas aqtotaluri adamianis cneba Semoaqvs. faqtobrivad,totaluri adamiani, ori figuris gaerTianebis Sedegia– esaa koleqtiuri (gvarobrivi) da pirovnuli doneebisgaerTianeba, ris Sedegadac miiReba mesame mTlianoba,totaluri adamiani. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom grotovskisdialeqtika winaaRmdegobaTa erTianobis miRwevas,balansisaRdgenasa da umaRles sinTezs eswrafvis.amasTan, grotovskis Teatri naTeli magaliTia imisa,Tu rogor poulobs evropuli Teatri Tavisi sicocxlissawyisebs sxeulebrivis, mdablis, `qvedas~ tradiciaSi,risSesaxebac werda baxtini wignSi `fransua rable da Suassaukuneebis xalxuri kultura~. qvemodan,sxeulebrividan,fizikuridan cdilobs is adamianis anTropologiurimTlianobis ganxorcielebas. fizikuridan sulieris,metafizikuris miRwevas. es procesi gare samyarozemimarTuli `fausturi~ zemoqmedebidan sakuTar TavzegadmorTviT, sakuTar Tavze produqtiuli ZaladobiT -`sisastikis~ gziT xorcieldeba.grotovskisTvis Teatri SeuZlebeli mTlianobismiRwevis, aq da amwuTas yofierebaSi anTropologiuriidentobis problemis gadaWris SesaZleblobaa. Tumisi Semoqmedebis pirvel etapebze is mayurebelTanurTierTobis sakiTxsac did yuradRebas uTmobs, e.w.paraTeatraluri periodSi Teatraluri sanaxaobis,mayurebeli-msaxiobis dispoziciidan gadis da sxvadasxvaraodenobis adamianTa monawileobiT warmarTavs ukve16

Tanamedrove saTeatro procesis zogierTi tipologiurida esTetikuri Taviseburebis Sesaxeb 60-iani wlebidan dRemderitualad qceul praqtikas. ramdenadac cnobilia,sworedgrotovskis Teatralurma praqtikam Cauyara safuZveliTanamedrove Teatraluri kulturis iseT fenomens,romelsac saTeatro anTropologia ewodeba.saTeatro anTropologia, rogorc damoukidebeliswavleba 1980 wels euJenio barbam daafuZna. am swavlebisTeoretikosTa Soris arian agreTve nikola savanareze,riCard Sexneri da sxvebi. anTropologiuri skolaTeatris biologiur doneebs swavlobs,erTgvar `teqnikaTateqnikebs~, romlebic yvela gansxvavebuli saTeatroskolisa Tu teqnikebis saerTo safuZvlebs warmoadgens.am SemTxvevaSic, muSaobis samizne aris ara mxatvrulisaxe, aramed msaxiobis zogadanTropologiuri `biosi~,arayoveldRiuri `sxeulebrioba~. anTropologiurivarjiSebis mizans e.w. sawyismieri gamomsaxvelobebis,`pre-eqspresiuli~ mdgomareobebisa da daZabulobebismiRweva warmoadgens. saxis, sxeulis, xelebis, moZraobis,xmis elementuri Semadgenlebis, sivrceSi arsebobissawyisismieri principebi da sxv. barba am msaxiobebsperformerebs uwodebs aqtiorisagan gansxvavebiT, radganmaTi moqmedebis veqtori sxeulis biologiuri sawyisebistestirebaa Teatralur sivrceSi. aqtiori ki is subieqtia,romelic mxatvruli saxis konstruirebaze muSaobs.performersa da msaxiobs eJi grotovskic ganasxvavebda:`performeri, - Tvlida is, - moqmedebis adamiania. esis ar aris, vinc sxvis rols TamaSobs, is mocekvavea,qurumi, meomari: is adamiania, romelic xelovnebiskategoriaze maRla dgas. rituali – es aris performansi,dasrulebuli moqmedeba, aqti. gadagvarebuli rituali –es speqtaklia. me ar vapireb raime aRmoCenaTa gakeTebas,me ubralod daviwyebul raRaceebs vixseneb. iseT Zvelrameebs, rom esTetikuri kategoriebis mravalferovnebamaTdami gamousadegaria. me speqtaklis maswavlebelivar. me performers vzrdi... es iniciacia da codnis17

Tamar bokuCavamotacebaa. performeri - es cxovrebis wesia. SeiZlebamas codnis adamiani vuwodoT.. codnis adamiani flobsqmedebas da ara ideebsa da Teoriebs... codna qmedebis,keTebis tolfasia.performers SeuZlia Tavisi sxeulis sicocxlisgaxmovaneba (sicocxle, romelic erTiani nakadiTmoedineba, artikulirebuli unda iyos. ritualis mowmissicocxle ufro daZabuli xdeba. performeri xidebismSenebelia.performerisTvis warmodgena – es aris gza... gzasxeuli-da-arsidan sxeuli-arsisaken.Sida adamiansa da gare adamians Soris iseTivegansxvavebaa, rogorc casa da miwas Soris.~es aris nawyvetebi 1987 wels prizSi gamomcemloba`art-presis” mier gamoqveynebuli grotovskis gamosvlisteqstisa, sadac grotovski idealuri moswavlis– performeris Sesaxeb saubrobs. amave gamosvlaSigrotovski Tavis Tavs maswavlebels uwodebs, xolosxeuli-arsis miRwevis sademonstraciod moxucebuligurjievis parizSi gadaRebul fotos ixsenebs. SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom grotovski am gamosvlaSi Tavisi TeoriaerTgvar logikur dasasrulamde mihyavs.anTropologiuri mimarTuleba XX saukunis meorenaxevris Teatris erT-erT nairsaxeobas warmoadgens.grotovskis swavlebis SemTxvevaSi, is scdeba Teatris,rogorc mxolod xelovnebis farglebs da egzistenciisganxorcielebis, anTropologiuri sisrulis miRwevis,sxeuli-arsis ganxorcielebis gzebze saubrobs. masTanTeatri es aris codna,romelic sxeuliT miiRweva. sxeuli,gorotovskisTan, cnobierebis qimerebisagan gansxvavebiT,adamianis erTaderTi sakuTrebaa, mxolod sxeulisa dawarmodgenis realobis gziT SeiZleba gaikvalo gzametafizikisaken, sxeuli-arsisaken da Sida adamianisaken.meoce saukunis 60-ian 70-ian wlebis evropuli18

Tanamedrove saTeatro procesis zogierTi tipologiurida esTetikuri Taviseburebis Sesaxeb 60-iani wlebidan dRemdeTeatris kidev erTi tipologiuri Taviseburebaamultikulturli proeqtebis xvedriTi wilis zrda.es globalizaciis moTxovnebze Teatris pasuxiserTgvari demonstraciaa, Tumca es proeqtebic adamianiszogadanTropologiuri Zirebis mignebis surviliTaanakarnaxevi. am mxriv,niSandobliv eqsperiments warmoadgenspiter brukis mier qalaq persepolisSi aTarqserqsesakldamasTan ganxorcielebuli proeqti `orgasti~,romelic reJisorma ted hiuzTan erTad moamzada. amproeqtisaTvis specialurad, Seiqmna axali ena, romlisleqsikoni 2000 sityvisagan Sedgeboda da TiToeulsmniSvneloba hqonda miniWebuli. es ena universalurfuZiseul enad iyo miCneuli. meTodologiurad,`orgastis~ enis Seqmnis e. w. meTodologia grotovskisZiebebs gvagonebs. 1971 wlis Taimsis literaturuldamatebaSi 1 ted hiuzi ambobda: `warmoidgineT musika,romelic miwaSia damarxuli ramdenime aTasi welia...fuZiseuli, ara is srulyofilad struqturirebuliraime, rasac Cven vicnobT rogorc musikas, swored egaarisi amoTxrac Cven gvsurs, enisa, romelic im qvemodones ekuTvnis, romelzedac gansxvavebebi Cndeba~...hiuzis interviu gvaCvenebs, rom iseve rogorcgrotovski, bruki da misi Tanamoazreebic fuZiseulianTropologiuri bazisis monaxvas, eswrafvian. Tukigrotovski mdidari Teatris winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs,bruki mkvdar Teatrs amxels. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Taviseqsperimentul ZiebebSi bruki, iseve rogorc grotovski,Teatris meSveobiT globaluri adamianis anTropologiuriidentobis aRmoCenas eswrafvis.evropocentrizmis kritikis Taviseburi gamovlinebaiyo ariane mnuSkines mier 1985 da 1987 wlebSi da dadgmulispeqtaklebi - `sazareli magram dausrulebeli istorianorodom sihanoukisa, kambojis mefisa~ da `indiada anu1Hughes Ted. The Times literary supplement, 1 October, 1971.19

Tamar bokuCavamaTi sizmrebis indoeTi~. `sinahukSi~ mnuSkine ganzraxcvlida aziuri samyaros aRqmis tradiciul stereotipebsda moqmedebaSi CarTul evropul xasiaTebs sasacilod daegzotikurad warmoadgenda.evropul kulturaSi mimdinare movlenebze Teatrisreaqciis meore gamoxatulebad e.w. mxatvris Teatrisformireba SeiZleba miviCnioT. gansxvavebiT grotovskisTeatrisagan, romelmac maqsimalurad ganZarcvascena da centraluri adgili saTeatro procesiserTaderT aqtiors – performers mianiWa, kantoriadamianis portrets `umdablesi sagnobrivis realobis~,`kombinirebuli obieqtebis~, adamianis gamanekenebis dausulo sagnebze personaJuli funqciebis gadanawilebismeSveobiT qmnis. is igonebs kombinirebul formebs,qmnis sagnisa da msaxiobis simbiozs, msaxiobis sxeulsganixilavs rogorc erTgvar bio-elements, romelicSeiZleba kombinirebul iqnes nebismier saganTan TunivTTan – fuTasTan,abazanasTan,kovzTan,karTan,magidasTan,TojinasTan da sxv. msaxiobi, faqtobrivad, TiTqmisrekvizitis doneze dadis, ar xdeba misi fsiqologiurimxaris gamovlena, individualur SefasebaTa rigisdemonstracia. kantoris SemoqmedebaSi xdeba sulisada sxeulis maqsimaluri distancireba, sasceno qmedebissubieqturobisagan, cocxali sulisagan dacla, sxeulisada sulis gaTiSva. Tu grotovski sxeulis meSveobiTcdilobs erTianobas miaRwios, kantoris TeatrSipiriqiT xdeba, is TiTqos imis demonstracias axdens,rom sulma miatova sxeuli, Tu ganvazogadebT, sulmadatova Tanamedroveoba da is formaTa ironiul TamaSadaqcia. kantoris Semoqmedebis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoetaps warmoadgens misi `sikvdilis Teatris~ cikli.ciklis pirvel speqtaklSi `mkvdari klasi~ scenazekantoris bavSvobis suraTebi Caivlis, klasis TiToeulmoswavles manekeni-oreuli hyavs. movlenebi scenaze20

Tanamedrove saTeatro procesis zogierTi tipologiurida esTetikuri Taviseburebis Sesaxeb 60-iani wlebidan dRemdesizmareuli xilvasaviT viTardeba, maT msvlelobaski reJisori scenidanve adevnebs Tvalyurs udidesiTanalmobiTa da tkiviliT ganmsWvaluli. speqtaklisdasasruls uzarmazari damlagebeli – sikvdilissimboluri gansaxiereba - klass alagebs, finalSi kimravalxmiani litania JRers – moswavleTa mier sakuTariTavis datirebis rituali. kantoris cikli dasruldaspeqtakliT `dRes Cemi dabadebis dRea~, romlisrepeticiaze reJisiori gardaicvala. sikvdilis Teatriscikli erTgvari reqviemia, romelic tadeuS kantormaevropul kulturasa da misi iluziebis msxvrevas diditkiviliT miuZRvna, Tavad misi gardacvaleba ki bolodadgmis saxelwodebasTan mimarTebaSi, erTgvar ironiulda, amave dros, romantikul simbolod iqca.SeiZleba iTqvas, rom miuxedavad grotovskisa dakantors Soris arsebuli gansxvavebisa, orive humanistadda metafizikosad darCa, radgan maTi mizani sxvadasxvasaxiTa da sxvadasxva kuTxiT adamianis arsebobisreabilitacias warmoadgenda. grotovskim sxeulisgavliT miaRwia totaluri adamianis metafizikurmTlianobas, Tundac myisiers, xolo kantorma scenazeTavisi fizikuri TandaswrebiTa da TanalmobiT sulierirefleqsiis materializacia moaxdina. amdenad, SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom isini jer kidev metafizikosebi arian, radgan`yovelgvari humanizmi metafizikuria~. 1postdramatul TeatrSi, romelsac am terminisa daamave saxelwodebis wignis (1999) avtori hans Tie lemanitadeuS kantorsac miakuTvnebs,vfiqrob,viTareba,ZiriTadSiicvleba. rogorc Cans,aq saqme ukve e.w. arahumanistur anposthumanistur anTropologiasaTan SeiZleba gvqondes,romelic uaryofs adamianis ucvlel metafizikur pirvelsaxes,`sadac adamiani ukve aRar warmoadgens izolirebulda samyaros Seudarebel gansakuTrebul elements, raRac1Хайдеггер М. Время и бытие. М.: Республика, 1993. С. 197.21

Tamar bokuCavaaraCveulebrivi adamianuri arsiT dajildovebuls. isgaremoSia integrirebuli da im sistemis elementswarmoadgens, romlis nawilic aris Tavis garemosTanerTad.~ 1 posthumanizmSi adamianis faqtoris gavrcelebaxdeba rogorc biologiur, ise teqnologiur sivrceebze.adamiani erTgvar Ria, cvalebad, integralur sistemadganixileba. postdramatuli Teatris formebic adamianisSesaxeb anTropologiuri warmodgenebis Sesabamisadyalibdeba. performanss, hefenings aRara aqvs pirobiTiTeatrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ierarqiuli struqtura,Sekruli narativi,droisa da sivrcis monaduri koncepcia,rac adamianis Sesaxeb monadur, metafizikur warmodgenasSeesabameba. aRar moqmedebs mTlianobis kanonebi,romlebic evropuli azrs antikurobidan gasdevs. esformebi procesualur, spontanur, iniciator-monawileTamier provocirebul, magram bolomde arakontrolirebadxasiaTs atareben, axasiaTebT moqmedebis simultanurobada spontanurobis iluzia, aRqmisa da komunikaciisSecvlili formebi, improvizaciuli xasiaTi, Tumca araRZraven mizanmimarTul refleqsias da ar eqvemdebarebianlogikur interpretacias.aris Tu ara postdramatuli Teatri saqarTveloSi? amkiTxvaze pasuxis gacema erTmniSvnelovnad Znelia. robertsturuas speqtaklebi `iakobis saxareba~ da `stiqsi~dramaturgiuli pirvelwyaros gareSe Seiqmna, Tumca, maTkompoziciasa da struqturaSi mainc arsebobs rogorcmoqmedebis ganviTarebis logikuri dramaturgiuliprincipebi, ise `metafizikuri humanizmi~.1Ямпольский Михаил. Дегуманизация образа, Новое ЛитературноеОбозрение, №109, 3. 2011.22

Tanamedrove saTeatro procesis zogierTi tipologiurida esTetikuri Taviseburebis Sesaxeb 60-iani wlebidan dRemdegamoyenebuli literatura:1. Кобина Юлия Антропологизация духовных ценностей всовременной культуре Евгеньевна. Дис. канд. филос. наук:09.00.13: Ставрополь, 2004 156 c. РГБ ОД, 61:04-9/391;http://www.dslib.net/religio-vedenie/kobina.html2. Иванов В. От Ретеатрализации Театра к ТеатральнойАнтропологии, «Антропологический подход в изучениидраматургии» Российско-французская конференция.http://www.nrgumis.ru/articles/archives/full_art.php?aid=100&binn_rubrik_pl_articles=29823

Tamar quTaTelaZegiorgi wereTlis dramaturgianaSromSi gaanalizebulia XIX saukunis II naxevriscnobili mwerlis, publicistisa da sazogado moRvawis,n. avaliSvilis ,,scenismoyvareTa mudmivi dasis~ (1867)wevris, giorgi wereTlis dRemde daubeWdavi dramebi:,,ojaxis asuli~ da ,,daria~. agreTve piesa: `jibri~.giorgi wereTlis dramaturgias laitmotivad gasdevsbrZola batonymuri Cagvrisa da qalTa uuflebobiswinaaRmdeg, qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworuflebianobisidea. piesebi gamoirCeva publicisturi simwvaviT damaTSi sustad, magram mainc ikveTeba ,,axali dramis~sawyisi konturebi. originaluri dramaturgiis simwiriTgamorCeuli qarTuli TeatrisaTvis giorgi wereTlisdramaturgia saintereso SenaZens warmoadgenda.giorgi wereTeli (fsevdonimi ,,Tergdaleuli~)daibada 1842 wlis 14 maiss, zemo imereTis sofelgorisaSi, aznaur eqvTime wereTlis ojaxSi. igi XIXsaukunis meore naxevris erT-erTi originaluri komediis,,qorwineba imereTis Tavadisa~ avtoris _ oqropirwereTlis Zmiswuli iyo. dediT adre daoblebuli giorgisaRzrda ZiZam da mzrunvelma mamam ikisres. mSobliurojaxSi pirveldawyebiTi ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg, 1851wels g. wereTelma swavla ganagrZo quTaisis gimnaziaSi,sadac im xanebSi swavlobdnen _ akaki wereTeli, nikonikolaZe, kirile lorTqifaniZe, nikoloz da besarionRoRoberiZeebi. quTaisis gimnaziaSi swavlis mkacrireJimi da iq gatarebuli wlebi aisaxa g. wereTlisavtobiografiul moTxrobaSi ,,Cveni cxovrebis yvavili~(daibeWda Jurnal ,,krebulSi~, 1872-1873).giorgi wereTelma warmatebiT daamTavra quTaisisgimnazia (1860), swavla peterburgis universitetis25

Tamar quTaTelaZesabunebismetyvelo fakultetze ganagrZo. is i. WavWavaZisirgvliv Tavmoyril qarTvel studentTa garemocvaSiaRmoCnda. peterburgSi rusul da evropul revoluciurdemokratiulda utopiur moZRvrebebs gaecno, romlebmacgansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSes misi radikalurdemokratiulimsoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze. g.wereTeli dakavSirebuli iyo n. CerniSevskis Tanamoazrerus, polonel da qarTvel studentebTan. 1861 wlisSemodgomaze revoluciurad ganwyobilma studentebmaruseTis TviTmpyrobeluri politikis sawinaaRmdegofarTomasStabiani saprotesto demonstracia moawyves,masSi monawileobdaGg. wereTelic. amis gamo sxvastudentebTan erTad daapatimres da sasjels jer petrepavlescixeSi, Semdeg ki kronStadtis satusaRoSiixdida.1863 wels, g. wereTeli samSobloSi dabrunda. muSaobadaiwyo qarTuli enis pedagogad jer quTaisSi, SemdegTbilisis n. jabadaris kerZo pansionSi, mogvianebiTki realur saswavlebelSi. igi iRvwoda skolebSimSobliuri enis swavlebis dasamkvidreblad da Tbilisisuniversitetis dasaarseblad.giorgi wereTlis warmatebuli literaturulidebiuti Sedga i. WavWavaZis ,,saqarTvelos moambis~1863 wlis # 5-Si gamoqveynebuli publicisturkritikulistatiiT ,,ciskars ra akakanebda?~. amwerilSi avtori gabedulad TanaugrZnobda axali Taobisdemokratiul ideebs da ibrZoda Jurnal ,,ciskris~konservatiuli tendenciebis winaaRmdeg.Gg. wereTlissaxels ukavSirdeba qarTuli da ucxouri mwerlobisklasikosTa popularizacia, Jurnalistikisa daliteraturaTmcodneobis ganviTareba, rac miznad isaxavdasazogadoebaSi ganaTlebis donis amaRlebas, TvalsawierisgafarToebas, TviTSegnebis amaRlebasa da erovnulisiamayis gaRvivebas. swored g. wereTlis redaqtorobiT26

giorgi wereTlis dramaturgiagamoica SoTa rusTavelis ,,vefxistyaosani~ (1867–1868),g. erisTavis ,,Txzulebebis~ ortomeuli, d. guramiSvilis,,daviTiani~ (p. umikaSvilTan erTad, 1870). manve daafuZnagazeTi ,,droeba~ (1866), ,,sasoflo gazeTi~ (1869),Jurnali ,,krebuli~ (1871), sadac ibeWdeboda qarTvelda ucxoel klasikosTa nawarmoebebi, qarTuli xalxurisityvierebis nimuSebi, istoriuli, literaturuli,eTnografiuli, publicisturi statiebi, feletonebi dawerilebi. ,,krebulSi~ agreTve gamoqveynda Targmanebi: i.WavWavaZisa da i. maCablis _ Seqspiris ,,mefe liri~, a.wereTlis _ molieris ,,skapenis oinebi~, g. wereTlis- goeTes ,,egmonti~.1873 wels, g. wereTeli evropaSi gaemgzavra da,,krebulis~ gamocema gadaabara k. lorTqifaniZes.1874 wels, Gg. wereTlis TaosnobiTa da monawileobiT,SveicariaSi Catarda amierkavkasiisa da daRestnisxalxTa kongresi, sadac wamoyenebul iqna amierkavkasiisfederaciuli respublikis Seqmnis idea. sazRvargareTyofnisas, g. wereTeli daqorwinda niko nikolaZis daze –olimpiada iakobis asulze, romelic im dros SveicariaSiswavlobda. 1891 wels, g. wereTeli samSobloSidabrunda da olimpiada nikolaZis gardacvalebis Semdegdaqorwinda mixeil TumaniSvilis qaliSvilze _ anastasiaTumaniSvilze, Jurnal ,,jejilis~ damfuZnebelsa daredaqtorze.1893 wels g. wereTlis redaqtorobiT dafuZndaJurnali ,,kvali~, sadac TanamSroblobdnen: a. wereTeli,vaJa-fSavela, i. gogebaSvili, s. mgalobliSvili, n.lomouri, e. ninoSvili. ,,kvalsa~ da ,,iverias~ Soriswarmoqmnili polemikisas 1898 wels ki, Jurnali ,,mesamedass~ gadasca. g. wereTeli gardaicvala 1900 wlis 12ianvars, dakrZalulia didubis panTeonSi.giorgi wereTeli kritikuli realizmiswarmomadgenelia. ,,XIX saukunis qarTuli literaturis27

Tamar quTaTelaZeerT-erT SedevrSi ,,mgzavris wignebi~, anu ,,kikoliki,Cikoliki da kudabzika~ (1866-1870), 1 asaxa batonymobisgauqmebis winaperiodis socialur-politikuriviTareba. avtorma amxila batonymuri urTierTobisSedegad adamianis fizikuri da sulieri gadagvareba,moxeleTa korufciuli saqmianoba, karierizmiTganmsWvaluli, mxolod pirad keTildReobaze mzrunvelifsevdointeligencia, Tavadaznaurobis dakninebulimdgomareoba. al. xaxanaSvili werda: ,,mgzavris wignebi~,anu ,,kikoliki, Cikoliki da kudabzika~, mZafri satiraaTanamedroveobaze... satiruli maTraxi, romelic mangaiRo qarTuli sazogadoebis naklovanebaTa gasakicxad,Cveulebrivi saSualeba ar iyo im drois CvensmwerlobaSi~. 2saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis miwuruls ganviTarebulimovlenebi STambeWdavad aisaxa agreTve g. wereTlisromanSi ,,pirveli nabiji~. igi ,,pirveli romania qarTulliteraturaSi, sadac moqmedeba imier-amierSia gaSlili~. 3(daibeWda quTaisSi gamocemul literaturul krebulSi,,cda~, 1889-1891). ,,pirvel nabijSi~ avtori xatavssaqarTveloSi kapitalizmis damkvidrebis logikurSedegebs, burJuaziasa da Tavadaznaurobas Soriswarmoqmnil konfliqts. romani asaxavs TavadaznaurTagaRatakebis, dacemisa da zneobrivi gadagvarebis suraTs.igi uCvenebs swavlaze gulacruebuli axali TaobisTavadiSvilTa yofas, mejlisebiTa da banqoTi maTgatacebasa da kriminalizacias. avtori amxels ruseTisbiurokratiuli aparatis korufciul, danaSaulebrivqmedebebs, marTlmsajulebis sisastikes, mfarvelisa dadausjelobis sindromis Camoyalibebas.qarTvel 60-ianelTa msgavsad, g. wereTelic did1axali qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. II, Tb., 2010, gv. 161;2xaxanaSvili, al. ,,qarTuli sityvierebis istoria~, 1918, gv. 226;3axali qarTuli literaturis das. wig. gv. 167.28

giorgi wereTlis dramaturgiamniSvnelobas aniWebda Teatrs eris sulieri aRzrdissaqmeSi da sinamdvilis ,,Seuferavad~ gadmocema miaCndamwerlobis miznad. igi eswrafvoda, Tavadac aqtiurimonawileoba mieRo qarTuli Teatris aRdgenasa da misefeqtur funqcionirebaSi. g. wereTeli iyo n. avaliSvilisxelmZRvanelobiT formirebuli qarTuli TeatrisganaxlebisaTvis mebrZoli ,,scenismoyvareTa mudmividasis~ (1867) wevri da monawileobda g. jafariZisada n. beklemiSevis ,,maikosa~ da g. erisTavis ,,Zunwis~dadgmebSi. g. wereTels garkveuli Rvawli miuZRvisqarTuli Teatris repertuaris gamdidrebaSic. manTargmna goeTes ,,egmonti~ da Sileris ,,vilhelm teli~(romlis erTi nawilic daibeWda 1868 wlis ,,droebaSi~).manve Seqmna sami originaluri, TanamedroveobisumZafresi problemebis amsaxveli dramaturgiis nimuSi:,,jibri~ (dawerilia 1870, daibeWda 1870 wlis Jurnal,,krebulis~ # 2-Si, pirvelad daidga 1871) da dRemdedaubeWdavi dramebi: ,,ojaxis asuli~ (dawerilia 1874,daidga 1880 wlis 13 Tebervals) da ,,daria~ (dawerilia1880, daidga 1880).Ggiorgi wereTlis dramaturgias leitmotivad gasdevsbrZola batonymuri Cagvris da qalTa uuflebobiswinaaRmdeg. ,,jibri~ avtoris mier formulirebuliarogorc komedia, Tumca mas kritikosebi umTavresadtragikomediad an dramad miiCneven. piesa warmoaCenssaglexo reformis winaperiodSi arsebul tradiciulbatonymur urTierTobebs, Tavadaznauruli ojaxisdakninebisa da dacemis process. ,,jibris~ moqmedebazemo imereTis mebatone bekiCas ojaxSi mimdinareobs.konfliqti umTavresad gacxadebulia bekiCasSinaymebis, dilavardisasa da mgelias brZola-jibrSiprivilegirebuli mdgomareobisa da sargebliani adgilismosapoveblad. pirveli maTgani gamdelis movaleobasasrulebs, xolo meore – mouravisas.29

Tamar quTaTelaZe,,jibris~ personaJebis saxelebi simboluria.dilavardisas saxeliT avtori migvaniSnebs batonisojaxs Sewiruli axalgazrda qalis silamazeze. mgeliassaxeliT ki, fariseveli mouravis mtaceblur xasiaTze.bekiCas mojamagire kikola qarTul komediografiaSicnobili enamoswrebuli da moxerxebuli msaxuristradiciuli tipia. piesaSi igi dilavardisas mgeliassiZulvils Caagonebs, xolo mgelias dilavardisaswinaaRmdeg aqezebs. ,,wamkidebelo wahkide, orives Taviwawyviteo~ 1 _ aseTia kikolas samoqmedo programa, racmisTvis warmatebuli finaliT mTavrdeba. piesis bolosdilavardisasa da mgelias Soris gaCaRebul Cxubs, sadacgakapasebuli msaxurebi umowyalod amxelen erTmaneTswlebis ganmavlobaSi maT mier Cadenil TaRliTobebSi,Seeswreba batonic. ganrisxebuli bekiCa brZanebs,daapatimron misi ojaxis mZarcveli mgelia, gaaZevonukve xandazmuli dilavardisa da kikolas gadaabaronmisTvis saocnebo mouravoba.Seubralebeli da gulqva mebatone bekiCa,mojamagireebisumowyalo eqspluataciasTan erTad, moparuli cxenebisgayidviTac mdidrdeba da ymaTa mkvlelobazec arambobs uars. sakuTari borotmoqmedebis nakvalevsigi ,,naCalnikTan~ garigebebiT agvarebs. g. wereTlismier TavadaznaurTa kriminalizaciis mxilebasTanerTad, kritikis maxvili mimarTulia korumpirebulibiurokratiis winaaRmdegac.,,jibri~ tragikomediis Janrs uaxlovdeba. igidawerilia gamarTuli saliteraturo eniT, Tumca masSiuxvadaa imeruli dialeqtic. kolizia eqspoziciurnawilSivea gamokveTili, konfliqti sustad viTardeba.personaJTa xasiaTebi ar aris sakmarisad qmediTi. piesagadatvirTulia vrceli monologebiT, rac aferxebsmovlenebis dinamikur ganviTarebas.1Jurn. krebuli, 1871, gv. 59.30

giorgi wereTlis ,,jibri~ 1870 wels, dawerisTanavewarmoudgeniaT saCxeris raionis sofel gorisaSi.sayuradReboa sofel argveTSi, iaSvilebis ojaxSiSemonaxuli afiSa, Sedgenili paolo iaSvilis papis,iosebis mier. Ees afiSa gvauwyebs, rom g. wereTlis,,jibri~ argveTSi 1874 wels daudgamT. 1 1876 wels,,droebaSi~ dabeWdili recenzia gvamcnobs, rom ,,jibri~sofel baxvSic warmoudgeniaT da quTaisSic, msaxiob e.ioselianis benefisze 1881 wlis 25 ianvars.giorgi wereTlis ,,jibrs~ gamoqveynebisTanavegamoexmaura qarTuli kritika. s. mesxi maRal SefasebasaZlevda komedias da werda: ,,g. wereTlis ,,jibri~namdvili suraTia maSindeli Cveni cxovrebisa... kargaxania ar dawerila iseTi dramatuli Txzuleba,romelic SeZlebda mayureblis gacinebasTan erTad,mis dafiqrebasac... ai, amnairi jibri dabada CvenSi imsenma, romelsac Cven batonymobas veZaxdiT~. 2 n. nikolaZeSeniSnavda: ,,am komediaSi Cven namdvil, Seuferavad cocxalnacnobebs vxedavT simarTliT gamoxatulebs... CvensTvalwin ixateba maTi namdvili xasiaTi~. 3 ,,jibrSi~ arcsomexi vaWaria da arc ,,ruseTume~ moarSiye axalgazrda.,,jibris~ personaJebi qarTul dramaturgiaSi axaliadamianebi arian.... ,,jibri~ oqropir wereTlis komediis,,qorwili imereTis Tavadisa~ Semdeg, pirveli dramatulinawarmoebia, romelSic aisaxa imereTis batonymuricxovrebis dacema da daknineba~, 4 – werda a. gaCeCilaZe.giorgi wereTlis 4-moqmedebiani drama ,,daria~ jer ardabeWdila. igi inaxeba saqarTvelos xelnawerTa erovnulcentrSi. piesa exmianeba 70-ian wlebSi qalTa pirovnuliTavisuflebisaTvis gaaqtiurebul moZraobas. rogorc1NgaCeCilaZe a. Jurn. ,,sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1960., #6;2,,droeba~, 1871, #40;3gaCeCilaZe a. ,,XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris literaturuli Ziebani~,Tb., 1988., gv. 25;4gaCeCilaZe a. das. naSromi, gv. 83.giorgi wereTlis dramaturgia31

Tamar quTaTelaZecnobilia, swored im xanebSi gamovidnen sazogadoebrivasparezze pirveli feministuri talRis warmomadgenelisaxelovani qarTveli mandilosnebi: pelo nacvliSvili,ekaterine meliqiSvili, kato da olimpiada nikolaZeebi daolRa guramiSvili. maT umaRlesi ganaTleba SveicariaSimiiRes. qalebis aseTi ,,siTamame~ ki, saqarTveloSi ariyo popularuli. maT miznebs umTavresad TanaugrZnobdaaxali Taoba _ g. wereTeli, s. mesxi da n. nikolaZe.giorgi wereTeli mtkiced icavda qalisa damamakacis Tanasworuflebianobis ideas da misi ,,dariac~qalTa emansipaciis periods asaxavs. piesaSi naCvenebiaqalTa uuflebo mdgomareoba. maTi swrafva ganaTlebismisaRebad da im droisaTvis uswrafesad mosagvarebelproblemad aRiarebuli qarTuli Teatris aRdgenis, misiaqtiuri, progresulad moazrovne kadrebiT Sevsebisaucileblobis rwmenac.piesis mTavari moqmedi gmiriD daria apirebspeterburgis universitetSi swavlasa da samsaxiobomoRvaweobas.Dmis miznebs TanaugrZnobs axali Taobiswarmomadgeneli, peterburgis universitetis studentierekle omaniZe. axali Taobisagan gansxvavebiT, dramaSiwarmodgeniliAufrosi Taoba kvlav cdilobs moZvelebulitradiciebis ganmtkicebas. isini eswrafvian qaliSvilebiskarCaketili cxovrebis wesis uzrunvelyofas maTi mdidaran ganaTlebul sasiZoebze gaTxovebiT. darias mSoblebi, -levan da irine margiselebi,qaliSvilis Canafiqrs ojaxisSeuracxyofad miiCneven da ZaliT aTxoveben SeZlebuldaviT giJberiZeze. ,,ded-mamis ganusazRvreli uflebebisgamo TviTmkvlelobas, iZulebuliTi qorwineba varCie,xolo daviTi winaaRmdegi ar iyo Cemi peterburgSigamgzavrebis~, _ acxadebda daria mogvianebiT.meore moqmedebidan piesaSi Semodis paralelurisiuJeti. darias naTesavma qaixosro Savgulelma ver SeZloTavisi asuli efemia misTvis sasurveli sasiZosaTvis,32

giorgi wereTlis dramaturgiaereklesaTvis mieTxovebina da ganrisxebulma dariasTansaeWvo megobrobaSi dasdo mas brali. Seqmnili situaciiTisargebla giJberiZis dedinacvalma. man axalgazrda colqmarsSoris urTierToba daZaba da rZals sawamlaviTmouswrafa sicocxle. piesis bolos darias unebisyofoqmari acnobierebs, rom misi coli feodaluri ojaxismoZvelebuli tradiciebis msxverpli gaxda. ,,diax, CvenmovkaliT daria~, - wuxs igi da aRiarebs sakuTardanaSauls.,,dariaSi~ g. wereTelma qarTul mwerlobaSipirvelma asaxa pirovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoliqalis saxe. marTalia, g. erisTavma ,,SeSlilSi~ tasossaxiT ukve dagvixata protestanti qarTveli qali,magram taso ibrZoda qorwinebis vaWrobis obieqtadgamoyenebis winaaRmdeg. misTvis jer kidev ucxo iyosazogadoebriv asparezze gamosvlis mtkice survilida mebrZoli suliskveTeba, rac damaxasiaTebeliadariasaTvis. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ,,dariaSi~ SeqmniliamaWanklis axali saxe. maWankali spiridoni dakninebulida gadagvarebuli aznauria, romelic yvela damamcirebelxerxs mimarTavs Tavisi samaWanklos misaRebad. igi d.kldiaSvilis solomon morbelaZis winaparia.piesa moklebulia winaaRmdegobaTa simZafres,fabulis sxart ganviTarebas, kolizia ar aris sakmarisadgamokveTili da konfliqtic nela viTardeba. vrcelidialogebi didaqtikuri paTosiTaa gajerebuli. xasiaTebisqematuria da piesac kompoziciurad daSlilia.giorgi wereTlis ,,darias~ Semonaxul xelnawers Tanaxlavs reJisoruli SeniSvnebi, moqmedi pirebis zogadidaxasiaTeba, scenis gaformebis Canaxatebi da rolebisganawilebis sia. speqtakli pirvelad 1880 wlis 8dekembers warmoudgeniaT Tbilisis sazafxulo TeatrSi.masSi monawileobdnen qarTuli scenis korifeebi: k.yifiani, m. safarova, v. abaSiZe, k. mesxi, e. gabaSvili33

Tamar quTaTelaZeda n. orbeliani. gazeT ,,droebis~ 1880 wlis #260-Sigamoqveynebul recenziaSi, publikaciis avtori maRalSefasebas aZlevda mesame da meoTxe moqmedebas.giorgi wereTlis ,,ojaxis asulis~ xelnawerisaqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumSia daculi. avtormapiesas komedia uwoda. kritikosebma m. duduCavam da a.gaCeCilaZem ki igi samarTlianad ,,miakuTnes dramas~. 1piesa asaxavs qarTuli ojaxis degradacias, axali Taobissixarbesa da fuqsavatur yofas. igi exmianeba ,,axalidramisaTvis~ popularul memkvidreobiTobis princips.,,ojaxis asulSi~ moqmedeba mimdinareobs meqrTameobisgamo samsaxuridan gaZevebuli Cinovnikis _ domentigordelaZis ojaxSi. misi asuli efemia SeZlebul,,stolonaCalnik~ rostom Rlontze apirebs gaTxovebasda ocnebobs momavali ojaxis evropul yaidaze mowyobas.efemias umziTvod gaTxovili debis, elenesa da makrinesagangansxvavebiT, igi mSoblebisagan kategoriulad moiTxovsmziTevs. misi sixarbe da sijiute ki, mSobliur ojaxSiganviTarebuli dramatuli movlenebis inspiratori xdeba.efemias agresiiT gaxelebuli efemias debi da siZeebicaxali kanoniT imuqrebian, rac maT mziTvis gamosaZaladxelsayrel pirobas uqmnis. ojaxSi damkvidrebulayalmayals ganridebuli efemias banqos moTamaSe,mdidari sacolis maZiebeli ,,polkis adiutanti~ Zma_grigoli ki, saxelmwifo Tanxebis miTvisebisaTvisdatusaRebuli, Svelasa da patiebas SesTxovs mSobels.Tavzardacemuli ojaxis ufrosi acnobierebs, rom verSeZlo Svilebis Sromismoyvare adamianebad aRzrda.sazogadoebaSi pativayrili, meqrTame mamis STamomavlobamemkvidreobiTobis msxverpli gaxda.kolizia dasawyisSive Casaxulia, Tumca konfliqtiarasakmarisad viTardeba, piesa daSlilia, personaJebiumoqmedoa, xasiaTebi ar aris gamokveTili. ivane maCabeli1saluqvaZe S. ,,giorgi wereTeli~, Tb. 1967., gv. 75.34

g. wereTlis ,,ojaxis asuls~ ,,sxvadasxva naWrisaganSekeril sabans adarebda da sust, um nawarmoebadmiiCnevda~. 1 miuxedavad amisa, originaluri dramaturgiissimwiriT gamorCeuli qarTuli TeatrisaTvis g.wereTlis ,,ojaxis asuli~ mainc saintereso SenaZenswarmoadgenda. masSi kvlav vxvdebiT msaxur-SeyvarebulTasaxeebs. amjerad tradiciul wyvils qmnian moaxlegogo da fostalioni. piesa mkafiod ganicdis rogorcwinamorbedi komediografiis, ise mwerlis Tanadroul,XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebis dramaturgiaSi mimdinareprocesebis gavlenas.pirvelad 1880 wels, giorgi wereTlis ,,ojaxisasuli~, kote yifianis sabenefisod, dramad warmoudgeniaTmudmivmoqmedi Teatris scenaze. speqtaklSi saxelovaniqarTveli msaxiobi grigolis rols asrulebda. dadgmaSimonawileobdnen agreTve qarTuli scenis korifeebi: m.safarova, n. gabunia, v. abaSiZe. rogorc presa iuwyeboda,warmodgenis dRes Teatri xalxs ver itevda. dramaturgiramdenjerme gamoiwvies scenaze da mquxare taSiTdaajildoves. imave 1880 wels, g. wereTlis ,,ojaxisasuli~ daidga quTaisis TeatrSic. warmodgenas daeswropiesis avtoric. mTavar rolebs asrulebdnen: kote mesxida efrosine kldiaSvili. speqtaklma didi mowonebadaimsaxura. ,,droebis~ recenzenti 1880 wlis # 39-Si werda, rom g. wereTeli bravos ZaxiliT samjergamoiyvanes scenaze.XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, g. wereTeli agrZelebsg. erisTavis kritikuli realizmis tradiciebs damisi piesebic realur faqtebs efuZneba. Gg. wereTelsaRiareben rogorc realistad, ise naturalistad,Tumca Tavad, ,,Seulamazebel realizms~ miakuTvnebdaTavis Semoqmedebas. giorgi wereTlis dramaturgiagamoirCeva publicisturi simwvaviT. garda amisa, masSi1saluqvaZe S. das. wig. gv. 80.giorgi wereTlis dramaturgia35

Tamar quTaTelaZesustad, magram mainc ikveTeba ,,axali dramis~ sawyisikonturebi. v. gunia werda: ,,g. wereTlis piesebs etyobacxovrebis codna, Tanamedrove senis Segneba~. 1 rogorc a.gaCeCilaZe SeniSnavs: ,,g. erisTavis komediebSi asaxulmaTavadaznaurTa Sinagani rRvevis, gayrisa da davisprocesma, g. wereTlis dramebSi axali saxiT iCina Tavi~. 2SoTa saluqvaZe miiCnevs, rom ,,g. wereTeli cremlnarevisicilis mimdevaria... qarTveli ganmanaTlebeli Cvenixalxis yvela ubedurebis wyarod batonymobas miiCnevdada cdilobda xalxs sakuTari ubedureba Seecno~. 3Teatri g. wereTels miaCnda eris sulieri cxovrebismniSvnelovan sferod, sinamdvilis asaxvis garkveulformad, ,,grZnoba-gonebis mwvrTnelad~. ,,scena undaiyos sazogadoebis Skola, mwvrTneli da mamxilebelinaklulevanebisa da ara misi Semaqcevari samasxaraooxunjobiTa~ 4 werda igi. iseve, rogorc qarTvel60-ianelTa liderebi, g. wereTelic gansakuTrebulmniSvnelobas aniWebda Tanadrouli problemebis amsaxvelierovnuli dramaturgiis Seqmnas da kritikulad iyoganwyobili qarTul scenaze axali evropuli dramaturgiisdamkvidrebis tendenciisadmi. ,,gveyo amdeni gadmokeTebulida ucxo xalxis cxovrebidan amoRebuli drama-komediebiscqera, Cveni sazogadoeba imaTgan verafers did magaliTsver miiRebs, radgan ucxo cxovreba daSorebulia Cvensyofa-mdgomareobisagan~, 5 _ werda g. wereTeli da misiSexedulebebi mravalmxriv enaTesaveba iliasa da akakisTvalsazriss axali evropuli dramaturgiis Taobaze.magram aq mainc unda aRiniSnos, rom Cveni sasiqadulomoRvaweebis es pozicia, axali dramis ideur-esTetikuri1gunia v. qarTuli Teatri, 1889., gv. 84-85;2gaCeCilaZe a. das. naSromi, 1960., gv. 83;3saluqvaZe S. das. wig. gv.73;4,,kvali~, 1893., #2;5axali qarTuli literaturis das. wig. gv. 147.36

giorgi wereTlis dramaturgiatendenciebis miuRebloba, aSkarad ver uwyobda xelsqarTuli dramaturgiis ganviTarebas, mis organuldakavSirebas zogadkacobriul problemebTan da maTiwarmosaxvis axal xerxebTan. Tumca, isic unda iTqvas,rom ganaxlebis es procesi Seuqcevadi xasiaTisa iyo daigi mogvianebiT, marTalia,met-naklebi warmatebiT, magrammainc gamovlinda qarTuli dramaturgiis genezisSi.37

Tamar cagareliSeni sxeuli - samyaroa, Seni xma _ mTelimsoflios enarogorc cnobilia, Zvel indoeTSi, msaxiobad kurTxevaSemdegi sityvebiT iwyeboda: `Seni sxeuli _ samyaroa,Seni xma _ mTeli msoflios ena~.mogexsenebaT, rom indoelTa fuZe religia moicavdamagiasa da msxverplSewirvas, mravalricxovan legendebs,miTebs sxvadasxva RmerTebze, ritualebs, locvebsa dasagaloblebs, romelTac TandaTan iwerdnen. ase Seiqmnaveda, rac sanskritze niSnavs codnas. veda induriliteraturis uZvelesi Zeglia. igi aerTianebs sakultosaRvTismetyveloliteraturas, umTavresad _ himnebiskrebuls. vedebis ritualebi _ sakulto ceremoniebi_Seicaven dramatuli warmodgenis elementebs. eseni iyo:cekvebi cecxlis garSemo avi sulebis gansadevnad, qalTacekva qorwinebis ceremonialis dros, samgloviaro,bunebis, amindis da sxva. swored es ritualuricekvebi miaCniaT mecnierebs induri dramis sawyisad.esaa ZiriTadad oTxi veda – (sxvagvarad – samhita anugulaxdiloba):a) qebaTa codna _ yvelaze arqauli da mniSvnelovaniarigvedebi, dawerilia sxvadasxva saleqso sazomiT dadayofilia 10 ciklad (mandalad). aqaa aTasze metiqeba anu himni RvTaebaTadmi. Sedgenilia daaxloebiT3000 wlis winaT (qarTulad, giorgi axvledianma 1914wels Targmna ori qeba: `dasabami nivTTa~ da `cisa dadedamiwisadmi~.)b) Samanveda (simReraTa veda. Saman _ simRera). es vedaSeicavs sanoto niSnebs, rac saintereso xdeba indurimusikis istoriis TvalsazrisiT.g) iajurvaveda (samsxverplo veda) _ msxverplSewirvis38

dros warmosaTqmeli formulebi da locvaTa teqsti,xSirad prozauli, romelsac komentarebis saxe aqvs;mogvianebiT maT daemataT:d) aTharvaveda, romelic Seicavs magiur formulebsda Selocvebs, gamoirCeva xalxuri xasiaTiT.SedarebiT gvianaa Seqmnili:1. brahmana (axsna-ganamrteba), 2. araniaka (tyiswigni), 3. upaniSadebi (komentarebi) da bolos danarTissaxiT 4. sutra (sityvasityviT: Zafi, samarTi, Targi).Samhita, brahmana, araniaka da upaniSadebi miCneuliaRmerTis _ brahmas _ sityvad, mis RvTaebriv gamocxadebad.maT erTianobaSi ewodebaT Sruti (mosmenili, gagonili),misi sapirispiroa sutra _ politikuri xasiaTis teqstida kanonTa krebuli. 1brahma aris samyaros suli, romlisaganac Sedgebayoveli da romelic yvelgan sufevs realurad daarsobrivad. brahma samyaroSia da samyaro brahmaSi.esaa panTeisturi Tvalsazrisi, rasac efuZneba indusTakosmologia.brahma moiazreba viSnusa da SivasTan erTad. esaatrimurti, rac enaTesaveba erTarseba-samebis qristianuldogmats.trimurti sanskritze niSnavs samebas. trimurtisgamosaxavdnen samTavian arsebad: SuaSi brahma, marjvnivviSnu da marcxniv Siva.davubrundeT brahmas, samyaros Semqmnels, sworedmisi TxovniTa Tu brZanebiT Seuqmnia bharatas, indoeTSi,Teatri daaxloebiT Zv. welTaRricxviT II-I saukuneebSi:`maSin miTxra RmerTma (brahmam) es aris samavara - racSeqmnilia Cems mier _ ai is warmodgena, romelic undagaaTamaSo _ es asuldgmulebs da axarebs RmerTs~. RmerTssurs warmoadginos da gaaTamaSos misi Seqmnili. `is racexeba RmerTs, aranair kritikas ar eqvemdebareba da is1induri eposi `bhagavadgita~. mTargm: Cxenkeli T. TvaraZis r.winasityvaobiT; red: aleqsiZe e. Tbilisi; nakaduli, 1963.39

Tamar cagarelirac ekuTvnis RmerTebs, saukeTeso da ganumeorebelia.~ 1Teatris mizani gamoikveTa: RmerTebis kultisdamkvidreba, amitomac dasis valdebuleba Tavad bharatamdaakanona, rom msaxiobebs daecvaT ara marto teqstisyoveli niuansi, romelic warmoadgenda warmodgenissafuZvels: religiuri motivebi, religiuri teqstebiritualiT aRvsili, romelic warmodgenisas, ZiriTadad,JestikulaciiT unda yofiliyo gamoxatuli.RmerTebi Tavad CaerTnen axal xelovnebSi:Siva asrulebda mZafr da Smag cekvas – tandavas.parvati _ misi meuRle _ naz da vnebian cekvalasias.viSnu Txzavda leqsebs da maT warmodgenis droskiTxulobda.Semdeg bharatas daevala, es RvTiuri veda ufroubralo da xalxisTvis misawvdomi yofiliyo.Zv.w.aR. II-I saukuneebSi (savaraudod, Zv. w. aR II –ax. w. aR II) indoeTSi Seqmnila indur-sanskritulimonografia, romelic ekuTvnis bharata-natia sastras,gaaCnda gamorCeuli, sagangebo misia, rogorc qurumsda ara RvTaebas, raTa saZirkveli Seeqmna saTeatropraqtikis Teoriuli gansjisTvis. `natiaveda~ - aseewodeba V vedas da sityvasityviT qarTulad iTargmneba,rogorc gulaxdiloba Teatralur xelovnebaze. pirvelioTxi vedidan _ saRmrTo wignebidan _ bharata msgavsielementebis amokrebiT da SerwymiT qmnis V vedas,romelsac erTianobaSi `natiasastra~ ewodeba. avtoriTeoriuli gansjaniT/traqtatiT `natiasastra~ (sansk.:Nātyaśāstra) safuZvels uyris sanaxaobriv kulturasda perspeqtivis miniWebiT induri klasikuri Teatristradiciasac moiazrebs. induri Teatri xom, mkacridadgenili, dogmaturi imperativiT Camoyalibda da misi1The Vedanta-Sutras, or Brahma Sutras: With Commentary. Translated byGeorge Thibaut. Republished by Forgotten Books 2008;.40

Seni sxeuli - samyaroa, Seni xma _ mTeli msoflios enaganviTarebac ucvleli kanonebis Sesabamisad yalibdeboda,romlis safuZvelic adamianTa damTmenoba, morCileba dasruli simSvide iyo. sanacvlod,religia anu oficialuriideologia mas netar imqveyniur cxovrebas hpirdeboda,romelzec zrunva adamianis amqveyniuri arsebobis erTerTumTavres momentad iqca.Zveli induri arsi da gasaRebi, cneba kompleqsurigonebrivi aqcia, qmedeba ese igi `raza,~ romelic Sedgebasami fazisgan: 1. scenaze gansaxierebuli emociebi, 2.esTetikuri bgeradobis gamowveva mayureblis gulSi da3. gonebrivi gaTavisuflebis bednierebis mdgomareoba.`Cven gagvaCnia ori termini, imisaTvis rom aRvweroTadamianis qceva: lokadharmi niSnavs qcevas (dharmi)yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi (loka); naTiadharmi ki qcevascekvisas (naTia)~, _ vkiTxulobT traqtatSi.mocekvave/msaxiobi Zvel indoeTSi RmerTis mierwarmogzavnilad iTvleboda da amitomac TiToeulimaTganis ikirTxeboda ritualis Sesrulebis win:`ANGIKAM BHUVANAM YASYA VACHIKAMSARVA VANGMAYAM AHARYAM CHANDRA TARADITAM VANDE SATTVIKAM SIVAM~ _ `Seni sxeuli _samyaroa, Seni xma _ mTeli msoflios enaa, varskvlavebida mTvare gicavs Sen, Sen Sivas mier xeldasmuli dadalocvili xar.~ 1cekva, sayovelTao rwmeniT, magiis erT-erTiuZvelesi formaa. yoveli rokva es aris gardasaxvaTapantomima (rasac xSirad niRabic esaWiroeboda),romelmac mocekvave zearsebad unda gadaaqcios. cekvisritmuli da eqstatiuri moZraobani mraval kulturaSisamyaros wrebrunvasTan aris asocirebuli. TiToeulimoZraoba, Jesti, simboluri mniSvnelobisaa da xSiradgandobilTaTvisaa gasagebi. cekva casa da miwas akavSirebda,1The Vedanta-Sutras, or Brahma Sutras: With Commentary. Translated byGeorge Thibaut. Republished by Forgotten Books 2008; P.:5241

Tamar cagarelisamyaros harmonias gamoxatavda. am kosmiuri funqciisyvelaze mkafio magaliTia induisturi panTeonis `diditriadis~ erT-erTi warmomadgeneli Siva _ `RvTaebrivimocekvave~, romlis dafdafis xmac da rokvac samyarosmorig gaRviZebas da misave ritmSi amoZravebas moaswavebs,magram, misganve momdinare ngrevasac. ar aris gasakviri,rom swored Sivas samSobloSi _ indoeTSi Camoyalibdaritualuri cekvis klasikuri kultura: induistebiTvlian, rom samyaro Sivam swored Tavisi kosmiuricekvis dros Seqmna. samxreT indoeTSi ver naxavT taZars,romelSiac `natarjas~ (`mocekvave Sivas~) brinjaosgamosaxuleba ar iyos. am saTayvanebeli RvTaebis cekvebissakraluri Sinaarsi gansakuTrebuli STambeWdaobiTaRibeWda Sivasadmi miZRvnili taZris – Cidibaramis _bareliefSi, romelSic saukunod gaqvavda Sivasa da misiRvTaebrivi meuRlis parvatas sakraluri rokvis as rva(108) sacekvao poza. swored am `qvis qoreografias~emyareba induri klasikuri cekvis msoflioSi uZvelesiskola _ `baxrat natiani.~ induri plastikis ena samikomponentisagan Sedgeba: esaa `patana~ (Patahna) _ poza,`mudra~ (sansk.Mudra `bednierebis momtani~) _ xelissimboluri Jesti an sxeulis poziciaa induizmSi,tantrizmSi, iogasa da budizmSi, romelic Sesabamisadreligiuri, ritualuri, tradiciuli da sxvamniSvnelobis gamomxatvelia. arsebobs uamravi mudra,romelTa mniSvneloba ubralo misalmebis (namastemudra)Jestidan dawyebuli indoeTis klasikuricekvis bharatnatiamisa da iogas asobiT poziciazeagavrcelebuli da `abxinaia~ (Abkhinaya) _ mimika. amurTulesi enis wyalobiT indoel mocekvaves SeuZliaurTulesi dramatuli teqstis gadmocema.traqtatis Tanaxmad,warmodgena oTx formaSi Warbobs:cekva da musika, qmedeba, sityva da poezia, romlisSinaarsic ZiriTadad gamoixateboda Jestikulaciis eniT42

Seni sxeuli - samyaroa, Seni xma _ mTeli msoflios enaanu vizualurad, rasac Semdeg mohyveboda emociebi,gamowveuli Semsruleblis mier.TxzulebaSi gamokveTilia dramis formiskanonzomiereba, romlis Tanaxmadac, dramis Temebia_ `adamianis zneoba~ da `msoflios wabaZva~. dramisforma ganisazRvreba `sruli~ da erTmoqmedebianidramiT, da dramatul formebs asxvavebs moqmedebiTada gmirebis vinaobis mixedviT. gansazRvrulia agreTvecxra tipi gmiri qalisa, romlebic ZiriTadad indraswargzavnilebi arian da romelTac gaaCniaT mxolod damxolod `mudra.~ yoveli drama bharatas kanoniT undadamTavrdes _ harmoniulad, rac sanskritis dramaSitragizmis uadgilobas ganmartavs. Teatris mizanigamoikveTa: RmerTebis kultis damkvidreba, amitomacdasis valdebuleba bharatam daakanona, rom msaxiobebsdaecvaT ara marto teqstis yoveli niuansi, romelnicwarmoadgenen dramis safuZvels: religiuri motivebi,ritualiT aRvsili religiuri teqstebi, amave dros _Jestikulacia. induri sasceno xelovneba prioritetsvizualur mxares aniWebda, romlis safuZvelzecaRmocenda erovnuli klasikuri cekvis oTxi skola:bharat-natiami, katakali, kaTaki da manipuri. Sesabamisad,induri saTeatro kvlevis obieqts warmoadgens cekva,qmedeba da musika, rac sanskrituli dramis cnebaSiaCaqsovili: `nataka~ _ `natia~ _ `nat~ da niSnavs cekvasada erTi rolis TamaSs. dramis Sinaarsis, kompoziciisgadmocemisTvis, mocekvave Jestebis mravalferovan `enas~iyenebs, mimikiTa da samsaxiobo xelovnebis CvenebiT,romelsac abhinaia (Abhinaya) ewodeba, gamoixatebamsaxiobis udidesi donis ostatoba. arsebobs abhinaiasoTxi tipi:1. angika abhinaia (Āṅgika Abhinay) dakavSirebuliasxeulis moZraobasTan da mis nawilebTan (xelebi, fexebi,mxrebi, mkerdi), sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, sacekvao pa.43

Tamar cagareli2. vaCika abhinaia (Vāchika Abhinaya) _ verbaluriaqti, sacekvao aqtis Sesrulebis dros musikis fonzewamRereba/locva.3. aharia abhinaia (Āhārya Abhinaya) _ grimi,kostiumi, Semsruleblis morTuloba, ris gareSec,iTvleboda, rom gamomsaxvelobiTi forma ar iqnebodasrulyofili.4. satvika abhinaia (Sāttvika Abhinaya) _ `satva~sityvasityviT iTargmneba, rogorc, sisufTave, niSnavssrulyofilebas da emociis gulwrfel gamoxatvas,romelsac mocekvave scenaze ganicdis: Sinagani emociiTgamowveuli JrJolva da amis Sedegad kanze egreTwodebuli `WianWvelebis~ dayra, Sublze ofliswveTebi, xmis cvalebadoba, saxis feris Secvla, kankali,cremlebi da ase Semdeg, anu realuri, cxovrebiseulimdgomareobidan gamomdinare msgavsi reaqciebi. mocekvavisZiriTadi samsaxiobo ostatoba (abhinaia) Seadgens cxramTavar xasiaTsa (navarasas) da emociis Sedegad gamowveulormocdaaTamde vizualuri efeqtis gamoxatulebas.Sringara (Shringara) – siyvarulihasia (Hasia) – mxiarulebakaruna (Caruna) – mwuxarebavira (Vira) – heroizmirudra (Rudra) – siZulvili, rogorc abstraqtuliSegrZnebaadbhuta (Adbhuta) – gakvirvebabhaianka (Bhaianca) – SiSibibhasta (Bibhasta) – siZulvili, rogorcganpirovnebuli personaSanta (Shanta) – simSvidenatia sastra mocekvavis sxeuls eqvs ZiriTad, eqvsmeorexarisxovan da Tormet patar-patara nawiladyofs:ZiriTadi nawilebi anu angaa (Anga):44

Seni sxeuli - samyaroa, Seni xma _ mTeli msoflios enaTavi, mklavebi, torsis ZiriTadi nawili, weli,mkerdi, terfi.meorexarisxovani anu pratangaa (Pratanga):muceli, beWi, xelebi, zurgi, fexis kunTebi dawvivebi.patar-patara nawilebi anu upanga (Upanga):Tvalebi, warbebi, wamwamebi, Tvalis gugebi, cxviri,loyebi, nikapi, tuCebi, ena, kbilebi, yba, saxe.msaxiobis urTulesi amocana xdeba swored zemoTCamoTvlili sxeulis nawilebis koordinirebuli marTva,romelsac mocekvave udidesi Sromisa da varjiSis SedegadaRwevs. traqtatis mixedviT, arsebobs warmodgenis oritipi: `sukumara~, ese igi `nazi da mgrZnobiare~ cekva da`avida~ – `damangreveli, brZoliseburi~, sadac mxolodmamakacebi monawileobdnen.bharata bevrTagan gamoyofs cekvis or formas:`lazia~_ qalebis faqizi, sasiyvarulo cekva da `tandava~an `tandavu~ _ RmerTis sadidebeli sacekvao forma,Zalismieri, mkacri cekva mamakacebisa, romelic Seiqmnainduri RmerTis SivasTvis da Tavdapirvelad, anu SeqnisdRidan am cekvas Turme, induri miTologiis Tanaxmad,Siva asrulebda. Sivas tandava energiuli cekvaa, romelicwarmoadgens Seqmnis, SenarCuneba/Senaxvis da aRorZinebisciklis wyaros.esaa ilustrirebuli alegoriuli cekva, romelicmoicavs mudmivi energiis xuT ZiriTad gamovlinebas:`Shrishti~ _ creation, evolution _ Seqmna, ganviTareba`Sthiti~ _ preservation, support _ SenarCuneba, dacva`Samhara~ _ destruction, evolution _ ganadgureba,evolucia`Tirobhava~ _ illusion _ iluzia`Anugraha~ _ release, emancipation, grace _gaTavisufleba, emansipacia, madliereba.aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom tandavas cekvis dros45

Tamar cagareliyuradReba gamaxvilebulia kidurebis anu xelebisa dafexebis siZliereze, radganac cekvis SesrulebisasZiriTadi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia xelebisa da fexebismoZraobaze, sadac TiToeul Jestikulacias Tavisi niSanigaaCnia, rac erTobliobaSi qmnis zemoT CamoTvlil xuTZiriTad gamovlinebas.traqtatis avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs iseTritualze, rogoricaa odisi, romelic SemdgomsaTeatro xelovnebaSi cekvis formiT damkvidrda. odisiinduri klasikuri rva cekvidan erT-erTia. es cekvaSeiqmna aRmosavleT indoeTSi, orisis saxelmwifoSi.arqeologiuri gamokvlevebidan irkveva (bhubaneSbarasmaxloblad, udaugris mTaze, aRmoCenilia I aTaswleuliTdaTariRebuli bareliefi, sadac moixsenieba dagamokveTilia cekva odisi), rom odisi istoriuladyvelaze Zveli cekvaa. induri klasikuri Teatristraqtat _ `natiasastraSi~ cekva odisi moixseniebaparalelurad meore saxeliT – `odra-magadhi~ (Odra-Magadhi). 1cekva odisi induri klasikuri cekvebisgangansxvavdeba sami damaxasiaTebeli niSniT: esaa sxeulisnawilTa erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli moZraobebi. Tavis,mkerdisa da menjis moZraoba qmnis kvadratul pozicias.es moZraoba cnobilia (chauka) Caukas saxeliT. odisiscekvis tradicia indoeTis sam skolaSi arsebobda:maharaSi (Mahari), nartakiSi (Nartaki) da gotipuaSi(Gotipua). es skolebi dafuZnebulia qalTa monastrebTan.am cekvas asrulebdnen religiur dResaswaulebze dacekva miiCneoda, rogorc wminda rokva, romelic induripoeziis, dafuZnebuli locvaze, interpretaciaa. masSemdeg, rac britaneTma daipyro indoeTi, cekva odisimefis sasaxleSi gadaitanes da amave dros, ramdenadacucnaurad ar unda mogveCvenos, saxelmwifo donis1Бхарата Муни. Натяшастра, Издательство: Натфиз Кр.Саратов. 2005.с.:14.46

Seni sxeuli - samyaroa, Seni xma _ mTeli msoflios enasasamarTloebi am cekvis SesrulebiT ixsneboda.cekva odisi musika odisis akompanementiT sruldeba.musika odisi esaa oTxi klasis musikis sinTezi:dhruvapada (dhruvapada), Citrapada (chitrapada),Citrakala (chitrakala) da panCali ( panchal).miuxedavd imisa, rom induri Teatris kostiumebisayovelTaod cnobilia, rogorc sakmaod mdidrulida mravalferovani, odisis sacekvao kostiumebi maincgamoirCeva Tavisi mdidrulobiTa da mravalferovnebiTyvela sxva danarCenisagan. Zvirfaseuloba Sesrulebuliafiligrinirebuli oqroTi da vercxliT, romlisdamuSavebac sakmaod Zviri jdeba. kostiumi Sekeriliayvelaze Zvirfasi atlasiT da naqargi ki xeliTaadamuSavebuli, rac TavisTavad sakmaod Zviri samuSaoa.swored amgvari kostiumiT Semosili, saocradgulSiCamwvdomi musikis fonze unda Sesruldes cekvaodisi. amitomac pasuxismgebloba didia da SesabamisadmocekvaveTa varjiSic did drosa da energias moiTxovs,radganac maTi sxeulis TiToeuli nawili unda iyosmoqnili, elastikuri, plastikuri, raTa mayurebelmagaigos da igrZnos im dramis Sinaarsi, rasac warmoadgenenodisis mocekvaveebi. induri sacekvao xelovnebisganxilvisas, indur traqtatSi, yuradReba gamaxvilebuliaagreTve balis cekvebis sakmaod Zvel tradiciaze, romelicagreTve kunZul balis macxovrebelTa religiurobisgamoxatulebaa. balis cekva sam tradiciul kategoriadiyofa: barongi (Barong), legongi (Legong) da kesaki(Kecak). droTa ganmavlobaSi mas daemata epikuriwarmodgenebi, iseTi, rogorebicaa mahabharata da ramaiana.gansakuTrebuli religiuri dResaswaulebisas, soflistaZrebSi ki warmoadgendnen cekva-dramis specialurwarmodgenas: miTiuri personaJis, jadoqar rangdas(Rangda – borotebis gansaxiereba) brZolas barongTan(Barong – lomi an drakoni, sikeTis gansaxiereba).47

Tamar cagareliyovelive es ki sruldeba cekviT, plastikiT. TiToeulmaT JestikulaciaSi gamoxatulia personaJis xasiaTi,ganwyoba, xolo dramis Sinaarsi gadmocemulia cekviT.balis cekvebi ZiriTadad gamelanis ritmze iyo daaris agebuli. esaa musikaluri instrumentebis erTianikompleqti, romlis damkvrelebsac gamelanebi ewodebaT.bharata yuradRebas amaxvilebs Teatris msaxiobis/mocekvavis niWze, risi gamomuSaveba misi azriTSesaZlebeli iyo tahaniT anu `winaaRmdegobis gawevisunariT~. igive koncefcia udevs safuZvlad Cinur Teatrs.imisaTvis rom aRniSnon msaxiobis ostatobis done, amboben,rom mas gaaCnia kun-fu, rac Cinurad sityvasityviTniSnavs `winaaRmdegobis gawevas~. dasavleTSi, msaxiobisdonis gamosaxatavad SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT termini:`gaZlebis unari.~ momavali indoeli msaxiobebi,gansakuTrebiT momavali mocekvave gogonebi, dedebisganukve Zalian patara asakidan, rogorc xelobas, iseswavlobdnen cekvas da ukve 10-11 wlisani profesionalimocekvaveebi xdebodnen. mravalsaxeobrivi Sinaarsis mqonemimikis gamoxatva saxeze, TvalebSi, xelis, mkerdisa TubarZayis, fexebis koordinireba, urTierTSeTanxmebiTimoZraoba da am moZraobiT dramis Sinaarsis gamoxatvaa.ai esaa induri Teatris damaxasiaTebeli tradiciuliniSan-Tviseba.bharata aRniSnavs Teatris anu `saTamaSo saxlis~mizansac, rom moemsaxuros, rogorc veda oTxive varnas.momsaxurebaSi Sedis: garToba, aRzrda da garkveulimsoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibeba, religiur-didaqtikurimsoflgageba. aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZleblad mimaCniaaRvniSno, rom es aris Cvenamde moRweuli pirveliZegli, sadac ikveTeba ara marto repertuaris Sinaars,aramed mayurebelTa da artistTa Soris damyarebulurTierTobaTa zemoqmedebis formebi. amasTanave,sanaxaobagamiznuli iyo yvela fenisaTvis, rogorc codnis (veda)48

Seni sxeuli - samyaroa, Seni xma _ mTeli msoflios enagavrcelebis saxeoba. aseTi varna indoeTSi oTxi wodebaiyo: brahmanebi anu qurumebi _ umaRlesi fena, Satriebianu meomarTa klasi, vaiSeri _ rigiTi TanamoZmeni,Sudrebi _ Temis msaxurni. Zvel indoeTSi saTeatrosaxilveli imarTeboda samlocveloebSi an mis gverdiT,specialurad agebul SenobebSi, mogvianebiT ki ukve mefissasaxleebSi. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom `natiaSastraSi~yuradReba gamaxvilebulia `saTamaSo saxlis~ Senobaze,romlis agebac brahmam ubrZana saRmrTo ostats viSvakarmans(Vishvakarma), 1 rac qarTulad niSnavs yvelafrisSemsrulebels, yvelafris Semqmnels. is warmoadgendaarqiteqturisa da mSeneblobis ostatis RmerTs.indoelTa azriT,igi gaxldaT universaluri arqiteqtori,romelmac daaproeqta da Seqmna samyaros arqiteqtura.es magaliTic sakmarisia imis warmosadgenad, Tu raodendidi mniSvneloba hqonda Teatrs Zvel indoeTSi.aqedan gamomdinare, ar unda gagvikvirdes is faqti,romelsac traqtatidan vigebT, rom didi yuradRebiTada pativiscemiT sargeblobdenen sanaxaobis monawileni/Semsruleblebi da, raRa Tqma unda, Tavad warmodgenisavtori da damdgmeli. `natiasastraSi~ gamokveTilia,Tanamedrove eniT rom vTqva, e. w. specialuri muxliTeatris dacvisa, radganac `saTamaSo saxls~ gaaCniais privilegia, rom igi ideologiis gavrcelebissayovelTao da masStaburi saSualebaa. Seiqmna kanoniscenis ostatebis dasacavadac.amrigad, saSualeba gveZleva davaskvnaT, rom indoeTSiukve xdeboda samarTlebrivi aqtis ganxilva, miuxedavaddogmaturi sasceno Semoqmedebisa, Teatri saxelmwifoinstituti xdeba.1Бхарата Муни. Натяшастра, Издательство: Натфиз Кр.Саратов. 2005.с.:32.49

suliko (lamara) kirvaliZe,istoriul mecnierebaTadoqtori profesoriqarTuli Teatri XIX saukunis meorenaxevris erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelmoZraobaSisaqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobayovelTvis iqcevda qarTveli istorikosebis yuradRebas.mkvlevarTa yuradReba umTavresad gamaxvilebuli iyoXIX saukunis meore naxevris erovnuli moZraobisazvirTebisadmi,magram specialuri monografia am periodiserovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaze dReisaTvis maincar dawerila. CvenTvis sayuradRebo masalebs am mimarTebiTvxvdebT im mkvlevarTa naSromebSi, romlebic ikvlevenXIX saukunis qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris istoriasada qarTveli inteligenciis erovnul profils.mkvlevarTa yuradReba, romelic XIX saukunissocialuri da erovnuli brZolis sakiTxebs exeba,erovnuli moZraobis medroSis _ ilia WavWavaZiscxovrebasa da moRvaweobas eqceva. magram ZiriTadisakiTxi _ qarTveli xalxis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelimoZraoba _ rogorc samarTlianad aRniSnavs profesoriak. surgulaZe, Tavidanve erTgvar CrdilSi moeqca. kvlavkvlevis sagnad darCa, Tu ra wyaroebiT sargeblobdaerovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba XIX saukunismeore naxevarSi, ra iyo misi specifikuri niSan-Tvisebani, raroli Seasrula qarTveli xalxis erovnuli SekavSirebisada sulieri amaRlebis saqmeSi. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, romqarTveli xalxis erovnuli gamoRviZebisTvis erTgvaridadebiTi roli unda Seasrulos qarTulma Teatrmac. ammimarTulebiT kvleva ki qarTveli istorikosebis mierar warmoebula.50

XIX saukunis meore naxevridan saqarTvelos ideurcxovrebaSi dawyebuli am rTuli moZraobis raobis axsnaunda veZioT erovnuli moZraobis mamamTavris _ iliaWavWavaZis da misi saxelovani TanamebrZolebis _ ak.wereTlis, n. nikolaZis, g. wereTlis, i. gogebaSvilis,vaJa-fSavelas, s. mesxis, s. mgalobliSvilisa da sxvaTaTxzulebebSi, sadac ganmartebulia qarTveli xalxisupirvelesi saWirboroto sakiTxebi da mocemulia maTigadawyvetis saSualebebi. sul sxva saqmea da axleburadsaWiroebs gaazrebas, Tu ramdenad sworad iyo gagebulieris ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis daniSnuleba darogori iyo gza am misiis Sesasruleblad. am mxrivCveni yuradRebis centrSi eqceva qarTvel samocianelTaerT-erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli _ giorgiwereTeli, romelmac Seajama Tavisi TaosnobiTdawyebuli erovnuli moZraobis Sedegebi da moaxdinaTavisi dasobrivi klasifikacia. giorgi wereTlis mierwarmodgenili Sefaseba didxans iyo gabatonebuliqarTul istoriografiaSi.giorgi wereTelma XIX saukunis meore naxevrissazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba ,,liberaluriaxalgazrdobisa~ da ,,progresul-demokratiul~ dasebadgaTiSa.Jurnal ,,kvalSi~ N#46, 1887w. statiaSi _ ,,kitaabaSiZe da Cveni axalgazrdoba` giorgi wereTeli werda:,,qarTuli literaturis xanas Cven im periods vuwodebT,romelic saqarTveloSi batonymobis ganTavisuflebiswina wlebidan iwyeba, saxeldobr, 1861 wlidan, rodesacilia WavWavaZem axali xmauri atexa jer kidev ,,ciskarSi~da gars Semoikriba Tavisi sakuTari wre. am wreSi moqmedpirebad iyvnen ilia WavWavaZe _ rogorc meTauri, p.nakaSiZe, g. yazbegi, i. poltaracki, mix. yifiani, g. Ciqovani,al. savaneli da sxvebi~. 11Jurn. `kvali~ N#46. 1887w. kita abaSiZe da Cveni axalgazrdobagv. 17.51

suliko (lamara) kirvaliZeg. wereTlis aRniSvniT, ,,am cocxalma moZraobam sulerTi weliwadi gaatara~. „saqarTvelos moambem~, rogorcmaSindelma axali Taobis Jurnalma, erT weliwadsicocxla, masTan erTad dalia suli i. WavWavaZis axaliTaobis wremac, romlis wevrebmac axali saxelmwifosamsaxuri moZebnes. es jgufi, g. wereTlis azriT,sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas 70-iani wlebis miwurulsdaubrunda, magram 1887 wels Jurnal „iveriis~ gamosvlisdRidan axali aRaraferi SemouTavazebia.1866 wlidan gamoCnda meore dasi. es dasi Sejgufdada SekavSirda krebul „droebis~ redaqciaSi. am dasisnamdvili warmomadgenlebi iyvnen: n. nikolaZe, g. wereTeli,s. mesxi, k. lorTqifaniZe da p. umikaSvili. amaTveSeuerTda gankerZoebulad moRvawe poeti ak. wereTeli.es meore dasi progresul-demokratiuli mimarTulebismimdevari iyo.miuxedavad imisa, rom g. wereTlis aseT klasifikaciasimdroindeli progresulad moazrovne sazogadoebisumravlesoba ar iziarebda, g. wereTlis dasebis Teoriamainc sakmaod gamZle aRmoCnda.XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da XX saukunisdasawyisSi daiwyo XIX saukunis meore naxevrisideuri memkvidreobis kritikuli Sefaseba. gaCaRdasxvadasxva partiebs Soris polemika, romelic Seexoerovnul sakiTxebsac. erovnuli burJuazia gamovidasocfederalistebis damcvelad. federalistebis erTerTilideri _ al. jorjaZe werda: `farTo inteligencia,romelic Semdgari iyo umetesad Tavad-aznaurobisaganda xalxs daSorebuli iyo, ver Seasrulebda erisganmaTavisuflebis misias. misi azriT, axali TaobaTavis daniSnulebas mxolod maSin Seasrulebda, rocasamarTlianad daafasebda Zveli Taobis naanderZevs,aRadgenda qarTul vinaobas da erovnuli warmatebisaTvis52

qarTuli Teatri XIX saukunis meorenaxevris erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSigamosadeg TariRad iqceoda~. 1 jorjaZe ar eTanxmebodailia WavWavaZis ekonomikur programas, ilaSqrebda mismier wamoyenebuli wodebaTa Serigebis winaaRmdeg dawodebaTa Soris ganxeTqilebis mizezs TviT am wodebiswyobasa da Sinagan arsebaSi xedavda.XIX saukunis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobissakiTxebs exeba kita abaSiZe. naSromSi aRniSnulia, romiliasa da akakis moRvaweobaSi erovnul sakiTxs uWiravsgansakuTrebuli adgili. kita abaSiZe aRniSnavs, rom iliaWavWavaZis meTaurobiT daibada didi azri da survilieris wylulisa da tkivilis gankurnebisa. ilia „Tavsdastrialebs Tavis samSoblos, rogorc misi oTaraanTqvrivi Tavis ganZsa da anderZsa da Tavis ojaxs aravisSearCenen xolme, javrs erisas, tyuilubralod aravisdaeCagvrinebian~. 2rogorc naSromidan Cans, kita abaSiZes erovnulikonsolidaciisaTvis brZola keTilSobilur saqmedmiaCnda. misi azriT, wodebaTa Soris Catexili xidisgamrTeleba ucxo Zalis mier Cagrul xalxs marTlacsWirdeboda, raTa Tavi fizikuri gaqrobisagan gadaerCina.magram kita abaSiZes mainc es brZola miaCnda politikurromantizmad, romelsac ganwmenda eloda. amave naSromSikita abaSiZe akaki wereTels miiCnevda erovnuli moZraobisdid moamaged, romlisTvisac samSoblos trfiali mxolodmaSin aris poeziis sagani, roca samSoblo gansacdelSia.akakisaTvis samSoblo momxibvleli da gulwarmtacisatrfoa, _ acxadebs kita abaSiZe. Cven migvaCnia, romkita abaSiZis mier qarTveli samocianelebis SefasebaSibevri marTebuli da misaRebi azria gamoTqmuli, bevricsadavo da sakamaToa, romelsac Cveni kvlevis dros didyuradRebas davuTmobT da saTanado adgils mivuCenT.erovnuli moZraobis sakiTxebs exeba n. Jordania,1jorjaZe al. TxulebaTa tomi 2, Tbilisi, 1960, gv. 1172etiudebi XIX saukunis literaturis istoriidan, Tbilisi 1962,gv. 21353

suliko (lamara) kirvaliZeromelic federalistebis Sexedulebebs akrikitebs. n.Jordania cdilobs daasabuTos azri imis Sesaxeb, romXIX saukunis meore naxevramde erovnuli moZraobasaqarTveloSi ganuviTarebeli iyo, amas imiT adasturebs,rom presa iZulebuli iyo demokratiuli azrebi eqadagaara xalxis demokratiisaTvis, aramed „erTi muWa~Tavadaznaurebisa da aristokratiisaTvis. is Tavis ideebsver agebinebda maT, visac elaparakeboda.p. geleiSvilma naSromSi „ilia WavWavaZe, rogorcpoeti da publicisti~ ilia WavWavaZe reaqciuliTavadaznaurobis ideologad miiCnia, qarTvelsamocianelTa mTeli keTilSobiluri saqmianoba kixalxisadmi mtrul moZraobad gamoacxada.gr. gorgaZem narkvevebSi Tergdaleulebi, romelTawarmomadgenlebi ZiriTadad Tavadaznauruli wridaniyvnen gamosuli, TavadaznaurTa ideologebad gamoacxada.TergdaleulTa moRvaweobaSi gorgaZem ver dainaxa is didierovnuli brZola, romelic mTeli xalxis interesebsSeesabameboda. marTalia, avtori did adgils uTmobsd. yifianis, i. WavWavaZis, ak. wereTlis Rvawls erisinteresebis dacvaSi, magram aRniSnul moZraobaSi maincerovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraoba dakninebuladaris warmodgenili.simon xundaZe jansaRi poziciebidan Seexo iliaWavWavaZisa da misi mimdevrebis damsaxurebas erovnulimoZraobis winaSe. man amxila yalbi Sexeduleba imisSesaxeb, rom TiTqos ilia arasodes yofila aramcTu TavadaznaurebiswinaaRmdegi, aramed batonymobis mospobismomxrec. mas mxolod surda, rom batonymobisaTvis ufrolmobieri da humanuri xasiaTi mieca. simon xundaZem amSromaSi gviCvena ilia WavWavaZis socialur-politikuriprogramis samarTliani xasiaTi. marTalia, aRniSnulnaSromSi aris rigi sakiTxebisa, romelTac simonxundaZe araswori poziciebidan ixilavs, magaliTad,54

qarTuli Teatri XIX saukunis meorenaxevris erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSiTergdaleulebSi ver xedavs erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelimoZraobis ideologias, magram aRniSnul naSroms didimniSvneloba aqvs erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobissakiTxis Sesaswavlad.profesori pr. ratiani naSromSi: „TergdaleulTasazogadoebriv-politikuri Sexedulebis klasobrivibunebis gagebisaTvis~ da „ilia WavWavaZe, moRvaweobada azrovneba~ samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom iliaWavWavaZe da qarTveli samocianelebi socialuriukuRmarTobis winaaRmdeg da amasTanave koloniuriCagvris winaaRmdeg dausrulebel brZolas eweodnen.erovnul sakiTxs maT moRvaweobaSi gansakuTrebuliadgili uWiravs saqarTveloSi batonymobis gauqmebisSemdeg. prokofi ratiani erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebelmoZraobas saqarTveloSi 60-70-ian wlebSi ixilavs,rogorc carizmisa da ruseTis koloniuri politikiswinaaRmdeg brZolas, xolo 80-ian wlebSi ki saqarTveloserovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis amocanad saxavsruseTis saxelwifos farglebSi brZolas qarTvelixalxis erovnuli uflebebis mosapoveblad. fiqrobs,rom amis Sesabamisad unda Secvliliyo qarTveli xalxiserovnuli lozungi: Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudneso,prokofi ratianma ilia WavWavaZe da TergdaleulTapolitikuri moZraoba ZiriTadad marqsizmis poziciidanganixila, riTac man Tavdapirvel logikur azrovnebasazri daukarga.profesorma leo gorgilaZem naSromSi: „qarTulisazogadoebrivi azrovnebis istoriidan~ vrcladmimoixila TergdaleulTa ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisSexedulebani da isini Tavis drois revoluciur movlenadda glexTa ideologiis gamomxatvelad miiCnia. profesorii. anTelavam naSromSi „sazogadoebriv-politikurimoZraoba da sazogadoebrivi azris istoriidansaqarTveloSi~ l. gorgilaZis mier gamoTqmuli azriilia WavWavaZis glexTa ideologad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb55

suliko (lamara) kirvaliZemecnierulad swor da damajereblad CaTvala. igive azrigaiziara v. sifraSvilma naSromSi `rusi-revolucionerdemokratebisada TergdaleulTa ideuri urTierToba~.sifraSvili iziarebs im Tvalsazriss, rom iliaWavWavaZe 60-ian wlebSi specialurad gamoemgzavrasaqarTveloSi ajanyebis mosawyobad, magram maledarwmunda saqarTveloSi mebrZoli Zalebis ar arsebobaSida amitom ajanyebaze xeli aiRo da mxolod ideurpolitikuribrZola gaaCaRao. sifraSvilis azriT,ilias jgufma win wamoswia erovnuli problema da masdauqvemdebara klasobrivi brZolis sakiTxi, riTac esjgufi ascda swor gzas.profesori a. kikviZe „saqarTvelos istoria XIX- XX s.s naw.2~ iziarebs profesor l. gorgilaZisazrs TergdaleulTa dasebad dajgufebis Sesaxeb,meore dasis aRmoCenebis sakiTxad miiCnevs 1866 welsda fiqrobs, rom pirveli da meore dasi erTmaneTsscildebodnen erovnuli wamyvani Zalebis gagebissakiTxSi. rac Seexeba socialur sakiTxs, _ wers abelkikviZe, orive dasi ufro miuaxlovda kapitalizmisagangamowveuli drois moTxovnilebas da iwyo samrewveloamxanagobebisa da rigi warmoebaTa daarsebis propaganda.aseve, kapitalisturi progresis gezisaken miuTiTebdaqarTvel xalxs ilia WavWavaZec, Tumca es iyo memamulurimeurneobis kapitalizmSi gadazrdis gza. abel kikviZises Tvalsazrisi gaiziara profesorma iuri kaWaravam.iuri kaWarava naSromSi „socialur-politikuricxovrebis gansakuTrebuli pirobebi da glexTarevoluciuri moZraobis Taviseburebani saqarTveloSi~.erovnul moZraobaSi Tergdaleulebs miiCnevs burJuaziisada gaburJuizebis gzaze damdgar ideologebad.profesori iuri kaWaravas meore naSromSi _ „qarTuliistoriografiis sakiTxebi~ erovnul moZraobaSiproletariatis gamoCenisas, Tergdalelulebi gamoriyulZalad miiCnia, romlebmac iwyes TanamSromlobis56

qarTuli Teatri XIX saukunis meorenaxevris erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSipropaganda da xeli aiRes brZolis revoluciurmeTodebze. aqve minda SevniSno, rom ilias mxedvelobidanar gamorCenia da is udides rols aniWebda qarTulscenas erovnuli moZraobisa da ganviTarebis da agreTveerovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRlebis saqmeSi.profesori mixeil gafrindaSvili naSromSi _„qarTveli ganmanaTleblebi~ gamoTqvams azrs, romerovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi XIX saukunis60-70-ian wlebSi mTavar rols qarTveli ganmanaTleblebiasrulebdnen. exeba ra s. mesxisa da g. wereTlis erovnulprogramas, profesor iuri kaWaravas miaCnia, rom giorgiwereTlisa da sergei mesxis erovnuli programis mTavarimotivia ruseTis meSveobiT saqarTvelos mTlianobisaRdgena da dacva, qveynis Semdgomi demokratizacia,saqarTveloSi rusebis mier kolonizaciis Sewyveta,qarTveli xalxisTvis moqalaqeobrivi uflebebis miniWeba,saxelmwifo dawesebulebaSi qarTuli enis SemoReba daskolebSi qarTuli enis swavleba, qarTuli kulturisxelSeuxebloba.niko nikolaZe, gafrindaSvilis azriT, erovnulsakiTxs meorexarisxovan sakiTxad acxadebda, Tumca,mkacrad akritikebda rusifikacias da eqspluatacias.pativcemuli mkvlevaris azri Cven aramarTebuladmigvaCnia, radgan cnobilia, Tu rogori aqtiurobiTebrZoda niko nikolaZe katkovsa da mis momxreebs,romlebic Seuracxyofdnen qarTvel xalxs da maTerovnul moZraobas.profesori zaqaria SveliZe naSromSi „revoluciurixalxosnuri moZraobis istoriidan saqarTveloSi~XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis damdegs exeba erovnulmoZraobaSi Tergdaleulebisa da misi medroSis iliaWavWavaZis msoflmxedvelobis sakiTxs. miaCnia, romXIX saukunis 80-iani wlebis Tergdaleulebi erovnulmoZraobaSi liberalebis gzas adgnen da am droidan iliaWavWavaZis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelma Tvalsazrisma57

suliko (lamara) kirvaliZedakarga winandeli demokratiuli Sinaarsi. z. SveliZesqarTveli didi moazrovneebi: niko nikolaZe, i. jabadari,e. ioseliani, g. yifiani, an. furcelaZe separatizmismowinaaRmdegeebad miiCnda. avtoris azriT, isini wmindaimperializmis xazis gamtareblebi iyvnen. pativcemuliavtoris es Tvalsazrisi kvlav Tanamedroveobispoziciidan unda iqnas Seswavlili.profesor vaxuSti kotetiSvils naSromSi „qarTuliliteraturis istoria XIX saukuneSi~ aRniSnuli aqvs,rom ilias moRvaweobaSi erovnuli sakiTxi moicavda mismTel samoqmedo programas, romliTac datvirTuli iyoilias „mgzavris werilebi~.mkvlevarma pavle ingoroyvam TxzulebaTa srulikrebulis pirvel tomSi, ganaviTara azri, romsaqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobasaxali Sinaarsi misca iliam, roca samwerlo asparezzegamosvlisTanave ori sabrZolo mizani daisaxa _ brZolaeris Tavisuflebisa da brZola socialuri CagvriswinaaRmdeg.profesori m. duduCava 1960 wels gamoqveynebulnarkvevSi „ilia WavWavaZis esTetika~ miuTiTebda, romerovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi Tergdaleulebmayvelaze xelgaSlilad moixades xarki. isini aRWurvilniiyvnen mebrZoli demokratiuli ideebiT. mamia duduCavaTergdaleulTa Rvawls sxvadasxva kuTxeebis dakavSirebisada amaTSi erTobis grZnobis gaRviZebisaTvis „mTlianieris Teoria~ uwoda da samarTlianad miiCnia, rom„Tu ilias SemoqmedebaSi Warbobs glexTa sakiTxi, misigadawyvetisadmi miswrafeba, es imitom, rom glexobamosaxleobis udides umravlesobas Seadgenda~.profesori daviT gamezardaSvili „ilia WavWavaZeaxali qarTuli literaturis fuZemdebeli~ ixilavserovnuli mTlianobis mniSvnelobas socialuri CagvriswinaaRmdeg brZolaSi.s. bocvaZe naSromSi „s. mesxi da 60-80-iani wlebis58

qarTuli presa~ midis im daskvnamde rom Cvenma saxelovanmamamuliSvilebma: ilia WavWavaZem, iakob gogebaSvilmaerovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi mTavar amocanadmiiCnies, rom erovnuli problemis mogvarebasTan iyodakavSirebuli eris yvela sakiTxi, maT Soris socialurisakiTxis gadawyvetac.gamoyenebuli literatura:• Jordania n. nawerebis krebuli erovnuli sakiTxebisSesaxeb, Tb. 1922w.• xundaZe s. socializmis istoria saqarTveloSi t. 1, Tb.1927w.• gorgaZe gr. sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi saqarTveloSibatonymobis gadavardnis Semdeg, Tb. 1928w.• ratiani pr. TergdaleulTa sazogadoebriv-politikuriSexedulebis klasobrivi bunebis gagebisaTvis, Tb. 1965w.• ratiani pr. ilia WavWavaZe, moRvaweoba da azrovneba, Tb.1965w.• gorgilaZe l. sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba dasazogadoebrivi azris istoriidan saqarTveloSi, Tb.1972w.• SveliZe z. rusi-revolucioner-demokratebisa daTergdaleulTa ideuri urTierToba, Tb. 1962w.• kikviZe ab. saqarTvelos istoria XIX -XX s.s. naw 2,•Tb. 1959w.kaWarava i. socilur-politikuri cxovrebisgansakuTrebuli pirobebi da glexTa revoluciurimoZraobis Taviseburebani saqarTveloSi, Tb. 1959w.• kaWarava i. qarTuli istoriografiis sakiTxebi, wigni 2,Tb. 1962w.• gafrindaSvili v. qarTveli ganmanaTleblebi, Tb. 1966w.• kotetiSvili vax. qarTuli literaturis istoria XIXsaukuneSi, Tb. 1959w.• gamezardaSvili d. ilia WavWavaZe axali qarTuliliteraturis fuZemdebeli, Tb. 1957w.statiis stili daculiaqarTuli Teatri XIX saukunis meorenaxevris erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi59

kinomcodneoba61

maia levaniZesazogadoeba da pirovnebamiloS formanis filmSi `viRacamgugulis budes gadaufrina~sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis urTierTqmedebisprocesi yvelaze mwvaved Caketil sivrceSi vlindeba, iq,sadac sazogadoeba samarTlianobis saxeliT agresiuladcdilobs sistemaSi moaqcios adamianis, pirovnebisTavisufali neba. miloS formanis `viRacam gugulisbudes gadaufrina~ pirveli amerikuli namuSevaria,sadac `socialisturi sivrcidan~ wamosuli reJisoricdilobs alegoriulad mogviTxros im samyaroze, sadacadamianebi gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis, xasiaTis dacxovrebis stilis gamo idevnebian, sadac individualizmi,protestantizmi danaSaulTan asocirdeba. swored amitommasTan ufro mwvaved dgeba adamianisa da sazogadoebisurTierTobis, urTierTzegavlenis problema.Tu formanis biografias gadavxedavT, vnaxavT, romCexeTSi moRvaweobis periodSic reJisors popularobafilmebma: `qera qalis sasiyvarulo Tavgadasavali~(1965 w.) da `mexanZreTa mejlisi~ (1967 w.) moutana.satiruli Janris nawarmoebebi praRis gazafxulismovlenebs asaxavda, ris gamoc filmebi CexeTis cenzuramakraZala.samSobloSi arsebuli rTuli politikuri situaciagaxda is ZiriTadi mizezi, romelmac aiZula reJisoridaetovebina qveyana. amerikaSi _ axal Tavisufal,demokratiul sivrceSi reJisori TiTqos cdilobdadistanciidan gaeazrebina sakuTari qveynis problemebi,masStaburi, zogadsakacobrio problemebis WrilSimoeqcia is, esaubra imaze, rac misTvis yvelaze nacnobida axlobeli iyo. formanis amerikuli namuSevrebi:63

maia levaniZe`viRacam gugulis budes gadaufrina~ (1975), `Tma~(1979), `valmonti~ (1989), `xalxi lari flintiswinaaRmdeg~ (1996) da sxva Caketili sazogadoebisada meamboxe gmiris urTierTobis, urTierTzegavlenisproblemis irgvliv moZraoben.1970-iani wlebis dasawyisi amerikul kinoSi `axaliholivuduri kinos~ Camoyalibebis periodia, sadac isTemebi da ganwyobebi, romlebic cota xnis win arcki iyo ekranze, TandaTanobiT meinstrimi xdeba (seqsi,Zaladoba, hipebi, uxamsi leqsika da sxva). swored amcvlilebebma xeli Seuwyo miloS formanis damkvidrebasholivudSi da saSualeba misca emuSava iseT sainteresomsaxiobebTan, rogorebicaa: jek nikolsoni, luizafletCeri da sxvebi.pirveli amerikuli filmi `viRacam gugulisbudes gadaufrina~ ken kizis romanis ekranizaciaa.zogadad formanis Semoqmedebas Tu gadavxedavT, misTvisdamaxasiaTebeli xdeba literaturuli namuSevrisTavisufali interpretacia. amis magaliTad SegviZliamoviyvanoT Tundac `valmonti~, romelsac formanilaklos `saSiSi kavSirebis~ mixedviT iRebs. erTigmiris TvaliT danaxuli istoria, axla, SeiZleba iTqvas,tragikul Seferilobas iZens. sazogadoebis msxverpli,adamiani, iZulebulia, angariSi gauwios sazogadoebrivazrs da marionetad qceulma uari Tqvas sakuTargrZnobebze. valmonti iseTive msxverplia garemoebebis,rogorc filmis `viRacam gugulis budes gadaufrina~gmiri makmerfi. Tumca gansxvavebulic, vinaidan makmerfiibrZvis da ewireba, valmonti ki TamaSis wesebs verarRvevs da TviTganadgurebamde midis.rogorc zeviT aRvniSne, 1968 weli CexeTSi studentTaaqtiur gamosvlebs sabWoTa jarebis mier CexeTisteritoriis xelaxali okupacia mohyva. formani Caketilisivrcidan Tavisufal, demokratiul qveyanaSi miemgzavreba.64

sazogadoeba da pirovnebamiloS formanis filmSi `viRacam gugulis budes gadaufrina~iq, sadac Tavisufali sityva, demokratiuli Rirebulebebiqveynis ZiriTad mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens, Tumca,evropuli qveynidan danaxuli saocnebo samyaro arc iseidealuria. aqac gansxvavebulad moazrovneni, isini, vincver eguebian saxelmwifo struqturebis mier dadgenilnormebs, sazogadoebisTvis miuRebeli arian. sazogadoebaiseTive Caketili da konservatiulia, rogorc iq,CexeTis, gansxvavebul garemoSi. `viRacam gugulisbudes gadaufrina~ am samyaros mikromodelia, sadacadamianebi xSirad demokratiul Rirebulebebs sakuTariZalauflebis dasamkvidreblad iyeneben, manipulireben dasxvebisTvis gausaZlis samyaros qmnian.Txrobis procesSi miloS formani cdilobs, ardaakonkretos dro. kadrSi asaxuli berlinis kedlismovlenebi, albaneTSi rasobriv niadagze momxdarikonfliqti da sxva drois faqtorebis aqcentirebiTreJisori problemas masStaburs xdis. filmSi amfaqtorTa mravalferovani aqcentirebiT asociaciebiCndeba axlo warsulis movlenebTan: 50-iani wlebismakartizmis xanasTan, 60-ianelebis studentur amboxTan(yovelgvari akrZalvebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli) da 60-ianelebis amboxis Sedegad aRmocenebul 70-ianelTakonformizmTan.filmSi Txroba sami gmiris _ makmerfi, eqTani reCedida indieli _ irgvliv igeba. reCedis urTierToba klinikisbinadrebTan rTuli, despoturia. misi zrunva sakuTarinebiT `datyvevebuli~ pacientebis gamojanmrTelebazeiluziaa, vinidan eqTani yoveldRiuri jgufuri SexvedriTufro da ufro cdilobs maTSi gaamwvavos arsebulikompleqsebi da fsiqologiuri problemebi. reCedisTvises erTdroulad saavadmyofos keTildReoba da sakuTariegos dakmayofilebis mcdelobaa. saavadmyofos mTavarieqimis ndoba eqTani reCedis mimarT ganukirTxaobis,absoluturi Zalauflebs iluzias uqmnis mas.65

maia levaniZesaavadmyofoSi erTferovani dRis ganrigi, rutinuligaremo, TiToeul pacients garkveul CarCoSi aqcevs,sadac mas ar SeuZlia sakuTari survilebis dakmayofileba,arCevanis gakeTeba. eqTan reCedisgan gansxvavebiT makmerficdilobs maTSi warsuli SegrZnebebi gaaRviZos, raTa Tavisazogadoebis srulfasovan wevrad igrZnon. TiToeulimaTgani gaaRviZos, aamoZraos da aRmoaCinos sadRacdakarguli, uaryofili `me~.rendel patrik makmerfi cixesa da fsiqiatriulsaavadmyofos Soris arCevans akeTebs. ramdenime TvefsiqiatriulSi, Tundac ramdenime weli, misTvisprocentulad ufro met TavisuflebasTan asocirdeba,vidre cixe. pirvelive kadrebSi policielebis mierxelborkilebisgan gaTavisuflebuli is SinaganadTavisufldeba. TiTqos ukve erTi nabijia miznamdeda am mizans mondomebiT uaxlovdeba. saavadmyofosxelmZRvanelsa da ramdenime eqspertTan urTierTobamisTvis saintereso, azartulia. am dros, is TiTqosgarkveul zRvarze _ sigiJisa da normalurobisa _cdilobs darCes, raTa miiRos sasurveli Tavisufleba.auzSi laRad mocurave makmerfi sanitars niSnis mogebiTesaubreba _ ramdenime dRe da is Tavisufali iqneba. daswored aq pirvelad dgeba uxeSi realobis winaSe. isxvdeba, rom miRebuli `Tavisufleba~ iluzorulia. isiseTive tyvea am samyarosi, rogorc sxva pacientebi,romlebsac ukve yovelgvari protestis grZnoba aqvTdakarguli. romlebic mieCvivnen sxvaTa brZanebiT, sxvaTanebiTa da gadawyvetilebiT arsebobas da mxolod sakuTaridafaruli gancdebis rTul samyaroSi arseboben.filmis siuJetis ganviTarebis pirvel etapzemoqmedeba ufro qaoturi, laRi da Tavisufalia, rasacSemdgom epizodebze ver vityvi. daugegmavi, xSiradazartuli dapirispireba, TamaSi Segnebul protestSigadaizrdeba. agresiulad cdilobs makmerfi Caketili66

sazogadoeba da pirovnebamiloS formanis filmSi `viRacam gugulis budes gadaufrina~sivrcis garRvevas da ewireba kidec.makmerfisa da sxva pacientebis urTierTobaerTdroulad TanagrZnobiT, interesiT, axlis SecnobissurviliTaa gamsWvaluli. saavadmyofos gatacebuliavtobusiT qalaqSi mogzauroba, tbaze Tevzaobagarkveuli droiT abrunebs maT realur samyaroSi. esmSvenieri gancda pacientebisTvis droebiTia. is isevCveuli rutiniT icvleba, vinaidan wlebis manZilzeeqimi reCedis mier SemuSavebuli ganrigi, gamomuSavebuliCvevebi maTi yoveldRiurobaa, romlis darRvevac maT arSeuZliaT.saavadmyofoSi mowyobili Ramis wveulebiT, darbeulioTaxebiT da reCedis gakicxvis sceniT reJisori xazsusvams mmarTveli Zalis survils, sakuTari wesebisupirobo aRiarebis da morCilebisa. eqTani reCedi,romelic swored am Zalis simboloa, Cumi agresiiTcdilobs sxvebis damonebas. filmis erT-erT epizodSiymawvili kaci (bili) Tavis istorias yveba, axalgazrdamomxiblel qalze, romelic uyvarda da dedaze, romelmacmoaxerxa sakuTari kompleqsebis zegavleniT masSidanaSaulis grZnoba, garkveuli SezRudvebi gaeRviZebina.filmis dasawyisSi moTxrobili istoria xdeba is iaraRi,romliTac reCeds surs gauswordes bils _ daamciros,daaSinos. aiZulos, gasces meamboxe.makmerfisa da reCedis dapirispireba ori gansxvavebulimsoflmxedvelobis Widilia. makmerfisTvis cxovrebagrZnobaTa, emociaTa samyaroa, sadac wesrigi damangreveli,miuRebelia, xolo reCedisTvis samyaro sruli wesrigia,sadac yoveldRiuroba erTi Sinagani wesiT regulirdebada piradi gancdebi, grZnobebi umniSvnelo xdeba.erTaderTi adamiani, romelTanac SeuZlia urTierToba,romelic mdumared akvirdeba mimdinare movlenebs,makmerfisa da reCedis Cum oms da romelSic nel-nelaiRviZebs protestisa da Tavisuflebis mopovebis survili,67

maia levaniZees indieli `beladia~.Tavisufal miwaze, Tavisufali suliTa dagansxvavebuli tradiciebiT mcxovrebi amerikis indielitomebis warmomadgeneli `beladi~, romlis RirsebacSelaxes, tradiciebi SezRudes, daangries da dadgenilnormebSi moaqcies, protestis formad dumils irCevs.swored dumiliT cdilobs misTvis agresiul garemoSiadaptirebas. TiTqosda is elodeba makmerfis msgavsgmirs, rom iwamos sakuTar TavSi arsebuli Zala. filmisfinalur scenaSi beladi gaqcevis gadawyvetilebasiRebs. makmerfis sawolTan Camomjdari TvalebanTebuliCumad umxels megobars _ `me sakuTar TavSi mTasvgrZnob~, magram makmerfi ukve gatexilia sazogadoebis,mmarTveli Zalis mier. beladi mxolod ramdenime wuTisSemdeg SeniSnavs mis mdgomareobas da xvdeba, rom issulierad aRar arsebobs. beladisTvis miuRebeliadamorCilebuli, Tavisufali sulis, meamboxe makmerfismonobaSi arseboba. sulis gareSe darCenili daucvelisxeulis arsebobas xelovnurad wyvets beladi da garbis.finalur kadrSi garRveuli kedeli, erT-erTi pacientis`gamarjvebis yiJina~, moRerebuli muSti gaiJRerebs,rogorc adamianebis Sinagan samyaroSi Tavisuflebiskenswrafvis simbolo, romelic TiToeul CvenganSi, TiTqmisinstinqtis donezec ki Zalze Zlieria.68

qarTuli kino gaRma napirzegadasasvleladlela oCiaurixelovnebis esa Tu is nawarmoebi yovelTvis atarebs imdrois niSnebs, rodesac isini iqmneba, dawyebuli avtorismoqalaqeobrivi poziciidan, saTqmelidan mxatvruligadawyvetis Taviseburebebamde, formis siaxlemde,mimarTulebis TavisTavadobamde da a.S. erT-erTidargi, romelic „mowodebulia~ asaxos da gaaanalizosproblemebi, sakiTxebi, faqtebi Tu movlenebi, is, racsazogadoebaSi xdeba _ kinematografia, magram, Tudokumenturi kino, ZiriTadad, mainc istoriis Tanmdeviprocesia, mxatvrul kinos kidev erTi „kanoni~ aqvs – isSefasebisas distancirebas unda axdendes da mis axalxatebs qmnides, garkveuli drois gasvlisa da momxdaris„gadaxarSvis~ Semdeg.axali dro da viTareba, TavisTavad, axali garemoebebisSeqmnis pirobebs gansazRvravs. SeiZleba, swored amitom,wlebis ganmavlobaSi (iqneb sxva mizeziTac) qarTulkinoSi, TeatrSi, literaturaSi, iSviaTi gamonaklisisgarda (magaliTad, goga xaindravas „ocnebebis sasaflao~,romelsac „pirdapiri reportaJi sabrZolo moqmedebebisepicentridan~ SeiZleba vuwodoT), afxazeTis omisa da misiSedegebis, omgadaxdili adamianebisa da maTi samSoblosbedis Sesaxeb araferi Seqmnila. maSin, rodesac aseTiqmedeba bevri ramis gamoa mniSvnelovani, moqalaqeobrivpoziciasa Tu adamianuri gulistkivilis gamoZaxilzerom araferi vTqvaT.„reJisors, kinomsaxiobebs, scenaris avtorebs, filmisyvela Semqmnels, Tavisi nawarmoebiT, raRacis Tqma sursCvenTvis. maTi filmi _ mayureblebisadmi gagzavniliwerilis msgavsia. magram imisTvis, rom gzavnili69

lela oCiauriamoicno, saWiroa misi enis codna. Semdeg Cven mogviwevsenis bunebis sxvadasxva aspeqtTan Sexeba im doziT,ra doziTac es kinos mxatvruli arsis SesacnobaddagvWirdeba~. 1afxazeTis omis Semdeg 20 weli gavida. am ommada mis Semdgomma periodma, saqarTvelos teritoriulimTlianobis darRvevam, iZulebiT gadaadgilebulma,mSobliur saxlebs mowyvetilma aTasobiT adamianma,asobiT daRupulma mebrZolma Tu mSvidobianma moqalaqemCveni qveynis istoriaSi, piradi Tu koleqtiuriistoriiT, erT-erTi utragikulesi furceliCaweres.movlenebma, romlebic saqarTveloSi (da ara martosaqarTveloSi – kavkasiaSi) sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevisSemdeg da misi reanimaciis mcdelobebisa Tu sxvamizezebiT, meoce saukunis 90-ian wlebSi ganviTarda(samoqalaqo Tu omebi teritoriuli mTlianobisTvis:saqarTveloSi – ara mxolod afxazeTsa da Sida qarTlSi_ CeCneTSi, yarabaRsa Tu kavkasiis sxva respublikebSi),romlebmac am qveynebSi mniSvnelovani, radikaluricvlilebebi gamoiwvies, ramac samyaro „konfliqtiszonebad~ dahyo _ radikalurad da pirvel rigSi,swored adamianebis, sazogadoebebis cxovreba Secvales,maT bedze, awmyosa da momavalze iqonies gavlena.am xnis ganmavlobaSi daibada da gaizarda, Camoyalibdaaxali Taobebi _ aqeTa da gaRma napirebze, romlebsacam urTierTobis, erTad cxovrebis istoria ar hqoniaTda ar ician, ra xdeboda maSin, vidre samyaros omigaxleCda. is, vinc yovelives momswrea, mouSuSebeltkivils atarebs da erTi _ mTavari imediT cxovrobs_ Sin dabrunebis imediT!pirveli nabijebi am mimarTulebiT mxolod bolo1Лотман И., Семиотика кино и проблемы киноэстетики, Таллин, изд.Вести Таамат 1973, ст.370

qarTuli kino gaRma napirze gadasasvlelad6-7 welia gadaidga _ qarTvelma reJisorebma dadramaturgebma „gabedes~, „dumili daarRvies~ (TumcamTavari _ „Wirveuli~ _ dumilis damTavrebamdejer Soria) da 90-ian wlebSi afxazeTSi ganviTarebulimovlenebis, omisSemdgomi istoriebisa da am kuTxiT,Cveni samSoblos momavlis problemaze „alaparakdnen~.amis dasturad SeiZleba CavTvaloT TeatrSi, ramdenimewliT (2005) adre ganxorcielebuli _ Temur CxeiZis„zRva, romelic Soria~, guram odiSarias piesaze (samefoubnis TeatrSi, soxumis Teatris dasis monawileobiT)da filmebi – levan TuTberiZis „gaseirneba yarabaRSi~(2005), vano burdulis „konfliqtis zona~ (2009),giorgi ovaSvilis „gaRma napiri~ (2009), giorgisixaruliZis „bambaziis samoTxe~ (2010) da zaza uruSaZis„mandarinebi~ (2013), romlebic 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi,maTSi asaxuli movlenebidan aTze meti wlis Semdeg daerTi-meoris TanmimdevrobiTa Tu paralelurad Seiqmna.rodesac moqmedeba ukve dasrulebulia, dasrulebuliauSedego mogzauroba da filmi mTavrdeba, ekranzewarwera Cndeba _ sul ramdenime sityviani - „vuZRvniCems samSoblos~ da es, TiTqos, „banaluri~, „plakaturi~,„Cveulebrivi~ fraza kvlav dasawyisSi gabrunebs,rogorRac amTlianebs da kravs yvelafers, rac moxda,Semdeg „Tavisive~ CarCoebs arRvevs da axal masStabSi,ganzomilebaSi gadadis.am warweriT mTavrdeba giorgi ovaSvilis mxatvrulifilmi „gaRma napiri` (2008-2009), romelSicmoTxrobilia afxazeTidan devnili patara biWunasistoria. igi dedasTan erTad cxovrobs, mama omis drosafxazeTSi darCa. Tedos bedi, Sesabamisad, im omis, imZaladobis, koSmaris (romelic Zalian ginda, rom ararealoba, aramed sizmari iyos) yvela niSans atarebs,romelic saqarTvelom gadaitana; Tedos cxovreba ki,romelic momxdaris, arsebuli viTarebis Sedegia, qveynis71

lela oCiauriistoriis gagrZelebaa, romelsac Zaladobam, agresiam,siZulvilma bevri daakargvina.rodesac bavSvebs ufrosebi veRar icaven, rodesacmaTze aRaravin fiqrobs an, saerTod, aRaravin hyavTamqveynad, isini iZulebuli xdebian, sakuTar Tavze TviTonizrunon, moZebnon TavSesafari, arsebobis saSualeba,amisTvis ki, iqurdon, danaSauli Caidinon. Semdegisini cixeSi xvdebian, TviTonve xdebian moZaladeebi,sadRac kvlav garbian da kvlav rCebian marto, umweo damiusafari. sasowarkveTili Tedo ki, rodesac CaTvlis,rom erTaderTi gza aqvs, romelic ixsnis da Svebasmoutans _ afxazeTSi midis, gaRma napirze, am „napiris~realobas gaurbis, midis iq, sadac mama eguleba, midismis, saxlis sapovnelad, maSin, rodesac da sadac aravineZebs da aravin elodeba.Tedo midis da iwyeba misi, TiTqos jojoxeTSimogzauroba (romelic, aravin icis, ramden xansgrZeldeba), mdinaris erT da meore mxares, ulamazesibunebiT garSemortymul ganadgurebul da dacarielebulsamyaroSi, ganadgurebul qalaqebSi, ucxo Tu gaucxoebuladamianebTan _ keTilebTan, borotebTan, maTTan, visacsaxe jer kidev ar daukargavs da maTTan, vinc mkvlelad,moZaladed qceula. simartove sivrceSi Cakarguli Tedosxvedria.„esqatologiuri molodinis moxsnis kvalobaze xdebakosmosis (yofierebis) TavisTavadobis, TviTmyofobisreabilitacia. es sofeli (saeculum), romelic iyoxidi RvTis sasufevelSi gadasasvlelad, amieridanxdeba myari sadguri, sadac adamiani mkvidrdeba imiluzoruli rwmeniT, rom sabolood damkvidrebuliaam miwaze. miuxedavad warmavlobis yoveldRiuri mwaregamocdilebisa, igi aRar ganicdis Tavs mgzavrad,wuTisoflis stumrad (es gamoTqma sityvis masaladRaSerCa enas); waSlilia principi `kidec da arc~. es72

qarTuli kino gaRma napirze gadasasvleladsofeli aRar aris gansacdeli, es sofeli erTaderTia;icvleba mimarTeba sikvdilis faqtTan: maradiulcxovrebaSi gadamyvani xidi (es sofeli, sawuTro) axlaTavad aris samudamo samyofeli. maradiuli cxovrebaxidze. saSualebaTa miznad qceva, roca aRar Cans saboloomizani. sxva Tvalsazrisi adamianis aRsasrulze, Tu ararogorc mis xorciel-sulier ganadgurebaze, sekularuladamians ara aqvs. da dRemde awvalebs adamians, romelicqristianad Tvlis Tavs: aris iq rame?~ 1giorgi ovaSvili gviambobs, Tu ra moxda maSin,rodesac omma adamianebi erTmaneTs daaSora, orad gahyoda samyaro Suaze gaxliCa; rodesac dairRva mSvidoba daaman adamianebis cxovreba iseve daangria, rogorc maTisaxlebi, quCebi Tu qalaqebi; rodesac qveyanaSi sazRvarigaevlo, romelic dRes erT xidze gadis.es mdinare, es xidi Tu sazRvari sazogadoebis, qveynisistorias hyofs orad. Suaze hyofs Tedosa da bevriadamianis (ara mxolod maTi, vinc afxazeTidanaa devnilida arc uSualod maTi, vinc TedosaviT, devnilobaSigaizarda da Zveli cxovreba _ bavSvoba, saxli TumSobliuri qalaqi, sofeli, asakidan gamomdinare,bundovnad an saerTod ar axsovs) hyofs or napirad, ornawilad _ omamde da omis Semdeg, rodesac yvelaferidaingra da rodesac adamianebi erTmaneTs daSordnen,rodesac maT erTmaneTi dakarges, dakarges normaluri(elementaruli) cxovrebis pirobebi; dakarges ufleba_ ar etanjaT, rodesac bavSvoba, siTbo, siyvaruli,mzrunveloba maTi sinamdvilidan sadRac gaqra.swored es xidi udevs win Tedosac, sanam meorenapirze gadava, gamyofi da amave dros, „am~ da „im~cxovrebis, warsulisa da awyos damakavSirebeli. esxidic, engurze, iseve, rogorc mTeli filmi, rogorcambavi erTdroulad realuricaa da metaforulic,1kiknaZe z., istoriuli xedi, varskvlaviani ca, 24 saaTi, 21.01. 201173

lela oCiauriiseve, rogorc adamianebi (zRapris idumal, „jadosnur~personaJebs rom gvagoneben) _ gaRma Tu gamoRma napirze.isini qmnian wres bavSvis garSemo, misi cxovrebisganuyofeli nawili Tu SemTxveviTi Tanamgzavrebi arian,reJisoris mier ostaturad awyobil mikrosamyaroSi,sadac yvelas Tavisi da erTmaneTs gadajaWvuli bedi datragedia aqvs _ afxazsac da qarTvelsac.SiSis, daZabulobisa da avis molodinis SegrZnebaZlierdeba da daZabulobis (ara mxolod ambidan,aramed sareJisoro gadawyvetidan, Txrobis stilidan,movlenaTa ganviTarebis jaWvidan gamomdinare) SegrZnebaizrdeba. mayurebeli qvecnobierad, Camoyalibebulistereotipebidan gamomdinare, elis gansacdels, racTedos xids iqiT SeiZleba elodes. aq TiTqos yovelnabijze xifaTia Casafrebuli, TiTqos yovel wuTs grZnob,raRac moxdeba, rac ufro Rrmad Sedis Tedo mSobliurmxareSi. midis iq, sadac aravin elodeba da aRaravinxvdeba, naxevraddangreuli, carieli da gaZarculi,fanjrebCamsxvreuli binis garda, sadac ramdenime wliswin, misi ojaxi cxovrobda; iq, sadac carieli saxlebi,carieli quCebi, mkvdari qalaqebi, nisli da erTeuli,kantikuntad, aqa-iq Semxvedri adamianebia.„daujerebeli~ istoriaa, TiTqos zmanebasaviT,datvirTuli emociurad da saTqmeliT, Tumca, esaaTedosa da masTan erTad Cveni mogzauroba, Cveniocnebisken svla, mcdeloba, vipovoT mama _ mSoblebi_ saxli da miuxedavad imisa, rom mTavari gmirissurvili ausrulebeli rCeba, mizani miuRweveli_ es mainc gamarjvebaa, am patara bavSvis, romelmacTiToeuli Cvenganis nacvlad Sin dabruneba itvirTa;gviCvena, ra SeiZleba gaakeTos adamianma samSobloSiTu samSoblos dasabruneblad. ucnauri da saocaritragizmiT gajerebulia es istoriac, daundobelica daSemaSfoTebelic, Semzaravi gulaxdilobiT, pirdapirobiTa74

qarTuli kino gaRma napirze gadasasvleladda simarTliT, araadamianurobisa da adamianis sulierigaZlebis SesaZlo zRvarze rom meryeobs... da amave dros,esaa albaT, erT-erTi yvelaze keTilSobili da imedianiistoria, romelic saqarTvelos uaxlesi warsulis,albaT erT-erT yvelaze umZimes, erT-erT yvelazedramatul movlenebs ukavSirdeba.„erTi da igive arseba usasrulod sxvadasxvamovlenaSi SeiZleba gamovlindes. amitomac SesaZlebelia,rom ararsebuli da SeTxzuli movlenac imave arsebasamJRavnebdes, rac agreTve sinamdvilis arsebas Seadgens…yovelive amis mixedviT, gasagebia, Tu, saxeldobr,raSi gamoixateba sinamdvilis xelovnebiseuli asaxvisspecifika – xelovnebis nawarmoebi ki ar asaxavs, aramedmTlianad Tu nawilobriv mainc Txzavs movlenebs,anu konkretul adamianebs, maT garemomcvel nivTebs,maT saqciels, ambavsa da Tavgadasavals; magram amSeTxzuli movlenebis arsebis saxiT, anu am SeTxzulicxovrebis ganmgebeli idealisa da Sesabamisi tipurimizandasaxulobebisa da tendenciebis saxiT imavesuCvenebs, rac namdvil cxovrebas ganagebs, mis arsebasSeadgens da rasac, maSasadame, xelovneba ki ar Txzavs,aramed swvdeba da asaxavs~ 1 .ra SeiZleba uwodo qarTveli dedis ambavs, romelicmravali welia, erTaderTi ocnebiT cxovrobs _ ipovosSvilis saflavi da daitiros?! da meore mxriv, raSeiZleba uwodo afxazi dedis amdenivexnian molodinsada martoobis amdenivexnian, aseTive gaZlebas _ ipovosSvilis mkvlelis deda da am mkvlelobisTvis patiebaaTxovninos?! an, SeiZleba damSvidde, gaTavisuldemtanjveli mogonebebisa Tu dacarielebuli awmyosganan bolos da bolos Seeguo faqts, rom adamianebmaaxloblebTan, SvilebTan, saxlTan, sixarulismomgvrel1kakabaZe z. saubari xelovnebis Temaze, http://burusi.wordpress.com/2011/07/10/zurab-kakabadze/75

lela oCiauriyoveldRiurobasTan erTad erTmaneTi dakarges daerTad gatarebuli wlebi warsulSi, Tavadve gavlebulzRvarsmiRma darCaT?! siyvaruli da sikeTe ki, romelicmaT Soris arsebobda _ siZulvilma da SurisZiebissurvilma Secvala?!afxazeTis omis Semdeg didi droa gasuli.saqarTvelos romeliRac qalaqSi, am omis Sedegaddevnilebi cxovroben _ yofili maswavlebeli _ elene,misi yofili moswavleebi da omSi daRupuli Svilis,ratis megobrebi _ leqso da laura.swored elene eZebs Svilis saflavs (romelic sadRac,afxazeTSia), magram uSedegod. xangrZlivi wvalebis Semdeg,igi rogorRac ukavSirdeba afxaz axalgazrdas, baTus,romelic micvalebulebiT „vaWrobs~ da misi daxmarebiT,am saflavs poulobs. ucnauri bedisweris wyalobiT,rati baTus daRupuli Zmakacis mkvleli aRmoCndeba darogorc Semdeg irkveva, sarisko saqmianobis mTavari mizani_ swored „elenes~ povnaa. ambis tragizms kidev metadamZafrebs faqti, rom ratis saflavi swored am afxaziaxalgazrdas, alxasis gverdiTaa, cxedris sanacvlod ki,alxasis deda (romelic am saflavebs ramdenime weliauvlis, erTs _ siyvaruliTa da monatrebiT, meores _boRmiTa da molodiniT) elenesTan Sexvedras iTxovs.molodinis aRsrulebis droc dgeba da dedebi xvdebianerTmaneTs.aseT ucnaur da emociurad mZime istorias gviambobsdramis reJisori, giorgi sixaruliZe, Tavisi pirvelikinonamuSevriT _ „bambaziis samoTxe~, romelic ninosadRobelaSvilis scenariT gadaiRo da romelicramdenime wlis win, quTaisis lado mesxiSvilissaxelobis saxelmwifo TeatrSi warmoadgina.mniSvnelovania isic, rom „bambaziis samoTxe~mxolod afxazeTSi TiTqmis ori aTeuli wlis winganviTarebul movlenebsa da maT Sedegebs ar asaxavs.76

qarTuli kino gaRma napirze gadasasvleladgiorgi sixaruliZe zusti misamarTebis miuxedavad,ambis, problemis ganzogadebas axdens. amave dros, rasacakeTebs, ra ambavsac da ra konteqstSic mogviTxrobs,aris marTlac mniSvnelovani simboluri xidi, romelicSeiZleba qarTvel da afxaz sazogadoebas (sazogadoebas!!!)Soris realuradac kvlav gaidos.esaa Tanamedrove (Tumca, albaT, arc mxolodTanamedrove da arc mxolod konkretul movlenebTandakavSirebuli) drama. filmis gmirebi (da isinic, visacpersonaJebi simbolurad asaxiereben) erTi warsulidan (daaramarto erTi, zRvispira qalaqidan) modian. maT odesRacuyvardaT erTmaneTi... magram Semdeg, rac moxda, rogorcaseT SemTxvevebSi xdeba nebismier qveyanaSi, pirvelrigSi, adamianebis cxovreba, es kavSirebi, es qalaqebida rac mTavaria, siyvaruli daangria. rasac siZulvilida gaucxoeba, angariSsworebis gamanadgurebeli survilida SurisZiebis aRsrulebisken swrafva mohyva.„tragedia – stilis yvelaze didi skolaa.is ufro adamianuri dramis interpretaciasgvaswavlis, vidre am dramis gadatanas.tragediis did epoqebSi adamianebma SeZles mieRwiaTarsebobis tragikuli xedvisaTvis da SeiZlebaerTaderTjer is ar iyo Teatri, romelic cxovrebisimitacias akeTebs, aramed sicocxle, romelmacTeatrisagan miiRo Rirseba da WeSmaritad meomrulisuli. amgvarad, am epoqebSi da am urTierTgacvlaSiscenasa da samyaros Soris realizdeba stilis erTianoba,romelic nicSes sityvebiT gansazRvravs kulturas.imisaTvis, rom daimsaxuros tragedia, sazogadoebiskoleqtiurma sulma unda miaRwios kulturis garkveulsafexurs da ara codnis kulturas, aramed stiliskulturas.yalbi kulturiT dazianebul masebs SeuZliaT sakuTarbedSi dramis simZime igrZnon: isini kmayofildebian77

lela oCiauridramis dones da avrcoben dramatizmis SegrZnebasTavianTi cxovrebis uwvrilmanes movlenebamdis. dramaSimaT xiblavT egoizmis siWarbe, romelic sababs aZlevsusasrulod moTqvamdnen sakuTari ubedobis umniSvnelodetalebamdis da es, sxvaTa Soris, aqrobs yovelgvarpasuxismgeblobas~. 1amave dros, omma bevri adamianis bedi gaaerTiana dabevric, vinc erTmaneTTan iyo dakavSirebuli da erTmaneTiuyvarda, daaSora erTmaneTs. maTi gzebi, pirvelad, SoreulwarsulSi gadaikveTa, jer maSin, rodesac mSvidoba iyo,Semdeg, meored, omis dros da axla kvlav ikveTeba,oRond sruliad sapirispiro mxares. isini, SemTxveviTTu gamiznulad, kvlav xvdebian erTmaneTs, erTmaneTiskenmidian, elian am Sexvedras, raTa sabolood aRasrulonmTavari, rac SeiZleba, rom adamianebma erTmaneTsgaukeTon _ apation da erTad, erT enaze, xmaSewyobilisimReriT, amisken yvelas mouwodon. erTmaneTisken savaligzebi ipovon da sazRvari, romelic odesRac gaivlo,rogorc baTum da leqsom, rogorc elenem da afxazmadedam, swored erTmaneTis daxmarebiT, erTad gadalaxon.gadalaxon Rvinis SesmiT, tyviaCagdebuli fialidan,afxazuri „nanaTi~ da SvilebisTvis patiebis TxovniT _yvela uZilo RamisTvisa da marto gatarebuli dRisTvis,yvela omisTvis... siZulvilisTvis. magram, sanam esmoxdeba, maT rTuli da grZeli gza aqvT gasavleli daar ician, ra eliT mis dasasruls.istoriis safuZveli mravali wlis win, soxumSidatrialebuli tragediaa. magram, vin daTvlis, ramdeniaseTi istoria iyo im omSi, ramden dedasa Tu mamasmoukles Tvalwin Svili da ramden Svils dauxvritesTvalwin deda Tu mama; ramdens moukles Zmakaci am omSida ramdenma cocxladgadarCenilma dado fici, rom Surs1barti r. kultura da tragedia, http://lib.ge/book.php?author=1368&book=854878

qarTuli kino gaRma napirze gadasasvleladiZiebda am sikvdilisTvis.mravali „pirdapiri~ niSnisa Tu konkretikismiuxedavad, filmSi yvelaferi ganzogadebulia. rogorikonkretulica da drois, realobis ama Tu im movlenisamsaxvelic unda iyos ambavi, reJisori Slis droisaTu geografiuli ganzomilebebis sazRvrebs. erTi,Tundac ramdenime adamianis bedi saerTo saTqmelamde,saerTo problemamde zogaddeba. konkretuli istoria imtragediis metaforad warmodgeba, rac afxazeTSi moxdada saerTod, rac omma, ngrevam, siZulvilma, Zaladobamda sisastikem SeiZleba moutanos adamianebs. da imismetaforadac, rac Sendobas, Rirseul saqcielsa dasaboloo jamSi, kacTmoyvareobas mosdevs. ris winaSecukan ixevs yvela da yvelafri SeiZleba daviwyebasmieces. mxolod maSin SeiZleba, rom Svili mogiklanda Sen SegiZlia apatio. SegiZlia muxlebze daemxodedis winaSe, romelsac Senma Svilma Svili mouklada sanacvlod, didi xnis lodinis Semdeg, uari Tqvamiznis aRsrulebaze da kvlav mosavlelad miabarosaflavi, romelSic „mkvlelica~ da msxverlic erTadganisveneben. „swored is Tviseba, rom niSnebi ar arseboben,rogorc calkeuli, danawevrebuli movlenebi, aramedasaxiereben organizebul sistemebs, warmoadgens enisZiriTadi mowesrigebulobis mizezs. Tumca, semantikurimowesrigebulobis garda, ena gulisxmobs kidev sxva,kerZod, sintaqsur mowesrigebulobasac. maT miekuTvnebacalkeuli niSnebis TanmimdevrobiTi SeerTebis wesebi,romlebic Seesabameba am enis normebs. enis aseTi, sakmaodfarTo aRqmiT, erTiandeba sazogadoebaSi moqmedikomunikaciuri sistemebis mTeli wre. kiTxva _ „aqvs Tuara kinos Tavisi ena?~ _ sruliad sxvagvarad daismis:„gvevlineba Tu ara kino komunikaciur sistemad?~ _magram, mgoni, amas aravin eWvobs~. 11Лотман И. Семиотика кино и проблемы киноэстетики, Таллин, изд.Вести Таамат 1973, ст.779

lela oCiaurigiorgi sixaruliZis filmSi pirveli epizodebidanveigrZnoba faruli Tu aSkara daZabuloba _ wyvdiadismeufeba, pirvel rigSi, adamianebis sulebi rom moucavs damosvenebas ar aZlevs maT, romlebic, erTi mxriv, Zvirfasdanakargs ganicdian da meore mxriv, usiyvarulobas.elene, jer kidev axalgazrda qali, dards moutexavsda moxucs hgavs. sulieri daavadeba xSirad ereva.leqsoc warsulis, omis kvals, rogorc Sinaganad, saxezecatarebs _ wonasworobadarRveuli da adgildakarguli,galoTebuli, nerviuli da saxenaiarevia. calxela baTucam omisa da Zaladobis msxverplia da iZulebulia, akeTosis, risi keTebac ar unda. icxovros ise, rasac misibuneba ewinaaRmdegeba. niJarebis gamyidvelic msxverpliada sasowarkveTili, saxlTan siSorisa gamo...Tumca, yvelafrisda miuxedavad, cxovreba maincgrZeldeba. esec xom realobaa. mTavari ambis paralelurad,Cveulebrivad miedineba da reJisori mis yoveldRiurritms, epoqis arsebobas araerTi detaliTa Tu niuansiTgamokveTs. da radganac cxovreba grZeldeba, mas SeuZlia,viRacas kvlav moutanos bedniereba. es xazi lauraspersonaJSi ikveTeba, romelic, erTi mxriv, warsulsa daqarTul-afxazuri urTierTobebis simbolod ikiTxeba.rogorc irkveva, igi alxasTis Seyvarebuli yofila,visgan datovebul beWedsac baTu mravali wlis Semdeggadascems. amJamad, ki, lauras cxovrebaSi axali megobari_ giorgi Cndeba, romelsac elene ratis uwodebs daamiT, iseve, rogorc leqso, TiTqos aRiarebs mas.baTu da leqsoc mravali wlis Semdeg xvdebian.odesRac isinic icnobdnen erTmaneTs, xSirad iyvnenerTad da axla kvlav erTad arian, svamen TasiT,romelSic tyviaa Cagdebuli da es Taviseburi rituali,maT Soris arsebul da TiTqos gadaulaxav bariersucbad CamoSlis.„abaSiZe, arCaia, aCba, gogoxia, danelia, Tarba~... _kiTxulobs filmis erT-erT yvelaze dramatul epizodSi,80

qarTuli kino gaRma napirze gadasasvleladTavisi Zveli mowafeebis warmosaxviT sias, romeliRacsaklaso oTaxSi (sadac mas araferi esaqmeba), Rrmasulieri krizisis mdgomareobaSi myofi elene. SeiZlebaam siidan _ qarTul da afxazuri gvarebs monacvleobiTrom aerTianebs, bevri aRarcaa amqveynad. an, SesaZloa,odesme isinic kvlav Sexvdnen „jadosnur mxareSi~erTmaneTs.moqmedeba kulminaciisken midis. isedac daZabuli dadaWimuli (rogorc adamianebis nervebi) atmosfero ufroda ufro imuxteba. bolos gadamwyveti da mTavari wamidgeba. elene im, mTavar, sazRvars gadadis da Svilis,amdeni xnis nanatr, saflavs uaxlovdeba. man yvelazesastiki xarki unda gaiRos _ patieba unda iTxovosimisTvis, rac ar Caudenia... marTalia, es scena sulramdenime wams grZeldeba, magram usasrulo Cans... dauecrad, am daZabuli lodinis Semdeg elene patiebassTxovs ara dedas, romelic amas daJinebiT imeorebs,aramed ratisa da alxass, Svilebs, imisTvis, rom dedebmamaT gareSe iswavles cxovreba... da alxasis dedac sTxovspatiebas, imisTvis, rom adamianebi gaurbian erTmaneTs,rom erTmaneTis moZebna ezarebaT, amdeni xnis siCumisTvissTxovs patiebas... ori, gaubedurebuli da mZime tvirTianiqali patiebas imitom iTxovs, rom swored maT – dedebmada mamebma Svilebi gansacdelisgan, verc omisa da vercsikvdilisgan ver daifares.uecrad elene kidev erT da gamaognebelgadawyvetilebas iRebs _ „xeli gauSvi, Cemi Sviliaq darCeba, _ eubneba igi saflavis amosaTxreladniCabmomarjvebul baTus da aCerebs, _ es ratis saxlia,ratis samoTxea, Cveni yvelasi, _ da Semdeg alxasisdedas, orazrovani sityvebiT mimarTavs, _ droebiT Sengitoveb. me male davbrundebi~.„nu vifiqrebT, rom es abstraqtuli da konteqstsmowyvetili midgoma sruliad usargebloa. magaliTad,iudauri Teologia katafatikur meTods saerTod ar81

lela oCiauriscnobs. swored es uZevs safuZvlad paradoqsebiTdatvirTul Seudarebel ebraul iumors. magram miwiericxovreba mxolod sicil-xarxariT ar aSendeba _ viciT,sad xdeboda aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, rom xalxisakuTar samzareuloebSi dascinoda gareT gamefebulgapartaxebas. es xalxi marTalic iyo, magram realobisaRsawerad, masSi swori orientaciisaTvis sulac araris sakmarisi WeSmaritebis codna _ arsebiTia is, TusakuTriv romeli WeSmariteba viciT: jer arasodesyofila, rom liftSi gaWedili kvanturi meqanikismeSveobiT gamosuliyos gareT~. 1„bambaziis samoTxis~ naxva da amaze dafiqrebaaucilebelia, Tundac imitom, rom xidebi, romlebicodesRac afxazeTsa da danarCen saqarTvelos SorisCaingra da saqarTvelos Tavisi miwa moglija _ aRdgesda yvelam, visac jer kidev axsovs (da Zalian bevrsaxsovs), rogor cxovrobdnen qarTvelebi da afxazebi (TuafxazeTSi mcxovrebi sxva erovnebis adamianebi) omamdeerTad, rogor uyvardaT erTmaneTi, rogor megobrodnen,rogor swavlobdnen erTmaneTis gverdiT, rogor pativsscemdnen erTmaneTs _ mSvidobiani momavlisken mimarTonmzera.es filmi kidev erTi da mniSvnelovani gzavniliaafxazebisken, romelic, imedia, ara ubralod, rogorcadresatebamde, aramed, pirvel rigSi, maT gulebamde,cnobierebamde miaRwevs. maTac unda naxon „bambaziissamoTxe~, raTa gaigon, ras fiqroben qarTvelebimovlenebze, rac afxazeTSi _ yvela Cvenganis samoTxeSi_ omis dros ganviTarda; rogor afaseben am yvelafers,ras ganicdian da ras grZnoben dRes, im tkivilebsa dadanakargebze, rasac wlebia atareben ara mxolod sakuTariTavis, aramed afxazebis gamoc, maTTan mimarTebaSi da imwarsulisa (omamdeli Tu omisdroindeli) da momavlis1ladaria n., samSoblos dasacavad daRvril sisxlsac ki Segnebisnatamali ar moaqvs. 24 saaTi, 10. 02. 2013.82

qarTuli kino gaRma napirze gadasasvleladgamo, romelic erTi iyo da yvelafris miuxedavad, kvlaverTia. simboluri saflavi, sadac ori axalgazrda _qarTveli da aseve, qarTveli-afxazi _ erTad, gverdigverdganisvenebs, Serigebisa da erTiani miwis _ Cveni yvelassamoTxis _ metaforaa, romelic gviyvars, gvenatrebada romelic male, aucileblad dagvabrunebs.rodesac „bambaziis samoTxes` naxav, aucilebladgangiaxldeba yvela tkivili, rac afxazeTs ukavSirdeba daWrilobebi, romlebic ver xorcdeba, isev Tavidan ixsneba.Senc, elenesa da alxasis dedis msgavsad, gadixar gzas,romelzec ukve mravali welia, Sens qveyanasTan erTaddgaxar; gadadixar „gaRma napirze~ romelic arasodesmigitovebia; gadixar im sazRvarsac, romelic jer kidevwinaa, romelic gasavleli gaqvs da ici, aucilebladunda gaiaro. radgan Cven bevri gvaqvs gasaxsenebelic,mosayolic da erTmaneTisTvis saTqmelic.rodesac omi iwyeba, is SeiZleba aRarasodes damTavrdesda gansakuTrebiT maTTvis, visi gzebic erTxel ukvegadaikveTa, visSic sikeTe da siyvaruli siZulvilma damrisxanebam Secvala da vinc sasowarkveTaSi Cavarda.am gamanadgurebeli grZnobebisgan TavdaRweva ukveSeuZlebelia. SurisZiebis grZnoba yvelafers jobnisda faravs _ sikeTesac, romelsac adamianebi jer kidevatareben, gaunelebel siyvaruls cocxlebisa da albaTufro metad gardacvlilebis mimarT, sakuTari warsulismimarT, rasac mTeli ZaliT eWidebian da rac aZlebinebT,rom ar SeiSalon... magram, rogorc ki erTxel ityvimSvidobaze uars, gadaabijeb zRvars, romelic warsulsomisSemdgomi cxovrebisgan mijnavs, svlas iqiTken iwyeb,sadac araferia.sanam isev iqneba omi, romelic yvelafers spobsda angrevs, romelsac aTasobiT adamianis ufleba _icxovros normaluri, mSvidi da mSvidobiani cxovrebiT,Zaladobrivad aravin da araferi dakargos _ ewireba,83

lela oCiauriyovelTvis iqneba warsulis ukan dabrunebisa da axalitragediis, axali SurismaZieblebis gaCenis, axalidanaSaulis Cadenis, axali msxverplis saSiSroebac.da swored imitom, rom, rac moxda, aRarasodesganmeordes, arc erT adamians ar mouwios sakuTarisaxlidan wasvla da masTan damSvidobeba, arc erT dedasar darCes Svilis saflavi (rogorc mSobliuri miwismetafora) sxvis anabarad, aRaravin iyos iZulebuli,SurisZiebis surviliT iarsebos da am grZnobamgaaZlebinos; swored imitom, rom uari Tqva omze dasabolood daemSvidobo iaraRs „Senianisa~ da ara mtriswinaaRmdeg, yvela biliki, yvela gza da saSualebaamosaZebni gaRma napirze gadasasvlelad, gamyofi xidisSemaerTebel xidad gadasaqcevad.84

doqtorantTasamecniero statiebi 11naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelebis rekomendaciiT.statiebis stili daculia85

maka vasaZe,Teatrmcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,xelmZRvaneli _ prof. mixeil kalandariSvilirobert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriananawili IV`rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~robert sturuam Seqspiris komedia `rogorcgeneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~ rusTavelis TeatrSi2001 wels ganaxorciela. Seqspirologebis azriT,es aris `hamletamde~ dawerili Seqspiris pirveliperiodis bolo mxiaruli komedia. SeqspirisdroindelinglisSi Sobis meTormete Rame Sobis Semdgomi, zamTrisdResaswaulebis dasasruli gaxldaT, am meTormeteRames naTlobis Ramesac uwodeben. amboben, rom Seqspirmapirvelad es piesa mayureblis winaSe swored am meTormetedRes iTamaSa. es aris mxiaruli, raRac TvalsazrisiT,SeiZleba, cinikuri, `situaciebis komedia~. robertsturuas interpretaciiT komedia rusTavelis Teatrisscenaze tragifarsad iqca. warmodgena ironiiT, sevdiT,xumrobebiT da imavdroulad udidesi sevdiT aris savse.piesa xelaxla Targmnes robert sturuam da lilifofxaZem da speqtaklis koncefcias moarges. garda amisa,warmodgenaSi reJisorma komediis msvlelobaSi CarTosaxarebis siuJetebi, paraleluri scenebi erTimeoreSimoulodnelad gadasuli. bolo periodSi dadgmulspeqtaklebSi sturuas TiTqos aRar ainteresebs adamianipersonaJebispiradi, wvrilmani problemebi. igi adamiansTiTqos ufro maRal kosmiur ganzomilebaSi xedavs daklasikur piesebTan mimarTebiT, erTi SexedviT, sruliadmoulodnel istoriebs gadaxlarTavs xolme. ase moxdaam SemTxvevaSic, rodesac `rogorc geneboT, SobismeTormete Rames~ Caaqsova saxarebis epizodebi. speqtakli87

maka vasaZeiwyeba qristes SobiT da mTavrdeba golgoTiT, jvarcmiT.reJisoris mier SemoTavazebuli mxatvruli xerxi _adamianTa codvebisaTvis jvarcmuli qristes cxovrebisCveneba vnebebiT aRsavse codvilTa fuWi cxovrebiseulioromtrialis fonze _ komediis intrigas srulebiT aramZimebs. am xerxiT robert sturuam komediis siuJetisul sxva rakursiT, sxva mxridan daanaxa mayurebels.robert sturua postmodernisti xelovania.aqedan gamomdinare igi sazrdoobs sxvadasxva epoqiskulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mimdinareobebiT dakravs maT erT mTlianobaSi. robert sturuas sareJisoroenisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva TeatraluriJanrisa Tu mimarTulebis erT speqtaklSi gaerTianeba.gansakuTrebuli sicxadiT es gamoCnda `meTormete RameSi~.aq, am speqtaklSi, Suasaukneebis Teatridan dawyebuli,yvela Janrs amoicnobT: liturgikul dramas, mirakls,misterias, farss, pastorals, `komedia delartes~ msgavsbufonadas... reJisorisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Janruli,gamiznuli ekleqtika, SeiZleba iTqvas, polistilistikaam speqtaklSic erT mTlianobaSia Sekruli.scenuri xelovnebis magiuri mimzidvelobissaidumloeba Zneli amosaxsnelia. gansakuTrebiT Znelia,rodesac uyureb robert sturuas momnusxvel, karnavalurspeqtaklebs, romelTa zemoqmedeba mayurebelzeSeiZleba SevadaroT federiko felinis filmebs.sturuas speqtaklebi, iseve rogorc felinis filmebi,erTdroulad aris karnavaluri, sanaxaobiTi, mxiaruli,sevdiani, Rrma filosofiuri azriT gamsWvaluli,romelTa miRma arsebobs uzarmazari Seucnobadi samyaro.varskvlavebiT da angelozebiT moWedili ca `meTormeteRameSi~ _ kosmosis aRmniSvneli simbolo _ erTdrouladgizidavs da Tanac gaxsenebs, Tu ramdenad daSorebuliaCveulebrivi mokvdavi irealur samyaros. scenaze kiTamaSdeba adamianuri vnebebiT aRsavse tragi-komedia,88

obert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriananawili IV `rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~codvilTa sevdis momgvreli karnavali.Seqspiris am komediisagan, adre, albaT, arasodesSeqmnila ase filosofiurad gajerebuli, sasacilo daamave dros tragizmiT aRsavse speqtakli. mayurebelikeTilganwyobili xarxariT ajildoebs malvolios(zaza papuaSvili) yovel sabaleto pas da idiotiviTdakreWil kbilebs, mTrTolvare grafinia olivias(lela alibegaSvili) sasiyvarulo SeSlilobas dazigzagisebur siaruls, agreTve eqscentrulobas misimoaxle qalisa (nanuka xuskivaZe), wiTuri takimasxarisa,patara CiraRdnisa, romlis wiaRidan ismis kapasi wripinaxma.speqtakli, iliriis, Seyvarebuli hercog orsinosmonologis nacvlad, iwyeba Suasaukuneebis stilizebulimisteriiT _ `xarebis~ epizodiT. ufro sworad, jermariamis `dawindvis~ scenaa. iwyeba speqtakli da mayureblisTvalwin ulamazesi sanaxaoba iSleba (mxatvari gogialeqsi-mesxiSvili). scenografia ar aris gadatvirTulidekoraciebiT. scenaze daqanebuli samkuTxa sibrtyea,romelzedac TeTri tiloa gadaWimuli. scenis siRrmeSi,ukana kedelze varskvlavebiT moWedili ca moCans.samkuTxa sibrtyis kideebSi TeTri, sakraluri kravebida sxvadasxva feris buStebi aris ganlagebuli. scenisSuagulSi Camokidebulia TeTri tiloebi, romlebicialqniani gemis da zRvis asociacias badeben mayurebelSi.scena naxevrad Cabnelebulia, ufro sworad, mkrTaladaris ganaTebuli. scenaze mariami da iosebi dganan.iosebi mariams dawindavs. amis Semdeg scenis siRrmeSisami angelozi Cndeba, romlebic amcnoben mayurebelsmariamTan mTavarangeloz gabrielis gamocxadebas, darom, masze suliwminda gadmovida da Ze RvTisa SeeZineba.zevidan nel-nela eSveba mTavarangelozi da mariamsaxarebs RvTismSoblobas.mayurebels uCndeba kiTxva, ratom gadaxlarTa89

maka vasaZereJisorma saxarebis siuJetebi Seqspiris am komediasTan.SeiZleba es Tavad piesis saTauridan gamomdinareobs.robert sturuas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi surdasiuJetebis ganxorcieleba saxarebidan. `meTormeteRamem~ amis saSualeba misca. Sobis meTormete Ramessxvadasxva saxis gasarTobebs da xumrobebs igonebdnenda gaiTamaSebdnen xolme da ratomac ar SeiZleba amasyvelafers daematos siuJetebi saxarebidan? robertsturuas saTeatro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia tragediasSexedos ironiulad, tragediis scenaze ganxorcielebisasCaaqsovos komikuri elementebi, mis gmirebs CamoaSorospaTeturoba da dauaxloos isini dRevandelobas. masagreTve ZaluZs udardeli, `situaciebis komedia~ aqciosRrma, filosofiuri datvirTvis mqone tragi-farsad.ase moxda am dadgmaSic, rodesac msubuqi, mxiarulikomedia Seazava saxarebis siuJetebiT. `xarebis~epizodis Semdeg, iqve, kostiumebis zezeurad gamocvliT,warmarTobidan qristianobaSi da piruku gadaxtomgadmoxtomiT(rac saerTod damaxasiaTebelia adamianismeryevi bunebisaTvis), gmirebi eZeben TavianT siyvaruls,bednierebas, svamen, mRerian, imedebs ebRauWebian, gegmebsawyoben, cuRlutoben, xan cirkis msaxiobebs emsgavsebian,xan bawarze gamobmul marionetebs. robert sturuas`meTormete Rame~ es aris `Teatri TeatrSi~. am cxovreba_ TeatrSi, cxovreba _ balaganSi, adamiani-Tojinebis,adamiani-niRbebis, adamiani-jambazebis balaganuri amaoebismiRma naTlad Cans sxva, kerZod ki, ganwiruli adamianisgancdebi.`meTormete Ramis~ karnavalur-misteriuli Tufarsul-mirakluri samyaro, sadac personaJebi xanzesknelidan gvevlinebian angelozis uzarmazari TeTrifrTebiT (am frTebs, zogjer, miwier adamianebsac aTxovebenxolme), xan qvesknelSi eSvebian da ise qrebian, rogorczRvis talRa qviSaSi (lurji abreSumis priala qsovili90

obert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriananawili IV `rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~wyaros wylis simsubuqiT Caiwriteba da gaqreba mSvenierviolasTan erTad), xan ki, piriqiT, saswaulebrivi Zala`iqidan~ aRmoacenebs xolme TvalismomWrel, brWyvialanaZvis xes, romlis irgvliv karnavals marTaven komediisgmirebi, bibliuri personaJebi da, maT Soris is saxedaric,romelmac ierusalimSi Seiyvana macxovari~ 1 .robert sturuam speqtaklSi saxarebidan CarTulisiuJetebi warmoaCina, rogorc oliviaze (lelaalibegaSvili) unugeSod Seyvarebuli hercog orsinos(levan berikaSvili) sasaxlis karze TavSesaqcevadgaTamaSebuli speqtakli-maskaradi. personaJebi xSiradmimarTaven zecas da warmoTqvamen sityvebs `RmerTi~,`bediswera~. emorCilebian ra zemdgom Zalas, isiniibrZvian siyvarulisTvis, ver itanen erTmaneTs, xlarTavenintrigebs, uxariaT, itanjebian. scenaze SigadaSigerTgvari `taxtrevani~ moZraobs zevidan qveviT dapiriqiT, romliTac mogzauroben saxarebis personaJebadgadacmuli speqtaklis gmirebi. imavdroulad zogierTipersonaJi efeqturad amoZvreba miwidan, rogorcqvesknelidan da isev eSveba masSi.robert sturuam `meTormete RameSi~ SeqmnadaxlarTuli, sabediswero peripetiebi, romlebic TavismorevSi iTreven speqtaklis yvela personaJs. am xerxiT,eqstremaluri situaciebis SeqmniT, man moqmed pirTauxilavi mxareebi da maTSi momxdari metamorfozebiufro naTlad warmoaCina. speqtaklSi ostaturadaris gadaxlarTuli saxarebis siuJetebi sasiyvarulointrigebTan. am yvelafers ki efeqturobasTan erTadTavisi azrobrivi datvirTvac aqvs. rogorc ukve aRvniSne,speqtakli iwyeba `xarebiT~, finali ki `golgoTis gza~da qristes jvarcmaa. saxarebis epizodebma, codviliadamianebisaTvis jvarcmuli qristes cxovrebiseuli gzis1gurabaniZe n. rogorc genebos, maria! J. `Teatri da cxovreba~. 2001.#2. gv. 9.91

maka vasaZeCvenebam, romlebic gadaxlarTulia piesis personaJebiscxovrebiseul peripetiebSi, moulodneli rakursimianiWa piesis siuJets.`nu ganikiTxavT _ naTqvamia bibliaSi da aq arganikiTxaven, ar Zraxaven codvebisa da cuRlutobisaTvis,Tavqariani da daufiqrebeli qmedebebisaTvis. aq TiTqosSen TavTan pirispir gtoveben, gibiZgeben ra im azrisaken,rom RmerTi ki ara (yovel SemTxvevaSi, amqveyniurcxovrebaSi), Tavada xar Seni Tavis msajuli~ 1 .mTeli speqtaklis ganmavlobaSi bibliuri personaJebikvlav da kvlav mogvevlinebian scenaze da saRvTo weriliskvaldakval gviyvebian iesos ambavs, dawyebuli dabadebidan,dasrulebuli jvarze gakvriT. es epizodebi xSirad iWrebapiesis siuJetis qsovilSi. sturua TiTqos cdilobsaCvenos ori samyaros paraleluri arseboba ara martoscenaze, aramed Tavad adamianSi. erTi realuri, miwieriarsebobaa, realuri samyaroa, meore ki _ metafizikuri_ sadac yvelafers Tavisi WeSmariti Rirebuleba aqvs.adamianebs imdenad iTrevs amqveyniuri amaoeba, rom isiniveRar amCneven, veRar xedaven im sxva, sulier samyaros.robert sturuam speqtaklSi gaaerTiana es xiluli dauxilavi samyaro. mayurebels kidev erTxel mouwoda,SeCerdes, gamoeTiSos amqveyniur amaoebaTa-amaoebas,Caixedos sakuTar sulSi da cotaxniT mainc dafiqrdesWeSmarit Rirebulebebze. yvelafer amas ki xels uwyobsgogi aleqsi-mesxiSvilis sada, daxvewili, efeqturiscenografia da gia yanCelis STambeWdavi musikalurigaformeba. mxatvrul gaformebaSi zedmiwevniT lakonuriaferTa gama. speqtaklSi mTeli scena aris amoqmedebuli _scenis maRla damagrebuli Zelebis, saorkestro ormos,scenisa da darbazis gamyofi parapetis CaTvliT. scenissiRrmeSi, ukana kedelze xan varskvlavebiT moWedili ca1SurRaia n. ara mSvidobiT,maxvilad movel! J. `Teatri da cxovreba~.2001. #2 gv. 5.92

obert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriananawili IV `rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~moCans angelosebis gamosaxulebebiT, xan ki es ca qrebada scenaze rCeba samyaro, rogorc uzarmazari, TeTriudabno. robert sturuas sxva speqtaklebis msgavsad, amdadgmaSic mxatvrobis da musikis ena harmoniulad arisSerwymuli reJisoris saTeatro, sareJisoro enasTan, racmTlianobaSi qmnis, araCveulebriv, sulis amaforiaqebelda dasafiqrebel sanaxaobas.keTili iumori, ironiuli qveteqsti, nebismieri saxisaluziebi, triukebi, oinebi, msaxiobTa TamaSisaTvis,improvizaciisaTvis Seqmnili Tavisufleba ki ar cvlis,aramed piriqiT, amZafrebs movlenebis arss. yvelaferies ki gakeTebulia sanaxaobiTobis SerwymiT Rrmafilosofiur azrTan. robert sturuas speqtaklSiadamiani iwvevs mayureblis TanagrZnobas. adamiani Tavadqmnis mis garSemo arsebul samyaros, avsebs da alamazebs.reJisori ganwyobas da Sinagan mdgomareobas TiTqosarafrisgan qmnis, minimaluri dekoraciiT, ganaTebiT dagia yanCelis musikiT, SigadaSig qoralis gamoyenebiT.sturuas sxva speqtaklebis msgavsad, am dadgmaSicostaturad da efeqturad aris Sesrulebuli sanaxaobiTiformebi. lurji atlasis naWeri, romelic mayurebelSizRvis asociacias iwvevs, SeiZleba violasTan (ninokasraZe) erTad moulodnelad gaqres scenis xvrelSi(ormoSi, lukSi), amave ormodan, aseve moulodneladCndebian scenaze jambazi, an herode. efeqturia e. w.taxtrevniT saxarebis Tu piesis personaJebis atyorcnazecisken da miwaze daSveba. yvelaferi es ki minimaluridekoraciis gamoyenebiT xdeba. reJisori TiTqos xazsusvams, rom am samyaroSi araferia mudmivi, miTumetes,sagnebi. sagnebi sxvadasxvagvaria, maTi Secvla adviladSeiZleba, WeSmariteba ki erTia da mudmivi.`magram roca im ironiiTa da sevdiT, xumrobebiTada udidesi tkiviliT gamsWvaluli warmodgenis (sadacyvela Teatraluri Janrisa da mimarTulebisaTvis93

maka vasaZemoiZebna adgili), msaxiobTa STagonebuli TamaSiTa, Tuspeqtaklis uCveulo stiliT gamowveuli aRfrTovanebaodnav mainc dacxreba, mixvdebiT, Tu ra TamaS-TamaSiT,iolad Segvityues speqtaklis sivrceSi, WeSmaritebisakenmimaval gzaze rom gaveyvaneT, mis miRma ki SeulamazebladgamoCndeba adamiani iseTi, rogoric aris~ 1 .robert sturuas speqtaklSi, iseve rogorcpiesaSi, moqmedeba `zRaprul~ iliriaSi viTardeba. esaris samyaro, sadac Tavi mouyriaT mbrZaneblebsa TuqveSevrdomebs, brZen takimasxarebsa da sulel brZenebs,e. w. raindebs, romlebsac raindobis araferi scxiaT,loTebs, romlebic SigadaSig `brZnul~ gamonaTqvamebswamoisvrian xolme. aq erTmaneTi uyvarT, sZulT, erTmaneTsamasxaraveben. aq TiTqmis yvela personaJi Tavis patarpataraspeqtakls dgams, am speqtaklebis reJisorebida Semsruleblebi ki Tavad arian. speqtaklSi CarTulepizodebs saxarebidan, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, oliviaSiunugeSod Seyvarebuli hercogi orsino dgams, raTaguli gadaayolos. olivias ki Tavis samflobeloSi ZmisdaRupvis gamo gadaWarbebulad Teatralizebuli glovaaqvs gamocxadebuli. gemis boboqar zRvaSi daRupvisSemdeg gadarCenili viola cezariod moevlineba hercogorsinos, violas moaxle maria (nanuka xuskivaZe), masxara(goga gvelesiani), violas loTi biZa ser tobi (guramsaRaraZe) da `raindi~ ser endru malvolios (zazapapuaSvili) gasamasxaravebel speqtakls dgamen, Tavisspeqtakls dgams TviT malvolioc... mokled, speqtaklSiyvela sakuTar patara, TavSesaqcev maskarads dgams.`dawindvisa~ da `xarebis~ epizodis Semdeg scenaTandaTan naTdeba, Sua scenaze lurji atlasis naWeriadafenili (SemdgomSi mayurebeli xvdeba, rom es lurjiatlasi zRvis simboloa), romlis qveSidan violagamoZvreba. viola dabneuli da ususuria, ar icis, sad1SurRaia n. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 3.94

obert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriananawili IV `rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~moxvda, gaocebuli iyureba aqeT-iqiT. masTan erTad arismasze uimedod Seyvarebuli kapitani (Temiko WiWinaZe).rodesac viola gaarkvevs, Tu sad moxvda da imasacSeityobs, rom iliriis mmarTveli erTob momxibvlelihercogi orsinoa, gadawyvets mis karze samsaxurisdawyebas da orsinos gulis monadirebas. hercogis karzesamsaxuris dasawyebad ki mas mouwevs kacad gardaqmna.viola lurj qsovilze dgeba da ormoSi Casrialdeba,TiTqos zRvis talRam STanTqa. Semdeg scenaze Cndebianolivias msaxuri maria, viTomda masxaras mxrebze Semdgari,buStiT xelSi. mariasac masxaras kostiumi acvia, Tavzeki adevs pariki, romelic zRarbis eklebs mogvagonebs.es ori personaJi TiTqos Sua saukuneebis `komediadel artes~ mxiaruli bufonadidan mogvevlinnen. isiniavanscenisken moemarTebian, erTmaneTs emasxaravebian,Semdeg mayureblebs SeamCneven, Cerdebian da mayurebelsTavs ukraven, gvamcnoben, rom warmodgena iwyeba da misiavtorebi ki isini arian. nel-nela uaxlovdebian ormos,romelSic viola gauCinarda, jer SigniT iWyitebian,mere ki, TiTqos TokebiT viRacas eqaCebian, Rrmulidanamodis cezariod gadacmuli viola da iwyeba mis mierCafiqrebuli speqtakli. kapitanma is hercog orsinoskarze unda waradginos. isini violas Canafiqris mixedviTyvelaferze moilaparakeben da epizodi mTavrdeba kapitnissityvebiT; `ki batono, Tqven cvedani xarT da me kimunji~. cezario-viola da kapitani scenidan SeTqmuligamarjvebulebisnabijebiT miabijeben da gadian scenidan.scenaze maria, masxara da ser tobi Semodian, ser tobigorgolaWebze damagrebul did yanws moasrialebsise, rogorc patara bavSvebi asrialeben xolme Tokzemobmul usayvarles saTamaSoebs. mariasa da ser tobisdialogidan mayurebeli igebs, rom olivias, Zmis daRupvisgamo glova aqvs gamocxadebuli, xolo mxiarulebisa dasmis moyvaruli ser tobi am ambiT Zalian ukmayofiloa,95

maka vasaZe_ vis gaugia aseTi zRvargadasuli glovao, _ acxadebsser tobi, yvelafers Tavis sazRvari aqvso. maria ki masgamousworebel beber loTs, uwodebs, Tanac ayvedris _Seni bralia yvelaferi...Seqspiris piesebSi masxarebs, pampulebs, enamaxviladamianebs Tavisi gansakuTrebuli niSa aqvT damkvidrebuli.am masxarebs mis sxvadasxva piesebSi gansxvavebulidatvirTva aqvT, isini brZenni, filosofosebi, cxovrebisav-kargianobaze mofiqrali personaJebi arian, zogjerki mxiaruli takimasxarebi, romlebic dResaswaulebrivkarnavalur,saxaliso ganwyobilebas qmnian scenaze.swored aseTebad warmoaCina robert sturuam maria,masxara da, nawilobriv, ser tobi da ser endru `SobismeTormete RameSi~.`Seqspirs gansakuTrebiT uyvars Tavisi masxarebi,pampulebi, enamaxvili angalebi, gamTamaSebelni, gadacemisostatebi, isini misi STamagonebeli moednisa dabazrobebis Teatris personaJebi arian, dResaswaulebrivkarnavaluri,saxaliso ganwyobilebebis Semqmnelni,romelTac sakuTari cxovreba daukargavT da mis povnasam saxaliso zeimebSi an sxvaTa naklovanebebis komediurgaTamaSebaSi cdiloben~ 1 .robert sturuas speqtaklSi personaJebi cuRlutoben,oinbazoben, xandaxan daufiqreblad moqmedeben, rogorcTavqarian adamianebs sCveviaT, magram isini ar ganikiTxaven.adamiani am dadgmaSi TanagrZnobas iwvevs. speqtaklSimayurebels TiTqos sakuTar TavTan pirispir toveben, romCafiqrdes sxvadasxva cxovrebiseul Rirebulebaze...speqtaklSi waSlilia zRvari realursa da irealursSoris. aq yvelaferi dasaSvebia. qali kacad iqceva daSavebSi Cacmuli viola-cezario, xan frTebiTa da xanufrTeboT, naTeli da keTilSobili arseba Tanaarsebobskuziani masxaras, Tu wiTelTmiani, maxinji marias1gurabaniZe n. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 10.96

obert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriananawili IV `rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~cinizmTan, romelic amave dros WeSmaritebad qceulisisulelea. aqve arian cxovrebis azrdakarguli raindiser endru (zurab Saria) da loTobaSi am cxovrebisazris maZiebeli ser tobi (guram saRaraZe). robertsturuam speqtaklis msvlelobisas isini raRac momentebSigamofituli papiemaSes Tojinebad warmogvidgina.siuJeturi realiebi dadgmisaTvis mxolod mizeziaimisa, rom warmoaCinos Cveni arsebobis sxva mxare.mayurebeli amas sabolood finalSi xvdeba. manamadeki gafacicebiT adevnebs Tvalyurs iliriaSi mcxovrebadamianTa amwuTier, moCvenebiT garegnul yofas.mayureblis winaSe mSvenieri iliriaa _ varskvlavebiTada angelozebiT moxatuli ca. aqeT-iqiT mimobneuliamaRelvebeli saaRdgomo kravebiT da nairferadibuStebiT. ukidegano TeTri sivrciT, romelzecdrogamoSvebiT cisferi zRva airekleba, masze moSrialeromantikuli TeTri afrebiT. sxvadasxvagvarad morTulmokazmuliaam qveynis binadarTa lamazi samosi. maTimetyveleba da plastikac Taviseburi da uCveuloa.amasTanave mayureblisTvis nacnobi da axlobelia maTisurvilebi, vnebebi, intrigebi, tkivili, sixaruli... levanberikaSvilis hercog orsinos oliviasgan uaryofilisiyvarulic yvelas dasanaxad gamotanili grZnobaa. esecTiTqos mis TavSesaqcevad gamogonili erT-erTi TamaSia.levan berikaSvili ganasaxierebs qaliviT mgrZnobiarenaz Seyvarebuls, mozRvavebuli grZnobebisagan gulicki SeiZleba wauvides. mas uyvars olivia, magram amavedros izidavs cezariod gadacmuli viola. igi TiTqosSinaganad, gumaniT grZnobs, rom cezario sinamdvileSiqalia. erT epizodSi orsino da cezario ealersebiankidec erTmaneTs. aseve, sxvebis dasanaxad TamaSobsolivia daRupuli Zmis zRvargadasul glovas. lelaalibegaSvilis olivia xan melanqoliuria, xan Wirveuli,xolo rodesac moulodneli siyvaruli daatydeba Tavs,97

maka vasaZeigi am erTgvarad gaqvavebul monotonur garegnul garssgaarRvevs da gaafTrebuli iwyebs brZolas am siyvarulismosapoveblad. olivia TiTqos cdilobs ZaZebSi damalosTavisi dauokebeli vnebebi. magram, rogorc ki violacezariogamoCndeba mis cxovrebaSi, es vnebebi gaarRvevsmis garegnulad mkacr pozas, raRac momentSi igi muStsicems gulSi, raTa siyvaruliT mZlavrad aZgerebulidaaokos da daaSoSminos. olivias uimedo siyvarulimayurebelSi sibralulisa da TanagrZnobis magier sicilsiwvevs, radganac es siyvaruli, sinamdvileSi qalisadmimimarTuli, absurduli da komikuria. garegnuli daSinagani pompezurobis magaliTia zurab Sarias serendru, e. w. raindi, romelic sinamdvileSi TagviviTmSiSaraa. robert sturuam sxvebTan erTad speqtaklSiSemoitana herodes personaJi. baCi leJavas herode _mosulelo, nayrovanebas gadayolili, wingamogdebuli`RipiT~, Senelebuli moZraobebiT, idiotis STabeWdilebastovebs. reJisorma igi adamianis da imperiis msxvrevisada gaxrwnis simbolod warmoaCina.bedisweram swored am samyaroSi gadmoisrolacxovrebis gzaze axalfexSedgmuli, gamoucdeli,sufTa da gulwrfeli viola. nino kasraZis violaSiZlieria momavlis rwmena, amitomac mas sjera, rommisi tyupiscali sebastiano (daTo gociriZe) gangebammasaviT gadaarCina boboqar zRvaSi daRupvas. vinaidannino kasraZis violas warmoudgenlad miaCnia, rom amsaocar da mSvenier samyaroSi SeiZleba arsebobdesmwuxareba, Seityobs Tu ara kapitnisgan, rom iliriismmarTveli ubrwyinvalesi hercogi orsinoa, rogorcaRvniSne, maSinve gadawyvets mis karze samsaxurs da,Tu SeZlebs, misi gulis monadirebasac. hercogis karzesamsaxuris misaRebad ki iZulebulia mamakacis samosSigamoewyos. nino kasraZisaTvis pirveli ar gaxlavT aseTisaxis metamorfoza (kacad gadacmas vgulisxmobT). aseTi98

obert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriananawili IV `rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~gamocdileba man jer kidev sadebiuto rolSi miiRo,rodesac iTamaSa keTili Sen te da boroti Sui ta robertsturuas speqtaklSi `seCuaneli keTili adamiani~. misicezario garegnuli manerebiT da plastikiT Sui tas,xolo Sinagani bunebiT Sen tes mogvagonebs. es SerwymamSvenivrad gamouvida nino kasraZes. igi zedmiwevniT kargadflobs stils, mis TamaSSi aris faqizi emociurobac.swored nino kasraZis violaSi yvelaze metad SeigrZnobaim sxva samyaros arseboba da masTan miaxloebis cda.es daxlarTuli peripetiebis morevi speqtaklisdanarCen gmirebsac CaiTrevs. eqstremaluri situaciebiki personaJTa uxilav mxareebs gamoavlens, warmoaCensmaTSi im metamorfozebs, romlebic am situaciebmagamoiwvies.robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeliapiesaSi aqcentebis gadaadgileba. speqtaklSi _ `rogorcgeneboT, anu Sobis meTormete Rame~ _ reJisormaaqcentebi iseTnairad Secvala, rom moqmedebis mTavarida mamoZravebeli gmirebi: malvolio_zaza papuaSvili,maria _ nanuka xuskivaZe, masxara_goga gvelesiani da sertobi _ guram saRaraZe arian.ser tobi belCi guram saRaraZis SesrulebiT usargebloyofisagan da siberisagan Tavis dasaRwevad xsnas Rvinosada sxvadasxva saxis garTobaSi eZebs. amis xazgasasmeladreJisorma scenaze pirveli gamoCenisas igi gorgolaWebzedamagrebuli, Tokze gamobmuli yanwiT warmoaCina. esgaxlavT renesansuli personaJi, romlisTvisac ucxo araris cxovrebaze `filosofiuri~ msjelobebi, romelsacsxva araferi darCenia, garda imisa, rom cxovreba arcTuise uwyinari xumrobebiT gaixalisos. ser tobi cdilobsTavisi loToba gaamarTlos da ambobs: `es qveyanafxizelma xalxma daangria~. igi mayureblis TvalwinTandaTan gardaiqmneba wvrilman gaiZverad. misi pirvelimsxverpli ser endru egiuCikia, romelsac ser tobi99

maka vasaZeTavisi diswulis, olivias, xels hpirdeba, amis sanacvlodki cdilobs, rac SeiZleba meti fuli dascincloszRvargadasul RreobebSi dasaxarjad. swored igi ubiZgebsTavis megobar-Tanameinaxeebs malvolios winaaRmdeg`SeTqmulebis~ mowyobas. speqtaklSi ser tobi da serendru ganuyreli wyvilia. robert sturuam maTi arsisgamosavlenad raRac momentebSi isini marionetebis msgavsarsebebad warmoaCina. saorkestro ormodan amoizrdebianser tobis da ser endrus sxeulebi da marionetebiviT,arabunebrivad moZraoben, TiTqos maT viRac marTavs,aTamaSebs. am epizodebSi, maTi xma firzea Cawerili. maTidialogi filosofianarevi absurdia. `Tu gvianobamde ardaiZine, aRar daiZino, adre adgomaSi CageTvleba. adreadgoma ki janmrTelobis sawindaria~. anda: `Tu guliTginda, SeuZlebels umegobrodac SeZleb~, an, `siyvaruligaqra, ocnebebi _ daasamares~, an kidev, `Cveni cxovrebisarsia Wama da sma, sma da Wama~. ra SeiZleba mosTxovo ammarionetebad qceul adamianebs, romelTa cxovrebis arsiabsurdamdea dayvanili.robert sturuas da nanuka xuskivaZis maria `komediadel artes~ groteskuli personaJia. biWurad Cacmuli,wiTeli atlasis pantalonebSi da bzinvare mosacmelSigamowyobili, romelsac Tavs zRarbisebri pariki umSvenebs.misi moZraobebi eqscentrikulia, musikis ritmze agebulimkveTri, xazgasmulad Teatraluri qmedebebiT, SigadaSigucnauri wamoZaxilebiT. erTi SexedviT, es roli TiTqosmTlianad garegnul efeqtebzea agebuli. nanuka xuskivaZemrolis am garegnul formas adamianuri siTbo da azriSesZina. igi ar gaxlavT komikuri Tojina_ marioneti,aramed mxiaruli, cocxali masxaraa. maria srulebiTacar fiqrobs, rom mis mier gaTamaSebul intrigasaseTi Sedegi SeiZleba mohyves. `me, batono, yoveliTiTis wverze, TiTo xumroba maqvso~ _ ambobs maria.marTlac, marias xelT upyria intrigis Zafi. swored100

obert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriananawili IV `rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~misi ideaa olivias msgavsi xelweriT malvoliosadmisasiyvarulo werilis miwera. formis simkveTriTa daxasiaTis cxovelmyofelobiT nanuka xuskivaZis mariabunebrivad erwymis robert sturuas, am speqtaklSiSemoTavazebul, karnavalur stils. reJisoris miermsaxiobisTvis SeTavazebuli farsul-groteskuli formananuka xuskivaZis SesrulebiT ki ar anelebs, aramedamZafrebs efeqturobas. swored marias mier mofiqrebuliintrigis meSveobiT xdeba malvolios provocireba damisi ampartavneba saerTo TavSesaqcev komediad iqceva.`sasiyvarulo werilis~ wakiTxvis Semdeg saxecvlilimalvolio _ zaza papuaSvilis yoveli gamoCena sulsxva, komikurobiT da, raRac TvalsazrisiT, tragizmiTaRsavse atmosferos qmnis scenaze. marias muqara _ `Tueg qveynis sasacilo ar gavxade, maSin neba gaqvT ifiqroT,rom loginSi gamarTulad wola ar SemZlebiao~ _zedmiwevniT aRsrulda. aseT Sedegs Tavad `SeTqmulebic~ki ar elodnen. maria speqtaklSi uaRresad mniSvnelovanifunqciis matarebelia. amas kargad grZnobs msaxiobi dareJisoris mier dasmul amocanas mSvenivrad arTmevsTavs. intrigis CaxlarTvaSi mas partniorobas uwevs gogagvelesianis _ brZeni, cinikuri, bedisagan daCagruli,garegnulad kuziani _ masxara. misi `sisulele xommzesaviTaa da Tavs dastrialebs dedamiwas~. masxarasusmenen, endobian, magram ar ujereben. misi Tavisuflebamarionetad qceuli adamianis Tavisuflebis tolfasia.robert sturuas masxarebi erTmaneTs avseben, erTadmoqmedeben da erTad qmnian komikur intrigas. nanukaxuskivaZis marias Tavisi, gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebaaqvs speqtaklis sxva personaJebTan _ masxarasTan, sertobisTan, ser endrusTan, oliviasTan da gansakuTrebiTmalvoliosTan. masxaras igi Tavis Tanaswor partnioradaRiqvams. guram saRaraZis ser tobis mimarT kimoridebulobis, gadaWarbebuli, komikurobamde misuli101

maka vasaZepativiscemis grZnoba aqvs, vinaidan swored ser tobiaam intrigis Tavi da Tavi da marias STamagonebeli. igikargad xedavs da aanalizebs am personaJebis `SecdomaTakomedias~. uimedod Seyvarebuli, vnebaaSlili oliviasgancdebs, ser tobis udardelobis, TavaSvebuli RreobisSedegebs. maria erTgvarad tragikuli personaJic aris,mas xom aravin aRiqvams qalad. swored SurisZieba arismarias mamoZravebeli motivi malvolios winaaRmdegintrigis SeTxzvisa, radganac TviT malvolioc kiar aRiqvams mas qalad. finalisken, roca marias mierSeTxzuli `sasiyvarulo werilis~ Sedegebi naTelixdeba, roca aRmoCndeba, rom mosulelo malvoliosacgaaCnia Rirsebis grZnoba, marias sinanulis da monaniebisgancda daeufleba. im momentSi misi sinanuli da monaniebaalalia, WeSmaritia, magram mayurebeli xvdeba, rom mariameore wuTs isev Caidens aseTive `codvas~, radgan massxvanairad ar ZaluZs, aseTia misi buneba.adamiani, robert sturuas dadgmaSi, iwvevsTanagrZnobas. TanagrZnobas iwvevs mosulelo,ampartavani malvolioc, romelic Tavisive qedmaRlobismsxverpli xdeba. malvolio reJisoris CanafiqriT dazaza papuaSvilis brwyinvale Sesrulebis, virtuozuliimprovizaciebis wyalobiT speqtaklis mTavar gmiradiqca. robert sturuam violas, olivias, orsinosda sebastianos Tavgadasavali ki ar gadaswia ukanaplanze, aramed malvolios personaJi kidev ufrogaamravalferovna.`vinaa sxva, Tu ara maria, avtori provocirebisa,romelic malvolios pativmoyvareobas da TviTdajerebas,saerTo TavSesaqcev komediad aqcevs, `Segdebul~ werilzegamoabams da `moedanze~ gamoiyvans, rogorc pampulas,romlis erTi gamoCenac ki sul sxva atmosferosqmnis? 1 ~.1gurabaniZe n. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 11.102

obert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriananawili IV `rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~zaza papuaSvilis kudabzika malvolio TeTrimarmaSebiT, ustabaSis medalioniT, kverTxiT xelSi,TiTiswverebze, msubuqad dafarfatebs scenaze.malvoliosTvis umTavresia, misi saTayvanebeliqalbatoni olivia kargad grZnobdes Tavs da yovelimisi umniSvnelo survilic ki dauyovnebliv aRsruldes.olivia, sinamdvileSi ki maria, Tavis werilSi malvoliosmosTxovs, misi gulis sabolood mosanadireblad,daiviwyos naTesavebi, megobrebi, axloblebi daxelmeored iSvas. ampartavani da qedmaRali malvoliomzad aris yvela gawiros _ `arc naTesavebs daindobs,arc _ megobrebs, bolos da bolos xelmeored xomunda iSvas~. rac mTavaria, satrfos moTxovniT missaxeze suleluri Rimilia mudam gamosaxuli. malvolioSeyvarebulia Tavis qalbatonSi, magram siyvarulis garda,oliviasadmi mis swrafvaSi sxva mamoZravebeli motivicarsebobs _ Zalauflebisaken swrafva. realurad oliviamalvoliosTvis e. w. `tramplinia~ didebisaken mimavalgzaze. sinamdvileSi igi garSemomyofTa damonebaze dayovlis SemZle mmarTvelis statusze ocnebobs.araCveulebrivi saxierebiT, xatovnad, bufonadisa dafarsis elementebis gamoyenebiT ganaxorciela robertsturuam malvolios maxeSi gabmis scena.naxevartonebSi ganaTebul scenaze SemodianTeTr saRamurebSi gamowyobili SeTqmulebi _ maria,masxara, ser tobi da ser endru. isini eZeben adgilsmalvoliosadmi marias mier olivias saxeliT dawerilisasiyvarulo werilis mosaTavseblad. bolos, maria amwerils avanscenis erT-erT kuTxeSi daagdebs, ise, viTomolivias es werili SemTxveviT dauvarda. SeTqmulebiimalebian, raTa Tvalyuri adevnon malvolios reaqciaswerilis povnis Semdeg. scenaze SandliT xelSimsubuqi, baleronis nabijebiT Semodis malvolio.iwyebs monologs: `mTavaria, ras mimzadebs bedi,103

maka vasaZegangeba~..., romlis drosac mayurebeli misi sanukvariocnebebis mowme xdeba. komikuri, RimilismomgvreliJestikulaciebiT malvolio xmamaRla ocnebobsoliviaze da imaze, masTan SeuRlebis Semdeg grafi romgaxdeba. `qveSevrdomni mowiwebiT Semomcqerian~ _ esfraza malvolios Zalauflebisaken swrafvis survilsnaTlad warmoaCens. oliviaze Seyvarebuli malvolioaanalizebs misadmi olivias damokidebulebas da imisSesaZleblobas, rom olivias is SeiZleba uyvardes kidec.aki erTxel oliviam aseTi fraza warmoTqva _ `Tuvinmes Seviyvareb, Sen unda ggavdes~. am monologis droserTob xatovnad ganasaxierebs malvolio ser tobis damis urTierTobas grafad gaxdomis Semdgom. malvolioolivias savarZelSi mokalaTebuli ser tobis pawawinamfrinav buzad warmosaxavs. `bzzzz~ bzuis ser tobi,malvolio mas daiWers da notacias ukiTxavs, magrammanamde ra mowiwebiT esalmeba ser tobi malvolios.`oliviaze Seyvarebuli misi samefos gulubryvilo`mmarTveli~ (zaza papuaSvili) ucodvelad afaxulebsTvalebs da Tavs ityuebs, rom ser tobi belCisa damisi amalis mier mowyobil speqtaklSi udanaSaulomsxverplis rols TamaSobs. isini wmindanebiviT TeTranaforebSi gamowyobilni usafrdebian malvolios damaxes ugeben. malvolio ki TiTqosda iZulebiT gawiresam rolisaTvis. (...) sinamdvileSi olivia misTvis mxoloderTi safexuria didebisaken mimaval gzaze, sadacigi garSemomyofTa damonebaze da yovlisSemZleobazeocnebobs 1 ~.oliviasa da Zalauflebaze meocnebe malvoliodafarfatebs scenaze da uceb werils SeamCnevs. wamieradSeyovndeba da Semdeg gaWimuli aRmavali intonaciiTwarmosTqvams; `es ra gdia aq Cvens fexebTan~? `me Tqven1wulaZe x. me is ara var, visac vTamaSob. gaz. `droni~. 2001. #61. 08.06.104

obert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriananawili IV `rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~gekiTxebiT, ra gdia aaaaq~? maria ki Tavis samalavidanambobs: `yuradReba, iwyeba!~ malvolio gars uvlis werils_ `es namdvilad misi xelia, misi stili, misi leqsika,beWedic misia~. wamieri yoymanis Semdeg malvolio gaxsniswerils. am dros ismis ser tobis xma samalavidan _`RmerTo, xmamaRla waakiTxe~. malvolio iwyebs weriliskiTxvas. mTeli misi arseba Sinaganad TrTis weriliskiTxvisas. zaza papuaSvili ostaturad gadaxlarTavserTimeoreSi mimikas, Jestikulacias, xmis sxvadasxvamodulacias. igi TiToeuli sityvis ilustrirebas axdens.malvolio orgvarad kiTxulobs werils, TavisTvis, iserogorc weria da mayureblisTvis _ Teatralizebulad,misi warmosaxvis prizmaSi gatarebuls. ostaturadgaTamaSebul zmanebas ki amTavrebs saxeze idiotisRimilis niRbiT da vardiT xelSi olivias savarZelSigaSeSebul pozaSi mjdomi. SeTqmulebi gamoZvrebiansamalavebidan, gaxalisebulebi maTi intrigis Sedegadmalvolios mier mowyobili sanaxaobiT. werilis avtorimaria ki acxadebs _ `axla ki unda CavusafrdeT damowmeni gavxdeT maTi pirveli paemanisa. warmoidgineTsevdiani olivia da uazro RimiliT gasxivosnebulimalvolio~. da ai, malvolios da olivias pirveliSexvedris Jamic dadga. msubuqi, sacekvao hangebis fonzesazeimod gamowyobili malvolio narnariT, saxezeaRbeWdili uazro RimiliT, Semodis scenaze. mas ukanmaria mohyveba maluli nabijebiT. malvolios ucnaurisaqcieliT gaognebuli da Secbunebuli olivia ekiTxeba:`Tavs rogora grZnob, malvolio~? `mSvenivrad~ _saxeze Rimilgaqvavebuli gamometyvelebiT upasuxebsmalvolio. malvolios ucnauri saqcieliT Sewuxebuliaara marto olivia, aramed intrigis Tavi mariac.Jestikulaciis uxvi gamoyenebiT zaza papuaSvilismalvolio mTeli grZnobiT sonets ukiTxavs olivias:`oRond moswondes Cems meufes, oRond eamos, mTeli105

maka vasaZesamyaro rom gadamidges _ gameRimeba~. zaza papuaSvilisarSiyi gulis satrfosTan komikuri elementebiT uxvadaris gajerebuli, rac mayurebelTa darbazis xarxarsiwvevs. sabolood siyvarulisgan gaTanguli iqveavanscenis parapetze wamowveba da CaTvlems. Sewuxebuliolivia brZanebas gascems, kargad mouareTo. scenazemarto malvolio rCeba. igi gamofxizldeba da netarisaxiT mimarTavs mayurebelTa darbazs: `gaigoneT raTqva? adamians mimixedeTo, malvolios ki ara, msaxurski ara, adamianso!~ bednieri, netari malvolio scenissiRrmisken miemarTeba, SeTqmulebi, maria, masxara da sertobi ukan misdeven. erTob efeqturad aris dadgmulies epizodi. malvolio kverTxiT xelSi, amay pozaSiamaRlebul adgilas gaSeSebula. viTom SewuxebuliSeTqmulebi sxvadasxva JestikulaciiT da mimikiTekiTxebian malvolios: `ra dagemarTa malvolio~? `Tavsrogora grZnob, Zvirfaso?~ _ pirvel frazas masxarawarmoTqvams, meores _ ser tobi. maria ucnaur moZraobsakeTebs da samiveni malvoliosken miemarTebian. maTTanzurgiT mdgari malvolio Semotrialdeba da kverTxsauqnevs, TiTqos eubneba maT: gamSordiT, Tavi damanebeT,TqvennairebTan araferi maqvs saerTo. es, erTi daigive, qmedeba ramdenjerme meordeba. Semdeg malvoliosaRmoxdeba: `me Tqven ar gicnobT~. samive SeTqmuliSeSfoTebis gamomxatveli amoZaxiliT avansceniskengamorbis da isev imeoreben: `ra dagemarTa, malvolio~?`Tavs rogora grZnob, Zvirfaso?~ malvolio kiabezrebisagan Tavmobezrebuli gaRizianebuli upasuxebs:`momwydiT Tavidan, ver xedavT rom adamiani azrovnebs?~.avanscenaze SeTqmulebi erTmaneTs uziareben malvoliossaqcieliT gamowveul STabeWdilebebs. `es rom TeatrSimenaxa, vityodi, rom abdaubdaa-Tqo~ _ ambobs maria. sertobi ki amaze upasuxebs: `eh, Cemo kargo, mTeli cxovrebaabdaubdaa, da Tanac rogori~.106

`malvolio _ zaza papuaSvili idiotis rolsTamaSobs da kmayofilia, yurebamde pirgaxeuli Sescinisolivias da kinovarskvlaviviT Tavis publikas ekekluceba,xiblavs Tavisi gamogonebiT. Tavis qveSevrdomebis winaSeki kverTxze dayrdnobili, Cafiqrebuli dgas hamletispozaSi, abezari buzebiviT daifrens maT da upasuxebs:`me Tqven ar gicnobT!~. 1ser tobi gadawyvets am abdaubdas bolo mouRosmalvolios sardafSi CaketviT. oliviac daajeres,rom malvolio gagiJda, axla ki droa, is gakoWon dasardafSi Caagdon. olivias ki etyvian, rom gagiJebulimalvolio sadRac gaqra. malvolio grZnobs xifaTismoaxloebas da aRelvebuli aqeT-iqiT iwyebs siarulsCqari, nervuli nabijebiT. es epizodi ki mTavrdebaSeTqmulebis TavdasxmiT malvolioze, misi gakoWviT dasardafSi gamomwyvdeviT.malvolios saxeze Seyinuli idioturi RimiliTavidan mayurebels sicils hgvris, Semdeg ki SecodebisgrZnobas iwvevs. olivias bolomde ar sjera SeTqmulTamoyolili malvolios ucabedi gaqrobis ambavi. dro dadgamalvolios ganTavisuflebisa. intrigis daxlarTulqselSi gabmul didebaze da siyvarulze meocnebemalvolios mayurebeli TanaugrZnobs kidec. gansakuTrebiTmaSin, rodesac mas farSevangze amxedrebuls, eklisgvirgviniT Tavze Semoagoreben SeTqmulebi scenaze. amepizodSi sicilis da dacinvis obieqti malvolio TiTqmistragikulobamde misul personaJad warmogvidgeba.mayurebeli mowme xdeba im metamorfozisa, romelic ampersonaJma ganicada. `miSveleT!~ _ ambobs malvolio,`damamcires, giJad momnaTles~ _ imdenad gulwrfeliamalvolios es sulis amoZaxili, rom mayurebeli raRacmomentSi guldamZimebuli ucqers am gmiris suliertanjvas. isini, vinc TavianT Tavze aiRo malvolios1wulaZe x. dasaxelebuli naSromi.robert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriananawili IV `rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~107

maka vasaZedasja, misTvis Wkuis swavleba da giJad Seracxa, Tavadaccodvilebi arian. TeTr samoselSi, TeTri gvirgviniTTavze gamogvecxadeba `SeSlili~ malvolio. `me mefevar suliT da xorciT~ _ ambobs is da gaacnobierebsimas, razec manamde arc ki ufiqria: `aq sibnelea, mTelisamyaro bneleTma STanTqa~. reJisorma es epizodi isedaasrula, TiTqos malvolio gardaicvleba. mis saxezekvlav gamoisaxeba idioturi Rimili da malvolioSeSdeba. SeTqmulebs hgoniaT, rom igi gardaicvala.Cveulebisamebr, gardacvlil adamians Tvalebs uxuWaven,malvolios ki cdiloben Rimili CamoaSoron saxidanda pirs uxuraven, magram amas ver SeZleben. mis saxesaRar Sordeba es Rimili, TiTqos saxes Rimiliani niRabisamudamod Seezarda. robert sturuam es scena warmoaCina,rogorc malvolios golgoTis gza, rogorc simbolocodvili, amaoebaSi gadavardnili, gamasxaravebulimTeli kacobriobisa. speqtaklis finalSi malvolioisev gvecxadeba. `situaciebis komediis~ kvanZi TiTqosgaxsnilia, yvelaferi garkveulia, sebastiano da olivia,grafi orsino da viola SeuRlebas da qorwilis gadaxdasolivias sasaxleSi apireben. goga gvelesianis masxarataSis dasakvrelad gamzadebul mayurebels tuCebTanTiTis midebiT aCumebs, TiTqos aniSnebs, jer yvelaferi ardamTavrebulao. scenis lukidan Tmagawewili, Camoxeul-Camokonkili samosiT, gaubedurebuli malvolio iwyebsamosvlas. yvela SeSinebulia, malvolio xom zogierTmaTgans gardacvlili hgonia. Secbunebuli oliviaekiTxeba: `Tavs rogora grZnob, malvolio~? razecgamwarebuli da sasowarkveTili malvolio upasuxebs:`kmara, kmara, Tqven me sastikad SeuracxmyaviT, kmara!~sul male malvolio igebs, rom werili marias daweriliyofila. igi miemarTeba TavCaRunuli, Tavisi saqcielisSedegiT damwuxrebuli mariasaken, jer TiTqos sursmuSti uTavazos TavSi, magram iqve gadaifiqrebs da108

obert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriananawili IV `rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~Tavze xels gadausvams. marias ekliani pariki xelsdaususxavs. Semdgom igi Tavis mokvlasac cdilobs,magram bedi TiTqos aqac dascinis, iaraRi ar gaisvris.maria da masxara cdiloben mis damSvidebas. masxaraeubneba: `Zalian gTxov, nu brazdebi, arc Sen xar frTianiangelozi. asea, ase, dro yvelafers dagvanaxebs, adreTu gvian codvebi yvelas mogvekiTxeba~. damwuxrebuli,qancgawyvetili malvolio ki upasuxebs: `marTalixar, Tqveni gankiTxvis dRec dadgeba, ar SegarCenTCems damcirebas!~ malvolio scenidan gadis. robertsturuam zaza papuaSvilis malvolios Carli CaplinismoZraobebi Seasrulebina _ igi Carlis gmiriviT aagdebshaerSi quds da akeTebs moZraobas, TiTqos gakvetebulSarvals isworebs. es Carli Caplinis cnobili Jestebia,romlebiTac TiTqmis yvela misi moklemetraJiani filmimTavrdeba. amiT reJisorma pirdapiri miniSneba gagvikeTamalvolios personaJis tragi-komikurobaze.`malvolio jvars ecva, magram ara qristes jvars.igi jer qristes marjvniv jvarcmuli avazakia, romelicsazareli tanjvis fasad Seicnobs umTavress (malvolio,gaigebs ra, rom es yvelaferi marias oinebia, mimteveblobiTTavze xels gadausvams celq qalbatons. am dros iqnebis cotaTi qristesac uaxlovdeba?), magram bolos iesosmarcxniv ikavebs adgils~. 1robert sturuas `meTormete RameSi~ Zalauflebissimbolo gvirgvinis nacvlad angelozis frTebia. esfrTebi mTeli speqtaklis ganmavlobaSi xelidan xelSigadadis. xan hercogis mxrebzea mibmuli, xan violacezariosi,xan masxaris, xan ki am frTebs malvolio daolivia aTamaSeben.speqtakli savsea robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli moulodneli svlebiT. finalis drocdadga. reJisorma speqtakli daiwyo imiT, rac piesaSi ar1CubiniZe m. mokle Sinaarsi. J. `arili~, 2001. #6, gv. 32.109

maka vasaZearis, magram, mTavaria is, rom mis mier SemoTavazebulidasasruli sruliad moulodnelia mayureblisaTvis.malvolios gamoklebiT speqtaklSi monawile yvelapersonaJi avanscenaze dgas. olivia TiTqos mayurebelTadarbazs mimarTavs: `ucnaurma SiSma Semipyro~... am drosSeSinebuli sebastianos SeZaxili gaismis, yvelanisaorkestro ormoSi iyurebian, scena nel-nela bneldebada gia yanCelis Semzaravi musikis fonze TeTr burusSigaexveva. ormodan amoimarTeba figura, romelic zurgiTmoaTrevs uzarmazar xis jvars, scenis siRrmiskenmiemarTeba da uCinardeba. speqtaklis gmirebi SiSiTada ZrwoliT mimoifantebian. gaismis CaquCis uxeSikakunis xmebi da guldamZimebuli mayureblis TvalwinCveni codvebisaTvis golgoTaze jvarze gakruli mesiaaRimarTeba.speqtaklis finalSi golgoTis scenis gaTamaSeba,maSin rodesac `situaciebis komedia~ kvanZis gaxsnisSemdgom TiTqos keTilad unda dasrulebuliyo, Sokismomgvrel STabeWdilebas tovebs mayurebelze. albaT,amitomac hercog orsinos damawynarebeli toniT naTqvamisityvebi: `damSviddiT, gTxovT damSviddiT, udardelidReebi gvelis, bedniereba da sixaruli ar moakldebaCvens qveyanas~... susti argumentia mayureblisaTvis.amisdamiuxedavad, mayurebelTa darbazSi TiTqosamosunTqvis xma ismis. robert sturua speqtaklSiwarmoCenil codvisa da monaniebis Temas moulodnelgamosavals usadagebs. amgvari moulodnelobebi ki,rogorc ukve aRvniSne, damaxasiaTebelia misi sareJisoroxelwerisaTvis.110

paata iakaSvili,kinomcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,xelmZRvaneli prof. _ giorgi gvaxariaeTnikuri cenzura uxmo periodisqarTul kinoSi`sami sicocxle~ antisemitizmis braldebiTakrZaluli filmia, a. ustiaSvilis scenari arSemorCenila. amitom Tu films SevudarebT giorgiwereTlis romans `pirveli nabiji~, davrwmundebiT, romliteraturuli pirvelwyaros siuJeti sagrZnobladaris Secvlili, filmSi ar Sesula bevri epizodi,romlebSic ikveTeboda personaJTa xasiaTi, amasTanamovarda ramdenime moqmedi piri, daemata zogierTiaxali, romelTagan gaamarTla mxolod erTma da amisSesaxeb qvemoT mogaxsenebT.filmis ZiriTad Temad reJisorma aqcia sasiyvarulosamkuTxedi, amitomac qvia films `sami sicocxle~, radgang. wereTlis romanis i. perestianiseul interpretaciaSidauokebeli vnebaTaRelva sami adamianis daRupvis mizezixdeba...filmSi baxva fulava gamoyvanilia, rogorc fulis,oqros yovlisSemZleobaSi darwmunebuli adamiani,romelic vaWrobiT did simdidres daagrovebs, cxovrebasmoiwyobs, sayvarel qalsac SeirTavs colad, magramfilmSi esmas kinosaxe isea gaazrebuli, Tavidanve iqmnebaSTabeWdileba, rom misi bedniereba droebiTia, xolo TavaddasaRupavad aris ganwiruli. baxvasa da esmas ubedurebismizezi ieremia warba `sabediswero mamakacia~, romlisavxorcobas, siSmages, veragobasa da sisastikes jer esmaemsxverpla da Semdeg baxva, xolo ieremiam sasjels Tavivalidas meSveobiT daaRwia. suraTSi valida gamoyvaniliamaRali wris kurtizan qalad, romelsac polkovniki111

paata iakaSvililobovi yvela survils usrulebs. am `sabedisweroqalis~ daxmarebiT sasamarTlo marcxdeba, boroteba kizeimobs da bolos, sentimentaluri melodramisaTvistipiuri finali: baxva xanjliT klavs mZinare ieremiasda misi mkerdidan gadmodenili sisxliT TeTr zewarzeTiTiT wers sanukvar saxels `esma~...`sam sicocxleSi~ yvelaferi emorCilebakinoilustraciis princips, magaliTad aviRoT esmasmotacebis mizezi: ekranze vxedavT baxva fulavassaxlis makets, viRacis xelebi makets saxuravs axdis,rom mayurebelma dainaxos, ra xdeba saxlSi. Semdegmaketi aseve saxuravmoxdil dekoraciad gadaiqceva.miuxedavad aseTi xerxisa, romlis mizania dawvrilebiTgviCvenos motacebis ambavi, reJisorma es sakmarisadar miiCnia da cdilobs, warwerebis meSveobiT auxsnasmayurebels gamosaxulebis Sinaarsi. ekranze Cndebawarwera: `ubedureba ki karze iyo momdgari~. SemdegvxedavT mZinare baxvas, am dros odis aivanze ieremiawarba da misi megobrebi moZvrebian... Semdeg gviCvenebenayefebul ZaRls, romlis xma saxlis patrons ar esmis.Tavdamsxmelebi daniT aReben fanjaras, gadaZvrebian...Semdegi warwera: `modiT, maTTan erTad SevideT~ (esaSkarad reJisoris mimarTvaa mayureblisadmi) am gziTis cdilobs moqmedebaSi CarTos mayurebeli, romelsacdaatarebs da saintereso epizodebs uCvenebs... ai, am drosaxdis is ori xeli makets saxuravs da mayurebelicxedavs dekoraciaSi gaTamaSebul ambavs. am dros kvlavCndeba warwera: `esec mTeli saxli~. ekranze Cans,rogor Sedian mZinare esmas oTaxSi ieremia warba da misimegobrebi da kvlav warwera: `gaiRviZe, baxva!~ (amjeradreJisori personaJs mimarTavs).cxadia, mTeli filmi ase detalurad ilustrirebulida komentirebuli ar aris. magram romanis (iseve,rogorc moTxrobis) kinoilustracia i. perestianisaTvis112

eTnikuri cenzura uxmo periodis qarTul kinoSisaTqmelis gamoxatvis erTaderTi saSualeba iyo _ esecfaqtia.amave dros is ar icnobs kinoenas, romelsac 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi evropeli da amerikelikinematografistebi flobdnen; bundovani warmodgenaaqvs montaJze, paralelur da Sidakadrul montaJze,xedebis monacvleobis dramatul mniSvnelobaze. ivaneperestianis mier kinospecifikis codna zedapirulobiTxasiaTdeba. amiT Sors verc sabWoTa periodSi wavida,ver aiTvisa sabWoTa kinoavangardis monapovari, ubralod,axla aqtualuri sxva Tema iyo da is Zveli mxatvrulixerxebiT iRebda mas.`sam sicocxleSi~ ar aris revoluciuri dasocialuri brZolis epizodebi. giorgi wereTlisromani bolSevikuri revoluciis poziciebze mdgarireJisorisaTvis imiTac iyo saintereso, rom mwerlissimpaTia arc `gadagvarebuli~ aristokratiis mxarezeada arc axalfexadgmuli burJuaziisa. sainteresoa,rom i. perestiani aseT obieqturobas ver iCens dabaxva fulavas saxes orad xleCs _ filmis pirvelnaxevarSi is momxveWeli burJuaa, romelic Tanadgomasar imsaxurebs, meore naxevarSi ki _ usamarTlobismsxverplia da reJisori mis reabilitacias cdilobs;romanis avtori gviCvenebs monarqiuli ruseTissamxedro biurokratiuli sistemis korumpirebulobasada gaxrwnilobas. amas dasjerda i. perestiani, rogorcCans, komunisti ideologebic. am TvalsazrisiT filmmadaakmayofila oficiozis koniunqturuli moTxovnebi.filmis es mxare kinokritikamac SeniSna:`kino-mrewvelobis mier aqamdis gamoSvebul suraTebSimTavar moments Seadgenda socialur-revoluciuri dayofa-cxovrebis motivebi.`sami sicocxle~ ki aris pirveli cda `mocemuliqnes Cvens ekranze fsiqologiur-socialuri mxatvruli113

paata iakaSvilidrama~ 1 `sam sicocxleSi~ msaxiobTa TamaSis maneraSedarebiT realisturia, rac udavod dadebiTi movlenaiyo.filmSi erTi metad saintereso personaJia _ ebraelimakleri meira. is romanSi ar aris, misi xasiaTisdramaturgiul safuZvels mTlianad Saqro beriSviliqmnida, amasTan, sakmaod ostaturadac. man gamoZerwasiTboTi da iumoriT gajerebuli saxe baxva fulavaspartniorisa da megobris, qarTveli ebraelis, meirasi.qvemoT vnaxavT, Tu rogor daafrTxo ruseTSi komunistiideologebi kulaSeli ebraelis, Saqro beriSviliseulmainterpretaciam.mravali nakli hqonda, magram `sami sicocxle~`saxkinmrewvis~ mainc yvelaze warmatebuli filmi iyo.miuxedavad amisa, is mravali faqtoriT aRmoCnda saeWvosabWoTa cenzorebisaTvis da 1924 wlis 9 oqtombersegreT wodebulma mTavarma sarepertuaro komitetmaakrZala ~sami sicocxlis~ demonstrireba... ruseTissabWoTa federaciuli socialisturi respublikisfarglebSi.undoblobisa da miuReblobis am faqtma qarTvelebsda maT Soris ara mxolod `saxkinmrewvis~ mesveurebs,aramed mmarTveli koloniur-komunisturi reJimiswarmomadgenel `qarTvel amxanagebsac~ mdgomareobidangamosavali moaZebnina. amis Taobaze kinoreJisori sikodoliZe Tavis mogonebaSi werda: `glavrepertuarSi~zogierTma pasuxismgebelma pirma ebraeli meierissaxeSi ratomRac suraTis antisemituri tendenciebidainaxa da mizanSewonilad ar miiCnia filmis ekranzegamoSveba. `saxkinmrewvis~ direqtorma germane gogitiZemdaxmarebisaTvis mimarTa sakavSiro cakis mdivans abelenuqiZes, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, sTxova anatolilunaCarskis, rogorc ganaTlebis saxalxo komisars, enaxa1ix. J. `CiraRdani~, #22. gv. 8, 1924 w.114

eTnikuri cenzura uxmo periodis qarTul kinoSifilmi `sami sicocxle~ da daxmareboda `saxkinmrewvs~. 1a. lunaCarski gamoexmaura qarTvelTa Txovnas dadawera 1924 wlis 29 dekembriT daTariRebuli werili,romlis aslic `mTavarpolitganis~ sammarTvelosTanarsebul kinos saqmeTa samxatvro sabWos gaugzavna.anatoli lunaCarskim filmi naxa da akrZalvis mizezSicmSvenivrad gaerkva, magram cdilobs, ar gaamJRavnos damxolod miniSnebebs sjerdeba, amitom Tavis werilSiamasTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqvams aseT mosazrebas: `me, raTqma unda, ar vici, ra politikurma mosazrebebma gamoiwviaaseTi, mxatvruli da sameurneo TvalsazrisiT dauSvebeli,gadawyvetileba, Tumca unda mivxvedriliyavi, radgandidi dakvirvebiT gavsinje es filmi da darwmunebulivar, rom imis garda, rac me masSi davinaxe, veravin metsver dainaxavda~. 2 am citatidan naTlad gamoCnda, rom a.lunaCarski winaaRmdegia filmis akrZalvisa, amave dros,cdilobs, ar dauSvas suraTis imgvari interpretacia,rom mas raime politikuri mniSvneloba mieniWos. amitomwerilis dasawyisSi vrclad ilaparaka `sami sicocxlis~Rirsebasa da mniSvnelobaze: `me mgonia, gadameteba ariqneba imis Tqma, rom cxovrebis mware sinamdvilis,yofiTi masalisa da warmtaci dramatizmis mxriv,agreTve kinoteqnikis TvalsazrisiTac, es filmi aramcTu utoldeba saukeTeso sazRvargareTul nawarmoebebs,romelTaganac igi gamoirCeva Tavisi realizmiT, aramedSors itovebs ukan mTel rig sabWoTa nawarmoebebs.teqnikis mxriv saukeTeso suraTebic ki: `aelita~,`sasaxle da cixesimagre~, `mosselpromis mepapirose~(Tu aviRebT yvelaze gansxvavebul Janrebs) ubralodiletentobas warmoadgenen suraT `sam sicocxlesTan~SedarebiT, jer marto im maRalmxatvrulobis gamo,romelic usaTuod xalxSi did warmatebas moipovebs1doliZe s. mogonebebi, gamomc. `xelovneba~, Tb., 1984w. gv. 89.2lunaCarski a. v. werili kinosuraT `sami sicocxlis~ Sesaxeb, J.`sabWoTa xelovneba~ #10, 1962 w. gv. 58.115

paata iakaSvilida romelic, rogorc CvenSi, ise sazRvargareT, Cvenikinomrewvelobis cxovelmyofelobis sasiqadulomowmobas warmoadgens. uaryofiTi azris gamoTqmisas,gansakuTrebiT ki akrZalvisas, unda meti sifrTxilegamoeCinaT, magram am garemoebas kidev sxva ramemateba~. 1 aq ssrk-s ganaTlebis saxalxo komisari TavadgansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT laparakobs im mizezebze,romelTa gamoc filmis akrZalva dauSvebeli iyo:`suraTze didZali Tanxaa daxarjuli, sabWoTa mokavSiresaxelmwifos warmoebis mier. saxelmwifo, romelsacTavisi gansaxkomisa da umaRlesi partiuli instanciisazriT, miaCnia, rom es filmi Rirsia yovelmxriv farTodgavrceldes, rogorc am qveynis mravalsaxieri yofisa daaxali warsulis socialuri wyobis amsaxveli. sabWoTasaqarTvelos ara Tu mxolod mniSvnelovani Tanxebiaqvs daxarjuli am suraTze, aramed, yvelas TvalSiecema, Tu ra didis siyvaruliTaa igi gakeTebuli, radgandidi artistuli, reJisoruli Tu sxva saxis SromaamasSi Cayrili. agreTve gvgonia, rom suraTi Zalzeuvargisic rom iyos politikurad, momWirne sabWoTamuSaki, romelsac ar surs sabWoTa mrewvelobas zianimaiyenos, miT umetes, usiamovno urTierToba CamoagdosmokavSire saxelmwifosTan, romlis mimarT, saerTod,gansakuTrebuli sifaqizea saWiro, pirvel yovlisa,ecdeba rogorme gadaarCinos suraTi~. 2citata yuradRebas iqcevs Tavisi diplomatiurobiT,roca a. lunaCarski ase TavgamodebiT icavda `mokavSiresaxelmwifos~ interesebs, amas koloniur-komunisturireJimisaTvis politikuri qulebis dagrovebis mizniTakeTebda, anu ase Wirdeboda maSin ruseTis komunisturimperias; amitom iqmneboda STabeWdileba, romsaqarTvelos da qarTvel komunistebs angariSs uweven.a. lunaCarskis argumentad mohyavs sameurneo xarjebic,1iqve, gv.57-58;2iqve, gv. 58.116

eTnikuri cenzura uxmo periodis qarTul kinoSierTi sityviT, `nemsis yunwSi Zvreba~, rom Tavis mizansmiaRwios da akrZalva moxsnas. misma mondomebam ar undaSegvacdinos, es ar yofila cxovrebis gamovlena _situaciiT nakarnaxevi gamosavali iyo da es rom asea,amas adasturebs xuTi wlis Semdeg momxdari ambavi: 1929wels komunisturma cenzuram akrZala kote miqaberiZisfilmi `Cemi bebia~, am suraTis dasacavad Tavi aravisgamoudvia, _ cxadia, arc anatoli lunaCarskis, magram`sami sicocxlis~ SemTxvevaSi is Zalian cdilobda filmigadaerCina, amitom msjeloba ise warmarTa, rom suraTisgadaReba gaemarTlebina, Tumca obieqturobisaTvis,unda iTqvas, rom films kritikulad ganixilavs dapoulobs oTx nakls. amaTgan pirveli, saboloo jamSi,films dadebiT mxared gadaaqcevs. a. lunaCarski amas aseaxerxebs: `suraTis mTavari nakli is aris, rom masSiaRebulia epoqa, roca klasobrivi brZola mimdinareobdaara proletariatsa da burJuazias Soris, aramedburJuazias, gansakuTrebiT kulakobasa da aristokratiasSoris. marTalia scenaris avtori yvelanairad cdilobsfilmis dasawyisSi xazi gausvas im uaryofiT mxareebs,rac Tan axlavs gamdidrebas, ris meoxebiTac gmirmafulavam da misma megobarma meiram simdidres miaRwies,magram Semdeg (an Sedegad?) mayureblis mTel simpaTiasswored es glexobidan gamosuli fulava ipyrobs,radgan igi gaugonar devnas ganicdis aznaur warbasagan.mere isic irkveva, rom kolonizatorebi, am SemTxvevaSirusebi, da maTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli adgilobriviTavadaznauroba, erTmaneTs mxars uWeren da am gziTaiZuleben fulavas, xeli mihyos individualur terorsda warbas TviTneburi mkvleloba Caidinos.TvalSi sacemia, rom, viwro midgomiT, es TiTqosCveni ideologia araa, rom ar unda gamogvyavdessimpaTiur gmirad adamiani, romelic Tavisive moZmeTaxarjze, aTasnairi TaRliTobisa da komerciuli oinebis117

paata iakaSviligziT gamdidrda. es didi nakli aixsneba imiT, romfilms safuZvlad udevs wereTlis romani, romelicamJamad socialurad ukve moZvelebulia. sakmarisiiqneboda, es nakli, rom magaliTad sagazeTo recenziaSiaRniSnuliyo. marqsistulma kritikam es filmi Tavisadgilze unda daayenos, magram, rasakvirvelia, is ziani,rac mohyveba fulavasadmi simpaTias, romelic, Tumca,kulakia, magram mainc glexobidan aris gamosuli daromelic kolonizatoruli xelisuflebisa da sakuTariTavadaznaurobis msxverplia, ar SeiZleba mniSvnelovaniiyos. xolo amasTanave mas axlavs didi dadebiTimxareebic. marTlac da mTeli suraTi gamsWvaluliakolonizatorebisadmi siZulviliT, am SemTxvevaSi kikolonizatorebad gamodiodnen TviT `veliko~ rusebi,e. i. suraTi pasuxobs im moTxovnilebebs, romelsacayenebda v. i. lenini, e. i. yovelnair mxilebas CvenisakuTari imperializmisa axlo warsulSi~. 1a. lunaCarskis werilis zemoT moyvanili citataideologiuri moTxovnilebiT gamowveuli demagogiiskargi magaliTia. a. lunaCarski aRiarebs, rom im droisTaviseburebasTan mimarTebaSi, roca `sami sicocxle~gadaiRes, giorgi wereTlis romani socialuradaqtualuri aRar iyo, radgan aRar arsebobda dapirispirebaburJuaziasa da aristokratias Soris, axla koloniurkomunisturireJimi upirispirdeboda da anadgurebdaorive klass. magram a. lunaCarski aqac poulobsgamosavals. iSveliebs leninis moTxovnebs warsuliskritikis Taobaze da sagangebod aRniSnavs im kritikulpaToss, riTac filmSi Zveli droa asaxuli. amrigad,is, rac SeiZleba filmis minusi yofiliyo, mis plusadiqca...aseTi gaxlavT a. lunaCarskis mier gamoTqmulipirveli SeniSvnis xasiaTi. mis mier dasaxelebuli filmis1iqve, gv. 58.118

eTnikuri cenzura uxmo periodis qarTul kinoSibolo ori nakli mcired mniSvnelovania. amaTgan erTiexeba filmis warwerebs, romelTac araferi aqvs saerTo,g. wereTlis romanTan, arc a. ustiaSvilis scenarTanda i. perestianis Semoqmedebis nayofs warmoadgens, raca. lunaCarskis gonebamaxvilur mignebad ar mosCvenebia.amas garda, a. lunaCarski Caufiqrebia filmis metraJs_ 12 nawili anu ori saaTi ekranuli droisa, _ TumcaaseTi xangrZlivoba raime gansakuTrebul movlenad armiuCnevia da filmis Semoklebis sakiTxisaTvis principulimniSvneloba ar miuniWebia.ase, rom, ssrk ganaTlebis saxalxo komisris mieraRmoCenil naklTagan arc pirveli, arc mesame da arcmeoTxe ar Seicavs raime iseT Tvisebas, ris gamoc filmiSeiZleboda aekrZalaT; amitom mTeli yuradReba bunebrivadmoemarTa e. w. meore naklze. msjelobisas anatolilunaCarski misdauneburad amJRavnebs `sami sicocxlis~akrZalvis aqamde dafarul mizezs: `suraTis meore nakliazerele, vodeviluri komizmi, romelic ukavSirdebapirvel rigSi ebrael meiras namdvilad sasacilofiguras. gacilebiT ukeTesi iqneboda is, rom wamdauwumar ejaxebodes wyliT savse vedroebs, ar ecemodes yoveluadgilo adgilas. zogierTi masTan dakavSirebuli`efeqtebi~ SesaZlebelia sul amovardniliyo, magram amisgamo, rom films raRac politikuri minusi mivaweroT,rasakvirvelia, SeuZlebelia. bolos da bolos es ebraeliZalian gulTbilad aris mocemuli da Rrma simpaTias daSebralebas iwvevs. diax, igi wvrili vaWaria, cdilobsyovelgvari spekulaciebiT gamdidrdes, igi uaRresadsamoqalaqo tipia, cudad zis cxenze, cudi msrolelia,yovelive amis gamo, cota ar iyos, sasacilod gamoiyurebamTis xalxis fonze, magram es ar gamoricxavs imas, rommeira gulkeTilia, rom igi mTlad gadahyva Tavis megobarfulavas, romelic namdvilad Seuyvarda, rom cxovrobsmisi bednierebiT, Rrmad ganicdis mis ubedurebas. mTeli119

paata iakaSvilimisi figura mocemulia wrfeli, gulTbili iumoriT.Tu aseTi midgma antisemitizmad CaiTvleboda, maSinpirdapir unda iTqvas, rom Tqveni mizezianoba am mxrivherkulesis svetebs aRwevs. am didebuli filmis akrZalvamxolod imitom, rom masSi uSno ebraelia gamoyvanili,rasakvirvelia aravis mouva TavSi~. 1maS ase, rusma ebraelebma `sam sicocxleSi~makler komikuri personaJis saxiT antisemitizmisgamovlena dainaxes. maTgan antisemitizmis maZieblobasTavisi mizezic hqonda: monarqistul ruseTSi hyvaodaantisemitizmi, amitom bolSevikur revolucias uamravmaebraelma dauWira mxari. gausaZlisi erovnuli CagvrispirobebSi `erTa TviTgamorkvevis~ Sesaxeb bolSevikuriTezisi maTTvis namdvili xsna iyo, Sesabamisad, isiniaqtiurobdnen revoluciuri moZraobis dros da ruseTisaxali komunisturi imperiis e. w. ssrk-s partiul dabiurokratiul ierarqiaSi uamravma ebraelma daikavaTanamdeboba (marto is rad Rirs, rom leninis cnobiliTanamebrZolebi: trocki, zinovievi, kamenevi ebraelebiiyvnen). ebraelTa es mravalricxovani da politikuradaqtiuri masa mZafrad reagirebda yvelaferze, rac, misiazriT, SeiZleba antisemitizmis gamovlineba yofiliyo,amitom sruliad ar aris gamoricxuli, _ rom ebraelimeiras _ uvnebeli, sascilo, gulkeTili adamianis _ekranuli saxe, Seuracxyofas da masxrad agdebas miCveulrus ebraelebs, ebraelTa dacinvad mieRoT. da Tu es asemoxda, mxolod imitom, rom rusma ebraelebma ver gaigesis damokidebuleba, rac saqarTveloSi iyo qarTveliebraelebisadmi. swored am damokidebulebidan Seiqmnameira makleris (romelsac uamravi realuri prototipihyavda qarTvel ebraelTa Soris) kinosaxe, romlisTaobaze ivane perestiani Tavis mogonebaTa wignSi ase wers:`romeliRaca Tavisufal wuTs Cemma administratorma,1iqve, gv. 58-59.120

eTnikuri cenzura uxmo periodis qarTul kinoSiSemdgomSi kinoreJisorma Saqro berikaSvilma gverdiTgamiyvana:_ ivane nikolaeviC, xom ar SeiZleba, rom me wavimuSaoromelime epizodSi?me mas Sevxede._ axlave gsurT? aq makleris Separeba SeiZleba,aseTi qarTveli ebraelisa _ Slapianis?_ diax, diax.roca Saqro naxevari saaTis Semdeg gamoCnda,gadacmuli da sanaxevrod grimgakeTebuli, me maxsovs,rom misi saxe Zalian momewona.es gadaReba Cven uaxloes meoTxed saaTSi davamTavreT,Semdeg ki erTmaneTs miewyo samuSao dReebi. erTxel,Semdgomi obieqtis gadaRebis win, gembanze, diliTSaqrosTan administraciul sakiTxebze saubrisas,gamaxsenda misi roli da misda gasaxarad SevTavaze:_ Tu gsurT, Tqvenc gadaicviT.ai, ase gaCnda filmSi organulad Semosuli ebraelimeiras niWierad naTamaSevi roli, romlis SesaxebacromanSi miniSnebuli ar aris.ai, ras niSnavs msaxiobi reJisorisaTvis. me araviTarSemTxvevaSi araviTari sababiT, ar daviwyeb Cemi saqcieliskanonzomierebis mtkicebas arc avtoris mimarT da arcSemoqmedebiTi xaziT; magram, SemTxvevis uCveulo xasiaTida misi rezultati iseTi iyo, rom, me mgonia, Rirsmasze laparaki.roli Cveni avanazRaureT, rogorc `gauTvaliswinebelixarjebi~.filmis gamosvlidan, daaxloebiT erTi wlis Semdeg,moskovSi mgzavrobisas, me gamovelaparake mezobeli kupismgzavrs ase ormoci wlis metad elegantur mamakacs.gamoirkva, rom is Cveni saelCos erT-erTi mrCeveli iyo121

paata iakaSvilisafrangeTSi da movismine misgan gamaognebeli fraza:_ iciT, `sami sicocxlidan~ Tqveni ebraelisaTvisunda gadagkocnoTo~. 1ratom unda gadaekocna ivane perestiani imkinosaxisaTvis, Saqro beriaSvilma rom Seqmna, CemTvisgaugebaria Tumca isic cxadia, rom im diplomatisaTvis,romelmac meiras kinosaxeSi ebraelebisadmi TanagrZnobadainaxa, filmis avtori reJisori iyo da bunebrivia, masuxdida madlobas.`sam sicocxlesTan~ dakavSirebulma ambavma naTelyorusuli da qarTuli eTnokulturuli tradiciebisiseTi gansxvaveba, romelic seriozulad uSlida xels`kulturaTa dialogis~ warmarTvas. am konkretulSemTxvevaSi es Seexeba `ebraelTa sakiTxs~: qarTul-ebraulurTierTobaTa xasiaTi radikalurad gansxvavdebodarusul-ebrauli urTierTobebisagan, amitomac gamoiwviaS. beriSvilis kinogmirma aseTi araadekvaturi reaqciaruseTSi rus ebraelebs Soris.a. lunaCarskis Carevis Semdeg 1925 wlis 25 ianvars`sami sicocxlis~ demonstrireba sakavSiro ekranzeSesaZlebeli gaxda, Tumca, filmma mcireodeni cvlilebaganicada: amoiRes zogierTi epizodi da Seamcireswarwerebi...1Перестииани И. 75 лет жизни в искусстве, изд. «Искусство», М., 1962,стр. 328.122

marika mamacaSvili,Teatrmcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,xelmZRvaneli _ prof. Tamar bokuCavacvladi da ucvladi Rirebulebebipiter brukis reJisoruli Ziebani miznad isaxavsTeatris metafizikuri arsis gamovlenas. aseTi arsisgamosavlenad ki aucilebelia Teatraluri qmedebismetaenis povna. es sruliadac ar niSnavs TeatrSiliteraturuli sawyisis, piesis teqstis uaryofas, magramisic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom misi azriT, metafizikurTeatrSi sityva aris ara mxolod mxatvruli samkaulian moqmedebis iaraRi, aramed sakraluri mniSvnelobisfenomenic.bunebrivia, rom Teatris arsis kvleva SeuZlebeliiqneboda misi genezisis gaazrebis gareSe. magrambrukisTvis Teatris istoriuli ganviTarebis gaazrebaar aris sakuTriv racionaluri procesi. ufro metic,Tavad kvlevis procesSi igi upiratesobas aniWebsintuicias, movlenis instinqtur xedvas. igi YTvlis,rom mxolod am gziT aris SesaZlebeli TeatrisCasaxvasa da ganviTarebaSi mimaluli wesrigis aRmoCena.misi azriT, swored aq aris ganTavsebuli Teatrismetaena, misi ucvleli sidide. magram brukisTvisTeatris metaenis Zieba sulac ar niSnavs istoriuliganviTarebis uaryofas. misi Rrma rwmeniT (rac mandaadastura kidec Tavisi praqtikiT), Teatri Sedgebaucvleli da cvladi faseulobebisagan. maTi sinTezia isideali, riskenac unda iswrafvodes Tanamedrove Teatri.Tumca, upiratesoba, cxadia, eniWeba ucvlel sidideebs.es ki misTvis niSnavs iseTi iracionaluri impulsebisgamosxivebas scenidan, rac daamyarebs umWidroes kavSirsscenasa da mayurebelTa darbazs Soris.123

marika mamacaSvilixSir SemTxvevaSi, brukis Teoriuli naazrevisaraswori interpretaciis gamo, iracionaluri scenuriimpulsebis Zieba gaigivebulia fabulis, siuJetisuaryofasTan. brukisTvis Teatri namdvilad aris isadgili, sadac yvebian istorias da sadac msaxiobebierToblivad uamboben mayurebels cxovrebis erT anramdenime mniSvnelovani movlenis Sesaxeb. magramTxrobac aris da Txrobac. brukis azriT, imisaTvis,rom Teatraluri `Txroba~ Sedges, aucilebelia ambisqsovilis sruli gancda da masSi ganzaveba. msaxiobma`taniT~ (da ara gonebiT) unda upasuxos piesaSi asaxulmovlenebs, mxolod am SemTxvevaSi warmoiSoba scenisada mayurebelTa darbazis damakavSirebeli uxilavisakraluri Zafebi.aRsaniSnavia, rom mayurebelTan kontaqtis uxilaviZafebis Zieba damaxasiaTebeli iyo naturalisturiTeatraluri skolisTvisac. magram maTgan gansxvavebiT,bruki personaJis daxasiaTebis procesSi eZebs aramxolod im uxilav impulsebs, rasac Cveulebrivwarmoqmnis moqmedebis gaucnobierebeli motivebi, aramedmaTi mxatvruli gamosaxvis gzebsac. magram es sruliadacar niSnavs rolis stilizacias an gamomsaxvelobiTiornamentebis Ziebas. mxatvruli saxis garegnuligamomsaxveloba brukisTvis iseTive saidumloebiTaamoculi, rogorc personaJis suliereba, misi fsiqikuriTaviseburebani. amitomac eZebs `mTlian vels~, saidanacunda aRmocendes gmiris daxasiaTebis rogorc Sinaarsi,ise forma. misi azriT, mxolod am gziT aris SesaZlebeli`xarisxis~ mopoveba, rac, misi azriT, warmoadgens kidecTeatraluri warmodgenis saboloo mizans.winamdebare SromaSi Cven araerTxel ganvixileT`xarisxis~ sakiTxi, radgan brukis Teoriul naazrevSimas sakvanZo mniSvneloba aqvs. brukis azriT, imisaTvis,rom mayurebelSi aRvZraT sakraluri gancdebi, saWiroa124

cvladi da ucvladi Rirebulebebimsaxiobma Tavad igrZnos movlenis mniSvneloba, Tavadaiyvanos igi sasurvel xarisxSi. bruki Tvlis, rom imisdamixedviT, Tu ras da ra saxiT vaniWebT mniSvnelobas,warmoiSoba axali fsiqologiuri sibrtye `xarisxis~saxiT. igi Tvlis, rom amis gareSe Teatraluri qmedebamoklebulia yovelgvar mimzidvelobas da ar SeuZliazemoqmedeba moaxdinos mayurebelze. amasTanave, rakinebismieri aqti TeatrSi xorcieldeba `aq da axlave~,aucilebelia, rom `xarisxis~ SegrZneba mayurebelsgauCndes warmodgenis dawyebisTanave, gayves mas mTelispeqtaklis ganmavlobaSi da mis Tanamgzavrad iqceswarmodgenis damTavrebis Semdgomac. ai maSin ki, brukisazriT, Teatri gadaiqceva Seucvlel adgilad, adamianebisupirveless moTxovnilebad. misi Rrma rwmeniT, mxolod`xarisxs~ SeuZlia gaaufasuros an udidesi mniSvnelobamianiWos erTsa da imave movlenas. es efeqti, misiazriT, Zalian mogvagonebs egzistencialur situaciasda uSualod enaTesaveba magiur, ezoTerikul aqts.rac ufro xSiria is wami, roca mayurebelTa darbaziSekrulia absoluturi erTsulovnebiT, miT didiainteresi speqtaklis mimarT. `xarisxis~ misaRwevadar aris aucilebeli gansakuTrebuli vnebebis frqveva,sxvadasxva poeturi pasaJis gamoyeneba. `xarisxi~SesaZloa daibados srul siCumeSi, garegnulad srulisimSvidis dros.bruks drois fuW kargvad da amao mcdelobad miaCnia`xarisxis~ misaRebad garegnuli reJisoruli xerxebisgamoyeneba. msaxiobs da mxolod msaxiobs SeuZliagamosaxos `uxilavi~, mxolod mas ZaluZs Caagonosmayurebels movlenis mniSvneloba. aseT dros TavisiTibadeba gamomsaxveli saSualebebi. swored intuiciakarnaxobs msaxiobs saWiro detals, saWiro mimikas,plastikas, Jests. Tuki msaxiobi amas SeZlebs, saTqmeliTavisiT daibadeba. aqdan gamomdinare, reJisura brukisTvis125

marika mamacaSviliuSualod dakavSirebulia msaxiobis xelovnebasTan. misiazriT, yvelaferi, risi Tqmac surs reJisors, gadmoicemamxolod msaxiobis SemweobiT.cxadia, es ar niSnavs brukis mier damxmare scenurixerxebis uaryofas. musikaluri foni, scenografia,sinaTlis da sivrcis sxvadasxva efeqti, iseverogorc maxvilgonivruli mizanscenebi, xels uwyobsspeqtaklis aRqmas da dadebiTad moqmedebs mayureblisSTabeWdilebaze. magram `uxilavis~ gadmocema SeuZliamxolod msaxiobs. `uxilavis~ gadmocema ki Teatrisyvelaze didi faseulobaa. `uxilavi~ aris is farulienergia, gonebisa da grZnobis is gansakuTrebuli vibracia,romelic aseve uxilavi gziT gadaecema mayurebels dasamudamod rCeba mis mexsierebaSi. reJisorma xeli undaSeuwyos msaxiobs `uxilavis~ gamosaxvaSi da amis miRwevaSesaZlebelia mxolod stilisturad da kompoziciuradSekrul, mwyobr speqtaklSi.arcTu iSviaTad kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, aris Tuara mistikuri brukis Sexedulebani Teatris Sesaxeb.Tavad bruks naklebad ainteresebs sakuTari xedvisfilosofiuri mxare. igi praqtikosia da ainteresebsSedegi. Sedegebma ki igi swored aseT daskvnebamdemiiyvana.sxva sakiTxia, rom bruki udides mniSvnelobasaniWebs reJisorul gamomgoneblobas. reJisorma undaSeZlos piesis teqstis gacocxleba, simboloebis dametaforebis moSvelieba, ritmisa da tempis organizeba.magram aq sizuste aucilebelia. reJisori ar undagaitacos Tavisma gamomgoneblobam, sakuTari fantaziisTamaSma, Torem Sedegad mayureblis aRqmis miRma darCebaumTavresi faseuloba – `uxilavi~, romlis gareSenebismieri Teatraluri sanaxaoba aucileblad mosawyenixdeba. mowyeniloba ki, brukis azriT, Teatris mTavarimteria.126

cvladi da ucvladi Rirebulebebiritms brukis sasceno TeoriaSi miniWebuli aqvssruliad gansakuTrebuli adgili. aqac, iseve rogorcsxva SemTxvevaSi, igi dauSveblad miiCnevs speqtaklisritmis xelovnuri gziT Camoyalibebas. ritmic, iseverogorc saerTod scenuri moqmedeba, unda warmoiSvasspontanurad, movlenisa da moqmedebis mniSvnelobidangamomdinare. Tuki scenuri moqmedeba organulia dawarmoSobs `uxilavs~, am SemTxvevaSi moqmedebis grZliobauSualod msaxiobis intuiciazea damokidebuli. xoloimisaTvis, rom intuicia amoqmeddes, aucilebeliapersonaJis sulieri cxovrebis labirinTebSi Sesvla. iqda mxolod iq aris pasuxi yvela SekiTxvaze da msaxiobiswored iq ipovnis rolisTvis yvela saWiro detals TuStrixs.nebismieri ambavi ganTavsebulia drosa da sivrceSi.Teatris specifikidan gamomdinare, reJisors SeuZliapirobiTi xerxebis gamoyenebiT Tavis Canafiqrs moargosdroisa da sivrcis kompoziciuri ganlageba. magram,brukis azriT, aq aucilebelia garkveuli sazRvrebisdacva. Teatri misTvis aris mxatvrulisa da realurisiseTi Serwyma, sadac mayureblis poeturi fantazia avsebssinamdvilis deficits. magram am `deficitma~ ar undagadaaWarbos dasaSvebis, SesaZleblis zRvars. winaaRmdegSemTxvevaSi, brukis azriT, aucileblad warmoiSobadamajereblobis nakleboba, rac ueWvelad gaTiSavs scenasada mayurebels Soris arsebul uxilav kavSirs. rogorcaraerTxel aRvniSneT, bruki am uxilav Zafebs aniWebsgadamwyvet mniSvnelobas mowyenilobasTan brZolissaqmeSi. aq ki droisa da sivrcis swori organizeba, misiazriT, erT-erTi gadamwyveti faqtoria.jer kidev sareJisoro karieris dasawyisSi brukmaudidesi mniSvneloba mianiWa dramatuli muxtis sakiTxsspeqtaklis qmnadobis procesSi. cxadia, dramatulmuxtebs warmoSobs piesaSi asaxuli konfliqti. cxadia,127

marika mamacaSvilimxolod urTierTdapirispirebis mniSvneloba da siRrmeganapirobebs scenuri qmedebis dramatulobas. sakmarisia,aq Tavi iCinos raime siyalbem, amao gaxdeba rogorcreJisoris, ise msaxiobebis yovelgvari Zalisxmeva.amitom, misi azriT, aucilebelia, kargad gaverkveTproblemis arsSi, kidec gaviazroT da kidec SevigrZnoTigi. ar SeiZleba problemis mimarT mza receptebisgamoyeneba. es, brukis azriT, xels SeuSlis dramatulimuxtebis warmoSobas. am sakiTxTan mibmulia energiisgamoTavisuflebis problemac, rac aseve naklebad arisdamokidebuli scenaze Seqmnil garegnul moZraobasTan.energiis warmoSoba uSualod ukavSirdeba msaxiobissulSi mimdinare kreatiul procesebs da amasTanavedakavSirebulia rogorc partnioris, ise mayureblisreaqciasTan.aRsaniSnavia, rom procesualobis TvalsazrisiT,bruki ar ganasxvavebs speqtakls repeticiisagan.rogorc erTi, ise meore procesi misTvis dausrulebeliZiebis wyaroa da swored es Zieba ganapirobebsrogorc repeticiis, ise speqtaklis ganviTarebismoulodnelobas, mis improvizaciulobas. es yovelivemisTvis imdenad organulia, rom warmoudgenladac kimiaCnia sxvagvari midgoma da principulad winaaRmdegiaimisa, rom amas ewodos muSaobis eqsperimentuli meTodi.da raki speqtaklis qmnadoba aris mogzauroba uvalgzebsa da labirinTebSi, maSasadame, es ar SeiZleba iyoseqsperimenti. Tavad gza, Tavad labirinTi moiTxovs aseTmidgomas.TeatrSi asaxuli nebismieri movlena Seicavs Tavisarguments da kontrarguments. swored maTi WidiliwarmoSobs speqtaklis mCqefarebas. bruki winaaRmdegiaimisa, rom xelovani dadges erT romelime poziciaze.TviT WeSmaritebac ki misTvis fardobiTi cnebaa daspeqtaklSi unda daibados xelaxla, moqmedebis logikidangamomdinare.128

cvladi da ucvladi RirebulebebiCven araerTxel aRvniSneT, rom brukma ara mxolodgaiziara sruliad gansxvavebul winamorbedTa Teoriulimosazrebani, aramed SeZlo kidec maTi sinTezi. erTiSexedviT, warmoudgenelicaa stanislavskis, meierxoldis,artos, brextis, grotovskis Teatraluri poziciebiserT fokusSi Tavmoyra, magram faqtia, rom brukma aseTisinTezi ganaxorciela. swored amitom, igi miCneuliapostmodernizmis erT-erT mamamTavrad. man SeZlomodernistuli da fsiqologiuri Teatris sinTezi,anu, faqtobrivad, polaruli sawyisebis gaerTianeba daes namdvilad aris misi udidesi damsaxureba msoflioTeatris winaSe.modernistul mxatvrul stilizacias da subieqturiaRqmis meTods brukma dauZebna uaRresad efeqturi dadamajerebeli Teatraluri argumentebi. misi azriT (da manes praqtikiTac daamtkica), fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiTTeatralur xelovnebaSi gamonagoni SesaZloa iqcesuaRresad damajerebel, sruliad bunebriv movlenadda aranakleb damajereblad, vidre bunebis pirdapiri,uSualo mibaZvaa. aq kvlav aRiZvris `xarisxisa~ da`uxilavis~ sakiTxi. TviT uaRresad xelovnuri Jesticki, SesaZlebelia gamarTldes msaxiobis mxridan, Tukimas misadagebuli aqvs Sesabamisi fsiqologiuri ganwyoba.am SemTxvevaSi aseTi Jesti SesaZloa iqces gamosaxvisudides iaraRad. igive iTqmis msaxiobis metyvelebis,plastikis da mimikis Sesaxebac. igive kanoni moqmedebsreJisoruli mizanscenebis, speqtaklis scenografiisda musikalur-bgeriTi gaformebis mimarTac. amasTanave,misTvis ar arsebobs gamosaxvis meorexarisxovanimovlenebi. yovelive is, rasac SeuZlia iqonios zemoqmedebamayureblis aRqmaze, misTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovanikomponentia. zemoqmedebis aseT komponentebad miiCnevs igifers, bgeras, asimetrias, simetrias, disonans, konsonans.da rac mTavaria, maT warmoSobasac igi ukavSirebs129

marika mamacaSvilispontanur SemoqmedebiT process. es aramc da aramcar aris analizis Sedegi an winaswar mofiqrebuli ram.gamosaxvis palitra, iseve rogorc sxva yvelaferi, undadaibados speqtaklis qmnadobis procesSi. da miuxedavadimisa, rom bruki kategoriulad winaaRmdegia raimesdakanonebisa TeatrSi, aRniSnul midgomas igi absoluturkriteriumad miiCnevs.aqve warmoiSoba postmodernizmisTvis saWirborotoTema, rac dakavSirebulia stilur sakiTxebTan. aqacbruki absoluturad gasagebad da Tanmimdevruladayalibebs Tavis pozicias. ra Tqma unda, igi iziarebs imdebulebas, rom stili Tavad adamiania, Tavad xelovania.magram sastikad winaaRmdegia stiluri karCaketilobis.mas warmoudgenlad miaCnia erT gasaRebSi, erTi daimave grZnobaTa bunebiT da gamosaxvis xerxebiT TamaSiSeqspirisa da Cexovis, Jarisa da vaisis. misi azriT,yoveli dramatuli nawarmoebi moiTxovs ara mxolodSesatyvis scenur garemos, aramed misi sulierebisgamJRavnebas, mis mxatvrul arsSi wvdomas. cxadia, aseTimidgoma gamoricxavs stilur gameorebas, rameTu yvelaavtori da nawarmoebi Taviseburad unikaluri movlenaa.swored am unikalobis gamovlenaa Teatris amocana dabruki amas eswrafvis Tavis speqtaklebSi da amasveqadagebs Tavis Teoriul naSromebSic.sainteresoa brukis damokidebuleba Teatraluristereotipebis mimarTac. igi Sors aris im azrisagan, romstereotipebs warmoSobs dro an romelime didi xelovanisavtoriteti. misi azriT, stereotipebis warmoSobasaqvs Tavisi myari logika da misi gauTvaliswineblobadauSvebelia. magram stereotipebis tyveobaSi yofnasigi miiCnevs kidev ufro did borotebad, vidre maTgauTvaliswineblobas. meore mxriv, ra gziT arisSesaZlebeli stereotipebis rRveva? bruki xedavs mxoloderT gamosavals – nawarmoebic da gmiris fsiqologiac130

cvladi da ucvladi Rirebulebebigaazrebul unda iqnes axleburad, droisa da problemisaqtualobis Sesatyvisad. am SemTxvevaSi stereotipiirRveva umtkivneulod, yovelgvari pedalizaciis gareSeda Sedegadac vRebulobT stilur gardaqmnasac, gmirisdaxasiaTebis sruliad axal Strixebs da detalebs.imave sakiTxs ukavSirdeba Teatraluri formisstereotipis rRvevac. klasicisturi nawarmoebi,bunebrivia, scena-kolofSi JRers ukeTesad, vidrenebismier sxva sivrceSi, magram hepeningisaTvis, raTqma unda, ufro Sesaferisi iqneba scena-kolofis damayurebelTa darbazis sruli gaerTianeba. magram aqacaucilebelia `sazRvris gadakveTis~ dasaSvebi normisdacva, aqac aucilebelia mayureblis xedviTi wertilebisSerCeva, sinaTlis da musikalur-bgeriTi anturaJisefeqturi gamoyeneba da, rac mTavaria, warmodgenisritmis SenarCuneba.yovelive zemoTqmuli brukis Teoriul naazrevSiyalibdeba mxatvrul koncefciad, romelsac ewodeba`cocxali Teatri~. am cnebaSi Tavmoyrilia misiTeatraluri msoflmxedveloba, sareJisoro kredo,ZiebaTa yvela mimarTuleba. aq nagulisxmebiapiesis mizanmimarTul xarisxSi ayvana, TeatralurqmedebaSi uxilavis warmoqmna, stereotipebis rRvevaaxali mxatvruli da Sinaarsobrivi konteqstebisgaTvaliswinebiT.wyalgamkveTis gamosavlenad, bruki bevrs gvesaubreba`usicocxlo Teatris~ Sesaxeb. igi ganmartavs, rom`usicocxlo Teatri~ ar niSnavs Teatrs, romelicukve mokvda. misi azriT, usicocxlo Teatrs aqvsgasaocari unari _ kargad SeiniRbos, Tavi mogvawonosprestiJulobiT da akademizmiT. sinamdvileSi ki igiaris `uxilavs~ moklebuli warmodgena da swored amisgamo – saocrad mosawyeni da arafrismTqmeli.usicocxloa is Teatric, romelsac, erTi SexedviT,yvelaferi wesrigSi aqvs, magram ar gaaCnia azrobrivi131

marika mamacaSviliswrafva, ar gaaCnia suliskveTeba. igi gulgrilia imismimarT, rasac warmoadgens da es gulgriloba gadaecemamayurebelsac. Sedegad vRebulobT isev da isev mosawyensanaxaobas.`cocxal Teatrs~ aqvs kidev erTi ganmasxvavebeliniSani – igi tanjvaSi ibadeba. reJisors piesaSi izidavs`raRac~, magram kerZod ra, amis Sesaxeb araferi icis.Tavis am mizidulobas igi msaxiobebs gadasdebs sruliaduxilavi gzebiT, ufro rwmeniT, vidre logikuridasabuTebiT. Semdgom amisa iwyeba Ziebis, povnisa dadakargvis, cdisa da Secdomis mtkivneuli procesi. magramai, uceb gaCnda scenuri naperwkali. axla saWiroa, igimogugune koconad gadavaqcioT. magram es arcTu iseioli saqmea. amisaTvis aucilebelia gaerTiandes mTelidasi, mTeli sadadgmo jgufi. cxadia, amis miRwevaSeuZlebelia TanamoazreTa dasis gareSe. brukis mTeliSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba aris kidec dakavSirebuli aseTTanamoazreobasTan.`cocxal Teatrs~ aqvs kidev erTi Tviseba, romlisSesaxeb bruki vrclad laparakobs, aseTi Teatriaucileblad sakraluria, anu masSi wamoWriliawmidaTawmida sakiTxebi da Temebi. mis azriT, mxolodaseT TeatrSi uxilavi (ukeTesi iqneboda Tu vityodiT– mouxelTebeli) xdeba xiluli (anu gacxadebuli). aqvebruks moaqvs magaliTebi xelovnebis sxva dargebidan,sadac uxilavi xiluli xdeba ritmisa da formisSemweobiT. aseTi xelovnebis dargebia musika daqoreografia. anu, bruks imis Tqma surs, rom saTqmeliSesaZlebelia mogvewodos `sufTa formis~ (hegelis mierSemotanili terminia) SemweobiT. aSkaraa, rom antonenartos gavleniT (Tumca misgan sruliad gansxvavebulad)bruki TeatrSic eZebs `sufTa formas~, im Teatralurenas, romlis SemweobiT yvelafris Tqma SeiZlebasityvebis dauxmarebladac. mTavari problema is aris,rom jer msaxiobma da reJisorma unda igrZnon uxilavi132

cvladi da ucvladi Rirebulebebida Semdgom aRmoaCinon is forma, romliTac SeZleben`uxilavis~ xilulad gadaqcevas. aq, cxadia, wamoiWrebaTeatraluri semiotikis problemac, romelzec igivrclad saubrobs Tavis wignSi `drois Zafebi~. magramisic gasarkvevia, Tu ra iwvevs sakralurobis efeqts.brukis pasuxi erTmniSvnelovania – is mdgomareoba,roca mayurebeli iviwyebs Tavis kerZo, pirad, egoisturmiznebs da amocanebs; roca igi interesdeba sayovelTao,sakacobrio problemebiT; roca sxva adamianis bedsganicdis rogorc sakuTars; da bolos, roca pasiurimoqalaqidan gadaiqceva moqmed aqtiur Zalad. ai efeqti,romelsac TeatrSi eZebs reJisori bruki, ai mizani,romelsac igi mTeli cxovreba emsaxureba.bruks reJisoris upirveles daniSnulebad miaCniarepeticiebze SemoqmedebiTi atmosferos Seqmna. aq udidesrols TamaSobs SemoqmedebiTi jgufis da mTlianaddasis daintereseba momavali speqtaklis CanafiqriT.jgufis, dasis yovel wevrs unda mieces Ziebis sruliTavisufleba. sxvadasxva cdis dros marcxis SemTxvevaSireJisori valdebulia gaamxnevos msaxiobi, STaberosmas rwmena momdevno ZiebisaTvis, masTan erTad SeudgesukeTesi variantis Zebnas, ukarnaxos mas Ziebis gzebida saSualebebi. da ai, aq igi wamoWris problemas,romelic dgas yvela drois reJisorebis winaSe. es arisim `gadamwyveti momentis~ SegrZneba, roca calkeulmaZiebebma erT fokusSi unda moiyaron Tavi da gadaiqcnenerTian, myar mxatvrul sistemad. Tu rodis dadga es`gadamwyveti momenti~, reJisors veravin ukarnaxebs. esdamokidebulia mis profesiul alRosa da gamocdilebaze.es mdgomareoba SegviZlia SevadaroT speqtakliskulminacias, romlis Semdeg xdeba kvanZis gaxsna.brukis azriT, swored aseT `kvanZis gaxsnas~ mohyvebaenergiis gamoTavisufleba, rac iwvevs Semoqmedebis axalaRmavlobas.bruki Teatris anTropologias ikvlevs mxolod erTi133

marika mamacaSvilimizniT, raTa axsnas is garemoeba, Tu ratom iyo warsulSiTeatri adamianebis cxovrebis ganuyreli nawili daratom iqca Semdgom maTi cxovrebis mxolod danamatad.misi pasuxi erTmniSvnelovania – es aixsneba imiT, romwarsulSi Teatrs hqonda sakraluri mniSvneloba,romelic man dakarga socialuri da moraluri formaciebiscvlis Sedegad. igi darwmunebulia, rom Tuki Teatriver daibrunebs Tavis sakralur mniSvnelobas, vergascdeba formaluri ritualis sazRvrebs da verasodesdaibrunebs adamianTa sazogadoebis winamZRolis rols.amitom iTxovs Zveli formebis ngrevas, mayurebelTan axalurTierTobebs, axal sivrceebsa da axal nagebobebs. da esmisTvis eqsperimenti ki ara, sasicocxlo mniSvnelobismovlenaa. misi Rrma rwmeniT, aucilebeli cxovrebisa daTeatris gaerTianeba, gamTlianeba.saerTod xelovneba da, bunebrivia, maT Soris Teatric,aris pirovnuli TviTgamoxatvis vrceli asparezi.magram aqvea Casafrebuli Teatraluri moRvawisTvissaxifaTo meCeCi: TviTgamoxatvis dros man ar undadaiviwyos saTnoeba, romlis gareSe Teatri gadaiqcevauaryofiTi muxtebis gavrcelebis adgilad. Teatralurixelovnebis umTavresi postulati – swrafva adamianebisurTierTSekavSirebisaken, brukisTvis uryevi WeSmaritebaada igi ar saWiroebs gadaxedvas. aseT viTarebaSi Teatriver gadaiqceva uaryofiTi ideebis hipnoturi Cagonebisarenad. misi mowodebaa _ sulieri srulyofisken ubiZgosmayurebels.bruki Segvaxsenebs, rom Teatri ar aris didaqtikuriideebis saqadago adgili. speqtakls igi adarebs sixarulismomniWebel sports. aq erTmaneTs ejibrebian msaxiobTavnebebi, maTi samsaxiobo monacemebi, energetikulipotenciali. Sedegad vRebulobT jansaR metoqeobas,esoden aucilebels nebismieri winsvlisaTvis. aseTienergetikuli urTierTgacvla bruks savsebiT dasaSvebadmiaCnia.134

cvladi da ucvladi Rirebulebebisamsaxiobo xelovnebaSi bruki udides mniSvnelobasaniWebs msaxiobis unars _ `gadaabijos rampas~ da moicvasTeatraluri nagebobis mTeli sivrce. erTi SexedviT esubralo WeSmariteba xSirad gadaulaxav dabrkolebadaris gadaqceuli maTTvis, visac ara aqvT gamTlianebulienergetikuli potenciali da samsaxiobo ostatoba.yvelafris Tavi da Tavi rolis xarisxSi ayvanis unaria.msaxiobi, romelsac ar SeuZlia ganaxorcielos es aqti,mayureblis aRqmis miRma rCeba. amasTanave, aseTi msaxiobiaris reJisoris energiis wyaroc. swored aq isaxebaenergetikuli urTierTgacvla msaxiobsa da reJisorsSoris.Teatraluri dasis Tanamoazreobaze saubris drosbruki pirdapir miuTiTebs urTierTSemakavSirebelierTiani miznis arsebobis aucileblobaze. magrammarto mizani arasakmarisia, Tuki igi ar gadaiqcevajer mxatvrul meTodad, xolo Semdgom mxatvruladCamoyalibebul Teatralur skolad. skola ukve SeicavsaRzrda-ganviTarebis yvela elementsa da segments.gulisxmobs rogorc fsiqoteqnikis gamomuSavebas, isemsaxiobis fizikuri monacemebis wrTobasac. brukis azriT,msaxiobi ar unda Semoifarglos mxolod repeticiebiT daspeqtaklebis TamaSiT. man sxva saSemsruleblo xelovnebiswarmomadgenlebis darad, yoveldRiurad unda izrunosfizikur da fsiqikur mzadyofnaze. samsaxiobo xelovneba,iseve rogorc saerTod Teatri, moiTxovs xelovanismTeli sulieri da fizikuri Zalebis mobilizebas. da esbrukisTvis sruliad uwyveti procesia.brukis Teoriul naazrevSi mravlad aris mocemulimeToduri miTiTebani msaxiobis Tavis Tavze muSaobisSesaxeb. TiToeuli maTgani miznad isaxavs, msaxiobsSeuqmnas fsiqofizikuri niadagi, Seamzados mayurebliswinaSe warsadgomad. brukisTvis msaxiobis xelovnebawarmoudgenelia SemoqmedebiTi aRmafrenis gareSe. Tvlis,rom savarjiSoebs SeuZliaT msaxiobSi SemoqmedebiTi135

marika mamacaSvilipotencialis gaRviveba, energetikuli muxtebisgaZliereba.bruki did yuradRebas uTmobs samsaxiobo dualizmisproblemas. cnobilia, rom gardasaxvis procesSimsaxiobSi xdeba sakvirveli gaoreba, roca igi cxovrobsgmiris sulieri da fizikuri cxovrebiT da amave drosrCeba Tavisive Tavad, scenuri gmiris Semoqmedad. esTeatraluri aqti brukisTvis arsebiTia da amasTanaveuSualod dakavSirebulia rolis ara mxolod emociur,aramed inteleqtualur wvdomasTanac. igi amas uwodebserTdroul arsebobas or samyaroSi. am TvalsazrisiTbrukis mosazrebebi mTlianad emTxveva samsaxioboxelovnebis msoflio Teoriasa da praqtikas. magrambruks gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba aqvs msaxiobis rolSigardasaxvis procesis mimarT. Tuki brukamdeli TeatrisTeoretikosebi da praqtikosebi msaxiobis rolze muSaobasiwyebdnen gmiris qcevis zusti fsiqologiuri niuansebisZiebiT, bruks dasaSvebad miaCnia am procesis ukusvliT,ukukavSiriT ganxorcieleba. misi azriT, xelovnuradSeqmnil Jests, mimikas, plastikas, metyvelebasac kiSeuZlia gamoacocxlos msaxiobis fantazia, magrammxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki igi gaiTavisebs maT. misiazriT, kargad mofiqrebuli rolis detali SesaZlebeliaiqces marcvlad iersaxis Camoyalibebis gzaze. rolSigardasaxvas igi moniSnavs sruliad martivi sityviT _`yofna~. es igive uSualoebaa, magram mopovebuli araspontanurad, aramed dauRalavi SromiT da ostatobiT.amasTanave, uSualobaa is niadagi, saidanac aRmocendebaSTagonebad wodebuli SemoqmedebiTi aRmafrena. iq sadacar aris aseTi aRmafrena, ar aris `yofnac~. brukisTvisuSualoba da STagoneba urTierTdakavSirebuliprocesebia.sakmarisia Tvali gadavavloT brukis Semoqmedebas daaseve mis Teoriul naSromebs, rom TavisTavad mwifdebadaskvna – yvelgan da yvelaferSi igi miiswrafvis136

cvladi da ucvladi Rirebulebebipolaruli debulebebis sinTezisaken. da rom aseTi sinTeziSesaZlebelia, man daamtkica Tavisi sareJisoro praqtikiT.stanislavskisagan man isesxa grZnobaTa siwrfele darolis gancdis sistema, artosagan _ msaxiob-ieroglifisTeoria, meierxoldisagan – rolis plastikuri gaazrebismniSvneloba, brextisagan – rolTan gaucxoebis praqtika.bruki kategoriulad winaaRmdegia raimes dakanonebisaTeatralur xelovnebaSi, magram sxvadasxva drossxvadasxva xerxiT iyenebs winamorbedTa mier mopovebulWeSmaritebebs. anu, uSualod gamomdinareobs praqtikulisaWiroebidan da yvela Teorias misaRebad miiCnevs, Tukiigi xels Seuwyobs speqtaklis gacocxlebas.bruki udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs sivrces, sadacunda gaTamaSdes moqmedeba. misi azriT, erT zedmet,arasaWiro detalsac ki SeuZlia daarRvios scenurisimyudrove da moqmedebaSi Seitanos disharmonia. amitomaa,rom speqtaklis scenografia misTvis pirvelxarisxovanimxatvruli movlenaa da xSirad gansazRvravs kidecwarmodgenis azrobriv arss.aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom bruki speqtaklzemuSaobas iwyebs swored scenografiuli monaxazisSeqmniT. aq igi ukve ganaTavsebs Canafiqrs, romelic jerkidev ar aris bolomde Camoyalibebuli. speqtaklissaboloo forma yalibdeba muSaobis procesSi da brukidauSveblad miiCnevs am procesis daCqarebas.Teatraluri procesis dinamika, polaruli mxatvrulixerxebis sinTezi, movlenis xarisxSi ayvanis unari, wvdomada yofna – ai, is Semadgeneli nawilebi, romelTaganacSedgeba piter brukis sareJisoro meTodika. es arismwyobri sistema, romelsac momavali TaobebisaTvis gzisgakvlevis unari Seswevs.gamoyenebuli literatura:1. Brook Peter, The Shifting Point. UK: Methuen Drama. 1988.2. The Continuum Companion To Twenieth Centure Theatre, EditedBy Camber C., Continuum, London, New York, 2005137

laSa CxartiSvili,Teatrmcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,xelmZRvaneli _ prof. giorgi cqitiSvili„liris~ geografia„mefe liris~ scenuri interpretaciis ruka XXsaukunis meore naxevris evropul TeatrSimeoce saukunis evropuli Teatris SeswavlisasSeuZlebelia gverdi auaro sam yvelaze cnobil,popularul da gavlenian Teatralur „samonastrokompleqsebs~: stredfordis samefo Teatrs, milanispikolo Teatrs da rusTavelis Teatrs. am sammaTeatralurma keram umniSvnelovanesi da gardamtexiwvlili Seitana msoflio Teatralur azrovnebaSi,SemoqmedebiTi procesebis winamZRolebad ki amTeatrebis maSindeli samxatvro xelmZRvanelebi _piter bruki, jorjo streleri da robert sturuagvevlinebian. maTi Ziebebis mwvervalebs ki Seqspiris„mefe liri` warmoadgens, romlebmac gardamtexiroli Seasrules TiToeulis SemoqmedebaSi. ucnauria,is rom am sam speqtakls erTmaneTTan erTi aTeuliweli aSorebs da maTi dadgmebis periodulobisdiagramis agebisas srul harmoniulobas da mkacraddacul periodulobas miviRebT. (ixileT suraTi 1.)138

cnobilia da dadgenili faqtia, rom piter brukisspeqtaklis premiera stredfordis samefo TeatrSi1962 wels gaimarTa, jorjo strelerma „mefe liri~Tavis pikolo TeatrSi 1972 wels dadga, xolo robertsturuam „mefe liris~ pirvel variantze muSaoba 1982wels daasrula da rusTavelis Teatris remontis gamospeqtaklis oficialuri premiera 1987 wels gaimarTa.cnobili faqtia, rom sturuas „mefe liri~ gacilebiTadre hqonda dadgmuli, vidre misi oficialuri premieraSedgeboda. speqtaklis dadgmis dros rusTavelis Teatri„profkavSirebis saxlSi~ muSaobda. Teatrmcodne dasturuas Semoqmedebis mkvlevari nodar gurabaniZe TaviswignebSi „reJisori robert sturua~, „fantastikuriramaz CxikvaZe~, „klasikuri dramaturgia rusTavelisTeatris scenaze~ dawvrilebiT aRwers im speqtakls,romelic man „profkavSirebis saxlSi~ 1982 wels naxa.gamodis, rom speqtakli am droisTvis ukve dadgmuliiyo, Tumca misi oficialuri premiera ar gamarTula.asec rom ar iyos, brukis, streleris da sturuasspeqtaklebis dadgmebis aTwliani intervalis skalamainc ar irRveva, radgan sturuas speqtaklis TariRiar gadadis momdevno aTeulSi. Sesabamisad, SegviZliadavaskvnaT, rom evropaSi aRiarebuli sami mniSvnelovanispeqtakli, romlebmac gansakuTrebuli wvlili SeitanesSeqspiris piesebis scenur interpretaciaSi, zustadaTi wlis periodulobiT idgmeba. TiToeuli dadgmisaucilebloba ki ganpirobebulia reJisorTa qveynebSigamowveuli politikur-socialuri mdgomareobiT.zemoT aRniSnuli speqtaklebi gamoirCeva Seqspiristeqstis originaluri interpretaciiT, piesistradiciuli gaazrebis ignorirebiT, axleburi da TamamigadawyvetiT. qronologiurad Seqspiris „mefe liris`pirveli originaluri da Tamami gadawyveta britanelreJisor piter bruks ekuTvnis, meore italiel jorjo139

laSa CxartiSvilistrelers, xolo mesame qarTvel robert sturuas.maT TavianTi moRvaweobiT Seqmnes erTgvari Teatralurisamonastro kompleqsebi, laboratoriebi, sadac urTulesiSemoqmedebiTi problemebi gadaiWreboda. maTi Ziebebis daeqsperimentebis masStabebi imdenad globaluri iyo, romscildeboda konkretul geografiul sazRvrebs.Cveni kvlevis mizania Seqspiris „mefe liris`evropaSi sami gamorCeuli scenuri interpretaciismagaliTze SeviswavloT „liris~ dadgmebis geografiameoce saukunis meore naxevarSi, im Teatralurikera-monastrebis magaliTze, romelTa Teatralurikvlevebi da aRmoCenebi gadamdebi iyo sxva evropuliTeatrebisaTvis. Tu kvlevisas gamoviyenebT tipiurgeografiul samecniero kvlevis meTodebs, aRmovaCenT,rom am speqtaklebs Soris aris xiluli harmoniulobada logikuri kavSirebi.pirvelyovlisa TvalSisacemia is garemoeba, romsami arCeuli speqtaklidan pirveli ganxorcieldaukidures Crdilo-dasavleT evropaSi (didi britaneTi,stredfordi eivonze), meore, Suagul evropaSi (italia,milani) da mesame _ ukidures samxreT-aRmosavleTevropaSi (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi). rukaze „liris~ scenuriinterpretaciis evoluciis procesi dasavleTidanaRmosavleTisakenase gamoiyureba: (ixileT suraTi 2).stredfordi eivonze erT-erTi uZvelesi samefoqalaqia britaneTSi, romelic londonidan 81 km-iTaris daSorebuli, Sesabamisad is londonis regionSimoiazreba da ganTavsebulia imave grZedze da ganedze,razec britaneTis dedaqalaqi londoni.140

„liris~ geografia„mefe liris~ scenuri interpretaciis rukaXX saukunis meore naxevris evropul TeatrSisuraTi 2stredford-eivonze mdebareobs:grZedi: 51° (51°30′26″N 0°7′39″W)ganedi: -1 ,jorjo strelerma „mefe liri~ italiis qalaqmilanSi, dedaqalaqidan 477 km-iT daSorebiT dadga.qalaqi milani mdebareobs:grZedi: 45° (45°27′51″N 09°11′25″E)ganedi: 9rac Seexeba Tbiliss, igi ganTavsebulia:grZedi: 41 ° ( 41°43′0″N 44°47′0″E)ganedi: 44Tu am monacemebs (51-45-41) erTmaneTs SevadarebT, maTSoris garkveul, maTematikur kanonzomierebas SevniSnavTintervalebSi. am sam monacems Soris intervali arisxuTi erTeuli, xolo pirvelsa da bolos Soris 10.grafikulad es monacemebi ase gamoiyureba:141

laSa CxartiSvilisuraTi 3rac Seexeba kilometraJs: stredfords milanamdeaSorebs 1020 km, milans Tbilisamde 2876, xolopirveli da bolo geografiuli wertili erTmaneTTandaSorebulia 3553 km-iT. Tu ki kilometraJis diagramasavagebT, maT Soris intervali yovel meaTase kilometrSiTavisuflad Tavsdeba.142

„liris~ geografia„mefe liris~ scenuri interpretaciis rukaXX saukunis meore naxevris evropul TeatrSisuraTi 5am diagramidan kargad Cans, rom speqtaklis „mefeliri~ Seqmnis adgilebi erTmaneTisgan daSorebulia aramxolod aT wliani, aramed aTaskilometriani intervaliT.Tu ki stredfords da milans erTmaneTTan aSorebs1020 km, milans TbilisTan aSorebs 2876 km, TiTqmisori imdenze, ramdenic stredfordsa da milans, TukikilometraJis daTvlisas aviRebT 4 000-ian intervals,miviRebT erT e.w. „amovardnil~ mniSvnelobas. Tu amlogikiT mivudgebiT sakiTxs, aRmoCndeba, rom robertsturuas speqtakli yvelaze metad daSorebulia brukisada streleris speqtaklebs, vidre Tavad brukisa dastreleris speqtaklebi.realurad, TeatrmcodneobiTi TvalsazrisiTac,robert sturuas „mefe liris~ interpretacia yvelazemetadaa daSorebuli brukisa da streleris speqtaklwbsara mxolod reJisoruli koncefciis TvalsazrisiT,aramed scenografiul-mxatvruli gadawyvetiTac, asevemusikaluri gaformebiT da speqtaklis qoreografiulimonaxaziT.„liris~ gamorCeuli da gansakuTrebuli dadgmebisgeografiuli rukis Sedgenisas mniSvnelovania isic,143

laSa CxartiSvilirom progresuli ideebi da konceptualuri evoluciaSeiniSneba dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken. aRmosavleTevropis Teatri, kerZod, robert sturuas „mefe liri~marTlac ajamebs me-20 saukunis meore naxevris ZiebebsSeqspiris samyaroSi.gamoyenebuli literatura:1. Brook Peter, The Shifting Point. UK: Methuen Drama.1988. Skorniakova, Mariia Grigor’evna, Giorgio Strehler and“Piccolo Teatro di Milano”, 2012.2. uruSaZe, p. Seqspiri da aRdgenili qarTuli TeatrisSemoqmedebiTi amocanebi, J. `Teatraluri moambe~, 1986, #43. gugunava l. Seqspiri da XIX saukunis II naxevris qarTvelimoRvaweeebi., `qarTuli Seqspiriana~, t.3. Tb. 1972.4. mumlaZe d. Tanamedrove qarTuli reJisura, Tb. 1973.144

nanuka xuskivaZe,dramis fakultetis doqtoranti,xelmZRvaneli prof. _ daviT kobaxiZemsaxiobi _ pirovneba samsaxioboxelovnebaSiwarmodgenili naSromis es nawili msaxiob-pirovnebas,adamianis sxvaTagan gansxvavebul fsiqotips Seexeba _adamians, romelsac udidesi Jini, survili aqvs grZnobebissajarod gamoxatvisa (Tumca es, rogorc SesavalSiaRvniSne, mainc zedapiruli aRqmaa msaxiobisa). msaxiobi_ zeemociuri, zemgrZnobiare, zegulubryvilo, zeeWvianitipia adamianisa. empaTiis, warmosaxvisa da zustiganwyobis SemuSavebis didi unariT dajildovebuliarseba. swored amgvari, SeiZleba iTqvas, gansakuTrebuliTvisebebi (rasac uamravi mecnieruli kvlevac adasturebs)ganapirobebs mis cxovrebas TeatrSi da Teatrs gareT.adamians, msaxiobis profesia SemTxveviT Tu aqvs arCeuli,misi cnoba SeuiaraRebeli TvaliTac SesaZlebelia.aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom sceniuri xelovnebisfsiqologia _ adamianis Semecnebis is erT-erTisaSualebaa, romelic avtorisa da reJisoris mayurebelTanurTierTobis sakiTxs moicavs da is emociebic, romlebicmsaxiobsa da mayurebelSi aRiZvris, mudam ormxrivixasiaTisaa.Teatri sinTezia `mravali~ xelovnebisa, sadacerTmaneTTan kavSirSia literatura, musika, ferwera,vokaluri Tu sacekvao xelovneba. msaxiobis xelovnebamaTgan damoukidebelad erTaderTia, rac mxolod TeatrsekuTvnis.samsaxiobo xelovnebis pedagogTa winaSe urTulesiamocana dgas: msaxiobis xelovnebis fsiqologiuriaspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, aRzardos unikaluri,145

nanuka xuskivaZegansakuTrebuli pirovneba.saintereso da sagulisxmoa, Tu rogor xdebaSerwyma-Serigeba, pirovneba-msaxiobis fsiqotipsa damsaxiobi-pirovnebis mier Seqmnil saxeTa Soris. scenazexom mxolod sakuTari grZnobebis gancdaa SesaZlebelida imavdroulad maswavlebels isic xom evaleba,gaxsnas intuituri `SemoqmedebiTi~ me _ swored isSemoqmedebiTi individualoba, rac Cadebulia damwyebimsaxiobis bunebriv monacemebSi. Zalze mniSvnelovaniamsaxiobisTvis, Seimecnos fsiqologiuri TaviseburebasakuTari pirovnebisa da Semdgom ki ar `iTamaSos~ raimesaxe, aramed yvela detali `gamoiZios~ da SeimecnossakuTari Tavidan gamomdinare. paradoqsi ki is aris, rommsaxiobi rac ufro metad `warmoadgens~ sakuTar Tavs,miT ufro uaxlovdeba igi mis mierve Seqmnil sceniursaxes. interesi, bunebrivia, gardasaxvaSi mdgomareobs,mxolod cnobier gardasaxvaSi, romelic ostaturadunda iyos warmosaxuli.`msaxiobis xelovneba, sceniuri TamaSiganuxorcielebeli survilebis ganxorcielebis iluziaa,sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi momxdari procesebis sarkea.TamaSi, `sarkisebri asaxvis~ miuxedavad, axalwarmoqmniliramaa, gansakuTrebuli fenomenia, saswauli, romelicSesrulebis momentSi sruliad damoukideblad arsebobs~. 1Semoqmedeba adamianis idumali mdgomareobaa. yvelas arSeuZlia Cawvdes am idumalebas da, gasagebia, swored esidumaleba rom ganasxvavebs msaxiobs berikasagan.dReisaTvis (TviT akademiur TeatrTa scenazec ki)sagrZnoblad momravlda speqtaklebi, sadac mTavarimaxvili warmodgenis sanaxaobiT mxarezea gadatanili_ salaRobo-gasarTobi xasiaTisaa ufro metad, vidrepiraduli fiqris, gansjisa Tu Sinagani Wvretis sagani.amgvar, arsebiTad, msubuq (zogjer absurdul) siuJetur1TumaniSvili m. `axla ki farda~, 2011, gv. 13.146

msaxiobi _ pirovneba samsaxiobo xelovnebaSikargad warmodgenil speqtaklebSi grZnobismieriSTabeWdileba SedarebiT xanmoklea, SeiZleba iTqvaszedapirulic, rogorc ityvian, wuTieri, vidrexangrZlivad da siRrmiseulad Tanamdevi. da ra gasakviria,rom dRevandeli sasceno Semoqmedeba metwilad Riacis qveS gamarTul, cekva-TamaSiT Tu sxva garTobiTgajerebul im saxalxo dResaswaul-maskaradis SoreulgamoZaxilad aRiqmebodes, romelic Cvens tradiciulyofaSi berikaobad iwodeboda.es Tu asea, maSin sakiTxavia, riT emijneba msaxiobi,principulad individualobis armqone, sxva yveladanarCen monawilesTan gaTanabrebul berikas?!berika _ uwinaresad yovlisa, ritualis monawilea,sadac yovelive windawin aris gansazRvruli(warmodgeniTad mainc, monawileTa cnobierebaSi); misgangarkveuli moqmedebani moiTxoveba, mTavars, arsebiTs kiqmedebaSi niRabi gansazRvravs; is _ personaJis niSaniamxolod (ganasxvavebs `niSans~ `ganxorcielebulisgan~ _es ukanaskneli mxatvruli xatebis Tvisebaa); 1 isic kiaraa savaldebulo, rom is ramenairad marjved asrulebdesdanakisrebs, roli mainc Sesruldeba, ise rogorc aravinSewyvets wirvas mRvdels Tu xma Cauwyda; amasTan,`berikaoba~ gardasuli ritualia da misi pirvandelisakraluri saxec dakargulia, birTvi gamkrTalebulia,naxevradgaucnobierebadic da Sesabamisad, mis aRsrulebasseriozulobac ki ar moekiTxeba. es _ garTobaa, sportulSejibrebaze naklebad gulmisatani, radgan jobnasa Tumarcxsac ki ar gulisxmobs.msaxiobi _ dramaturgiuli da, amdenad,msoflmxedvelobiTi naazrevis ganxorcielebaa, saxecocxali arsisa, romelSic aTasgvar konkretul SinaarsadgamosWvivis mwerlis konkretuli msoflxedva _ Tanorgzis, jer reJisoris, Semdgom ki msaxiobis grZnoba-1Вейдле В. Умирание исскуства, М. 2001. ст. 218147

nanuka xuskivaZegonebaSi asaxul-gardatexili, maT mier Seferili. isimgvari qmedebis monawilea, romelmac zegavlena undamoaxdinos rogorc mxatvrulma mTelma, Sesabamisad kiudidesi mniSvneloba aqvs swored Sesrulebis yovelJamierxarisxs, rac gonebriv-mSvinvier daZabvasa da sxeulebrivgawvrTnilobasac moiTxovs. metic, Teatris warmodgenacdReisaTvis, TiTqos aRaraa odindeliviT rituali,magram, mix. TumaniSvilis gamoTqma rom moviSvelioT,`qadagebaa~, erTgvari msaxureba, sxvaTa TanagrZnobad,Tanagamgebad gamiznuli TviTgaReba.zemoT rogorRac Sevecade, damaxasiaTeblad Tav-TavianTi niSan-Tvisebebis miniSnebiT erTmaneTisgangamemijna samsaxiobo warmodgenis ori uSualo monawile_ berika da msaxiobi. sxvaoba maT Soris metadgamoaSkaravdeba, Tu msaxiobis xelovnebaSi yuradRebasmis pirovnul Taviseburebebze gavamaxvilebT.oRond, zogad-istoriuli konteqstis moSveliebiT,jer pirovnebis raoba, misi bunebis ZiriTadi Taviseburebaniunda warmovadginoT, romliTac, vfiqrob, Cvens TemasTanmimarTebiT da amdenad, swored rom TanamedroveobasTanSesatyvisad, ukeT gamoikveTeba is, amJamad SedarebiTdamcrobili adamianuri fenomeni, romelsac pirovnebadmoviazrebT.`renesansad~ wodebuli epoqa, garkveuliTvalsazrisiT, marTlac antikuris aRorZineba iyo,radgan adamianis yuradReba transcedenturi RvTaebisWvretidan kvlav nivTier qveynierebaze iqna gadatanili.amave dros ki, pirvelad istoriaSi, adamiani Tavad gaxdaSemecnebis Tavi da bolo, misi amosavalica da mizanic,am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT _ samyaros centri,Tan savsebiT damoukidebeli da potenciurad mainc, _yovlisSemZle (es pirdapirve aqvs naTqvami piko de lamirandolas – XIV sauk.) 1 . azri, TiTqos yoveli adamianis1Джованни Пико дела Мирандола, Речь о достоинстве человека, wignSi:Эстетика Ренессанса, т. I Москва, 1981, gv. 249.148

msaxiobi _ pirovneba samsaxiobo xelovnebaSiSesaZleblobani usazRvroa, TiTqos yoveli Cvenganissurvili da neba winaRudgomelia da a.S. dResac xSirad,SelocvasaviT meordeba, magram Zalian didi xania esmxolod da mxolod `liberaluri~ fuWsityvaobaa,romlis miRma srulebiT sxva TviTcnobiereba imaleba.pirveli `dartyma~ renesansul msoflgagebasheliocentruli sistemis gacnobierebam da qveynierebisfizikuri usasrulobis Sesaxeb warmodgenam miayena.aRmoCnda, rom dedamiwac da TviTkmar-yovlismbrZanebeladamianis namcecis namcecebiRaa usazRvro sicarieleSiCakarguli. sakuTari `titanurobisa~ ar iyos, ammsoflxatsac Tavidan namdvili eiforia axlda –etyoba, sakuTari inteleqtualuri siTamamis gancdiTgamowveuli. aseTi aRfrTovaneba, aseTi – `SemomxedeT,raoden uSiSaria Cemi goneba, rogor arafers epueba,arafris win ar ixevs ukan~ _ mas aqeT araerTxelgameorebula: XVIII saukunis ganmanaTleblebTan, XIXsaukunis pozitivistebTan Tu XX saukunis aTeistegzistencialistebTan.mis Tanadroulad ki, sul ufroRrmavdeba sapirispiro TviTgancda (aRarafers vityviim TiTqmis komikur `aRmoCenaze~ sakuTari sipataraveumweobasa,rasac xSirad sasowarkveTamde miuyvaniaTavdajerebuli optimistebi – magaliTad, namdviliisterika, rac gamoiwvia lisabonis miwisZvram volterTan, 1mravali romantikosis – yvelaze gamoxatulad jorjgordon noel baironTan, 2 _ `pesimizmi~ da a.S.). misisimZafre naTlad amoikiTxeba ukve blen paskalTan –Tumca, igi erTi imaTgania, visac usasoobam rwmenisakenmibrunebis gza uCvena. namdvili drama garegnuladganuzomlad mSvid rene dekartTan isaxeba. sawyisi misifiqrisa isaa, rom adamianis cnobierebam aRaraferi icisgaremosa Tu sakuTar Tavze. amas xom jer kidev antikuriskepticizmi acxadebda _ adamianis gonebis daskvnebi ar1Вольтер, Кандит или оптимизм, М. «Ламартис», 2006;2История Всемирной литературы, т. VI, М., 1989, с. 104-106.149

nanuka xuskivaZeariso sando. axla ki kiTxva ismis sazogadod qveynierebisarsebobaze, risame codnis ki ara, aRqmis sandoobaze,risame realobaze. mizezi amisa umartivesia – adamianisTviTkmaroba, misi zemniSvnloba mas sakuTar TavSiCaketilobad Semoubrunda. rene dekarti 1 gamosavalsgonebis, azrovnebis ZalmosilebaSi poulobs, romelicTavidan aagebs misTvis, subieqtisTvis saeWvod da saTuodqceul sinamdviles. mas mimdevrebic hyavda, magramufro Zlierni is moazrovneebi aRmoCndnen, romlebicambobdnen: adamiani mTlianad Tavis SegrZnebebzeaodamokidebuli. es e.w. empiristebi TiTqos myar niadagzeidgnen, arada, maleve aRmoCnda, rom raki Tavad SegrZnebaasubieqturi, amdenad arc is kmara risame obieqturobisuzrunvelsayofad. ukve XVIII saukuneSi lordma devidhiumma aforistulad gamoTqva, is, Tu raSi mdgomareobsaxali drois adamianis namdvili drama: `Cemsa daqveynierebas Soris Cemi SegrZnebebis kedelia Camdgari~.kacma rom Tqvas, amaze Sors aRarc vin wasula da mZlavrikontr-dinebebis miuxedavad (religiuri romantizmi,hegelianoba...), `avtonomiuri adamianis~ Tvalsazrisimainc dauZleveli aRmoCnda.kidev erTi sayuradRebo nabiji XVIII saukuneSiveimanuil kantma gadadga. man, arsebrivad, ar uarhyo d. hiumisdebuleba, oRond dasZina – codnis obieqturoba isaa,rom SegrZnebebi yvela adamians cnobierebis erTgvarovanimeqanizmis mier gadamuSavebuli miewodeba, Tumca ra dgasmaT miRma sinamdvileSi, CvenTvis Seucnobelia. metic,adamiani sakuTar `me~-sac ki SegrZnebiT icnobs – anu aricnobs mas da ueWvelad mxolod is icis, rom arsebobsraRac, romelic SeigrZnobs, iazrebs da a.S.amgvarma cnobierebam XIX saukuneSi adamianisSegrZnobilze, fsiqikis movlenebze dakvirveba, misi1baqraZe k. axali filosofiis istoria, Tbilisis sax. universitetisgamomcemloba, 1969 w.,150

msaxiobi _ pirovneba samsaxiobo xelovnebaSigaazreba Tu asaxva moitana. Sedegad ki didi codnadagrovda, maT Soris, adamianis fsiqikazec. SeuZlebeliki iyo, imavdroulad Tavi ar eCina am msoflmxedvelobissafuZvels – sxvaTa da sakuTari Tavis principulSeucnobadobas. XX saukuneSi aman gamoxatuleba hpova,erTi mxriv, azris Tu mxatvruli qmnis TamaSad qcevaSi,meore mxriv, ukidures principul egocentrulobaSi,Rirebulebebis egoistur gansjas daqvemdebarebaSi,yvelaferi imis faseulobiT gaTanabrebaSi rac nafiqrida Seqmnilia. amas erTvis `demokratiuli~ Sexedulebebi,romlebic adamianTa TanasworobiT (didwiladiluzorulis) aRiarebiT daiwyo da yovelgvarimosazrebis, yovelgvari adamianismieri gamovlenisTanabarRirebulebis – dasasrul ki, adamianTa principulierTnairobis qadagebiT dasrulda.amrigad – Tumc istoriuli sinamdvile ganuzomladufro rTuli da mravalferovania da sxvagvariganwyobilebisa da xedvis nayofi Zalze bevria, _XX saukunis azrovnebisa da mxatvruli Semoqmedebisdid nakadSi qreba individualoba nebismieri azriT:Tvalsazrisis Camouyalibleblobis gamo veraferiiTqmis sxvaze, ar arsebobs raime gamokveTili azri,Cndeba bunebrivi daeWveba sakuTar simarTleSi,– aqedan`postmodernuli~ msoflmxedvelobrivi da emociurisifuturove, is, rasac `avtoris gauCinarebac~ kidaerqva.amgvari tendenciis arseboba, SeiZleba iTqvas, kidevufro damaxasiaTeblad warmoCinda im filosofiurnaazrevSi, romelsac egzistencializmad moixsenieben 1 .*egzistenciis filosofia, anu egzistencialurifilosofia Tanamedrove filosofiur mimdinareobaTagan(neoTomizmi, personalizmi) erTaderTia, romelic1KbaqraZe k. ekzistencializmi, Tb., 1962. П. Гайденко, Экзистенциализми проблема культуры, М., 1963.151

nanuka xuskivaZemxolod adamianis arsebas exeba; amasTan, misi ZiriTadiideebi literaturasa da xelovnebaSi iqna `saxierad~gamovlenili (J.p. sartri, a. kamiu, s. bouari, g. marseli)da amdenad, gasagebia, Tu ratomaa CvenTvis upiratesadsagulisxmo.egzistencializmi gamoxatavs dasavleTisinteligenciis radikalur sulier kriziss, ramacgansakuTrebiT ori msoflio omis Sedegad iCina Tavi;aRmoCnda, rom industriuli civilizaciis pirobebSi,adamiani araadamianur pirobebSia moqceuli, gaucxoebulia,dakarguli aqvs Tavisufleba da pirovnuloba. amgvaryofaSi, adamiani ucxo da misgan Seucnob Zalebs sulierida bolos fizikuri katastrofisken mihyavs. es maSin,roca `egzistencialistebs~ adamianis namdvil arsebobadTavisuflebis, `TviTmimarTvis~, pirovnulobis aRiarebamiaCniaT, xolo adamianis gardauvali daqvemdebarebagaregani Zalebisadmi mis aranamdvil arsebobad*. sworedes aRmoCena da masTn Sesatyvisi ganwyobileba gansazRvravsegzistencialuri azrovnebis zogad xasiaTs.adamianSi pirovnul TaviseburebaTa damcrobisTandaTani procesi TiTqosda saxezea da gasagebia, CvenidroisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `masebis amboxi~ (ortegaxose i gaseti) 1 adamianis ganumeoreblad erTaderTobisgamovlenad ki ara, mis nivelirebad rom moiazreba.adamiani-pirovneba, myar mecnierul kvlevazedamyarebuli, Tanamedrove internet-sivrceSi moaruliganmartebiT ase moiazreba: 2 `cneba pirovneba asaxavsadamianis socialur bunebas, ganixilavs mas rogorcsociokulturuli cxovrebis subieqts, gansazRvravsindividualuri sawyisis matarebel arsebas, romelicsocialuri damokidebulebebis, urTierTobebisada sagnobrivi moRvaweobis konteqstSi moixileba.1ortega xose i gaseti, masebis amboxi, Targmani b. bregaZis, gam.`xomli~, 1993.2http:\\ru. wikipedia.org\wiki\Личность152

msaxiobi _ pirovneba samsaxiobo xelovnebaSi`pirovnebad~ miiCneva: 1. adamianis individi, rogorcdamokidebulebebisa da Segnebuli moRvaweobis subieqti(`piri~ _ sityvis farTo gagebiT) an 2. individisTvis,rogorc ama Tu im sazogadoebis wevrisTvis damaxasiaTebelimyari sistema. Tumc, isic xom aris _ terminologiurades savsebiT gansxvavebuli ori cneba _ piri, rogorcadamianis mTlianoba (laT. persona) da pirovneba, rogorcmisi socialuri da fsiqologiuri saxe _ zogjer isemoiazreba, rogorc sinonimi~. da kidev _ `pirovnebagulisxmobs realurad moqmed konkretul adamians,magram konkretuli pirovnebis yvela Tavisebureba arSedis misi arsebis gansazRvrebaSi. Yyovel pirovnebasaqvs individualurad gansakuTrebuli Taviseburebani,romlebic vlindeba sxva wevrebTan urTierTobaSi. esTaviseburebani damokidebulia im konkretul pirobebze,romlebSic cxovrobs da saqmianobs individi~.rogorc Cans, sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqasxvadasxvagvari niSan-TvisebaTa warmoCeniT cdilobspirovnebis raobis dadgenas. antikuri filosofiisaTvispirovnebis bunebis gansazRvrisaTvis amosavali undaiyos adamianis mimarTeba sazogadoebasTan; mogvianebiTki _ r. dekarti, j. loki, i. kanti da sxva _ sakuTarTavTan. kvlevis ama Tu im etapze, marTalia, gamoikveTebapirovnebis problemis zogierTi aspeqti, magram safuZvelikvlevisa mudam erTi mxriv iyo mimarTuli _ sazogadoebisada pirovnebis bunebis mkvlevarebi metafizikuradganixilavdnen da TiToeulis Sesaxeb arsebiTad maincganyenebuli msjelobiT kmayofildebodnen.esec, am saxiT mocemuli ganmarteba, raRa Tqmaunda, sagulisxmoa da gasaTvaliswinebeli, magram isicxom cxadia, _ pirovnebis bunebis mecnieruli axsnamovlenis raobas mxolod `mSrali~ debulebis saxiT Tuwarmogvidgens. sakvlev TemasTan mimarTebiT ki, vfiqrob,misi fsiqologiuri aspeqti, misi, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas,153

nanuka xuskivaZeqvedaSreebiseuli `intimuri~ sazrisi unda iyos metadsagulisxmo.pirovnuloba, rac ganumeorebel individualobasgulisxmobs, aucilebeli pirobaa SemoqmedebiTiprocesisa. yovelgvari Semoqmedeba ki amaRlebulisa da,amdenad, amamaRlebeli siyvarulis Sedegia – Sedegi imisa,Tu ragvarad daiZlia yvela CvenganSi sxvadasxvagvariodenobiTa da siZlieriT mTvlemare biologiuriqmnileba.vgoneb, swored es Segvaxsena antuan de sentegziuperimTavisi saqveynod cnobili zRapris oriZiriTadi personaJis – patara ufliswulisa da melakudasTavgadasavliT.maTi pirveli Sexvedra savsebiT prozaulia.melakudas, romelSic, yvela biologiuri qmnilebisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli, mxolod gadarCenisa da gamravlebisinstinqti budobs, erTaderTi ram ainteresebs: pataraufliswulis samyofelSi arseboben Tu ara misTvissaZulveli monadireni. uaryofiT pasuxs saswrafodSeenacvleba momdevno kiTxva – qaTmebi, qaTmebi Tuariano da roca gairkva, rom iq arc qaTmebia, melakudamyovelgvari interesi dakarga im planetisadmi, sadacpatara ufliswuli saxlobs.gamoxda xani. patara ufliswulma moiSinaura melakuda_ melakudam ki Seiyvara patara ufliswuli. oRond esaa_ rac am qveynad iwyeba, uTuod, ganurideblad mTavrdebakidec da dgeba patara ufliswulis miwieryofnisdasasrulis Jami. megobrebis gayris, maTi ganSorebisminorul intonaciaSi gamokrTeba erTi SexedviTTiTqosda moulodneli metaforulad poeturi pasaJi.`melam Tqva _ cotac da avtirdebi... yanis feri SensTmebs gamaxsenebs... Semdeg daumata:_ vardebi moinaxule. mixvdebi, rom Seni vardierTaderTia am qveynad. mere modi da damemSvidobe, me ki154

msaxiobi _ pirovneba samsaxiobo xelovnebaSierT saidumlos gagandob.patara ufliswuli vardebis sanaxavad wavida:_ Cems yvavilTan axlosac ver moxvalT... aravismouSinaurebixarT da aravin mogiSinaurebiaT. Cemi melacaseTi iyo, asiaaTasi melasgan ver gamoarCevdi, magramdavmegobrdiT da igi erTaderTia CemTvis...mere isev melasTan dabrunda:_ mSvidobiT._ mSvidobiT, _ uTxra melam. _ Cemi saidumlo erTobmartivia, gagandob: dasanaxs mxolod guliT dainaxav,mTavari TvalisTvis uxilavia..._ adamianebs aRar axsovT es WeSmariteba, _ Tqvamelam, _ Sen ki gaxsovdes. mudam pasuxs ageb imisaTvis,vinc moiSinaure...~bunebisagan kodirebuli instinqtebis sanacvlodgaCnda feri da mogonebis, uZilo RamesTan Tanaziarimsubuqi sevda _ is, rac aucilebelia, raTa adamiani,sxvebis msgavs biologiur qmnilebaTagan gansxvavebiT,mosiyvarule, pirovnuli cnobierebiT damuxtul sulierarsebad gardaiqmnas.sulier simaRleTa wvdomis Znelad dasaZlev gzazeki, upirvelesi Semwe, mxolod da mxolod siyvaruliTarsebuli, Cvenive religiuri aRmsareblobaa: `kacTa daangelozTa enebzec rom vmetyvelebde, siyvaruli Tu armaqvs, mxolod rvali var moJRriale, mxolod wkrialatintili. winaswarmetyvelebis madli rom mqondes,vicode yvela saidumlo, da mqondes mTeli rwmena, ise,rom mTebis daZvra SemeZlos, siyvaruli Tu ar maqvs,arara var. mTeli Cemi qoneba rom gaviRo glaxkaTvis dadasawvavad mivce sxeuli, siyvaruli Tu ar maqvs, arasmargia~ 1 (I kor., 13.1-3).qristianoba erTaderTia yvela sxva religiaTaSoris, romelmac adamiani pirovnebad moiazra (da ara1gamomcemloba `saqarTvelos sapatriarqo~ axali aRTqma, 2006.155

nanuka xuskivaZeqristianobamdel, warmarTul `personad~, rac karg,wesier moqalaqes niSnavs). metic _ adamiani-pirovnebaRvTaebrivi sazrisiTac datvirTa, riTac pirovnebam, axlaukve, sulismieri Tvisebac SeiZina (suli, astralurisxeuli srulad imorCilebs fizikur sxeuls).msaxiobi-pirovneba upirvelesad Semoqmedia, `ciTdaniSnuli~ Semoqmedi _ Tavisive Semoqmedebis procesSiara mxolod erTaderTis, sulismierad ganumeorebelismaZiebeli, aramed, sxvaTa asamaRleblad, mis miervemoZiebulis uSurvelad gamcemi.amdenad, msaxiobi-pirovnebis mier Seqmnili roliilustracia ki ar aris dramatul nawarmoebSi aRweriliama Tu im personaJis raime qmedebisa, aramed, msaxiobisswored rom pirovnuli TvisebebiT _ maxsovrobiT,inteleqtiT da nebelobiT _ gamoaSkaravebuli swrafvaaim axali realobis warmosaqmnelad, sadac igive personaJiaseve pirovnuli TvisebebiT iqneba damuxtuli.xelovnebis nebismieri dargis arsi (da amdenad mizani)xom xiluli realobis miRma arsebuli realobis Cvenebaa,wvdoma WeSmariti realobisa (romelic mravalaspeqtianiada amitomac gansxvavdeba SemoqmedTa sxvadasxvagvarsaxeTa Seqmnis ganumeorebloba). saTeatro xelovnebacam CarCoSia moqceuli.msaxiobi-xelovanis gansakuTrebulobis erTi aspeqtiisaa, rom mas Tavissave SemoqmedebiT procesSi xvdebamza, sxvis mier warmoqmnili teqsti, romlis scenazegadatanasac, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, scenaze teqstisgansxeulebas aseve sxva (reJisori) axorcielebs. amismiuxedavad, sasceno xelovnebis upirvelesi da amdenad,umniSvnelovanesi qmnileba msaxiobia! msaxiobi xompirovnuli TvisebebiT damuxtuli is Semoqmedia, visimeoxebiTac erTian mxatvrul mTlianobad warmogvidgebaCvenTvis, mayureblisTvis manamde dafaruli, mravalmxriviazriT datvirTuli da siRrmiseulad danaxuli axali156

msaxiobi _ pirovneba samsaxiobo xelovnebaSirealoba.artisti (sanam igi scenazea) ori mudmivadgansxvavebuli (SesaZloa erTmaneTisagan radikaluradgansxvavebuli) pirovnebis mocemulobaa _ sakuTari„me~-si da im rolisa, romelsac asaxierebs (Tumca,amgvar konteqstSi, SesaZloa, misi sakuTari xedvareJisoris xedvas daupirispirdes). amitom mas mudmivaduxdeba, rogorc ityvian xolme, danis pirze moZraobacda arsebobac, raTa erTi romelime mxare ar gaxdesdominanturi, ramac SesaZloa kraxi gamoiwvios.fenomenologiurad es urTulesi mdgomareobaa, romlisdrosac artisti warmodgenilia erTdroulad rogorcxelovnebis nawarmoebis avtori da Semsrulebeli. igixom TviTon, Tavidan qmnis scenaze piesas da yovelTvisTavidan, yoveli Sesrulebis dros, axorcielebs mismier Seqmnil rols ise, rogorc mas „uCvena~ reJisorma;da isec, rogorc mas Sinaganad ukarnaxa misi cxovrebismniSvnelobiT didma gamocdilebam _ misma pirovnebamTandayolili niSan-TvisebebiT, niWiT, unariT... da esyovelive qmnis axleburad danaxul, mxolod artistisretrospeqtiviT SesaZlebel erT mTlianobas, erTianaxal struqturas.artistis aucilebel, damaxasiaTebel arsobrivniSans misi gardasaxvis unari da qmedeba warmoadgens.magram gardasaxvisa raSi? SeiZleba sagnad, personaJad,movlenad... gardasaxva SesaZlebelia garegani formebiT,an iqneb saxis Sinagani bunebis gaxsnis saSualebiT dasxva. amisaTvis aucilebelia gageba, wvdoma, _ es kidamokidebulia mis gonierebaze, intuiciaze, pirovnulgambedaobaze, Tavisuflebis gagebaze... (vgulisxmobpolaruli saxis wvdomis SesaZleblobas). rac ufromravalferovania artistis saxviTi saSualebani –xerxebi, aqcentebi, xmis modifikacia, mimoxvra, mimikagamometyveleba,enobrivi specefeqtebi... miT ufro157

nanuka xuskivaZemasStaburia artisti da miT ufro masStaburi, Tu esxerxebi ar aris daStampuli, anu brmad mibaZvis SedegadmiRebuli.magram gana marto es aris pirovnuli TvisebebiTdamuxtuli artisti? savaraudoa, rom igi didiunaris mqone pirovnebaa, romelsac SeuZlia Secvalosmomavali. vfiqrob, rom es iqneba erTdrouladrogorc mizanmimarTuli, aseve intuitur-impulsurmiswrafebaTa mTeli Tanavarskvlavedi. es aris niWi,unari, Zlieri moTxovnileba, romelTa saSualebiTacartisti SeaRwevs, rogorc sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi,aseve gansaxorcielebel, mis mierve „Seqmnili~ gmirisrolSi (da es yovelTvis axalia, igi aravis imeorebs_ arc sxvas da arc Tavis Tavs). igi aravis imeorebs,upirveles yovlisa, im azriT, rom, rogorc pirovneba, ismxolod da mxolod Tavis unikalurobas axorcielebsda ara sxvisas...es unari, arsobrivad dakavSirebulia adamianisyvelaze adamianur SesaZleblobasTan _ warmosaxvasTan,romelic yovelTvis mimarTulia momavlisaken. artistisdamaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tviseba aris swored am unaris(warmosaxvis) mravalferovneba, mravalsaxioba, mudmivcvalebadobaSi gamoxatuli _ rogorc erTmaneTisaganmkveTrad gansxvavebuli saxisa Tu rolis, ise erTi da imavesaxisa Tu rolis gansaxierebaSi. es Tanamdevi unari arismisive pirovnebis mravalsaxiobis, mravalmaxasiaTeblobisada mravalferovnebis ganmsazRvreli niSan-Tviseba.artistis pirovnul TaviseburebaTa mravalmxrivobazeadamokidebuli gansaxorcielebeli saxeebis mravalgvaroba_ aris mxolod tragikuli Tu komikuri saxis Semqmneli,Tu isic da isic, orivesi erTad.158

SeniSvnebi:*MXX saukunis 20-iani wlebis germanul filosofiurnaazrevSi warmoqmnili mimdinareoba (m. haidegeri,k. iaspersi) sxva qveynebSic farTod gavrcelda(gansakuTrebiT safrangeTSi _ J.p. sartri, a. kamiu).egzistencializmis wyaroebad miCneulia sicocxlisfilosofia (f. nicSe, v. dilTai, a. bergsoni) datranscendentaluri fenomenologia (e. huserli).* Tanamedrove fsiqolog-egzistencialistebismier (rolo mei, jim biujentali, irvin ialomi)deklarirebulia pirovnebis 5 safuZvelmdebarepostulati: 1. adamiani, rogorc mTliani arseba metiavidre misi Semadgeneli nawilebi. adamiani ar SeiZlebaaxsnil iqnes misi calkeuli funqciebis mecnieruliSeswavlis safuZvelze. 2. adamianis yofierebaxorcieldeba adamianur urTierTobaTa konteqstSi(adamiani ar SeiZleba axsnil an gagebul iqnes TavisikerZo, calkeuli funqciebiT, romelSic, angariSi ar ewevaurTierTqmedebis gamocdilebas). 3. adamiani axorcielebssakuTar Tavs. adamiani ar SeiZleba gagebul iqnesiseTi fsiqologiiT, romelic angariSs ar uwevs misiveTviTcnobierebis uwyvetobas. 4. adamians moniWebuliaqvs Tavisufali arCevanis ufleba _ igi ar warmoadgensTavisi arsebobis pasiur damkvirvebels, da Tavad qmnisTavissave gamocdilebas. 5. adamiani intencionaluria _misi cnobiereba mudam raRac obieqtzea mimarTuli. es kiimas niSnavs, rom yovelTvis mimarTulia momavalze, miscxovrebas aqvs mizani, Rirebuleba da sazrisi.gamoyenebuli literatura:msaxiobi _ pirovneba samsaxiobo xelovnebaSi1.2.antuan de sent egziuperi, patara princi, Targmani g.ekizaSvilis, Tb. 2005.revaz naTaZe, fsiqologiis mokle kursi, `Tbilisisuniversitetis gamomcemloba~, 1983 w.159

nanuka xuskivaZe3.4.5.6.7.8.9.nodar gurabaniZe, mixeil TumaniSvilis Teatri, w. me-4.saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universitetis gamomc. `kentavri~ 2010 w.mixeil TumaniSvili, reJisori Teatridan wavida,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universitetis gamomc. `kentavri~ 2011 w.mixeil TumaniSvili, sanam repeticia daiwyeba, saqarTvelosSoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifouniversitetis gamomc. `kentavri~ 2008 w.Miserandino, M. (2011) Personality Psychology. Boston, MA:Person Academic.Pervin, L.A. (1996) The Science of persomality. New York: JohnWiley & Sons.Fridman, H.S., & Schustack, M. W. (2011) Personality: ClassicTheories and modern Research (5 th ed.). Needham Heights, MA:Allyn and Bacon.Brody, N., & Ehrlicman, H. (1998) Personality Psychology:Science of Individuality. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.160

THEATRE STUDIESTamar Bokuchava,Full Professor,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State UniversityON SOME TYPOLOGICAL AND AESTHETICALPECULIARITIES OF COTEMPORARY THEATRICALPROCESS FORM 1960-IES AND AFTER 1SummaryThe article discusses some ontological and anthropologicalaspects of contemporary theatrical process and world theatre’sresponse to them. The issue is based on the point of view thatcontemporary human being is like a Babylon, “there is nomonolithic unity in the basement of its existence”. From thisangle is seen the theatrical process practiced by Grotovski –his seek for total man and pure physicality. Confronting myths,fighting ideological idols, through the process of transgressionactor-performer reaches the level of live pure existence, whatis seen as a way bringing us to the roots of our real nature.Grotovki’s Theatre is an example of that how the Europeantheatre looks for the origins of its life in physicality, in thetradition of the “lower” and of the “bottom” of life and culture(as Bakhtin did in his medieval culture studies). Grotovski’sexperiments are compared to the practice of Peter Brook andTed Hughes and their “berried language” they were trying todig out, “language belonging to the deepest level” where thedifferences arise. The next comparison comes with Kantor’stheatrical practice connected to the “theatre of death”. The1In the work, the author read The Art processes of XX century at the ShotaRurtaveli Theatr34e and Film Georgian State University on the conferenceof 2012, “ Art processes” 1960-2000161

opposite method used by cantor is belittling the actor as livebeing, overcoming the opposition of live subject to “dead”object and putting them on one level through bio objects.In the conclusion the article applyes to Hans Thies Lehmann’spostdramatic theatre theory and considers that we are lookingat “posthumanistic” or “nonhumanistic” anthropology wherehuman being is no more the isolated and uncomparable elementof the universe, gifted by extraordinary essence. It is integratedin the system as one of its elements and particles.ABOUT AUTHORFull professor at the Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film StateUniversity. She works in World Theatre studies and teacheson all three stages – BA, MA, and PHD. Together with theteaching practice she leads the scientific work in theatre studiesand writes critical assays and articles. As a theatrical critic she isthree times awarded for the best article of the year by GeorgianTheatrical Society – in 1987, 1998, and 2002. Tamar haspublished more than 20 scientific articles and about 70 criticalassays and interviews. She works on university textbooks andsupplementary sources for the students. For almost 15 yearsTamar worked as dramaturge at The Shota Rustaveli StateTheatre, Besides, she has experience as TV producer andTheatrical programs’ host.162

Tamar Kutateladze,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State UniversityDRAMATURGY OF GIORGI TSERETELISummaryOriginal plays, the member of stage lovers constant groupIn the work, there are original plays’ analysis of GiorgiTsereteli, the member of N. Arakishvili’s ‘Stage loversconstant group’, who is the well-known writer, publicist andpublic figure in the second half of XIX century: ‘compete’and unpublished dramas till now: ‘The family’s daughter’ and‘Daria’ Estimation about the plays and organized stagings arepresented on the basis of the left reviews in the work.‘Compete’ by the dramatist Okropir Tsereteli, who workedin 40-50s of XIX century was the first drama work after hiscomedy ‘The wedding of Imereti prince’, in which there is thefall and impairment of Imereti Serf life. G Tsereteli was the firstman in Georgia who reflected the image of the woman strivingfor her personal freedom in ‘Daria’, but the matchmaker Spiridonis the ancestor of Solomon Morbeladze by D. Kldiashvili. G.Tsereteli’s “Familiy’s daughter’ shows the degradation of theGeorgian family, greediness and light-mindedness of the newgeneration. He responds to the popular principle of heredity ‘Forthe new Drama’. The play sharply experiences the influence ofthe processes not only of the preceded comediography but alsowriter’s contemporary dramaturgy of 80s in XIX century.Giorgi Tsereteli continues the traditions of critical realism ofG. Eristavi and his plays were based on real facts. G. Tsreteli isrecognized as the realist and also naturalist, though he thoughtthat his creation belonged to ‘Unvarnished realism’. Hisdramaturgy is distinguished with publicistic severity. Also thereare weakly revealed initials, outlines of the ‘New drama’. For163

the Georgian theatre, which is distinguished by the scarcity oforiginal dramaturgy, the plays of Giorgi Tsereteli, presented aninteresting acquisition. The social-political, cultural atmosphereand writer’s struggle for inculcating the native language atschool or foundation of Tbilisi University was presented inGiorgi Tsereteli’s work.Popularization of Georgian and foreign classics’ literature,development of journalism, literature-studying and translationalworking are also connected with the name of Giorgi Tsereteli.In the work, there are reflected the writer’s considerationsabout the theatre art, dramaturgy, translations of foreign playsor repertory politics.ABOUT AUTHORShe graduated faculty of theatre science of the Shota RustaveliTheatre and Film State University. She obtained academic degreeof the doctor (PhD) in arts studies on the theme: “DirectorShalva Gatserelia’s theatrical aesthetic, «she works in ShotaRustaveli Theatre and Film State University. Shi is working onthe manual “History of the Georgian Dramaturgy” (together D.Mumladze). Her publications systematically published in thejournal “Theatre and Life.”Mob: + 995 577- 551 – 666Mail: free2tamarqutateladze@yahoo.com164

Tamar Tsagareli,Doctor of Art, Theatre Critic, An associated professorShota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian StateUniversityYOUR BODY – IS A WORLD, YOUR VOICE IS ALANGUAGE OF WORLDSummaryThe Natya Shastra (Sanskrit: Nāṭyaśāstra) is an ancientIndian treatise on the performing arts, encompassing theatre,dance and music. It was written during the period between 200BCE and 200 CE in classical India and is traditionally attributedto the Sage Bharata.The Natya Shastra is incredibly wide in its scope. While itprimarily deals with stagecraft, it has come to influence music,classical Indian dance, and literature as well. It covers stagedesign, music, dance, makeup, and virtually every other aspectof stagecraft. It is very important to the history of Indian classicalmusic because it is the only text which gives such detail aboutthe music and instruments of the period. Thus, an argument canbe made that the Natya Shastra is the foundation of the finearts in India. The most authoritative commentary on the NatyaShastra is Abhinavabharati by Abhinavagupta.The Natya Shastra ranges widely in scope, from issues ofliterary construction, to the structure of the stage or mandapa,to a detailed analysis of musical scales and movements(murchhanas), to an analysis of dance forms that considersseveral categories of body movements, and their impacts onthe viewer. It also educates the spectator in observing correctbehaviour while watching a performance. It also deals with thetheory of Rasa.Bharata describes 15 types of drama ranging from one to165

ten acts. The principles for stage design are laid down in somedetail. Individual chapters deal with aspects such as makeup,costume, acting, directing, etc. A large section deals withmeanings conveyed by the performance (bhavas) get particularemphasis, leading to a broad theory of aesthetics (rasas).Four kinds of abhinaya (acting, or histrionics) are described– that by body part motions (angika), that by speech (vAchika),that by costumes and makeup (AhArya), and the highest mode,by means of internal emotions, expressed through minutemovements of the lips, eyebrows, ear, etc. (sAttvika).Natyashastra remained an important text in the fine arts formany centuries; so much so that it is sometimes referred to asthe fifth Veda. Much of the terminology and structure of Indianclassical music and Indian classical dance were defined by it.Many commentaries have expanded the scope of the NatyaShastra; most importantly we may include Matanga’s Brihaddesi(500–700 CE), Abhinavagupta’s Abhinavabharati (whichunifies some of the divergent structures that had emerged inthe intervening years, and outlines a theory of artistic analysis)and Sharngadeva’s Sangita Ratnakara (13th century workthat unifies the raga structure in music). The analysis of bodyforms and movements also influenced sculpture and the otherarts in subsequent centuries. The structures of music outlinedin the Natya Shastra retain their influence even today, as seenin the seminal work Hindustani Sangeetha Padhathi by VishnuNarayan Bhatkhande from the early 20th century.ABOUT AUTHORDoctor of Art, Theatre Critic, An associated professorShota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State UniversityShe was a leading science – worker of Shota Rustaveli Theatreand Film University’s scientific research center, theatrehistorian.166

She has translated of some books; she is the author of about 20scientific works and 150 reviews.Since 2003 Member of Youth house network. She gained grantfrom “Youth house”(USA). She is a coordinator of the programof “All kind of mind”.Tamar Tsagareli is laureate of Society for Georgia Theatre(Creative Union) for the best review (2009-2010 seasons)Tel: + 995(32) 299 94 11E-mail:tamaratsagareli@gmail.com;tamaratsagareli@yahoo.comSuliko (Lamara) Kirvalidze,Tbilisi Independent University «Adjara»The doctor of History Sciences, professorGEORGIAN THEATRE IN THE NATIONAL-LIBERATIONAL MOVEMENT IN THE SECONDHALF OF XIX CENTURY(Historiography)SummaryAs soon as Georgia was conquered by Russia, the Russiantsarism announced the Georgia as his property and it intensifiedworking to russificate the Georgian people, tried to take awaythe culture, national language and instead of it inculcatingreactionary spirit in Georgian people for their nationaldegeneration.The powerful wave of national-liberational movement setoff.All the society was involved in fighting for freedom. TheGeorgian theatre joined the national movement which aimed towake up the national feeling of people. From the stage it showedthe Georgian people’s rich history, how they overcome the167

difficulties, and defended their identity from the strong attacksof enemy.Such Georgian cultural workers like Ilia Chavchavadze,Dimitri Kipiani, Sergei Meskhi, Rafiel Eristavi and othershad strived against Ianovski, Katkovi, Voroncovi and others,who had been trying to enclose the Georgian Culture in‘Velikorussian’ quotes.In the program of national liberation called ‘One who haddrunk the water of the Terek’, The founder of the Georgiantheatre Giorgi Eristavi gave the main role to the maintenance ofnation’s originality and strengthening the spirituality, underlingthat main purpose of the Georgian stage, is to tell the people,that the strength is in Unity.Distinguished statesmen of Georgian theatre art, DimitriKipiani, Kote Meskhi, Nato Gabunia and others together withG. Eristavi set the Georgian stage in the service of nationalliberational movement. Bringing the plays of G. Eristavi onthe Georgian stage sounded courageously. ‘ We belong toourselves’ and we must fight for national independence.The Georgian stage introduced the ideas of bravery,devotion, selflessness, equality and liberty by dramatizing theplays of A. Tsereteli ‘ Tamar insidious’ Vaja Pshavela ‘Hostand Guest’ ‘The story the roebuck’ ‘Snake eater’ and etc.Scene hoped the viewer that injured eagle would berecovered and Georgia would breath out with relief, that thefuture is ours, it doesn’t need prediction, loudly sounded fromthe stage: Ts. Jorjadze’s comedy, ‘What I was looking for andwhat I found’ Avk. Tsagareli’s ‘What you have seen, you cannever see again’.The Gerogians, Azerbaijanians and others should fightwith united forces against conquerors. Ak. Tsereteli ‘Kinto’,‘The Sulk’, ‘Kudur Khanum’ and etc. The Gerogian stage hadbecome the home of national liberational movement.Presented ‘Homeland’ on the Georgian stage by D. Eristavi168

had become the symbol of national-liberational movement.Staging director M. Bebutashvioli, the author of the play isFrench dramatist Sardou/ the performance was perceived bythe Georgians as the reminder of heroic struggle against thevicious Shah, appealing the struggle for freedom of homeland.The Georgian theatre contributed the development of nationalliberationalmovement and protection of national dignity.ABOUT AUTHORThe doctor of history sciences, professor, finished Iv.Javakhishvili State University, The history faculty, postgraduatestudies, two years courses of French language studies,existed at the Ilia State University (1965-1976yrs) worked atthe Ivane Javakhishvili State University. (1976-2006yrs), ShotaRustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University, was ascience worker of researching centre at the same institute.At the same time, she was a lecturer in some differentinstitutes.Now she is: A lecturer of Tbilisi Independent University‘Adjara’.An author of many scientific works and the newspaper articles.The correspondent of the Georgian Orthodox newspaper‘Kandeli’.Published works in the recent years: The performance’Homeland’ in the Georgian national-liberation movement,‘Culture of antique Greece’, ‘Russian aggression towardsGeorgian and Ossetians attempt of capturing the Georgianlands’. ‘The great martyr queen Ketevan ‘and others.169

FILM STUDIESMaia Levanidze,Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian StateUniversitySOCIETY AND PERSONMilos Forman’s film ‘One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest’SummaryThe process of mutual behavior of the person and societyis severely revealed in the locked space, where the society isaggressively trying to put human’s free will in the system bythe name of justice. Milos Forman’s film ‘One Flew over theCuckoo’s Nest’ retells us about the people, who are influencedby the State machines for trying to adapt to ugly space. In thehospital, ill people depending on the despot doctors are graduallylosing their past and also future. Protest against the violenceis forcing Mcmurphy to confront actively to the ruling force,because fighting for freedom, dignity of the person and humanrights are very important question but unsuccessful for him. Hearises the whim of struggle and hope in the people of havingill spirit and forgotten by everyone. Temporarily but still theyare becoming the needful and valuable members of the society,which denied them. Even temporary but still they are returningto reality of feeling the fragrance of beautiful life.Milos Forman ‘One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest’ is thefirst American work, where the director coming from the Sovietspace is trying to retell allegorically about the Universe, wherethe people of having different point of view , character and lifestyle are being persecuted and individualism or Protestantismare associated with the crime. That’s why, the problem of170

human and society is actual for him.The problems of society, mutual influence, violence,freedom or personal choice was analyzed in the theme on theexample of Milos Forman’s film ‘One Flew Over the Cuckoo’sNest’.ABOUT AUTHORDoctor of Art Science. Graduated from the Moscow StateInstitute of Cinematography (VGIK, 1993). Area of interest:Genre Theory, Media Studies. Since1994 she has been engagedin pedagogical and scientific activities of Shota RustaveliTheatre and Film State University.Tel: + 995 (32) 76 61 98E-mail: manon@pochta.ru; manon_lek@yahoo.comLela Ochiauri,Doctor Of Art Studies, Full ProfessorShota Rustaveli Theatre And Film Georgian State UniversityGEORGIAN CINEMATOGRAPHY READY TO MOVEON THE OTHER BANKSummaryThe dramatic, I would say even tragic events, which tookplace in Georgia (and not only in Georgia, but in the wholeCaucasus) after the collapse of the Soviet Union, particularlyin 90-ies of the 20 th century (civil wars in Abkhazia and ShidaKartli, in Chechnya, Karabakh and/or other Caucasian republicsthat caused radical changes, in result of which our world was171

divided into “conflict zones”), has immensely impacted thesocial life, personal life, destiny, the present and the future ofmany people in Georgia.New times and conditions usually bear new circumstances. . . but despite of such events taking place in Georgia almostnothing was filmed about the biggest tragedy which took placein Georgia in XX century: about the Abkhazian war, post waroutputs and the victims of the war (the only exception was thefilm made by Goga Khaindrava ‘Graveyard of Dreams’ whichwas later named as Direct Reportage from the Epicenter of WarActivities).First steps in this direction were made only 3-4 years ago.Georgian film-makers started to describe their attitudes towardsthe events happening in Abkhazia in 90-ies, post-war situations,Georgian-Abkhazian relationships and problems in the countryfollowing the above-mentioned events.I would underline the following three films: “Conflict Zone”,filmed by Vano Burduli; “The Other Bank” (Gaghma Napiri),filmed by Giorgi Ovashvili; “Flannel Paradise” (BambaziisSamotkhe), filmed by Giorgi Sikharulidze, “Tangereens”,filmed by Zaza Urushadze. Made in the first decade of the 21-st century and after, more then ten years later of the eventsdescribed in the films.When a war starts it may never stop, especially for thosewhose love and kindness have turned into hate and anger,for those who has been frustrated. . . It is almost impossibleto get rid of such destructive feelings. The feeling of revengeexceeds all other feelings, including kindness which still existsin the hearts of the people who had undergone the war; it evenoverwhelms the feeling of unquenchable love to the live peopleand even more, to the deceased ones; and finally it overwhelmsthe respect to the past, which they still try to grasp badly andwhich still makes them survive from getting crazy . . . If onewould even once says no to peace and steps over the edge, he/172

she will drop boundaries between the past and the postwar lifeand start to move to nothing, to the direction that is empty. . .There is no question that the three films of the Georgianfilm-makers are dedicated to everyone who experienced thehorror of Abkhazian war, was sacrificed to the motherland,and who turned to be a victim of the war. They are dedicatedto Abkhazians and Georgians, to the people who expected tobe happy and beloved but were unlucky, to those who still aresupposed to live and love in future.It is necessary to think about it. The main reason for thatis to reestablish the bridges between Abkhazia and the rest ofGeorgia, which were destroyed due to the war and in resultGeorgian territories were torn away. Those who remember (andmany people do remember) how Georgians and Abkhazians (andpeople of other nationalities living in Abkhazia) were related toeach other before the war, how they loved and respected eachother, need to strive towards peaceful future.The films contain important messages to Abkhazia, whichhopefully will reach not simply the addressees but first of all,they will reach the hearts and cognition of Abkhazians. Thefilms are to be shown to Abkhazians as well to understand whatGeorgians think about the events which developed in Abkhazia- the paradise for all of us - during and after the war. Theyshould understand how the things are estimated by Georgians,by those who stayed on the other bank; what do Georgians feelabout the loss and suffer from pains which they carry during theyears not only for their own but for Abkhaxia’s sake as well, forpast (before and during the war) and future’s sake which wasand even now is common for both.When watching the films you will again feel the pain relatedwith Abkhazia and remember about the wounds that are notcicatrized. Likewise the heroes of the films you pass the sameway taking you to the country for which you have stand sincelong, you move on the ‘other bank’, which you have never173

abandoned; you step over the boundary which you still have topass and you are sure that you can overcome it by all means.ABOUT AUTHORFilm Critic; Ph.D in Art Studies; Full professor at ShotaRustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University; CultureAnalyst; Editor of Culture department at Resonansi NewspaperGalaktioni.Author of the texts for the books: Litera, Gogi Ochiauri, 2008;Kadrireba by Otar Ioseliani.Author of the books: The sculpture and Art of Gogi Ochiauri;Nova Science Publishers, in New York, 2011.Author and editor of many books or publications.Received Professional Awards:1986 – Union of cinematography of Georgia Award for the bestwork “Nostalgia”;1991 – Newspaper Caucasus Award for the best publication“Mama Roma”;2010 – Regional Union of Adjara Theatre Associates award forthe articles published on their performances;2011 – Theatre Association of Georgia Award for the article“Performance on Georgia, with a Mask Removal Pudding ofBanana and Quince Dipped in Rome and Cognac” published inthe Newspaper Resonance;Editor and reviewer of tens of books, text-books, journals,scientific collections and publications Participant of tensconferences, Symposiums, Projects.174

UNIVERSITY'Ph.D PROGRAMMaka Vasadze,PhD studentShota Rustaveli Theatre and FilmGeorgian State UniversityHead of the program: Prof. Mikheil KalandarishviliROBERT STURUA’S GEORGIAN SHAKESPEARIANPart IV«What you will or Twelfth nights»SummaryMystery of magic attraction of scenic art is difficultto solve. It is especially difficult, when you watch RobertSturua’s hypnotizing carnival plays, The influence of thoseon viewer, we can compare to the films of Federico Fellini.Sturua’s performances, as well as Fellini’s films at the sametime are imbued with carnivaling, sighting, joyful, sad and deepphilosophical opinion, beyond of which, there is Vast unknownUniverse,In the play, Robert Sturua presented the stories from gospelas the play masquerade played for entertaining the HerzogOrsino, who had been inconsolably in love with Olivia.As if, Sturua is trying to show the existence of two parallelUniverses, not only on the stage, but also itself in the human.One is real earthly existence in the real Universe, another ismetaphysical one – where everything has got it’s own values.In Robert Sturua’s performance as well as in play, the activityis being on in fabulous Illyria. This is the Universe, wherethe lords or subordinated people , wise jesters or fool wisemen, so called knights, who has got nothing of knighthood,175

drunkards, who occasionally says some wise statements aregathered together. Here everybody love , hate and laugh at eachother. Almost all characters stage their small performances andthey themselves are the directors and performers as well.Bound between the reality and unreality is erased in theperformance. Here everything is allowed. The plot realities areonly the reason for staging to show the other side of our existence.Viewer guesses it in the end. Earlier viewer attentively watchedthe instant imitative and external life of the people living inIllyria. The accents’ movement is characteristic for the theatrelanguage of Robert Sturua. Robert Sturua in his performance of‘What you will or Twelfth nights’ director changed the accentsin such a way that the main heroes of actiities are: Malvolio(Zaza Papuashvili), Maria (Nanuka Khuskivadze) Jester (GogaGvelesiani) and Sir Toby (Guram Sagharadze).The Human in Robert Sturua’s staging, couses sympathy,so does the fool and arrogant Malvolio, who becomes the victimof his arrogance. sturua’s intention way to make Malvoliothe man charecter of the performance and The thanks toZaza Papuashvili’s excellent performance and masterlyimprovisations it happend so.Robert Sturua further more diversified the character ofMalvolio, than put the characters of Viola, Olivia, Orsino andSebastian on the back burner.The symbol of power in ‘Twelfth Night’ of Robert Sturua isthe wings of Angel instead of crown. These wings are movingfrom hand to hand during the play. Sometimes they are tied tothe shoulders of Duke, Viola, Cesario and Jester or Malvolioand Olivia are playing the wings.Performance is full of unexpected motions, characteristic forthe theatre language of Robert Sturua. Start of the performanceisn’t in the play, but suggested end by director is absolutelyunexpected for the audience. In final of performance, playingthe scene of Calvary, when the “Situations Comedy’ must have

end happily after undoing the knot, it shockingly impresses theaudience. Therefore the words were spread by the Duke Orsinowith calmative tone. ‘Calm down, please calm down, we willhave careless days, happiness and gladness will always haveour country’ is very weak argument for audience. Though voiceof breathing is hardly sounds in the hall. Theme of sin andregret in sturua’s play is followed by an unexpected way out.These kind of unexpectedness is characteristic for his directingsignature.Paata Iakashvili,PhD studentShota Rustaveli Theatre and FilmGeorgian State UniversityHead of the program: Prof. Gogi GvakhariaTHREE LIVESSummaryBirth of another form of censor in 20s of Soviet Film isexamined in the work ‘Ethnic censor in the mute Film period ofGeorgia”, According to which Jewish communists consideredthe characters of Jewish origin as the detection of anti-Semitismin the spectacular film such as ‘Three lives’ and as a resultLunacharsky the USSR commissar of education stepped in tofind out it.After delivering the Jewish functionaries from the governmentin 30s, the Ethnic censor started to protect the characters ofRussian origin. This fact meant that the Ethnic censor existedin the Soviet Film despite having had the contrary declaration.177

Marika Mamatsashvili,PhD studentShota Rustaveli Theatre and FilmGeorgian State UniversityHead of the program: Prof. Tamar BokuchavaINVARIABLE AND VARIABLE VALUESSummaryDynamics of theatre processes, synthesis of polar artmethods, the ability to sort out the event in the quality, accessand presence – are component parts of Peter Brook’s directingmethods. This is sequenced system, is able to give the way tothe future generations.It is natural, that researching the theatre essence would havebeen impossible without realizing its genesis, but understandingthe historical development of theatre isn’t the rational processitself for Brook. Even more he prefers the intuition andinstinctive vision of events in the process of researching. Hethinks that this is the only way to discover the order, whichis hidden in fecundity and development of the theatre. Hereis placed the meta-language of the theatre and its invariablemagnitude. Though, the research of the theatre meta-languagedoesn’t mean the denial of historical development, with hisdeep belief (what he had confirmed with his practice) the theatreconsists of invariable and variable values. Their synthesis is theideal, for what should aspire the contemporary theatre, thoughthe preference of course is given to invariable magnitudes, whatmeans for him to express such irrational impulses from thestage, which will tie very close connection between the stageand the hall of audience.178

Lasha Chkartishvili,PhD studentShota Rustaveli Theatre and FilmGeorgian State UniversityHead of the program: Prof. Giorgi TskitishviliLEAR'S GEOGRAPHY'THE KING LEARS 'MAP OF SCENICINTERPRATATION IN THE SECOND HALF OF 20SOF EUROPEAN THEATRESummaryAccording to the research, there revealed that among theBrook’s, Streller’s and Sturua’s masterpieces the “Lear” is thespecial event, but among these radically different stagings,are noticeable many common signs.The scenic interpretation of“Lear” in the second half of the 20 th century was met with hugeresistance. Not only one unsuccessful staging was preceded toeach of the staging of the same play, and new interpretationsgave the way to the other directors in their native countriesresearching the Shakespeare’s dramaturgy, what was in theconcrete plays of these directors. The process which has startedin the West Europe after the 10 years interval was continued inthe middle West, what forwarded the Shakespeare’s innovativeexperiments, but an important process of researches wasfinished in the Georgian theatre in particular, everything whathad started in East after 10 years interval and postmodern theatreachievements were summarized.In reality and also with the vision of theatre study, RobertSturua’s interpretation of the “king Lear” is mostly separatedfrom the Brook’s and Streller’s plays not only with theconception’s directional point of view, but also with the musicaldesign.179

The progressive ideas and conceptual evolution is noticeablefrom the West towards the East, what is important during theprocess of making the Geographical map of “Lear’s specialstagings. Eastern Europe’s theatre and Robert Sturua’s “kingLear” summarizes the researches in Shakespeare’s Universe inthe second half of the 20 th century.Nana Khuskivadze,PhD studentShota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian StateUniversityHead of the program: Prof. Davit KobakhidzeACTER - THE PERSON IN THE ART OF ACTINGSummaryNowadays (even on the stage of an academic theatre)the number of plays has increased greatly in which the mainemphasis is put on the aspects of show – they are of entertainingcharacter more than the subject of personal thinking, reasoningor inside contemplation. Thus, the impression caused byfeeling in plays presented essentially with light (sometimesabsurd) plot is comparatively short, it can be said that it is evensurficial, as it is said, momentary rather than lasting and deeplyaccompanying. And it is not surprising that today’s theatricalactivity should be considered as the past recollection of publicholiday- masquerade with a lot of dancing and fun held outside,in the streets. Such kind of entertainment was called “Berikaoba”in our traditional existence.The objective of the study is to generally separate an actor– a person and “Berika”.“Berika”, first of all, is a participant of a ritual where180

everything is previously defined (imaginary in the consciousnessof participants); he will carry out certain actions and the main,essential in the action is defined by mask; it is only a sign of acharacter. It is not necessary for him to carry out the task skillfully.Besides, “Berikaoba” is an old ritual and its initial sarcasticimportance is lost, the essence is faded, half unconscious, andthe seriousness during the action is not necessary, accordingly.It is a fun, less attractive than a sports competition as it does notinclude winning or losing.An actor – is the realization of dramaturgical and, thus,the ideological reasoning, the picture of live concept in whicha writer’s concrete viewpoint is given in a numerous specificcontent – with double ways, at first described in a director’sand then an actor’s feeling and mind, colored by them. He isa participant of such an action that will exert influence bothas an art whole and, accordingly, the permanent quality whichdemands the tension of mind and skills of the body is of greatimportance. Moreover, nowadays a performance is not a ritualas it was in the past, but applying to Micheil Tumanishvili’sexpression, it is “preaching”, a kind of service, purposefulsacrifice to sympathize, condole others.181

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