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saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa<br />

da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti<br />

Georgian Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film<br />

State University<br />

<strong>saxelovnebo</strong> <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong> <strong>Ziebani</strong><br />

<strong>#4</strong> (<strong>41</strong>), 2009<br />

ART SCIENCE STUDIES<br />

<strong>#4</strong> (<strong>41</strong>), 2009<br />

gamomcemloba `kentavri~<br />

Tbilisi _ 2009<br />

1

UDC(uak) 7(051.2)<br />

s-364<br />

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo<br />

universiteti<br />

<strong>saxelovnebo</strong> <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong> <strong>Ziebani</strong> <strong>#4</strong> (<strong>41</strong>), 2009<br />

saredaqcio sabWo<br />

levan xeTaguri<br />

iuri mRebriSvili<br />

anano samsonaZe<br />

literaturuli<br />

redaqtori<br />

mariam iaSvili<br />

krebulisaTvis mowodebuli masala<br />

uzrunvelyofili unda iyos<br />

Sesabamisi samecniero aparatiT. Tan<br />

unda axldes monacemebi avtoris<br />

samecniero kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb<br />

qarTul da inglisur enebze,<br />

agreTve naSromis inglisurenovani<br />

reziume.<br />

winamdebare krebuli srulad efuZneba<br />

2009 wlis 15-16 ivniss<br />

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teastrisa<br />

da kinos saxelmwifo<br />

universitetSi Catarebul<br />

magistrantTa da doqtorantTa<br />

pirvel samecniero konferenciis masalebs<br />

garekanis dizaini<br />

levan dadiani<br />

dakabadoneba<br />

ekaterine<br />

oqropiriZe<br />

koreqtura<br />

manana goSaZe<br />

gamomcemlobis<br />

xelmZRvaneli<br />

maka vasaZe<br />

krebulis stamburi gamocema<br />

egzavneba sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso<br />

kvleviT centrebs.<br />

naSromebi mogvawodeT da<br />

cnobebisaTvis mogvmarTeT:<br />

0102, Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblis<br />

gamziri <strong>#4</strong>0, SoTa rusTavelis<br />

Teatrisa da kinos universiteti,<br />

II korpusi.<br />

tel/faqsi: +995 (32) 936 408<br />

mob: +995 (95) 305 060<br />

+995 (55) 218 292<br />

E-mail: kentavri@tafu.edu.ge<br />

Web: www.tafu.edu.ge<br />

2 3

Sinaarsi<br />

Sesavali ...................................................................................................................9<br />

Teatrmcodneoba<br />

irakli gogia<br />

ritmis swavlebis mniSvneloba msaxiobis<br />

aRzrdis procesSi .......................................................................................................15<br />

mixeil mestviriSvili<br />

Teatri kiber-samyaroSi .............................................................................................23<br />

laSa CxartiSvili<br />

Seqspiris axleburi gaazreba XX saukunis II<br />

naxevris dasawyisSi ............................................................................................38<br />

Tamar cagareli<br />

Sua saukuneebis evropuli da qarTuli saeklesio<br />

saxilveli .................................................................................................................62<br />

kinomcodneoba<br />

olRa eliaSvili<br />

gangsteruli kino .............................................................................................77<br />

sofio wulaia<br />

kinofantastikis evoluciis procesi ................................................................83<br />

rusudan papunaSvili<br />

qalis reprezentacia frankistuli espaneTis periodis<br />

kinematografSi ...........................................................................................................89<br />

kulturis menejmenti<br />

kulturis politika<br />

elene babakiSvili<br />

sponsorobis roli kulturuli organizaciis politikaSi............ 102<br />

ia gabunia<br />

sareklamo politika da reklamis arsi ......................................................112<br />

sofio komlaZe<br />

sagamomcemlo bazris kvlevis zogierTi sakiTxi .........................................119<br />

natalia murjikneli<br />

stresi organizaciaSi da misi marTvis strategiebi ................................127<br />

caca jorjiaSvili<br />

PR -is (sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis) roli kulturuli<br />

4 5

turizmis ganviTarebaSi ...........................................................................................137<br />

Tamar firosmanaSvili<br />

art-bazari saqarTvelos galereebSi .....................................................................146<br />

nino yuraSvili<br />

reklamis efeqtianobis kvleva .................................................................................154<br />

lika yufaraZe<br />

PR-rekomendaciebi kinofestival `sesilisTvis~ ...........................................162<br />

nino SarmiaSvili<br />

mayureblis problema akademiur TeatrebSi ........................................................173<br />

mariam WumburiZe<br />

menejmentis zogierTi problemaKTanamedrove xelovnebaSi ...........................181<br />

nino xuciSvili<br />

internet teqnologiebi marketingSi ..............................................................................193<br />

nino azmaifaraSvili<br />

menejmentis roliMkulturis globalizaciis procesebSi .....................200<br />

tradiciuli xelovneba<br />

aleko gelaSvili<br />

samejliso cekvebis mesveurebi saqarTveloSi ...........................................217<br />

eka geliaSvili<br />

`sarTulebiani~ ferxulebis simbolika ..........................................................228<br />

Tamar munjiSvili<br />

qoreografiaSi sabavSvo repertuaris sakiTxisaTvis .....................................242<br />

saSemsruleblo xelovneba<br />

Tamar firosmanaSvili<br />

qoreografiis roli TeatrSi 251<br />

musikismcodneoba<br />

Tamar miqaZe<br />

jazisa da klasikis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis .............................261<br />

maia sigua<br />

antikuri tragedia XX saukunis musikalur-scenur<br />

nawarmoebebSi _ Janris interpretaciis sakiTxebi ......................................271<br />

qeTevan WitaZe<br />

axali Janruli modelebis Zieba XX saukunis musikaSi ...............285<br />

eka WabaSvili<br />

atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnika ...............................................298<br />

CONTENTS<br />

THEATRE STUDIES<br />

IRAKLI GOGIA<br />

Shota Rustaveli Theatre And Film University’s<br />

Faculty Of Arts And Social Sciences .....................................................................325<br />

MIKHEIL MESTVIRISHVILI<br />

Theatre In Cyber-Universe..................................................................................... 325<br />

LASHA CHKHARTISHVILI<br />

New Interpretation Of Shakespeare In The Second Half Of The<br />

XX Century .................................................................................................... 326<br />

TAMAR TSAGARELI<br />

Church Show In Medieval Europe And In Georgia .............................................327<br />

FILM STUDIES<br />

OLGA ELIASHVILI<br />

The Gangster Film ..................................................................................................328<br />

RUSUDAN PAPUNASHVILI<br />

Representation Of Women In The Spanish Film Of The Franco Period .............329<br />

CULTURE MANAGEMENT<br />

CULTURAL POLICY<br />

ELENE BABAKISHVILI<br />

The Role Of Sponsorship In The Policy Of Cultural Organization ....................330<br />

IA GABUNIA<br />

The Advertising Policy And Main Point Of The Advertisement .....................331<br />

SOFIO KOMLADZE<br />

“Several Issues On Publishing Market Research” ..............................................332<br />

NATALIA MURJIKNELI<br />

Stress In Organization And Strategies Of Its Management........................... 334<br />

TSATSA JORJIASHVILI<br />

Pr (Public Relations) Role In Cultural Tourism Development ............................335<br />

TAMAR PIROSMANASHVILI<br />

Art Market In Georgian Galleries..................................................................... 337<br />

NINO KURASHVILI<br />

Research Of The Effectiveness Of Advertisment ................................................338<br />

LIKA KUPARADZE<br />

Pr- Recommendations For Cinema Festival ,,Sesily”.................................... 339<br />

6 7

NINO SHARMIASHVILI<br />

Audience At Tendance Problem In Academic Theatres............................... 340<br />

MARIAM TSCHUMBURIDZE<br />

Several Problems Of Management In Modern Art ............................................3<strong>41</strong><br />

NINO KHUTSISHVILI<br />

Internet-Technologies In Marketing ..................................................................343<br />

NINO AZMAIPARASHVILI<br />

The Management Of Cultural Globalization .....................................................344<br />

TRADITIONAL ARTS<br />

ALEKO GELASHVILI<br />

Entrepreneurs Of Ball Dances In Georgia .............................................................346<br />

EKA GELIASHVILI<br />

Symbolism Of “Multi Story” Perkhuli Dance .......................................................347<br />

TAMAR MUNJISHVILI<br />

On Children’s Programs In Choreography ..........................................................348<br />

TAMAR PIROSMANASHVILI<br />

Importance Of Choreography In Theatre ..............................................................349<br />

MUSIC STUDIES<br />

TAMAR MIKADZE<br />

Issues Of Interrelationship<br />

Between Jazz And Classical Music ........................................................................350<br />

KETEVAN CHITADZE<br />

Search For New Genre Models In The 20th Century Music .............................351<br />

EKA TCHABASHVILI<br />

Atomic-Nuclear Composition Technique ......................................................352<br />

Sesavali<br />

periodulad reformebi ganaTlebis sistemaSi mimdinareobs<br />

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi da iSviaTia procesi, rodesac igi moicavs<br />

qveynebs, regionebs erTdroulad.<br />

msgavsi situacia gvaqvs boloniis procesTan, rodesac evro<br />

kavSirma wamoiwyo ganaTlebis sistemebis harmonizaciis procesi<br />

_ reforma, romelic gacda evro kavSiris iuridiul sazRvrebs<br />

da moicva ara mxolod evro kavSiris 27 wevri qveyana, aramed<br />

gacilebiT ufro meti da didi geografiuli areali, imisaTvis,<br />

rom sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gacemuli di plomebi, sxvadasxva<br />

qveynebSi momuSave profesor-maswavleblebi da studentebi<br />

erTmaneTTan erTi saerTo princi pebiT yofliyvnen<br />

dakavSirebuli da qonodaT ara mxolod ufleba mobilurobaze,<br />

aramed misi realizaciis finansuri saSualebebic.<br />

saqarTvelo am reformebs 2004 wlidan SeuerTda da Cvenma<br />

universitetmac araerTi nabiji gadadga imisaTvis, rom<br />

miaxloeboda evropul saganmanaTleblo sivrces.<br />

swored am mizniT dainerga Cvens universitetSi swavlebis<br />

meore _ samagistro da mesame _ sadoqtoro safexurebi,<br />

Seicvala swavlebis principebi da dainerga axali formebi,<br />

maT Soris samecniero midgomebi akademiuri da samecniero<br />

moRvaweobis daaxloebisaTvis7<br />

swored am amocanebis gadawyvetilebaTa fonze Cvens<br />

universitetSi pirvelad daiwyo funqcionireba 2008 wels<br />

samagistro da sadoqtoro programebma, rogorc <strong>saxelovnebo</strong><br />

mecnierbaTa, aseve _ saSemsruleblo specialobebis<br />

mimarTulebebiT7 Seiqmna axali saswavlo badeebi da gegmebi<br />

meore da mesame saswavlo safexurebisaTvis, didi yuradReba<br />

daeTmo studentTa samecniero unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibebas da<br />

Semdgom ganviTarebas, gansakuTrebiT, _ <strong>saxelovnebo</strong> <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong><br />

da saSemsruleblo xelovnebis farglebSi.<br />

8 9

gadawyda, rom samecniero konferenciebi, studentTa mier<br />

damuSavebuli Temebis sajaro aprobaciebi saswavlo procesis<br />

Semadgeneli nawili gaxdeboda7 samecniero konfrenciebis<br />

sistemuri Catareba universitetis saqmianobis prioritetia,<br />

misi momzadeba da Catareba sauniversiteto da saerTaSoriso<br />

doneebze, saboloo jamSi, udidesi mniSvnelobis mqonea<br />

saqarTveloSi <strong>saxelovnebo</strong> <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong> da saSemsruleblo<br />

xelovnebaTa ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />

winamdebare krebuli warmoadgens Cveni universitetis msoflio<br />

Teatris mimarTulebis sadoqtoro, msoflio kinos samagistro,<br />

kreatiuli pedagogikis da cekvis samgistro, kulturis<br />

politikisa da kulturis menejmentis samagistro da<br />

sadoqtoro programebis studentebis da aseve saxelmwifo<br />

konservatoriis magistrantTa semecniero moxsenebaTa krebuls,<br />

masalebs konferenciisa, romelic 2009 wlis 15-16 ivniss<br />

Catarda.<br />

es pirveli mcdelobaa damkvidrdes studentTa samecniero<br />

moRvaweobis sajar aprobacia, rasac didi mniSvneloba eqneba,<br />

rogorc studentTa profesiuli ganviTarebisaTvis da, romelic,<br />

aseve, samomavlod daexmareba saswavlo processac imisaTvis,<br />

rom aRmovaCinoT SesaZlebeli naklovanebani, anda piriqiT, _<br />

ganvaviTaroT arsebuli miRwevebi.<br />

Cemi programebis mizania Tanamedrove msoflio Teatris Seswavla,<br />

misi adgilis gansazRvra civilizaciis mravalsaukunovan<br />

istoriaSi; Tanamedrove kvlevis warmoeba, aseve Tanamedrove<br />

da Tanadrouli teqnikuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT. saswavlo<br />

programis dros didi adgili eTmoba studentTa samecniero<br />

kvlevasTan erTad maT pedagogiur praqtikas, maT daostatebas,<br />

rogorc momavali pedagogebisa, profesionalebisa, romelnic<br />

Tanabrd unda flobdnen, rogorc samecniero kvlevas, aseve _<br />

saswavlo meTodologias.<br />

Rrmad mjera, rom msoflio kulturis procesebis codna<br />

ukeT warmoaCens qarTuli kulturis adgils msoflioSi da<br />

daexmarebaT momaval mecnierebs ufro zusti analizisa da<br />

kvlevis sawarmoeblad.<br />

Cvens programaSi erTi eqsperimentic tardeba _ sadoqtoro<br />

safexurze ori praqtikosi-reJisoric swavlobs, romelnic<br />

praqtikas Teoriuli kuTxiT Seiswavlian, imis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

rom jerjerobiT saqarTveloSi ar aris danergili artistuli<br />

(SemoqmedebiTi) kvleva (artistic research), msgavsi eqsperimenti<br />

kargi saSualebaa praqtikosi doqtorantebis aRzrdisa da<br />

maTTan samecniero unarCvevebis ganviTarebisa.<br />

me minda mivuloco am pirveli krebulis yvela monawileavtors<br />

samecniero moRvaweobis dawyeba, zogs gagrZeleba da<br />

Semdgomi ganviTareba. imeds vitoveb, rom es pirveli krebuli<br />

gaxdeba yovelwliuri gamocema, rogorc angariSi yovelwliuri<br />

konferenciebisa.<br />

qarTul <strong>saxelovnebo</strong> mecnierebas mravali axalgazrda mecnieri<br />

Wirdeba, romelic Tavis wvlils Seitans Teoriis, istoriisa<br />

da kritikis ganviTarebaSi, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis<br />

gaRrmavebaSi da saqarTvelos warmoCenaSi, rogorc Tanamedrove<br />

mzardi potencialis mqone qveynisa.<br />

profesori levan xeTaguri,<br />

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,<br />

universitetis reqtoris moadgile,<br />

msoflio Teatris mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli<br />

10 11

Teatrmcodneoba<br />

humanitarul, socialur<br />

menierebaTa, biznesisa da<br />

marTvis fakulteti<br />

12 13

sadoqtoro programa<br />

irakli gogia<br />

doqturanturis I kursi<br />

xelmZRvaneli _ prof. levan xeTaguri<br />

ritmis swavlebis mniSvneloba msaxiobis<br />

aRzrdis procesSi<br />

`nebismier ritmSi aris moZraoba~<br />

emil Jak-dalkrozi<br />

Tanamedrove evropuli Teatris<br />

mkvlevari<br />

XX saukunis dasawyisSi araerT saTeatro eqsperiments<br />

Caeyara safuZveli. im droisTvis saritualo Teatris<br />

kvlevisaken midrekilebam bevr saintereso kiTxvas gasca pasuxi<br />

da evropuli Tanamedrove cekvis sawyisad iqca.<br />

gasuli saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, germaniaSi, eqsperimentatorma<br />

msaxiobma, mxatvarma da qoreografma rudolf labanma klasikuri<br />

baletis `sawinaaRmdegod~ sxeulsa da moZraobas sruliad<br />

gansxvavebuli mimarTuleba misca. labanma e. w. klasikur,<br />

mkacri cekvis kanonebs sxeulis sruli Tavisufleba<br />

daupirispira. amis safuZveli saritualo cekvebi gaxldaT.<br />

swored am dros Seqmna labanma misi `Tanamedrove cekvis<br />

manifesti~. aRsaniSnavia, rom imave wlebSi originaluri<br />

eqsperimentebi aisidora dunkanmac ganaxorciela _ is<br />

aRmosavlur cekvebze iyo orientirebuli. im periodis yvela<br />

mcdeloba ki ritmis, rogorc saTeatro struqturis<br />

Camoyalibebisken iyo mimarTuli.<br />

ritmisa da plastikis yvelaze masStaburi kvleva franguli<br />

warmoSobis Sveicariel kompozitorsa da pedagogs, emil Jakdalkrozs,<br />

ukavSirdeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mis SemoqmedebaSi<br />

Tavs iyris TiTqmis yvela is tendencia, romelic im periodis<br />

cekvis samyaroSi gvxvdeba. dalkrozi qmnis ritmo-plastikur<br />

meTodologias da gvTavazobs konkretul sistemas, struqturas,<br />

romelic aseve saritualo Teatris elementebs eyrdnoba.<br />

alJirSi yofnisas dalkrozma Seiswavla adgilobrivTa<br />

ritmuli moZraobebi, Sesrulebis manerulobis iseTi magaliTebi<br />

da ritmi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT afrikuli saritualo<br />

cekvisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.<br />

14 15

irakli gogia<br />

ritmis swavlebis<br />

mniSvneloba msaxiobis aRzrdis procesSi<br />

am SemTxvevaSi ritmi ganixileba, rogorc konkretuli<br />

erisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebis mamoZravebeli da<br />

gamomxatveli Zala. aRsaniSnavia, rom dalkrozisTvis swored<br />

es faqtori gaxda stimuli imisa, rom konkretuli sistemis,<br />

anu `ritmuli varjiSebis~, Camoyalibebamde misuliyo.<br />

1910 wlidan, drezdenTan axlos, helerauSi, dalkrozis<br />

iniciativiT, ritmis instituti yalibdeba da faqtobrivad<br />

safuZveli eyreba mis sistemur swavlebas. imdroindel evropul<br />

Teatrs Tu gadavxedavT, heleraus eqsperimentebis gavlenaSi<br />

naTlad davrwmundebiT. es 20-iani wlebidan ukve evropuli<br />

Teatrisa da Teatraluri swavlebebis erT-erTi mTavari<br />

mamoZravebeli gaxda. swored am droidan iwyeba evropul<br />

scenaze verbaluri Teatris transformirebis mcdelobebi.<br />

Tu gavixsenebT, rom TviT labanic revius mocekvave iyo da<br />

SemdgomSi iseTi manifestis avtorad gvevlineba, rogoric<br />

`cekvis manifesti~, romelic dRes ukve mxolod cekvis manifesti<br />

ki ar aris, aramed Tanamedrove Teatris ideologiis<br />

ganmsazRvrelic, maSin martivia davadginoT dRevandeli Teatris<br />

ZiriTadi moTxovnileba.<br />

Teatraluri xelovnebis ganviTarebis istoriis nebismier<br />

etapze krizisidan gamosavlis Zieba yovelTvis iyo saritualo<br />

TeatrTan miaxloveba. gasuli saukunis 50-70-iani wlebis<br />

mniSvnelovani Teatraluri gardaqmnebic swored ritualebis<br />

kvlevis Sedegia, magaliTisTvis poloneli eJi grotovskis<br />

Ziebebis dasaxelebac kmara _ isini mxolod saTeatro<br />

ritualebze ki ar aris agebuli, aramed procesis<br />

ritualurobaze. grotovskis `wminda Teatris~ elementebi da<br />

odinis laboratoria _ es aris heleraus ritmis institutis<br />

Teatraluri transformireba.<br />

`me gadavwyvite, raki swored pirvelyofilma adaT-wesebma<br />

Cahberes suli Teatrs – maSin dabruneba ritualisken~, 1 –<br />

eJi grotovskis es sityvebi im periodSi Ziebis procesi gaxldaT,<br />

fiqri imaze, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo Tanamedrove msaxiobi<br />

da misi aRzrdis sistema.<br />

ra ganapirobebs Teatris `moZvelebas~? erTi mTavari faqtori<br />

_ rodesac samsaxiobo aRzrda konkretuli epoqis ritms ver<br />

pasuxobs.<br />

rig SemTxvevebSi Cven Teatris pedagogikas zust mecnierebad<br />

miviCnevT da Sesabamisad, konkretuli epoqis TeatrisTvis saWiro<br />

msaxiobebs veRar viRebT. rodesac Tanamedrove cekvam e. w.<br />

klasikuri baletis `mkacri klasikuroba~ daarRvia da<br />

prioritetuli Tavisufali moZraobebi gaxda, roca evropul<br />

tradiciul-verbalur Teatrs nel-nela Caenacvla moqmedebasa<br />

da ritmze agebuli Teatri, saWiro gaxda Sesabamisi fizikuri<br />

monacemebis mqone msaxiobebis momzadeba. maT mosamzadeblad<br />

SemuSavebuli CvenTvis cnobili sistemebidan aprobirebuli<br />

da qarTul Teatralur swavlebaSi dadgenilia `stanislavskis<br />

sistema~. Cven gvinda aRvzardoT Tanamedrove msaxiobi, magram<br />

`ar~ an `ver~ vawodebT maT Tanamedrove swavlebas.<br />

zemoT xsenebul sistemaSi mobilizebulia samsaxiobo<br />

ostatobisTvis saWiro yvela elementi. is, TiTqos, klasikur<br />

meTodaTac iqca, magram bunebrivia isic, rom lamis saukunis<br />

winandeli swavleba Tanamedrove sasceno xelovnebis<br />

moTxovnilebebs ukve veRar pasuxobs. msoflio xelovnebis<br />

ganviTareba TavisTavad gvibiZgebs ganvaaxloT swavlebis<br />

meTodologia da is qarTul ritms, ufro zogadad ki _<br />

Tanamedrove `qarTul ritms~, SevusabamoT.<br />

20-iani wlebis qarTul TeatrSi araerTi eqsperimenti<br />

ganxorcielda. maSinac ki zustad imave problemebis gadaWris<br />

gzebs eZebdnen, razec axla gviwevs fiqri da kamaTi.<br />

magaliTisTvis mxolod grigol robaqiZis da misi erT-erTi<br />

moxsenebis `Teatri, rogorc ritmi~ dasaxelebac kmara.<br />

`SeuZlebelia axla wera im ritmiT, rogoriTac werda homerosi,<br />

amitomac yovel epoqas aqvs Tavisi ritmic. erTia ritmi<br />

qaravnis neli svlis da ritmi Tanamedrove avtomobilis<br />

gaqanebis. amitomac Teatrs unda axasiaTebdes ritmi rkinis,<br />

javSnis, siZliere, zomiereba, sisadave, siswore, ekonomia da<br />

fataloba. Tanamedrove TeatrSi unda ismodes ritmi aeroplanis<br />

da manqanis. aqedan momdinareobs aucilebloba sxva Teatraluri<br />

formebisa da pirvel yovlisa: siZunwe sityvebis, daSla<br />

saxeebis~, 2 _ wers gr. robaqiZe.<br />

misi es sityvebi maniSnebelia imisa, rom imdroindeli<br />

qarTuli Teatri ufro axlos iyo evropul TeatrTan, vidre<br />

dRes...<br />

16 17

irakli gogia<br />

ra aris saritualo Teatri? `adaT-wesebis Zieba TeatrSi~,<br />

_ ai, ase primitiulad ganmartavs mas eJi grotovski, anu,<br />

qarTuli Teatris miTologiis kvleva, im sakulto sanaxaobebis<br />

Seswavla da meTodologia, rac Tundac qarTul cekvebSia<br />

Cadebuli. zogadad qarTuli cekvebi xom sakulto moZraobebzea<br />

agebuli, im ritualebze, saidanac TviTon qarTul Teatrs<br />

aqvs dasabami. Cven SesaZloa Seswavlili gvaqvs erTi konkretuli<br />

dResaswauli, magram ganxorcielebis teqnologiebis kvlevis<br />

mcdeloba ar gvqonia. vfiqrob, aucilebelia meTodologiurad<br />

gadamuSavdes is, raTa gamovikvlioT konkretuli ritualisTvis<br />

rogor emzadebodnen an ra xerxebs iyenebdnen Cveni winamorbedni.<br />

qarTul Teatralur xelovnebaSi ratomRac ise moxda, rom<br />

logikurad ganviTarebuli procesi (pirveli safexurebidan<br />

meoce saukunis 20-iani wlebis CaTvliT) ucbad gadavida<br />

CvenTvis sruliad ucxo swavlebis meTodikaze. maSin yvela<br />

evropuli forma rusuliT Seicvala da Tanac ise, rom TiTqos<br />

is erTaderTia da masze saintereso msoflios TeatrSi sxva<br />

araferi xdeba...<br />

TiToeul rasas aqvs sakuTari Jesti. ra aris qarTuli<br />

Jesti? ritmi, rokva, is sakulto elementebi, romlebic mTian<br />

saqarTveloSi da metnaklebad qarTul tradiciul cekvaSi<br />

dRemde Semonaxulia. qarTuli Sinagani ritmis dadgena qarTuli<br />

sakravebis xmovanebisa da tembris mixedviTac SegviZlia, anu,<br />

im gansakuTrebuli musikis struqturiT, rogoric Zvel svaneTsa<br />

da mTian samegreloSi gvxvdeba. ram dakarga iseTi `adaTwesebi<br />

TeatrSi~, romelic erT dros msoflio xelovnebis<br />

Tanadroul ganviTarebasTan gvaaxloebda? iqneb swavlebis<br />

araswori meTodika, romelmac evropul Teatrs dagvaSora?<br />

vfiqrob, araqarTul sistemaze awyobilma swavlebam Cven<br />

TviTmyofadoba dagvakargvina. arsebobs qarTvel avtorTa<br />

sistemebic, magram ZiriTadad isini mainc tradiciuli meTodis<br />

ganviTarebaa da ara namdvilis kvleva...<br />

rodesac stanislavskis samSoblos farglebs gareT<br />

TviTdajerebuli momzadebiT warvsdeqiT, aRmoCnda, rom msoflio<br />

Teatrsa da Teatralur swavlebaSi bevr saintereso movlenas<br />

Cven gareSe Cauvlia.<br />

ritmis swavlebis<br />

mniSvneloba msaxiobis aRzrdis procesSi<br />

kidev erTxel xazgasmiT aRvniSnav, rom, rodesac dalkrozi<br />

ritmis struqturaze muSaobda, es im epoqis moTxovnileba<br />

iyo, ramac Tanamedrove evropuli Teatri moamzada. roca<br />

qarTul dramaturgiaSi mcire teqstiani piesebis weris<br />

tendencia daiwyo (magaliTad moviyvan k. gamsaxurdias<br />

simbolisturi piesas `garsi maradi~ 3 ), didi romanistis es<br />

nabiji, praqtikulad, dRemde Seuswavlelia. iqneb es piesa<br />

verbaluri Teatris etapobrivi transformirebis Canasaxicaa,<br />

romelic, samwuxarod, ver ganviTarda.<br />

grigol robaqiZe Teatris aseT ganmartebasac gvTavazobs:<br />

`Teatri, misterias ziarebuli cremlia~ da missave mowodebas<br />

Tu gavixsenebT _ `siZunwe sityvebis~, Tu kidev imasac<br />

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom orive mwerali 20-ian wlebSi,<br />

garkveulwilad, qarTuli Teatris politikis ganmsazRvrelic<br />

iyo, maSin Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom qarTuli Teatri<br />

`adaT-wesebis~ Ziebas swored im etapze gaeqca, arada, es `adaTwesebi~<br />

eris moTxovna iyo. es im periodis dramaturgiazec<br />

migvaniSnebs, ramdenime magaliTs moviyvan: gr. robaqiZis `lamara~,<br />

S. dadianis `TeTnuldi~, s. SanSiaSvilis `anzori~ da kidev, am<br />

piesebis damdgmelis, sandro axmetelis werilebi Tu piradi<br />

Canawerebi qarTuli ritmis Sesaxeb.<br />

saqarTveloSi msaxiobis aRzrdis procesi, erTi SexedviT,<br />

kompleqsuria, Teoriulad Cven unda miviRoT universali, magram<br />

praqtikul doneze, rig SemTxvevaSi, Sedegad viRebT msaxiobebs,<br />

romlebsac sxeulis marTvis elementaruli teqnika arc ki<br />

gauvliaT _ aq iswavleba cekva, magram ar viciT, rogor<br />

vicekvoT, iswavleba `vokali~, magram is, Tu rogor unda vmarToT<br />

xma _ ara. yvelaferi gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom Cven skolas<br />

ar gaaCnia ritmis, rogorc msaxiobis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli<br />

saSualebis meTodika.<br />

magaliTisTvis moviyvanT hileraus dalkroziseuli<br />

gakveTilebis mxolod CamonaTvals, anu, ras unda flobdes<br />

msaxiobi: ritmuli tanvarjiSi, solfejio, msaxiobis ostatoba<br />

(improvizacia), sunTqva, anatomia, gundi, plastika... Tu msaxiobs<br />

gamomuSavebuli ara aqvs Sinagani ritmi, is ver axerxebs<br />

sworad sunTqvas, araswori sunTqviT ki _ metyvelebas. CvenTan<br />

18 19

irakli gogia<br />

xom, umeteswilad, metyvelebis gakveTilebi yovelgvari fizikuri<br />

momzadebis gareSe tardeba da emsgavseba logopedis muSaobas<br />

yba-saxis defeqtis mqone adamianTan... aq, rogorc wesi, aswavlian<br />

cekvis ileTebs da ara imas, Tu rogor unda mivaRwioT ileTis<br />

Sesrulebamde...<br />

mdgomareoba gamouvali xdeba, rodesac ar viciT,<br />

elementarulad, kunTebis agebuleba da sxeulis is detalebi,<br />

romelTac konkretul davalebebs vaZlevT. ritmis Seswavlisas,<br />

vfiqrob, aucilebelia adamianis agebulebis Seswavla, anu,<br />

sxeulis im nawilTa struqturis gacnoba, romlis saSualebiTac<br />

scenaze saswauli unda moxdes. harmoniuloba gamoricxulia<br />

Tu ar viciT ra xdeba terfSi an xelis mtevanSi im dros,<br />

roca mas konkretuli davalebiT vtvirTavT...<br />

ritmis gareSe msaxiobi emsgavseba im adamians, romelsac<br />

romelime kiduri an organo xelovnuri aqvs da misi marTva<br />

ar SeuZlia. Tu Cveni amocanaa adamianis msaxiobad aRzrda,<br />

upirvelesad mas unda gamovumuSavoT survilis, inteleqtisa<br />

da qmedebis, anu moZraobis, marTvis SesaZlebloba. isev magaliTs<br />

moviyvan da gagacnobT dalkrozis ganmartebas: `Tavis tvinSi<br />

mobilizebulia survilebis, inteleqtisa da qmedebis<br />

centraluri wertilebi. Tavis tvinidan sxeulis yvela<br />

nawilisaken mimarTulia nervuli qsovilebi, romlebic asruleben<br />

iseTive rols, rogorsac sakomunikacio gadamcemebi, centraluri<br />

organodan nervebi TavianT survils gadascemen kunTebs, xolo<br />

isini sruliad emorCilebian maT brZanebas da asruleben<br />

signalis Sesabamis moZraobebs, rasac avtomaturad kunTebTan<br />

erTad imeoreben Zvlebi, saxsrebi da sxeulis rbili nawilebi.<br />

am gziT kunTebi iqceva survilis moqmed Zalad~. 4 aqedan<br />

gamomdinare, cxadia, rom ritmi, ZiriTadad, sxeulis marTvaa,<br />

anu, pirveli safexuri msaxiobis momzadebisa, raTa SemdgomSi<br />

man SeZlos yvela im tradiciuli gakveTilis aTviseba,<br />

rogoricaa `vokali~, `cekva, ostatoba~, `metyveleba~, `mxatvruli<br />

kiTxva~ da Tundac humanitaruli mecnierebebi. msaxiobis<br />

aRzrdaSi, garda sxeulisa, upirveles funqcias tvini da misi<br />

gonebrivi ganviTareba asrulebs, raTa man mis winaSe dasmuli<br />

amocanebi gaigos da Seasrulos. msaxiobisTvis aucilebelia,<br />

ritmis swavlebis<br />

mniSvneloba msaxiobis aRzrdis procesSi<br />

rogorc kidurebisa da organoebis, aseve tvinis funqciebis<br />

codna, radganac tvini umTavresi ritmuli organoa. dalkrozis<br />

azriT: `Tavisufali nebasurvilebi, nervuli kvanZebi da kunTebi<br />

arian ganuyofelni. maTi erToblivi muSaobis wyalobiT<br />

xorcieldeba Cvenive survilebi moqmedebiT realobaSi, rac<br />

SemdgomSi aisaxeba Cvens SemoqmedebaSi~. 5<br />

tvini ritmul gonebad unda vaqcioT _ rogorc tvinidan<br />

gaSvebuli impulsebi amoZraveben sxvadasxva kunTebs, aseve<br />

nervuli qsovilebis daboloebebic xom tvinSia... es cda<br />

mimarTulia sxeulisa da sulis erTianobis misaRwevad da am<br />

SemTxvevaSi msaxiobi ukve SeZlebs srulad gamoxatos da<br />

Seasrulos nebismieri davaleba, imuSaos Teatraluri xelovnebis<br />

nebismier dargSi.<br />

`Tu misaRwevi xdeba sxeulisa da sulis erToblioba,<br />

xorcieldeba sicocxlis ZiriTadi principi _ azrovnebisa<br />

da moqmedebis erTdrouloba da Tanmimdevruloba~. 6 es<br />

aris Teatraluri xelovnebis mTavari azri, swored am<br />

princi pebis dacviT miiRweva namdvil Teatramde da Tanamedrove<br />

moTxovnilebebis pasuxebamdec.<br />

vfiqrob, rom swored `adaT-wesebis Ziebaa TeatrSi~ msaxiobis<br />

ritmuli aRzrda da im Tvisebebis gamomuSavebis procesi, rac<br />

qarTul Teatrs metad sainteresos gaxdis. es mogvcems<br />

saSualebas, rom scenaze srulyofili gansaxiereba vixiloT<br />

da ara erTmaneTis msgavsi nacrisferi erTferovneba. mimaCnia,<br />

rom saWiroa, Tundac, dalkrozis qarTulad transformireba<br />

da qarTuli ritmis swavlebis meTodebis Camoyalibeba (amis<br />

safuZveli qarTul miTologiaSi da cekvaSi devs) da miT<br />

ufro maSin, rodesac vrwmundebiT, rom swavlebis teqnologiebi<br />

Tu ar Seicvala, SesaZloa qarTuli Teatri Tanamedrove<br />

msaxiobis gareSe darCes.<br />

sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia msaxiobma is moTxovnebi Seasrulos,<br />

rasac mas msoflio masStabis TeatrebSi uyeneben da, Sesabamisad,<br />

moqmedebaze agebuli speqtaklebis ganxorcielebac gamoricxuli<br />

xdeba.<br />

20 21

irakli gogia<br />

dabolos, kidev erTxel aRvniSnav, rom tradiciuli<br />

verbaluri Teatri da tradiciuli aRzrdis sistema<br />

saqarTveloSi CixSia Sesuli da saWiroa iseTi evropuli<br />

Teatraluri swavlebebis danergva, romlebic Cvenamde rig<br />

SemTxvevebSi mxolod maTi avtorebis saxelebiTa da gvarebis<br />

saxeliT aris cnobili.<br />

1. eJi grotovski. `saTeatro memkvidreoba~, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba<br />

`kentavri~, 2008, gv. 63.<br />

2. ix.: grigol robaqiZe. werilebi Teatris Sesaxeb, Tbilisi, 2003.<br />

3. Jurnali `sabWoTa xelovneba~,<br />

4. ix.: Эмиль Жак Далькроз. Ритм, Моссква, 2008.<br />

5. Эмиль Жак Далькроз. ix.: iqve;<br />

6. Эмиль Жак Далькроз. ix.: iqve.<br />

mixeil mestviriSvili<br />

doqturanturis I kursi,<br />

xelmZRvaneli levan xeTaguri<br />

Teatri kiber-samyaroSi<br />

saukuneebis mijnaze myofma Teatrma Tavis warsulad<br />

sakuTari gamocdileba da iseTi momavali daadastura, romelmac<br />

mTlianad Secvala an uaryo mTeli kulturuli monapovari.<br />

fiqrobdnen, rom saintereso Ziebebs winaaRmdebobebiT savse<br />

gzac Tan daerTveboda da asec moxda. qvis nagebobidan taZris,<br />

Semdeg _ ubralo xis ficarnagamde, WraqiT ganaTebul<br />

panoramebamde, urmiT moxetiale adamianebis saerTo ideamde,<br />

Tu zeTis ganaTebidan axal eleqtrofikaciamde. dRevandeli,<br />

Tanamedrove Teatris saxe mayureblisa Tu mkvlevrisaTvis<br />

warmoadgens ukve, rogorc mxatvrul mTlianobas, aseve sakvlev<br />

obieqts; Tavad Seqmnili nawarmoebi ganapirobebs aRmqmelisa<br />

da aRsaqmelis rolTa ganawilebas, rogorc rolebis aseve<br />

poziciebisa da subieqt-obieqtis urTierTmimarTebas. Tuki<br />

manamade Teatris standartuli saxe iyo dakanonebuli:<br />

mayurebeli parterSi da msaxiobi scenaze, _ am ukanasknelma<br />

kuTvnili adgili datova: xan mayurebelTa darbazSi gadainacvla,<br />

xanac Seqmnili sazRvrebis gareT scada gasvla. mokled, Zalian<br />

bevri eqsperimenti Catarda imisaTvis, Tu sad ufro<br />

`komfortuli~ iqneboda orive maTganisTvis gankuTvnili drois<br />

mimdinareobisas dabinaveba da a. S. xelovanTa mTeli Taoba<br />

Caeba rigi sakiTxebis saeqsperimento obieqtad gadasaqcevad,<br />

ramac uamravi `izmi~, uamravi `post...~ warmoSva. adgilTa<br />

geografiul gadanacvlebas sivrceSi dRes veRaravin mohyavs<br />

gaocebaSi, radgan Tanamedrove adamiani sul ufro meti<br />

eqstremisaken, meti `xifaTisadmi~, meti moulodelobebisadmi<br />

iswrafvis, rac erT-erT ZiriTad koncepts warmoadgens<br />

Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi kaTarzisis gansacdelad. reJisorebisa<br />

Tu dramaturgebis sakvlevi obieqti ukve adaminis cnobierebis<br />

dafaruli Sreebia da maT gamosaxatavad axali rakursiT<br />

gansacdeli Tu aRsaqmeli saSualebebi ikaveben mniSvnelovan<br />

adgils. `sagnebi~, aq ukve ubralod ki ar arseboben, aramed<br />

22 23

mixeil mestviriSvili<br />

Teatri kiber-samyaroSi<br />

gansazRvrul konstruqcias amuSaveben da awarmoeben iseve,<br />

rogorc warmodgenis, verbaluri da vizualur nawili.<br />

Tanemedrove Teatris axlad aRmoCenil Tvisebebs ukve mecniereba<br />

CauRrmavda iseve, rogorc mecnierebas CauRrmavda Teatri.<br />

erTi SexedviT, sruliad gansxvavebuli saxe miiRo xelovnebis<br />

am dargma da sruliad sxva poziciebi ganalaga Tanamedrove<br />

samyaros yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. `axali mediis~ dabadebam<br />

mTlianad Secvala adamianis azrovneba.<br />

Tanamedrove samyaros swraf ganviTarebas Tan sdevs<br />

xelovnebis yvela dargis swrafi winsvlac, romelic mudmiv<br />

Ziebasa da Tvalyuris devnas, dakvirvebas moiTxovs.Amis gareSe<br />

warmoudgenelia mkvlevrisa Tu xelovnis adekvaturi reaqcia<br />

msoflios Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi mimdinare procesebze, sruli<br />

warmodgena iqonios Zireul mizezebze, romlebic gamoZaxilia<br />

ama Tu im faqtebisa. gasuli saukunis 20-iani wlebidan dRemde<br />

bevri ram Seicvala Teatralur xelovnebaSi. SiSobdnen, rom<br />

kinos, televiziis dabadeba Teatrs gaanadgurebda, magram ase<br />

ar moxda. yovelma maTganma Tavisi adgili daikava kulturul<br />

sivrceSi da Tavisi TviTmyofadobac aCvena. Tanamedrove media<br />

saSualebebma gansakuTrebuladDimoqmeda, rogorc xelovnebis<br />

yvela dargze, aseve adaminebis cxovrebazec. faseulobaTa<br />

gadafasebam sruliad axali formebi da sivrceebi Seqmna.<br />

Teatri ukve aRar aris mxolod erTxel da samudamod<br />

dadgenili, dakanonebuli sivrce, sadac scenaze msaxiobebi<br />

TamaSoben da mayurebeli ki parteridan adevnebs Tvals.<br />

Tanamedrove samyarom moaxerxa am dakanonebuli sivrceebidan<br />

gasvla da Semdeg isev ukan dabruneba Zalian bevri saSualebiT.<br />

XX saukunis 20-iani wlebSi ervin piskatorma da `bauhauzis~<br />

im droisaTvis reaqtiulma ideebma mTlianad Secvales msgavsi<br />

midgoma Teatrisadmi, rogorc konceptualur aseve praqtikul<br />

doneze. amaSi ki udidesi damsaxureba kinosa da Tanamedrove<br />

`kiber~ saSualebebs miuZRviT.<br />

termini `kiber~ da mTlianad `kiberanTropologia~ modis<br />

`kibersfeisis~ gamogonebis Semdeg, romelic pirvelad naxsenebi<br />

iyo samecniero gamocemaSi _ novela `neuromanser~, _ viliam<br />

gibsonis avtorobiT, 1984 wels. 40-ini wlebis bolos<br />

maTematikosma norbert veinerma prefiqsi `kiber~ gamoigona<br />

`kibernetikaze~ dayrdnobiT, romelic adamiansa da manqanas<br />

Soris urTierTobebs aRniSnavs. veiners TavSi utrilebda<br />

berZnuli sityva „kibernetes~ (igive „mesaWe~, „piloti~),<br />

romelic aRniSnavs manqanis mmarTvels an makontrolebels.<br />

dRes prefiqsi „kiber~ ZiriTadad kompiuterebis da<br />

informaciuli teqnologiebis mimarTulebiT gamoiyeneba, anu<br />

rogor zemoqmedeben adamianebi manqanebiT da manqanebze. 50-<br />

iani wlebidan anTropologebma meti yuradRebiT daiwyes<br />

teqnologiebis da maTi zegavlenis Seswavla. xelovnebaSi ki<br />

sul ufro mZlavrad Semodis Tanamedrove gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />

saSualebebi da amis niadagze ara erTi eqsperimenti Catarda.<br />

1965 wels jon keiji mersi kaninkhamis cekvis dasisTvis qmnis<br />

`variaciebi VII-s. man devid tiudorTan erTad arCevani SeaCera<br />

xmis gadamcemis or sistemaze. pirveli sistemisaTvis<br />

gamogonebul iqna mowyobiloba, romlis muSaoba efuZneboda<br />

scenis ganaTebaze orientirebul fotoelementebs. am saxiT,<br />

urTierTzemoqmedi sxivebis mixedviT mocekvaveebi gamoscemdnen<br />

xmas. meore sistemis SemTxvevaSi sivrcis mTliani sistema<br />

antenebis serias warmoadgenda. xma gaismoda yovel jerze,<br />

roca mocekvave antenas 4 futis da ufro nakleb manZilze<br />

miuaxlovdeboda. xmis aqtivacia xdeboda aTi fotoelementiT,<br />

romlebic CarTulni iyvnen magnitofonsa da mokletalRovvan<br />

radiomimRebze. mocekvaveebis moqmedeba mimdinareobda ukana<br />

xedis fonze, romelzec sten vanderbikis filmebi da nam jun<br />

paikis video namuSevrebi proecirdeboda. `variaciebi V~, romelic<br />

m om z ad d a h am burgi s t e le v iz i is T vi s, moiTx o vd a<br />

fotoelementebisa da xuTfutiani antenebis ganlagebis iseT<br />

rigs, rom miRebuli yofiliyo saWiro gaxmovaneba.<br />

dRemde bevri Tvlis, rom Teatri kargavs Tavis namdvil<br />

saxes, magram me mimaCnia, rom es zedapiruli midgoma Sorsaa<br />

WeSmaritebisgan, radgan jer kidev Sileri ambobda, rom “Der<br />

Mensch ist nur da ganz Mensch, wo er spielt” (`srulyofilia<br />

adamiani iq, sadac is TamaSobs~). Tuki Sileris am mosazrebas<br />

Zireulad mivudgebiT, maSin imaSic davrwmundebiT, rom dRes<br />

Tanamedrove multimediuri warmodgenisaTvis saguldagulod<br />

Seqmnil sivrces xangrZlivi tradicia gaaCnia.<br />

24 25

mixeil mestviriSvili<br />

Teatri kiber-samyaroSi<br />

dasavluri Teatris koncefciis arsebobis ganmavlobaSi,<br />

istoriis koleqtoris erT-erTi parametri xelSeuxebeli darCa,<br />

miuxedavad Catarebuli mravali radikaluri eqperimentebisa.<br />

arsebuli parametri fizikur Tanaarsebobas warmoadgenda<br />

`Semqmnelsa da mayurebel/damkvirvebels~ Soris. telematikuri<br />

da gansakuTrebiT internetis, rogorc gansxvavebul media<br />

teqnologiaTa saSualebebis, ganviTarebasTan erTad, axali tipis<br />

Teatri warmoiSva, romelsac saxelad `telematikuri~ anu<br />

distribucirebuli warmodgenebi~ daerqva. `telematikuri~<br />

warmodgenebi sivrceSi warmogvidgens `Semqmnelisa~ da<br />

`damkvirveblis~ erTianobas da `produqtis~ (scenuri sivrcis)<br />

realizacias sxvadasxva manZilze arsebul adgilebze, romlebic<br />

damokidebulni arian audienciis mravalferovnebasa Tu<br />

raodenobaze, proeqtis koncefciasa da ti pze. adgilebi<br />

sxvdasxva distanciazea linkirebuli internetis saSualebiT,<br />

magal i Tad “Internet relay chat” 1 , (internet estafeta) romelic<br />

teqstualur garemos warmoadgens dramis wamodgenebisaTvis<br />

an kidev “world wide web” 2 (msoflio masStabis qseli). msgavsi<br />

warmodgenebisaTvis scenuri sivrcis Seqmnis ZiriTad<br />

saSualebebad videokonferenciis sistema an veb-kamerebi<br />

gvevlineba. am dros ki samganzomilebiani warmodgena<br />

organzomilebianad gardaisaxeba monitoris ekransa Tu<br />

saproqcio aparatis gaSuqebaSi. arsebul mdomareobas im<br />

Tezisamde mivyavarT, rom internet performansebi da mTlinad<br />

multimediuri tipis warmodgenebi `konkretuli adgilisaTvis<br />

gansazRvrul xelovnebas~ da missave Teorias efuZneba.<br />

pirveli aseTi midgoma `internet performansebi~ XX<br />

saukuneSi Camoyalibda, erTi mxriv saSemsruleblo xelovnebasa<br />

da meore mxriv, media teqnologiebs Soris eqsperimentebis<br />

Catarebis safuZvelze. meore midgoma `konkretuli adgilisaTvis<br />

gankuTvnili~ xelovneba, telematikuri warmodgenebisadmi<br />

gancdis, SegrZnebebis transformaciis arsebobas aZlierebs.<br />

transformaciis meTodze didi gavlena internetis dispoziciur<br />

zemoqmedebasac aqvs. zogadad, konkretuli adgilisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli xelovneba ganisazRvreba ise, rogorc<br />

gansazRvruli garemosaTvis gankuTvnili specialuri forma.<br />

misi istoriuli fesvebi ki 1960 wlebis minimalistur<br />

qandakebaSi SeiZleba moviZioT. mkvlevrebi midian daskvnamde,<br />

rom minimalizmi sul ufro da ufro iWreba Teatralur da<br />

warmosaxviT samyaroSi efemerul da droebiTi moqmedebis<br />

arsebobisas.Bbritaneli mkvlevari nik kai aRniSnavs, rom<br />

`warmodgenaa is, rac dagvanaxebs da gansazRvravs adgils<br />

Tavis damaxasiaTebel TvisebebTan erTad. igi warmosadegia<br />

ara marto sakuTriv im droisaTvis, romlisTvisac aris<br />

gamoyenebuli arsebuli modifikaciebiT da konkretuli<br />

saqmianobisaTvis, aramed zogadad adgilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

mrvalferovnebiT.~ 3 am Teoriuli aspeqtidan gamodinare,<br />

interneti wamodgenisaTvis ukve aucilebel da mTavar<br />

komponentsac warmoadgens. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi<br />

ti pis warmodgenebis arseboba aZlierebs sicoclxisunarian<br />

elementebs, rogorc warmodgenisaTvis, aseve maTTvis, vinc unda<br />

miiRos Seqmnili produqti. arsebuli mosazrebebis safuZvelze,<br />

fokusirebas internetze vaxdenT, rogorc specifiur, konkretul<br />

adgilze, romelic biZgs aZlevs moxdes erTianobis SegrZneba<br />

da Semdeg, egreT wodebuli, `kiber~-kaTarzisi `Semqmnelmwarmoebelsa~<br />

da `mayurebel-mimReb-damkvirvebels Soris~,<br />

ganisazRvros rogori struqturaa da rogor xdeba komunikacia<br />

sxvadasxva distanciaze arsebul `gadamcemebs~ da `mimRebebs~<br />

Soris.<br />

miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, internet performansebi media<br />

specifikiT ar unda ganixilebodes, rogorc marTvadi xelovnebis<br />

sfero, noel karolis argumentis mixedviT: `media specifika<br />

aris mxolod mniSvnelovani strategia axlad Camoyalibebuli<br />

xelovnebis formebis daarsebis legitimaciisaTvis~. 4 noel<br />

karolis am mosazrebaze mkvlevari julia glenseri aRniSnavs,<br />

rom `saSualebebis specifikis argumentebi mimzidvelia<br />

saSualebaTa transformaciisaTvis xelovnebis axal sferoSi,<br />

radgan igi gvTavazobs gzas, romlis saSualebiTac, xelovnebis<br />

am mimarTulebas miecema damoukidebloba da gamoeyo sxva<br />

mimdinareobebs. karoli ar uaryofs, rom `momavlis perspeqtivis<br />

arsebobas SeuZlia iqonios dasabuTebuli Sedegi, miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom igi cdilobs Tavi aaridos saSulebaTa<br />

aucileblobas~. 5 es ki gulisxmobs Semdegs:<br />

26 27

mixeil mestviriSvili<br />

Teatri kiber-samyaroSi<br />

“saSualebebs, rogorc saWiroebas SegrZnebebisaTvis,<br />

saSualebebis mizanmimarTuli gamovlinebebi gaaCnia. es aris<br />

saSualebaTa moculoba, rac imas gvkarnaxobs, ra aris saWiro<br />

da ra unda gakeTdes am saSualebebiT~. 6<br />

kiber samyaro, paralelurad arsebobs materialur<br />

samyarosTan.Ees ori samyaro warmoadgens wyvils, zemoqmedebs<br />

erTmaneTze da amiT erTmaneTis identifikacias axdens. `samyaro<br />

aris bipolaruli yvela mniSvnelobiT~ 7 . am procesis Sedegs<br />

warmoadgens TviTgamoxatva, romelic simbolurad daiwyo XX<br />

saukuneSi `franguli revoluciidan~ da ganviTareba<br />

filosofiaSi hpova fsiqoanalizze dayrdnobiT. TviTgamoxatvis<br />

meore etapi ukve TviTasaxvas warmoadgens, romelic efuZneba<br />

urTierTobebs sakuTar TavTan da garemosTan. xelovnebis sxva<br />

mimarTulebebisagan gansxvavebiT `net-artma~ `kibersfeisze~<br />

dayrdnobiT Camoayaliba axali kanonebi da urTierTobebi. es<br />

axali kanonebi da urTierTobebi emxroba memarcxene flangs, 8<br />

sadac xazgasmulia TviTgarkvevis SegrZneba posthegelianur,<br />

postfroidul, postlakanur da ukve male postkiber<br />

mimarTulebiT.Eeleqtronul landSaftSi poziciebi aRebulia<br />

materilur samyaroSi mimdinare procesebis mixedviT da piriqiT.<br />

fsiqoanalizis filosofia miuTiTebs, rom erTi mxriv, Cven<br />

vcxovrobT warmosaxviT samyaroSi, sadac aramaterialuri<br />

gamoTvlebis mixedviT sagnebi realuria, is bunebSi ar arsebobs<br />

da yovelive materialurs marTavs, meore mxriv ki, _<br />

virtualurSi, romelic materialuri samyaros simulakrums<br />

warmoadgens. erTaderTi, rac Cven gagvaCnia aris, SegrZnebebi<br />

da dro, romelic warmosaxviT samyaroSic realuria. garda<br />

amisa, es kiTxvebi struqturuli analizis Sesaxeb,<br />

kompleqsurobis arsebobis Sesabamis potencials gvaZlevs, rac<br />

mniSvnelovan koncefcias warmoadgens axali mediis<br />

mimarTulebiT.<br />

Cems yuradRebas gansakuTrebiT Tanamedrove cekva ipyrobs,<br />

romelmac gasuli saukunidan moyolebuli cekvisa da<br />

Tanamedrove teqnologiebis mniSvnelovani sinTezi Seqmna. Teatri,<br />

cekva da mTlianad performansis xelovneba yovelTvis<br />

warmoadgenda interdisciplinur, anu multimediur formebs.<br />

saukuneebis manZilze cekva mWidro kavSirSi iyo musikasTan<br />

da moicavda rekvizitis vizualur elementebs, kostiums da<br />

ganaTebas sivrceSi sxeulis gamomsaxevelobis gasaZliereblad.<br />

Teatrma, misi ritualuri Zirebidan klasikuri gamomsaxvelobis<br />

gavliT, Tanamedrove eqsperimentul formebamde, tradiciulad<br />

win wamowia adamianis xma da teqsti, yvela zemoT naxseneb<br />

komponentebTan erTad. saukuneebis manZilze, Teatrma swrafad<br />

aRmoaCina da gamoiyena axali teqnologiebis dramatuli da<br />

esTeTikuri potenciali.<br />

cifruli performansis istoriaSi teqnologiebis adaptacia<br />

mudmivad mimdinareobda esTetikuri da sanaxaobrivi efeqtis,<br />

agreTve emociuri da mgrZnobelobiTi zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad.<br />

jer kidev 1889 wels, eleqtroobis miRebiT eqstraordinaluri<br />

eqsperimentebis saintereso magaliTs gviCvenebs mocekvave loi<br />

fuleri. aisedora dunkanis Tanamedrove fuleri scenaze farTo<br />

gamWvirvale kostiumiT, naxevrad ganaTebuli airiani tansacmliT<br />

gamodioda, xelSi kverTxebi ekava xelebis sigrZis kidev ufro<br />

gasadideblad. msgavsi magaliTi Tanamedrove qoreografiis<br />

gamovlinebas warmoadgenda da axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT<br />

igi Tavis eqperimentebs 1923 wlamde atarebda. kinoproeqciebis<br />

da ganaTebis efeqtebis SerwymiT axdenda sakuTari sxeulis<br />

gardaqmnas mTlian performansad. aRsaniSnavia performansi,<br />

sadac misi kostumebi radiumiviT anaTebda. fuleris namuSevrebi<br />

SegviZlia CavTvaloT uein makgregoris namuSevris `kiborgi~<br />

(1995 weli) fuZed, sadac ganaTebuli dekoraciebi mocekvave<br />

sxeulis fragmentebs warmoadgenda, dekoraciis ganaTebis<br />

monacvleobiT, erTi nawilis gaSuqebiT maSin, roca sxeulis<br />

meore nawili Cabnelebuli iyo, advildeboda sxvadasxva formis<br />

sxeulebis miReba.Aam speqtaklSi, makgregorma, rogorc britanuli<br />

cifruli cekvis liderma, axali efeqtebis misaRebad gamoiyena<br />

Zveli teqnikuri saSualebebi, ramac mayurebels cekvis is<br />

teqnologiebi gaaxsena, am dargis `pionerebi~ rom iyenebdnen.<br />

multimediuri Teatris erT-erT ZiriTad saxeobad `veb-cekvebi~<br />

gvesaxeba, romelic gansxvavebuli specifikiT gamoirCeva, rogorc<br />

mxatvruli koncefciiT, aseve teqnologiebis gamoyenebis<br />

TvalsazrisiTac.<br />

28 29

mixeil mestviriSvili<br />

Teatri kiber-samyaroSi<br />

`veb cekvebis~ saukeTeso nimuSebs sara morrisonis “Leaping<br />

into the net!” (naxtomi qselSi), niu-iorkis “Cassandra project”<br />

(proeqti `kasandra~) da laura notis “World wide simultaneous<br />

dance” (msoflio masStabis sinqronuli cekva) warmoadgens.<br />

vfiqrob, rom am sam proeqts SeuZlia sami gansxvavebuli<br />

struqturis demonstrireba, raTa dagvanaxos sxvadasxva<br />

internet warmodgenebis scenografiuli Taviseburebebi.<br />

sara morisonis “Leaping into the net!” (naxtomi qselSi)<br />

pirveli internetis da cekvis gamocdilebas wamoadgens, romlis<br />

Sedegic am ori komponentis erTobliobiT iqna miRebuli.<br />

“Live physical performance” (cocxlad Sesrulebuli<br />

warmodgena) gaimarTa 1997 wlis 4 seqtembers, klivlendis<br />

saxalxo TeatrSi. imave dResPparalelurad xdeboda gadacema<br />

“Live internet broadcast” (pirdapiri eTeri internetiT).<br />

mTavari ideis mixedviT “look what happens when art and<br />

technology come together” (`ra moxdeba, roca xelovneba da<br />

teqnologiebi erTiandeba~) oTxma qoreografma Seasrula: within<br />

the order of chaos, (qaosis mwyobrSi), “Sketches of Rodin and<br />

metamorphosis”, (`metamorfozebi da rodenis eskizebi~,<br />

romelic momzadda suzan edvardis mier). sami klasikuri<br />

scenografiuli forma, scenuri sivrce, rogorc mas patris<br />

pavi uwodebs _ dramis da saTamaSo sivrce (anu espace<br />

ludique- frang.) erTdroulad iqna gamoyenebuli tradiciuli<br />

scenis prosceniumze damswre mayureblisaTvis. klivlendis<br />

mayurebelTa garda, warmodgena iwereboda da mTeli msoflios<br />

masStabiT xdeboda gadacema realuri drois msvlelobaSi.<br />

(am miznisaTvis gamoyenebul iqna axlad Seqmnili Real Player.<br />

klivlendis audienciasTan erTad, romelic warmodgenas<br />

tradiciul formaSi uyurebda, onlain audiencia warmodgenas<br />

drois sxvaobiT morisonis veb gverdze iRebda. ZiriTadad<br />

realoba, romelsac internet warmodgenebi qmnis, xasiaTdeba<br />

kompiuteris internet qselSi CarTviT da tradiciuli Teatris<br />

saSualebebiT, rogoric aris sivrce da sxeuli. ZiriTadad<br />

kompiuteris da internetis an ufro zustad: kompiuteruli<br />

qseli, SeiZleba gamoviyenoT, rogorc gadacemis aRqmis, miRebis<br />

instrumentad. instrumentul an mediis saSualebiT realobis<br />

aRqmis funqciebis procentuli maCvenebeli, SeiZleba<br />

damokidebuli iyos saSualebaTa gamoyenebis specifikaze, rogorc<br />

Semqmnelze, aseve mayurebel-damkvirvebelze. saSualebaTa<br />

gamoyenebaze didi zegavlena aqvs performansis scenografiul<br />

struqturas da interaqtiulobas. interaqtiulobis idea<br />

ganixileba performansis da axal media saSualebaTa<br />

mimarTulebiT. endi lipmani interaqtiulobas Semdegnairad<br />

gansazvravs: `zogadi mudmivi moqmedebebi or mxares Soris<br />

raime obieqturis misaRwevad da ara mxolod, gvaZlevs uamrav<br />

saSualebas, gadaixedos interaqtiulobis done Semqmnelebsa<br />

da audiencias Soris, an meore mxriv, mudmivi cvalebadoba<br />

ganicados (daxvewis mizniT) performansebis struqturam~. 9<br />

morisonis Leaping into the net!-Si (naxtomi qselSi),<br />

Semqmnelebi da onlain audiencia erTmaneTisagan gayofili<br />

iyo personaluri kompiuteris ekraniT, romlis drosac<br />

warmosaxviTi asaxvis funqcias kisrulobda veb-brouzeri. es<br />

erTganzomilebiani sakomunikacio arxi ar gvaZlevs<br />

interaqtiulobis saSualebas arc lipmanis gagebiT da arc<br />

rameze reagirebis SesaZleblobiT. internetis, rogorc<br />

qoreografiuli namuSevris moZravi suraTebis gadacemis<br />

transmisiul saSualebad gamoyenebisas, Leaping into the net!-<br />

is (naxtomi qselSi) scenografiuli struqtura Seqmnili<br />

iyo tradiciuli avanscenuri koncefciiT, romelic<br />

performerebisa da audienciis gamoyofas gulisxmobs. am<br />

pirveli veb cekvis warmodgenis dros, rodesac Real Player<br />

(namdvili sakravi) da msgavsi Tanamedrove teqnologia<br />

pirvelad gamoiyenes evro-amerikuli Teatris istoriaSi,<br />

performansi Leaping into the net!-is (naxtomi qselSi)<br />

scenografiuli struqtura Tavidan iqna gamogonebuli.<br />

rogorc mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, mocekvaveebs skeptikuri<br />

ganwyoba hqondaT, radgan isini sakuTar sxeuls, rogorc<br />

`instruments~ ise aRiqvamdnen (gaekeTebinaT naxtomi adaminuri<br />

sxeulidan internet qselis sxeulSi), TavianTi cirkulaciuri<br />

da interaqtiuli sistemiT. qselSi gadacemis gamocdileba<br />

ufro xSirad aRiqmeboda, rogorc ubralod gadacemis (media<br />

gadacemis) arseboba, vidre media saSualebebiT axali xelovnebis<br />

Camoyalibebis kvleva.<br />

30 31

mixeil mestviriSvili<br />

Teatri kiber-samyaroSi<br />

scenuri sivrcis likvidacia<br />

“The Cassandra Project”<br />

(proeqti `kasandra~)<br />

meore, aseve gaxmaurebuli veb cekvis warmodgena “The<br />

Cassandra Project” (proeqti `kasandra~) Seiqmna niu-iorkis<br />

universitetSi da warmoadgens globaluri kulturis<br />

gadaadgilebis saerTaSoriso swavlebis mcdelobas (Navigation<br />

Global Culture - globaluri kulturis gadaadgileba). am<br />

proeqts profesori jon jilberti, musikaluri kompoziciebis<br />

programebis reJisori xelmZRvanelobda. niu-iorkis<br />

universiteti, 1996). “The Cassandra Project”-Si (proeqti<br />

`kasandra~) CarTulebi iyvnen aseve musikosebi da poetebi,<br />

romelTa moqmedeba xdeboda internetis saSualebiT. “The<br />

Cassandra Project”-is (proeqti `kasandra~) mravali versia<br />

iqna warmodenili, im partniorebis CaTvliT, romlebic sxvadasxva<br />

adgilebze moRvaweobdnen.P”The Cassandra Project”-is (proeqti<br />

`kasandra~) pirveli warmodgena 1996 wels gaimarTa<br />

konferenciuli sistemis CU-SeeMe-is gamoyenebiT. es gaxlavT<br />

kompiuteruli qseli, romelic akavSirebs performerebs realur<br />

droSi sxva performerebTan sxvadasxva manZilze da<br />

warmodgenis dros, teqstis, cekvis, musikis improvizaciis<br />

materialurobis gancdis saSualebas gvaZlevs. fizikuri garemo,<br />

sadac performerebi arian ganlagebulni, specialurad aris<br />

aRWurvili minimum erTi saproeqcio ekraniT, kontrolirebadi<br />

ganaTebiT da carieli adgiliT, daaxloebiT 3-5 mocekvavisTvis<br />

da saWiro SemTxvevaSi musikosebisaTvis. video kamerebi TiTqmis<br />

yovel kuTxeSi aris ganlagebuli rameTu yvela rakursiT<br />

moxerxdes gadaReba da miRebuli masalis programa CU-SeeMe<br />

-iT gadacema. aseve monitoris ekranze mocekvaveebs saSualeba<br />

aqvT dainaxon sxva performerebi sxvdasxva adgilze. “The<br />

Cassandra Project”-is (proeqti `kasandra~) scenografiam<br />

daaknina scenis sivrce da distanciur adgilebze ganavrco.<br />

mayurebeli warmodgenili iyo, rogorc onlain aseve oflain<br />

reJimSi. performansis dros, mayurebel/damkvirvebels SeeZlo<br />

mudmivi kontaqti hqonoda performerebTan CeT rumis meSveobiT,<br />

maT SeeZloT TavianTi ideebi gamoexataT warmodgenasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT. msgavsi interaqtiuloba, koncefcia gvaZlevs<br />

saSualebas saWiro cvlilebebi ganicados performansma Tavad<br />

warmodgenis procesSi. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom performansi<br />

“Leaping into the net!” (naxtomi qselSi) ar exeba Teatraluri<br />

produqciis tradiciul rols, “The Cassandra Project”<br />

(proeqti `kasandra~) cdilobs ar gawyvitos kavSiri<br />

performerebsa da mayurebels Soris, raTa daafuZnos koncefcia<br />

“Distributive choreography” (distribuciuli qoreografia),<br />

rogorc mas mkvlevari: lisa naugli uwodebda. am SemTxvevaSi,<br />

qoreografiuli namuSevris distribuciuli SesaZleblobebi<br />

gulisxmobs imas, rom yvela monawiles SeuZlia wamoayenos<br />

Tavisi idea, qoreografiuli improvizacia performansis<br />

mimdinareobis dros. idea, `distribuciuli qoreografia~ axdens<br />

Teatraluri produqtis tradiciuli rolis konfiguraciis<br />

Secvlas: cekvis dagegmil moZraobebTan erTad, yvela monawiles<br />

SeuZlia wvlili Seitanos performansis SeqmnaSi. mayurebeli<br />

mTlianadaa CarTuli sxvadasxva distanciidan da erTgvarad<br />

akontrolebs performansis ganzomilebaTa Seqmnis process.<br />

orive zemoqmedeba: qoreografebis tradiciuli rolis<br />

konfiguraciis Secvla da damkvirveblebis qoreografiis<br />

p roce s Si Ca rT u lo b a dam ok id e bulia i n te r ne ti s<br />

SesaZleblobebsa da monawileTa arsebobaze sxvadasxva<br />

distanciaze mowyobili adgilebidan.<br />

’’World Wide Simultaneous Dance’’ –<br />

msoflio masStabis sinqronuli cekva<br />

’’World Wide Simultaneous Dance’’ (msoflio masStabis<br />

sinqronuli cekva) proeqti, ganxorcielebuli laura notis<br />

mier 1998 wels. warmodgena moicavda or komponents: cocxlad<br />

Sesrulebuli cekvis performansebs, romelic erTi da imave<br />

dros msoflios 12 qveyanaSi mimdinareobda da internet video<br />

konferencia, romelic aseve monawile auditorias saSualebas<br />

aZlevda CarTuliyo am RonisZiebaSi.<br />

Llaura notma 60 sxvadasxva monawiles daavala ecekvaT<br />

im adgilebze, romelTac Tavisi adgilobrivi, kulturuli<br />

datvirTva eqneboda cekvis moZraobebiT. nots kargad hqonda<br />

32 33

mixeil mestviriSvili<br />

gacnobierebuli, konkretuli adgilisaTvis gankuTvnili<br />

tradiciuli xelovnebis roli, e. i., TviT xelovanTa<br />

damokidebuleba mSobliuri kulturuli adgilebis mimarT.<br />

scenuri sivrceebis gafantuloba da maTi individualurad<br />

kontrolireba, zrdis produqtis konfiguraciis cvlilebis<br />

rols, rac “The Cassandra Project”-Si (proeqti `kasandra~)<br />

iyo ganxiluli, is scenuri sivrceebi, romlebic mimofenili<br />

aris msoflios sxvadasxva adgilas, Tavs erTi monitoris<br />

ekranze iyris.<br />

“World Wide Simultaneous Dance” (msoflio masStabis<br />

sinqronuli cekva) internets iyenebs, cdilobs globalur<br />

samyaroSi gafantuli mocekvaveebisa da audienciis Tavmoyras<br />

erT internet performansSi. jer erTi noti imasTan erTad,<br />

rom iwvevs performer-monawileebs, romelTaTvisac<br />

Sesasrulebeli cekvis moZraobebi dakavSirebulia im adgilis<br />

kulturul mniSvnelobasTan, agreTve warmogvidgens internet<br />

performansis sxvadsxva kriteriumsac. magaliTad, laura noti<br />

da pam rafi cekvas “Do While Studio”-Si bostonSi asrulebdnen,<br />

prakriti kaSiapi nacionalur cekvas “Sarakella Chau dance”<br />

(sarakela Caus cekva) mumbaiSi da andrea baker domeniCi<br />

improvizacias romSi, sakuTar samzareuloSi. internetis,<br />

(rogorc globaluri movlena) mixedviT, jefri Sou<br />

gansazRvravs `qselis-mdgomareobas~, rogorc `Cveni drois<br />

SemTxvevas, SemTxveviTobasa da garTulebul mdgomareobas~ .10<br />

veb-msaxiobi, rogoric laura notia, kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs<br />

net-garemoebis dapirispirebas da mis gamoyenebas esTetikur<br />

konteqstSi. amasTan, ’’World Wide Simultaneous Dance’’<br />

(msoflio masStabis sinqronuli cekva) saSualebas aZlevs<br />

kulturasa da cekvaze adgilobriv warmodgenebs, Sevides<br />

internetSi da aqedan gamomdinare, warmoadginos misi lokaluri<br />

mniSvnelobebi internetis specifikaSi.<br />

saTeatro mecniereba stimulirebas internet performansebis,<br />

perfromerebisa da mayurebelTa saSualebiT ganicdis. es<br />

ZiriTadad zegavlenas axdens da gviCvenebs, rom TiToeuli<br />

proeqti individualuri scenografiuli struqturiT unda<br />

iqnas Sesrulebuli. sxva net-art proeqtebisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />

Teatri kiber-samyaroSi<br />

rogoric aris interaqtiuli veb instalaciebi, misi SezRuduli<br />

gamoyenebis rangiT, internet performansi net-artSi axal,<br />

efemerul ideas warmoadgens. internet performansi<br />

damTavrebasTan erTad qreba da igive proeqtis kvlav warmoeba<br />

SeuZlebeli xdeba.<br />

telematikuri performansebi, performansis garemos<br />

daniSnulebis gansazRvras axdenen fizikuri samuSao modelisa<br />

da temporaluri struqturis mxriv. gamoyenebuli teqnikuri<br />

saSualebebi (rogorc gamosaxvis specifikuri teqnologiebi)<br />

cvlis realuri siaxlovis aucileblobas performerebsa da<br />

mayurebels Soris da agreTve axdens Semsruleblis rolis<br />

transformacias saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi. dRemde<br />

performerebsa da mayurebels Soris fizikuri kavSiri erTerT<br />

ZiriTad kriteriums warmoadgens TeatrisTvis, rogorc<br />

istoriulad aseve kulturulad. internet performansebi,<br />

romelebic aadvileben mayurebelTa/monawileTa kompetencias<br />

axali media saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, kiTxvis qveS ayeneben<br />

zemoTxsenebul aucilebel kriteriums. telematikuri<br />

performansebi cvlian `cocxali~ mayureblis Tanaarsebobis<br />

koncefcias, internets scenis rols aniWeben, misi esTetikuri<br />

Tu teqnologiuri komponentebis gaTvaliswinebiT. telematikuri<br />

sivrce internet performansebSi SeiZleba danaxul iqnas<br />

metaforulad, rodesac aqcentireba sazogadoebis ZiriTad<br />

damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebze xdeba. internet performansebi<br />

xelovanebs saSualebas aZleven kritikulad aRiqvan dRevandeli<br />

kulturuli ganlageba.MerTi mxriv, Teatri sazogadoebis<br />

produqts warmoadgens, meore mxriv ki, sazogadoebis<br />

aRmSeneblobaSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs. internet<br />

performansi ar aris mxolod Teatralur procesebSi axali<br />

ganzomilebebis damateba, igi aris universaluri rolis mqone<br />

teqnologia. M<br />

yovelTvis, multimediuri Teatris Taviseburebaze fiqrisas<br />

Cuan Zis ambavi maxsendeba, pepela rom esizmra. mdgomareoba,<br />

roca gaurkveveli gaxda pepelas esizmreboda Cuan-Zi, Tu<br />

Cuan-Zis pepela. iseve, rogorc mravalganzomilebian sivrceSi<br />

34 35

mixeil mestviriSvili<br />

xdeba, roca subieqt-obietqis urierTmimarTebaSi yovelgvari<br />

sazRvari moSlilia. roca zRvari `aq~ da `iq~, `me~ da `Sen~<br />

aRar arsebobs, roca realuri ararealur mdgomareobas ganicdis<br />

da Cveni cnobierebis fskerze rCeba mxolod erTad-erTi, dro.<br />

dro, romelic `iyo da ara iyo ras~ sazRvarze meryeobs<br />

yovelTvis da Cveni gonebis sazRvrebs mijnavs; dro, romelic<br />

mxolod miedineba da mis nakvalevze ikveTeba STabeWdilebebi.<br />

1. www.internetrelaychat.com<br />

2. www.worldwideweb.com<br />

3.Nick Kaye: Site-specific art. Performance, place and<br />

documentation. London: Routledge, 2000 .<br />

4. Noël Carroll: Theorizing the Moving Image. Cambridge:<br />

University of Cambridge Press, 1996.<br />

5. Julia Glesner : Internet Performances as Site-Specific Art.<br />

6. Noël Carroll: Theorizing the Moving Image. Cambridge:<br />

University of Cambridge Press, 1996.<br />

7. Das Hamburg-project: abschied von der disziplinaren ordung,<br />

MOSCOW-BERLIN. 1950-2000. CHRONIK, Nicolai, Martin-Gropius-Bau,<br />

Berlin, 2000, S. 155-158<br />

8. Borut Savski : “Aesthetic Machines“ (essay.- 2001) http://www.3via.org/<br />

html.php?htm=borut<br />

9.Quoted in Brand, Stewart: The Media Lab: Inventing the Future at MIT. New<br />

York: Viking 1987.<br />

10. Jeffrey Shaw : `Radical Software’, in: Weibelm, Peter & Timothy<br />

Druckrey (ed.):net_condition. Art and Global Media. Boston: MIT, 2001.<br />

Teatri kiber-samyaroSi<br />

• Hans-Thies Lehmann : Postdramatisches Theater. Frankfurt am<br />

Main: Verlag der Autoren, 1999<br />

• Julia Glesner : Internet Performances as Site-Specific Art.<br />

• Jeffrey Shaw : `Radical Software’, in: Weibelm, Peter & Timothy<br />

Druckrey (ed.):net_condition. Art and Global Media. Boston:<br />

MIT, 2001<br />

• Вернер Гейзенберг: Физика и философия<br />

• vernerHhaizenbergi: nawili da mTeli. Tbilisi:<br />

ganaTleba, 1983.<br />

• Leaping into the Net!, Sarah Morrison:<br />

http://www.MorrisonDance.com<br />

• Cassandra Project, NYU:<br />

http://pages.nyu.edu/~jg12/cass.htmlhttp://www.nyu.edu/pages/ngc<br />

• World Wide Simultaneous Dance, Laura Knott:<br />

http://www.wwsd.org<br />

• ZKM: http://on1.zkm.de/netCondition.root/netcondition/start/<br />

language/default_e<br />

• http://www.zkm.de<br />

• Nick Kaye: Site-specific art. Performance, place and<br />

documentation. London: Routledge, 2000.<br />

• Noël Carroll: Theorizing the Moving Image. Cambridge:<br />

University of Cambridge Press, 1996.<br />

36 37

laSa CxartiSvili<br />

doqturanturis I kursi<br />

xelmZRvaneli - prof. levan xeTaguri<br />

Seqspiris axleburi gaazreba XX<br />

saukunis II naxevris dasawyisSi<br />

(mixeil TumaniSvilis `mefe liris~ magaliTze)<br />

XX saukunis 50-iani wlebidan mniSvnelovani politikuri<br />

da ekonomikuri cvlilebebi xdeboda sabWoTa kavSiris<br />

cxovrebaSi, gamoikveTa sruliad axali tendenciebi. marTalia,<br />

qveynis saTaveSi kvlav komunisturi partia idga, magram igi<br />

seriozul transformacias ganicdida. literaturasa da<br />

xelovnebaSi daiwyo lirikuli nakadis warmoCena. qarTul<br />

xelovnebaSi Cndeba axali saxelebi. es procesi skkp ck-is<br />

pirveli mdivnis xruSCovis mier ufro gaaqtiurda 50-ian<br />

wlebSi antistalinuri propagandis xarjze, romelmac<br />

garkveulwilad dadebiTi tendenciebi dabada. disident<br />

mwerlebs miecaT saSualeba SeeswavlaT `daxurulad~<br />

wodebuli saarqivo masala. yvela es procesi mimdinareobda<br />

fsiqologiurad Sinagani daZabulobis xarjze. rogorc ki<br />

stalinis reJimi Seirya, warmoiSva axali problema, –<br />

antisabWouri literatura, romelic daupirispirda rogorc<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris, aseve TviTon xruSCovis politikasac.<br />

sabWoTa xelisuflebam daiwyo imaTi devna, vinc Tavad<br />

gaadisidenta. disidenturi moZraobis liderebi, Tavad<br />

sabWoTa xelisuflebam Casva cixeSi. miuxedavad amisa, `rkinis<br />

farda~ `axdili~ iyo da iZleoda saSualebas Semosuliyo<br />

iseTi kultura, romelic ucxo iyo sabWoTa partiuli<br />

sazogadoebisaTvis. aman zegavlena moaxdina mxatvrul<br />

azrovnebaze. sabWoTa xelovnebaSi Cndeba axali mimarTulebebi<br />

da stiluri Taviseburebani. am ganaxlebuli mxatvruli<br />

azrovnebis Sedegad ikveTeba axali reJisoruli poziciebic.<br />

TeatrSi modis reJisorTa da msaxiobTa axali Taoba,<br />

romelsac Tavisi individualuri msoflmxedveloba aqvs. am<br />

periodSi dasavluri Teatrebi iwyeben Camosvlas sabWoTa<br />

kavSiris sxvadasxva qalaqebSi. sabWoTa TeatrisTvis es iyo<br />

namdvili gakveTili, axlis aRqmis, masTan Seguebisa da misi<br />

gaazrebis mtkivneuli procesis dasawyisi. `60-iani wlebis<br />

sazogadoeba Sinaganad mzad iyo am uSvelebeli informaciis<br />

misaRebad. ufro metic, 60-iani wlebis SemoqmedebiTi<br />

inteligencia axali azrovnebisa da mxatvruli gamosaxvis<br />

sistemebTan ziarebis daucxromel moTxovnilebas ganicdidnen<br />

da ukve 60-ian wlebs sabWoTa Teatri garkveulad axali<br />

gamocdilebiT Seegeba. SemTxveviTi ar aris swored am<br />

aTwleulis mijnaze `sovremenikis~ Teatris dabadeba, lubimovis<br />

`seCuaneli keTili adamianis~ dadgma da mis safuZvelze<br />

`tagankis Teatris~ Camoyalibeba~ 1 . qarTul TeatrSi daiwyo<br />

axali saTeatro esTetikis Semodineba, romelsac saTaveSi<br />

rusTavelis Teatri edga mixeil TumaniSvilisa da misi<br />

TanamebrZolebis xelmZRvanelobiT.<br />

XX saukunis II naxevridan dRis wesrigSi dadga tragediis<br />

Taviseburad gadafasebis aucilebloba. Ziebebi, romelic<br />

20-ian wlebSi daiwyo da romelic sabWoTa xelisuflebis<br />

diqtatis, ideuri da fizikuri wnexis saSualebiT Caikla,<br />

60-iani wlebidan kvlav ganaxlda. `60-70-ian wlebSi<br />

stabiluri uwyveti procesis Sedegad qarTul TeatrSi<br />

mimdinare Ziebebi mas TiTqmis evropuli da msoflio<br />

Teatraluri procesebis gverdiT ayenebs,– aRniSnavs<br />

Teatrmcodne levan xeTaguri,_ Ziebis prioriteti ZiriTadad<br />

nawarmoebis gadamuSavebaze, anu, literaturul-dramaturgiul<br />

pirvelwyaros seriozul saavtoro interpretaciaze modis.<br />

interpretaciasTan erTad sul ufro ixveweba wina periodSi<br />

gamoyenebuli da amoqmedebuli gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi~ 2 .<br />

XX saukunis 50-60-iani wlebidan evropul TeatrSi<br />

axleburad kiTxuloben klasikuri dramaturgiis ama Tu im<br />

nimuSs, miT umetes, Seqspirs, romelic veriko anjafariZis<br />

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT axlebur `interpretacias ara Tu<br />

itans, aramed Txoulobs. dadga dro axlis Ziebisa.<br />

SeuZlebelia dRes ise imuSavo da Seqmna, rogorc guSin~ 3 .<br />

evropuli Teatri etapobrivad eTxoveboda Zvel, tradiciul<br />

gaazrebas, formebs da ideebs. qarTuli sabWoTa Teatri am<br />

38 39

laSa CxartiSvili<br />

Seqspiris axleburi gaazreba XX saukunis II naxevris dasawyisSi<br />

procesebis avangardSi aRmoCnda, rac savsebiT logikuri<br />

movlena iyo.<br />

XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi, vidre robert sturua, Temur<br />

CxeiZe da sxva am Taobis reJisorebi (g. Jordania, n. xatiskaci)<br />

`moZlierdebodnen~ qarTuli sabWoTa Teatris avangardSi,<br />

upirveles yovlisa, mixeil TumaniSvili gvevlineba. swored<br />

mis saxelTan da SemoqmedebasTan aris dakavSirebuli ara<br />

erTi siaxle da progresuli, mxatvruli meTodebis danergva<br />

qarTul sabWoTa TeatrSi, romelic dRemde iwvevs Teatris<br />

mkvlevarTa yuradRebas da inarCunebs aqtualobas.<br />

`srulyofili ar iqneboda m. TumaniSvilis novatoruli misia<br />

adre Tu gvian, rom ar ecada mas Tavisi Teatraluri principebis<br />

damkvidreba Seqspiris dramaturgiaze dayrdnobiT. Seqspiri<br />

kidev erTi, magram aucilebeli barieri iyo TumaniSvilisa da<br />

misi TanamoazreebisaTvis~ 4 .<br />

mixeil TumaniSvili rusTavelis TeatrSi reJisoruli<br />

moRvaweobis meCvidmete wels dgams Seqspiris `mefe lirs~.<br />

es iyo misi meore Sexeba Seqspiris samyarosTan (manamde<br />

iyo `zafxulis Ramis sizmari~, 1964 w.), romlis Cavardnamac<br />

sabolood wertili dausva Seqspiris tradiciul gaazrebas.<br />

`mefe liris~ premiera rusTavelis TeatrSi 1966 wlis<br />

12 aprils Sedga. am droisTvis igi ukve saxelganTqmuli<br />

da aRiarebuli reJisoria, ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed<br />

sabWoTa kavSirSi. mas ukve dadgmuli aqvs i. fuCikis<br />

`adamianebo iyaviT fxizlad~ (1951 w.), j. fletCeris<br />

`espaneli mRvdeli~ (1954 w.), kohoutis `roca aseTi<br />

siyvarulia~ (1958 w.), g. naxucriSvilis `WinWraqa~ (1963<br />

w., mcire scenis gaxsna), mixeil TumaniSvils icnoben moskovSi<br />

da sTxoven b. brextis piesis `gind es jariskaci, gind is~<br />

dadgmas, romelic reJisorma ganaxorciela 1965 wels.<br />

Seqspiris dramaturgiasTan Sexvedramde m. TumaniSvils<br />

klasikuri dramaturgiis arc erTi nimuSi ar daudgams.<br />

`WinWraqas~ irgvliv atexilma skandalma da `zafxulis<br />

Ramis sizmris~ erTgvarma marcxma kidev ufro daTrguna<br />

reJisori. kritika TumaniSviliseul `zafxulis Ramis<br />

sizmarze~ werda: `reJisoris poziciebi erovnuli Teatris<br />

tradiciul TaviseburebaTa, ideur mizandasaxulobaTa da<br />

realisturi princi pebisgan gandgomas efuZneba, yovelive<br />

amis nacvlad ki, mixeil TumaniSvili gvTavazobs speqtaklebs,<br />

sadac mefobs xelovnuroba, siWrele, stilizacia, erotika<br />

da marionetebad qceul msaxiobTa Semoqmedeba~ 5 . faqtia,<br />

rom Teatraluri kritika, maSin ver Caswvda TumaniSvilis<br />

axlebur midgomebs Seqspiris dramaturgiisadmi.<br />

Seqspiris modernizacias qarTul sabWoTa sinamdvileSi,<br />

pirvelad swored mixeil TumaniSvili Seecada, man uari<br />

Tqva Seqspiris piesebis tradiciul wakiTxvaze da mravalgzis<br />

aprobirebul dadgmebis meTodologiaze. Sesabamisad,<br />

SemTxveviTi ar iyo `m. TumaniSvilis mier Seqspiris komediis<br />

amgvari saxiT daintereseba, speqtakli ki gaakritikes (v.<br />

qarTveliSvili, d. mumlaZe), magram is, rac TumaniSvilma<br />

m ay ur e bels Se s Tavaz a, uc xo da mi uR e beli iy o<br />

sazogadoebisTvisac maSin. amgvari interpretacia dagmobili<br />

iqna. es Ziebebi TumaniSvilma daiwyo `zafxulis Ramis sizmarSi~<br />

da mere `mefe lirSi~ gaagrZela, magram gviani iyo~. 6 sul sxva<br />

sakiTxia, ramdenad miaRwia am Ziebebma erTobliobaSi<br />

maRalmxatvrul xarisxs, magram Teatris istoriisaTvis mis<br />

Seqspiriseul dadgmebs umniSvnelovanesi roli eniWeba<br />

qarTul sasceno Seqspirianis tradiciebis ganaxlebaSi da<br />

modernizaciaSi. rTuli fsiqologiuri mdgomareobisa da<br />

daundobeli kritikis miuxedavad, m. TumaniSvili agrZelebs<br />

brZolas da dgams `mefe lirs~. am droisTvis rusTavelis<br />

Teatris repertuarSia robert sturuas, gizo Jordanias<br />

da nana xatiskacis saukeTeso speqtaklebi: a. mileris<br />

`seilemis procesi~, T. WilaZis `akvariumi~, sulxan-saba<br />

orbelianis `sibrZne-sicruisa~ (e. maRalaSvilTan erTad).<br />

`WinWraqas~ da `zafxulis Ramis sizmris~ irgvliv presaSi<br />

atexili polemikisa da aJiotaJis Semdeg, bevri ram iyo<br />

damokidebuli `mefe liris~ warmatebaze, Tumca `lirma~<br />

TumaniSvils sayovelTao gamarjveba ver moutana.<br />

Seqspiris `liris~ dadgmas XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis<br />

rusTavelis Teatris cxovrebaSi princi puli mniSvneloba<br />

hqonda. `tradiciisa~ da `novatorTa~ momxreebs Soris vnebebi<br />

kidev boboqrobda. kamaTi ukidures formebs iZenda da xSirad<br />

yuradRebis miRma rCeboda is Zvirfasi aRmoCenebi da WeSmariti<br />

40 <strong>41</strong>

laSa CxartiSvili<br />

Seqspiris axleburi gaazreba XX saukunis II naxevris dasawyisSi<br />

novatoruli mignebebi, romelTac axali Teatraluri esTetika<br />

axlda~ 7 . TumaniSvilis pirveli Seqspiriseuli dadgmebi qarTul<br />

scenaze misi gaTanamedroveobis pirveli cdebi iyo.<br />

ratom gadawyvita mainc da mainc `liris~ dadgma m.<br />

TumaniSvilma? am kiTxvaze calsaxa pasuxi ar arsebobs,<br />

Tumca sxvadasxva masalebidan da wyaroebidan irkveva, rom<br />

`liris~ dadgmis idea sergo zaqariaZes ekuTvnoda.<br />

TumaniSvilma mas uari ver uTxra, ris gamoc ganawyendnen<br />

kidec `Svidkacas~ wevrebi, Tumca eWvgareSea, rom TumaniSvili<br />

mxolod zaqariaZis survilis axdenis, an Tundac msaxioburi<br />

kaprizisTvis ar SeeWideboda monumentur dramaturgiul<br />

tilos. TumaniSvils gacilebiT didi ambiciebi hqonda da<br />

es iyo kritikis kidev erTi, axali gamowveva. am sakiTxTan<br />

dakavSirebiT n. uruSaZe wers: `vinc gaecnoba im periodis<br />

rusTavelis Teatris sareJisoro kolegiis sxdomebis oqmebs,<br />

Seityobs, rom m. TumaniSvils am tragediis dadgma ar<br />

undoda, es iyo sergo zaqariaZis survili~ 8 . Teatris<br />

moRvaweTaTvis da mkvlevarTaTvis kargad aris cnobili<br />

mixeil TumaniSvilis Tvisebis erTi maxasiaTebeli: is Tavisi<br />

miznebisa da gegmebis Sesaxeb Tavad iSviaTad saubrobda.<br />

misi gegmebic erTi SexedviT TiTqos misgan damoukideblad<br />

xorcieldeboda, yovelTvis kulisebSi idga da iqedan marTavda<br />

garkveul situaciebs. amitomac, sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom<br />

man SesTavaza sergo zaqariaZes liris roli, romelic<br />

sareJisoro kolegiaze ara reJisorma, aramed msaxiobma<br />

gaaxmaura. Jurnal `Teatris~ korespondentis kiTxvaze, Tu<br />

ratom airCia `liri~ dasadgmelad, reJisori pasuxobs: `mizezi<br />

bevria: jer erTi, bolo dros rusTavelis Teatris mimarT<br />

bevri pretenzia gaCnda did tiloebTan misi ganSorebis<br />

gamo. Cven movindomeT polemikis gagrZeleba `didi tilos~<br />

moSveliebiT, anu, visurveT klasikuri tragedia davdgaT<br />

ise, rogorc Cven es dRes warmogvidgenia. bevri ram imiTac<br />

iyo ganpirobebuli, rom Teatris dasSi aris iseTi msaxiobi,<br />

rogorc sergo zaqariaZea...~ 9 rusTavelis TeatrSi `mefe<br />

liris~ 1966 wlis dadgmis masalebidan irkveva, rom<br />

TumaniSvilma `liris~ dadgmis gadawyvetileba `SvidkacasTan~<br />

SeTanxmebis gareSe miiRo. man daarRvia tradicia, roca is<br />

Tavisi gegmebis Sesaxeb megobar msaxiobebTan saubrobda. m.<br />

TumaniSvilis wignidan: `reJisori Teatridan wavida~ (Tb.,<br />

1989) avtori igonebs, rom `Svidkacas~ orma wevrma werili<br />

miswera mas, romelSic ewera: `ar gvinda, rom Seni energia<br />

axla `lirze~ daixarjos. Sen yovelTvis imas dgamdi, rac<br />

gindoda da SemdgomSic ase unda iyos. Cven is gvwyins, rom<br />

Sen `liris~ dadgma ise gadawyvite, rom CvenTvis ar gikiTxavs<br />

rCeva, rogorc amas sxva dadgmebis win akeTebdi...~ 10<br />

Teatrmcodne dali mumlaZis azriT, ki `TumaniSvilis<br />

SemoqmedebaSi dadga dro, roca mas Tavisi Zala, Tavisi<br />

SemoqmedebiTi unari klasikuri nawarmoebis axal wakiTxvaSi<br />

unda eCvenebina. TumaniSvilma Seqspiri airCia. jer `zafxulis<br />

Ramis sizmari~ dadga, Semdeg `mefe liri~. 11 erT-erT interviuSi,<br />

Tu ratom airCia reJisorma `mefe liri~ dasadgmelad, m.<br />

TumaniSvili acxadebs: `CemTvis mefe liri da Tavad problema,<br />

romelic am piesaSi dasva Seqspirma, Zalian axlobelia,<br />

mniSvnelovania da Tanamedrove. es umaRlesi tragediaa –<br />

liris samyaros Secnobis tragedia saintereso da savse<br />

cxovrebiseuli nakadiT~. 12 ase rom, `liris~ dadgma<br />

TumaniSvilma da zaqariaZem erTad gadawyvites, SesaZloa<br />

TumaniSvilis mxridan es erTgvari kompromisi da madlobis<br />

Jesti iyo zaqariaZisadmi (cnobili konfliqtis dros s.<br />

zaqariaZem axalgazrdebs, TumaniSvilis `Svidkacas~ dauWira<br />

mxari), Tumca es sakiTxebi Cveni kvlevis mizans amjerad<br />

scildeba. TeatrmcodneTa umravlesobis azriT, es speqtakli<br />

TumaniSvilis Semoqmedebis gamarjvebaTa siaSi ar Sedis,<br />

magram mas hqonda didi mniSvneloba ara mxolod Seqspiris<br />

axleburi wakiTxvis tradiciis SeqmnaSi, aramed zogadad<br />

Zveli formebis ngrevis da axleburi azrovnebis<br />

damkvidrebaSi.<br />

polemika TumaniSvilis Semoqmedebis da Sesabamisad<br />

rusTavelis Teatris irgvliv, presaSi `liris~ premieris<br />

Semdeg axal fazaSi gadavida. polemika gascilda regionis<br />

farglebs da man mTeli sabWoTa kavSiris centraluri<br />

<strong>saxelovnebo</strong> gamocemebi moicva. zogi adanaSaulebda reJisors<br />

rusTavelis Teatris tradiciuli gzidan gadaxvevaSi (`es<br />

ar aris mefe!~ werdnen erTni), zogierTi kritikosi<br />

42 43

laSa CxartiSvili<br />

Seqspiris axleburi gaazreba XX saukunis II naxevris dasawyisSi<br />

aRfrTovanebuli iyo imiT, rom Teatrma TumaniSvilis<br />

xelmZRvanelobiT uari Tqva liris `tradiciul mefur<br />

didebulebaze~<br />

speqtaklis mxatvari iyo koka ignatovi, kompozitori _<br />

oTar TaqTaqiSvili, rolebi ki ase iyo ganawilebuli:<br />

liri – sergo zaqariaZe,<br />

kenti – erosi manjgalaZe,<br />

gonerila – salome yanCeli,<br />

regana – medea Caxava,<br />

glosteri – giorgi gegeWkori,<br />

edmundi – ramaz CxikvaZe,<br />

edgari – ediSer maRalaSvili,<br />

kordelia _ bela mirianaSvili,<br />

masxara _ guram saRaraZe,<br />

mTavari kornoulisa _ jemal RaRaniZe,<br />

mTavari albanisa _ badri kobaxiZe.<br />

TumaniSvili Seqspiris tragedias axleburad miudga, es<br />

kargad Cans ara erTi im konkretuli faqtidan, rac `liris~<br />

dadgmas ukavSirdeba, reJisorma uari Tqva i. maCablis genialur<br />

Targmanze da Seqspiris Rrma mcodnes vaxtang WeliZes SeukveTa<br />

piesis axali Targmani, radgan misi azriT, speqtakli ufro<br />

Tanamedrove gamovidoda. reJisoris mxridan Seqspiris<br />

tragediis axali Targmanis Seqmna progresuli movlena iyo,<br />

piesa xelaxali Targmnis Sedegad kidev ufro dauaxlovda<br />

prozaul teqsts. m. TumaniSvili am speqtakliT Seecada `mWidro<br />

kontaqti daemyarebina Teatrsa da Tanamedrove mayureblis<br />

sulier samyarosTan. moetana azri da cocxali adamianuri<br />

grZnobebi~. 13 reJisorma paTeTikuri da diadi liris nacvlad,<br />

warmoadgina gaadamianebuli liri, cxovrebis realobasTan<br />

moaxloebuli piri, `masSi meti iyo lirizmi, vidre<br />

monumenturoba, meti sirbile, vidre mrisxaneba, meti siyvaruli,<br />

vidre siZulvili~. 14 werilobiT wyaroebze dayrdnobiT irkveva,<br />

rom `mefe liri~ reJisors Teoriulad sul sxvagvarad hqonda<br />

Cafiqrebuli, vidre igi saboloo versiiT gamovida. werilobiTi<br />

dokumentis saxiT arsebobs TumaniSvilis narkvevi `mefe lirze~,<br />

romelic sagrZnoblad daSorebulia sareJisoro eqsplikacias,<br />

eqsplikacia ki speqtaklis im redaqcias, romelic farTo<br />

mayurebelma ixila.<br />

vidre m. TumaniSvili uSualod daiwyebda speqtaklze<br />

praqtikul muSaobas, mas Teoriulad `liri~ Cafiqrebuli hqonda,<br />

rogorc politikuri farsi. igi speqtaklis movlenebs eqvs<br />

nawilad yofs da TiToeuls pirobiT saxelsac arqmevs. esenia:<br />

1. SeSliloba, pirovnebis kulti,<br />

2. pensioneri-katastrofa,<br />

3. liris akademia,<br />

4. `kaciWamioba!~, TviTmyrobelobis mZvinvareba,<br />

5. aRdgoma!<br />

6. akviatebuli ideebisgan gaTavisufleba.<br />

eqsplikaciaSi, romelic pirvelad TumaniSvilis wignSi: `sanam<br />

repeticia daiwyeba~ daibeWda, reJisori Txzavs erTi SexedviT<br />

liris lirikul samyaros, Tumca politikuri situaciebis<br />

analogiebi maSindel sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan konteqstSi<br />

mainc SeimCneva. reJisori wers: `pirquSi, mkacri mmarTvelobis<br />

wesi... liri mTel xalxs, saxelmwifos marTavs. magram aRmavlobis<br />

xanam gaiara. mefe daberda (unda vivaraudoT, rom TumaniSvili<br />

Seecada liris mxatvruli saxis identifikacias sabWoTa<br />

kavSirTan _ rogorc despotur saxelmwifosTan _ l. C.). is<br />

axla Zalis meSveobiT ki ara, aramed warsuli Zlierebis<br />

gaxsenebiT marTavs saxelmwifos. gadawyvita, saxelmwifo<br />

qaliSvilebs daunawilos... sarkiani cixe-darbazis miRma ki am<br />

dros gamefebulia siZulvili, SeTqmuleba, mkvleloba, intriga...<br />

qveynis gzebze jaSuSebi, yaCaRTa bandebi, mawanwalebi daZrwian...<br />

(daaxloebiT iseTebi, rogoric reJisoris speqtaklSi `antigone~<br />

Cafrebi iyvnen _ l. C.). jurRmulebSi jerjerobiT mefisgan<br />

malulad adamianebs awameben. mosyidva, daSineba, iaraRis<br />

dagroveba, dapirebebi... saxelmwifo moRvaweebi TavianT cixedarbazebSi<br />

miyuJulan da garyvnilebis morevSi ixrCobian.<br />

qveyana, arsebiTad, sisxlisgan icleba, magram garegnulad<br />

yvelaferi Zveleburadaa. yvelas mSvenivrad esmis, rom liris<br />

saxelmwifos dReebi daTvlilia, amitom yvelani grZnoben<br />

aucileblobas, Semzadebulni iyvnen saimisod, rom gayofaganawilebis<br />

dros motyuebulni ar darCnen... centri aRar<br />

arsebobs. aRarc sistemaa... liri gamudmebiT cdilobs, samefo<br />

44 45

laSa CxartiSvili<br />

Seqspiris axleburi gaazreba XX saukunis II naxevris dasawyisSi<br />

Zalauflebis iluzia SeinarCunos... 15 Tu TumaniSvilis `liris~<br />

dadgmis gegmas kargad CavuRrmavdebiT, aucileblad SevniSnavT<br />

aRwerili situaciis paralels istoriul realobasTan.<br />

stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg iwyeba misi kultis gmoba da<br />

saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis princi pebSi Sedis garkveuli<br />

cvlilebebi, ramac xeli Seuwyo sabWoTa kavSiris, rogorc<br />

saxelmwifos rRvevis dawyebas, Tumca TumaniSvilis mier<br />

Cafiqrebuli mefe liris msgavsad, arc sabWoTa saxelmwifo<br />

imCnevs mis SigniT momxdar cvlilebebs. warsuli Zliereba,<br />

mxolod inerciaa da yvela iluziaSi cxovrobs. politikurad<br />

motivirebuli tragediis eqspoziciis Semdeg, TumaniSvils<br />

lirikul-dramatuli nakadi Semoaqvs. TumaniSvilis xedviT<br />

liris istoria ambiciuri adamianis istoriaa. `roca gmirs<br />

sakuTari Tavi gaigivebuli hyavs bunebasTan, RmerTTan, anu, is<br />

zeadamiania, zekacia. swored es Tviseba _ sakuTar TavSi<br />

Caketva, xels uSlis dainaxos mis garSemo mimdinare procesebi~. 16<br />

liri iluziiT cxovrobs, is sarkeSi mxolod sakuTari didebis<br />

anarekls xedavs, mis gamocdilebas da Zalas morCilebs<br />

saxelmwifo, swored es Rupavs lirs da ubiZgebs mas gadadgas<br />

araswori sabediswero nabiji, romelic ara mxolod mis<br />

ubedurebas, aramed saxelmwifos rRvevasac iwvevs.<br />

`sasowarkveTili liri mis mier agebuli sarkiani cixe-darbazis<br />

sazRvrebs tovebs. qariSxalma da Weqa-quxilma aiZula jiuti<br />

moxuci, damorCileboda Tavis beds, daaCoqa, agrZnobina, rom<br />

masze didi Zala arsebobs. lirma irgvliv mimoixeda da pirvelad<br />

dainaxa samyaro iseTi, rogoric is sinamdvileSia...~ 17<br />

TumaniSvilis azriT, liri erTgvar akademias gadis, es aris<br />

misi samyaros axleburad Semecnebis procesi. liris irgvliv<br />

ki, ukve sisxlis mdinareebi dgas. glosters awameben. edmundma<br />

orive dedoflis saxlSi SeaRwia. kornuelic moklulia, misi<br />

msaxuric. adamianebi gamxecdnen da fsiqozisgan, isterikisgan<br />

Zlivs ikaveben Tavs. amis damnaxavi liri jer gaognebulia,<br />

Semdeg ki mSvidad grZnobs Tavs, radgan masTan kordeliaa.<br />

`liri, rogorc mefe, dabrZenda, magram axla misi sibrZne<br />

movarayebas aRar saWiroebs. liri WeSmaritad didi gaxda, is<br />

Caswvda cxovrebis arss. liris garSemo megobrebi iyrian<br />

Tavs. iwyeba ukanaskneli samkvdro-sasicocxlo, ideuri Setakeba<br />

(kulminacia-orTabrZola) da uceb, moulodnelad _ yvelaferi<br />

wydeba da siCume isadgurebs~; 18 _ ai, swored es aris<br />

TumaniSviliseuli liris tragediis arsi. manamde qarTul<br />

scenaze Seqspiris es tragedia amgvarad aravis gauazrebia.<br />

mixeil TumaniSvili Tavis Teoriul Canafiqrs `lirze~<br />

ase amTavrebs: `ai, movlenaTa rigi. magram ramdeni epizodisgan,<br />

movlenisgan da qmediTi fenisagan Sedgeba igi, ramdeni<br />

orTabrZola, Tu konfliqti, ramdeni kvanZi, Tu gadaxra imaleba<br />

moqmed pirTa saubrebs miRma. aq zRva masalaa improvizaciisTvis,<br />

magram axla es aRar gvaSinebs, radganac ukve arsebobs momavali<br />

speqtaklis ConCxi, gza, yovel SemTxvevaSi, biliki mainc. da<br />

Tu reJisor de sikas naTqvamis mcire perifrazs gavakeTebT,<br />

SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom: `speqtakli, faqtobrivad, SeTxzulia,<br />

axla mxolod misi dadgmaa saWiro!~ 19<br />

m. TumaniSvilma `liris~ repeticiebi 1966 wels daiwyo<br />

da premiera oTx TveSi Sedga. aq unda aRiniSnos kidev erTi<br />

garemoeba: qarTul scenaze `mefe liris~ dadgmebis istorias<br />

Tu gadavavlebT Tvals (kote yifiani _ asi repeticia, 1879<br />

weli, valerian gunia _ ocdaoTxi Tve, 1904 weli al.<br />

imedaSvili _ 15 weli, speqtaklis premiera Sedga 19<strong>41</strong> wels,<br />

akaki xoravam lirze muSaoba 1926 wels daiwyo, speqtakli<br />

akaki vasaZis reJisuriT mxolod 1948 wels ganxorcielda)<br />

TumaniSvilis speqtakli rekordulad mokle droSi daidga.<br />

reJisorsa da msaxiobs ar hqondaT didi dro fiqrisTvis,<br />

eqsperimentebisTvis, rac aisaxa kidec speqtaklis ideur<br />

gadawyvetaze da mxatvrul xarisxze. SeimCneoda garkveuli<br />

gavlenebis kvalic, rogorc qarTul, ise evropul `lirebTan~.<br />

reJisori ki Tavis dRiurebSi ase imarTlebda Tavs: `reJisori<br />

piesas kiTxulobs da mis cnobierebaSi umal aRmocendeba<br />

nacnobi warmodgenebi cnobili Teatraluri dadgmebidan.<br />

warsulSi aRmoCena, dResdReobiT ki banaluri, xavsmokidebuli<br />

esa Tu is xerxi, romelic araviTar axal informacias aRar<br />

atarebs, aferxebs speqtaklis gadawyvetis axal ideaTa<br />

warmoSobas. reJisoris warmosaxvisTvis Zalze rTulia, daZlios<br />

aseTi Sablonuri sqema da gaarRvios nacnob, zedapirze mdebare<br />

gacveTil gadawyvetaTa junglebi. amgvari akviatebuli idea<br />

Tu xerxi aTasobiTaa da isini mudam Cven gverdiTaa Casafrebuli,<br />

46 47

laSa CxartiSvili<br />

Seqspiris axleburi gaazreba XX saukunis II naxevris dasawyisSi<br />

maTze ar unda vifiqroT, isini abezari mezoblebiviT mudam<br />

mzad arian daxmarebis xeli gamogviwodon, rodesac maT aravin<br />

sTxovs amas... piter brukma gadawyvita, erT-erT Tavis speqtaklSi<br />

(`mefe liri~) tragediis gmirebi tyavis tansacmliT Seemosa,<br />

da mohyvnen mis kvaldakval tyavSi gamowyobili yvela drois<br />

da xalxis gmirebi msoflios scenebze siaruls. es aris<br />

swored fsiqologiuri inercia.<br />

es srulebiTac ar niSnavs imas, rom saerTod ar SeiZleba,<br />

gamoviyenoT did winamorbedTa mier mignebuli esa Tu is<br />

Teatraluri xerxi. piriqiT, Zalian kargad unda vicnobdeT<br />

mignebebisa da xerxebis am arsenals, unda SeviswavloT isini,<br />

amosaval wertilad vaqcioT, ukidures SemTxvevaSi gamoviyenoT<br />

kidec, magram es ar unda xdebodes meqanikurad, garkveuli<br />

sezonisTvis gankuTvnili `modis mixedviT~. 20 TumaniSvilis<br />

`lirze~, misi premieridan ramdenime wlis Semdeg gamoqveynebuli<br />

recenziebidan, Tu kvlevebidan Cans, rom rusTavelis Teatris<br />

1966 wlis `lirSi~ SeimCneoda bruki-skofildis `liris~ gavlena,<br />

rac im periodis qarTul sabWoTa TeatrSi siaxles<br />

warmoadgenda da siaxles yovelTvis martivad ar iRebda (an<br />

ver amCnevda) sabWoTa kritika, miT umetes, qarTuli. aseTi<br />

SemTxvevebis ara erTi magaliTi arsebobs qarTuli Teatris<br />

istoriaSi. msaxiobTa mogonebebidan irkveva isic, rom<br />

TumaniSvilma farTod gamoiyena rusTavelis Teatris muzeumSi<br />

daculi kote marjaniSviliseuli `liris~ eqsplikacia. rac<br />

imaze miuTiTebs, rom TumaniSvilis speqtakli ar Seqmnila<br />

mxolod Tanamedrove Teatraluri tendenciebis gavleniT. mis<br />

amgvar dabadebas myari safuZveli gaaCnda TviT qarTul<br />

TeatrSic. `TumaniSvilis `mefe liris~ siaxle gamoixateboda<br />

TiTqmis yvelaferSi. aq iyo brukis mier moxveuli asociacia<br />

_ adrefeodalur, Tavis formebsa da urTierTobebSi<br />

maqsimalurad sada, mouqnel, dauxvewel samyaroze. siaxle<br />

iyo TviT liris xasiaTis gaxsnaSic _ zaqariaZis liri Sors<br />

iyo uZluri moxucisgan da, amdenad, wamyvani speqtaklSi gaxda<br />

ara siberis tragedia, aramed tragedia tiranisa, romelmac<br />

sakuTar TavSi adamiani mokla da mxolod udidesi danakargebis<br />

fasad aRmoaCina es. WeSmaritad axleburad iyo danaxuli<br />

lirisa da masxaras (g. saRaraZe) urTierToba, erTguli msaxuri,<br />

TiTqos igivdeboda mefesTan. garda amisa, reJisoris<br />

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miipyro ucnaurma kanonzomierebam,<br />

romlis mixedviT masxara da kordelia erTdroulad ar<br />

Cndebian piesaSi. iq, sadac aris kordelia, ar aris masxara,<br />

sadac vxvdebiT masxaras, iq ar aris kordelia. es SemTxveviToba,<br />

Tu faruli logika iqca liris saxis amoxsnis erT-erT<br />

saSualebad~. 21 TumaniSvili ar moerida Seqspiris teqstTan<br />

axlebur midgomas da es mxolod piesis axali Targmanis<br />

SeqmnaSi rodi gamoixateboda. speqtakli iwyeboda Seqspirisave<br />

sonetiT (#66), romelsac xumara (g. saRaraZe) ambobda da<br />

romlis pirveli da bolo taepebi aseTia:<br />

`yvelafriT daRlils sanatrelad sikvdili damrCa,<br />

radgan maTxovrad gadaiqca axla Rirseba...<br />

radgan uwmindes xelovnebas asoben laxvars,<br />

radgan uvici da regveni brZenobs advilad...<br />

ase daRlili am qveynidan garCevas varCev...~<br />

`xumaras mier warmoTqmuli es brZnuli soneti niadags<br />

amzadebda speqtaklisTvis da fiqrisken xrida mayureblis<br />

gonebas~. 22 rogorc Cans, xumaras mTxroblis, erTgvari<br />

protogonistis funqciac ekisreboda. ai, kidev erTi kavSiri<br />

qarTul Teatralur tradiciebTan. cnobilia, rom axmetelic<br />

Tavis ganuxorcielebel speqtakl `mefe lirs~ xumaras<br />

monologiT iwyebda.<br />

TumaniSvilis speqtakl `mefe liris~ saeqspozicio nawilis<br />

kavSirze orman bel gedelis `mefe lirTan~ saubrobs<br />

Teatrmcodne dali mumlaZe. igi werda: `TumaniSvili<br />

speqtakls masxaras monologiT iwyebs. kacisa da xalxis<br />

bedze Cafiqrebuli adamiani, romelsac xelSi Tavisi saxe –<br />

masxaras CaCi uWiravs, saocari gulistkiviliT ambobs: `rom<br />

SemeZlos siyvarulo Seni daTmoba~. Sua saukuneTa cixis<br />

kedeli gabmuli jaWvis xmauriT eSveba. sasaxlis karis<br />

Tavyrilobaa. dgas qvis taxti. goliaTi qvebi speqtaklis<br />

umTavres aqsesuarebs warmoadgenen. simZimisa da Seuvalobis<br />

ganwyobas qmnian, magram es xomNorman bel gederis `mefe<br />

lirisaTvis~ Seqmnili dekoraciebis zusti analogiaa. qvis<br />

48 49

laSa CxartiSvili<br />

Seqspiris axleburi gaazreba XX saukunis II naxevris dasawyisSi<br />

forma mxatvar k. ignatovs ufro stilizebuli aqvs. arc<br />

patara kubikebi Cans rampasTan, magram dekoraciuli<br />

komponentebis mTeli kompleqsi ucxadesad aRadgens londonSi<br />

1919 wels dadgmul pirvel Tanamedrove Seqspirul speqtakls~. 23<br />

rkinis jaWvze Camobmuli qvis Zeli, romelic monumentur<br />

asketuri dekoraciis faqturas warmoadgenda mZimed eSveboda<br />

da scenaze Cndeboda liris samefo darbazi, ismoda sayviris<br />

xma, xolo glosteri amcnobda mayurebels liris SemobrZanebas.<br />

`scenaze yvela da yvelaferi SeSdeba xelmwifis molodinSi,<br />

imdenad morCilad da mTrTolvared, rom grZnobdi ramdenad<br />

didia misi Zlevamosileba da sidiade, amave dros momlodine<br />

sxeulebi imdenad daZabulia, rom grZnob, rom raRac unda<br />

moxdes. am scenis mTavari azric swored amaSia, rom dasawyisSi<br />

dgas Zlieri, diadi adamiani, romelsac yvela emorCileba~. 24<br />

aseTi unda yofiliyo speqtaklis saeqspozicio nawili<br />

TumaniSvilis Canafiqris mixedviT. dasawyisis msgavsi gadawyveta<br />

hqonda Tavis speqtaklSi robert sturuas, magram mis<br />

speqtaklSi yvelaferi gacilebiT mwvaved da dramatizebulad<br />

iyo ganxorcielebuli. TiTqos dausrulebeli lodinis Semdeg,<br />

mayurebeli gakvirvebuli iyo, liris gamoCeniT, romelsac<br />

araviTari mefuri sidiade aRar SerCenia. Semodioda liri,<br />

romelic mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda im pirovnebisagan, romelsac<br />

mayurebeli moeloda (msgavsad robert sturuas da ramaz<br />

CxikvaZis lirisa). `mis faqturaSi ar igrZnoba arc<br />

Zlevamosileba da arc sidiade. es ar iyo TviTmpyrobeli.<br />

kontrasti, Tu rogor mivida TiToeul maTganTan mis winaSe<br />

damsaxurebis mixedviT, rogor Seafasa yoveli maTgani, erTi<br />

RimiliT, meore gamomcdeli mzeriT, mesame daufaravi antipaTiiT,<br />

aman maSinve gansazRvra distancia lirsa da lirs, rogorc<br />

adamians Soris. speqtaklSi liri ar aris gadawyvetili, rogorc<br />

tragedia motyuebuli ndobisa, es aris tragedia adamianisa,<br />

romelmac Zalian gvian Seicno WeSmariteba~. 25 Tavad sergo<br />

zaqariaZe liris mxatvruli saxis miseuli gaazrebis Taobaze<br />

erT-erT interviuSi ambobs: `me ar mindoda Cemi liri moxuci<br />

yofiliyo, dasasruls qveynis marTva kidev unda SesZleboda.<br />

mis SecdomaTa fesvebs misi diqtatoruli tvinis wyobaSi<br />

vxedav. saxelmwifos marTvis miseuli struqtura ver uZlebs<br />

veranair gamocdas adamianurobaze. liris zedmiwevniT<br />

gaadamianureba mindoda, imisaTvis, rom mayurebels axloblad<br />

egrZno igi, gaego misTvis, rogorc adamianisTvis. Cven jer<br />

kidev dakavSirebuli varT polemikiT, brZoliT, roca xelovnebiT<br />

viqnebiT dakavSirebuli ukeTesi iqneba~. 26 faqtia, rom reJisori<br />

da mTavari rolis Semsrulebeli ar gamoricxavda liris<br />

diqtatorul, ampartavnul bunebas, magram Sedegad miviReT<br />

gaadamianurebuli liri, rac gamowveuli unda yofiliyo<br />

tradiciisgan gaqceviT, tradiciis gavlenis SiSiT. am mxriv<br />

damdgmelebi meore ukiduresobamde mividnen, imdenad<br />

`gaadamianurda~ liris mxatvruli saxe, rom igi zogierT<br />

epizodSi yofiT personaJamde davida. es irkveva m. levilis<br />

wignidan `sergo zaqariaZe~, sadac avtori wers: `am<br />

mxarbeWganierma, Zvalmagarma, jan-Ronianma moxucma lurji xabis<br />

tilos xalaTiTa da bewvis paWiWebSi Catanebuli SarvliT<br />

mxrebze Txis bewvmogdebulma, am moxucma svanma Tu xevsurma,<br />

qarTul simReras rom wamoiwyebs sufrasTan me-4 suraTSi, ar<br />

warmoaCina kontrasti dasawyisSi medidur, SemdgomSi<br />

dabeCavebul da finalSi ki didebul lirs Soris, magram<br />

samagierod misi gancdebi uaRresad gasagebi da gulTan axlos<br />

misatani gaxada mayurebelTa farTo wreebisaTvis~. 27 koka<br />

ignatovas kostiumebma erTgvari kontrasti Seitana speqtaklis<br />

ideur gadawyvetaSi. misi kostiumebi, erTi mxriv, mowyda<br />

heroikulobas da monumenturobas, meore mxriv, gaxda yofiTi<br />

da ara sada. es kargad Cans Tavad liris Cacmulobidanac.<br />

sergo zaqariaZes ecva tilos xalaTi, bewvis paWiWebSi<br />

Catanebuli Sarvali da Txis bewvis wamosasxami. mxatvarma<br />

Tu erTi mxriv moSala dro, samagierod gansazRvra geografiuli<br />

sazRvrebi da liris tragedia erT viwro sivrceSi Caketa.<br />

liris tragedia TiTqos erTi pensioneris tragediamde<br />

davida. pirovnebis tragediaSi SeimCneoda yofiTi elementebis<br />

siWarbe. `mefe aRar aris tirani, diqtatori, igi iqca Cveulebriv<br />

adamianad Tavisi SecdomebiT~. 28<br />

XX saukunis 50-iani wlebis meore naxevramde Seqspiris<br />

personaJebi TeatrSi moiazreboda rogorc ara adamianebi, aramed<br />

xelSeuxebeli, arabunebrivi, amaRlebuli da metaforuli gmirebi.<br />

swored maTi sidiadis dakargvas Seewira speqtaklis saerTo<br />

50 51

laSa CxartiSvili<br />

Seqspiris axleburi gaazreba XX saukunis II naxevris dasawyisSi<br />

ideuri gadawyveta. aki ixsenebs kidec mixeil TumaniSvili<br />

Tavis wignSi _ `reJisori Teatridan wavida~, im faqts, rom<br />

igi sikvdilamde ramdenime dRiT adre Sexvda sergo zaqariaZes,<br />

romelmac uTxra mas: `ar gindoda, erTxelac gvemuSava `lirze~?<br />

iqneb rogorme auCqareblad mivbrunebodiT mas? yvelaferi<br />

Tavidan daviwyoT, Cven xom maSin is ar gamogvivida, rac<br />

CavifiqreT?~ 29 , amitomac ambobs mixeil TumaniSvili, rom `liris~<br />

dadgmis dros rusTavelis Teatri misi xelmZRvanelobiT<br />

dakavebuli iyo polemikiT, axali formebis ZiebiT, axali xedvis<br />

damkvidrebiT, `speqtaklSi bevri ram swored polemikiTaa<br />

ganpirobebuli, mTavarSic da detalebSic CvenTvis sul ufro<br />

naTelia aseTi gzis saSiSroebac da SesaZleblobac. axla me<br />

speqtaklSi bevri ram kompromisulad meCveneba. Tu kamaTob,<br />

bolomde unda ikamaTo, daTmobaze ar unda waxvide da rac<br />

mTavaria Sedegi unda iyos WeSmariti xelovnebis doneze~. 30<br />

Teatrmcodne paola uruSaZe Tavis naSromSi `mefe liri<br />

qarTul scenaze~ TumaniSvilis speqtaklze wers, rom `Znelia<br />

meore iseTi speqtaklis dasaxeleba qarTul scenaze, romlis<br />

Taobazec aseTi urTierTsawinaaRmdego azri iyos gamoTqmuli.<br />

mTeli rigi RonisZiebebis gamo, es speqtakli iyo pirveli<br />

`liri~ qarTul scenaze, romelic aqtioruli da reJisoruli<br />

azris erTianobas gamoxatavda~. 31 liris rolis Semsruleblebis<br />

sxva winamorbedebisgan gansxvavebiT sergo zaqariaZes ar hqonia<br />

SemoqmedebiTi konfliqti reJisorTan, is mihyveboda reJisoris<br />

ideas, ufro metic am SemTxvevaSi moxda maTi azrebis Tanxvedra.<br />

Tumca gansxvavebuli mosazreba aqvs Teatrmcodne dali<br />

mumlaZes: `mefe liris Temas TumaniSvili kiTxulobs Cveni<br />

droisaTvis aqtualur aspeqtSi. es igrZnoba speqtaklSi, magram<br />

reJisori ver aRwevs speqtaklis im ideuri datvirTvis Seqmnas,<br />

romelic erTi gmiris problemis sakiTxs daaSorebda mis<br />

warmodgenas. TviT mefe liris CaTvliT, dadgmaSi arc erTi<br />

saxe ar aris sisruliT gaxsnili~. 32 gansxvavebuli mosazreba<br />

aqvs sxva Teatrmcodneebs. ase magaliTad, e. pluCeki Tavis<br />

statiaSi sergo zaqariaZes uwodebs `Tanamedrove msoflio<br />

scenis erT-erT Zalze saintereso liris Semsrulebels~. 33<br />

Teatrmcodne a. solodonikovi werda: `liri Sesrulebulia<br />

zedmetad Serbilebulad, lirikulad, iersaxis masStabebi<br />

Seviwrovda, piesis tragikuli monumenturobis JReradobac~. 34<br />

TiTqmis imave azrs aviTarebs qarTveli Teatrmcodne S.<br />

maWavariani. igi miiCnevda: `msaxiobi, mixeil TumaniSvilis<br />

Canafiqris Sesabamisad, iZleoda ramdenime calmxriv gaazrebas.<br />

igi TamaSobda liris, rogorc mamis tragedias, damarcxebuls<br />

Svilebis cbierebiTa da umadurobiT. gverdze darCa tragediis<br />

socialur-sazogadoebrivi mxareebi, liri Camogdebuli iyo<br />

tragikulis kvarcxlbekidan~. 35 Teatrmcodne manana gegeWkori<br />

Tavis sadisertacio naSromSi mTlianad uaryofs speqtakls<br />

da wers: `sergo zaqariaZis liri, ise rogorc akaki vasaZis, ar<br />

warmoadgens am SemoqmedTa mwvervalebs. maTSi arc<br />

interpretaciis TvalsazrisiT iyo raime axali da originaluri,<br />

Torem yovelive es aisaxeboda am speqtaklis kritikosTa<br />

SefasebebSi~. 36 Teatrmcodnis mxridan speqtaklis sruli<br />

uaryofa recenziebis simwiris gamo, sakiTxisadmi araseriozuli<br />

da araprofesiuli midgomaa. recenziebis simravrle-simcire<br />

rodi gansazRvraven speqtaklis adgils Teatris istoriaSi.<br />

miT umetes, disertacia Sesrulebulia mas Semdeg, rac<br />

sxvagvarad gadafasebul iqna esa Tu is Teatraluri movlena,<br />

romelmac aCvena, rom bevri ram ar iyo ise speqtaklSi, rogorc<br />

es sabWoTa Teatrmcodneobas egona. TumaniSvilis `lirma~<br />

udidesi roli Seasrula Semdgomi Taobis reJisorebisaTvis<br />

Seqspiris axlebur interpretaciebSi. am citatebidan kargad<br />

Cans, Tu rogori brZola gamoucxades mixeil TumaniSvils<br />

Teatrmcodneebma. ra Tqma unda, liri `Camogdebuli iyo<br />

tragikulobis kvarcxlbekidan,~ oRond es garegnulad, erTi<br />

SexedviT. liris xasiaTis gaxsnas aratradiciuli formiT da<br />

sxva mwiri gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebiT kritika ver Seegua.<br />

Tanac sergo zaqariaZis liri `ar iyo britaneTis despoti<br />

mbrZanebeli, aramed is iyo saqarTvelos patriarqaluri mefe~. 37<br />

TumaniSvilis lirSi didi metamorfozebi xdeboda, oRond es<br />

gamovlenili iyo fsiqologizmis xarjze da ara tradiciuli<br />

gmirul-romantikuli, heroikuli Teatris princi pebiT. am<br />

mosazrebas amyarebs sergo zaqariaZis interviuc, romelic<br />

man Jurnal `sabWoTa xelovnebis~ imdroindel redaqtors<br />

oTar egaZes misca, sadac msaxiobi garkveviT ambobs Tavisi<br />

Canafiqris Sesaxeb: `me mindoda damerRvia `mefis tragediis~<br />

52 53

laSa CxartiSvili<br />

Seqspiris axleburi gaazreba XX saukunis II naxevris dasawyisSi<br />

gadmocemis tradiciuli forma. saerTod, laparaki tragikul<br />

paTosze, amaRlebulobaze, imaze, rom SeqspirisTvis saWiroa<br />

`xma, xma, temperamenti: _ es laparaki me ar mitacebs. SesaZloa,<br />

rom yvela Cven jer kidev gatacebulni varT polemikiT, brZoliT.<br />

albaT, roca me xels movkideb marto xelovnebas, ukeTesi<br />

iqneba (gulisxmobs mis dakavebulobas kinoSi da administraciul<br />

saqmianobas _ l. C.)~. mixeil TumaniSvili ki msaxiobis naTqvams<br />

dasZens: `mefe liri~ rusTavelis Teatris tradiciebisadmi<br />

erTgulebas ki ar acxadebs, aramed survils Seqspirsac moekido<br />

dRevandeli poziciebiT~. 38 naTlad Cans msaxiobisa da reJisoris<br />

mizani. tragedia rusTavelis Teatris scenaze rom axleburad<br />

da Tanamedroved aJRerda, aRniSnavdnen yvelaze radikali<br />

kritikosebic. speqtaklSi ar iyo tragizmis araviTari<br />

demonstrireba. `sergo zaqariaZis liri ar iyo sastiki,<br />

aRviraSvebuli tirani. igi ufro axirebuli TviTmpyrobeli,<br />

sakuTar ZalauflebaSi uzomod darwmunebuli mmarTveli<br />

gaxldaT da amgvar TviTkmayofilebaSi gamosWvioda raRac<br />

masxaraseuli. qaliSvilebis „dakiTxvac~ ufro farsul<br />

warmodgenas hgavda, romelic gasarTobad moawyo oinbazobis<br />

xasiaTze misulma mefem~. 39 liri-zaqariZe TamaSobda da<br />

kordelias sityvebsac _ „miyvarxar imdenad, ramdenadac amas<br />

guli mibrZanebs~ – Tavidan saubrad aRiqvamda, Semdeg uecrad<br />

Crdili gadaurbenda saxeze _ es lawiraki gogo araCveulebrivad<br />

momzadebul warmodgenas uSlis, Semdeg ki Cawvdeboda kordelias<br />

sityvebis WeSmarit arss _ qaliSvilis aSkara protests misi<br />

egocentrizmis winaaRmdeg da am momentidan liri Smagobda.<br />

TumaniSvilis am polemikur speqtaklSi miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom bevri ram axleburad iyo gaazrebuli, mxatvruli saxeebi<br />

ar iyo bolomde dasrulebuli da speqtaklSi ar igrZnoboda<br />

erTiani ansambli. rusi kritikosi markovi werda, misi<br />

TvalsazrisiT speqtakli daqucmacebulia, liris saxec<br />

moklebulia erTianobas da aseTi azris safuZvlad igi imas<br />

miiCnevs, rom zaqariaZe, romelic `Semdgom gviCvenebs WeSmarit<br />

gulisxmierebas, siRrmesa da adamianurobas, rols TiTqosda<br />

gvian iwyebs, radganac mas ar axlavs liris Tavmoyvareobis,<br />

liris Tavnebobis, mbrZaneblurobis Saravandedi, TiTqosda am<br />

scenis dawyebamde man ukve ganvlo, romelic mniSvnelovani<br />

etapi iyo gaadamianurebis gzaze~. 40 Tavad msaxiobi werilSi<br />

`Cemi Seqspiruli rolebi~ werda: `Seqspiri sagangebod xlarTavs,<br />

ukiduresad arTulebs im gzas, romelsac liri gadis. swored<br />

am golgoTas mihyavs igi daZabulobamde. lirs gonebis Tvali<br />

swored maSin exileba, roca mis garSemo myofT igi SeSlilad<br />

miaCniaT. amitomac aris, rom liris xasiaTis Cemebur<br />

interpretaciaSi e. w. `sigiJis scenebs~ gansakuTrebiT<br />

gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas vaniWeb, am gansacdelis wyalobiT, am<br />

tanjvis gavliT ganwmendili liri, wminda, sufTa sanTeliviT<br />

midis wuTisoflidan~. <strong>41</strong> manamde ki iyo misi Tayvaniscemis da<br />

ara siyvarulis periodi, is ar imsaxurebda pativiscemas<br />

sazogadoebaSi. swored amaze miuTiTebs m. levili: `irgvliv<br />

myofebTan urTierTobisas s. zaqariaZem Seqmna liris winaSe<br />

qedis moxris atmosfero, ara pativiscemis, aramed Tayvaniscemis<br />

atmosfero. gamoirkva, rom Turme umizezod rodi yvarebiaT<br />

igi keTil adamianebs da sZulebiaT borotT...~ 42 usazRvro<br />

Zalauflebis moyvarul da aRviraxsnili pirmoTneobiT<br />

gamorCeul mefes sabolood gaeRviZa WeSmaritad adamianuri<br />

sawyisi, ramac maSin ifeTqa, roca liri ubedurebaSi Cavarda<br />

da ubralo adamianad gaxdomis ufleba moipova. zaqariaZis<br />

CanafiqriT erTi adamianis tragedia saxelmwifo tragediad<br />

iqca, erT-erT interviuSi igi wers: `me mindoda Tavi dameRwia<br />

Teatris mier Seqspiris Cveuli gagebisagan. me minda liri<br />

meqcia dRevandeli mayureblisaTvis savsebiT misawvdomad,<br />

gasagebad... mindoda STamebera misTvis adamianuri tanjva, rac<br />

imiTaa gamowveuli, rom adamianebs erTmaneTis ar esmiT. me<br />

vTamaSobdi adamianis tragedias, romelic gadaizarda<br />

saxelmwifos tragediaSi~. 43 saxelmwifos tragediad aRiqmeboda<br />

swored ara erTi epizodi speqtaklidan. maT Soris, liris<br />

mier qaliSvilebis `gasamarTleba~ da Wkuaze SeSlilis yvela<br />

epizodi, `qariSxlis scena~, liris gamoRviZeba da cnobierebis<br />

dabruneba, edmundis da edgaris orTabrZola, liris Semosvla<br />

mklavebze gadmosvenebuli kordeliaTi. am zemoT CamoTvlil<br />

scenebs Teatrmcodne n. gurabaniZe `namdvil Sedevrebs~ uwodebs.<br />

speqtaklis finalSi liri martoa da es martooba mis sikvdils<br />

udris. Tumca igi ar kvdeba. scenis siRrmidan kordeliaTi<br />

xelSi modis liri, yvelani Tavdaxrilebi dganan, liri<br />

54 55

laSa CxartiSvili<br />

Seqspiris axleburi gaazreba XX saukunis II naxevris dasawyisSi<br />

ganadgurebulia am ukanaskneli dartymiT, magram ufro<br />

didebulia Sinaganad, ufro Zlieri. safinalo scenis aseTi<br />

gadawyveta moulodneli iyo reJisorisagan. radgan qarTul<br />

scenaze manamde ganxorcielebul `lirTagan~ liri kvdeboda,<br />

Tu ar CavTvliT axmetelis ganuxorcielebel speqtakls, finalis<br />

aseTi gadawyveta gvxdeba momdevno periodis interpretaciebSic<br />

(streleri, sturua), magram fizikurad cocxali liris<br />

motivacia TumaniSvilTan sul sxvagvaria. igi amayia,<br />

gamarjvebuli da bednieri, radgan lirma Seicno WeSmariteba<br />

igi ganTavisuflda sicruisagan da midis cxovrebidan ara<br />

dabeCavebuli, aramed gamocdilebiT dabrZenebuli adamiani,<br />

romelmac icis sikeTis da borotebis fasi.<br />

kritikosebi speqtaklidan liris Semsruleblis garda<br />

gamoarCevdnen or personaJs: masxaras (guram saRaraZe) da<br />

edmunds (ramaz CxikvaZe). kritikosTa yuradRebis arealSi<br />

maTi moxvedra ganapiroba ara mxolod msaxiobTa Sesrulebam,<br />

aramed reJisoris mier am mxatvrul saxeTa gansakuTrebulma<br />

gaazrebam.<br />

reJisorma moaxdina lirisa da masxaras identifikacia.<br />

roca speqtaklis dasawyisSi TumaniSvilma masxaras aTqmevina<br />

66-e soneti, amiT xazi gausva mis mniSvnelobas da rols<br />

mTels speqtaklSi. is avsebs lirs da ara glosteri, rogorc<br />

es adrindel dadgmebSi. roca lirs uWirs igi maSinve moikiTxavs<br />

masxaras, romelic rogorc moraluri sayrdeni, ise sWirdeba.<br />

masxara ki yovelTvis pirSi axlis simarTles. `mas Tavisi<br />

mdgomareoba aZlevs amis uflebas. masxaras Tavi CaCSi aqvs.<br />

is xom sulelia. liri amCnevs, rom misi masxara briyvi araa,<br />

lirs tanjva auxels Tvalebs qveynis dasanaxad da ara<br />

masxara~. 44 is mxolod exmareba da erTgvari stimulatoria<br />

misi. masxara mefe lirisgan maSin qreba, rodesac edmundisa<br />

da kordelias jarebs Soris srola daiwyo. `rodesac srola<br />

iwyeba, iq masxarebisTvis adgili ar aris~ 45 , _ wers m.<br />

TumaniSvili.<br />

didi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba iyo edmundis mxatvrul saxesTan<br />

dakavSirebiT, romelic wlebis manZilze grZeldeboda.<br />

kritikosTa erTi nawili mkacrad akritikebda ramaz CxikvaZis<br />

edmunds, nawils ki igi s. zaqariaZis mier Seqmnili liris<br />

masStabis rangSi moiazrebdnen. `r. CxikvaZis mier warmodgenili<br />

edmundi ar SeiZleba aqtiorul gamarjvebad CaiTvalos. misi<br />

saxiT lirs ara hyavs Zlieri mowinaaRmdege da masSi ar Cans<br />

borotebis is mTavari bude, riTac upirispirdeba lirs. msaxiobi<br />

mxilebis nacvlad icavs Tavis gmirs. ramaz CxikvaZe SesaniSnavad<br />

atarebs scenebs debTan, romlis drosac xazs usvams mis<br />

momxibvlelobasac. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia ukanasknel<br />

moqmedebaSi, roca gamodis rogorc jaris meTauri da sikvdilis<br />

scenaSi, magram iq, sadac saWiroa gamoamJRavnos borotmoqmedis<br />

Tvisebebi, msaxiobs ar hyofnis Sinagani Zala da damajerebloba,<br />

rom srulyofilad warmoaCinos saxe~. 46 miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />

Teatrmcodne d. mumlaZec akritikebs r. CxikvaZis edmunds da<br />

mas `siuJetis Seuferxebeli ganxorcielebis daniSnulebas~<br />

aniWebs mxolod, Tumca imasac aRniSnavs, rom `msaxiobi cdas<br />

ar aklebs rols, Cveni drois saqmiani kacis marifaTiT aRbeWdili<br />

ti pi Seqmnas~. 47 n. gurabaniZe ki ramaz CxikvaZis edmundze<br />

`liris~ premieridan 38 wlis Semdeg dawers: `saxis<br />

gaTanamedrovebis TvalsazrisiT edmundis rolis Semsrulebeli<br />

ramaz CxikvaZe yvelaze Sors wavida. es iyo XX saukunis 60-<br />

iani wlebis tipuri Tavxedi, momxiblavi aramzada, agresiuli,<br />

mudam Setevaze gadasuli, Tma Sublze hqonda Camovarcxnili,<br />

avad imzireboda, wina planze dgomas cdilobda, avanscenaze<br />

moZraobda, raRac xulignuri, gamaRizianebeli iyo mis saqcielSi,<br />

gamomwvevad ustvenda da aravin arafrad miaCnda. es iyo<br />

namdvili `bestardi~, autsaideri, romelic sul win aRudgeboda,<br />

ar daindobda, sasikvdilodac ki gawiravda. aseTi Tavxedebi<br />

qalTa gulismyrobelebic arian, amitomac, advilad xiblavda<br />

liris qaliSvilebs, reginas da gonerilas, romelTa monusxvas<br />

igi saerTod ar cdilobda, ubralod ajadoebda, ipyrobda,<br />

imonebda Tavisi Seukavebeli ZaliT~. 48 speqtaklSi fermkrTali<br />

da arasruli iyo sxva personaJebi, rac speqtaklis erTian<br />

msaxiobur ansambls arRvevda. glosteri m. TumaniSvilis<br />

interpretaciaSi ususur, uniaTo, magram keTili gulis<br />

qveSevrdomad iqca. susti iyo reganasa da gonerilas xazi,<br />

rac zedapiruls xdida borotisa da keTilis dapirispirebis<br />

Cvenebas.<br />

56 57

laSa CxartiSvili<br />

Seqspiris axleburi gaazreba XX saukunis II naxevris dasawyisSi<br />

`liris~ premiera Sedga, magram speqtaklma didxans ver<br />

gauZlo scenas, ris gamoc igi maleve moixsna repertuaridan.<br />

saarqivo masalebisa da recenziebis gacnobam cxadyo, rom<br />

speqtakls aklda muSaoba da igi SeqspirisTvis uCveulod<br />

mokle droSi daidga. daukmayofileblobis grZnoba gauCnda<br />

reJisorsac da mTavari rolis Semsrulebelsac. ukmayofilo<br />

darCa Tavisi namuSevriT sergo zaqariaZe: `lirTan Sexvedra<br />

Cemi artistuli cxovrebis erT-erTi yvelaze naTeli, didi<br />

sulieri sazrdos momcemi momenti iyo, magram amave dros<br />

mivxvdi, rom es mainc sadRac qerqi iyo, zeda fena, romlis<br />

Sedegadac iwyeba is uZiro siRrme, romlis wvdomisaTvisac<br />

SesaZloa erTi xelovanis sicocxle sakmarisi ar aRmoCndes~. 49<br />

TumaniSvilis TqmiT `polemika bolomde unda gagrZelebuliyo<br />

da is araviTar kompromisze ar unda wasuliyo.~ rogorc<br />

TviTon reJisorma ganacxada „lirSi~ bevri ram mTavarSic da<br />

detalebSic – ganpirobebuli iyo tradiciul gagebasTan<br />

polemikiT da amgvari gza garkveul safrTxes uqmnida speqtakls,<br />

Taviseburi sqematurobisa da tendenciurobisaken ubiZgebda<br />

mas.~ 50 miuxedavad amisa, Tu „zaxulis Ramis sizmari~ gaebrZola<br />

klasikuri komediis dakanonebul reformebs, „mefe lirma~<br />

idealizaciisa da paTetikis gvirgvini Camoxsna Seqspiris<br />

tragediebis scenur ganxorcielebas rusTavelis TeatrSi.<br />

amis Semdeg ikveTeba swored is Tanamedrove tendencia, romelmac<br />

ganviTareba pova jer TumaniSvilisave „iulius keisarSi~, xolo<br />

Semdeg robert sturuas „riCard III~ da `mefe lirSi~.<br />

amrigad, TumaniSvilis polemika Teatralur sazogadoebasTan<br />

marcxiT dasrulda, Tumca es rodi iyo damarcxeba pirdapiri<br />

gagebiT. TumaniSvilis speqtaklma dasabami misca qarTul sasceno<br />

SeqspirianaSi Zireul cvlilebebs, man daarRvia araerTi<br />

stereoti pi dakavSirebuli Seqspiris interpretaciis<br />

sakiTxebTan. sabWoTa TeatrSi tradiciebidan gadaxveva did<br />

risks da brZolas moiTxovda. TumaniSvilma es brZola<br />

gaagrZela, oRond Tanamedrove dramaturgiis gamoyenebiT. igi<br />

warmatebiT dgams `liris~ premieridan ori wlisTavze Jan<br />

anuis `antigones~.<br />

TumaniSvilis speqtaklSi `mefe liri~ bevri ram iyo<br />

iseTi, romlebic Semdgomi Taobis reJisorebma gamoiyenes<br />

Seqspiris imave tragediis ganxorcielebisas. amitomac, am<br />

speqtakls misi warumateblobis miuxedavad, didi roli<br />

ekisreba ara mxolod qarTul sasceno SeqspirianaSi, aramed<br />

qarTuli Teatris istoriaSic.<br />

1. a. WavWaniZe, reJisoruli Ziebebi rusTavelis TeatrSi XX saukunis<br />

70-ian wlebSi (sadi plomo Sroma, daculia Teatrisa da kinos<br />

saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTekis sacavSi), Tb., 1986. gv.45.<br />

2. l. xeTaguri, eqsperimentidan barokomde qarTul TeatrSi, Jurnali<br />

`Teatri da cxovreba~, #1-2, 1996. gv.57.<br />

3. n. uruSaZe, mixeil TumaniSvili (mTavari mowmis naambobi), Tb.,<br />

1999. gv. 59.<br />

4. a. WavWaniZe, reJisoruli Ziebebi rusTavelis TeatrSi XX saukunis<br />

70-ian wlebSi (sadi plomo Sroma, daculia Teatrisa da kinos<br />

saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTekis sacavSi), Tb., 1986. gv. 45.<br />

5. gazeTi `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 1964, 12 ivnisi.<br />

6. a. WavWaniZe, reJisoruli Ziebebi rusTavelis TeatrSi XX saukunis<br />

70-ian wlebSi (sadi plomo Sroma, daculia Teatrisa da kinos<br />

saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTekis sacavSi), Tb., 1986. gv. 45.<br />

7. n. gurabaniZe, fantastikuri ramaz CxikvaZe, Tb., 2004. gv. 75.<br />

8. n. uruSaZe, mixeil TumaniSvili (mTavari mowmis naambobi), Tb.,<br />

1999. gv. 66.<br />

9. Журнал “Театр”,@#8, 1966. gv. 23.<br />

10. m. TumaniSvili, reJisori Teatridan wavida, Tb., 1989. gv. 249.<br />

11. d. mumlaZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli reJisura, Tb., 1973. gv. 146.<br />

12. j. lomTaZe, reJisori mixeil TumaniSvili (sadi plomo Sroma,<br />

daculia Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTekis<br />

sacavSi), Tb., 1969. 23<br />

58 59

laSa CxartiSvili<br />

13. iqve: gv.24<br />

14. n. gurabaniZe, fantastikuri ramaz CxikvaZe, Tb., 2004. gv. 73.<br />

15. m. TumaniSvili, sanam repeticia daiwyeba, Tb., 2008. gv. 148-149.<br />

16. e. Jvania, `mefe liri~ rusTavelis TeatrSi (sadi plomo Sroma,<br />

daculia Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTekis<br />

sacavSi), Tb., 1998. gv.12.<br />

17. m. TumaniSvili, sanam repeticia daiwyeba, Tb., 2008. gv. 150.<br />

18. iqve: gv. 151.<br />

19. iqve: gv. 152.<br />

20. iqve: gv. 199.<br />

21. a. WavWaniZe, reJisoruli Ziebebi rusTavelis TeatrSi XX saukunis<br />

70-ian wlebSi (sadi plomo Sroma, daculia Teatrisa da kinos<br />

saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTekis sacavSi), Tb., 1986. gv. 51.<br />

22. j. lomTaZe, reJisori mixeil TumaniSvili (sadi plomo Sroma,<br />

daculia Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTekis<br />

sacavSi), Tb., 1969. gv. 24.<br />

23. d. mumlaZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli reJisura, Tb., 1973. gv. 150.<br />

24. j. lomTaZe, reJisori mixeil TumaniSvili (sadi plomo Sroma,<br />

daculia Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTekis<br />

sacavSi), Tb., 1969. gv. 24.<br />

25. iqve;<br />

26. n. uruSaZe, mixeil TumaniSvili (mTavari mowmis naambobi), Tb.,<br />

1999. gv. 67.<br />

27. m. levili, sergo zaqariaZe, Tb., 1975. gv. 386-387.<br />

28. e. Jvania, `mefe liri~ rusTavelis TeatrSi (sadi plomo Sroma,<br />

daculia Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTekis<br />

sacavSi), Tb., 1998. gv. 15.<br />

29. o. egaZe, TeatrSi da Teatrs miRma, Tb., 1969. gv. 284.<br />

30. n. uruSaZe, mixeil TumaniSvili (mTavari mowmis naambobi), Tb.,<br />

1999. gv. 67.<br />

31. d. mumlaZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli reJisura, Tb., 1973. gv. 60.<br />

32. iqve: gv. 150.<br />

33. ix.: e. puCeki, talantebis simdidre, `pravda~, 20. 12, 1966.<br />

34. o. egaZe, TeatrSi da Teatrs miRma, Tb., 1969. gv. 377.<br />

35. S. maWavariani, qarTuli Teatri, wignSi `sabWoTa dramatuli Teatris<br />

istoria~, t. 6., Tb., 1971. gv. 258.<br />

36. m. gegeWkori, interpretaciis problema XX saukunis 60-70-iani<br />

wlebis qarTul samsaxiobo xelovnebaSi (sadisertacio Sroma, daculia<br />

Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTekis sacavSi),<br />

Tb., 1993. gv. 61.<br />

Seqspiris axleburi gaazreba XX saukunis II naxevris dasawyisSi<br />

37. m. levili, sergo zaqariaZe, Tb., 1975. gv. 385.<br />

38. o. egaZe, TeatrSi da Teatrs miRma, Tb., 1969. gv. 378.<br />

39. И. Мухранели, Чувствоа и мысл, М. 1966. gv. 51.<br />

40. m. levili, sergo zaqariaZe, Tb., 1975. gv. 398.<br />

<strong>41</strong>. s. zaqariaZe, Cemi Seqspiruli rolebi, wignSi `qarTuli Seqspiriana~,<br />

t. 3, Tb., 1973. gv. 220.<br />

42. m. levili, sergo zaqariaZe, Tb., 1975. gv. 388.<br />

43. Журнал “Огонёк”, №25, 1966. gv. 20.<br />

44. d. mumlaZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli reJisura, Tb., 1973. gv. 151.<br />

45. m. TumaniSvili, fiqrobs, wigni I, Tb., 2004. gv. 91.<br />

46. n. qiqoZe, ramaz CxikvaZe (sadi plomo Sroma, daculia Teatrisa<br />

da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis biblioTekis sacavSi), Tb.,<br />

1966. gv. 48.<br />

47. d. mumlaZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli reJisura, Tb., 1973. gv. 152.<br />

48. n. gurabaniZe, fantastikuri ramaz CxikvaZe, Tb., 2004. gv. 76.<br />

49. s. zaqariaZe, Cemi Seqspiruli rolebi, wignSi `qarTuli Seqspiriana~,<br />

t. 3, Tb., 1973. gv. 220.<br />

50. n. uruSaZe, mixeil TumaniSvili (mTavari mowmis naambobi), Tb.,<br />

1999. gv. 67.<br />

60 61

Tamar cagareli<br />

doqturanturis I kursi<br />

xelmZRvaneli - prof. levan xeTaguri<br />

Sua saukuneebis evropuli da qarTuli<br />

saeklesio saxilveli<br />

(saTeatro anTropologiis meTodiT)<br />

cnobilia, rom adamians _ ZvelberZnulad `anTropos~ _<br />

mravali mecniereba swavlobs. TavisTavad anTropologia (berZ.<br />

antropos _ adamiani, logos _ moZRvreba) aris mecniereba<br />

adamianis warmoSobisa da evoluciis, adamianTa rasebis Sesaxeb.<br />

ikvlevs adamianis fizikuri tipis variaciebs drosa da sivrceSi,<br />

adamianisa da misi rasebis warmoSobis, Camoyalibebis da<br />

SemdgomSi ganviTarebis Seswavlis mizniT. anTropologia, rogorc<br />

damoukidebeli mecniereba Camoyalibda XIX saukunis Sua<br />

periodSi. misi damoukidebeli dargebia: adamianis morfologia,<br />

swavleba anTropogenezis Sesaxeb, rasaTmcodneoba. adamianis<br />

garSemo `trialeben~ iseTi mecnierebebi, rogoricaa fsiqologia,<br />

istoria, enaTmecniereba, sociologia, politologia.<br />

damoukidebel dargebad arsebobs samecniero anTropologia,<br />

sociologiuri anTropologia, eTnologiuri anTropologia,<br />

filosofiuri anTropologia, romelic Seiswavlis adamianis<br />

raobas. igi axasiaTebs adamianis yofierebis Taviseburebas.<br />

ikvlevs mis mimarTebas RmerTTan, istoriasTan, bunebasTan, sxva<br />

adamianTan. filosofiuri anTropologia aris moZRvreba<br />

adamianis raobis Sesaxeb. adamianis raoba esaa unikaluri<br />

unari, unari Semoqmedebisa, unari kulturis Seqmnisa da unari<br />

yvelaze mTavarisa _ cxovrebis Seqmnisa. adamiani sakuTar<br />

Tavs acnobierebda, rogorc Seqmnils da rogorc Semoqmeds<br />

kulturuli Rirebulebisa. XX saukunis II naxevridan viTardeba<br />

kompleqsi disci plinebisa, romelTac aerTianeben saerTo<br />

saTauriT `adamianis biologia~. igi Seiswavlis fiziologiur,<br />

bioqimiur da genetikur faqtorebs, romelic zegavlenas axdens<br />

adamianis organizmisa da sxeulis agebulebis variaciebsa da<br />

ganviTarebaze. amave dros es periodi bevri axali samecniero<br />

disci plinebis CamoyalibebiT aRiniSna. filosofiaSi aseTi<br />

axali disci plinebia: `filosofiuri anTropologia~,<br />

`aqsiologia~, `kulturologia~, `ganaTlebis filosofia~ da<br />

sxva.<br />

filosofiuri disciplinebis Camoyalibebis paralelurad<br />

yalibdeba axali, kerZo, specialuri mecnierebebi. erT-erTi<br />

aseTi specialuri mecnierebaa `Teatraluri anTropologia~,<br />

romlis Semqmnelia odinis Teatris erT-erTi fuZemdebeli<br />

eujenio barba.<br />

Teatralurma anTropologiam unda ganixilos Teatris<br />

istoria da ganviTareba, adamianis adgilis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />

samyaroSi. aRiarebs ra gons, romelic marTavs sxeuls,<br />

specifikur adamianur fenomenad, Teatralurma anTropologiam<br />

adamiani, am SemTxvevaSi unda Seiswavlos, rogorc Teatris<br />

Semqmneli, rogorc adamianis formirebis specifikuri garemo.<br />

`scenuri arseboba, adamianis yoveldRiur qcevasTan SedarebiT<br />

energiis swrafi xarjviT, misi maqsimaluri gamoyenebiT<br />

xasiaTdeba. amitomaa, Teatraluri anTropologia swavlobs<br />

Teatris `biologiur~ dones, romelsac efuZneba gansxvavebuli<br />

samsaxiobo skolebi Tu msaxiobis `bio~.<br />

filosofiur, istoriul da kulturul anTropologiaze<br />

dayrdnobiT Teatralurma anTropologiam unda aCvenos, rom<br />

sxeuli kvlevis erT-erT umTavres obieqts warmoadgens. mas<br />

Seiswavlian ara rogorc garkveuli eTnokulturis<br />

warmomadgenels, aramed, rogorc msaxiobis Jests, mimikas, sadac<br />

unda gaviTvaliswinoT agreTve niRabic, romelic SesaZlebelia<br />

warmodgenili iyos sxvadasxva masalisagan: xisgan, Tixisgan,<br />

sxvadasxva feris grimiT (xSir SemTxvevaSi niRabi sxeulis<br />

`gagrZelebad~ gvevlineba. meierholdi werda: `niRabi, Jesti<br />

da moZraoba, ganuyofeli nawilia da dakavSirebulia balaganTan,<br />

sanaxaobasTan, sadac sxeulis dinamika regulirdeba niRbis<br />

tradiciasTan~), 1 zogadad plastikis TaviseburebaTa gamomxatvelad,<br />

agreTve Seiswavlian, rogorc universalur transkulturul<br />

moculobas, romelic erTnairia kulturaTa invariantul<br />

sistemaSi. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom sxvadasxva da zogjer<br />

paralelur kulturaSi, msgavsi viTarebani yovelTvis<br />

urTierTzegavlenis Sedegi ar aris, rom SevadaroT dasavleTisa<br />

da aRmosavleTis kultura, sagulisxmo paralelebs aRmovaCenT.<br />

62 63

Tamar cagareli<br />

Sua saukuneebis evropuli da qarTuli saeklesio saxilveli<br />

Teatris anTropologia iTvaliswinebs adamianis saqcielis<br />

Seswavlas maSin, rodesac warmodgenisas igi iyenebs sakuTar<br />

fizikur da gonebriv resurss da iqceva yoveldRiuri<br />

cxovrebidan gansxvavebuli princi pebis Sesabamisad, rasac<br />

Teatralur samyaroSi samsaxiobo teqnikas uwodeben, `msaxiobi,<br />

xom esaa adamiani, momuSave sakuTari sxeuliT~. 2<br />

Teatris anTropologia es aris adamianis socio-kulturuli<br />

da fiziologiuri qcevis Seswavla Sesrulebis dros. sxvadasxva<br />

adgilis, droisa da tradiciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

stilisturi formebis miuxedavad, sxvadasxva Semsrulebels<br />

gaaCnia saerTo principebi. Teatris anTropologiis pirveli<br />

amocanaa Tvali miadevnos am periodul principebs. isini ar<br />

adastureben `Teatris mecnierebis~ arsebobas da arc ramdenime<br />

universalur kanons. isini mxolod ramdenime karg `rCevas~<br />

warmoadgenen, scenuri praqtikisaTvis saWiro informacias.<br />

rodesac ramdenime `karg rCevazea~ saubari, iqmneba iluzia,<br />

rom saqme exeba raimes, rac naklebad Rirebulia termin `Teatris<br />

anTropologiasTan~ SedarebiT. magram Seswavlis rigi sferoebi<br />

– magaliTad ritorika da morali anda Tundac qcevis Seswavla<br />

aseve warmoadgenen ramdenime `kargi rCevis~ magaliTs.<br />

sxvadasxva adgilis, drois da tradiciis miuxedavad,<br />

sxvadasxva Semsrulebels gaaCnia saerTo princi pi _ rituali,<br />

romelic yvela eris istoriis safuZvelSive Zevs. ritualuri<br />

formebi, xom uZvelesi xelovnebis winare saxea. rituali ki,<br />

rogorc cnobilia, pirdapir ukavSirdeba Teatrs, saTeatro<br />

xelovnebas. ritualis Seqmnis meqanizmi xom `mimezisi~, `mibaZvaa~.<br />

aristotele iziarebda samarTlian Sexedulebas, rom TamaSi<br />

da miswrafeba mibaZvisken sulis yvelaze ufro adrindeli da<br />

elementarul aRgznebas miekuTvneba. ganviTarebis istoriiT,<br />

is ufro xnieria, vidre religia. mibaZva TamaSiT, romelmac<br />

Seqmna rituali, saidanac warmoiSva saTeatro xelovnebebi,<br />

ramac Cvenamde moaRwia freskis an kedlis mxatvrobis saxiT,<br />

qvaze gamoxatulma Tu gamoqandakebulma, sadac adamianis<br />

Jestikulacia da moZraobaa dafiqsirebuli, romlis sawyisi<br />

adamianis sxeulia.<br />

helmut plesneri naSromSi `anTropologia da qcevis<br />

Teoria~ 3 ganixilavs adamianSi arsebul or sxeuls, sxeuls<br />

bunebrivs, romelsac yovelwamier vxvdebiT da vxedavT yofaSi<br />

da sxeuls gankuTvnils xelovnebisaTvis, kulturisaTvis,<br />

romelsac igi esTetikurad organizebuls uwodebs da romelic<br />

mxolod da mxolod msaxiobisa da mocekvavis privilegiad<br />

rCeba. amgvarad, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, rituali TamaSis sawyis<br />

elementebs Seicavda da aqedan gamomdinare mWidrod ukavSirdeba<br />

Teatralur xelovnebas, romlis daxmarebiTac adamiani Tavisi<br />

sxeulis batoni xdeba. Jestikulaciisa da qmedebis/moZraobis<br />

xelovnebis wyalobiT adamiani sxva personis, gmirisa Tu<br />

personaJis Semqmneli xdeba. sxeulis floba, `magiuri saxis~<br />

Seqmna pre-istoriuli wyaroebidan ukve mogvepoveba, romelic<br />

Cvenamde Semonaxulia ZiriTadad, rogorc arqeologiuri<br />

nimuSebis saxiT, magram arsebuli istoriuli (anTropologiuri)<br />

wyaroebis kvlevis saSualebiT Cven SegviZlia SeviswavloT<br />

da qronologiuri saxiT davalagoT is sawyisi da ganviTareba,<br />

romelsac Teatraluri anTropologia ewodeba.<br />

`Teatraluri anTropologia eZebs saWiro mimarTulebebs<br />

universaluri princi pebis nacvlad,_ wers barba,_ mas ar<br />

gaaCnia mecnierebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zomiereba. mas gaaCnia<br />

ambicia aRmoaCinos codna, romelic SesaZlebelia gamoadges<br />

Semsrulebels Tavis saqmianobaSi. misi mizani ar aris<br />

formulebis dadgena, igi ufro qcevis kanonebs Seiswavlis,<br />

rasac Sedegad moaqvs scenuri praqtikisaTvis saWiro<br />

informacia~. 4 aqedan gamomdinare preistoriuli magaliTebidan<br />

moyolebuli dRevandeli dRis CaTvliT mopovebuli da<br />

gaSifruli saSemsruleblo xelovneba ufro farTo diapazoniT<br />

gvaZlevs Sanss, SevinarCunoT da ganvaviTaroT saTeatro<br />

xelovnebis esa Tu is elementebi, tradiciebi, movaxdinoT<br />

Serwyma Cveni da sxva erebis kulturuli adaT-wesebisa,<br />

xelovnebis nimuSebisa.<br />

adamianis arsebis problemis gamokvlevas Cven vpoulobT<br />

qristianul filosofiaSi, romelic Sua saukuneebSi Camoyalibda<br />

da dResac farTodaa gavrcelebuli.<br />

wminda wignebis _ Zveli da axali aRTqmis _ Tanaxmad,<br />

samyaro _ buneba, mcenareuloba, cxovelebi, adamiani _ RmerTis<br />

64 65

Tamar cagareli<br />

Sua saukuneebis evropuli da qarTuli saeklesio saxilveli<br />

mieraa Seqmnili. xolo, adamianis codvebisagan gaTavisufleba<br />

ieso qristes daakisra ufalma, amitomac warmogzavna Tavisi<br />

Ze – qriste – kacobriobis gadasarCenad, adamianTa codvebisagan<br />

dasaxsnelad. qristes adamianad qceviT yovelgvari adamianuri<br />

misTvis axlobeli gaxda. misi xvedri gaxda adamianis cxovreba<br />

Tavisi tanjviTa da sikvdiliT. aqedan gamomdinare RmerTi<br />

pirovnebaa da samyaros warmoSoba RmerTis, rogorc pirovnebis,<br />

Tavisufali aqtia _ Semoqmedebaa, kreaciaa. Tavis mxriv amitomac<br />

misca adamianma Tavis Tavs ufleba ara marto daewera mis<br />

uzenaesze, aramed gamoesaxa igi xelovnebaSi.<br />

bibliis mixedviT adamianis adgili arsebulTa Soris<br />

sruliad garkveulia. pirveli adamiani ar aris RmerTis toli,<br />

magram yvela xorciel qmnilze maRla dgas, xorcielisa da<br />

RvTaebrivis, miwierisa da sulieris, grZnobadisa da zegrZnobadis<br />

nazavia. amitom batonobs is nivTebze, mcenareebsa da cxovelebze;<br />

amitom aqvs mas goneba, azrovneba, Rirseba, rac mTavaria<br />

Tavisufali neba. akrZalvis neba logikurad iTxovs Tavisufali<br />

nebis cnebas. amitomac, adamianis problemas qristianobaSi<br />

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmo. Sua saukuneebSi gaCnda<br />

skolebi, romlebic gansakuTrebul adgils uTmobdnen RmerTisa<br />

da adamianis urTierTobis problemas. aseTi iyo patristika<br />

da sqolastika. XI-XII saukuneebis cnobili qarTveli<br />

filosofosi ioane petriwi Targmnis IV-V saukuneebis<br />

gamoCenili filosofosis nemesios emeselis Sromas `bunebisaTvis<br />

kacisa~. am SromaSi platonisa da aristoteles safuZvlebze<br />

ganxilulia adamianis raoba.<br />

qristianulma religiam mogvianebiT miiRo da gamoiyena<br />

kidec Zvel berZenTa filosofiuri warmodgenebi. qristianobam<br />

imqveyniuri warmodgena sulTa samyofelze samoTxed da<br />

jojoxeTad dasaxa. samoTxe ganurCevlad yvela adamianisa<br />

warmoudgeneli netarebaa, rasac mxolod netari sulebi<br />

miaRweven. bibliur edems, axal aRTqmiseul axal ierusalims,<br />

angelosTagan dasaxlebul ierarqiebs – Cveni religiuri<br />

warmosaxvisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda. qristianuli<br />

moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, suli iTvleba RvTaebriv sawyisad, romelic<br />

adamians RmerTTan anaTesavebs, gamovlindeba, Tavisuflebasa<br />

da ukvdavebaSi.<br />

Sua saukuneebis sanaxaobiTi kulturis mniSvnelovani nakadi<br />

aRmoCnda saeklesio saxilveli. Tavad rituali xom, religiiT<br />

an tradiciiT dawesebuli moqmedebaa da raki religiasTan<br />

marTlac mWidro kavSirSia, xSirad mxolod viwro wrisaTvis<br />

iyo misawvdomi misi namdvili arsi. igulisxmeba viwro wre<br />

ganswavluli da gandobili adamianebisa, xolo garegani mxare<br />

sayovelTaod iyo gamotanili da saxalxod samzeri.<br />

winamdebare naSromi swored am saxeobas mimoixilavs da<br />

warmoaCens Teatralur sanaxaobas samsaxiobo Teatraluri<br />

anTropologiis Seswavlis meTodiT.<br />

`sakraluri~ Teatraluri sanaxaoba, rogorc cnobilia,<br />

liturgiul dramas efuZneboda, romelic Tavis mxriv saTaves<br />

warmoadgenda iseTi Janrebisa, rogoricaa: naxevrad liturgiuli<br />

drama, mirakli, misteria, moralite da farsi.<br />

saeklesio sanaxaobaSi SeiniSneboda speqtaklisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli niSnebic: dialogi, antifoniuri galoba,<br />

moTamaSeTa replikebi da butaforia. sadac agreTve iyo scenari,<br />

gadacma, Semsrulebeli da mayurebeli _ mrevli. rogorc<br />

cnobilia, liturgiuli drama ori ciklisagan Sedgeboda: Sobisa<br />

da aRdgomis cikli.<br />

Cvenamde moRweuli liturgiuli dramis elementebi<br />

SesaZlebelia Teatraluri anTropologiis kvlevis nimuSad<br />

miviCnioT, sadac mocemulia saeklesio stilis mkacri<br />

kanonikuri moTxovnebis dacva, paralelebis gakeTeba Cveulebrivi<br />

cxovrebis asaxvasTan.<br />

amJamad, ganvixilav evropuli liturgiuli dramis or<br />

Zegls: `sami marias datireba~ 5 da `gonieri da ugunuri<br />

qalwulebi~. 6 orive drama daTariRebulia X-XI saukuneebiT.<br />

pirveli drama miekuTvneba vinCesteris episkoposs etevaldis,<br />

xolo meore drama ki wminda marcialas saZmos. religiis<br />

istoriidan cnobilia, rom eklesiis pirveli mosaxleni arian<br />

mociqulebi, romlebmac Camoayalibes qristes dobilTa da<br />

ZmobilTa sazogadoeba macxovris kurTxevis safuZvelze:<br />

`moimowafeniT yovelni warmarTni...~, xolo mociqulTa<br />

memkvidreni arian episkoposebi: `rogorc RmerTi Tavsakiduri<br />

zeciuri eklesiisa, mze qveynierebisa, aseve episkoposi sakuTari<br />

mrevlisaTvis. man unda gaasxivosnos da gaaTbos samwyso,<br />

66 67

Tamar cagareli<br />

Sua saukuneebis evropuli da qarTuli saeklesio saxilveli<br />

gardaqmnas igi taZrad RvTisa~. amgvarad, episkoposebis, rogorc<br />

mociqulTa memkvidreebis meSveobiT eklesia wuTisofelSi<br />

agrZelebs da aRrmavebs qristes moZRvrebas, amtkicebs religiis<br />

batonobas. Tavisi misiis Sesruleba mRvdelTmsaxureba bibliis<br />

gacnobiT da misi siuJetis gacocxlebiT daiwyo.<br />

sanam mimovixilav zemoT xsenebul or Zegls, gavixsenoT,<br />

aRvidginoT is garemo, sadac imarTeboda amgvari warmodgenebi.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, Sua saukuneebSi ganviTarda arqiteqturis<br />

stili _ goTika, romelic qalaqebis xuroTmoZRvrebis<br />

dominanturi forma iyo.<br />

`goTikuri xelovneba (gotico _ italiurad, warmoSobilia<br />

germanuli tomebis guTebis saxelwodebidan), pirobiTi<br />

saxelwodebaa stilisa, romelic evropul xuroTmoZRvrebisa<br />

da saxviT xelovnebaSi batonobda XV-XVI saukuneebamde.<br />

goTikaSi garkveuli nakadis saxiT Tavi iCina mxatvrulma<br />

kulturam. qandakebisa da mxatvrobis calkeul Temebsa da<br />

elementebSi Taviseburi interpretaciiT aris asaxuli realuri<br />

samyaro. magram, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba mainc eklesias hqonda.<br />

swored saeklesio SenobaSi gamovlinda am mimdinareobis stilis<br />

niSnebi. maTi mdidari skulpturuli morTulobis Tematika<br />

ZiriTadad saRvTo werilebis siuJetebi da sxvadasxva<br />

sarwmunoebrivi alegoriebia. moqmedi pirebic umetesad saRvTo<br />

werilis personaJebi da wmindanebi arian.<br />

zogi goTikuri taZari aTiaTasamde mlocvels itevda.<br />

amgvarad, WeSmaritebas moklebuli ar unda iyos, Tu aRvniSnavT,<br />

rom saaRdgomo da saSobao sanaxaobas sakmaod mravalricxovani<br />

mayurebeli hyavda da sasuliero wodebis warmomadgenelTa<br />

propaganda farTo masebze vrceldeboda. sanaxaoba, SesaZlebelia<br />

dRis pirvel naxevarSi gamarTuliyo, radganac am periodSi<br />

ar arsebobda teqnikuri ganaTebis saSualeba. amasTanave, rogorc<br />

cnobilia, sinaTle da sibnele uZvelesi religiuri simboloebia,<br />

romlis dros sinaTle maradiul cxovrebas, xolo sibnele<br />

ubedurebas gamosaxavs. Sua saukuneebSi, Tomas fon aqvino<br />

sinaTles ganixilavda, rogorc gonis metaforas da `moqmed<br />

gonebas~ da amitomac sasuliero warmomadgenlebi ecdebodnen<br />

dRisiT, mzis Suqze eCvenebinaT warmodgena, miTumetes, rom<br />

sanaxaoba iyo erTgvari preludia, romelic amzadebda mrevls<br />

wirvisaTvis. swored misi damTavrebis Semdeg imarTeboda wirvalocva,<br />

rac gansazRvrul dros moicavda. yovelive es qmnida<br />

emociur suraTs, sakralur movlenad aRiqmeboda. amgvar<br />

atmosferoSi mimdinareobda saSobao Tu saaRdgomo ciklis<br />

Cveneba. Tavad liturgiuli dramis Seqmnilis niSania daamkvidros<br />

da ganavrcos eklesiis batonoba sazogadoebaSi saTeatro<br />

sanaxaobiT. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom bibliuri siuJetidan<br />

aRebulia umniSvnelovanesi saeklesio movlena _ aRdgoma,<br />

romelic, sxvaTa Soris, rogorc kaTolikur, aseve marTmadidebel<br />

eklesiaSi yovelTvis Teatralizebuli iyo.<br />

episkoposs etevaldis mier Seqmnili drama `sami marias<br />

datireba~, upirveles yovlisa imiTaa saintereso, rom aq ufro<br />

metad yuradReba gamaxvilebulia warmodgenis vizualur<br />

mxareze da zustadaa miTiTebuli monawileTa Jestikulaciac.<br />

Teatri ukve iyenebs sxeulis enas. igi Txzavs garemos,<br />

dawvrilebiT aRwers yovel detals. cnobilia, rom warmodgena<br />

imarTeboda sakurTxevelsa da mrevlis dasajdom adgils Soris,<br />

romelsac navi ewodeba da romelic yvelaze karg adgils<br />

warmoadgenda, rogorc bunebrivi ganaTebis TvalsazrisiT,<br />

rogorc saxilvelad, aseve akustikuri.<br />

moqmedeba iwyeba maria magdalinelis vizualuri qmedebiT:<br />

xelis nazi moZraobiT igi mzeras apyrobs mamakacTa gunds,<br />

saxe danaRvlianebuli da Tvalcremliani kiTxulobs: o, Zmebo!<br />

da sxeulis nazi moZraobiT iCoqebs. Semdeg mudaris mzeras<br />

apyrobs qalebs da aRmoxdeba: `da debo...~<br />

eklesiaSi, kaTolikuri iqneba is Tu marTlmadideburi,<br />

mrevli dResac gayofilia. sakurTxevlidan marcxena mxares<br />

mamakacebi, xolo marjvena mxares qalebi arian.<br />

Semdeg epizodSi maria magdalineli gulze mjiRis cemiTa<br />

da tiriliT, romelsac Tan axlavs TiTqosda mSvelelis Zebna,<br />

rac misi neli Tavis moZraobiT ikveTeba, igi xan marjvniv da<br />

xan marcxniv ixedeba, vizualuri aqtis asaxsnelad Semdeg<br />

sityvebs ambobs:<br />

`.... sad aris Cemi imedi! (Semdeg kvlav gulze icems xels).<br />

sad aris Svela?... aq Tavdaxrili ecema iesos ferxTiT, anu<br />

sakurTxevelTan~.<br />

Canawerebidan ikveTeba, rom upiratesoba eniWeba Jestikulacias.<br />

68 69

Tamar cagareli<br />

Sua saukuneebis evropuli da qarTuli saeklesio saxilveli<br />

sxeulis moZraobiT gamoixateba qalis gulis tkivili da<br />

sevda, TiToeul verbalur aqts non-verbaluri aqti uswrebs<br />

win.<br />

moqmedeba grZeldeba ori mokvdavi qalis statikuri<br />

moZraobiT: maria ufrosi da mariam magdalineli sxeulis<br />

`eniT~, rac gamoixateba erTmaneTTan CaxutebiT, niSnad imisa,<br />

rom orives erTi tkivili aerTianebT, qristes xatTan orive<br />

personaJis daCoqebiTa da mis ferxTqveS gulSemzaravi tiriliT;<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi moZraoba SesaZlebelia aRviqvaT,<br />

rogorc statikuri moZraoba, vizualuri gamoxatvis am aqts<br />

aqvs is datvirTva, rom yoveli es gamosaxuleba asaxavs<br />

saritualo codnasa da saeklesio sibrZnes yovelgvari<br />

msjelobisa da kamaTis gareSe. Semdeg es moZraoba gancalkevdeba<br />

verbaluri aqtiT:<br />

`maria ufrosi: (aq igi uTiTebs maria magdalinels) o,<br />

maria magdalina (Semdeg uTiTebs qristesken), Cemo tkbilo<br />

maswavleblis vaJo (aq igi eamboreba magdalinels da exveva<br />

orive xeliT...), daitire CemTan erTad (uTiTebs isev qristesken)<br />

sikvdili utkbilesi vaJisa... visac ase uyvardi... (aq<br />

muxldaCoqili iwyebs qviTins)~.<br />

rogorc vxedav, es aqtic gamdidrebulia sxeulis eniT.<br />

monawileni `xataven~ gamosaxulebebs da dgamen TavianT taZrebSi,<br />

rogorc azrobriv Sinaarss TiToeuli sagnisa. `damdgmel<br />

jgufs~ kargad esmoda, rom mrevlze verbaluri aqtiT imdenad<br />

ver miaRwevda gavlenas, rogorc vizualuri warmosaxviT. aq<br />

gamovlenilia zemoqmedebis universaluri formis mcdeloba<br />

vizualur-verbaluri aqtis moxdena.<br />

warmodgenis dasasruls sanaxaobaSi monawile qalebi RmerTs<br />

evedrebian, muxldaCoqilni, Tavdaxrili da pirjvaris weriT<br />

isini mouwodeben mayurebels maTTan erTad locvisaken. orive<br />

xelis zecisken aRmarTviT madlobas eubnebian RvTismSobelsa<br />

da ufals, maria ufrosi: `mas, vinc gagvaTavisufla yovelgvari<br />

codvebisagan~. warmodgena mTavrdeba monawileTa tiriliT,<br />

raTa mayurebelSi gamoiwvion sakuTari Tavis Secodebisa da<br />

maTi codvebis monaniebis survili, rom kidev ufro metad<br />

miajaWvon eklesias. JestikulaciiT ixateba, rom warmodgena<br />

gaimarTa RmerTisTvis, mis sadideblad. Tvals Tu gadavavlebT<br />

antikuri Teatris istorias, davinaxavT, rom amgvari qmedeba<br />

analogiaa saritualo da uZvelesi saTeatro sanaxaobisa, sadac,<br />

rogorc cnobilia, warmodgenebi imarTeboda RmerTebis<br />

sadideblad.<br />

marcialas saZmos mier Seqmnili drama `brZeni da ugunuri<br />

qalwulebi~ maTes saxarebidan, aTi qalwulis igavisa da<br />

angelozi umJRavnebs mariams iesos aRdgomas, Tavebis<br />

inscenirebas warmoadgens. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom axali<br />

aRTqma _ saxareba, mTlianad agebulia igavur, anu alegoriul,<br />

princi pze. `siZisa~ da `qalwulis~, agreTve `qorwinebis~<br />

alegoriul mniSvnelobas centraluri adgili uWiravs<br />

macxovris qadagebaSi. `siZe~ Tavad macxovars aRniSnavs,<br />

`qalwuli~ _ qristianuli TvalsazrisiT simboloa bunebis<br />

sulisa, `qorwili~ _ marTalTa netarebas, RvTaebasTan ziarebas<br />

miuTiTebs qveynis dasasrulisa da saSineli samsjavros Semdeg.<br />

arc es princi pi daurRveviaT saZmos wevrebs da dramis<br />

personaJebad gamoiyvanes qalwulebi, siZe da angelozi.<br />

maxareblebi _ maTe, markozi, luka da ioane _ gvauwyeben, rom<br />

aRsrulda winaswarmetyveleba: qristes jvarcmis Semdeg, mesame<br />

dRes, kviris ciskarze, mkvdreTiT aRsdga ufali da macxovari.<br />

morwmuneTa angelozma es ambavi pirvelad qalwulebs auwya....<br />

morwmuneTa eklesias ki STaagona: `qriste aRsdga mkvdreTiT,<br />

sikvdiliTa sikvdilisa damTrgunveli da saflavebis SinaTa<br />

cxovrebis mimniWebeli~. swored am ambiT iwyeba marcialas<br />

saZmos drama-warmodgena. angelozi dastrialebs im gamoqvabuls,<br />

sadac qriste esvena. igi xan afrindeba da xan Camofrindeba,<br />

aq aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom saeklesio warmodgenebSi ukve<br />

gamoiyeneba `maSineria~. angelozis Semsrulebeli plastikiTa<br />

da JestikulaciiT gamoxatavs mis Sinagan emocias, rogorc<br />

dramaSia gamokveTili esaa simboloebiT datvirTuli cekva,<br />

romelsac Semdgom verbalurad xsnis, rom `is, visac Tqven<br />

eZebT gamoqvabulSi, o, qristianno, aq ar aris. igi aRsdga,<br />

rogorc Tavad winaswarmetyvelebda.~ am ambis gamgone ugunuri<br />

qalwulni cekva-TamaSiT cdiloben angelozis daWeras da mis<br />

gaCumebas. maT ar swamT misi sityvebisa. siuJetis gamZafrebis<br />

mizniT, avtorma, ugunurni eSmaks waayvanina. moulodnelobis<br />

efeqtiT eSmaki eklesiis iatakidan amodis, TiTqosda qvesknelidan<br />

70 71

Tamar cagareli<br />

da mas garda imisa, rom niRabi ukeTia, Semsrulebeli mis<br />

personaJs ganasaxierebs vizualuradac. igi cdilobs swored<br />

ise imoZraos, rom mxilvels TvalnaTliv warmoudgines eSmakis<br />

realuri saxe. rogorc cnobilia, saeklesio TeatrSi eSmakis<br />

gamoCena pirvelad am dramaSi moxda, rac SesaZleblad mimaCnia<br />

imiT avxsna, rom mayurebelze Seqmniliyo emociuri zegavlena,<br />

konfliqti gaxda saxilveli, raTa TvalnaTliv daenaxaT da<br />

gaeazrebinaT codvilTa cxovrebis saboloo gza _ jojoxeTi.<br />

warmodgenis dasasruls ki, qristes Tayvans scemen iudevelTa<br />

winaswarmetyvelni: sivila, virgiliusi da nobuqodosori.<br />

Tayvaniscemis es scena sakmaod pompezuradaa warmodgenili,<br />

mxolod non-verbalurad. aq sityva sruliad zedmeti aRmoCnda<br />

warmodgenis SemqmnelTaTvis. rogorc Cans, saZmos mTavari<br />

mizani ZalTa demostraciis moxdenas warmoadgenda. Tu `Zlieri<br />

ama qveynisani~ aRiareben macxovars, ubralo mokvdavni miT<br />

ufro unda Seudgnen qristes gzas da aRiaron igi.<br />

aRdgomis udides dResaswauls mTeli saqristiano<br />

gansakuTrebuli sixaruliTa da mowiwebiT aRniSnavs. RmerTis<br />

aRdgoma da misi maradiulobis rwmena uZvelesi azrobrivi<br />

danaSrevia kacobriobis istoriaSi da am istoriis nawili<br />

saqarTvelocaa. qarTuli samyaroc ar aris gamonaklisi Zveli<br />

Tu axali religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebisagan. aqac saintereso<br />

da mravalferovani suraTia gamokveTili.<br />

saqarTveloSi aRdgomis upirveles dResaswaulad miCnevas<br />

arqauli fena da myari Sexedulebebi daedo safuZvlad. qristes<br />

aRdgomas, mis gavrcelebas da sayovelTao aRiarebas, qristianobis<br />

gadaqcevas msoflio uZlieres religiad yovelmxriv hqonia<br />

safuZveli ganmtkicebuli.<br />

`mkvdreTiT aRdgomili qriste da misi moZRvreba daipyrobs<br />

sxvadasxva erebs da qveynebso~ (daviTni) Tavidanve safuZvliani iyo.<br />

saqarTveloSi saaRdgomo wiTeli kvercxebi, saferxulo<br />

cekvebi, winaparTa sulis mosaxseniebeli Cveuleba-ritualebi<br />

mniSvnelovani daskvnis saSualebas iZleva. kerZod, CvenSi<br />

dafiqsirebuli saaRdgomo ritualebi araeklesiuri sanaxaoba<br />

iyo, romelic mkveTrad gansxvavdeba Sua saukuneebis evropis<br />

saeklesio sanaxaobebisgan. Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi<br />

Sua saukuneebis evropuli da qarTuli saeklesio saxilveli<br />

saaRdgomo sanaxaobas `qristes ferxuli~ ewodeboda, romelic<br />

Semdegi saxiT mimdinareobda:<br />

1. waRma, sacekvao xazis mimarTulebiT (saaTis isris brunvis<br />

sawinaaRmdego mimarTuleba);<br />

2. piriqiT, sacekvao xazis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT<br />

(saaTis isris brunvis mimarTuleba).<br />

formis mxriv, es ferxuli erTwriulad da `sarTulis~<br />

gareSe sruldeba. saferxulo-kombinirebul svlaSi ZiriTadad<br />

gamoyenebuli iyo: Cveulebrivi svla, gverdze fexis midgmiT<br />

da ukan fexmidgmiTi moZraobebi. saferxulo svlis dros<br />

xelebi qvedaSvebuli iyo da mtevnebi Cabmuli.<br />

simReris bolo frazaze wre ixsneba da sawyis mdgomareobas<br />

ubrundebian. ferxulSi monawileobs Suaxnis asakis TxuTmeti<br />

mamakaci. maT mier am ferxulis sasimRero da qoreografiuli<br />

`teqstis~ Sesruleba folklorul variants ganekuTvneba.<br />

amave dros, aRdgoma dRes aucilebeli da upirvelesi<br />

movaleoba iyo da dResac aris micvalebulTa saflavis<br />

monaxuleba. qristianuli moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, suli iTvleba<br />

RvTaebriv sawyisad, romelic adamians RmerTTan anaTesavebs,<br />

gamovlindeba gonierebaSi, Tavisuflebasa da ukvdavebaSi.<br />

micvalebulTa moxseniebis es dRe aRsaniSnavi iyo musikiTa<br />

da garTobebiT. saTeatro sanaxaobebi saeklesio wirva-locvis<br />

Semdeg imarTeboda. qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia Sua<br />

saukuneebis evropis saeklesio sanaxaobebisagan gansxvavebiT<br />

krZalavda yovelgvar sanaxaobas. swored wirva-locvis Semdeg<br />

iSleboda sufra da mTeli mrevli marTavda ferxuls.<br />

amgvarad, zemoT moyvanili magaliTebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

rom medievistikis samyaroSi, evropasa da saqarTveloSi<br />

saTeatro sanaxaobebi Tavis wes-kanonebs emorCileba, Tumca<br />

amgvar warmodgenebs kaTolikur Tu marTlmadideblur mrevlSi<br />

sakmaod didi yuradReba da dro eTmoboda.<br />

1. Eugenio Barba and Nicolas Savarese. A Dictionary of Theatre Antropology.<br />

2 nd edition. Lomdon and New York, 2005, p. 175-176.<br />

2. eJi grotovski. gamomcemloba `kentavri~, Tbilisi, 2008. gv. 54.<br />

72 73

Tamar cagareli<br />

3. Ïëåñíåð X., Ñòóïåíè îðãàíè÷åñêîãî è ÷åëîâåê: Ââåäåíèå â<br />

ôèëîñîôñêóþ àíòðîïîëîãèþ. http://filosof.historic.ru/books/item/f00/s00/<br />

z0000877/index.shtml<br />

4. Eugenio Barba and Nicolas Savarese. A Dictionary of Theatre Antropology.<br />

2 nd edition. Lomdon and New York, 2005, p. 128.<br />

5. Gloria K. Fiero. The Humanistic Tradition. Medieval Europe and the world<br />

beyond. 3 rd edition. New York, 1998, p. 150.<br />

6. iqve, gv. 162.<br />

kinomcodneoba<br />

74 75

samagistro programa<br />

msoflio kinos istoria<br />

olRa eliaSvili<br />

magistraturis II kursi<br />

xelmZRvaneli - prof. zviad doliZe<br />

gangsteruli kino<br />

samagistro programa kinomcodneobaSi (MA in Film Studies)<br />

msoflio kinos istoriis ganxriT amzadebs kinomcodneebs,<br />

romlebic safuZvlianad iTviseben sazRvargareTis wamyvani<br />

kinematografiuli qveynebis kinos ganviTarebis periodebs,<br />

tendenciebs, mimarTulebebs, Taviseburebebsa da a. S.,<br />

gamoimuSaveben kritikuli azrovnebis unars, saTanado<br />

profesiulsa da eTikur unar-Cvevebs. programis aqtualoba<br />

ganisazRvreba xelovnebis am dargisadmi mzardi moTxovnilebiT,<br />

specifikuri codnis miRebis surviliT momavali kvleviTi (da<br />

SesaZloa, pedagogiuri) moRvaweobis maRal doneze<br />

warmarTvisaTvis.<br />

xelovnebaTmcodneobis (kinomcodneobis) magistrebs SeuZliaT<br />

kvlevis Catareba da analitikuri samuSaos Sesruleba msoflio<br />

kinos istoriis sakiTxebze. maTi specializaciis sferoebi<br />

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sakvalifikacio naSromis werilobiTi da zepiri wardgena.<br />

samagistro programis xelmZRvaneli<br />

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socialuri cvlilebebis safuZvelze, rac gamowveuli iyo<br />

1929-33 wlebSi ekonomikuri krizisiT. umuSevrobam,<br />

danaSaulebebis zrdam, policiis gamyidvelobam Sva filmebi,<br />

romelTa moqmedi gmirebi gangsterebi gaxdnen. am filmebis<br />

`gmirebi~ upirispirebdnen Tavis Tavs, sazogadoebas, aRiarebdnen<br />

ra mxolod Zaladobis kults. 1931 wels ekranze gamodis<br />

gangsteruli kinos erT-erTi pirveli klasikuri nimuSi, houard<br />

houqsis `naiarevi saxe~. filmSi asaxulia XX saukunis 30-<br />

ian wlebSi, amerikaSi Seqmnili situacia da gangsteruli<br />

dajgufebebis TareSi. am periodSi gangsterebma sazogadoebaSi<br />

poziciebi gaimyares da maTi dajgufebebi popularobiTac ki<br />

sargeblobdnen. 20-ian wlebSi amerikaSi miRebulma e. w.<br />

`mSralma kanonma~ da aralegaluri spirtiani sasmeliT vaWrobam,<br />

gangsterebs gamdidrebis saSualeba misca. istorikosebi<br />

SemTxveviT ar miiCneven am kanons yvelaze warumatebel<br />

socialur eqsperimentad. gangsterulma sazogadoebam es ambavi<br />

miiRo, rogorc Zvirfasi saCuqari. Seiqmna safuZveli<br />

damnaSaveebis saqmiani SekavSirebis, romelmac Sva gangsterizmi<br />

(“Gang” inglisurad niSnavs `bandas~). gangsterebi<br />

axorcielebdnen aralegalur bizness, romlisTvisac iyenebdnen<br />

yovelgvar saSualebebs, swored aseTi saSualeba iyo spirtiani<br />

sasmelebis gayidva `iatakqveS~. ramdenadac mTelma erma daiwyo<br />

maTi Sesyidva, saWiro gaxda viskis aralegalur damamzadebelTa<br />

mTeli armia. kinom 20-iani wlebis bolos Zirfesvianad da<br />

didi xniT SeiTvisa `mSrali kanonis~ Tema.<br />

kriminaluri kinos istoria daiwyo filmiT `matareblis<br />

didi gaZarcva~, romelic gadaiRo porterma `edisonis~<br />

kinofirmaSi. es iyo im cnobili parizuli seansis rva wlisTavze.<br />

porteris filmi gaxda erTdroulad kinos ori mimarTulebis<br />

76 77

olRa eliaSvili<br />

gangsteruli kino<br />

Canasaxi: gangsteruli filmisa da vesternisa. es iyo im arsebuli<br />

realobis winaaRmdeg amaRlebuli xma, romelic ase awuxebda<br />

amerikel xalxs.<br />

am Janris kinos yvelaze cnobili dueti iyo: reJisori<br />

Tomas insi da msaxiobi uiliam harti. am duetis erT-erTi<br />

saukeTeso namuSevaria 1918 wels gadaRebuli `rkinigzis<br />

mglebi~. matareblis gaZarcvis Semdeg, roca saqme namdvil<br />

`gayofaze~ midgeba banditebi erTmaneTs `daerevian~. es sufTa<br />

damnaSaveTa sazogadoebis zusti Cveneba iyo. ukve aSkarad<br />

Canda is, Tu rogor ixveweboda da viTardeboda gangsteruli<br />

kino, rogorc damoukidebeli sufTa amerikuli kinoJanri.<br />

1929 wels msoflioSi daiwyo ekonomikuri krizisi, romelic,<br />

ra Tqma unda, amerikasac Seexo. es krizisi amerikis istoriaSi<br />

`didi depresiis~ saxeliTaa Sesuli. giganturi qveyana, romelic<br />

ekonomikuri aRmavlobis zenitSi iyo, katastroful mdgomareobaSi<br />

Cavarda, bankebi gakotrdnen, daiwyo masobrivi umuSevroba, SimSili,<br />

xalxi panikam moicva, gaizarda danaSaulTa ricxvi. swored am<br />

yvelafris fonze gangsterulma cxovrebam arnaxuli aRmavloba<br />

ganicada da logikuria, rom kinomatografis mTavar Temad<br />

iqca. swored am periodSi ramdenime wliT popularulebi gaxdnen<br />

e. w. `soflis banditebi~: jon dilinjeri, `kid~ nelsoni, boni<br />

parkeri da sxv.<br />

1931 wels holivudSi gadaiRes 25 gangsteruli filmi:<br />

jorj hilis `saidumlo eqvseuli~, houard houqsis<br />

`kriminaluri kodeqsi~, alfred grinis `ioli fuli~ da sxv.<br />

es filmebi sakmaod didi popularobiT sargeblobdnen.<br />

`mSrali kanonis~ Tema gavrcelebuli iyo uamrav gangsterul<br />

kinoSi, Tumca mogvianebiT roca es kanoni gauqmda, 1939 wels<br />

Seiqmna erT-erTi saukeTeso filmi `qariSxliani ociani wlebi~,<br />

romlis reJisori iyo raul uolSi. es filmi gadaRebuli<br />

iyo metad mZime periodSi _ sanam hitleri poloneTs<br />

daesxmeboda Tavs, es mZime yofa filmzec aisaxa.<br />

amerikis istoriaSi erT-erTi popularuli e. w. `sofleli<br />

banditi~ iyo Carlz floidi, metsaxelad `lamazmani~. is iyo<br />

fermeris Svili. albaT, nawilobriv, amanac ganapiroba misi<br />

popularoba. banditi Zarcvavda bankebs, romlebic fermerebs<br />

miaCndaT mtrebad, radgan swored es bankebi arTmevdnen maT<br />

fermebs gadauxdeli arendis sanacvlod. es koncefcia<br />

moqmedebda TiTqmis ori aTwleuli. 1960 wels herbert lederma<br />

gadaiRo filmi `lamazmani floidi~. gangsterulma Janrma<br />

popularobiT vesterns, miuzikls da komediasac ki gauswro.<br />

banditobebisa da Zarcvebis gaxSirebam gamoZiebis<br />

federalur biuros (FBI) misca saSualeba xelisuflebisagan<br />

mmarTvelobis radikaluri gazrdis ufleba mieRoT. Tu adre<br />

calkeuli Statebis samarTaldamcvelebs uxdebodaT sxvadasxva<br />

Zarcvebisa da danaSaulebebis gamoZieba, axla am yovelives<br />

FBI Caudga saTaveSi. am ciklis erT-erTi bolo da<br />

mniSvnelovani filmi iyo jeims horanis 1940 wels gadaRebuli<br />

`bandis dedofali~, sadac `goueris jgufi~ uswordeba `dedilo~<br />

berkeris bandasa da mis vaJebs. cnobil msaxiobs blanS iurks<br />

misces saSualeba eCvenebina Tavisi gmiris xasiaTis gansxvavebuli<br />

mxareebi, sakuTar vaJebze uzomod Seyvarebuli qalis saxe da<br />

amis paralelurad sxvebis mimarT Seubralebeli qali.<br />

XX saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani filmi iyo<br />

artur penis `boni da klaidi~. reJisori films iwyebs<br />

fotogalereis CvenebiT. mTavari gmirebisa da maTi ojaxebis<br />

suraTebi ipyroben ekrans. marTalia, am suraTebis dawvrilebiTi<br />

naxva ar xerxdeba kadrebis swrafi monacvleobis gamo, Tumca<br />

mayurebelSi mainc sasurvel ganwyobas iwvevs. reJisorma Zalze<br />

saintereso gmirebis saxeebi Seqmna: klaidi _ simpaTiuri<br />

amerikeli, romelic cotas koWlobs da romelmac cixeSi<br />

yofnisas fexze ori TiTi moiWra, samuSaod rom ar gaeSvaT.<br />

boni ocdaaTiode wlis tipuri amerikeli gogoa. bonis da<br />

klaidis momxibvleloba da maTi garegnobis urTierTSeTanxmeba<br />

aucilebeli iyo reJisorisTvis da asec moxda, msaxiobebma<br />

araCveulebrivi ekranuli saxeebi Seqmnes. gmirebis mizani<br />

naTelia _ isini midian raTa dasajon mdidrebi da daexmaron<br />

Raribebs, gzadagza awyoben mravalferovan gegmebs. irkveva,<br />

rom bonis arasodes sWeria xelSi iaraRi da klaidi aswavlis<br />

mas srolas. es gakveTili gamoiyureba sruliad usafrTxod,<br />

cotaTi bavSvur TamaSsac ki hgavs da arafriT ar<br />

winaswarmetyvelebs yovelive im saSinelebas, rac mogvianebiT<br />

moxdeba. es ukve klasikuri kinos triukebia, mayurebeli naTlad<br />

xedavs, rogor ixveweba da viTardeba gangsteruli kino.<br />

78 79

olRa eliaSvili<br />

gangsteruli kino<br />

sakmaod saintereso istoria moyva lourens Silerma filmSi<br />

`jalaTis simRera~ (1982). reJisorma ekranze gadaitana is,<br />

rac gadaxda Tavs 1976 wels vinme geri dilmors. Tormetwliani<br />

sasjelis Semdeg gmiri gadis Tu ara cixidan, erTdroulad<br />

or mkvlelobas Caidens. is klavs patara maRaziis mflobels<br />

da sastumros administrators, Tumca fuls, romelsac is<br />

eZebs, ver miiRebs: orives salaroSi mxolod ramdenime dolari<br />

udevs. igi, ra Tqma unda, dauyovnebliv daakaves da samudamo<br />

patimroba miusajes. ai, aq iwyeba yvelaze mTavari _ gmirma<br />

moiTxova, rom is sikvdiliT daesajaT.<br />

gangsteruli kinos erT-erTi saukeTeso nimuSia `naTlimama~,<br />

raSic naTladaa naCvenebi problema, romelsac samarTaldamcavebi<br />

ver umklavdebodnen. vito korleone Zalauflebis xelSi<br />

Casagdebad Zarcvavda da klavda xalxs. axalgazrda<br />

gangsterebis SeCereba samarTaldamcvelebs ase Tu ise ZaluZT,<br />

radgan isini am qmedebas Tavad axorcieleben. sul sxva<br />

SemTxvevaa Tu saqme exeba `dons~, romelmac Seqmna Tavisi<br />

didebis piramidebi. igi Cacmulia mkacr saqmian kostumSi da<br />

arasodes uwevs xmas, warmoudgenelia iaraRiT xelSi<br />

emuqrebodes sxvas. marlon brando interviuSi ambobs, rom<br />

`don korleone aris Cveulebrivi saqmiani magnati, romelic<br />

iswrafvis miaRwios yvelafers Tavisi jgufisa da ojaxisaTvis~.<br />

am filmis warmatebis Semdeg, gangsterebis Tema Zalze<br />

popularuli gaxda: amas mohyva am Janris filmebis mTeli<br />

nakadi: sidni liumetis `qalaqis ufliswuli~ (1981) da `ganaCeni~<br />

(1982), serjo leones `erTxel amerikaSi~ (1984), braian de<br />

palmas `xelSeuxebelni~ (1987) da sxv.<br />

1983 wels braian de palmam SesTavaza al paCinos eTamaSa<br />

houqsis filmis `naiarevi saxis~ `rimeiqSi~. am axal filmSi<br />

SemorCenili iyo Zveli filmis motivebi, Tumca mas aranairi<br />

kavSiri ar hqonda al kaponesTan. sisxlismRvreli Cikagoeli<br />

gangsteri Secvlili iyo kubeli emigrantiT, romelsac igive<br />

saxeli erqva, rogorc houqsis filmis gmirs, xolo<br />

aralegaluri alkoholiT vaWroba ki Secvlili iyo<br />

narkobiznesiT. `naiarevi saxe~, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aris Janris<br />

klasikuri nimuSi, yvela im pirobasa da moTxovnas pasuxobs,<br />

rac am Janris Taviseburebas warmoadgens: gangsterebis<br />

Cacmuloba erTnairi, mkacri da eleganturia, narkotikebi, iaraRiT<br />

vaWroba, srola, bevri sisxli, gamdidrebisa da gandidebis<br />

surviliT Sepyrobili gmirebi, SiSi, Suri, undobloba, Ralati,<br />

cdiloben Tavad ar mietanon sawamlavs, romliTac sxvebs<br />

wamlaven, magram xSirad survili akrZalvaze Zlieri xdeba<br />

da Tavad xdebian msxverplni. amrigad, filmi mogviTxrobs<br />

organizebul danaSaulebriv samyaroze da kanondamrRvevTa<br />

jgufze, romelTa cxovrebis wesi, romelsac Tavadve adgenen,<br />

mkacri da daundobelia.<br />

Tanamedrove amerikuli kinos reJisori martin skorseze<br />

Tavisi Semoqmedebis ZiriTad Temas gangsterebis cxovrebas<br />

uZRvnis. misi erT-erTi pirveli gangsteruli filmia `bneli<br />

quCebi~. am filmiT reJisori iwyebs niu-iorkis gangsterebis<br />

cxovrebis aRweras. rodesac `bneli quCebi~ gamovida da<br />

reJisorma frensis ford kopolam naxa filmi, romelic im<br />

dros muSaobda Tavisi cnobili filmis `naTlimamas~<br />

gagrZelebaze da eZebda msaxiobs axalgazrda don korleones<br />

rolisTvis, dauyovnebliv aiyvana de niro am rolze. `naTlimamas~<br />

seriebi SeiZleba iTqvas aTwleulis saukeTeso gangsterul<br />

filmad iqca.<br />

rac Seexeba skorsezes Semoqmedebas, is SemdgomSic iRebs<br />

mTel rig gangsterul filmebs: `kargi biWebi~, `kazino~ da<br />

sxv.<br />

rogorc ar unda iyos, dResdReobiT organizebuli danaSauli<br />

erT-erTi yvelaze mtkivneuli, terorizmTan gaTanabrebuli<br />

msoflio problemaa. amerikaze saubrisas zedmetia imis mtkiceba,<br />

Tu vis ekuTvnis am problemis Seqmna italielebs Tu `iankebs~,<br />

miT umetes, rom am saqmeSi orives aqvs gamocdileba. 2002<br />

wels martin skorsezem gamouSva filmi epopea `niu-iorkis<br />

bandebi~, romelSic naTlad Cans, rom yvela dros hyavda Tavisi<br />

damnaSaveebi, magram namdvili profesionaluri gangsterizmis<br />

istoria mogvianebiT daiwyo – daaxloebiT pirveli msoflio<br />

omis Semdeg.<br />

SemoqmedebiTi kodeqsis Semqmneli uiliam heisi Tavis<br />

memuarebSi werda: `gangsteruli kinos cikli gaCnda imitom,<br />

rom gangsteris kulti JurnalistikaSi iyo mTavari didi<br />

xnis ganmavlobaSi, magram am filmebiT sazogadoebas ki ar<br />

80 81

olRa eliaSvili<br />

eubnebodnen, rom isinic ase unda moqceuliyvnen, aramed<br />

mayurebeli filmis pirvelive epizodidan grZnobda, rom rac<br />

ar unda enaxa mTeli filmis ganmavlobaSi, iyo ukanono, araswori<br />

da ubralod araadamianuri~.<br />

gangsteruli kinoJanri mayurebels, romelic yovelTvis<br />

maqsimalurad kategoriuli da momTxovnia, aZlevs saSualebas<br />

Tavad dainaxos is sisastike, Suri, SiSi da a. S., rac am<br />

dajgufebebis wevrebs Soris aris. es filmebi, umeteswilad,<br />

araTu propagandas uwevs gangsterul dajgufebebs, aramed<br />

piriqiT sakmaod anti propagandistulia, radgan aSiSvlebs<br />

mayureblis winaSe im mankier mxareebs, romelic aseT cxovrebas<br />

mosdevs, anu, mayurebels SeuZlia airCios da gaiTvaliswinos<br />

mosalodneli Sedegebi.<br />

sofio wulaia<br />

magistraturis II kursi<br />

xelmZRvaneli - prof. zviad doliZe<br />

kinofantastikis evoluciis procesi<br />

sityva `fantazia~ ZvelberZnuli warmoSobisaa da<br />

`warmosaxvis xelovnebas~ niSnavs, igi fantastikur siuJetze<br />

aRzrdili mayureblis cnobierebaSi ararealurTan, gamonagonTan,<br />

fiqciasTan asocirdeba.<br />

xelovnebis ganviTarebis istoriaze Tvalis odnavi<br />

gadavlebac sakmarisia imis SesamCnevad, rom fantastikuri<br />

Janri erT-erTi wamyvania, romelic asazrdoebda miTologias,<br />

literaturas, Teatrs, ferweras. amitom, ar unda gagvikvirdes,<br />

rom misiT kinematografi dabadebis adreuli wlebidanve<br />

dainteresda.<br />

Tanamedrove gagebiT `kinofantastika~ Tavis dabadebas<br />

fantastikuri Janris literaturas unda umadlodes, Tumca,<br />

kinos mTavari upiratesoba _ gamosaxulebis vizualizaciac<br />

ar unda daviviwyoT, romelic kinos mesveurebma TavianT<br />

sasargeblod gamoiyenes. vizualuri xerxebiT manipulirebam<br />

ekrans milionobiT adamiani miajaWva. fantastikuri Janri<br />

niWieri da windaxeduli adamianebis xelSi erTgvar `oqros<br />

sabadodac~ ki iqca. igi Tamamad SegviZlia miviCnioT komerciuli<br />

kinematografis winamorbedadac.<br />

Tu aTwleulebis intervaliT kinofantastikis dinamikurad<br />

cvalebad processa da mis evolucias davakvirdebiT, aRmovaCenT,<br />

rom saxelwodeba `konofantastika~ metad pirobiTi cnebaa,<br />

igi xom Tavis TavSi uamrav eqsperiments, JanrTa Serwymas,<br />

gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis mudmiv cvalebadobasa da<br />

mravalferovnebas itevs. masze udidesi gavlena iqonia<br />

literaturaSi, antikur da Tanamedrove miTologiaSi,<br />

filosofias, sociologiasa da fsiqologiaSi mimdinare mTelma<br />

rigma procesebma da cvlilebebma, gamoeyo saTavgadasavlo<br />

Janrs, moaxdina sxvadasxva JanrTan met-naklebad organuli<br />

SekavSireba, droTa ganmavlobaSi ki damoukideblad arsebobis<br />

uflebac moipova, gaxda imdenad polistilisturi, rom ramdenime<br />

82 83

sofio wulaia<br />

kinofantastikis evoluciis procesi<br />

subJanric ki gamoeyo, romlebic TavianT formebSi imdenad<br />

arian stilizebulni, rom Zalauneburad, Janrebadac ki<br />

moiazrebian.<br />

yvelaferi ki lui lumieris banaluri, ramdenime wuTiani<br />

film `meqanikuri saxorciT~ daiwyo, romelsac mkvlevrebi<br />

pirvel fantastikur filmadac ki moiazreben (suraTis siuJeti<br />

Semdegnairia: ekranze naCvenebia eleqtronuli xorcsakepi manqana,<br />

romelSic cocxali goWebi xtebian da iqidan sosisebad<br />

qceulebi gamodian).<br />

kinofantastikis qveJanrebia: samecniero fantastika,<br />

saSinelebaTa filmi, e. w. “H o r r o r”, fentezi, fantasmagoria,<br />

kiber-panki, neo-goTika da sxv. ganvmartoT TiToeuli maTgani:<br />

s a m e c n i e r o f a n t a s t i k a _ mTavari<br />

maxasiaTebeli: moqmedebis mimdinareoba sxva ganzomilebaSi,<br />

sadac waSlilia Tanamedroveoba da istoriuli dro, Tumca,<br />

moklebulia yovelgvar mistikur _ magiur elements.<br />

f e n t e z i _ saTaves iRebs XX saukunis pirvel aTeulSi<br />

fantastikuri Janris literaturisgan.Aam ciklis filmebSi<br />

dominantia miTologiuri, zRapruli siuJeti, romelsac bevri<br />

aqvs saerTo istoriul-saTavgadasavlo romanTan. fentezis<br />

gmirebi arian drakonebi, gnomebi, urCxulebi... aq yvelaferi,<br />

miTis msgavsad, daSvebazea dafuZnebuli, rogorc ki warmovidgenT,<br />

rom is, rasac Tvals vadevnebT fiqciaa, nawarmoebi Tavis<br />

mxatvrul Rirebulebas kargavs. s a S i n e l e b a T a<br />

f i l m i _ mTavari maxasiaTebeli: mayurebelSi SiSis<br />

grZnobis gaRviveba, SiSis uSualo gancda, masTan Zalian axlos<br />

dgas t r i l e r i , `Trill” inglisuri sityvaa da<br />

`Jruantels~ niSnavs, magram gansxvaveba isaa, rom Tu saSinelebaTa<br />

filmSi mTavari SiSis uSualo gancdaa, trilerSi dominanti<br />

SiSis molodinia;<br />

f a n t a s m a g o r i a _ momdinareobs ZvelberZnuli<br />

sityvidan da `moCvenebas~ niSnavs. es aris filmi aramiwier,<br />

zeciur arsebebze da Zalian axlos dgas XX saukunis ferweraSi<br />

farTod gavrcelebul abstraqcionizmTan. zemoT CamoTvlili<br />

TiToeuli qveJanris saerTo maxasiaTebelia gamogonili<br />

realobis, fiqciis reprezentacia fantastikuri xerxebisa da<br />

specefeqtebis saSualebiT. specefeqtis `gamomgoneblad~ ki<br />

kinos erT-erTi pioneri, frangi JorJ meliesia miCneuli,<br />

romelmac Tavis moklemetraJian filmebSi gamokveTa is Temebi,<br />

romlebsac mogvianebiT ara erTxel Sexebia evropuli da<br />

amerikuli kinematografi. kinokritikosebi miiCneven, rom JorJ<br />

meliesis pirveli fantastikuri Janris filmia `eSmakis<br />

gasaRebi~ (1896), romlis qronometraJi ori wuTia, siuJeti<br />

ki Semdegi: ekranze adamiani qreba da Cndeba.<br />

fantastikuri Janris filmebiT mayureblis dainteresebam<br />

kidev erTxel cxadyo adamianis swrafva yovelgvari<br />

amoucnobisadmi. marTalia, kinofantastikis didi nawili<br />

gasarTobia da inteleqtualuri mayureblis interess ver<br />

akmayofilebs, magram arsebobs am Janris klasikac, romelic<br />

Seiqmna iseTi geniosebis mier, rogorebic arian: stenli kubriki<br />

(filmSi `kosmosuri odisea _ 2001 weli~, reJisorma samecniero<br />

fantastika erTgvar fasadad gamoiyena, romlis miRmac<br />

kacobriobis istoriaSi yvelaze didi sigiJe _ xelovnuri<br />

inteleqti da misi uaryofiTi mxareebi imaleba).<br />

vudi aleni genialuri filmiT `mZinare~, romelic,<br />

erTdroulad Janris satirac aris da erT-erTi aqtualuri<br />

problemis reprezentirebasac axdens: adamianis gaucxoeba<br />

Tanamedrove industrialur samyarosTan kinosuraTis mTavari<br />

Temaa; romanPpolanski, romelmac fantastikur JanrSi ori<br />

filmi Seqmna: `rozmaris Cvili~ da `vampirTa mejlisi~;<br />

fantastikuri Janris klasikosad, `kinos stiven kingad~<br />

aRiarebuli stiven spilbergi, romelmac saTavgadasavlomistikur-fantastikuri<br />

filmebiT kinoepoqa Seqmna; 70-iani<br />

wlebis sakulto reJisori jorj lukasi, gaxmaurebuli<br />

`varskvlavuri omebiT~, romelmac filosofiur-fsiqologiuri<br />

samecniero fantastikiT gaiTqva saxeli, reJisorma vizualuri<br />

xerxebis saSualebiT axali realoba Seqmna. amasTanve moxda<br />

pirveli rolTa gacvla sqesTa Soris: Tu 30-iani 50-iani<br />

wlebis kinofantastikis mTavari gmirebi mamakacebi iyvnen,<br />

`varskvlavur omebSi~ sigurni uiveris gmiri sapirispiro sqesis<br />

erTgvari risxva xdeba. aq qali Tavdamsxmelia, mamakaci ki<br />

msxverpli, rac, bunebrivia, 60-70-ian wlebSi feministuri<br />

organizaciebis udidesi popularobiTa da sazogadoebriv<br />

cxovrebaSi qalis rolis zrdiTaa gamowveuli; 80-iani wlebis<br />

84 85

sofio wulaia<br />

kinofantastikis evoluciis procesi<br />

erT-erTi warmatebuli reJisori jeims kameroni, romelmac<br />

`terminatoris~ seriebiT sakmaod seriozuli metafora Seqmna:<br />

xelovnuri da bunebrivi inteleqtis dapirispireba, romelic<br />

Tanamedrove civilizaciis erTgvar simbolodac ki aRiqmeba;<br />

inteleqtualuri kinos mwvervaladaa miCneuli andrei<br />

tarkovskis ori filmi: `solarisi~ da `stalkeri~, romlebic<br />

fantastikur JanrSia gadawyvetili.<br />

am yvelafris paralelurad arsebobda filmidan filmSi<br />

meqanikurad gardamavali banaluri siuJetebi, romelTa talRa<br />

30-iani wlebis dasawyisidan agorda da dRemde aqtualuria,<br />

imdenad aqtualuri, rom zogjer sxvadasxva aTwleulSi erTi<br />

da imave filmis remeikebic ki iqmneboda, magaliTad: `drakula~<br />

_ brem stokeris amave saxelwodebis gaxmaurebuli romanis<br />

ekranizacia. romanis mTavar Rirsebad unda CaiTvalos is<br />

faqti, rom man Seuwyo xeli Seqmniliyo qrestomaTiuli saxe<br />

aristokrati vampirisa, romelic Sav labadasa da `SlapaSia~<br />

gamowyobili da RamRamobiT sisxls swovs adamianebs. meore<br />

popularuli siuJeti iyo meri Selis goTikuri roman<br />

`frankenStainis~ ekranizacia. aseve, `king kongi~, `uCinari adamiani~,<br />

`mumia~ da sxv. ...<br />

80-ian wlebamde evropuli da amerikuli kinofantastika<br />

mkveTrad imijneba erTmaneTisgan. evropuli fantastika ufro<br />

daxvewili, inteleqtualuri, mravalplasturi da mxatvruli<br />

TvalsazrisiT ufro metad Rirebulia, maSin, rodesac Tu<br />

mcire gamonaklisebs ar CavTvliT, amerikuli kinos mTavar<br />

sazrdos mozardi TaobisTvis gankuTvnili saJurnalo da<br />

sagazeTo komiqsebi warmoadgens, romlis mTavari gmirebi arian:<br />

supermeni, betmeni, naiTmeni da sxva aramiwieri arsebebi da<br />

miTologizirebuli gmirebi.<br />

germanuli kinoeqspresionizmisTvis fantastika politikuri<br />

metafora xdeba, franguli kinoavangardisTvis _ eqsperimentebis,<br />

SemoqmedebiTi Ziebebisa da axali kinoenis formirebis mcdeloba,<br />

Jan kokto filosofiur-fsiqologiuri motivebis reprezentacias<br />

axdens miTologiur trilogiaSi `urCxuli da mzeTunaxavi~<br />

(1948), `orfeosi~ (1950) da `orfeosis anderZi~ (1960).<br />

frangulma `axalma talRam~, kerZod, sakulto reJisorma Jan<br />

luk godarma filmiT `alfavili~ tirani mmarTvelisa da<br />

kompiuteruli teqnikis saSualebiT marTuli samyaros modeli<br />

SemogvTavaza, sadac yvelaferi adamianuri uaryofilia, aq<br />

danaSaulad aris miCneuli romantizmis yovelgvari gamovlineba,<br />

poezia, siyvaruli... mTavari gmiri ki yvelafris Secvlas<br />

diqtatoris qaliSvilis, nataSas daxmarebiT cdilobs; fransua<br />

triufom ki filmiT `4500 farenheitiT~ gviCvena, rogor<br />

anadgurebs televizia wignis kiTxvis survils. apaTiuri,<br />

gaucxoebuli samyaros Seqmna fantastikuri xerxebis<br />

saSualebiT orive reJisors brwyinvaled gamouvida.<br />

80-iani wlebidan evropuli kinos krizisi iwyeba, marTvis<br />

sadaveebs xelSi holivudi iRebs, evropeli kinoreJisorebis<br />

didi nawilic holivudSi gadadis da iq ganagrZobs moRvaweobas.<br />

90-iani wlebidan kinoSi aqtiurad iWreba kompiuteruli<br />

teqnika, romelic axali subJanris, kiber-pankis dabadebas<br />

ganapirobebs.Ees aris filmebi Soreul momavalze, sadac mTavari<br />

problema post-industriuli antiutopiaa, romelic momaval<br />

sazogadoebas aRwers, rogorc qariSxlian socialur-kulturul<br />

cvlilebebs Sewirul da sulierad dasaxiCrebul kastas, sadac<br />

xelovnuri arsebebi _ robotebi, manqanebi, monstrebi _ TavianTi<br />

Semqmnelis winaaRmdeg gamodian. kiber-pankSi mTavari<br />

kompiuteruli grafikis saSualebiT Seqmnili realobaa. amave<br />

periodSi Cndeba neogotikuri, apokalifsuri da postapokalifsuri<br />

siuJetebi.NneogoTika agebulia klasikuri<br />

goTikuri romanis stilSi, romelsac kompiuteruli grafika<br />

srulyofs. apokalifsuri da post-apokalifsuri siuJetebi<br />

ki saukunis bolosTvis, 2000 wlis misadgomebSia aqtualuri.<br />

sityva Janri franguli warmoSobisaa da `gvars~, `tips~<br />

niSnavs. kinofantastika erT-erTi mZlavri Janria xelovnebis<br />

yvelaze axalgazrda dargisa, romelmac Tavisi arsebobis manZilze<br />

urTulesi gza gaiara. iyo stereotipuli, eqsperimentuli (erTerT<br />

mTavar eqsperimentad unda CaiTvalos 30-ian wlebSi kinoSi<br />

xmis mosvlis Semdeg Seqmnili deivid batleris miuzikli<br />

`mxolod warmoidgineT~, romelic miuziklTan erTad fantastikis<br />

elementebsac Seicavs); novatoruli, gamaRizianebeli, agresiuli,<br />

zogjer iaffasiani da zogjer inteleqtualuri, magram Zalian<br />

saintereso da yovlismomcveli.<br />

86 87

samagistro programa<br />

rusudan papunaSvili<br />

magistraturis II kursi,<br />

xelmZRvaneli prof.: manana lekboraSvili<br />

Tanamedrove kinoTeoriebi da<br />

kriticizmi<br />

samagistro programa kinomcodneobaSi (MA in Film Studies)<br />

Tanamedrove kinoTeoriebi da kriticizmis ganxriT gamiznulia<br />

moamzados kinomcodne, romelic icnobs Tanamedrove tendenciebs<br />

msoflio kinematografSi, flobs Tanamedrove kinokvlevis<br />

meTodebs da SeuZlia maTi gamoyeneba konkretuli kinomovlenis<br />

analizisas. programis aqtualoba ganisazRvreba im viTarebiT,<br />

rom sabWoTa kinomcodneoba arsebuli politikuri viTarebis<br />

g am o w le b is ganm a vl o baSi mow yveti li iy o<br />

msofliokinomcodneobaSi da kulturologiaSi mimdnare<br />

procesebs. sabWoTa kinomcodneoba kinematografiul produqcias<br />

ZiriTadad ikvlevda Tematur-siuJeturi da ideologiuri<br />

kuTxiT, naklebad Seiswavlida kinematografiuli enis specifikas,<br />

struqturas, recepciis kanonebs da a.S.<br />

programis mizania students gaacnos kulturis sferoSi<br />

mimdinare gamotovebuli etapebi, ufro gaRrmavebulad<br />

Seaswavlos kinos Tanamedrove Teoriebi da masze dafuZnebuli<br />

filmis kvlevis meTodebi zogad kulturul konteqstSi.<br />

kursis gasrulebis Semdeg magistri gaecnoba kulturis<br />

sferoSi arsebul yvela ZiriTad Teorias, romelic Seiswavlis<br />

kinematografs; SeeZleba am Teoriebze dayrdnobiT zogad<br />

kulturul konteqstSi ganaTavsos esa Tu is kinonawarmoebi<br />

da miRebuli Teoriuli codna gamoiyenos konkretuli<br />

kinonawarmoebis analizisas; miRebuli codnis safuZvelze<br />

kursdamTavrebuls SeuZlia imuSaos televiziebSi,<br />

kinowarmoebaSi redaqtorad, Jurnal-gazeTebSi, internet<br />

gamocemebSi kinokritikosad, kinoJurnalistad, magram amave<br />

dros, kursis Teoriaze upiratesi orientaciis gamo gaagrZelos<br />

swavla doqtoranturaSi da Camoyalibdes kinos (da zogadad<br />

kulturis) mkvlevarad da umaRlesi skolis pedagogad<br />

samagistro programis xelmZRvaneli<br />

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,<br />

asocirebuli profesori manana lekboraSvili<br />

qalis reprezentacia frankistuli<br />

espaneTis periodis kinematografSi<br />

espaneTis kinematografiis istoriaSi metad mniSvnelovani<br />

periodia samoqalaqo omis (1936-1939) Semdgomi wlebi. pirvel<br />

etaps, romelsac me ganvixilav (1939-1943) axasiaTebs<br />

nacionalurisa da folkloruli Janrebis Serwyma, rac ukve<br />

arsebobda respublikis imdroindel musikalur da tradiciul<br />

(costimbrista) `espanizmebSi~.<br />

ar arsebobs kinoze ufro popularuli da pedagogiuri<br />

xerxi nacionaluri ideebis gasavrceleblad.Komis Semdgom<br />

kinoproduqcias, romelic CIFESA-s mier saxelmwifos<br />

patronaJiT imarTeba, mkveTrad gamoxatuli propagandistuli<br />

funqciebi aqvs. CIFESA 1932 wels valensiaSi fuZndeba da<br />

misi mizania `gaaespanuros~ 30-iani wlebis kino, ganamtkicos<br />

rasobrivi gamorCeulobis grZnoba da gaaRrmavos patriotizmi.<br />

es aris pirveli mcdeloba holivudis magaliTze dayrdnobiT<br />

mowesrigdes xmovani kinos industria. politikurad is<br />

konservatorTa da memarjveneTa frTis ideologiur interesebs<br />

eqvemdebareba.<br />

CIFESA-m musikaluri Janris `espanuri stili~ gadaaqcia<br />

avtonomiur damoukidebel Janrad da win wamoswia rasobrivi<br />

Rirebulebebi, erovnuli wes-Cveulebebi da folklori. espanuri<br />

respublikis wlebSi CIFESA-s kinematografiuli produqcia<br />

TiTqmis mTlianad Semoifargleboda komediiT da soflis dramiT,<br />

romelTac, gamonaklisis gareSe, aerTianebT Semdegi elementebi:<br />

religia, istoriuli idilia klasebs Soris da iseTi arqauli<br />

moraluri normebi, rogoricaa Rirseba _ tradiciulad, misi<br />

matarebeli qalia. espanuroba qalSi isxams xorcs, is<br />

tradiciebisa da eris erTobas, rasobriv siwmindes asaxierebs.<br />

im espaneTSi, romelic `diad erovnul moZraobaSi~ ikveTeba,<br />

politikuri ideebi aRmocendeba mxolod erTian da diad<br />

88 89

usudan papunaSvili<br />

samSoblos idealebze. evropuli faSisturi dogmebis msgavsad,<br />

espaneTSic ideologiuri SeTavazeba emyareba `espanizmis~ cnebis<br />

xelaxal gansazRvras, imperiuli warsulis falsifikaciasa<br />

da yovelive imis daTrgunvas, rac nacionaluri grZnobebis<br />

Seuracxyofad iTvleba.Nnacionalistur-sindikalisturi sqema<br />

sam ZiriTad kanons gamoyofs: ojaxi, municipaliteti _ sindikati<br />

da istoriuli wyoba, romlis mamoZravebeli Zalac aris<br />

samSoblo da eklesia.Ees sqema iqceva espaneli eris<br />

saxelmZRvanelod drosa da sivrceSi: `espaneTiTa da espanelobiT<br />

siamaye maSin dageuflebaT, rodesac srulad gaacnoebierebT<br />

Cveni xalxis meir ganxorcielebul misias warsulSi, da imas<br />

Tu ra aqvs mas gasakeTebeli momavalSi~ (cit. sanCes lopesis<br />

naSromidan: `espaneli qali, bedis aCrdili~).<br />

kinos `gaespanurebis~ proeqts miRwevebic aqvs am periodSi<br />

moRvawe ramdenime reJisoris wyalobiT. filmebma `aragoneli<br />

Tavadaznauroba~ (1935) da `Savgvremani klara~ (an `morena<br />

klara~, 1936), romlebic reJisorma florian reim gadaiRo,<br />

warmougenel popularobas miaRwia, rogorc omamde, aseve omis<br />

Semdeg. rasobrivi gamorCeuloba orive filmSi qalis figuraSia<br />

Cadebuli. aragoneli qalis da boSa qalis ubiwoeba da<br />

socialuri Rirseba koleqtiurad aris ganxiluli, Semdgom<br />

ki sajarod Sewynarebuli eklesiis mier.Aaseve mniSvnelovania<br />

florian reis folkloruli dramebi: `doloresi~ (1940),<br />

`dawyevlili sofeli~ (1942) da `orosia~ (1940).<br />

modiT vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba florian reis `doloresi~,<br />

`dawyevlili sofeli~ da `orisia~ ganvixiloT nacionalisturi<br />

modelis variantebad. `doloresSi~ aragonizmi, aRfrTovanebis<br />

gamomwvevi dekoracia da rasobrivi gamorCeuloba mTeli<br />

espaneTis Tavadaznaurobas niSnavs; qalis RirsebaSi mTeli<br />

eris Rirsebaa Cateuli. doloress arc mSoblebi hyavs, arc<br />

ojaxi da arc saxli aqvs; igi martod xetialobs, aris<br />

damoukidebeli da inarCunebs uflebas Tavad aarCios<br />

Tayvanismcemlebi da mTxovnelebi.<br />

filmis pirveli naxevari qalis damoukideblobis moTxovnis<br />

garkveuli interpretaciaa. erT-erTma misma ganawyenebulma<br />

Tayvanismcemelma kupletiT `Tu waxvalT kalataiudSi/<br />

qalis reprezentacia frankistuli espaneTis periodis kinematografSi<br />

doloresi ikiTxeT/ romelic Zalian kargi gogoa/da Zalian<br />

damTmobia~, eWvqveS daayena doloresis Rirseba. qali eSmakobiT,<br />

simtkiciTa da maxis dagebiT igebs, vin iyo Cirqis momcxeb<br />

kupletze pasuxismgebeli da sajarod iTxovs Rirsebis adgenas.<br />

Rirsebis aRdgena doloresis piradi iniciativiT, religiuri<br />

zewolis gareSe moxda. magram qalis Zalaufleba amiT mTavrdeba.<br />

filmis mamakaci personaJebis andazebsa da gamoTqmebSi<br />

ikveTeba frankos periodis patriarqaluri da qalTmoZule<br />

xasiaTi, romelic aqarwylebs mTavari gmiris moCvenebiT<br />

damoukideblobas da praqtikulad imave funqcias asrulebs,<br />

rasac religiuri samsjavro. aseTi maCisturi azrovnebis<br />

warmomadgenlebi Tavs uflebas aZleven gamoiyenon xalxuri<br />

gamoTqmebi da simRerebi qalis dasamcireblad Semdegi sityvebiT<br />

`qali da Rvino kacs Wkuas akargvineben~, `arsebobs qalis ori<br />

saxeoba: cudi da uaresi, ara aqvs mniSvneloba gaTxovilia Tu<br />

ara~, `sayvarel qalebs kacebi Cirqs scxeben~, da a. S. amitomac<br />

`doloresSi~ sityvebi: `aravin miyvars da arc ki vici ra<br />

aris siyvaruli~ da `Semiwyale Sen, hilaris RvTismSobelo~,<br />

_ ar aris sakmarisi xalxis winaSe Rirsebis dasacavad. es<br />

Rirseba sajarod unda iqnes aRdgenili isev mxolod mamakacis<br />

mier leqsebisa da sakarnavalo farsis meSveobiT.<br />

suraTSi vizualuri aspeqti da stereotipuli regionalizmi<br />

(kostiumebi, dialeqti, xota _ esp. cekva da simRera) soflis<br />

garemoSia CarCenili. masSi (rogorc es mogvianebiT xuan de<br />

ordunias `aragonel agustinaSi~ moxdeba) xota samSoblos<br />

arsis gamomxatvelia. filmSi erT-erTi xotis Sesrulebisas<br />

aseT sityvebs vismenT: `rodesac aragonSi xotas mRerian.<br />

xota ar aris xota/ aramed dedaa da samSoblo.~ doloresis<br />

reputaciac (gamoxatuli sxva xotis sityvebSi), aris mSobliuri<br />

aragonis reputacia, ufro zogadad ki, mTeli espaneTis reputacia:<br />

`aragonis upiratesobaa misi qalebis patiosneba da mTeli<br />

xalxis Rirseba~.<br />

xotaSi gaJRerebuli sityvebi aRadgenen doloresis Rirsebas,<br />

amkoben mis qalur patiosnebas da mxolod filmis bolos<br />

amxelen da kicxaven cilismwameblur xasiaTs. `doloresis~<br />

mimarT SeiZleba gamoiTqvas iseTive kritikuli SeniSnva, rac<br />

90 91

usudan papunaSvili<br />

qalis reprezentacia frankistuli espaneTis periodis kinematografSi<br />

espanelma mweralma da istorikosma, roman gubernma misi<br />

winamorbedis `aragoneli Tavadaznaurobis~ ganxilvisas Tqva:<br />

`...puritanizmi da sqesobrivi retrogradoba im qalTa<br />

realobadaa dasaxuli, romelTa Tanamoazrec Tavad filmia<br />

da yovelive es miCneulia normalur da samagaliTo movlenadac ki~.<br />

1943 wels florian reis `orosia~ imeorebs `doloresis~<br />

zogierT Sinaarsobriv da folklorul debulebebs.Mmoqmedeba<br />

viTardeba me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi, espaneTis erT-erT patara<br />

sofelSi.Oorosia da eloi axalgazrda Seyvarebuli wyvilia,<br />

romelic daqorwinebas apirebs, magram qorwineba ar Sedgeba<br />

datrialebuli tragediis gamo _ orosias saqmros misi<br />

Tayvanismcemeli uklavs.Qqali gadawyvets Suri iZios satrfos<br />

mkvlelze.<br />

suraTSi Txroba da qalis personaJi meryeobs patriarqaluri<br />

arsis darRvevasa da misTvis daqvemdebarebas Soris. orosia<br />

Tavisi problemebis gadasaWrelad, iseve rogorc `aragoneli<br />

Tavadaznaurobisa~ da `doloresis~ personaJebi, cdilobs iyos<br />

damoukidebeli, uryevi da patiosani. qalis xasiaTis am<br />

statistikuri elementebis (stereotipebad qceuli arqaizmi<br />

da regionalizmi) esTetika kidev erTxel warmoaCens orosias,<br />

rogorc gardamaval SemaerTebel rgols tragikul gmirsa da<br />

qristianul mowames Soris.<br />

`orosia~ xotbas asxams soflis adaT-wesebis siwmindes<br />

zemo aragonisa da pireneebis magaliTze: es regionebi<br />

warmoadgenen espanurobis geografiul da simbolur sazRvars,<br />

romelic gamoyofs da icavs mas ucxo elementebis SemoWrisagan.<br />

JurnalSi `premier plano~ Tavis statiaSi florian rei xsnis,<br />

Tu ratom airCia es geografiuli adgili: `zemo aragoni...<br />

gansakuTrebuli samyaroa, igi Seuvalia, misTvis ucxoa<br />

yovelgvari zegavlena. cxovreba aq TiTqos SeCerebulia da<br />

winaparTa saxeebi batonoben, cxovrebis wesi patriarqaluria,<br />

martivi, xalxi mecxoveleobas misdevs.~<br />

Jurnal `premier planos~ 1944 wlis monografiul nomerSi,<br />

romelic mTlianad daeTmo `orosias~ premieras, erT-erTi<br />

kritikosi xsnis peizaJis simbolur mniSvnelobas am filmSi:<br />

`orosia~ aris Zveli xalxuri SeZaxili: `pireneebi isev<br />

arseboben!~, romelmac espanur kinoSi Seisxa xorci. is<br />

upirveles yovlisa aris nacionaluri filmi, imitom rom es<br />

aris pireneiuli filmi. xolo espaneTi, vaRiaroT erTxel da<br />

samudamod, pireneebiT iwyeba... `orosia~ es aris espanuri<br />

kinos sazRvari... `pirineebi isev arseboben~,…`isev arsebobs<br />

rasis sakurTxeveli!~ (citata sanCes vidalis naSromidan<br />

`florian reis kino~).<br />

orosia pireneul garemosTan aris Serwymuli. is ansotanos<br />

regionalur kabaSi gamowyobili, zemo aragonis tradiciebsa<br />

da folkloris simboloa. is Tavisufalia mamakacis<br />

kontrolisagan, Tavs Tavad irCens, uyvars mwyemsebi da<br />

mojamagireebi, soflis boRmasa da Worebze maRla dgas.<br />

`orosias~ originaloba imaSia, rom aq siuJetis mamoZravebel<br />

Zalas qalis SurisZieba misi sabolood sikvdiliT mTavrdeba.<br />

filmis bolo kadrebSi Cven vxedavT orosias, romelmac ukve<br />

iZia Suri da romelic mieSureba sasaflaoze, sadac misi<br />

saqmroa dakrZaluli. orosia ecema Tavisi rCeulis, elios<br />

saflavze. igi kvlav qalwulia, razec sapatarZlo TeTri kaba<br />

da Tavsaburavi metyveleben.<br />

finalur scenaSi vxedavT elios saflavis qvis gverdiT<br />

axal qvas, romelzec amotvifrulia orosias saxeli.<br />

SeyvarebulTa gardacvalebis TariRebs Soris eqvsi wlis<br />

Sualedi migvaniSnebs imaze, rom swored es dro dasWirda<br />

qals SurisZiebis gansaxorcieleblad. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />

suraTSi ar aris drois gasvlis vizualuri niSnebi, scenari<br />

damajereblad amarTlebs mTavari gmiris `Ralats~ Tavisi<br />

rCeulis xsovnisadmi. sikvdilis qvaze amotvifruli TariRi<br />

gamoricxavs TviTmkvlelobas an SemTxveviT sikvdils, rac<br />

gadaaqcevda mas tragikul gmirad. is aris msxverpli bedisa,<br />

romlis gakontrolebac ar SeiZleba. aseTi finaliT isRa<br />

dagvrCenia, miviRoT orosias sikvdili, rogorc msxverplSewirva,<br />

radganac is aris xalxis Rirsebis matarebeli da mas xvda<br />

wilad pasuxismgebloba _ epova samarTali. orosias<br />

msxverplSewirva reJimis warmomadgenelTa brtyel-brtyel<br />

sityvebs gvagonebs: `espaneli qali sufTa, qristiani da keTili,<br />

dajildoebulia msxverplSewirvis uzarmazari unariT, is aris<br />

Cveni samSoblos saukeTeso tradiciebis RvTaebrivi sacavi~<br />

92 93

usudan papunaSvili<br />

qalis reprezentacia frankistuli espaneTis periodis kinematografSi<br />

(adolfo mailio, cit. sopenia monsalve). misi SurisZieba<br />

samSoblos samsaxurs gautolda, xolo sikvdilma igi wamebulebs<br />

gautola da misi ukanaskneli daniSnulebaa SeuerTdes<br />

gardacvlil satrfos.<br />

frankistuli socialuri wyoba icavs imas, rasac sanCes<br />

lopesi `gaafTrebul ojaxurobas~ eZaxis da rac efuZneba<br />

`qalis kuTvnilebas saxelmwifosadmi (deda/ojaxi/eri)~; `qalTa<br />

sajaro erTobis wesdebis~ Seqmnas...~, romlis uaryofac ar<br />

SeiZleba, is unda miiRo da ganicado~. erovnuli mentalitetis<br />

gadamcemi deda aris is mTavari gmiri, romelsac zneobriobis<br />

mcvelis funqciebi akisria.<br />

es debuleba warmodgenilia `dawyevlili soflis~ (1942)<br />

xmovan versiaSic (florian reis `dawyevlil sofeli~ 1930<br />

welsac aqvs gadaRebuli). masSi koncentrirebulia da<br />

ukiduresobamdea miyvanili istoriuli anaqronizmi, personaJebis<br />

stereoti pizacia, xasiaTebi da sanaxaobrivobis ikonizacia,<br />

qalis simboluri da alegoriuli mniSvneloba, rac aqamde<br />

`doloresSi~ da `orosiaSic~ igrZnoboda, magram amjerad<br />

reJisori konkretuli politikuri da religiuri programiT<br />

xelmZRvanelobda: ar daeSvaT soflidan mosaxleobis masobrivi<br />

migracia da aRedginaT nacional-kaTolikuri espaneTis<br />

Rirebulebebi.<br />

`wyeul sofelSi~ win aris wamoweuli kastiliuri Rirsebis<br />

tradiciuli Tema, raTa warmoCenil iqnas `espaneTis istoriis<br />

parabola uaxlesi movlenebis WrilSi~ (sanCes vidali).<br />

soflidan qalaqSi gadasaxlebis gardauvalobis fonze deda<br />

valdebulia darCes sofelSi, rogorc geografiuli kuTvnilebis<br />

obieqti da rogorc soflisa da keris uwyveti simbolo.<br />

aseTi qalisaTvis akrZalulia zogierTi misi Tanamedrove<br />

kinematografiuli `kolegis~ aqtiuroba da mobiluroba.<br />

rodesac igi ganacxadebs: `mec maqvs ufleba viSromo<br />

CemianebisaTvis~ pasuxad patriarqisgan miiRebs mkvaxe `xma<br />

gaikminde~-s, rac masac da Cvenc Segvaxsenebs, rom is mxolod<br />

uxmo simboloa.Acacia aRarad agdebs qmris batonobas, gadauxvevs<br />

misTvis gankuTvnili gzidan da tovebs sofelsac, ojaxur kerasac,<br />

Svilsac (romelic patriarqaluri xazis gamgrZelebelia) da<br />

sabolood qalaqis erT-erT bordelSi aRmoCndeba. arsebuli<br />

wesrigis darRveva da samSoblosaTvis Rirsebis ayra patriarqis<br />

samagaliTo dasjas da religiur monaniebas iTxovs.<br />

akacia, ase hqvia mTavar gmirs, gzas acdenili qali da<br />

cudi deda, aris mizezi im wyevlisa, romelic sofels awevs<br />

da, simbolurad, mizezi samSoblos SesaZlo dacemisa. samagaliTo<br />

dasja mdgomareobs sagvareulo saxlSi (samSobloSi) Caketvasa<br />

da izolirebaSi. mas ekrZaleba xmis amoReba Svilis TandaswrebiT<br />

da soflidan gadasaxleba. religiuri monanieba iTvaliswinebs<br />

qristianul gvemas, ris Semdegac SesaZlebelia Sendoba.<br />

fexSiSveli moxetiale dedis saxebaze fleSbeqiT dadebulia<br />

warsulis movlenebi, romlebSic ikveTeba codvis gaazreba,<br />

sinanuli da monanieba.<br />

qristianulma ikonografiam daskvniT scenaSi sruliad<br />

Caanacvla regionaluri folklorika: qali brundeba sofelSi,<br />

raTa patriarqs Sewyaleba sTxovos. patriarqi mas wylulebian<br />

fexebs ganbans, rogorc es gaakeTa qristem magdalinelTan<br />

mimarTebaSi. amis Semdeg igi abrunebs akacias ojaxSi. es<br />

finaluri scena qvaSi amotvifruliviT rCeba mexsierebaSi.<br />

1942 wels gadaRebuli `dawyevlili sofeli~ aris zusti<br />

magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor gadawera da miusadaga florian<br />

reim respublikuri konservatiuloba nacionalur-kaTolikur<br />

debulebebs. is, rac 1930 wlis munji kinos versiaSi vixileT,<br />

iyo pirovnuli grZnobebi da vnebebi, xmovan versiaSi Cven<br />

vxedavT arqetipebs, frankistuli reJimisTvis misaReb sanimuSo<br />

Rirebulebebs. `dawyevlili soflis~ `erovnuli mniSvneloba~<br />

maSinve iqna aRiarebuli kritikosebis mier. igi Seracxes<br />

rogorc frankistuli epoqis yvelaze gamomsaxvelobiTi da<br />

mniSvnelovani filmi.<br />

soflis saswaulebrivi gaTavisufleba mxolod maSin gaxda<br />

SesaZlebeli, rac moRalate colma moinania codva. man gmirulad<br />

aitana qmris, Seuvali diqtatoris, samagaliTo sasjeli.<br />

moRalate coli – iseve rogorc dekadenturi epoqis<br />

gzasacdenili espaneTi, ganibana codvebisagan, Sewyda masiuri<br />

migraciis bneli talRa da soflis (kastiliis, espaneTis)<br />

Tavze mzis sxivebi gamoCnda.<br />

1942 wels gamosuli xose luis saens de eredias filmis<br />

`rasa~ scenari Tavad frankom dawera, fsevdonimiT xaime de<br />

94 95

usudan papunaSvili<br />

qalis reprezentacia frankistuli espaneTis periodis kinematografSi<br />

andrade. is warmoaCens ojaxs, rogorc frankistuli eris,<br />

naciis metaforas da dedobriv TviTganwirvas mamis sikvdilis<br />

Semdeg. ojaxuri wesrigis Seucvleli sayrdeni aris deda,<br />

gaigivebuli dedasamSoblosTan, romelic or Svils, xuansa da<br />

xoses Soris ixliCeba. orive Svili espanelia, magram samkvdrosasicocxlod<br />

ebrZvis erTmaneTs; deda gaigivebulia qalwul<br />

mariamTan, xolo misi xose, gaigivebuli iesosTan wiTel<br />

barbarosTa msxverpli xdeba. dedis sikvdilis Semdeg samSoblos<br />

aqtiuri damcvelebi xdebian samSoblosaTvis wamebulis qvrivi<br />

da misi rZali. isini SesaZlebels xdian xoses aRdgomas da<br />

Sesabamisad, misi Zmis xuanis politikur xsnas. am ori filmis<br />

hermetuli struqtura ar iZleva saSualebas gascdes qalis<br />

stereoti ps: deda-dedofali-wminda qalwuli. `rasa~ da<br />

`amerikis ganTiadi~, albaT, yvelaze TvalsaCino nimuSebia<br />

frankizmis mier istoriis gadawerisa.<br />

am periodis istoriul suraTebSi uxvadaa warmodgenili<br />

realuri Tu gamogonili protagonisti qalebi.Aam filmebis<br />

mizania aRadginos warmosaxviTi Sida imperializmi, rac iqneboda<br />

kompensacia gare, geografiuli imperiisa, romelic sabolood<br />

daiSala. aseTi filmebis Warbsityvianoba da gaxevebuli esTetika<br />

tols ar udebs reJimis ritorikas imperiis aRdgenis Sesaxeb<br />

an samSoblos dacvaze gareSe mtrisagan. isabel kaTolike,<br />

imperiuli orwevris (rwmenis siwmindisaTvis brZola da<br />

dapyroba) simbolo, ukvdavyofilia xuan de ordunias filmSi<br />

`amerikis ganTiadi~ (1951). igi xuravs xuan de ordunias<br />

istoriuli filmebis cikls da imavdroulad warmoadgens<br />

CIFESA-s krizisisa da dacemis dasawyiss.<br />

kastiliis dedofali aris xateba, romelic aerTianebs<br />

rasas, rwmenasa da imperiul momavals: `igi espaneli eris<br />

mfarvelia, keTilSobili erisa, romelic axal samyaroSi unda<br />

gadainergos da ganiwmindos mavrebisagan.~ aRsaniSnavia<br />

amerikidan dabrunebuli dedoflis sityva: `Cven iq Cagvaqvs<br />

keTilSobili sisxli, raTa ganvanaTloT espaneTis ori<br />

keTilSobiluri ojaxi. zRvis, manZilisa da drois miuxedavad<br />

Cven yovelTvis gagvaerTianebs erTi rwmena da erTi ena. es<br />

iqneba yvela saukunis yvelaze lamazi saswauli~.Kkolumbis<br />

gegmis wamowyebis xelSesawyobad saWiroa ara mxolod<br />

dedoflis institucionaluri da ekonomikuri daxmareba, aramed<br />

ubralo gogonas, beatrisis uangaro siyvarulic, romelic<br />

moTminebiT icdis, rom gaxdes `diadi adamianis fermkrTali<br />

aCrdili, romelic sul Tan dahyveba, magram ar gawuxebs.~<br />

qalebis keTilgonierebisa da Tavganwirvis wyalobiT gmirs<br />

bolomde mihyavs wamowyebuli saqme, rogorc SeniSna istorikosma<br />

frans fanonma, qali aris simboluri Suamavali im gmirobisa,<br />

romelsac sCadis mamakaci, qali xdis SesaZlebels patriarqatis<br />

Zalauflebas ojaxSi, rac reproduqcirdeba Zalauflebis<br />

militarizaciasa da centralizaciaSi mTeli eris masStabiT.<br />

xuan de ordunias istoriuli dramebi erTi sqemis mixedviTaa<br />

agebuli: espaneTis dacva ucxoelTa Semotevisgan, ierarqiulobis<br />

kanonieroba, melodramatuloba da rac mTavaria qalis xati<br />

romelic warmoCenilia rogorc saxe mTeli espaneli erisa.<br />

`siyvarulisgan gagiJebulSi~ kastilieli dedoflis, xuanas,<br />

romelic SeSlilis zedmetsaxeliT aris cnobili, kastiliuri<br />

xasiaTi da Seupovroba, romelic mas memkvidreobiT ergo<br />

dedisgan, kaTolike dedoflisgan da kastilieli raindebis<br />

igive Tvisebebi (isini icaven dedofals sigiJis braldebisagan)<br />

siuJeturadac da vizualuradac kontrastSi modis<br />

flandriuli karisa da misi meTauris avstriis erchercogis<br />

politikur korufciasTan. mas Semdeg rac erchercogi<br />

daqorwinda dedofal xuanaze igi gaxda filipe I kastilieli.<br />

filmis pirvelive kadrebidan mefe warmodgenilia rogorc<br />

avxorci, ambiciuri, meqalTane adamiani _ mizezi dedoflis<br />

`SeSlilobisa~. gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia is, rom igi aris<br />

saSiSi, radganac emsaxureba ucxoelTa interesebs da<br />

`saSiSroebas uqmnis kastilieli xalxis Rirsebas~. samSoblos<br />

mtrebi flandria da granada (gansaxierebulni flandriis<br />

mefesa da mavr qal aldaraSi) Sekraven mtrul alianss.<br />

aldara aris dedoflis sruli anti podi ara mxolod<br />

kastiliurobaSi, aramed patiosnebaSic. dedofal xuanas (msaxiobi<br />

aurora bautista) mkacri Cacmuloba da saqcieli dapirispirebulia<br />

mavr aldaras (msax. sara montieli) gamomwvevobasa da egzotikurobas.<br />

erTi mxriv, dgas dedoflis sikeTe da sulgrZeloba, xolo,<br />

meore mxriv, mavris silamaze da boroteba.Aaldara fili pe I-<br />

is sayvareli xdeba, es aris Seuracxyofa dedoflisa, romelic<br />

96 97

usudan papunaSvili<br />

qalis reprezentacia frankistuli espaneTis periodis kinematografSi<br />

kastiliis Rirsebis matarebelia. `mefem RmerTis mterTan<br />

miRalata, ar arsebobs meti Seuracxyofa espaneTis kaTolike<br />

dedoflisa~,_ ambobs xuana.Nmisi individualuroba, Seupovroba<br />

da isterika Sefasebulia rogorc `avadmyofoba~, gonebrivi<br />

aSliloba da sabolood ki _ sigiJe.<br />

misi sulieri mdgomareoba Cacmulobazec aisaxeba: dekolteebs,<br />

samkaulebsa da mxiarul flandriul kabebs is Caanacvlebs<br />

mkacri kastiliuri kabebiT, Savi TavsaburaviTa da erTi jvriT<br />

kiserze. dedofali monazvnis kabas icvams da de la motas<br />

cixe-koSkSi iketeba. magram garkveuli periodis Semdeg xuana<br />

tovebs cixe-koSks da cxenze amxedrebuli mieSureba<br />

fundukisaken, raTa Tavad darwmundes qmris RalatSi. amasTan<br />

is amJRavnebs Tavis mgznebare da dauokebel ltolvas mefis<br />

mimarT, es ki mis kaTolikur rwmenasa da mkacr aRzrdas<br />

ewinaaRmdegeba.<br />

kastiliis karze igi maSinve amyarebs sufTa qalur<br />

urTierTobebs sefeqalebTan, upirispirdeba Tavis ucxoel<br />

metoqes, saboloo jamSi ki, kastiliis kars, raTa daicvas<br />

sakuTari Tavi da aicilos datyveveba. SurisZieba mefis Ralatis<br />

gamo aris mamoZravebeli Zala, rac aiZulebs daTmos qristianuli<br />

morCileba da moiTxovos Tavisi ufleba gvirgvinze. es qmedeba<br />

Riad ewinaaRmdegeba TviTSewirvis, morCilebisa da qmrisadmi<br />

daqvemdebarebis religiur principebs, rasac frankistuli reJimi<br />

da kaTolikuri eklesia iTxovdnen qalebisagan. mefis sikvdilis<br />

Semdeg, raSic dedofali sakuTar Tavs adanaSaulebs, xuana<br />

kvlav gvevlineba qalad, romelic Rirsebas, samSoblos<br />

siyvarulsa da erTgulebas pirvel planze ayenebs.<br />

ganxiluli filmebi gvaZlevs Rirebul informacias qalis<br />

warmoCinebaze frankistul espaneTSi, sadac is eqskluziurad<br />

reproduqciuli funqciiT aris politizirebuli. Cven davinaxeT,<br />

rom dedasamSoblos simboluri yofna gadafaravs realuri<br />

qalis aryofnas (uCinarobas) eris socialur da politikur<br />

rekonstruqciaSi. am procesSi is praqtikulad ar monawileobs,<br />

radgan espaneli eris simboluri xati gamoisaxeba idealizebuli<br />

qalis saxeSi, romelic aris siwmindis, silamazisa da Rirsebis<br />

magaliTi, moralisa da tradiciebis mcveli is unda idges<br />

eris gagrZelebis sadarajoze da iyos erovnuli TviTSegnebis<br />

gadamcemi.A`aseT espaneTSi~ franko igivea samSoblosaTvis,<br />

rac mama ojaxisaTvis: upirobo avtoriteti, keTilismsurveli,<br />

mtkice xeli, romelic xandaxan gadamWrel zomebs iRebs Svilebis<br />

sakeTildReod. dedoba idealizebulia da miCneulia movaleobad<br />

samSoblos winaSe, radganac rasobrivi degeneraciis SeCerebis<br />

gasaRebi swored masSi devs.<br />

98 99

kulturis menejmenti<br />

kulturis politika<br />

samagistro programa<br />

Tanamedrove menejmenti kulturasa<br />

da xelovnebaSi<br />

samagistro programa `amzadebs specialistebs xelovnebisa<br />

da kulturis menejmentis sferoSi, romlebic SeZleben<br />

samecniero da gamoyenebiTi kvlevebis Catarebas; SeZleben<br />

aswavlon menejmentTan dakavSirebuli disci plinebi,<br />

ganaxorcielon analitikuri da sakonsultacio samsaxuri,<br />

Seqmnan da uxelmZRvanelon organizaciebs, rogorc saxelmwifo<br />

aseve kerZo seqtorSi; ganaxorcielon sxvadasxva ti pis<br />

proeqtebi xelovnebisa da kulturis sferoSi.<br />

winamdebare programa saSualebas aZlevs TiToeul<br />

magistrants SeiZinos da gamoumuSavos Teoriuli da<br />

praqtikuli Cvevebi kulturis menejmentis sferoSi. amisaTvis<br />

ki saWiroa, rom magistrantma aiTvisos menejmentis Tanamedrove<br />

meTodebi, ganaviTaros problemis identifikaciis Cvevebi da<br />

samecniero kvlevis unari, SeZlos gadawyvetilebis miReba da<br />

maTi realizacia.<br />

samecniero konfereciaSi studentTa monawileobis miReba<br />

am programis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia. studentTa mier<br />

Catarebuli kvlevis sajaro aprobacia mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs<br />

xels maT srulyofilad daeuflon werisa da zepiri<br />

metyvelebis Cvevebs, rac, TavisaTavad uzrunvelyofs momavalSi<br />

maTi samecniero-kvleviTi da pedagogiuri moRvaweobis maRal<br />

dones.<br />

krebulSi aseve warmodgenilia sadoqtoro programa<br />

kulturis politikasa da kulturis menejmentSi, romelic<br />

erT-erTi pirvelia saqarTveloSi da mTel amierkavkasiaSi.<br />

programis xelmZRvaneli<br />

doqtori, profesori iuri mRebriSvili<br />

100 101

elene babakiSvili<br />

magistraturis II kursi<br />

xelmZRvaneli - prof. iuri mRebriSvili<br />

sponsorobis roli kulturuli<br />

organizaciis politikaSi<br />

arakomerciuli kulturuli organizaciebi dafinansebis<br />

mxriv mTels msofliosa da maT Soris saqarTveloSic, sakmaod<br />

rTul viTarebaSi aRmoCndnen. saxelmwifo yovelwliurad<br />

amcirebs msgavsi dawesebulebis finansur Tanadgomas. zemoT<br />

naxsenebi organizaciebi sxva organizaciebisagan dafinansebis<br />

wyaroebis diversifikaciiT gansxvavdebian. es ar aris gasakviri,<br />

vinaidan rTulia konkurencia gauwio mosaxleobisaTvis<br />

socialurad aqtualur sferoebs, iseTs rogoricaa jandacva,<br />

ganaTleba, komunaluri momsaxureoba, transporti da sxva.<br />

Tanamedrove msoflioSi saxelmwifoebi TandaTanobiT ixsnian<br />

kulturisa da xelovnebis sferoebze zrunvis pasuxismgeblobas<br />

da amdenad, misi mxardaWera biznes seqtors ekisreba.<br />

dResdReobiT, kulturuli organizaciebis sicocxlisunarianoba<br />

mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli sakuTar Semosavalsa da<br />

dafinansebis arasabiujeto wyaroebze. bevri maTgani<br />

sponsorebTan muSaobis gasaocari unar-Cvevebis demonstrirebas<br />

axdens. acnobiereben ra sakuTar aucileblobas, kulturis<br />

organizaciebi sxvadasxva strategiul da taqtikur moqmedebas<br />

mimarTaven, raTa gaxdnen konkurentunarianebi.<br />

kulturuli organizaciebis mTavari mizani publikis mozidva,<br />

misdami WeSmariti stumarTmoyvareobis da Tbili damokidebulebis<br />

gamomJRavneba gaxda. TiToeuli maTgani cdilobs sakuTari Tavi<br />

mayureblis ufro aqtiur momsaxureobas miuZRvnas. amitom,<br />

kulturis organizaciebi, xSirad, TavianT saqmianobas ekonomikur<br />

gaTvlebze afuZneben. kulturuli produqtis promocia xdeba<br />

zustad iseve, rogorc klasikuri marketinguli produqtisa.<br />

ZviradRirebuli sareklamo da PR kampaniebis gansaxorcieleblad<br />

isini amuSaveben aramarto sakuTari Semosavlebis strategias,<br />

aramed axdenen dafinansebis gare wyaroebis mozidvasac, iqneba<br />

es saxelmwifo Tu kerZo seqtori.<br />

dafinansebis wyaroebi iyofa sam jgufad: moziduli,<br />

saxelmwifo da sakuTari Tanxebi. mozidul finansur wyaroebad<br />

iTvleba: saqvelmoqmedo, sasponsoro saSualebebi, granti<br />

fondebidan, sawevroebi da a. S.<br />

saxelmwifo dafinanseba aerTianebs pirdapir da irib<br />

sufsidiebs.<br />

dafinansebis mesame jgufi moicavs Semosavlebs sakuTari<br />

ZiriTadi saqmianobidan. am ukanasknels miekuTvneba sagamofeno,<br />

saganmanaTleblo, sakoncerto Semosavlebi da a. S; aseve<br />

Semosavali damatebiTi, komerciuli saqmianobidan – sasuveniro<br />

produqcia, saxelosnoebis, ateliebis fasiani momsaxureoba,<br />

kafeebis, restornebis, videocentrebis amuSaveba. magaliTad,<br />

marjaniSvilis Teatris ZiriTadi saqmianoba aris bileTebis<br />

gayidva, xolo Marjanoff Express-is muSaobidan miRebuli Tanxa<br />

_ damatebiTi, komerciuli Semosavali.<br />

organizaciebis dafinanseba ganpirobebulia menejmentis<br />

erovnuli TaviseburebebiT. magaliTad, evropasa da saqarTveloSi<br />

kultura, ZiriTadad, finansdeba saxelmwifo sufsidiebidan,<br />

xolo amerikaSi gavrcelebulia dafinansebis rogorc moziduli,<br />

aseve sakuTari wyaroebi.<br />

dafinansebis mozidul wyaroebs Soris sakmaod gavrcelebuli<br />

da mizanSewonili formaa – sponsoroba. Tanamedrove bazris<br />

pirobebSi kompaniebi sakuTari marketinguli miznebis<br />

gansaxorcieleblad aqtiurad gadadian filantropiidan sasponsoro<br />

saqmianobaze.<br />

cota ram sponsorobis Sesaxeb. sponsoroba ewodeba<br />

nebismieri proeqtis, movlenis an saqmianobis dafinansebas erTi<br />

piris an organizaciis mier.<br />

Tavdapirvelad, sponsoroba ewodeboda proeqtebis<br />

dafinansebas radiosa da televiziaSi sareklamo drois<br />

sanacvlod (`sapnis operebi~, sportuli movlenebi da a. S.)<br />

da aseve kinofilmebis gadasaRebad saWiro Tanxebis nawilobriv<br />

anazRaurebas. TandaTanobiT, sponsoroba gamoiyo rogorc<br />

saqmianobis damoukidebeli sfero ori mizezis gamo:<br />

1. pirdapir reklamasTan SedarebiT Senatanis, ufro<br />

xangrZlivi xasiaTis da uwyveti procesis gamo.<br />

2. fiskaluri mizezebiT.<br />

102 103

elene babakiSvili<br />

sponsorobis roli kulturuli organizaciis politikaSi<br />

sponsoroba, pirvel rigSi, aris konkretuli damkveTis<br />

interesebidan gamomdinare informaciis gavrcelebis,<br />

sazogadoebasTan komunikaciis damyarebis efeqturi saSualeba.<br />

Sedegad, sponsoroba SeiZleba ewodos saqmianobis oTx<br />

gansxvavebul saxes, TiToeuli maTgani xasiaTdeba organizaciulad<br />

sxvadasxva formebiT:<br />

1. sponsoroba, rogorc sareklamo amocanebis gadaWris<br />

saSualeba.<br />

2. sponsoroba, rogorc sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis (PRis)<br />

forma an RonisZiebaTa marketingi (Event Marketing).<br />

3. sponsoroba, rogorc grZelvadiani da maRalxarisxiani<br />

dabandeba, romelsac miekuTvneba sxvadasxva samecniero kvlevis<br />

mxardaWera. am sferoSi daxarjuli fuli gamarTlebulia<br />

mxolod Sesabamisi obieqtis mizanmimarTul arCevaSi.<br />

4. sponsorobis forma, rogorc organizaciis umaRlesi<br />

menejerebis piradi ambiciebis dakmayofilebis forma.<br />

sasponsoro saqmianoba gulisxmobs grZelvadian TanamSromlobas<br />

sponsorsa da kulturul organizacias Soris, amitom sponsorobis<br />

sfero kompaniis fsiqologiur portrets da imijs unda emTxveodes.<br />

sponsorsa da kuturul organizacias Soris ideba<br />

Cveulebrivi saqmiani garigeba, romlisganac TiToeuli maTgani<br />

iRebs sargebels. am gacvliT urTierTobaSi arsebobs<br />

marketingul-komerciuli midgoma.<br />

sponsoroba warmoadgens ekonomikur SeTanxmebas, romlis<br />

mizania fuladi saSualebebis, produqciis, momsaxurebis,<br />

sareklamo saSualebebis, PR kampaniebis, RonisZiebebis gacvla.<br />

sponsori naRdi angariSiT an gadaxdis sxva formiT (Senatani<br />

naturiT _ iribi mxardaWera) axdens dabandebas, sanacvlod<br />

ki iRebs aRniSnul RonisZiebasTan, saagentosTan, an sakuTrebasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli komerciuli potencialis eqspluataciis<br />

saSualebas. es aris yvelanair beWdviT masalaSi (JurnalgazeTebi,<br />

flaeri) sponsoris logos ganTavseba; sponsoris<br />

gaSuqeba sainformacio saSualebebSi; sponsors SeuZlia<br />

isargeblos dawesebulebis darbaziT, sadac moaxdens axali<br />

produqtis prezentacias; aseve xdeba saxelobiTi adgilebis<br />

gayidva (es ufro amerikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli fenomenia),<br />

maT sasponsoro, donoris kedlebi ewodebaT. kulturulma<br />

organizaciam unda ganaTavsos sponsoris baneri RonisZiebis<br />

Catarebis adgilas da misi msvlelobis dros araerTxel<br />

moixsenios.<br />

zogadad, sponsoris sargebeli SeiZleba daiyos or nawilad:<br />

pirdapiri – reklama, informaciis Tanamedrove wyaroebi da<br />

iribi – xelisuflebis, cnobili politikuri moRvaweebis<br />

loialuri damokidebulebis mopoveba, konkretuli piris,<br />

organizaciis imijis Seqmna, sazogadoebaSi keTilganwyobis da<br />

aRiarebis mopoveba.<br />

1990 wels v. fiSerma da r. broem organizaciebis Seswavlis<br />

safuZvelze Camoayalibes im sargeblis sia, romelsac eZeben<br />

kompaniebi mTeli msoflios masStabiT. esenia:<br />

1. gaumjobesebuli adgilobrivi kavSiri – 59%.<br />

2. korporatiuli imijis dawinaureba – 57%.<br />

3. brendis cnobadobis gazrda – 54%.<br />

4. masobriv sainformacio saSualebebSi gamoCena – 39%.<br />

5. brendis imijis gaZliereba – 37%.<br />

6. PR-is gaumjobeseba – 37%.<br />

7. grZelvadiani gayidvebi – 30%.<br />

8. myidvelis siamovneba – 26%.<br />

9. momsaxure personalis moraluri mdgomareoba – 27%.<br />

10. da sxva – 6%.<br />

am CamonaTvalidan naTlad Cans, rom sponsoroba<br />

organizaciebisaTvis upirveles yovlisa aris marketinguli<br />

miznebis ganxorcielebis da winsvlis saSualeba. kulturuli<br />

organizaciis sargebeli ki aris yvelaferi is, rac mas exmareba<br />

misiis warmatebiT SesrulebaSi. sworad gaTvlili<br />

korporaciuli sponsoroba Zalian hgavs warmatebul qorwinebas.<br />

am SemTxvevaSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba Sesaferisi<br />

partnioris SerCevas, romelsac eqneba msgavsi interesebi da<br />

mizani.<br />

ganvixiloT marjaniSvilis Teatris magaliTi:<br />

misi generaluri sponsoria banki `respublika~. am<br />

SemTxvevaSi sponsorisa da Teatris interesebi da mizani<br />

harmoniulad erwymis erTmaneTs. amas emateba bankis generaluri<br />

104 105

elene babakiSvili<br />

sponsorobis roli kulturuli organizaciis politikaSi<br />

direqtoris piradi daintereseba da uzomo siyvaruli<br />

Teatrisadmi, amitom orive mxare maRal doneze TanamSromlobs.<br />

banki exmareba Teatrs finansurad, xolo sanacvlod iRebs<br />

sxvadasxva saxis sargebels. esenia:<br />

1. Teatris farTis gamoyeneba sareklamo miznebisaTvis da<br />

bankis axali momsaxurebebis wardgenisaTvis;<br />

2. Teatris kuTvnil teritoriaze baneris ganTavseba;<br />

3. sponsoris logos ganTavseba programaze, konkretuli<br />

speqtaklisa da kalendrul afiSaze, nabeWd Tu eleqtronul<br />

flaerze;<br />

4. sponsoris logos ganTavseba Teatris istoriasTan<br />

dakavSirebul beWdviT masalaSi;<br />

5. VIP mosawvevi generaluri direqtorisaTvis.<br />

6. speqtaklis msvlelobisas sponsoris saxelis gaJRereba.<br />

generaluri sponsoris garda marjaniSvilis Teatrs hyavs<br />

sxvadasxva Tanasponsorebic. maTTvis gaTvaliswinebuli<br />

sargebeli ganisazRvreba Setanili Tanxisa da momsaxureobis<br />

moculobis mixedviT.<br />

Teatri agreTve sakmaod xSirad mimarTavs barteruli<br />

gacvlis sistemas, Teatrisa da damsponsorebeli firmis mcire<br />

finansuri SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare.<br />

sponsorobis upiratesoba reklamasTan da PR-Tan<br />

SedarebiT: organizaciis winsvlis oTxi saSualeba arsebobs:<br />

reklama, sazogadoebasTan urTierToba _ PR, personali da<br />

promocia. aqedan romel saSualebas airCevs organizacia,<br />

ganisazRvreba misi biujetiT, msoflmxedvelobiTa da<br />

orientaciiT. Tumca yvela zemoT CamoTvlilTan SedarebiT<br />

sponsoroba fulis dabandebis yvelaze Wkvianuri da xelsayreli<br />

saSualebaa. imisaTvis, rom naTlad gamovxatoT sponsorobis<br />

upiratesoba, mokled ganvixiloT reklamisa da PR-is<br />

SesaZleblobebi.<br />

reklama – es aris saSualeba, romlisTvisac organizacia<br />

ixdis fuls, raTa urTierToba daamyaros mTlian bazarTan,<br />

sazogadoebasTan. sareklamo Setyobineba vrceldeba sxvadasxva<br />

sainformacio saSualebebiT: televizia, radio, Jurnal-gazeTebi,<br />

bilbordebi da broSurebi. reklamas axasiaTebs mokle<br />

sasicocxlo periodi da SezRudulia yidva-gayidvis<br />

konkretuli amocaniT. reklamas hyavs mxolod erTi fokus<br />

jgufi – myidveli.<br />

yoveldRiurad adamianze modis uamravi sareklamo<br />

Setyobineba, es cifri 1200-mde aRwevs. amitom adamiani cdilobs,<br />

Tavi aaridos am ukanasknels, e. w. `damcavi faqtorebi~ axdenen<br />

Setyobinebis Sesustebas da mis srul dablokvas. `undoblobis<br />

filtri~ exmareba adamians gamoyos reklama informaciis mTeli<br />

nakadidan. momxmarebeli mas aRiqvams rogorc sagadasaxado<br />

komunikacias da amdenad _ aragulwrfels.<br />

PR xels uwyobs urTierT sasargeblo, harmoniuli kavSiris<br />

damyarebas organizaciasa da sazogadoebas Soris, qmnis<br />

konkretuli piris an organizaciis dadebiT imijs. reklamisgan<br />

gansxvavebiT PR specialistis saqmianoba mimarTulia farTo<br />

sazogadoebisaken da ara potenciuri momxmareblis viwro<br />

wrisaken. PR xangrZlivi moqmedebis strategiebs SeimuSavebs,<br />

maSin roca, reklamis prioriteti mis lakonurobasa da swraf<br />

SedegSia. PR-is fokus jgufs warmoadgens yvela is iuridiuli<br />

Tu kerZo piri, visTanac organizacias aqvs, hqonia an eqneba<br />

urTierToba. esenia; klientebi, masmediis warmomadgenlebi,<br />

partniorebi da a. S.<br />

yvela zemoT CamoTvlil komponents sponsoroba moicavs.<br />

is aerTianebs reklamasac, PR-sac da promociasac. ufro metic,<br />

amerikaSi gamokiTxvis Sedegma aCvena, rom amerikelTa 83%-s<br />

aqvs dadebiTi damokidebuleba im kompaniebis mimarT, romlebic<br />

exmarebian sazogadoebriv saqmes. sazogadoebrivad da<br />

politikurad aqtiuri momxmarebeli gansakuTrebiT<br />

sazogadoebrivi iniciativebis mxardamWer kompaniebs miiRebs.<br />

amerikelTa 80% acxadebs, rom urCevniaT is kompaniebi, romlebic<br />

axorcieleben grZelvadian daxmarebas da SeTanxmebas, vidre<br />

is, vinc akeTebs uamrav keTil saqmes SenacvlebiT (xanmokle<br />

vadiT).<br />

sasponsoro saqmianobis liderebi ase axasiaTeben<br />

sponsorobis daniSnulebas: es ukanaskneli sWirdeba im brendebs,<br />

romlebic miiswrafvian momxmarebelTan da sazogadoebasTan<br />

myari kavSirebis dasamyareblad.<br />

sasponsoro ganacxadis Sedgenisas gasaTvaliswinebeli<br />

faqtorebi: sasponsoro ganacxadis Sedgena seriozul da<br />

106 107

elene babakiSvili<br />

sponsorobis roli kulturuli organizaciis politikaSi<br />

xangrZliv muSaobas moiTxovs. mxardaWeris mosapoveblad saWiroa<br />

damajerebeli dasabuTeba da sponsoris miznebis gaTvaliswineba.<br />

es miznebi SeiZleba iyos sakmaod mravalferovani, iseTi rogoricaa:<br />

produqtTan da gayidvebis zrdasTan dakavSirebuli miznebi:<br />

srulyofili informacia produqtze, sabazro segmentis da<br />

produqtis igiveobis dadgena, misi imijis modifikacia.<br />

korporatiuli miznebi: firmis imijis gaZliereba, misi<br />

cnobadobis gazrda da grZelvadiani wardgena, sazogadoebrivi<br />

azris Seqmna kompaniis mimarT, kompaniis da sabazro segmentis<br />

igiveobis dadgena, axali saqmiani kontaqtebis damyareba,<br />

arasasurveli publikaciebis prevencia.<br />

am miznebis gansaxorcieleblad kulturulma organizaciam<br />

sponsors unda SesTavazos iseTi sargeblis momtani aliansis<br />

Camoyalibeba, rac sxva alternatiuli saSualebebiT<br />

miuRwevelia. Cadebuli Tanxis sanacvlod, am ukanasknelma,<br />

maqsimalurad maRali xarisxis momsaxureba unda miiRos, rac<br />

gaamarTlebs daxarjul resursebsa da energias.<br />

organizaciebisa da proeqtis dafinansebis dros kompania<br />

xelmZRvanelobs garkveuli kriteriumebiT. esenia:<br />

RonisZiebasTan dakavSirebuli kriteriumebi:<br />

1. dasaxuli miznis miRwevis albaToba;<br />

2. masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebiT gaSuqeba;<br />

3. RonisZiebis popularoba.<br />

sasponsoro jgufTan dakavSirebuli kriteriumebi:<br />

1. organizatorebis SesaZleblobebi;<br />

2. RonisZiebis potenciuri warmateba.<br />

sponsorobasTan dakavSirebuli kriteriumebi:<br />

1. eqskluziuri sponsorobis SesaZlebloba;<br />

2. proeqtis codna menejerTa mier;<br />

3. administraciis Tanxmoba proeqtze.<br />

bazarTan dakavSirebuli kriteriumebi:<br />

1. konkurencia;<br />

2. politikuri an komerciuli zewola.<br />

sponsori agreTve iTvaliswinebs auditoriasa da mis<br />

Taviseburebas, sakuTari saqmianobis sferos da Cadebuli Tanxis<br />

moculobas. sakuTari imijis da misiis Tanxvedras<br />

dasasponsorebel organizaciasTan, riskis albaTobas, stumarTa<br />

raodenobas, vaWrobas gverdiTi produqtiTa da sagadasaxado<br />

SeRavaTebs.<br />

sasponsoro ganacxadi maqsimalurad unda iZleodes am<br />

kriteriumebis dakmayofilebis saSualebas, rac ganacxadze<br />

dadebiTi pasuxis sawindari gaxdeba.<br />

sponsorebi sakuTari gamocdilebidan gamomdinare aRniSnaven,<br />

rom sasponsoro ganacxadebis xarisxi sul ufro klebulobs,<br />

es ukanaskneli ki maRal profesionalur doneze unda iyos<br />

Sedgenili da moicavdes uamrav punqts.<br />

ganacxadis punqtebze muSaobis dawyebamde kulturulma<br />

organizaciam unda moiZios rac SeiZleba meti informacia.<br />

Sesabamisad saWiroa presis, kompaniis wliuri angariSis,<br />

komerciuli da ufaso reklamis gacnoba da misi miznobrivi<br />

bazris dadgena.<br />

unda ganisazRvros kulturuli organizaciebis qonebrivi<br />

statusi. aq Sedis organizaciis dasaxeleba, misi sazogadoebrivi<br />

mniSvneloba, mosaxleobis informirebuloba da sakuTari<br />

samoqmedo programa. am yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT, gacilebiT<br />

advili iqneba im sargeblis nusxis Camoyalibeba, romelsac<br />

SesTavazebs kulturuli organizacia sponsors.<br />

srulyofili ganacxadisaTvis aucilebelia Semdegi<br />

faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba:<br />

1. zustad unda ganisazRvros is sargebeli, romelsac<br />

miiRebs sponsori kulturul organizaciasTan TanamSromlobis<br />

Sedegad.<br />

2. warmatebuli ganacxadi moicavs ara kulturuli<br />

organizaciis problemebs, aramed asaxavs mis rols<br />

dRevandelobaSi da masTan TanamSromlobis prioritetebs.<br />

3. sponsoris saqmiani kategoriebi dafinansebis raodenobis<br />

mixedviT unda ganisazRvros. es niSnavs, rom sxvadasxva sponsors<br />

esaWiroeba gansxvavebuli sargebeli.<br />

4. TanamSromlobis periodSi sponsoris saqmianobis<br />

ganviTareba.<br />

5. sponsoris riskis minimumamde dayvana. es SesaZlebelia<br />

garantirebuli Suamavlebisa da Rirseuli Tanasponsorebis<br />

siis wardgenis Sedegad.<br />

108 109

elene babakiSvili<br />

6. kulturulma organizaciam sakuTar Tavze unda aiRos<br />

sponsoris misTvis aucilebeli informaciiT uzrunvelyofa,<br />

vinaidan sponsorma unda icodes ramdenad pasuxobs kulturul<br />

organizaciaSi mimdinare procesebi mis komunikaciur miznebs.<br />

sponsors esaWiroeba yvela saxis informacia, raTa gansazRvros<br />

ramdenad gaamarTla misma investiciam da samomavlo moqmedebis<br />

strategia dasaxos.<br />

zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sponsori<br />

mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs kulturuli organizaciis<br />

politikas. sworad warmarTuli sponsorobis SemTxvevaSi<br />

myardeba nayofieri kavSiri sponsorsa da kulturul<br />

organizacias Soris. Tumca, arsebobs garkveuli riski Tavad<br />

dasponsorebuli organizaciebisTvisac. es risk-faqtorebi<br />

aucileblad aris gasaTvaliswinebeli kulturis menejerTa<br />

mier. maT unda SeaTanxmon potenciuri sponsoroba sameurveo<br />

sabWosTan, personalTan da samxatvro xelmZRvanelobasTan,<br />

erToblivad ganixilon yvela mosalodneli uaryofiTi Sedegi.<br />

am SemTxvevaSi kulturuli organizaciisaTvis prioritetuli<br />

unda iyos misi misia.<br />

sponsoroba kulturuli organizaciisaTvis Semosavlis<br />

momtania, xolo korporatiuli partniori iRebs beWdviT masalas<br />

da gazrdil gayidvebs.<br />

kulturis menejerma yovelgvar fulsa da daxmarebaze<br />

ufro maRla unda daayenos misi organizaciis reputacia.<br />

amitom, romelime kompaniasTan TanamSromlobam ar unda<br />

daCrdilos da safrTxe Seuqmnas mis imijs.<br />

menejerebs aseve marTebT sifrTxile, raTa ar daukavSirdnen<br />

im kompaniebs, romlebic maTi Semowirulobis Semomtani piris<br />

konkurentebi iqnebian. unda gamoiricxos iseTi produqtis<br />

mqone kompania, romelic kulturuli organizaciis misiasTan<br />

konfliqtSi Seva. magaliTad, Tambaqos mwarmoebeli kompania<br />

ar unda asponsorebdes sportul – gamajansaRebel centrs.<br />

yovelive es migvaniSnebs kulturul organizaciaSi sponsoris<br />

mimarT garkveuli politikis Camoyalibebaze, rac mkveTrad<br />

gansazRvravs sponsorisa da kulturuli organizaciis<br />

ufleba-movaleobebs.<br />

sponsorobis roli kulturuli organizaciis politikaSi<br />

absoluturad yvela saxis SeTanxmeba unda gaformdes<br />

werilobiTi saxiT, rogorc nebismieri sxva iuridiuli dokumenti,<br />

raTa Tavidan iqnas acilebuli Semdgomi gaugebroba.<br />

kulturul organizaciasa da sponsors Soris dadebuli<br />

xelSekruleba unda moicavdes Semdeg punqtebs:<br />

1. sponsorobis bunebis gansazRvra;<br />

2. ganisazRvros sponsoroba, rogorc urTierTSeTanxmeba,<br />

gansxvavebuli qvelmoqmedebisagan;<br />

3. ganisazRvros kulturuli organizaciis prioritetebi;<br />

4. mkafiod Caidos sponsorisa da kulturuli organizaciis<br />

uflebebi;<br />

5. xelSekrulebaSi aucileblad unda arsebobdes punqti,<br />

romelic uflebas miscems kulturul organizacias daarRvios<br />

xelSekruleba, Tu ki sponsoris moRvaweoba da kulturuli<br />

organizaciis misia Seusabamo aRmoCndeba TanamSromlobis<br />

romelime etapze.<br />

saqmisadmi amgvari midgoma xels Seuwyobs saqarTveloSi<br />

sasponsoro saqmianobis daxvewas. sponsorebi kulturuli<br />

organizaciis saxiT dainaxaven Rirseul partniors da am<br />

sferoSi dabandebuli Tanxa iqneba maTi saqmianobis ganviTarebis<br />

saSualeba. am ori faqtoris Sesruleba uzrunvelyofs myari<br />

kavSirebis damyarebas kulturisa da biznesis sferoebs Soris.<br />

amgvarad, finansuri krizisis foni kulturul organizaciebSi<br />

SeZlebisdagvarad moixsneba, rac saSualebas miscems kulturul<br />

organizaciebs Seasrulon Tavisi pirdapiri daniSnuleba _<br />

gaanebivron sakuTari mayurebeli mravalferovani da xarisxiani<br />

produqciiT.<br />

1. ix.: fransua kolberi, `marketingi kulturaSi~, 2003.<br />

2. ix.: milena dragiCeviC-SeSiCi, `kultura, menejmenti, animacia, marketingi~,<br />

2007.<br />

3. ix.: jilian puli, `fulis menejmenti (xelovnebis organizaciebisaTvis)~,<br />

2005.<br />

4. www. pr-chance. kiev. ua<br />

110 111

ia gabunia<br />

magistraturis II kursi<br />

xelmZRvaneli - prof. iuri mRebriSvili<br />

sareklamo politika da reklamis arsi<br />

(festivali `sesili~)<br />

2001 wlis 26 marts klub `sardafSi~ Catarda saqarTveloSi<br />

axalgazrduli pirveli filmebis festivali `Cven movdivarT~,<br />

romlis organizebas xelmZRvanelobda reJisori daTo janeliZe.<br />

2004 wels aRniSnuli kinofestivali mixeil TumaniSvilis<br />

saxelobis kinomsaxiobTa TeatrSi Catarda.<br />

2005 wlidan axalgazrduli filmebis festivali `sesili~<br />

(Tavidan festivals erqva `Cven movdivarT~ da SemdgomSi mas<br />

daerqva `sesili~) saerTaSoriso gaxda. `sesili sardafidan<br />

amovida~ da didi kinoTeatrebis ekranebi daipyro.<br />

2005-2008 wlebSi festivals maspinZlobda kinoTeatrebi:<br />

`amirani~, `rusTaveli~, `qolga~ da kinos saxli.<br />

kinofestival `sesilis~ misiaa axali talantebis aRmoCena,<br />

maTi popularizacia, ucxouri kinosiaxleebis qarTveli<br />

mayureblisaTvis gacnoba, axali kinotradiciebisa da<br />

urTierTobebis ganviTareba.Kkinofestivalis organizatorebs<br />

imedi aqvT, rom yovelwliurad festivali ufro gafarTovdeba<br />

da daimkvidrebs sakuTar saxels saerTaSoriso asparezze,<br />

rac daexmareba qarTuli kinos Semdgom ganviTarebas.<br />

kinofestivalis mizania gamoavlinos niWieri axalgazrdoba da<br />

misces maT winsvlis SesaZlebloba profesiuli daostatebis gzaze.<br />

kinofestivalma SedarebiT maRali dafinanseba miiRo 2005<br />

wels, Semdgom wlebSi dafinanseba mcire iyo da Seadgenda<br />

2006 w. _ 6000 lars, 2007 w. _ 5000 lars, 2008 w. _<br />

5000 lars. organizatorebis enTuziazmi rom ara, aseTi mcire<br />

saxsrebiT kinofestivalis Catareba SeuZlebeli iqneboda.<br />

dafinansebis ararsebobis gamo festivalis menejmenti awydeba<br />

mTel rig problemebs. menejmentis qveS igulisxmeba<br />

mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobis sistema, sxvadasxva socialuri<br />

institutebis warmatebuli funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofa.<br />

kulturul sferoSi Sedis organizaciebi, romelTa momsaxureba<br />

da produqti aucilebelia sazogadoebis kulturuli<br />

moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.Aam sferos menejmenti<br />

gansa kuTrebuli yuradReb iT sarge blobs. mT avari<br />

gansakuTrebuloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saxsrebis moZieba aq<br />

xdeba ara ubralo komerciiT, aramed sxvadasxva dainteresebuli<br />

donorebis mozidviT.<br />

iqidan gamomdinare, rom festivals gaaCnia sakmaod dabali<br />

dafinanseba, rac gamowveulia ZiriTadad sponsorTa ararsebobiT,<br />

festivali ver axerxebs sakuTari miznebis miRwevas. imisaTvis,<br />

rom moxdes saxsrebis moZieba, sponsorTa daintereseba<br />

festivalis saqmianobiT, saWiroa swori sareklamo kampaniis<br />

Catareba. reklama saukeTeso saSualebas warmoadgens imisaTvis,<br />

rom festivali gaxdes cnobili da mas gaecnos farTo<br />

auditoria. reklamis meSveobiT dadebiTi imijis Seqmna gamoiwvevs<br />

festivaliT sponsorTa dainteresebas, rac gaaiolebs misi<br />

samomavlo gegmebis ganxorcielebas. swori sareklamo kampaniis<br />

dasagegmad saWiroa profesionalebis moZieba, isini ki cotani<br />

arian, Sesabamisad maTi daqiravebac Zviria. sareklamo kampania<br />

did xarjebs saWiroebs. saqarTveloSi arsebuli sareklamo<br />

situacia daaxloebiT aseTia: yvelaze maRalfasiani sareklamo<br />

momsaxureba, televiziaa. marTalia, qarTuli satelevizio badis<br />

dRis garkveuli monakveTiT SeZena sakmaod maRali tarifebi<br />

Rirs, magram, potenciuri momxmarebeli ama Tu im axali<br />

produqtis gamosvlis Sesaxeb, mainc televizoridan igebs.<br />

reklamis gavrcelebis es forma saqarTveloSi dResdReobiT<br />

yvelaze metad popularulia da yvelaze metad `momgebianad~<br />

iTvleba. qarTuli <strong>saxelovnebo</strong> organizaciebi ki, rogorc<br />

xSirad xdeba xolme, bazarze gamodian ise, rom maT ar aqvT<br />

aranairi finansuri SesaZlebloba, amitom isini ver axerxeben<br />

verc sareklamo kampaniis dakveTas da verc am dakveTili<br />

reklamebis media sivrceSi datrialebas. qarTul mediaSi<br />

reklamis ganTavseba did xarjebs moiTxovs. Cven SegviZlia<br />

warmodgenili masalis mixedviT naTlad davinaxoT, Tu ra<br />

Tanxaa saWiro reklamis ganTavsebisTvis sxvadasxva media<br />

saSualebebSi. magaliTisaTvis warmodgenilia kompania `rusTavi<br />

2~-is, Sps `print-jorjiasa~ da gazeT `asaval-dasavalis~<br />

sareklamo drois Rirebuleba:<br />

112 113

ia gabunia<br />

telekompania “rusTavi 2~-is eTerSi reklamis gaSvebis<br />

fasebi<br />

saeTero dro<br />

7.40 - 12.00<br />

12.00 - 18.00<br />

18.00 - 00.00<br />

00.00 - 3.15<br />

reklamis fasi (dolari)<br />

40 - 400<br />

140 - 400<br />

500 - 1300<br />

50 - 700<br />

Sps `print jorjias~ sareklamo momsaxurebis fasebi<br />

momsaxurebis saxe<br />

dizain-studiis momsaxureba<br />

sareklamo-poligrafiuli produqciis gaformeba<br />

etiketi, SefuTva<br />

gare reklamis gaformeba<br />

foto gadaRebebiT<br />

promout teqstebis da scenarebis Seqmna<br />

veb-gverdebis damzadeba<br />

bukletebis damzadeba<br />

sareklamo furceli<br />

plakati, afiSa<br />

TviTwebad qaRaldebze beWdva<br />

fasi (dolari)<br />

20 - 400<br />

40 - 300<br />

50 - 400<br />

10 - 200<br />

50 - 100<br />

50 - 300<br />

100 - 1000<br />

135 - 250<br />

115 - 200<br />

115 - 200<br />

100 - 110<br />

gazeT `asaval-dasavalSi~ reklamis ganTavsebis fasebi<br />

reklamis ganTavsebis adgili<br />

mTeli gverdi<br />

1 sareklamo kubiki<br />

reklama me-2,3 gverdze<br />

reklama bolo gverdze<br />

politikuri reklama<br />

pirvel gverdze minimaluri farTi<br />

1 sareklamo kubiki<br />

4 sareklamo kubiki<br />

reklama naxevar gverdze<br />

fasi (lari)<br />

1600<br />

100<br />

Rirebuleba + 100%<br />

Rirebuleba + 200%<br />

Rirebuleba + 100%<br />

800<br />

400<br />

800<br />

sareklamo politika da reklamis arsi<br />

warmodgenili masalidan Cans, rom reklama sakmaod Zviri<br />

jdeba gansakuTrebiT iseTi organizaciisaTvis, romlis<br />

dafinansebac maqsimum 6000 lars warmoadgens, magram imisaTvis,<br />

rom moxdes dafinansebis problemis daZleva, Cemi azriT,<br />

aucilebelia saxsrebis moZieba swori sareklamo kampaniis<br />

Casatareblad, rac pirvel rigSi SesaZlebelia sponsorTa<br />

dainteresebiT festivalis saqmianobis Sesaxeb. imisTvis, rom<br />

moxdes potenciur sponsorTa daintereseba, pirvel rigSi<br />

saWiroa maTTvis momgebiani winadadebis SeTavazeba, anu, amisaTvis<br />

kinofestivalis menejmentma unda SeimuSaos konkretuli<br />

strategia, raTa daanaxos potenciur sponsors proeqtis<br />

mniSvneloba, gansakuTrebuloba da sponsoris wvlili<br />

kinofestivalis ganxorcielebaSi. sp onsoroba aris<br />

strategiulad dagegmili Zalisxmeva marketingSi, rac<br />

emsaxureba gayidvebis zrdas kompaniaSi an mis ukeTes warmoCenas<br />

bazarze iseTi qmedebiT, rac moutans sargebels aseve festivals<br />

da unda iTqvas, rom amis saukeTeso saSualebas swored reklama<br />

warmoadgens, sadac aucileblad aRiniSneba arsebul sponsorTa<br />

an sponsoris saxeli. Sedegad, reklamis meSveobiT moxdeba,<br />

rogorc sponsoris, aseve festivalis Sesaxeb mosaxleobis<br />

informireba.<br />

reklama, romelic warmodgenilia sxvadasxva media<br />

saSualebiT, sazogadoebrivi azris Camoyalibebis erT-erTi<br />

saukeTeso saSualebaa. zemoT moyvanili masalebze dayrdnobiT<br />

darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aucilebelia swori sareklamo<br />

kampaniis Catareba, rac sakmaod rTul process warmoadgens:<br />

sareklamo kampaniis dagegmvisas Tavdapirvelad aucilebelia<br />

ganvsazRvroT reklamis daniSnuleba, anu, is, rom reklamam<br />

unda moaxdinos produqtis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis informireba,<br />

darwmuneba da Sexseneba.<br />

sareklamo ganyofilebis funqciebSi Sedis sareklamo<br />

biujetis, sareklamo RonisZiebaTa gegmebis SemuSaveba da misi<br />

cxovrebaSi gatareba.<br />

sareklamo programis pirvel etaps warmoadgens sareklamo<br />

miznis dadgena, anu, drois gansazRvrul periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />

konkretuli, miznobrivi auditoriis informirebis amocana.<br />

114 115

ia gabunia<br />

sareklamo politika da reklamis arsi<br />

reklamis gasakeTeblad aucilebelia SeirCes sareklamo<br />

instrumentebi da saWiro auditoria drois gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

saukeTeso garemoSi da yvelaze logikur adgilas, rom<br />

sareklamo informaciam moicvas aramarto maqsimalurad farTo<br />

auditoria, aramed mii pyros kidec misi yuradReba. M<br />

masobrivi informaciis yvela saSualebas gaaCnia misTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli SesaZleblobebi da maxasiaTeblebi<br />

gansazRvruli sazogadoebrivi jgufebis mixedviT. unda<br />

ganisazRvros romeli masobrivi informaciis saSualebaa saWiro<br />

reklamis obieqtis mosazidad.Aamis Semdeg mizans warmoadgens<br />

iseTi teleprogramis, radiosadguris da a. S. SerCeva, romelic<br />

SeZlebs sasurveli Sedegis miRwevas yvelaze efeqturad.<br />

reklamis gasakeTeblad saukeTeso strategias warmoadgens<br />

sxvadasxva sainformacio saSualebis SerCeva.Aamis mizezebia:<br />

a). sakuTari reklamis sazogadoebis im jgufebamde dayvanis<br />

aucilebloba, romlebic ar warmoadgenen mxolod erTi<br />

sainformacio saSualebis miznobriv auditorias; b). reklamis<br />

gameorebis uzrunvelyofa naklebad Zviri saSualebebiT, mas<br />

Semdeg rac uzrunvelyofili iqneba pirveli sainformacio<br />

saSualebebis meSveobiT miznobrivi auditoriis optimaluri<br />

mocva.<br />

masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebis dagegmva rTul sakiTxs<br />

warmoadgens. erT-erTi mizezi is aris, rom masobrivi<br />

sainformacio saSualebebis mravalferovneba da yoveli maTgani<br />

gvTavazobs zemoqmedebis instrumentebis sul ufro<br />

gamravalferovnebul variantebs. kampaniis sareklamo<br />

saSualebebi, romlebic unda iyos gansazRvruli sazogadoebaze,<br />

SeiZleba gavrceldes sxvadasxva formiT: eleqtronuli, anu,<br />

igive televizia da radio, beWdviTi, anu, gazeTebi, Jurnalebi,<br />

plakatebi, safosto gzavnilebi. amitom es yvelaferi (Tu sad<br />

ra saxis reklama gakeTdes gavrcobis mizniT) konkretuli<br />

kampaniis specialistma unda gansazRvros, man unda icodes,<br />

Tu romel ganvrcobis saSualebas flobs TiToeuli aRniSnuli<br />

ZiriTadi saSualeba, Tu ra konkretul SemTxvevaSi gaaCnia<br />

TiToeul ganvrcobis saSualebas upiratesoba da naklovanebebi.<br />

yvelaze ZviradRirebul sareklamo arxebs miekuTvneba masobrivi<br />

saSualebebi: televizia, radio, gazeTebi. aseve zustad da<br />

sworad unda iyos SerCeuli Tu ra dros gadaicema reklama,<br />

rac aseve, ra Tqma unda, faszec axdens zegavlenas. yvelaze<br />

dabalfasiani saSualebebia: fosta da telefoni.<br />

konkretuli reklama unda iyos martivi da gasagebi<br />

momxmareblisaTvis. sareklamo kampaniis ganmaxorcielebels<br />

mxedvelobaSi unda hqondes, rom Cveulebrivi momxmarebeli<br />

ar aris specialisti da is informacia, rac momsaxurebis<br />

organizatorebisTvis SeiZleba metad mniSvnelovani da bevris<br />

mTqmeli iyos, momxmarebels arafers eubnebodes. sareklamo<br />

informacia unda iyos advilad SesamCnevi da dasamaxsovrebeli.<br />

reklama unda gamoirCeodes safirmo stiliT da Seicavdes<br />

safirmo niSans. Tavis mxriv, safirmo stili aris konkretuli<br />

firmis Taviseburi sityva, romlis meSveobiTac igi<br />

popularizacias uwevs Tavis produqts da xels uwyobs<br />

rogorc mocemuli produqtis, ise TviT popularizacias, rac<br />

gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovania.<br />

reklamis gakeTebis dros ZiriTad problemas warmoadgens<br />

sazogadoebis rac SeiZleba meti jgufebisaTvis informaciis<br />

miwodeba da amave dros, danaxarjebi iyos minimaluri an ar<br />

daixarjos bevrad meti. saWiroa informaciis moZieba<br />

konkretuli radiosadguris an sxva masobrivi sainformacio<br />

saSualebis miznobrivi auditoriis mocvis Sesaxeb, potenciurad<br />

efeqturi reklamis Sesaqmnelad. imavdroulad, unda vicodeT<br />

interesis done, romelic vlindeba auditoriis mier ama Tu<br />

im radiosadguris an sxvaTa mimarT. farTo auditoriaze<br />

gasasvlelad reklama bevrad ufro iafia, vidre gasvla erT<br />

potenciur klientze, individualuri realizaciis meTodis<br />

gamoyenebiT.<br />

sareklamo saSualebis arCevis Semdeg etaps warmoadgens<br />

yoveli arsebuli masobrivi sainformacio saSualebis<br />

rentabelobis analizi. unda gairkves ramdenad emTxveva<br />

sainformacio saSualebas arCeuli auditoria, SerCeuli<br />

saSualeba ramdenad Seesabameba organizaciis miznebsa da<br />

strategiebs. amis gansazRvris Semdeg SesaZlebelia<br />

gadawyvetilebis miReba Rirs Tu ara reklamis gakeTeba ama<br />

Tu im sainformacio saSualebis meSveobiT. aucilebelia<br />

gakeTdes analizi reklamis efeqturobis Sesaxeb. es reklamis<br />

116 117

ia gabunia<br />

mizanmimarTulobisa da Sedegianobis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebis<br />

saSualebas iZleva. efeqturobis srulyofilad gansazRvra<br />

SeuZlebelia, Tumca miaxloebiTi gaTvlac amarTlebs, iqidan<br />

gamomdinare, rom rom arsebobs reklamis mizanmimarTulebis<br />

gansazRvris SesaZlebloba.<br />

ganasxvaveben reklamis ekonomikuri efeqturobisa da<br />

sxvadasxva sareklamo saSualebis fsiqologiuri zegavlenis<br />

moxdenis efeqturobas adamianze.Eekonomikuri efeqturoba<br />

damokidebulia adamianze fsiqologiuri zegavlenis moxdenis<br />

doneze. fsiqologiuri efeqturoba ganisazRvreba momxmareblis<br />

raodenobis mocviT, simkveTriTa da STabeWdilebebis moxdenis<br />

siRrmiT, romlebic rCebian adamianis mexsierebaSi da ipyroben<br />

yuradRebas.<br />

sareklamo saqmianobis TiTqmis yvela funqciis realizacia<br />

mWidro kavSirSia reklamis biujetis dafinansebis, SemuSavebis<br />

da ganxorcielebis problemasTan. sareklamo biujetis<br />

gansazRvrisaTvis saWiroa gadawyvetilebis miReba ori<br />

mimarTulebiT: 1). sareklamo biujetis sididis gansazRvra;<br />

2). sareklamo biujetis ganawileba.<br />

dabolos, reklama organizacias saxelis damkvidrebisa da<br />

sazogadoebrivi yuradRebis mopovebis saSualebas aZlevs, rac<br />

sxva SemTxvevaSi TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. nebismieri kompania<br />

fuZndeba auditoriaze zegavlenis mosaxdenad, sazogadoebrivi<br />

azris Camosayalibeblad. mizanSewonilia sareklamo kampaniis<br />

warmoeba moxdes im telearxebis da a. S. meSveobiT, romlebsac<br />

sazogadoeba aniWebs upiratesobas. sareklamo kampaniis mizani<br />

unda iyos: komunikaciuri arxebis SerCeva optimaluri<br />

parametrebiT, komunikaciuri arxebis meSveobiT gadacemuli<br />

informaciis efeqturobis marTva, monitoringi da Sefaseba.<br />

sofio komlaZe<br />

magistratura II kursi<br />

xelmZRvaneli - prof. iuri mRebriSvili<br />

sagamomcemlo bazris kvlevis zogierTi<br />

sakiTxi<br />

`biznesis sasaflao savsea vaWrobaSi monawile im individebiT,<br />

romlebmac yuri ar daugdes TavianT klientebs!~<br />

p. loranJis mixedviT, menejmentSi strategiuli dagegmarebis<br />

procesi umaRlesi mmarTvelobiTi rgolisaTvis organizaciis<br />

marTvis gadawyvetilebis misaRebi erT-erTi mZlavri<br />

instrumentia. misi daniSnulebaa, uzrunvelyos organizaciaSi<br />

cvlilebebisa da novatorobis saWiro done. strategia<br />

detaluri, yovlismomcveli kompleqsuri gegmaa da<br />

pirvelyovlisa, organizaciis misiis ganxorcielebas uwyobs<br />

xels; strategiuli gegma unda emyarebodes yovelmxriv<br />

gamokvlevasa da faqtobriv monacemebs. imisaTvis, rom firmam<br />

Tanamedrove biznesgaremoSi efeqturad SeZlos konkurenciis<br />

gaweva, man aucileblad mudmivad unda imuSaos didZali<br />

informaciis Sekrebasa da analizze, romelic SesaZloa exebodes<br />

mis gazrdas, bazars, konkurenciis pirobebsa da a. S.<br />

rac Seexeba strategiis cnebas marketingSi, am SemTxvevaSic<br />

mas umniSvnelovanesi funqcia akisria. marketinguli strategia<br />

moicavs marketingis amocanebis gacnobierebas, marketingis<br />

garemos, arCevans alternatiul strategiebs Soris da maT<br />

ganxorcielebas. strategia gulisxmobs dasaxuli miznebis<br />

miRwevis saSualebas, am ukanasknelis ganxorcieleba ki makartis<br />

marketingul miqsTan erTad (produqti, fasi, adgili, dawinaureba)<br />

ramdenime sxva ZiriTad etapsac moicavs. Tavis mxriv, bazari,<br />

momxmarebeli, marketingisaTvis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi<br />

rgolia. misi analizi ki strategiis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia.<br />

marketologebisaTvis momxmarebeli aris centraluri<br />

figura. maTi amocanaa, maqsimalurad daakmayofilon<br />

momxmarebelTa saWiroebebi da moTxovnilebebi. moTxovnileba<br />

marketingis amosavali wertilia. zogadad bazari da misi<br />

118 119

sofio komlaZe<br />

sagamomcemlo bazris kvlevis zogierTi sakiTxi<br />

gamokvleva ki monacemTa sistematiuri Segroveba, aRricxva<br />

da analizia, romelic aucilebelia firmis Sedegebis<br />

gansazRvrisaTvis.<br />

sagamomcemlo kompaniebis momxmarebeli, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />

orientir produqtad mxolod wigns aviRebT, sxvadasxva<br />

maxasiaTebliT ganisazRvreba, gamomdinare Tavad wignis ti pisa<br />

(an Janrisa). es, Tavis mxriv, produqts mravalferovnebas<br />

sZens da, momxmareblis ricxvs zrdis da, imavdroulad,<br />

marketingis menejers aZlevs saSualebas, isev bazarze moaxdinos<br />

produqtis lavireba, misi sxvadasxvagvarad warmoCena da,<br />

Sesabamisad, bazris moculobis gazrda.<br />

TiToeul wigns, pirvel rigSi, avtori qmnis, magram amasTan<br />

erTad saWiroa damatebiTi `partniori~, romelic konsultacias<br />

gauwevs avtors, uzrunvelyofs teqstis redaqtirebas, dabeWdavs<br />

wigns, ganaxorcielebs yvela saWiro samarketingo Tu<br />

sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis RonisZiebas, radgan avtori da<br />

misi wigni momxmarebels gaacnos. faqtobrivad, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

wigni momxmareblisTvis iqmneba. xolo, sanam marketingis menejeri<br />

produqtis Seqmnas daiwyebs, pirvel etapze momxmareblis, bazris<br />

moTxovnilebebis analizi unda Caataros.<br />

xelovnebis marketinguli modeli tradiciulisgan imiT<br />

gansxvavdeba, rom pirvel SemTxvevaSi mTavar, centralur figuras,<br />

saorientacio sagans Tavad produqti warmoadgens. marketingis<br />

tradiciuli modeli ki mTlianad bazarzea orientirebuli.<br />

sagamomcemlo biznesi Tanamedrove <strong>saxelovnebo</strong> sivrceSi<br />

sxva ramdenime sferosTan erTad, erT-erT komerciul saqmianobas<br />

warmoadgens. gamomcemlobebs, faqtobrivad ormagi marketinguli<br />

qmedebis ganxorcieleba uwevT: muSaoba or sakmaod seriozul<br />

cvladze _ produqtsa da bazarze. ase magaliTad, Tu Cveulebriv,<br />

ara<strong>saxelovnebo</strong> organizaciaSi bazris segmentebi iyofa<br />

produqciis mixedviT, kulturul organizaciaSi es dayofa<br />

xdeba specialuri klienturis mixedviT. sagamomcemlo saxlebi<br />

unda uzrunvelyofdnen produqtisa da momxmarebelze erTnair<br />

muSaobas. sagamomcemlo saqme, vfiqrob, rom damokidebulia ar<br />

mxolod produqtze, aramed, aseve momxmarebelzec. Tumca<br />

gamomcemels ar uwevs axali produqtis gamogoneba, Seqmna da<br />

a. S. produqti (wigni) gansazRvrulia da am produqts ukve<br />

ukavia bazris gansazRvruli segmenti. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,<br />

dRes arsebul wignis myidvelobiT-mkiTxvelobiT dones<br />

saqarTveloSi, monacemebi sakmaod SemaSfoTebelia. yvelaze<br />

warmatebuli sagamomcemlo saxli erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

saSualod mxolod 1000 erTeul wigns yidis. es garkveulwilad,<br />

SesaZloa, Tavad produqtis `bralicaa~, an, SesaZloa, xdebodes<br />

araswori menejmentis, arasaTanado marketinguli strategiis,<br />

an sulac Sida organizaciuli problemebis SemTxvevebSi.<br />

marketingSi `bazris~ ramdenime gansxvavebuli ganmarteba<br />

arsebobs, magram yvela maTgani moicavs erT saerTo punqts:<br />

bazari Sedgeba momxmarebelTa erTeulebisagan, romelTac msgavsi<br />

moTxovnilebebi aqvT (aRsaniSnavia, rom es moTxovnilebebi<br />

erTmaneTis msgavsia da ara erTnairi). amis magaliTia is, rom,<br />

rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, wignis momxmarebeli ganixileba, rogorc<br />

bazari, romelic Sedgeba garkveuli `subieqtebisgan~, romelTac<br />

aqvT saerTo interesebi kiTxvis mimarT da am interesebs<br />

gamoxataven imiT, rom isini iZenen wignebs. interesi adamianis<br />

cnobierebaSi moTxovnilebis biZgs aCens da ai, swored es<br />

moTxovnilebebi unda gansazRvros marketingis menejerma.<br />

bazris kvleva, rogorc momxmarebelTa moTxovnilebebis<br />

gansazRvra, sakmaod saintereso procesia. kvlevis mizani<br />

aseTnairad unda iyos gansazRvruli: _ vin aris momxmarebeli?<br />

ras Seisyidis igi da ra saxis momsaxureba sWirdeba mas?<br />

iseve rogorc nebismier organizacias, kvlevasac aucileblad<br />

unda gaaCndes dasaxuli mizani (an miznebi), rom Tanmimdevruli<br />

qmedebebiT miaRwion winaswar gansazRvrul mizans. sagamomcemlo<br />

saxlebs naTlad unda hqondeT gansazRvruli miznobrivi da<br />

potenciuri momxmareblis moTxovnebi, survilebi.<br />

bazris kvlevasTan dakavSirebuli qmedebebi did<br />

gamomcemlobaSi SesaZloa marketingis ganyofilebam Caataros<br />

an am ganyofilebasTan arsebulma kvlevis komitetma, saagentom<br />

an sulac departamentma. es saagento dakompleqtebuli unda<br />

iyos specialistebiT. maT unda SeeZloT teqnikuri eqspertizis<br />

Sesruleba da monacemTa damuSaveba. rac Seexeba pirvelad<br />

kvlevas, rac zemoT ukve vaxsene, igi xorcieldeba Tavad<br />

bazarze da gaTvlilia specifikuri informaciis mopovebaze<br />

specifikuri kiTxvebis sapasuxod. sagamomcemlo saxlebi ar<br />

120 121

sofio komlaZe<br />

sagamomcemlo bazris kvlevis zogierTi sakiTxi<br />

arian iseTi didi da masStaburi organizaciebi, rom<br />

marketinguli saqmis gansaxorcieleblad, ufro zustad ki,<br />

bazris kvlevis Casatareblad aucilebeli iyos calke<br />

ganyofilebis gamoyofa. am saqmianobas, vfiqrob, rom Tavisuflad<br />

Seasrulebs erTi menejeri da ori asistenti. maT SeuZliaT<br />

mimarTon TavianTi produqtis sarealizacio punqtebs: wignis<br />

maRaziebs, kioskebs, literaturul centrebs da a. S. mkvlevrebma<br />

saTiTaod unda gamoikvlion calobiT movaWreTa myidvelTa<br />

damokidebuleba, azri arsebul produqtTan mimarTebaSi. amis<br />

gakeTeba ki sakmaod advilia: nebismier gamomcemlobas SeuZlia<br />

wignis gavrcelebis punqtebSi (ra Tqma unda, damatebiTi<br />

anazRaurebis an raime garkveuli formis stimulirebis Semdeg),<br />

produqtis realizatorebs daurigos Sesabamisi formis<br />

kiTxvari, risi meSveobiTac gamomcemlobas ukve gauCndeba<br />

momxmareblis azris Sesaxeb informaciis minimumi. garda am<br />

tipis kvlevisa, marketingis TeoriaSi azris Sesaxeb informaciis<br />

mopovebis ramdenime xerxi arsebobs:<br />

1. piradi interviu;<br />

2. interviu telefonis meSveobiT:<br />

3. kvleva fostis meSveobiT;<br />

4. momxmarebelTa siebi.<br />

informaciis es oTxi wyaro (amas garda arsebobs kidev<br />

sxva xerxebic) xels uwyobs imis aRmoCenas, Tu vin arian<br />

wignis myidvelebi, ra moTxovnebi aqvT maT da ras Seisyidian<br />

isini. Tavisufladaa SesaZlebeli TiToeulis maTganis qarTul<br />

gamomcemlobebTan misadageba: pirvel or SemTxvevaSi<br />

aucilebelia interviuerisgan respondentis sworad SerCeva,<br />

Semdeg ki garkveuli, wanaswar Sedgenili kiTxvariT informaciis<br />

mopoveba. sagamomcemlo biznesSi informaciis am xerxiT mopoveba<br />

unda moxdes aucileblad wignis arsebuli an potenciuri<br />

mkiTxvelidan (myidvelidan). kvlevis es meTodi metad<br />

aprobirebulia msoflio wignis bazarze. kvlevis kidev erTi<br />

xerxia gamokiTxva fostis meSveobiT. Tanamedrove teqnologiebi<br />

iZlevian imis saSualebas, rom gamomcemlobam minimaluri<br />

raodenobis xarjebiT urTierToba daamyaros respondentebTan.<br />

werils aucileblad Tan unda axldes damatebiTi informaciis<br />

misaRebi Sesavsebi formatis kiTxvari. sasurvelia, werils<br />

aseve Tan axldes mcire `saCuqari~, misaloci baraTi an raime<br />

produqtis SesaTavazebeli paketi (fasdakleba, bonusi da a.<br />

S.), es yvelaferi, ra Tqma unda, damatebiTi mastimulirebeli<br />

saSualebis saxiT unda iyos warmodgenili. gamomcemlobebs<br />

es arxi drois faqtoris mxrivac Zalian waadgeba, minimalur<br />

droSi SesaZlebelia sakmao raodenobis momxmarebels gaecnos.<br />

arsebobs kidev erTi meTodi imisaTvis, rom gamoikvlio<br />

momxmarebelTa azri _ specialistTa jgufi. am SemTxvevaSi<br />

sagamomcemlo firmaSi unda gamoiyos garkveuli raodenobis<br />

adamianTa jgufi, romelic regularulad imuSavebs kvleviT<br />

saqmianobebze. maT mier gamokiTxvebi unda xdebodes periodulad.<br />

saerTo jamSi ki marketingSi bazris kvlevis procesis<br />

aprobirebuli strategiebi Semdegnairad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:<br />

marketingis amocana<br />

winaswari kvleva<br />

problemis zogadi aRqma<br />

problemis zogadi Camoyalibeba<br />

problemis zusti Camoyalibeba, amocanebi da damowmebis pirobebi<br />

samuSao adgilis kvleva<br />

kvleva adgilze gasvliT<br />

informaciis miReba, mokreba, klasificireba<br />

Bazris Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis gaanalizeba, daskvnebis<br />

gamotana da am daskvnebis safuZvelze mizezebis ganmarteba<br />

saboloo angariSis wardgena<br />

122 123

sofio komlaZe<br />

nebismier sagamomcemlo saxls xelewifeba am grafikis<br />

mixedviT dasaxos bazris kvlevis strategia an sulac<br />

moaxdinos am marketingulad mravalnacadi xerxis adaptireba<br />

Tavis organizaciasTan. naSromis dasasruls SemogTavazebT<br />

sagamomcemlo organizaciis bazris kvlevis mini strategias,<br />

anu, im aucilebel da saWiro etapebs, rac nebismierma<br />

organizaciam unda gaiaros, imisaTvis, rom miaRwios warmatebas<br />

bazarze, SeZlos jansaRi konkurenciis gaweva da, rac mTavaria,<br />

gazardos gayidvebis ricxvi.<br />

pirvel rigSi, rogorc, nebismieri marketinguli saqmianobis<br />

dawyebisas, aucilebelia organizaciam gansazRvros amocana.<br />

sagamomcemlo saqmianobis amocana, logikurad Tu vimsjelebT,<br />

unda iyos bazarze didi segmentis dakaveba, momxmareblis<br />

didi raodenoba da, Sesabamisad, aseve didi raodenobis gayiduli<br />

produqti. es im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamomcemloba axlad<br />

daarsebulia. ukve arsebul organizacias amocana ukve<br />

gansazRvruli aqvs. am ukanasknelma bazris kvleva unda daiwyos<br />

arsebuli problemebis aRqmiT. problema SesaZloa bevrnairi<br />

iyos, exebodes produqts, fass, marketinguli miqsis cvladebs,<br />

momxmarebels da a. S. bazris kvlevis strategiis dawyeba<br />

unda moxdes momxmarebelTan, myidvelebTan da isev bazarTan<br />

dakavSirebuli problemebis gansazRvriT. orive tipis (axali<br />

da Zveli) organizaciis strategiis meore safexuri unda<br />

iyos uSualod kvleva da aqve moxdes kvlevis xerxis SerCeva,<br />

anu, iqneba es gamokiTxva fostiT, telefoniT, momxmarebelTan<br />

piradi gasaubrebiT da a. S. uSualod kvleva unda moxdes<br />

zustad gawerili kiTxvaris meSveobiT. marketingSi bazris<br />

kvlevisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs kiTxvaris sworad Sedgenas.<br />

es kiTxvari respondents aZlevs saSualebas, gamoxatos Tavisi<br />

Sexeduleba organizaciis, wignis, mimarT, amitomac, pirvel<br />

rigSi saWiroa, kiTxvebis dasmisas menejeri iyos obieqturi.<br />

ukve arCeuli arxis an arxebis Semdeg menejerma unda moaxdinos<br />

informaciis Sejameba, Segroveba, daxarisxeba. `strategiis~ am<br />

etapze, radgan kvleva exeba gamomcemlobas da mis ZiriTad<br />

produqts, SesaZloa, informaciis daxarisxeba moxdes wignis<br />

momxmareblis asakis mixedviT, wignis Janridan an Tavad<br />

produqtze momxmareblis moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare.<br />

daxarisxeba SesaZloa moxdes grafikulad, skalurad da a. S.<br />

amis Semdegi safexuria miRebuli Sedegebis klasificireba da<br />

saboloo Sedegis (kvlevis Sedegis) gawera. Semdeg, es Sedegebi<br />

gadaecema maRali rgolis xelmZRvanel-menejers. swored am<br />

Sedegebis mixedviT unda moxdes axali samoqmedo strategiis<br />

Sedgena. meti TvalsaCinoebisTvis gTavazobT am `strategiis~<br />

grafikul variantsac:<br />

axali organizacia Zveli organizacia<br />

amocanis gansazRvra<br />

sagamomcemlo bazris kvlevis zogierTi sakiTxi<br />

bazris kvleva<br />

Sedegebis analizi<br />

problemis gansazRvra<br />

miRebuli informaciis Sejameba, daxarisxeba<br />

kvlevis arxis<br />

SerCeva<br />

maslous `motivaciis Teoriis~ piramidis wveris bolo<br />

sami moTxovnileba ufro maRali donis moTxovnaa da mxolod<br />

pirveli ori moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi<br />

SeiZleba gaCndes, isic ara yvela SemTxvevaSi. wignis SeZena<br />

inteleqtualuri survilia da, bunebrivia, yvelas ar uCndeba.<br />

wigniT vaWrobis SemTxvevaSi odnav rTulia adamianis motivireba.<br />

miT ufro, Tu saqarTveloSi dRes arsebul wignis yidvis<br />

mimarT damokidebulebas gavixsenebT da ramdenime kvlevis<br />

magaliTsac moviyvanT: wignis saagentos oficialuri monacemebis<br />

mixedviT, gayidvebisa da gamocemebis lideri gamomcemloba<br />

124 125

sofio komlaZe<br />

saqarTveloSi `bakur sulakauria~, romelmac erTi wlis<br />

ganmavlobaSi wignis (`Cemi pirveli zRaprebi~) 1215 cali<br />

egzemplari gayida (!) am samarcxvino cifrs Tavi rom avaridoT,<br />

saWiroa, gamomcemlobebma ise warmarTon marketinguli saqmianoba,<br />

rom mkiTxvels SesTavazon is, rac maT surT, SesTavazon<br />

misaRebi Rirebulebis (Tumca es ukve fasis dadgenis problemaa)<br />

wignebi. mkiTxvelis azris dadgena ki mxolod da mxolod<br />

bazris monacemebis kvlevis Sedegad SeiZleba.<br />

natalia murjikneli<br />

magistratura II kursi<br />

xelmZRvaneli – prof. iuri mRebriSvili<br />

stresi organizaciaSi da misi marTvis<br />

strategiebi<br />

iaponuri menejmentis erT-erTi wesis mixedviT, organizaciis<br />

efeqtianoba damokidebulia imaze, SeZlebs Tu ara xelmZRvaneli<br />

daeuflos mis TanamSromlebSi arsebul stresis energias da<br />

is warmatebis energiad gardaqmnas.<br />

dRes organizaciul stresze visaubrebT. SevecdebiT<br />

gavarkvioT, Tu ra gavlena aqvs mas biznesis warmatebawarumateblobaze<br />

da rogor SeuZlia kompaniis xelmZRvanelobas,<br />

stresi ise marTos, rom misi manve Sedegebi an gamoricxos an<br />

minimumamde daiyvanos.<br />

uSualod stresis marTvaze odnav mogvianebiT gadaval,<br />

Tavidan ki vupasuxoT erT martiv kiTxvas: ra aris stresi?<br />

adamianebis umetesoba fiqrobs, rom stresi daZabulobis<br />

aRmniSvneli kidev erTi terminia. magram es sakmaod martivi<br />

ganmartebaa. sinamdvileSi stresi gacilebiT rTuli da<br />

saintereso fenomenia.<br />

stresis Sesaxeb mecnierebis fuZemdebelia cnobili kanadeli<br />

biologi hans selie. misi ganmartebiT, stresi organizmis<br />

araspecifikuri reaqciaa mis mimarT wayenebul nebismier<br />

moTxovnaze. imisTvis, rom es ganmarteba gasagebi gaxdes, saWiroa<br />

aixsnas, Tu ra igulisxmeba sityvaSi `araspecifikuri~.<br />

organizmis mimarT wayenebuli nebismieri moTxovna Taviseburi,<br />

anu specifikuria. magaliTad, yinvaSi adamiani kankalebs, raTa<br />

meti siTbo gamoyos, sisxlZarRvebi ki viwrovdeba, raTa sxeulis<br />

zedapiridan dakarguli siTbos raodenoba Semcirdes. es aris<br />

organizmis specifikuri reaqciebi, anu, specifikuri zemoqmedebiT<br />

gamowveuli specifikuri cvlilebebi.<br />

magram imis miuxedavad, Tu ra cvlilebebi xdeba organizmSi,<br />

yvela amgvar zemoqmedebas erTi saerTo ram axasiaTebs: isini<br />

organizmisgan iTxovs adaptacias da normaluri mdgomareobis<br />

aRdgenas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, specifikuri efeqtis<br />

126 127

natalia murjikneli<br />

garda, nebismieri zemoqmedeba organizmisgan iTxovs<br />

araspecifikuri adaptaciuri funqciebis amoqmedebas da<br />

normaluri mdgomareobis aRdgenas. zustad es aris stresis<br />

ganmarteba.<br />

stresuli reaqciis TvalsazrisiT, ar aqvs mniSvneloba<br />

sasiamovnoa Tu usiamovno situacia, romelic Cvenze zemoqmedebs.<br />

mniSvneloba aqvs mxolod adaptaciisadmi moTxovnis<br />

intensivobas.<br />

stresis ignorirebis safasuri<br />

dResdReobiT, adamianis sicocxles, SesaZloa, naklebi<br />

safrTxe emuqreba, magram amis miuxedavad, stresis done sul<br />

ufro da ufro matulobs. axali teqnologiebiT da axali<br />

informaciiT gamowveuli cvlilebebis tempi imdenad swrafia,<br />

rom adamiani amgvar datvirTvas veRar umklavdeba.<br />

stresi Tanamedrove biznesis ganuyreli nawilia da kompaniis<br />

nebismieri donis TanamSromelze moqmedebs. kompaniis rigiTi<br />

TanamSromeli ganicdis stress, radgan dabali anazRaurebiT,<br />

magram didi datvirTviT muSaobs, Zalian bevri movaleoba da<br />

gacilebiT cota ufleba aqvs. Sua rgolis menejerebic mudmivad<br />

stresis pirobebSi arian _ maT uwevT klientTan urTierToba,<br />

gayidvebis moculobaze zrunva, rac faqtobrivad niSnavs, rom<br />

maTi samuSao logikuri da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis (kreativis)<br />

garkveul monawileobas moiTxovs. garda amisa, isini<br />

xelmZRvanelebis pretenziebis mTavar samiznesac warmoadgenen.<br />

kidev ufro Zlier stresSia is, visac yvelaze meti<br />

pasuxismgebloba akisria _ kompaniis xelmZRvaneloba. rogorc<br />

wesi, kompaniis TanamSromlebs miaCniaT, rom `maRla~ myof<br />

direqtors an kompaniis prezidents problemebi ar awuxebs<br />

da arxeinad cxovrobs. sinamdvileSi ki, rac ufro maRla<br />

adixar karierul safexurze, miT ufro imatebs stresis<br />

intensivoba.<br />

stresis gamo uaresdeba urTierToba klientebTan, aseve<br />

uSualod kolegebs Soris, radgan adamianebi advilad<br />

gaRizianebadi da naklebad tolerantulebi xdebian.<br />

stresi organizaciaSi da misi marTvis strategiebi<br />

stresis zemoqmedebis qveS myofi adamianebi araefeqtian<br />

da xSirad mcdar gadawyvetilebebs iReben.<br />

stresiT gamowveuli kadrebis gadinebas mohyveba kompaniis<br />

saqmianobis Seferxeba, produqtiulobis kleba da xarjebis<br />

zrda (mag., axali TanamSromlis ayvanisa da maTi treningis<br />

xarjebi).<br />

zemoT Tqmuli sakmarisia imisTvis, rom gasagebi gaxdes:<br />

garkveuli daZabuloba samuSaoze sasargeblocaa da<br />

mamotivirebelic, magram rodesac organizaciaSi stresis<br />

intensivoba izrdeba, es ukve seriozuli problemaa, romelsac<br />

xelmZRvanelobam droulad unda mixedos.<br />

stresis simptomebi<br />

rac ufro male gamovavlenT stresis zRvargadacilebul<br />

intensivobas organizaciaSi, miT ufro swrafad SevZlebT<br />

situaciis mowesrigebas.<br />

moamzadeT Tqveni TanamSromlebi specialuri treningebis<br />

meSveobiT, raTa maT iswavlon da SeZlon seriozuli stresis<br />

simptomebis amocnoba sakuTar TavSi da kolegebSi. darwmundiT<br />

rom maT ician Tqveni mzaobis Sesaxeb da problemebis gaCenis<br />

SemTxvevaSi, maSinve Tqven mogmarTaven.<br />

ra simptomebi metyvelebs stresis momatebul doneze?<br />

pirvel rigSi, adamianebi grZnoben, rom veRar umklavdebian<br />

datvirTvas;<br />

isini mudmivad Cqaroben da drois deficits ganicdian;<br />

ver axerxeben koncentrirebas saqmeze;<br />

isini mudmivad daRlilobas uCivian;<br />

ver axerxeben samsaxurebrivi problemebidan gadarTvas<br />

da dasvenebas maSinac ki, rodesac saxlSi brundebian<br />

uares SemTxvevaSi maT SesaZloa samsaxurSi misvlis<br />

SiSi ganuviTardeT.<br />

xandaxan xdeba, rom TviTon adamianebi verafers xedaven,<br />

samagierod misi TanamSromlebi amCneven garkveul cvlilebebs<br />

mis qcevaSi:<br />

128 129

natalia murjikneli<br />

stresSi myofi adamianebi iumoris grZnobas kargaven,<br />

uxasiaTod arian da advilad Riziandebian.<br />

maTi samuSao dRis Cveulebrivi reJimi icvleba: magaliTad,<br />

gvian modian an uars amboben Sesvenebaze.<br />

maTi muSaobis xarisxi uecrad ecema.<br />

isini sul ufro da ufro xSirad acdenen samsaxurs<br />

avadmyofobis gamo.<br />

stresis gamomwvevi mizezebi da misi Semcirebis<br />

gzebi<br />

stresis gamomwvevi mizezebi, pirobiTad, ramdenime ZiriTad<br />

kategoriad erTiandeba.<br />

1 . s a m u S a o d a t v i r T v a s T a n d a k a v S i r e b u l i<br />

problemebi.<br />

TanamSromlebisTvis araelastikuri amocanebis dasaxva maT<br />

demotivacias da produqtiulobis dacemas iwvevs.<br />

2. damatebiTi samuSao saaTebi.<br />

zogjer, gadadebuli saqmis dasrulebis mizniT,<br />

TanamSromlebs uwevT samsaxurSi adre mosvla da gvianobamde<br />

darCena. magram gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom rac metad<br />

iRleba adamiani, miT ufro uWirs koncentracia da samuSaos<br />

xarisxianad Sesruleba. amitom, aseTi daZabuli muSaobis Semdeg<br />

TanamSromeli erTi dRiT gaaTavisufleT, mieciT mas saSualeba,<br />

sxva mimarTulebiT gadaerTos.<br />

3. marTvis stili.<br />

organizaciuli stresis yvelaze xSiri mizezia konfliqti<br />

ufrosTan an kolegasTan. Zalian xSirad adamianebi daSinebis<br />

da agresiuli qcevis msxverplni xdebian. ufrosi, romelic<br />

sajarod amcirebs TanamSromlebs an waaxalisebs amgvar qcevas<br />

mis xelqveiTebs Soris, riskis qveS ayenebs sakuTar reputacias<br />

da kargavs kompaniaSi momuSave adamianebis ndobas.<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia agreTve is, rom, rac erTi adamianisTvis<br />

sasacilo xumrobad gamoiyureba, meoresTvis, SesaZloa, mZime<br />

Seuracxyofad iqces.<br />

stresi organizaciaSi da misi marTvis strategiebi<br />

4. komunikaciis nakleboba.<br />

adamianebi sakuTar momavalze Relaven da efeqturad ver<br />

muSaoben, Tu ar arian informirebulebi organizaciaSi mimdinare<br />

cvlilebebis Sesaxeb. Tundac axali menejeris daniSvna.<br />

droulad miwodebuli informacia amSvidebs adamianebs, isini<br />

Tavs usafrTxod grZnoben da Cveul reJimSi agrZeleben<br />

muSaobas.AacnobeT maT ra gaxda cvlilebis mizezi da ra<br />

kuTxiT Seexeba maT es cvlileba. dausviT TanamSromlebs<br />

kiTxvebi, moismineT maTi mosazrebebi: isini Tavs kompaniis<br />

nawilad igrZnoben, rac mniSvnelovnad gazrdis maT motivacias.<br />

5. ojaxuri problemebi.<br />

rodesac adamianebs piradi piradi problemebi awuxebs, es<br />

aucileblad aisaxeba mis muSaobazec. aseT situaciaSi<br />

TanamSromlis mimarT gamoCenili TanagrZnoba exmareba maT,<br />

ufro swrafad gadalaxon stresi da cxovrebis Cveul ritms<br />

daubrundnen. SesTavazeT adamianebs moklevadiani Svebuleba<br />

an ufro moqnili samuSao grafiki.<br />

6. menejmentis stresi.<br />

kompaniis prezidenti an aRmasrulebeli direqtori,<br />

gamomdinare Tavisi Tanamdebobidan, yovelTvis erTgvar<br />

izolaciaSia da ukve amis gamo Zlieri stresis qveS imyofeba.<br />

amas emateba masze dakisrebuli pasuxismgeblobis maRali xarisxi<br />

da TanamSromlebis mxridan mxardaWeris nakleboba (rogorc<br />

wesi, isini darwmunebulni arian, rom ufrosma yvelaze ukeT<br />

icis, ra unda gaakeTos ama Tu im problemur situaciaSi).<br />

gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi naklebad stresulia,<br />

rodesac pasuxismgebloba ramdenime adamianzea gadanawilebuli.<br />

Tu gadawyvetileba mcdari aRmoCndeba, amis pasuxismgeblobac<br />

gadanawildeba da erT adamians aRar daawveba.<br />

`martoobiT~ gamowveuli stresis Semcirebis mizniT,<br />

SeecadeT, msgavs Tanamdebobebze momuSave adamianebs esaubroT,<br />

maTi gamocdileba gaiziaroT.<br />

imisaTvis, rom stress gaumklavdeT, Tavidan saWiroa<br />

dadgindes, Tu sad imaleba stresis SesaZlo mizezebi.<br />

problemuri `ubnis~ gamovlenis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT, uSualod<br />

imuSaoT am `ubanze~ da TanamSromlebs stresis SemcirebaSi<br />

daexmaroT.<br />

130 131

natalia murjikneli<br />

stresi organizaciaSi da misi marTvis strategiebi<br />

stresis marTvis ramdenime midgoma<br />

umetes SemTxvevaSi, stresi kompleqsuri, mravalfaqtoriani<br />

warmoSobisaa, amitom misi daZleva Sesabamisi strategiis<br />

gamoyenebas saWiroebs. strategiebis arsenali sakmaod didia,<br />

Tumca, arsebobs ramdenime ZiriTadi midgoma, romelic adamians<br />

exmareba, marTos stresi, airidos an gadalaxos misi negatiuri<br />

Sedegebi da mudmivad moipovos axali rezervebi sakuTari<br />

janmrTelobisa Tu Sromisunarianobis gasaZliereblad.<br />

1 . TviTSemecneba.<br />

am principSi moiazreba sakuTari SesaZleblobebisa da<br />

SezRudvebis, pirovnuli temperamentisa da stresul viTarebaSi<br />

tipiuri qcevis, agreTve, sakuTari faseulobebisa da miznebis<br />

codna.<br />

ra aris saWiro TviTSecnebisaTvis? sakuTar Tavze<br />

dakvirveba da gaanalizeba imisa, Tu romeli stresorebi<br />

moqmedebs Tqvenze ufro xSirad, da ra gemarTebaT stresis<br />

dros da ras akeTebT stresTan sabrZolvelad.<br />

2 . s a k u T a r T a v T a n T a n x m o b a d a s a k u T a r i<br />

SasaZleblobebis rwmena.<br />

es ori urTierTdakavSirebuli cnebaa: sakuTar TavTan<br />

Tanxmoba niSnavs, aRiaro sami ram: 1. me varsebob; 2. ar arsebobs<br />

raime mizezi imisa, rom viyo gansxvavebuli imisgan, rac amJamad<br />

var; 3. me arc `Rirseuli~ var da arc `uRirsi~. sakuTar<br />

SesaZleblobebis rwmena niSnavs: 1. icode risi gakeTeba SegiZlia<br />

da risi ara; 2. iyo mzad yvelaferi akeTo Seni SesaZleblobebis<br />

farglebSi; 3. mudmivad imuSao am farglebis gasafarToeblad.<br />

3. Wkvianuri egoizmi.<br />

Wkvianuri egoizmis formula martivia: pirvel adgilze<br />

ayeneb sakuTar interesebs, Tumca, ar iviwyeb, rom Seni interesi<br />

gacilebiT ukeT dakmayofildeba, Tu ki sxvaTa interesebsac<br />

gaiTvaliswineb.<br />

4. riski.<br />

adamianebi, TavianTi bunebidan gamomdinare, cdiloben miaRwion<br />

stabilurobas da ar hqondeT momavlis SiSi. Tumca, maT,<br />

garkveulwilad riskianobac axasiaTebT. Cven vsaubrobT im<br />

gonier riskze, romelic aucilebelia, raTa cxovrebisgan rac<br />

SeiZleba meti miiRo da Tavi aarido mowyenilobiT gamowveul<br />

uaryofiT stress. imisaTvis, rom daadgino Seni SesaZleblobebi,<br />

unda garisko da gamoscado sakuTari Tavi axal saqmeSi, axal<br />

urTierTobebSi.<br />

5. zomiereba.<br />

zomierebis princi pi dagexmarebaT, Tavidan airidoT<br />

eqstremaluroba azrovnebaSi, grZnobebsa da qcevaSi.<br />

eqstremaluri – Zalian dabali an Zalian maRali molodinebis<br />

an mudmivi uiRblobis gancdas aCens, an mosabezrebels xdis<br />

cxovrebas. zomierebis principis arsi aris is, rom daisaxoT<br />

realisturi da miRwevadi miznebi da amocanebi, romlebsac<br />

yoveldRiurad SeasrulebT.<br />

6. emociuri da qceviTi pasuxismgebloba.<br />

adamianebi, romlebic grZnoben, rom sakuTar emociebs da<br />

qcevas ver akontroleben, gacilebiT naklebad ganicdian stresis<br />

mavne zegavlenas. pasuxismgeblobis aRebis principi dagexmarebaT,<br />

Tavad agoT pasuxi sakuTar emociebze, moqmedebaze, da mTlianad<br />

Tqvens cxovrebaze. hqondes emociuri pasuxismgebloba niSnavs:<br />

a. gjerodes, rom Tavad qmni Sens sakuTar grZnobebs da b.<br />

arasodes adanaSaulebde SenSi gaCenili grZnobis gamo sxva<br />

adamianebs. qceviTi pasuxismgebloba niSnavs, aRiaro, rom Tavad<br />

xar Seni qmedebis da qcevis `avtori~ da aravin gaZalebs<br />

ganaxorcielo esa Tu is qceva. adamiani, romelic pasuxs<br />

agebs sakuTar grZnobebsa da qcevaze, arasodes aRmoCndeba<br />

msxverplis rolSi da arasodes gamoamJRavnebs gadametebul<br />

reaqcias sxva adamianebis sityvebis an qcevis mimarT. Tu ver<br />

Secvlis garemos, igi yovelTvis SeZlebs Secvalos sakuTari<br />

grZnoba da ganwyoba am garemos mimarT.<br />

7. moqniloba.<br />

amboben, rom moqnili xe Zlieri qariSxlis dros moixreba<br />

da gadarCeba, xolo xisti – gauZaliandeba da gadatydeba.<br />

iyo moqnili niSnavs:<br />

iyo Ria cvlilebebis mimarT rogorc Sens SigniT,<br />

aseve gareT.<br />

Secvlili garemoebebis Sasabamisad, SegeZlos Secvalo<br />

Seni gegmebi da qceva.<br />

132 133

natalia murjikneli<br />

stresi organizaciaSi da misi marTvis strategiebi<br />

SegeZlos aiTviso azrovnebis axali wesi, romelic<br />

cvalebad samyarosTan SeguebaSi dagexmareba.<br />

Segwevdes unari, misce adamianebs saSualeba ifiqron<br />

da akeTon is, rac sworad miaCniaT, xolo Tavad Sen akeTe is<br />

rac SenTvisaa misaRebi.<br />

Mmoqniloba zrdis gadarCenis Sansebs cvalebad garemoSi.<br />

8. realobis miReba (aRiareba).<br />

realobis aRiareba niSnavs:<br />

daeTanxmo imas, rom realoba Tundac usiamovno, arsebobs<br />

mixvde, rom yvelaferi Sens gemoze da Sens mosawonad<br />

ver moxdeba.<br />

gaurkvevloba an gawbileba normaluri cxovrebis<br />

Cveulebriv aspeqtad ganixilo.<br />

Seeguo imas, rom pirovnuli cvlilebebi SezRudulia.<br />

Mmiuxedavad, imisa, rom namdvilad SesaZlebelia bevri raRacis<br />

Secvla, zogi ram ucvlelad darCeba, rogorc unda ecado.<br />

Seeguo im azrs, rom SeuZlebelia sxva adamianebis<br />

Secvla.Amis gacnobiereba zedmet tkivils agaridebT.<br />

stresis marTvis sistemuri midgomis gamocdileba<br />

dasavleTis zogierT qveyanaSi SemoRebulia stresis marTvis<br />

specialuri standartebi, romlebic samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli<br />

stresis donis Semcirebiskenaa mimarTuli. standartebis<br />

SemuSavebis umTavresi mizani iyo im adamianTa ricxvis Semcireba,<br />

romlebic xSirad avadmyofobdnen da acdendnen samsaxurs, an<br />

kargad ver asrulebdnen maTze dakisrebul movaleobebs imis<br />

gamo, rom maRali donis stresis zemoqmedebis qveS imyofebian.<br />

stresis menejmentis standartebis mixedviT, damqiravebeli<br />

valdebulia, Tavis TanamSromlebTan imuSaos da ganuwyvetliv<br />

izrunos samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli stresis donis<br />

Semcirebaze.Ees standartebi, rogorc wesi, arasavaldebuloa,<br />

magram Tu stresis efeqtiani marTva organizaciuli kulturis<br />

nawili gaizrdeba, is did sargebels moutans ara mxolod<br />

kompaniaSi momuSave personals, aramed mTlianad kompanias.<br />

stresis marTvis standartebi eqvs ZiriTad aspeqts moicavs:<br />

1. moTxovnebi. igulisxmeba iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa<br />

samuSao datvirTva, muSaobis reJimi da samuSao garemo.<br />

standarti: adamianebi aRniSnaven, rom maT ar uWirT samuSao<br />

moTxovnebis Sesruleba; kompaniaSi danergilia personalis<br />

individualur problemebze reagirebis sistema.<br />

2. kontroli. samuSao procesis dagegmvasa da ganxorcielebaSi<br />

ramdenad aris gaTvaliswinebuli kompaniis TanamSromlebis azri.<br />

standarti: adamianebi aRniSnaven, rom maT aqvT ufleba<br />

da saSualeba gamoTqvan mosazreba sakuTar samuSaosTan<br />

dakavSirebiT; kompaniaSi danergilia personalis individualur<br />

problemebze reagirebis sistema.<br />

3. mxardaWera. igulisxmeba kompaniis, Sua rgolis<br />

menejerebisa da kolegebis mier gaRebuli resursebi, waxaliseba<br />

da daxmareba.<br />

standartebi: adamianebi aRniSnaven, rom kolegebisa da<br />

xelmZRvanelobisgan sakmaris mxardaWeras da informacias<br />

Rebuloben; kompaniaSi danergilia personalis individualur<br />

problemebze reagirebis sistema.<br />

4. urTierTobebi. igulisxmeba pozitiuri samuSao<br />

ganwyobis Seqmna, konfliqtebis Tavidan arideba da miRebuli<br />

qcevis mimarT damokidebuleba.<br />

standartebi: adamianebi aRniSnaven, rom maT mimarT ar<br />

xorcieldeba maTTvis miRebuli qceva (mag., daSineba); kompaniaSi<br />

danergilia personalis individualur problemebze reagirebis<br />

sistema.<br />

5. roli. is, Tu ramdenad esmiT adamianebs sakuTari<br />

roli kompaniis SigniT da ramdenad uzrunvelyofs organizacia<br />

imas, rom adamians or konfliqtur rolSi erTdrouli yofna<br />

ar mouxdes.<br />

standarti: adamianebi aRniSnaven, rom maT esmiT TavianTi<br />

roli da maTze dakisrebuli movaleobebi; kompaniaSi danergilia<br />

personalis individualur problemebze reagirebis sistema.<br />

6. cvlileba. rogor imarTeba didi an mcire masStabis<br />

cvlileba organizaciaSi da rogor xdeba TanamSromlebis<br />

informireba cvlilebebis procesSi.<br />

standarti: adamianebi aRniSnaven, rom organizacia maT<br />

sistematurad ayenebs saqmis kursSi kompaniaSi mimdinare<br />

134 135

natalia murjikneli<br />

cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT; kompaniaSi danergilia personalis<br />

individualur problemebze reagirebis sistema.<br />

sasiamovno da sasargeblo<br />

saubris bolos minda, organizaciul stresTan brZolisa<br />

da misi prevenciis kidev ramdenime popularuli meTodi<br />

vaxseno.Aam meTodebis gamoyenebisTvis organizaciis winaswari<br />

diagnostika an auditireba ar dagWirdebaT, radgan isini<br />

universaluria da amave dros qmediTi.<br />

erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli da popularuli meTodia<br />

korporaciuli wveulebebis mowyoba.Ggundis Sekrebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT, es mSvenieri RonisZiebaa, Tumca, misi organizebisas<br />

unda gaxsovdeT, rom iq, sadac alkoholia, SesaZloa, problemebi<br />

gaCndes.Aase rom, stresis moxsnis es Zveleburi recepti Zalian<br />

efeqtiania, magram mainc safrTxiloa.<br />

stress Zalian kargad xsnis sporti.Kkompania, romelic<br />

sakuTar TanamSromlebze izrunebs, maTTvis sportul darbazs<br />

Tu sacurao auzs moawyobs an Tundac tenisis magidebs daayenebs,<br />

Sedegad Sromis nayofierebis 15%-ian zrdas miiRebs.<br />

stresis prevenciisa da Semcirebis miznebs emsaxureba,<br />

agreTve, Sromis pirobebis gaumjobeseba. igulisxmeba kargi<br />

ganaTeba, oTaxebis ganiaveba da ventilacia, moxerxebuli samuSao<br />

adgili, kedlebis wynari Seferiloba, xmauris maqsimaluri<br />

Semcireba. im kompaniebSi, sadac ugulebelyofili ar aris<br />

ekonomikis wesebi, Sromis nayofiereba yovelTvis ufro maRalia.<br />

caca jorjiaSvili<br />

magistraturis II kursis studenti,<br />

xelmZRvaneli: prof. iuri mRebriSvili<br />

PR -is (sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis)<br />

roli kulturuli turizmis<br />

ganviTarebaSi<br />

resursuli potencialis mniSvnelobis mxriv saqarTvelo<br />

erT-erTi gamorCeuli qveyanaa, romlis mimarTac interesi<br />

uZvelesi droidan arsebobda. amis naTeli magaliTia Tqmuleba<br />

argonavtebis Sesaxeb.<br />

saqarTvelo evropisa da aziis gzagasayarze mdebareobs,<br />

Sesabamisad, swored saqarTvelos gavliT xdeboda evropisa<br />

da aziis saxelmwifoebs Soris savaWro-ekonomikuri<br />

urTierTobebis ganviTareba. am gzas, romelic evropasa da<br />

azias akavSirebda, ZvelTaganve ewoda abreSumis gza, romelzec<br />

moZraobdnen savaWro qaravnebi, di plomatiuri misiebi da<br />

kaTolike misionerebi. imis gamo, rom mogzauroba iyo xangrZlivi<br />

da damqancveli, gaCnda aucilebloba sastumros ti pis<br />

nagebobebis mowyobisa.<br />

SesaZloa vivaraudoT, rom swored aqedan iRebs saTaves<br />

CvenSi pirveli sastumro-saxlebis dafuZneba. ufro mogvianebiT<br />

aRmosavluri tradiciisamebr qalaqebSi da saqaravno gzebze<br />

aSendnen qarvaslebi, sasveniebi, xaniebi, samadloebi, iamebi,<br />

fundukebi da sxva amgvari tipis nagebobebi.<br />

evropeli vaWrebi da kaTolike misionerebi TavianT<br />

CanawerebSi aRniSnavdnen rom, TbilisSi ufro met ucxoels<br />

SexvdebiT vidre sxvagan sadme (ra Tqma unda, saubaria<br />

aRmosavleTis qveynebze).<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmnis Semdeg saqarTvelo mokavSire<br />

respublikebisaTvis mniSvnelovan kurortul da turistul<br />

zonad gadaiqca, romelic ganTqmuli iyo samkurnalo mineraluri<br />

wylebiT, Savi zRvis sanapiroTi, mTis unikaluri haviT da<br />

kavkasionis alpinisturi marSrutebiT.<br />

amdenad, sabWoTa periodSi saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad<br />

turizmis ori saxe iyo cnobili: kulturuli turizmi da<br />

136 137

caca jorjiaSvili<br />

PR -is (sazogadoebasTan<br />

urTierTobis) roli kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebaSi<br />

samkurnalo turizmi. XX saukunis 80-iani wlebisTvis<br />

saqarTvelo oTx milionamde turists maspinZlobda,<br />

romelTaganac ZiriTadi raodenoba kulturul turizmze<br />

modioda.<br />

da mainc, ra aris kulturuli turizmi? – kulturuli<br />

turizmi farTo gagebiT iseT mogzaurobas gulisxmobs romelic<br />

xelovnebis, memkvidreobisa da RirsSesaniSnavi adgilebis<br />

gacnobisken aris mimarTuli. xelovnebaSi igulisxmeba –<br />

galereebi, studiebi, saSemsruleblo (performing) da TvalsaCino<br />

xelovneba; kulturul saqmianobaSi – festivalebi,<br />

dResaswaulebi, ritualebi, saRamoebi da a. S.; fizikur<br />

memkvidreobaSi ki _ Senobebi da buneba.<br />

ICOMOS -i (the UN’s International Council on Monuments and<br />

Sites) Tavis saerTaSoriso kulturuli turizmis qartiaSi<br />

acxadebs, rom: `farTo gagebiT, bunebrivi da kulturuli<br />

memkvidreoba ekuTvnis xalxs. TiToeul Cvengans ki gvaqvs<br />

ufleba da movaleoba imisa, rom gavigoT, davafasoT da<br />

SevinarCunoT misi universaluri faseulobebi~.<br />

saerTaSoriso da saSinao kulturuli vizitorebi<br />

ganisazRvrebian iseT vizitorebad, romlebic:<br />

- eswrebian sxvadasxva saxis kulturul RonisZiebebs.<br />

- stumroben galereebs, monawileobas iReben vorqSopebisa<br />

da studiebis muSaobaSi.<br />

- ecnobian maspinZeli qveynis xelovnebas, rewvas, samzareulos,<br />

bunebas, tradiciebs, istoriasa da eTnografias.<br />

kulturuli turizmi moicavs yvela im mimarTulebas, romelic<br />

dakavSirebulia eris istoriis, kulturis, eTnografiis, materialuri<br />

da sulieri kulturis memkvidreobis popularizaciasTan.<br />

- turizmis es mimarTuleba, saSualebas aZlevs turistebs<br />

gaecnon istoriul da kulturul memkvidreobas, riTac Cveni<br />

qveyana Zalian mdidaria.<br />

qarTveli xalxis mravalsaukunovani istoria aisaxa<br />

mravalricxovan istoriul ZeglebSi. cnobilia, rom<br />

saqarTveloSi 150-mde muzeumi da 35 aTasi istoriuli Zeglia.<br />

1994 wlidan oTxi maTgani iuneskos msoflio mniSvnelobis<br />

ZeglTa dacvis siaSi Sevida: 1. saqarTvelos uZvelesi dedaqalaqi<br />

mcxeTa, rogorc qalaqi-muzeumi; 2. gelaTis samonastro<br />

kompleqsi (XI s.); 3. bagratis taZari quTaisSi (XI s.) da 4.<br />

uSgulis arqiteqturuli ansambli.<br />

amdenad Zalian mniSvnelovania Tu rogor warmoaCens<br />

sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis specialisti qveynis istoriuli<br />

da kulturuli memkvidreobis Sesaxeb informacias<br />

sazogadoebisTvis.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom omis Semdgomi saqarTvelo jer<br />

ekonomikurad da politikurad stabiluri araa, dRes interesi<br />

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos mimarT rogorc misi kulturis,<br />

aseve istoriis mimarT, isev Zlierdeba ucxoel turistebSi.<br />

mag.: saqarTvelos turizmisa da kurortebis departamentis<br />

informaciiT 2008 wlis 10 dekembridan 15 dekembramde<br />

saqarTvelom umaspinZla italiuri televiziis RAI UNO-s<br />

warmomadgenelTa 3 kacian jgufs.<br />

aRniSnuli pres-turis mTavar mizans warmoadgenda<br />

saqarTvelos turistuli potencialis Seswavla da gaSuqeba<br />

italiis televiziiT.<br />

garda amisa Jurnalistebma moinaxules da gadaiRes is<br />

teritoriebi, romlebic rva agvistos movlenebis Sedegad iqna<br />

dazianebuli.<br />

maT saqarTveloSi vizitis dros, dazianebuli teritoriebis<br />

garda moinaxules mcxeTa, kaxeTi, Zveli Tbilisi da sxva<br />

turistuli atraqciebi.<br />

saqarTvelos turizmisa da kurortebis departamentis<br />

statistikuri monacemebiT 2008 wels (11 Tvis ganmavlobaSi)<br />

saqarTveloSi Camosul vizitorTa raodenobam 1 200 000<br />

miaRwia, rac daaxloebiT 25%-iT metia 2007 welTan SedarebiT.<br />

kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia<br />

saqarTveloSi arsebuli resursebis maqsimaluri amoqmedeba.<br />

agreTve mniSvnelovania C venma qveyanam w amoiwyos<br />

farTomasStabiani saerTaSoriso PR kampania, kulturuli<br />

turizmis mimarTulebis popularizaciis mizniT, romelic<br />

msoflios wamyvan telearxebze da beWdviT mediaSi,<br />

originaluri maRalxarisxiani sareklamo rgolebiT da<br />

masalebiT ganTavsdeba. swored aseTi PR aqciebiT Tu SevZlebT<br />

informaciuli vakuumis Sevsebas da saerTaSoriso sainformacio<br />

sivrceSi maRali reputaciis damkvidrebas. Sida turizmis<br />

138 139

caca jorjiaSvili<br />

PR -is (sazogadoebasTan<br />

urTierTobis) roli kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebaSi<br />

ganviTarebis mizniT ki aucileblad mimaCnia iseTi satelevizio<br />

Tu radio gadacemis Seqmna, romelic mudmivad saqarTvelos<br />

sxvadasxva turistul adgilebs `promouSens~ gauwevs.<br />

mniSvnelovania momzaddes sareklamo masalebi, kerZod ki _<br />

daibeWdos turistuli rukebi, saqarTvelos kurortebis<br />

CamonaTvali broSurebis saxiT da sastumroebisa da saxlebis<br />

guideline-ebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen rogorc turistuli<br />

potencialis popularizacias, aseve miawvdian sazogadoebas<br />

informacias turistuli RirsSesaniSnaobebis, marSrutebis,<br />

sastumroebis, kvebis obieqtebis da sxv. Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli<br />

ti pis masala aramarto turistebisTvis iqneba gamosadegi,<br />

aramed aqtualuri iqneba turizmis industriaSi CarTuli<br />

adgilobrivi mosaxleobisTvisac. Sesabamisad, glexs an fermers,<br />

romelsac ara aqvs SesaZlebloba reklamireba gaukeTos mis<br />

mier SeTavazebul turistul produqts (Ramis saTevs, kvebiT<br />

an transportiT momsaxurebas da sxv.), saSualeba eqneba miawodos<br />

saTanado informacia dainteresebul pirebs, iqneba es turisti<br />

Tu turistuli kompania. agreTve saWiroebas warmoadgens<br />

sainformacio web-gverdis Seqmnac.<br />

zemoT CamoTvlili proeqtebis dafinanseba Tavdapirvelad<br />

unda ganxorcieldes saxelmwifo biujetidan da sponsoruli<br />

saqmianobidan. agreTve sasurvelia investiciebis mozidva<br />

sxvadasxva qveynidan, raSic PR – specialistis swori kuTxiT<br />

warmarTul muSaobas gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeba.<br />

kulturuli turizmis ganviTareba saxelmwifos Tanadgomis<br />

gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba.<br />

saqarTveloSi kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebas xels<br />

Seuwyobs samTavrobo struqturebis ufro farTo masStaburi<br />

CarTva procesis menejmentSi.<br />

_ mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT unda ganxorcieldes<br />

iseTi proeqtebi, rogoric mag., turizmis departamentma Sida<br />

turizmis ganviTarebis mizniT svaneTSi ganaxorciela; es iyo<br />

`svaneTis popularizaciis proeqti~. aRniSnuli proeqti Sida<br />

turizmis ganviTarebis erT-erT pirvel proeqts warmoadgenda<br />

da miznad isaxavda svaneTis regionSi turistuli nakadis<br />

zrdasa da adgilobrivi infrastruqturis ganviTarebisaTvis<br />

potenciuri investorebis mozidvas. departamentis mier<br />

mestiasTan sofel kaxrSi, moewyo 150 kaciani turistuli<br />

banaki (Camp Town-i), sadac gaimarTa axalgazrduli musikaluri<br />

festivali `svanseti~; am proeqtis farglebSi svaneTi 5000-<br />

mde qarTvelma da ucxoelma turistma moinaxula. aRsaniSnavia<br />

is faqti, rom `svaneTis popularizaciis proeqtis~ mimdinareobis<br />

periodSi departamentis mier Catarda aqtiuri PR kampania:<br />

momzadda ramdenime sareklamo rgoli, momzadda da gavrcelda<br />

sareklamo beWdviTi masala lifletebisa da svaneTis rukis<br />

saxiT. specialurad turistebisaTvis damzadda maisurebi da<br />

gasaRebis sakidebi, romlebzec svaneTis logo iyo gamosaxuli.<br />

yovelive zemoT aRniSnulma aqtiurad Seuwyo xeli svaneTis<br />

regionSi turistuli nakadis zrdas.<br />

saqarTveloSi unda Seiqmnas turizmis iseTi politika,<br />

sadac gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba iuneskosa (United Nations Scientific<br />

and Cultural Organization) da WTO-s (World Tourism Organization)<br />

programebi, rezoluciebi da rekomendaciebi, romelic<br />

savaldebuloa nacionaluri mTavrobisaTvis. Mmag., istoriis,<br />

kulturisa da bunebis Zeglebi warmoadgenen qveynis erovnul<br />

sakuTrebas.Aamdenad, maTi gamoyeneba moiTxovs Zalze saTuT<br />

mopyrobas _ devizi: `daicavi _ aRadgine _ nu daazianeb~,<br />

iseTi unikaluri teritoriebi, rogoricaa _ Zveli qalaqebi,<br />

sakarmidamo sasaxle _ parkis kompleqsi, sakulto arqiteqtura,<br />

istoriuli nagebobebi, istoriul _ kulturuli Zeglebi da<br />

a. S. kulturuli memkvidreobis dacva da misi SenarCuneba<br />

saqarTvelos kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebis mTavar<br />

prioritetad unda miviCnioT.<br />

udavoa is faqti, rom turizmi ekonomikis umsxvilesi sferoa.<br />

msoflio ekonomikaSi igi lideris poziciazea da konkurencias<br />

uwevs navTobis mopovebas. aqedan gamomdinare kulturuli<br />

turizmis da saerTod turizmis ganviTarebiT saqarTvelos<br />

turizmis sxvadasxva teritoriuli erTeulisaTvis gaizrdeba<br />

ara marto Semosavali, aramed mosaxleobas Camouyalibdeba<br />

garkveuli siamayis grZnoba, rom arsebobs raRac unikaluri,<br />

romelic damaxasiaTebelia mxolod misi kuTxisTvis da romlis<br />

SeTavazeba SeuZlia sxva kulturis warmomadgenlebisaTvis;<br />

_ amaRldeba mosaxleobis cxovrebis kulturuli done.<br />

_ bevr evropul qveyanaSi saqarTveloze mwiri warmodgena<br />

140 1<strong>41</strong>

caca jorjiaSvili<br />

PR -is (sazogadoebasTan<br />

urTierTobis) roli kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebaSi<br />

gaaCniaT. turistebis Semodineba ki garkveulwilad gamoiwvevs<br />

am naklovanebis aRmofxvras.<br />

_ stimuli miecema adgilobrivi kulturuli tradiciebis<br />

SenarCunebas da aRorZinebas. am stimulirebis wyarod ZiriTadad<br />

ucxoel turistTa maRali msyidvelobiTi unaris mqone bazari<br />

warmogvidgeba.<br />

_ Seiqmneba axali samuSao adgilebi.<br />

_ ganviTardeba yvela is dargi, romelic dakavSirebulia<br />

turistul momsaxurebasTan.<br />

_ ganviTardeba socialuri da adgilobrivi meurneoba<br />

(sastumroebi, restornebi, satransporto sistema, suvenirebis<br />

warmoeba, xalxuri rewva da sxva).<br />

_ qveynis biujetSi Semova ucxouri valuta da<br />

mravalferovani gaxdeba adgilobrivi ekonomika, gansakuTrebiT<br />

maRalmTian raionebSi, sadac soflis meurneoba arasakmarisad<br />

aris warmodgenili da ganviTarebuli.<br />

_ gaizrdeba moTxovna soflis meurneobis produqciaze.<br />

_ xeli Seewyoba im miwebis produqtiulad aTvisebas,<br />

romlebic nakleb vargisia soflis meurneobisaTvis.<br />

_ adgilobriv mosaxleobas Camouyalibdeba konkretuli<br />

damokidebuleba sakuTari qveynis mimarT, rac maT daexmareba<br />

qarTul _ erovnuli individualobis damkvidrebaSi. gauCndebaT<br />

survili mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanon istoriul _<br />

kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvaSi da SenarCunebaSi.<br />

yovelive zemoT CamoTvlili, saqarTvelos saSualebas<br />

miscems, ara marto iamayos sakuTari mravalsaukunovani<br />

kulturiT, aramed Cveni qveynis es Zlieri sfero aqcios<br />

Semosavlis da ekonomikuri winsvlis wyarod. Tavis mxriv,<br />

adgilobrivi mosaxleoba kulturasTan integrirebulad<br />

igrZnobs Tavs.<br />

amasTan erTad yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom PR-is<br />

(sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis) roli kulturuli turizmis<br />

ganviTarebaSi Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan sazogadoebis mZafri<br />

CarTulobis gareSe turizmis ganviTareba SeuZlebeli iqneba.<br />

sazogadoebis aqtiuri CarTuloba ki SesaZlebelia misi<br />

sxvadasxvanairi stimulirebiT. mag: `kaxeli glexis~ rewvis<br />

nimuSebi da igive mis mier Seqmnili suvenirebi, ara mxolod<br />

Semosavlis wyarod unda vaqcioT, aramed gavuCinoT mas, maTi<br />

lamazad (mimzidvelad) warmoCenis survili turistebTan<br />

mimarTebaSi. es stimulireba SeiZleba moxdes mxolod swori<br />

mesijebiT. es ki PR-is prerogativaa.<br />

PR – a). emsaxureba Cvens segmentur, daqsaqsul sazogadoebas<br />

komunikatorisa da Suamavlis funqciis SesrulebiT;<br />

xelmZRvanelobs adamianebis informirebulobis amaRlebis<br />

principiT da cdilobs maT Soris uTanxmoebis aRmofxvras.<br />

b). PR – asrulebs Tavis socialur valdebulebas,<br />

gaaumjobesos adamianebis keTildReoba.<br />

g). is emsaxureba sazogadoebriv interesebs, sazogadoebis<br />

sxvadasxva azris gaTvaliswinebiT. PR – uzrunvelyofs<br />

xelsayrel garemos, romelSic moqmedebs rogorc sazogadoeba<br />

aseve kompaniebi.<br />

praqtikulad kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis PR<br />

saqmianobas wamyvani roli akisria, radgan es saqmianoba<br />

turistuli produqtis gasaRebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi<br />

elementia.<br />

PR (sazogadoebasTan urTierToba) – turistul produqtsa<br />

da momxmarebels Soris arapirdapiri kavSiris formaa, misi<br />

mizania mii pyros sazogadoebis yuradReba, gaaRviZos misi<br />

interesi, gadasces dawvrilebiTi informacia momxmarebels<br />

da daainteresos igi.<br />

kulturuli turizmis da saerTod turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis<br />

PR – miznad isaxavs:<br />

1. sazogadoebis informirebas,<br />

- informaciis miwodebas turistuli produqtis Sesaxeb;<br />

- produqtis imijis formirebas;<br />

- turistuli firmis imijis formirebas;<br />

- firmis muSaobis Sesaxeb arsebuli Sexedulebebis<br />

koreqtirebas.<br />

2. darwmunebas,<br />

- survilis aRZvras tur. produqtis SesaZenad;<br />

- damokidebulebis Secvlas tur. produqtis mimarT;<br />

- gayidvaTa ricxvis gazrdas (tur. produqtis gayidvis<br />

xelSewyobas);<br />

- konkurenciisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevas (konkurent<br />

142 143

caca jorjiaSvili<br />

PR -is (sazogadoebasTan<br />

urTierTobis) roli kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebaSi<br />

produqtTan SedarebiT ukeTesi reputaciis damkvidrebas).<br />

3. zemoqmedebas mexsierebaze,<br />

- turistul bazarze firmisa da misi produqtis mudmivad<br />

arsebobas da rac mTavaria dadebiTi imijis SenarCunebas.<br />

sainteresoa Tu rogor axerxebs erT-erTi turistuli<br />

kompania KALASI TOUR-i momxmarebelTa mozidvasa da<br />

dakmayofilebas adgilobriv Tu saerTaSoriso turistul<br />

bazarze.<br />

kompania KALASI TOUR-i, romelic rogorc Semomyvan,<br />

aseve gamyvan turizmze aqtiurad muSaobs, sazogadoebis<br />

informirebas ama Tu im tur-produqtis Sesaxeb, ZiriTadad<br />

Web-gverdis meSveobiT, anu, online PR-iT uzrunvelyofs<br />

(www.kalasitour.ge); momxmareblis darwmunebas da masSi survilis<br />

aRZvras tur-produqtis SesaZenad, turistTan uSualo<br />

kontaqtebiT axorcielebs; xolo rac Seexeba konkurent<br />

produqtTan SedarebiT maRali reputaciis damkvidrebas ki –<br />

momsaxureobis maRali xarisxiT cdilobs. marTalia kompania<br />

swored im amocanebis gansaxorcieleblad miiswrafvis, romelsac<br />

PR (sazogadoebasTan urTierToba) turizmis ganviTarebisTvis<br />

miznad isaxavs, Tumca arsebobs xarvezebi da SeniSvnebi rac<br />

samomavlod gasaTvaliswinebelia. mag: Cven mier warmodgenil<br />

kompanias ar gaaCnia sakmarisi informaciis momcveli iseTi<br />

beWdviTi masalebi, rogoricaa flaerebi, bukletebi, sainformacio<br />

furclebi, rukebi da a.S. rac erT-erT mniSvnelovan xarvezs<br />

warmoadgens, radgan aRniSnuli masala xom, nawilobriv garantiaa<br />

sazogadoebis interesis aRZvris tur-produqtis mimarT.<br />

saerTaSoriso doneze kompaniis cnobadobis amaRlebis mizniT<br />

urigo ar iqneboda iseT saerTaSoriso turistul gamofenabazrobebze<br />

monawileobis miReba, mag.: rogoricaa: ITB, romelic<br />

yovel wels germaniaSi, q. berlinSi, imarTeba; aseve WTM-i<br />

(World Tourism Market ) did britaneTSi da sxva.<br />

kompania KALASI TOUR-i Zalian iSviaTad atarebsP PR<br />

aqciebs, Tumca mis warmomadgenelTan gasaubrebisas man<br />

gangvicxada, rom ` PR, marTlac, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs<br />

turistuli biznesis ganviTarebaSi, Tumca mas mainc fufunebis<br />

sferod miiCnevs~. aseTi midgoma mcdari iqneboda maSin, roca<br />

PR-s yvela zemoT CamoTvlilTan erTad kidev bevri sxva<br />

mniSvnelovani roli akisria, mag., imijis formirebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT PR-is fasdaudebeli Tviseba is aris, rom mas<br />

SeuZlia damajerebeli, magram uxilavi Setyobinebebis gagzavna<br />

sazogadoebisaTvis.<br />

imiji – rogorc xelovnurad Seqmnili Sexeduleba masobriv<br />

cnobierebaSi garkveul keTilganwyobilebas ayalibebs tur.<br />

produqtisa Tu tur. firmis mimarT.<br />

imijis ugulebelyofa turizmis sferoSi yovlad<br />

dauSvebelia, radgan swored misi daxmarebiT SegviZlia adamianis<br />

fsiqikis emociur sferoze mizanmimarTulad zemoqmedeba.<br />

aseve mniSvnelovania maRali reputaciis mopoveba. misi<br />

Seqmna did drosa da seriozul kapitalur dabandebas moiTxovs.<br />

maRali reputaciisa da dadebiTi imijis arsebobis xelisSemwyob<br />

faqtors momsaxureobis iseTi xarisxi warmoadgens, romelic<br />

momxmarebelTa moTxovnebs Seesabameba.<br />

ase rom, yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom sazogadoebasTan<br />

urTierTobis specialists imijisa da reputaciis SeqmnaSi,<br />

SenarCunebaSi da gaZlierebaSi gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeba.<br />

xolo, rac Seexeba PR kampaniis warmoebas, mis erT-erT<br />

aucilebel etaps am kampaniis efeqtis Sefaseba warmoadgens.<br />

amgvar Sefasebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs PR strategiis<br />

koreqtuli SedgenisaTvis, aRniSnul kampaniaze gaweuli xarjebis<br />

ukugebis dadgenisa da Semdgom muSaobis swori orientaciisaTvis.<br />

turizmSi Catarebuli PR kampaniis efeqturobaze SegviZlia<br />

tur produqtis realizaciis SedegebiT vimsjeloT. Sedegebis<br />

mixedviT Sefaseba, rasakvirvelia mxolod amgvari kampaniis<br />

Catarebis Semdeg SeiZleba.<br />

Sefasebis popularul meTods sociologiuri gamokiTxva<br />

warmoadgens; am samuSaoebis ganxorcielebis aucilebel pirobas<br />

ki – sistematiuri, statistikuri aRricxva.<br />

amrigad, saqarTvelos bunebis mravalferovneba da<br />

kulturul _ istoriuli memkvidreobis siuxve, gvaZlevs<br />

saSualebas davaskvnaT, rom saqarTvelos SeuZlia msoflioSi<br />

kulturuli turizmis mZlavri centri gaxdes, Tumca amis<br />

ganxorcieleba warmoudgeneli iqneba sazogadoebis interesebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, PR (sazogadoebasTan urTierToba) ki<br />

am sferoSi sul ufro da ufro did mniSvnelobas iZens da<br />

gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs kulturuli turizmis<br />

ganviTarebaSi.<br />

144 145

Tamar firosmanaSvili<br />

magistraturis II kursi<br />

xelmZRvaneli – prof. iuri mRebriSvili<br />

art-bazari saqarTvelos galereebSi<br />

buneba met-naklebad ajildovebs adamians SemoqmedebiTi<br />

niWiT. yoveli Cvengani ase Tu ise iRvwis iqiTken, rom metnaklebad<br />

gaamSvenieros da gaalamazos es samyaro, Sehmatos<br />

mas kidev ufro meti silamaze da Tavisi SemoqmedebiT datovos<br />

kvali xelovnebis ama Tu im sferoSi.<br />

maRal Sedegs SemoqmedebaSi mxolod muza-STagoneba ar<br />

ganapirobebs. is yoveldRiuri brZolisa da Sromis nayofia<br />

da rac iqmneba drosa da sivrceSi Tanabari mxatvruli<br />

RirebulebiT ar ganizomeba. yvela saukuneSi drois ZiriTadi<br />

esTetikuri mimarTulebisa da maRali stilis damkvidreba<br />

xelovnebaSi xdeboda calkeul SemoqmedTa xelweris<br />

ganzogadebis safuZvelze.<br />

saxviTi xelovneba es iseTi sferoa, romelic sagangebo da<br />

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas moiTxovs. igi im individualur<br />

urTierTobebsa da Semfaseblebs moiTxovs, visac xelovnebasTan<br />

urTierTobis marto survili da interesi ki ar aqvs, aramed<br />

kargi specialisticaa.<br />

Semoqmedis talantis warmosaCenad saWiroa misi namuSevrebis<br />

sajarod gamotana da gacnoba farTo masebisaTvis, rom miiRon<br />

realuri Sefaseba, raTa Tavi daimkvidron xelovnebaSi da<br />

gaxdes sazogadoebisTvis cnobili. yovelive amisTvis ki<br />

namuSevrebi unda gamoifinos sagamofeno galereebSi, Tundac<br />

samxatvro salonebSi, rom damTvalierebelTa farTo masebisTvis<br />

iyos TvalsaCino da sainteresod warmoCenili. es yovelive ki<br />

rogorc SemoqmedisTvis, aseve galereisTvis ver iqneba saarsebo<br />

wyaro Tu namuSevrebis realizeba SemdgomSi ar moxdeba.<br />

yovelive amisTvis unda moxdes galereebis gaazrebuli,<br />

Segnebuli marTva da xelSewyoba art-bazris CamoyalibebaganviTarebisTvis.<br />

art-bazari xelovnebis arsebobisaTvis Tanmdevi procesia<br />

da kerZo galereis arsebobisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovani faqtori.<br />

xelovnebisTvis is imdenad momgebiania, ramdenadac maT SeuZliaT<br />

moaxdinon TavianTi Semoqmedebis realizeba. igi mTel<br />

msoflioSi Zalian prestiJul da Semosavlian biznesad iTvleba.<br />

produqtis art-bazarze gatanamde ki saWiroa garkveuli<br />

samuSaoebis Catareba.<br />

saqarTveloSi arsebobs iseTi kerZo galereebi, romlebic<br />

monawileobas Rebuloben art-bazarSi. Tanamedrove qarTuli<br />

xelovnebis infrastruqturaSi da xelovnebaSi mimdinare<br />

procesebSi arsebuli mravali winaaRmdegobis gamo, srulad<br />

ver xerxdeba galereis perspeqtivebis ganxorcieleba, rac<br />

dakavSirebulia qveynis dRevandel politikur-ekonomikur da<br />

sakanonmdeblo sakiTxebTan.<br />

me viyavi Tbilisis ramdenime kerZo galereaSi. – mag.:<br />

galerea `hobi~, `vernisaJi~, `baia~, `art-laini~, `Tevdore~, `kamea~<br />

da samxatvro salon `xelovnebaSi~, romlebic dakavebulni<br />

arian art-bazriT. gavesaubre iq momuSave xelovnebaTmcodneebs<br />

da aRmoCnda, rom dRes xelovnebis da galereebis muSaobaSi<br />

aris problemebi, maT miaCniaT, rom jer unda iyos qveyana<br />

stabiluri, ris Semdgomac galereas gauadvildeba Tavisi<br />

dasaxuli miznebis da amocanebis ganxorcieleba, agreTve<br />

moimatebs maTi damTvaliereblis da myidvelis procentuli<br />

raodenoba.<br />

galereis ZiriTadi saqmianobaa sagamofeno momsaxureba.<br />

maT sistematurad unda moawyon, rogorc personaluri, aseve<br />

jgufuri gamofenebi da agreTve iTanamSromlon mxatvrebTan,<br />

moqandakeebTan da sxva SemoqmedebTan. galeream unda aCvenos<br />

is procesi, romelic mimdinareobs mxatvrobasa da saerTod<br />

xelovnebaSi. anu, igi emsaxureba sxvadasxva xelovnebis an<br />

xelovanTa jgufis Semoqmedebis popularizacias, awyobs maT<br />

namuSevarTa eqspoziciebs da exmareba avtorebs namuSevarTa<br />

popularizacia – realizaciaSi.<br />

galerea unda iyos Tanamedrove, kargad mowyobil SenobaSi,<br />

saTanado ganaTebiT. gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos xedvis are<br />

da agreTve namuSevrebisTvis Sesabamisi pirobebi, rom ar<br />

daziandes isini.<br />

CvenTan ki zogierTi galerea moklebulia Tanamedrove<br />

standartebs. maT ar aqvT xelSewyoba. jerjerobiT xelovnebis<br />

146 147

Tamar firosmanaSvili<br />

art-bazari saqarTvelos galereebSi<br />

bazari ar iZleva imis saSualebas, rom Cveni galereebi<br />

Seesabamebodes garkveul standartebs, vinaidan maTi Semosavali<br />

mxolod galereis arsebobas Tu hyofnis. saerTaSoriso<br />

standartebiT galereis mowyobisTvis, galeristma unda moiZios<br />

dafinansebis sxvadasxva wyaroebi. es iqneba moziduli<br />

(sponsorobiT, mecenatobiT da a. S.), saxelmwifos mxridan<br />

(nawilobriv) gamoyofili, Tu sakuTari saxsrebi. ZiriTadad<br />

kerZo galeriis mflobelebi unda ecaddnen, rom daaintereson<br />

da moizidon sponsorebi, mecenatebi. galereis dafinansebis es<br />

gza sakmaod gavrcelebuli da miRebulia. es yovelive ki<br />

xels Seuwyobs maTi miznebis da gegmebis ganxorcielebas,<br />

winsvlas. dResdReobiT, rogorc Cans, am sferoSi ar gamoCndnen<br />

iseTi sponsorebi, romlebic dainteresebulebi iqnebian sagalereo<br />

biznesis ganviTarebiT an galeristebma ver moaxerxes maTi<br />

saTanadod daintereseba da maTTan urTierTobis awyoba.<br />

Zalzed mniSvnelovania galereaSi is, Tu rogor muSaobs<br />

galeristi da agreTve misi kompetenciac.<br />

galeristoba, es aris saqmianoba, romelsac aqvs urTierToba<br />

rogorc SemoqmedebTan aseve sazogadoebasTan da es urTierToba<br />

aris mravalferovani. urTierToba, erTi mxriv, xelovanTan,<br />

meore mxriv, koleqcionerebTan, sakmaod did Sromas da codnas<br />

moiTxovs. yvela Semoqmeds sWirdeba xelSewyoba, amitom<br />

galeristma unda moaxerxos xeli Seuwyos SemoqmedTa<br />

warmoCenas sazogadoebaSi. misTvis yvelaze advili saqmea is,<br />

rom reklama gauwios im xelovans, romelic sazogadoebisaTvis<br />

ukve miRebulia da cnobili, vidre imas vinc naklebadaa cnobili.<br />

agreTve advilia galeristisaTvis imaTi reklamirebac vinc<br />

TviTon moswons da ara im xelovanebis, visi stili Tu<br />

koncefciac maTTvis miuRebelia, Tumca udaod ostaturad da<br />

maRal mxatvrulad Sesrulebuli. magram galeristis samuSao<br />

moiTxovs, rom yvela xelovnis namuSevari erTnairad warmatebiT<br />

gamofinos. maTTvis, albaT, ufro sarfiani iqneba ukve<br />

aprobirebul xelovanze rogorc muSaoba, agreTve misi<br />

promouSenic.<br />

galeristebma unda imuSaon rogorc xelovanTa<br />

popularizaciaze, agreTve xeli unda Seuwyon maT warmoCenas,<br />

imuSaon maTTan erTad da daexmaron maT rogorc namuSevrebis<br />

gamofenebis, agreTve maT gamofena-gayidvebis mowyobaSi. man<br />

unda itvirTos presasa da xelovans Soris Suamavlis funqcia,<br />

rom xeli Seuwyos axali, momavali xelovanis an xelovanTa<br />

jgufis aRiarebas, romliTac gakeTdeba fasdaudebeli saqme,<br />

rogorc TiToeuli xelovanisaTvis, agreTve Cveni<br />

sazogadoebisTvisac. udaod saWiro saqmea, rogorc xelovanis<br />

namuSevrebis aseve TviTon xelovanis dRis Suqze gamoyvana<br />

da gaSuqeba masmediaSi, romlis aucilebloba JurnalistebTan<br />

erTad galeristis uSualo da ganuyofeli saqmea. ar unda<br />

moxdes marto informaciis miwodeba sazogadoebisaTvis, aramed<br />

unda moxerxdes maTSi namuSevrebis SeZenis survilis aRZvrac.<br />

es yovelive Sromatevadi da xangrZlivi procesia da moiTxovs<br />

muSaobis swored dagegmvas da mis ganxorcielebas.<br />

yuradReba unda gamaxvildes imazec, rom galeristma da<br />

<strong>saxelovnebo</strong> komisiam ar dauSvas dabali mxatvruli donis<br />

gamofenis mowyoba.<br />

saqarTveloSi kvalificiuri Sefaseba ar xerxdeba. ar<br />

aris xelovnebaTmcodneTa saxelmwifo saeqsperto jgufi. Tumca<br />

axlaxan kerZo seqtorebma Camoayalibes sakmaod kompetenturi<br />

eqspertTa jgufi `saqarTvelos erovnuli akademia~, romelic<br />

Cveni saxelmwifosTvis saWiro saqmes gaakeTebs. xelovanebi<br />

unda akmayofilebdnen garkveul profesiul moTxovnilebas.<br />

samxatvro sabWom an eqspertma unda gansazRvros gamofenisTvis<br />

mxatvruli namuSevrebis xarisxi da SearCios maRalmxatvruli<br />

gemovnebiT Sesrulebuli namuSevrebi.<br />

saqarTveloSi art-biznesis ganviTarebas xels uSlis<br />

kulturis sferoSi Sesabamisi kanonebis ar arseboba. es ki<br />

erT-erTi xelisSemwyobi faqtoria Savi bazris gafarToebis<br />

da gaZlierebis. samwuxaroa is, rom xelovnebis namuSevrebi<br />

ibegreba, ise rogorc nebismieri sasoflo sameurneo nawarmi:<br />

qaTami, kvercxi da a. S., rac namdvilad xels uSlis xelovnebis<br />

ganviTarebas. dRes ki saqarTveloSi xelovnebis nawarmoebs<br />

potenciuri myidveli ar hyavs, vinaidan xelovneba es aris<br />

fufunebis sagani da dRes, rodesac arastabiluri mdgomareobaa<br />

saqarTveloSi, sazogadoebis ekonomikuri mdgomareobac ver<br />

swvdeba mas. biznesmenebi ki sxva saxis produqciaSi deben<br />

investiciebs. maT mosazidad kargi iqneboda, rom iyos<br />

148 149

Tamar firosmanaSvili<br />

art-bazari saqarTvelos galereebSi<br />

saqarTveloSic is sagadasaxado kanoni, romelic evropis TiTqmis<br />

yvela qveyanaSia da iTvaliswinebs biznesmenebisTvis SeRavaTebis<br />

gawevas Tu isini Cadeben investiciebs <strong>saxelovnebo</strong> biznesSi.<br />

galereebs unda hqondeT sagamofeno, komerciuli, sareklamo,<br />

saSuamavlo, saqvelmoqmedo saqmeebis xelSemwyobi statusi<br />

da isini, rogorc gamonaklisebi, rogorc sazogadoebisa da<br />

qveynis saxe unda iyvnen yovelgvari gadasaxadebisgan<br />

ganTavisuflebulebi, an saxelmwifos mxridan nawilobriv mainc<br />

unda xdebodes dafinanseba.<br />

SemoqmedisTvis da misi namuSevrebis popularizaciisTvis<br />

Zalzed mniSvnelovania da aucilebeli ucxoeTis qveynebTan<br />

kavSiri. amiT isini gaecnobian Cvens xelovnebas da gavlen<br />

saerTaSoriso bazarze. unda idebodes xelSekrulebebic,<br />

rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve kerZo turistul firmebTan<br />

saxelmwifos xelSewyobiT, romlebic CarTaven galereebs Tavian<br />

kulturul programaSi, risi saSualebiTac turistebi<br />

gaecnobian qarTul xelovnebas da warmoCindeba agreTve Cveni<br />

kulturac. ucxoeli rodesac Camodis es iqneba koncernis<br />

Tu galereis warmomadgeneli an sxva pirovneba, romelTac<br />

surT daaTvalieron qarTvel xelovanTa namuSevrebi da gaecnon<br />

maT Rirebulebas, amisTvis unda iyos saSualeba, rom isini<br />

mividnen pirdapir galereebSi da ar moxdes ise, rom maT<br />

mouxdeT namuSevrebisTvis aqeT-iqeT siaruli, Tan rodesac<br />

aris albaToba imisa, rom isini waawydnen mdare Rirebulebis<br />

namuSevrebs.<br />

saqarTveloSi Catarebuli saerTaSoriso bazroba _ artkavkasia,<br />

es iyo erT-erTi win gadadgmuli nabiji, radgan aq<br />

sakmaod farTo speqtri aris warmodgenili, romelsac ecnobian<br />

Camosuli ucxoelebi.<br />

am bazris mizani iyo, upirveles yovlisa, kulturuli<br />

TanamSromlobis gafarToeba, rogorc kavkasiis regionSi, aseve<br />

evropasa da mTels msoflioSi. am TanamSromlobas xeli unda<br />

Seewyo axali codnis Semotanasa da kulturuli dialogis<br />

warmoebaSi, aseve qseluri muSaobis, profesiuli kulturis<br />

menejmentis da kulturis politikaze debatebis danergvaSi.<br />

bazroba organizebas uwevs mecnierebis, kulturisa da<br />

xelovnebis dargis profesional muSakebs, programebisa da<br />

RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebis sakiTxSi.<br />

bazroba aris maTTvis vinc dakavebulia warmoebiT,<br />

produqciiT, prezentaciiT, reklamiT, dafinansebiT an sxva<br />

raime saqmianobiT kulturis sferoSi.<br />

am sferos Tanamedrove doneze ganviTarebisTvis agreTve<br />

didi mniSvneloba aqvs saerTaSoriso festivalebze monawileobis<br />

miRebas, magram aq isev vawydebiT ekonomikur problemebs, radgan<br />

am yovelivesaTvis aucilebelia soliduri Tanxebis mobilizeba.<br />

saqarTvelos ki saerTaSoriso bazarze swored am kuTxiT<br />

SeuZlia Tavisi kulturis, xelovnebis gatana. biznesmenebi<br />

Tu gaiTvaliswineben kargi iqneba, rom xelovneba<br />

kapitaldabandebis saukeTeso sferoa da arsebobs e. w.<br />

sainvesticio suraTebi. ucxoeTSi xelovnebis nimuSebze fasebi<br />

ufro male izrdeba, vidre fasian qaRaldebze.<br />

aRsaniSnavia art-biznesis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani segmenti<br />

– auqcioni, romlis meSveobiTac mTels msoflioSi reitingi<br />

swored amis mixedviT dgindeba. Tu romel auqcionze ra<br />

fasad da ramdenjer gaiyida ama Tu im xelovnis namuSevari.<br />

fasebic ZiriTadad misi meSveobiT dgindeba. saqarTveloSi Tu<br />

gvinda, rom art-biznesi ganviTardes, unda moewyos auqcionebi,<br />

vinaidan am auqcionebis Catareba uwevs fass qarTul xelovnebas.<br />

saqarTveloSi ki jer-jerobiT mxolod ramdenime diletanturi<br />

auqcioni aris Catarebuli. es unda xdebodes mudmivad.<br />

galereebma rom ganaxorcielon TavianTi perspeqtivebi, maT<br />

unda moifiqron agreTve is, Tu rogor moiZion damatebiTi<br />

Tanxebi. finansebis mosaZieblad, Cemi azriT, saintereso iqneba<br />

saqarTveloSic ganxorcieldes da Seiqmnas `mikrogalereis~<br />

(londoni) msgavsi kompiuteruli galerea, romelic warmoadgens<br />

kompiuterul sainformacio darbazebs da gankuTvnilia<br />

nebismieri damTvaliereblisaTvis. misi programa Sedgeba oTxi<br />

maCveneblisagan, romelic iZleva saWiro informaciis miRebis<br />

saSualebas. mag., tradiciuli anbanuri maCvenebeli `mxatvrebi~<br />

xsnis biografiul cnobebs, romelsac axlavs koleqciaSi<br />

arsebuli mocemuli ostatis yvela namuSevris miniaturuli<br />

gamosaxuleba. aseTive informacias Seicavs danarCeni maCveneblebic.<br />

saqarTveloSi rom Seiqmnas aseTi programa, internetis saSualebiT,<br />

150 151

Tamar firosmanaSvili<br />

art-bazari saqarTvelos galereebSi<br />

rogorc qarTvelebs aseve ucxoelebs eqnebaT saSualeba gaecnon<br />

Cvens xelovnebas.<br />

kargi iqneba agreTve Tu gaixsneba galereebTan arsebuli<br />

kafe-barebi, sadac mimsvlelebs eqnebaT saSualeba gaecnon<br />

Tanamedrove xelovnebas. aqedan Semosavali ki moxmardeba<br />

galereas. agreTve gakeTdes masTan arsebuli gamomcemlobebi,<br />

sadac saSualeba iqneba imisa, rom gamouSvan bukletebi,<br />

katalogebi, Jurnalebi, wignebi da a. S., maTi realizaciis<br />

SemTxvevaSi ki mogeba iyos damatebiTi finansuri wyaro<br />

galereebisaTvis, romlis wyalobiTac galereebi SeZleben ase<br />

Tu ise TavianTi perspeqtivebis ganxorcielebas.<br />

dRes didi saSiSroebaa imisa, rom niWierma xelovanebma<br />

datovon saqarTvelo da emigraciaSi wavidnen – imisTvis, rom<br />

es ar moxdes, qarTvel xelovnebs unda SeeqmnaT saTanado<br />

pirobebi.<br />

unda mowesrigdes saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba kulturis<br />

Sesaxeb, rom qarTvel xelovnebsac gauadvildeT gasvla<br />

saerTaSoriso asparezze. swored Sesabamisi kanonebis ar<br />

arseboba saqarTveloSi uSlis xels biznesis marTvis<br />

damokidebulebas xelovnebasTan.<br />

kanonmdeblobis mouwesrigeblobis bralia isic, rom im<br />

galereebSi sadac xdeba suraTebis realizacia iq misul<br />

ucxoel stumrebs uZneldeboda namuSevris SeZena, radganac<br />

sabaJo samsaxuri kulturis saministrosgan gacemul saTanado<br />

cnobas iTxovs, romlis gareSec Camosul stumars nayidi<br />

namuSevris gatana ar SeuZlia, yovelive es ki aferxebs<br />

realizacias. xolo Tu Cveni patara Tu didi sagamofeno<br />

galerea – salonebi dakompleqtebuli iqnebian specialistebiT,<br />

maSin saministros Careva aRar iqneba saWiro, vinaidan isini<br />

gadawyveten am sakiTxs, romelic upirvelesi xelSemSlelia<br />

TiToeuli SemoqmedisaTvis, imitom rom aRniSnul operacias<br />

sul cota ori dRe sWirdeba, amden xans ki ver daelodeba<br />

Camosuli stumar-turisti.<br />

wlebis win qveynidan iafad gaedineboda Cven SemoqmedTa<br />

namuSevrebi, romelTa realuri fasi sakmaod maRali iyo, vidre<br />

maT uxdidnen, rac Zalian samwuxaroa. es biznesi faqtobrivad<br />

TviTdinebazea miSvebuli.<br />

imeds vitoveb, rom Cvens qveyanaSic gamoCndebian e. w.<br />

koleqcioner-investorebi, romlebic TavianT SenaZens uwinaresad<br />

jer rogorc xelovnebis namuSevars ise ganixilaven da Semdeg<br />

rogorc kapitaldabandebas. es yovelive ki art-bazris<br />

ganviTarebas Seuwyobs xels, romelic galereebsac da<br />

xelovanebsac wamowevs win da daexmareba maTi ideebis, miznebis<br />

ganxorcielebaSi.<br />

152 153

nino yuraSvili<br />

magistraturis II kursi<br />

xelmZRvaneli - prof. iuri mRebriSvili<br />

reklamis efeqtianobis kvleva<br />

reklama warmoadgens momxmarebelTaTvis saqonlis Sesaxeb<br />

informaciis miwodebis formas, romlis mizania, popularizacia<br />

gauwios reklamirebul obieqts da stimuli misces misi<br />

gasaRebis process.<br />

f ir m eb i T u o rg a ni zacie b i rekla m as iy en e ben<br />

momxmarebelTaTvis informaciis miwodebis, darwmunebisa da<br />

Sexsenebis saSualebad. marketingul saqmianobaSi sareklamo<br />

saqmianoba gvevlineba gasaRebis erTiani meqanizmis ganuyofel<br />

nawilad. igi warmoadgens erT-erT umniSvnelovanes instruments<br />

myidvelTa orientaciis, moTxovnis aqtivizaciisa da mosaxleobis<br />

finansuri saSualebebis brunvaSi CarTvis saSualebas, rac<br />

gulisxmobs reklamisadmi momxmareblis kompleqsur da<br />

miznobriv midgomas.<br />

amasTanave reklama ara mxolod amzadebs pirobebs bazarze<br />

axali saqonlis Sesatanad da misi gayidvebis uzrunvelyofas,<br />

aramed igi xels uwyobs saqonlis gasaRebis TandaTanobiT<br />

gazrdas da `pikis~ periodSi realizaciis maRali donis<br />

SenarCunebas.<br />

ase rom, reklamis efeqtianobas ar gansazRvravs mxolod<br />

misi warmateba romelime festivalze, misi SemoqmedebiTi Sinaarsi,<br />

musikaluri gaformeba an kadrebis silamaze. reklamis muSaoba<br />

_ armuSaobis xarisxi bevrad ufro obieqturad da martivad<br />

unda ganisazRvros. karg reklamad iTvleba is, romelic miznobriv<br />

auditorias ukeTesad daamaxsovrebs produqts an momsaxureobas<br />

da gayidis mas. swored es aris mTavari midgoma, romliTac<br />

dRes xelmZRvaneloben rogorc wamyvani sareklamo saagentoebi,<br />

aseve reklamis damkveTebi.<br />

dRes saqarTveloSi sareklamo saqmianoba erT-erT yvelaze<br />

saintereso da prestiJul saqmianobad iTvleba, iseve rogorc<br />

es mTel msoflioSia miCneuli. sareklamo saqmianoba yvelaze<br />

swrafad ganviTarebadi dargia, aq yovel wuTs raRac icvleba,<br />

yvelaze mniSvnelovania teqnikuri SasaZleblobebis zrda<br />

romelic pirdapir kavSirSia saerTo globalur ganviTarebasTan.<br />

efeqturi sareklamo saqmianoba gundur xelovnebas<br />

gulisxmobs, gundis gareSe, anu adamianuri resursis gareSe,<br />

reklama ubralod ar Sedgeba. yuradRebas iqcevs aseve is<br />

faqti, rom profesionalTa gundi da axali teqnologiebi<br />

Tvis TavSi moiazrebs did Tanxebs da Tu es sfero siaxleebzea<br />

dafuZnebuli, maSin am Tanxebis metobaSi zrdac gardauvali<br />

iqneba. amitomacaa, rom sareklamo saqmianoba Zvirad Rirebul<br />

sferod iTvleba. reklamis Sesaqmnelad didi Tanxebia saWiro,<br />

Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom am saqmianobas didi fulic<br />

moaqvs.<br />

efeqturma sareklamo jgufma saWiroa yuradReba<br />

miaqcios Semdeg faqtorebs, magaliTad rogoricaa: _ bazari,<br />

misi Seswavla da kvleva. es saSualebas iZleva gavigoT<br />

detaluri informacia momxmarebelze, movaxdinoT adresatis<br />

segmentacia socio _ kulturuli parametrebis mixedviT.<br />

raTa maqsimalurad dakmayofilebuli iyos misi moTxovnilebebi<br />

da interesebi.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare ismeba ori kiTxva:<br />

1. arsebobs Tu ara moTxovna konkretul produqtze an<br />

momsaxureobaze?<br />

2. Tu arsebobs aseTi moTxovna, maSin mosaxleobis ra<br />

kategoriaSi da ra SefuTviT iqneba masze moTxovna?<br />

efeqtur sareklamo kampanias, upirveles rigSi, rac<br />

unda axsovdes es, _ momxmarebelia, radgan reklama<br />

momxmareblisTvis keTdeba da bunebrivia, rom interesis mTavari<br />

obieqtic isaa. reklamis Seqmna da momxmareblis sxvadasxva<br />

fenebisTvis gaTvla Sromatevadi saqmea, radgan amisTvis bevri<br />

garemo faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebaa saWiro.<br />

adamiani yoveldRiurad sakmaod didi moculobis sareklamo<br />

informcias iRebs. reklamis ZiriTadi mizani ki rac SeiZleba<br />

moklevadian periodSi gayidvebisa da kompaniebis mogebis zrdaa,<br />

rac reklamis mxridan momxmareblis axlo samomavlo qcevaze<br />

zemoqmedebis pirdapiri Sedegi unda iyos.<br />

garda momxmarebelTan daaxloebisa, farTomasStabiani<br />

reklama gvamcnobs raRac dadebiTs, kompaniis SesaZleblobaze,<br />

154 155

nino yuraSvili<br />

reklamis efeqtianobis kvleva<br />

popularobasa da warmatebaze. reklamis sajaroobidan<br />

gamomdinare, momxmarebelSi Warbobs tendencia, reklamirebuli<br />

produqtebi ganixilon, rogorc ufro sando.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare vaskvniT, rom reklamis efeqtianobis<br />

Sefasebis Zireuli nawili momxmarebelTa qcevis srulyofilad<br />

aRqma da gacnobierebaa. risi mizanicaa momxmareblis cxovrebis<br />

arsisa da interesebis Seswavla. momxmareblis kulturuli<br />

moTxovnilebebisa da misi kulturuli donis SeswavlasTan<br />

erTad Seswavlil unda iqnas aseve maTi dainteresebis motivebi,<br />

xolo calkeuli pirovnebebis dainteresebis mizezebis amoxsnis<br />

Semdeg SeiZleba momavali sareklamo kampaniis Sinaarsis<br />

gansazRvrac.<br />

Tu ar flobT sakmaris informacias momxmarebelTa qcevis<br />

Sesaxeb, SeiZleba didi riskis winaSe aRmoCndeT. reklamis<br />

Seqmnamde danamdvilebiT unda icodeT, vin aris Tqveni<br />

momxmarebeli, informaciis misaRebad mediis ra wyaroebs iyenebs<br />

yvelaze xSirad, rogoria misi cxovrebis stili, riTi SeiZleba<br />

misi yuradRebis mipyroba da ra motivebi amoZravebs produqtis<br />

yidvisas.<br />

Tumca arsebobs imis riskic, rom reklama mii pyrobs<br />

yuradRebas, magram is ar asocirdeba miznobrivi auditoriis<br />

cxovrebis stilTan da faseulobebTan. aseTma reklamam<br />

adamianebSi SeiZleba gaRizianebac ki gamoiwvios. xSir<br />

SemTxvevaSi, aseTi safrTxe naTargmn an sxvagvarad adaptirebul<br />

reklamebs emuqreba. reklamis efeqtianobis kvleva Tavidanve,<br />

reklamis Seqmnamde unda SeZloT, raTa minimumamde daiyvanoT<br />

potenciurad araefeqtiani reklamebis gaSvebis riski.<br />

efeqturma sareklamo saagentoebma mudmivad unda<br />

ifiqron axal ideebze da proeqtebze, raTa mudmivad iyvnen<br />

mowodebis simaRleze. pauza am saqmeSi diskvalifikacias niSnavs.<br />

naTqvamia: _ didi xniT daketil onkans rom gaxsni, daJanguli<br />

wyali modis... ase rom, sareklamo kampania sul unda cdilobdes,<br />

ganuwyvetliv viTardebodes, daimkvidros Tavisi adgili bazarze.<br />

miT umetes, qarTuli sareklamo bazari arc ise aTvisebulia,<br />

rom nemsis Casagdebi adgili aRar iyos.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare vrwmundebiT, rom efeqtianobaze<br />

orientirebuli sareklamo jgufi mudmivad unda iyos<br />

siaxleebze agebuli. Tumca fxizlad unda iyos, mudmivad<br />

unda akontrolos TiToeuli moqmedeba, raTa aRebul gezs ar<br />

gadauxvios.<br />

grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, sareklamo kampaniebis umetesoba<br />

cdilobs, bazris ganviTarebasTan erTad, momxmarebelTan<br />

uzrunvelyos xangrZlivi da mdgradi urTierTobebi. aseve<br />

aramarto gavlena iqonios momxmareblis qcevaze, aramed aqcios<br />

es qceva Cvevad. Sedegad kompania iZens erTgul momxmarebels.<br />

momxmareblis dakmayofilebisaTvis mxolod produqtisa<br />

Tu momsaxureobis maRali done sakmarisi aRar aris _<br />

aucilebelia faseulobaTa iseTi sistemis damkvidreba, romelic<br />

axlos iqneba miznobrivi segmentis faseulobebTan. rig<br />

SemTxvevaSi, es moiTxovs zegavlenis moxdenas momxmarebelTa<br />

aRqmaze, rac reklamisa Tu sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis<br />

programebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba.<br />

saerTod efeqturi reklamis koncefcia gamomdinareobs<br />

iqidan, rom reklamam unda SesTavazos momxmarebels ara mxolod<br />

produqti, aramed cxovrebis wesi da azrovneba, is rac<br />

gansazRvravs yidvas. amiT myidveli garkveuli produqtis<br />

SeZeniT ganekuTvneba, an cdilobs ganekuTvnos, sazogadoebis<br />

garkveul fenas, iswrafvis iseTi cxovrebis wesisaken,<br />

romelzedac is ocnebobda.<br />

sareklamo kampaniebis avtorebi sTavazoben momxmarebels<br />

garkveul faseulobebs, Sexedulebebs, azrs da zemoqmedebas<br />

axdenen arCevanze. amrigad, isini monawileoben sazogadoebis<br />

qcevis SecvlaSi da, aqedan gamomdinare, Tanamedrove kulturis<br />

formirebaSic. savaraudod Tu ki yvela sareklamo jgufi<br />

amas gaiTavisebs da mTavar miznad daisaxavs, ar daiSurebs<br />

gamocdilebasa da profesionalizms, maSin kulturuli cxovreba<br />

bevrad ufro mravalferovani, faseuli, dinamikuri da mdidari<br />

iqneba, amiT saintereso cxovrebis stilsac SemogvTavazeben.<br />

efeqturi sareklamo kampania SeiZleba ganxorcieldes<br />

reklamis gavrcelebis sxvadasxva saSualebebiT, romelsac<br />

kompania mizandasaxulad gamoiyenebs imisda mixedviT, Tu vis<br />

unda mimarTos, rogori saxis auditorias, viwro Tu farTo<br />

masebs. umetes SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneben informaciis masobriv<br />

saSualebebs, rogoricaa: televizia, radio, beWdviTi media _<br />

156 157

nino yuraSvili<br />

reklamis efeqtianobis kvleva<br />

gazeTi, Jurnali, interneti _ eleqtronuli media, bilbordebiT<br />

da a. S.<br />

cxadia, rom kompanias kargad unda hqondes SemuSavebuli<br />

politika. Tu sad ganTavsdeba misi reklama? ra sixSiriT<br />

gava? erTmaneTs SeuTavsebs Tu ara erTdroulad ramdenime<br />

reklamis gavrcelebis saSualebas, Tu romelime erT<br />

konkretulze aiRebs orientirs.<br />

sareklamo strategiis dagegmvisas gasaTvaliswinebelia,<br />

Semdegi oTxi ZiriTadi faqtori:<br />

1 Setyobineba mkafiod gansazRvrul mizans unda isaxavdes.<br />

2. Setyobineba mimarTuli unda iyos garkveuli<br />

auditoriisaken da masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi, romelTa<br />

meSveobiTac moxdeba maTi gamoqveyneba, am auditoriaze yvelaze<br />

efeqturad unda axdendes zemoqmedebas.<br />

3. SetyobinebaSi SeTavazebuli unda iyos raRac upiratesoba:<br />

amgvari ram publikisTvis siaxles da mimzidvels unda<br />

warmoadgendes.<br />

4. Setyobineba Tavisi maneriTa da toniT savsebiT unda<br />

Seesabamebodes im konkretul auditorias, romlisTvisac igzavneba<br />

es Setyobineba.<br />

Tuki sareklamo jgufs gansazRvruli aqvs mainc da mainc<br />

adamianTa viwro wres mimarTos, maSin is irCevs reklamis sxva<br />

formebs, mag: prezentacias, preskomferenciebs, sareklamo<br />

furclebis gavrcelebas, katalogebs, plakatebs, sainformacio<br />

masalis fostiT gagzavnas da a. S.<br />

erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani etapia ganisazRvros,<br />

reklamis gaSvebis Semdgom, warmatebulobis Tu warumateblobis<br />

xarisxi. reklamis leqsikonSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani sityvaa<br />

testireba. konkretul garemoSi warmatebis miRwevisTvis<br />

aucilebelia, produqtma momxmareblis testi gaiaros da<br />

reklamis efeqtianobis testirebac Catardes.<br />

Znelia is stimulebi amovicnoT, romelzec momxmarebeli<br />

reagirebs. reklamis Semdgomi testireba aramarto<br />

gamarTlebuli, aramed aucilebeli proceduraa.<br />

SesaZloa, Zalian moswons kompanias Tavisi reklama, magram<br />

amas gacilebiT naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre imas, Tu ramdenad<br />

moswons reklama momxmarebels. swored man, produqtis SeZenisas<br />

fulis gadaxdis gziT, yvelaze mkafiod unda gansazRvros<br />

reklamis warmatebulobis Tu warumateblobis xarisxi. am<br />

xmebis raodenoba reklamis yvelaze zusti sazomia da reklamac<br />

swored maTi maqsimaluri raodenobis mopovebisTvis aris<br />

gamiznuli.<br />

efeqturma sareklamo kampaniam warsulis gamocdilebisa<br />

da misi analizis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia realur suraTTan<br />

axlos proporciis gamoyvana SeZlos, rac Semdgomi<br />

moqmedebisTvis sakeTildReod gamoadgeba. Tu wina periodis<br />

informacia da warsulis gamocdileba ar arsebobs, maSin<br />

unda Catardes kvleva imis gasarkvevad, Tu ra aris saWiro<br />

efeqturi gayidvebis miznebis misaRwevad.<br />

reklamis efeqtianobis kvleva SeiZleba Caataros TviTon<br />

sareklamo kompaniaSi arsebulma saTanado danayofebma an garedan<br />

mowveulma kvleviTma kompaniam. magram aucilebelia, rom<br />

kvlevebis Sedegebis analizis procesSi aqtiurad CarTulni<br />

iyvnen reklamis damkveTni, damamzadebelni da sxva obieqturad<br />

dainteresebuli mxareebi. Tumca seriozuli kvlevebis garda<br />

saWiroa reklamis specialistebma saTiTaod moaxdinon sakuTari<br />

muSaobis Sefaseba, imis mkafio formulireba, Tu konkretulad<br />

ras moelodnen da ra miiRes, aseve saWiroa sareklamo jgufma<br />

iswavlos Secdomebisa da warumateblobis magaliTze problemis<br />

gamovlena da mis sawinaaRmdegod axali nabijebis dasaxva.<br />

dRes msoflios ganviTarebul qveynebSi reklama xelovnebisa<br />

da mecnierebis nazavadaa miCneuli, dReisTvis darwmunebiT<br />

SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom uaxloes momavalSi reklamis<br />

e f eq t i a n ob a iseTive standartuli cneba gaxdeba,<br />

saqarTvelosaTvisac, rogorc es sxva ganviTarebul qveynebSia<br />

miRebuli da misi gamoyenebis saWiroeba eWvs ar gamoiwvevs.<br />

qarTul telesivrceSi araefeqtiani reklamis aseTi<br />

magaliTebic arsebobs, rodesac kompania ver acnobierebs Tavisi<br />

reklamis warumateblobas da didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ganagrZobs<br />

mis gaSvebaze xarjis gawevas. isec xdeba, rom sareklamo<br />

rgoli miznobrivi auditoriis gaRizianebas iwvevs, ris<br />

158 159

nino yuraSvili<br />

reklamis efeqtianobis kvleva<br />

Sedegadac warmatebis misaRwevad gaweuli xarji, sinamdvileSi,<br />

kompaniisTvis zaralis momtania.<br />

arsebobs martivi WeSmariteba: ragind kargi iyos reklama,<br />

ragind myari emociuri safuZveli Caidos produqtis SefuTvaze,<br />

pirvel adgilze yovelTvis Tavad produqti Tu momsaxureobaa.<br />

reklamis specialistis mizania iseTi molodinis Camoyalibeba,<br />

romelic realuri produqtis SeZenis Semdeg gamarTldeba.<br />

warmatebuli sareklamo kompania cud produqts ufro male<br />

CaZiravs. is ufro met adamians gaagebinebs, rom produqti<br />

cudia, _ sareklamo saqmis didostatis viliam bernbaxis es<br />

mosazreba dResac aqtualuri da zustia.<br />

Tu produqti uvargisia, momxmarebeli mas xelmeored ar<br />

iyidis. maSasadame, yvela sareklamo Cavardna ar SeiZleba<br />

mxolod araefeqtian reklamas dabraldes. warumateblobis<br />

mizezi, rig SemTxvevaSi, Tavad produqtidan momdinareobs, Tavad<br />

produqtia warumatebeli.<br />

warmatebuli produqti ar aris mxolod funqciurad<br />

gamarTlebuli da xarisxiani. es winapiroba ukve minimalur<br />

moTxovnadac ki iqca. mTavari sxvaa _ produqti aqtualuri<br />

unda iyos, is adamianis raime problemas unda wyvetdes, misi<br />

SeZena ramiT unda aiolebdes myidvelis cxovrebasa Tu<br />

mdgomareobas da masSi damatebiT fsiqologiuri an ekonomikuri<br />

sargebelic unda iyos Cadebuli. am pirobebis Sesruleba<br />

rTulia da produqtis potenciuri momxmareblis, misi<br />

fsiqologiis da moTxovnilebebis, misTvis gadasawyveti<br />

problemis srulyofil codnas moiTxovs. yovelive amas ki<br />

isev da isev winaswari kvlevebis Catarebis aucileblobamde<br />

mivyavarT.<br />

arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom Zvirad Rirebuli reklama<br />

yvela produqts ar sWirdeba. amgvari reklama Tqvens kompanias<br />

da mis produqts elitur iers uqmnis. Tu produqti am imijs<br />

ar Seefereba, misi yidvisas momxmarebels Seusabamobis gancda<br />

eqmneba _ mas Camouyalibdeba molodini, romelic ar gamarTlda.<br />

saerTod reklamis prioriteti misi lakonuroba da swrafi<br />

Sedegia. reklamis specialists ki Zalzed rTuli misia akisria,<br />

man reklamis patara CarCoebSi unda moaTavsos uamravi ram.<br />

mas am misiis profesionalur doneze SesrulebaSi exmareba<br />

kreatiuloba. kreatiuloba _ adamianis is niWia, is unari,<br />

romliTac igi axali an originaluri ideebis da TvalTaxedvebis<br />

generirebas axdens. damtkicebulia, rom auditoria ukeT aRiqvavs,<br />

igebs da imaxsovrebs im informacias, romelsac SemoqmedebiTad<br />

awodeben.<br />

1. f. kotleri, `marketingis safuZvlebi~, 2006.<br />

2. m. seTuri, `reklama marketingis sistemaSi~, 1997.<br />

3. i. kinwuraSvili, `marketingi~, 2007.<br />

4. Jurnali `biznesi~, #1, marti, 2007, gv. 60-65.<br />

160 161

lika yufaraZe<br />

magistraturis II kursi,<br />

xelmZRvaneli: prof. iuri mRebriSvili<br />

PR-rekomendaciebi kinofestival<br />

`sesilisTvis~<br />

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTarebis umTavres<br />

gansakuTrebulobas warmoadgens kulturebis urTierTSeRwevis<br />

procesi, romelmac saerTaSoriso xasiaTi XX-XXI saukuneebSi<br />

miiRo. kulturebis SeRweva xdeba misi warmomadgenlebis<br />

urTierTobis, anu kontaqtebis Sedegad. kulturaTaSorisi<br />

komunikaciebi Cveulebriv ganixileba, rogorc sxvadasxva<br />

adamianuri kulturebis warmomadgenlebis urTierToba.<br />

namdvili kulturuli faseulobebis propagandisa da<br />

ganmtkicebis saqmeSi umniSvnelovanesia kinofestivalebis roli.<br />

festivalurma moZraobam, romelic Caisaxa XX saukunis pirvel<br />

naxevarSi, moipova farTo popularoba da axla warmoadgens<br />

rogorc specialistebis, aseve xelovnebis am saxeobis<br />

Tayvanismcemlebis didi yuradRebis sagans.<br />

TbilisSi arsebuli kinofestivali `sesili~ xels uwyobs<br />

kulturaTaSorisi urTierTobis ganviTarebas. misi meSveobiT<br />

xdeba saerTaSoriso kavSirebis damyareba, sxvadasxva qveynis<br />

reJisorebs eZlevaT saSualeba erTmaneTi gaicnon, gaecnon<br />

erTmaneTis kulturas, gauziaron TavianTi gamocdileba, rac<br />

upirveles yovlisa Cvennair ganviTarebad qveynebs winsvlaSi<br />

daexmarebaT da mogvcems saSualebas vaCvenoT saqarTvelo<br />

mTels msoflios da vixiloT mTeli msoflio CvenTan.<br />

informaciaze muSaoba nebismier organizaciaSi bevr aspeqts<br />

moicavs. PR adgens imas, Tu rogor miawodebs sakuTar Tavs<br />

Tqveni organizacia, tovebs ra Tavis kvals yvelaferze mis<br />

Sesaxeb rasac ar unda ambobdeT. PR Tavis asaxvas povebs<br />

Tqveni sainformacio muSaobis yvela aspeqtSi _ sareklamo,<br />

sapopularizacio moRvaweobaSi, masobrivi informaciis<br />

saSualebebTan da TanamSromlebs Soris urTierTobebSi.<br />

ecadeT sazogadoebas ise moekidoT, rogorc Zvirfas<br />

stumrebs da Tqveni mowveva gaakeToT mkafiod da damajereblad.<br />

ecadeT igi ise SeadginoT, rom stumrebi mixvdnen sad iwveven<br />

maT, ra dros elian da ra sababiT. magram jer darwmundiT,<br />

rom Tqven marTlac mzad xarT stumrebis misaRebad. es<br />

umTavresia PR-Si.<br />

ki nofe stiv al ` sesi lis~ id eebisa d a mi zneb is<br />

gansaxorcieleblad aucilebelia PR kampaniis gatareba, rac<br />

upirvelesad Tavisi produqtis winwawevis saSualebas miscems,<br />

rogorc adgilobriv, ise saerTaSoriso bazarze. yvela PR<br />

kampania dakavSirebulia garkveul saxsrebTan, magram<br />

warmatebuli PR-kampania sruliad aanazRaurebs gaweul<br />

Zalisxmevasa da xarjebs.<br />

kinofestival `sesilis~ PR kampania.<br />

kinofestival `sesilis~ PR kampania unda Catardes Semdegi<br />

sqemis mixedviT:<br />

• situaciis gamokvleva. pirveladi da meoradi marketinguli<br />

gamokvleva.<br />

• situaciis analizi.<br />

• demografia. samizne jgufis SerCeva da misi ZiriTadi<br />

maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvra.<br />

• fsiqografia. mniSvnelovani garemocvis analizi<br />

(potenciuri mokavSireebi da mowinaaRmdegeebi) da maTTan<br />

muSaobis taqtikis SemuSaveba.<br />

• miznis dasaxva (realurad risi miRweva SegviZlia situaciis<br />

analizis Sedegebis da xelmisawvdomi resursebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT).<br />

• codna. urTierToba. saqcieli. kampaniis saerTo strategiis<br />

SemuSaveba (ra saSualebebs gamoviyenebT).<br />

• gegmis dawera, maCveneblebis da mosalodneli Sedegebis<br />

gansazRvra. gadasacemi Setyobinebis formulireba<br />

1. rogor vTqvaT?<br />

2. ra saxiT gadavceT?<br />

3. romeli arxebiT gadavceT?<br />

• SemuSavebuli Setyobinebis testireba (fokus-jgufi,<br />

siRrmiseuli interviu).<br />

• kampaniis ganxorcieleba<br />

• kampaniis efeqturobis Sefaseba (saboloo gamokvlevis<br />

Catareba Sedegebis gazomvis mizniT).<br />

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lika yufaraZe<br />

kinofestival `sesilis~ PR kampaniis dagegmva.<br />

PR kampania iwyeba realuri problemis ganxilviT, romelic<br />

gamoikveTa situaciisa da festivalis interesebis Seswavlis<br />

Sedegad. Cven SemTxvevaSi realuri problema mdgomareobs<br />

sponsorebis mozidvasa da sazogadoebis informirebaSi.<br />

PR kampaniis gatarebisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs gare<br />

komunikaciis da organizaciis Sida urTierTobebis harmoniul<br />

da zust urTierTqmedebas. gare da Sida harmonia miiRweva<br />

organizaciuli konsultirebis meSveobiT. es aris situaciis<br />

kompleqsuri Seswavla da organizaciis saqmianobis Sedegebis<br />

gaumjobesebis saSualebebis SemuSaveba. saorganizacio<br />

konsultirebis mTavari elementia fsiqologiuri muSaoba<br />

festivalis xelmZRvanelTan. meore Semadgeneli _ moRvaweobis<br />

organizacia: teqnologiuri jaWvis koreqcia, valdebulebebis<br />

gadanawileba. mesame nawili _ muSaoba personalTan:<br />

kvalifikaciis amaRleba, koleqtivis atmosfero da miznobrivi<br />

miTiTebebi, TiToeulis individualuri gansakuTrebulobebi da<br />

maTi optimaluri Serwyma saqmeSi warmatebis misaRwevad.<br />

gare teqnologiebi gamiznulia mosaxleobasTan, xalxis<br />

did an patara jgufebTan muSaobaze, Sida _ organizaciis<br />

koleqtivebTan muSaobaze gare RonisZiebebis (reklama an PR<br />

kampania masmediaSi) daxmarebiT.<br />

Semdgom unda moxdes amocanis swori dasaxva. amocana<br />

karnaxobs teqnologiebis arCevas: iqneba es masmediasTan muSaoba,<br />

mewarmeebTan individualuri an korporatiuli muSaoba Tu<br />

sxva, magram ukve pirveli nabijebi iZleva Sedegs, romelmac<br />

SeiZleba gvaiZulos dasaxuli amocanis, teqnologiebis nakrebis<br />

da sxva instrumentebis gadaxedva. situaciis analizi da<br />

Sefaseba aucilebelia sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis samuSaos<br />

yvela etapsa da yovel momentSi.<br />

msjelobebis procesSi ibadeba PR kampaniis koncefcia, anu,<br />

problemis formulireba im saxiT, romliTac is ufro zustad<br />

da srulad iqneba aRqmuli yvelas mier, da misi gadawyvetis<br />

gzebi.<br />

aucilebelia organizaciis Zlieri da susti mxareebis,<br />

SesaZleblobebis da winaaRmdegobebis gansazRvra.<br />

PR-rekomendaciebi kinofestival `sesilisTvis~<br />

detaluri dagegmareba _ warmatebis sawindaria. qmedebebis<br />

etapobrivi dagegmva unda daiwyos kampaniis miznis winaswari<br />

formulirebiT da auditoriis gansazRvriT.<br />

kinofestivalis PR kampaniis safuZvels warmoadgens<br />

sakomunikacio programa mosaxleobis im jgufebTan,<br />

organizaciebTan da pirovnebebTan, romlebsac SeuZliaT<br />

realurad situaciaze gavlenis moxdena.<br />

sakomunikacio programis miznebia _ problemaze yuradRebis<br />

miqceva, gadawyvetis gzebis SeTavazeba, maqsimaluri raodenobis<br />

kompetenturi organizaciebisa da pirebis problemis ganxilvisa<br />

da gadawyvetisken mowodeba. amisaTvis festival `sesilim~<br />

SeiZleba gamoiyenos komunikaciis yvela misawvdomi saSualeba:<br />

• individualuri _ telefoni, faqsi, fosta, eleqtronuli<br />

fosta;<br />

• masobrivi _ beWdviTi (gazeTebi, Jurnalebi, plakatebi)<br />

da eleqtronuli (radio, televizia, sainformacio saagentoebi,<br />

internetis qseli);<br />

• Sereuli _ flaierebisa da gazeTebis pirdapiri dagzavna<br />

misamarTebze.<br />

Semdeg aucilebelia RonisZiebebis gegma SeTanxmebul iqnes<br />

PR kampaniis yvela monawilesTan da ganisazRvros yoveli<br />

etapis Sesrulebaze pasuxismgebeli pirebi:<br />

1. finansuri resursebis moZieba.<br />

2. mosaxleobasTan Sexvedrebi.<br />

3. publikaciebi beWdviT masmediaSi.<br />

4. gadacemebi eleqtronul masmediaSi.<br />

5. kampaniis msvlelobis Sesaxeb masmediisa da sxva<br />

organizaciebis, maT Soris sazRvargareTis da saerTaSoriso,<br />

informireba.<br />

da sxva.<br />

auditoriis mxridan gageba da saTanado reaqcia, rogorc<br />

wesi, ar miiRweva pirvelive jeridan. sazogadoebasTan<br />

urTierTobis samsaxuris umTavresi piroba _ programebisa an<br />

kampaniis uwyvetoba da xangrZlivobaa.<br />

164 165

lika yufaraZe<br />

PR-rekomendaciebi kinofestival `sesilisTvis~<br />

festival `sesilis~ PR kampaniis SemuSaveba.<br />

PR kampaniis SemuSaveba unda moxdes Semdegi etapebis<br />

gavliT:<br />

1. situaciuri analizi PR kampaniis dawyebamde.<br />

• kampaniis amocanebis, problemebis aRwera: es aris pirveli<br />

nabiji kampaniis Temis, misi daniSnulebis da kidev imis gasagebad<br />

Tu risTvis tardeba igi.<br />

• mniSvnelovani garemocvis analizi: keTdeba sxvadasxva<br />

pirovnebebis da organizaciebis analizi, romlebsac ase Tu<br />

ise kavSiri aqvT kinofestivalis kampaniasTan;<br />

• samizne jgufebis gansazRvra: pirveladi (isini, viszec<br />

iqneba mimarTuli ZiriTadi zemoqmedeba) da meoradi (isini,<br />

visi meSveobiTac iqneba mimarTuli ZiriTadi zemoqmedeba).<br />

• saerTo miznis dadgena: analizis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT<br />

SesaZlebelia kampaniis saerTo miznis formulireba.<br />

2. winwasawevi imijis, saxis, ideis SemuSaveba. es aris<br />

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani komponenti kampaniis SemuSavebaSi.<br />

Zalzed mniSvnelovania winwasawevi azris mkafio formireba,<br />

romelic gamoxatavs situacias da Cvens midgomas mis<br />

Sesacvlelad.<br />

3. samizne jgufebis warmodgenebis, damokidebulebebis,<br />

saqcielebis analizi. is tardeba imisaTvis, rom mere samizne<br />

jgufebisTvis SemuSavdes adekvaturi Setyobinebebi.<br />

Tu ki gsurT, rom romeliRac adamianebma Tqvens kulturul<br />

RonisZiebaSi miiRon monawileoba, Wkvianuria Tu ki ecdebiT<br />

jer ufro axlos gaicnoT isini. Tqven im adamianebis interesebis<br />

ufro dawvrilebiTi codna gesaWiroebaT, romlebic ukve iReben<br />

monawileobas Tqvens programebSi. rodesac maT ukeT gagebas<br />

daiwyebT, maTTan damakavSirebeli optimaluri sainformacio<br />

arxebis povnas SeZlebT, ukeTesad SeigrZnobT, Tu ra izidavs<br />

maT da ra axdens maTze ganmzidav zemoqmedebas da, rac<br />

mTavaria, SeZlebT maTi msgavsi sxva adamianis povnas. es aris<br />

is, rasac biznesSi marketinguli gamokvleva ewodeba; swored<br />

amas akeTeben organizaciebi, gamoavlenen ra Tavis potenciur<br />

momxmarebels bazarze produqtis winwasawevad. es aucilebelia<br />

Tundac imisTvis, rom kinofestivalma `sesili~ SeZlos<br />

sponsorebis moZieba. mTeli Tqveni sainformacio moRvaweoba<br />

gamiznuli unda iyos rogorc amJamindel, ise momaval<br />

auditoriaze. aucilebelia Tqveni auditoria kargad icodeT,<br />

raTa daxvewoT TqvenTan arsebuli programebi da SeqmnaT<br />

axali.<br />

4. Setyobinebebis SemuSaveba. analizis safuZvelze unda<br />

Seiqmnas Setyobinebebi sxvadasxva samizne jgufisTvis. es<br />

Setyobinebebi erTi mxriv, unda gamoxatavdes winwasawev ideas,<br />

saxes da imijs, meore mxriv, _ unda eyrdnobodes mocemuli<br />

sakiTxis Sesaxeb samizne jgufebis warmodgenebis,<br />

damokidebulebebis da saqcielebis analizis Sedegebs, aseve am<br />

jgufSi misaReb `enas~. rekomendirebulia TiToeul samizne<br />

jgufze Tavisi Setyobinebebis SemuSaveba, romlebic pasuxoben<br />

garkveul amocanebs.<br />

5. Setyobinebebis winwawevis arxebisa da instrumentebis<br />

gansazRvra da SemuSaveba. am stadiaze ganisazRvreba<br />

Setyobinebebis winwawevis meTodebi, aseve informaciis gadacemis<br />

arxebi da instrumentebi. isini unda iyvnen samizne auditoriebis<br />

adekvaturi. winwasawevi imiji Setyobinebebsa, arxebsa da maTi<br />

winwawevis instrumentebTan erTad warmoadgens kampaniis<br />

strategias.<br />

6. PR kampaniis resursebis analizi. mocemuli stadia<br />

sasargebloa maSin roca resursebi SezRudulia, anu, swored<br />

kinofestival `sesilisTvis~, vinaidan mas ara aqvs saxsrebi<br />

masStaburi kampaniebis Casatareblad. aseTi analizi saSualebas<br />

iZleva gavigoT _ realuria Tu ara im kampaniis Catareba,<br />

romelic CavifiqreT. problemebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi<br />

rekomendirebulia nabijebis teqnologiis damuSaveba winamdebare<br />

nawilSi.<br />

7. PR kampaniis samuSao gegmis Sedgena. rodesac<br />

gansazRvrulia kampaniis strategia da resursebi, SesaZlebeli<br />

xdeba RonisZiebebis standartuli kalendaruli gegmis<br />

SemuSaveba misi realizebisTvis.<br />

Setyobinebebis winwawevisTvis sasargebloa kinofestival<br />

`sesilim~ gaiTvaliswinos Semdegi instruqciebi:<br />

1. amoiwereT, romel samizne jgufebze iqneba mimarTuli<br />

Tqveni PR kampania.<br />

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2. gansazRvreT TiToeuli samizne jgufis mixedviT<br />

amocanebi, romlebic unda SeasruloT kampaniis msvlelobis<br />

dros.<br />

3. SeimuSaveT TiToeuli samizne jgufisa da PR<br />

amocanisTvis Sesabamisi Setyobineba, romelsac miitanT samizne<br />

jgufamde PR amocanebis Sesrulebisas.<br />

4. aRwereT TiToeuli Setyobinebis winsvlis meTodebi<br />

(sainformacio arxebi da winwawevis instrumentebi).<br />

5. gaaanalizeT Setyobinebis winwawevis SemuSavebuli<br />

strategiis efeqturoba, SeitaneT aucilebeli koreqtivebi,<br />

Tqveni organizaciis realuri SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare.<br />

samizne jgufebis mosalodneli qmedebebi warmoadgens<br />

garkveuli informaciis _ Setyobinebis maTTan mitanis Sedegs.<br />

Setyobineba rogorc minimum moicavs:<br />

• Sinaarss (ra vTqvaT);<br />

• struqturas (rogor vTqvaT);<br />

• formas (rogor gamovxatoT idea).<br />

Setyobinebis Sinaarsi.<br />

vinaidan Setyobineba yovelTvis mimarTulia ara usaxo<br />

masaze, aramed konkretul adamianebze, sasurvelia davadginoT<br />

romelma wamqezebelma motivebma SeiZleba gamoiwvios sasurveli<br />

sapasuxo reaqcia.<br />

arsebobs aseTi motivebis sami tipi:<br />

1. racionaluri motivebi. am SemTxvevaSi Tqveni gzavnili<br />

unda Seesabamebodes kontaqturi auditoriis warmomadgenlebis<br />

pirad sargebels.<br />

2. emociuri motivebi. Setyobineba xalxSi unda iwvevdes<br />

garkveul grZnobebs: SiSs, sibraluls, sircxvils, siyvaruls,<br />

siamayes, sixaruls.<br />

3. zneobrivi motivebi. Setyobineba unda iyos mimarTuli<br />

samizne auditoriaSi samarTlianobis grZnobis, patiosnebis<br />

SegrZnebis gamoCenaze.<br />

Setyobinebis struqturis proeqtirebisas sasargebloa<br />

gadawydes Semdegi:<br />

1. gakeTdes Tu ara SetyobinebaSi mkafio daskvna Tu mivandoT<br />

es auditorias?<br />

PR-rekomendaciebi kinofestival `sesilisTvis~<br />

2. CamovayaliboT mxolod momxreobis argumentebi Tu<br />

SevTavazoT kontrargumentebi?<br />

3. rodis moviyvanoT yvelaze moqmedi argumentebi _<br />

Setyobinebis dasawyisSi Tu boloSi?<br />

4. CavrToT Tu ara cnobili adamianebis citatebi?<br />

5. moviyvanoT Tu ara statistikuri monacemebi?<br />

6. davamatoT Tu ara cxovrebiseuli magaliTebi?<br />

sakomunikacio arxebi aris kampaniis erT-erTi<br />

sapasuxismgeblo momenti. yvelaze saukeTeso Setyobinebac ki,<br />

romelic mimarTulia kargad Seswavlil samizne auditoriaze,<br />

SeiZleba ar iyos efeqturi imis Sedegad, rom ubralod ar<br />

iqna miRebuli an gagzavnili iyo im arxebis meSveobiT, romelsac<br />

ar endoba samizne auditoria, an gamoyenebuli iyo informaciis<br />

(komunikaciis) gavrcelebis iseTi arxebi, romlebic saerTod<br />

ver aRweven Tqveni samizne auditoriis warmomadgenlebamde.<br />

Setyobinebis gavrcelebis saSualebis arCevis dros<br />

kinofestival `sesilim~ unda gaiTvaliswinos auditoriis<br />

sasurveli momcvelobis, Setyobinebis gamoCenis sixSiris da<br />

misi auditoriaze zemoqmedebis done.<br />

piradi komunikaciis arxebi aris yvelaze efeqturi. masSi<br />

monawileobas iRebs ori (an meti) adamiani, romlebic uSualod<br />

urTierTqmedeben piradi saubris, auditoriasTan urTierTobis,<br />

telefonze saubris, pirdapiri eTeris dros.<br />

aRsaniSnavia is, rom, rogorc wesi, masaSi ideebi SeaqvT<br />

azris liderebs (amasTan sxvadasxva klasisa da jgufebisaTvis<br />

lideri sxvadasxvaa). amitom mimarTvis efeqturoba iqneba<br />

ufro maRali Tuki, is iqneba azris liderebze gamiznuli,<br />

xolo isini Tavad miawvdian Setyobinebas danarCenebs.<br />

arapiradi komunikaciis arxebi. es aris informaciis<br />

gavrceleba piradi kontaqtisa da uSualo ukukavSiris<br />

uqonlobis pirobebSi. xSirad qvemoT moyvanili meTodebis<br />

gamoyeneba aadvilebs pirad komunikacias.<br />

specifikuri atmosfero. es aris organizaciis mier<br />

specialurad Seqmnili garemo, romelic xels uwyobs<br />

organizaciis mimarT damokidebulebis warmoSobasa da<br />

ganmtkicebas.<br />

168 169

lika yufaraZe<br />

movlenuri xasiaTis RonisZiebebi. maT miekuTvneba<br />

prezentaciebi, preskonferenciebi, specialuri RonisZiebebi,<br />

organizaciis an raime axali programis, gamofenis da a. S.<br />

gaxsnasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />

masobrivi da arCeviTi (specializebul auditoriaze<br />

gaTvlili) zemoqmedebis saSualebebi. pirvel rigSi, es aris<br />

masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi, plakatebi, safosto<br />

reklamebi da sxv.<br />

arsebobs mosazreba, rom PR menejersa da mediis<br />

warmomadgenels sxvadasxva interesebi gaaCniaT, xolo PR<br />

menejerisTvis aucilebelia swori midgoma gamoiyenos<br />

JurnalistebTan urTierTobaSi. yuradReba maxvildeba Semdeg<br />

sakiTxebze:<br />

• PR menejerisTvis prioritetulia mediis ndobis mopoveba<br />

da SenarCuneba, rac xSirad PR menejeris pirovnul Tvisebebzea<br />

damokidebuli. mediam unda dainaxos, rom PR menejeri aris<br />

profesionali da organizaciis saqmianobaSi kargad Caxeduli<br />

adamiani, romelic yovelTvis mzad aris maT daxmareba gauwios<br />

da informaciis mopovebaSi Seuwyos xeli.<br />

• Jurnalistis konkretul SekiTxvas konkretuli pasuxi<br />

unda gaeces, Tumca amave dros saWiroa sifrTxile, yvela<br />

sityvis awon-dawonva, raTa ar gaJRerdes is, rac ar gvawyobs.<br />

Jurnalistebi xSirad ar arian kompetenturni yvela sferoSi,<br />

amitom aucilebelia maTTan mWidro TanamSromloba, detaluri<br />

da zusti informaciis miwodeba, raTa maT kargad dainaxon<br />

sakiTxis arsi da Sesabamisad gaaSuqon esa Tu is movlena.<br />

• aucilebelia mudmivi kavSiri mediasTan, mudmivad unda<br />

adevno Tvalyuri mediis da konkretuli Jurnalistebis<br />

saqmianobas. Jurnalistma unda igrZnos, rom Sen gainteresebs<br />

misi saqmianoba da mis statiebs kiTxulob.<br />

• rogorc bevr sxva sferoSi aqac wamyvania piradi kavSirebi<br />

da axlobluri urTierTobebi. amitom rac ufro kargad icnob<br />

Jurnalistebs, maT yoveldRiur cxovrebas da interesebs, miT<br />

ufro iolad SegiZlia warmatebuli TanamSromloba daamyaro.<br />

• Jurnalistebs xSirad aRizianebT, roca PR menejeri maT<br />

ar exmareba pirvel pirTan kavSiris damyarebaSi, rac yovelTvis<br />

PR-rekomendaciebi kinofestival `sesilisTvis~<br />

sulac ar Sedis PR menejeris movaleobaSi. nebismieri<br />

gaugebrobis dros momgebiania Ria damokidebuleba da<br />

gulaxdiloba.<br />

• PR menejerma unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom Jurnalistebi<br />

SezRuduli drois pirobebSi muSaoben, amitom informacia<br />

yovelTvis droulad unda miawodos.<br />

• Jurnalists iseve sWirdeba PR specialistTan urTierToba,<br />

rogorc PR menejers JurnalistTan, anu, PR JurnalistisTvis<br />

mTavari dasayrdeni unda iyos!<br />

• PR menejerica da Jurnalistic cdilobs garkveuli<br />

informaciis sazogadoebisTvis miwodebas, magram Jurnalistebs<br />

xSirad damaluli informacia ainteresebT da sensacias eZeben,<br />

PR menejeri ki cdilobs informacia ufro rbil da misaReb<br />

formebSi miawodos sazogadoebas.<br />

presisTvis unda Seiqmnas prespaketi. is gamoiyeneba _<br />

preskonferenciebis, gamofenebis, da sxvadasxva specialuri<br />

RonisZiebebis dros. misi amocanaa _ masmedias miawodos<br />

detaluri informacia mimdinare RonisZiebis Sesaxeb.<br />

prespaketSi SesaZlebelia movaTavsoT:<br />

• presrelizi,<br />

• organizaciis broSura,<br />

• RonisZiebis programa,<br />

• sapatio stumrebis sia,<br />

• gancxadeba presisaTvis,<br />

• wliuri angariSi,<br />

• preskonferenciaze gamomsvlelTa avtobiografiebi.<br />

anu yvelanairi dokumenti, romelic xels Seuwyobs masmedias<br />

aRweros mimdinare RonisZieba.<br />

presrelizi unda Seiqmnas kinofestivalis Catarebamde<br />

ramdenime xniT adre. statiisgan gansxvavebiT pres-relizi<br />

aris mokle Setyobineba, romelic iTxovs sagrZnoblad mcire<br />

drosa da Zalas mis dasawerad.<br />

presrelizebis dagzavnis saboloo mizans warmoadgens<br />

kompaniis garkveuli imijis formireba da SenarCuneba farTo<br />

sazogadoebis TvalSi.<br />

axla mokled ganvsazRvroT is, Tu ra unda daiweros<br />

170 171

lika yufaraZe<br />

presrelizSi: informacia da ara reklama. zogjer maTi<br />

gansxvaveba rTulia, magram arsebobs miniSneba: informacia _<br />

aris `monayoli ara imis Sesaxeb Tu ras yidiT, aramed imis<br />

Sesaxeb, Tu rogor cxovrobT.~ presrelizi Cveulebriv iwereba<br />

ara salaparako, TxrobiT, aramed telegraful, usaxo maneraSi,<br />

raime siaxlis, movlenis sababiT, romelTac hqvia sainformacio<br />

sababi. aqedan gamomdinare presrelizis Sinaarsi, rogorc wesi,<br />

dakavSirebulia drois garkveul periodTan.<br />

ganvixiloT Tu rogor unda daiweros presrelizi. misi<br />

ZiriTadi Semadgenlebia:<br />

• saTauri,<br />

• reziume,<br />

• ZiriTadi nawili,<br />

• sakontaqto rekvizitebi,<br />

• monacemebi firmis Sesaxeb,<br />

• monacemebi produqtis, momsaxurebis Sesaxeb.<br />

arsebobs sxvadasxva kompaniebi, romelTac SegiZliaT<br />

miawodoT Tqveni presrelizebi an SeukveToT es momsaxureba.<br />

dRes arsebuli PR kompaniebi, PR sazogadoeba Tu calkeuli,<br />

individualuri `PR-Sikebi~ sakuTari, pirovnuli eTikis kodeqsis<br />

mixedviT moqmedeben. garkveulwilad, calkeul SemTxvevebSi,<br />

es amarTlebs kidec, magram aris situaciebi, rodesac Sinagani<br />

Rirebulebebi xSirad winaaRmdegobaSi modis saerTaSoriso<br />

praqtikaSi arsebul RirebulebebTan. amitom yvela PR kompaniam,<br />

PR saz ogadoeb am Tu c alkeulm a ` PR-Sik ma~ u nda<br />

gaiTvaliswinos sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis sferoSi<br />

profesiuli qcevis evropuli kodeqsi (lisabonis kodeqsi).<br />

nino SarmiaSvili<br />

magistraturis II kursi,<br />

xelmZRvaneli: prof. iuri mRebriSvili<br />

mayureblis problema akademiur<br />

TeatrebSi<br />

Teatris daarsebis periodSi (XVIII_XIX saukuneebSi) iyo<br />

adgili, sadac qarTul sityvas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeboda;<br />

es im periodSi, rodesac rusifikaciis pirobebSi qarTuli<br />

dramaturgiis scenazeE gadmotana da qarTveli msaxiobebis<br />

mSobliur enaze metyveleba mayureblebisTvis umniSvnelovanesi<br />

movlena iyo. droTa ganmavlobaSi Seicvala viTareba, istoriulsocialuri<br />

foni, Seicvala Teatris bedic.<br />

qarTul Teatrs sruliad unikaluri istoria aqvs. Cemi<br />

kvlevis obieqti Teatris istoriis kvleva ar aris. naSromSi<br />

Tanamedrove qarTul TeatrSi, konkretulad ki akademiur<br />

TeatrebSi, mayureblis daswrebis problemaze gavamaxvileb<br />

yuradRebas.<br />

gasuli saukunis 90-ianma wlebma bevri gaWirveba da qaosi<br />

moitana saqarTveloSi, samoqalaqo dapirispirebis Semdeg,<br />

marTalia TbilisSi SedarebiT simSvidem daisadgura. es is<br />

periodia, rodesac saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba<br />

dairRva, qveyanaSi mZime socialuri viTarebaa.<br />

am periodSi TbilisSi iqmneba pirveli sardafis ti pis<br />

Teatri (reJisorebi: levan wulaZeE da oTar egaZe).<br />

yvelafrisgan gadaRlilma, dabneulma da daTrgunulma<br />

mosaxleobam sardafis Teatri Seiyvara, ufro metic, sardafis<br />

TeatrSi gaCnda anSlagebi, am droisaTvis qarTul TeatrSi<br />

esoden daviwyebuli cneba.…speqtaklebis umravlesoba sardafis<br />

TeatrSi iyo Tanamedrove sinamdvilis amsaxveli, komediuri<br />

Janris. komediuri speqtaklis xilvisas mayurebeli<br />

Tavisufldeba mZlavrad datvirTuli uaryofiTi muxtisagan.<br />

2000 wlisaTvis, rodesac TbilisSi moqmed yvela did<br />

TeatrSi (rusTavelis, marjaniSvilis, Semdeg kinomsaxiobTa)<br />

saremonto samuSaoebis gamo repertuari Sewyda, mayurebeli<br />

ZiriTadad sardafis TeatrebiT sazrdoobda, amave periodSi<br />

172 173

nino SarmiaSvili<br />

mayureblis problema akademiur TeatrebSi<br />

eqsperimentebis moyvarulma avTo varsimaSvilma daaarsa axali<br />

Teatri: `Tavisufali Teatri~, romlis pirvelma warmodgenam<br />

`komediantebma~ mokle xanSi saocari popularoba moipova da<br />

dRemde ar kargavs mayurebels.<br />

Teatralur sardafSi mxolod speqtaklebi ar idgmeboda,<br />

aq ewyoboda piesebis kiTxvebi, literaturuli saRamoebi.<br />

dResdReobiT Teatraluri sardafi vakeSi daxurulia,<br />

rusTavelze ki iSviaTadaa premiera, arc piesebis kiTxvebia da<br />

arc literaturuli Sexvedrebi. SesaZloa es imis gamo moxda,<br />

rom sardafis mayurebeli daubrunda akademiur Teatrebs, an<br />

sulac imis gamo, repertuaria arasworad SerCeuli. mixeil<br />

TumaniSvili ambobda: `Teatris sicocxlisunarianoba maqsimum<br />

10 wliT ganisazRvreba, amis Semdeg Teatrma aucileblad<br />

unda daiwyos axali formebis, stilisa da tendenciebis Zieba,<br />

mas axali sisxli unda gadaesxas, Tu unda, rom Tavi<br />

gadairCinos.~ rogorc xedavT, mizezi TvalsaCinoa. sardafis<br />

Teatrma zustad 10 weliwadSi sakuTari SesaZleblobebi<br />

amowura da misma damaarseblebmac isev akademiur Teatrebs<br />

miaSures.<br />

sainteresoa, ra daxvda monatrebul TeatrebSi qarTvel<br />

mayurebels. SesaZloa, garemontebuli Senoba, reklama, lamazad<br />

gaformebuli afiSa an Teatris web-gverdi. magram Teatris<br />

mTavari produqti speqtaklia, yvelaze didi warmateba ki<br />

anSlagia. anSlagia rusTavelis TeatrSi `kavkasiur carcis<br />

wreze~, rodesac genialur msaxiobs, ramaz CxikvaZes varskvlavi<br />

gauxsnes. bileTebic warmodgenamde bevrad adre gaiyida, rigebic<br />

idga salarosTan, es maSin, roca misi Rirebuleba standartul<br />

fass bevrad aRemateboda. marTalia, `kavkasiuri carcis wre~<br />

genialuri speqtaklia, msofliom aRiara da ukve 30 welze<br />

metia scenidan ar Camosula. anSlagi, SesaZloa, ufro iman<br />

ganapiroba, rom varskvlavebis gaxsnaze siarulic modad iqca<br />

(!). es maSin, roca rusTavelis TeatrSi moixsna sruliad<br />

genialuri speqtakli `godos molodinSi~ Zalian martivi<br />

mizezis gamo, mas mayurebeli ar hyavda (!). rodesac gia<br />

yanCelis `stiqsze~ TiTze CamosaTvleli bileTebis raodenoba<br />

iyideba, amis mizezic aSkaraa, aseT speqtaklebs mayurebeli<br />

aRar hyavs. aSkaraa, rom aucileblad varskvlavis gaxsna, sazeimo<br />

saRamo an jeostari unda gadiodes rusTavelis TeatrSi<br />

imisaTvis, rom darbazi Seivsos.<br />

bolo dros sruli datvirTviT muSaobs rusTavelis Teatris<br />

eqsperimentuli scena, sadac, garda speqtaklebisa, saintereso<br />

Sexvedrebi da imave piesebis kiTxvebic imarTeba. es<br />

sasicocxlod aucilebeli movlenaa nebismieri TeatrisTvis,<br />

aq darbazi yovelTvis savsea Teatraluri sazogadoebiT, es<br />

Sexvedrebze gasagebia, magram speqtaklze bileTebis raodenobis<br />

gayidvis mixedviT aqac sagangaSo mdgomareobaa, arada ra<br />

sainteresoa, rom imave eqsperimentul scenaze daswrebis mxriv<br />

namdvili rekordi daamyara realiTi Sou `dasis~ warmodgenebma,<br />

gansakuTrebiT Sous satelevizio mimdinareobis procesSi, anu,<br />

televizia CvenTan isev saocrad popularulia, ufro metic<br />

televizias ar hyavs badali. Tu kargad daakvirdebiT, arcerT<br />

gadacemaSi, mcxunvare satelevizio dros, aravin laparakobs<br />

romelime konkretul speqtaklze, mis Rirebulebebze, imaze,<br />

rom es namdvili aRmoCenaa da Seudarebelia, rom am speqtaklis<br />

dadgmiT raRac axali daiwyo qarTuli Teatris istoriaSi...<br />

Zalin kargi sayurebelia rusTaveli TeatrSi TiTqmis erTi<br />

wlis win dadgmuli speqtakli `moxuci jambazebi~, sadac<br />

brwyinvale msaxiobebi: medea Caxava, guram saRaraZe, kaxi kavsaZe<br />

TamaSoben. premieramde iyo bevri siuJeti teleeTerSi,<br />

interviuebi presaSi, premieris SemdgomUuSualod speqtakls<br />

gadacemebic ki mieZRvna, yvela warmodgenamde ramdenime dRiT<br />

adre yvela bileTi gayidulia, ra Tqma unda, es ar aris<br />

rigiTi speqtakli, magram reklamam mainc imuSava, zogierT<br />

rigiT speqtakls amis naxevari PR rom hqondes, iqneb aRar<br />

iyos speqtaklis gadadebis saSiSroeba zogjer sami an oTxi<br />

gayiduli bileTis gamo.<br />

nebismier internet gamokiTxvaSi, forumebze, reitingis<br />

TvalsazrisiT avTo varsimaSvilis `Tavisufali Teatri~<br />

liderobs, misi siZliere albaT imaSia, rom es aris erTaderTi<br />

Teatri dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi, romlis reklamas yvelaze<br />

cnobili arxis eTerSiDdRis ganmavlobaSi ramdenimejer moismenT,<br />

iq aris speqtaklebi Tanamedrove Tematikaze, Tavisi axalgazrda<br />

msaxiobebiT, bunebrivi movlenebis (Tovli, wvima) scenaze uxvi<br />

CvenebiT, darbazSi atirebuli mayurebliT…<br />

174 175

nino SarmiaSvili<br />

`oTxi wlis win, 1997 wlis 31 marts, rodesac vxsnidi<br />

`Teatralur sardafs, pirvel speqtaklze mosul mayurebels<br />

vuTxari, rom vxsni Teatrs, romlis devizic iqneba `de, cudi,<br />

oRond bevri!~ im periodSi Teatrebi praqtikulad Caketili<br />

iyo axalgazrda reJisorebisaTvis, amitom mindoda, gamexsna<br />

iseTi Teatri, sadac bevri axali dadgma gaCndeboda. Cem mierve<br />

mogonilma devizma weliwad-naxevarSi CixSi momaqcia, me<br />

gadaviqeci Zalian bevri uniWo speqtaklisa da maTi damdgmelebis<br />

prodiuserad, ris gamoc davtove Cems mierve daarsebuli<br />

Teatri. dRes, 2001 wlis 31 marts, zustad oTxi wlis Tavze,<br />

me vxsni kidev erT Teatrs, romlis devizi iqneba `sjobs<br />

cota, oRond kargi!~ es iqneba `Tavisufali Teatri~ Tavisufali<br />

mayureblisaTvis, sadac gza mxolod niWier Semoqmedebs<br />

miecemaT,~ _ es avTo varsimaSvilis sityvebia, is yvelaze<br />

kargi menejeria Tavisi Teatrisa. man SeZlo, gaekeTebina Teatri,<br />

sadac sul anSlagebia, hyavs Tavisi msaxiobebi, romelTac<br />

yvelaze kargad icnobs da yvelaze kargad icis.<br />

bevrs davoben profesionalebi am bolo dros marjaniSvilis<br />

Teatris repertuarTan dakavSirebiT, arada faqtia, rom sworad<br />

warmarTulma menejmentma, kargma reklamam, kontaqtebma Teatrs<br />

mayurebeli daubruna, magram aq sxva ramea problema da es<br />

marTlac repertuaria, Teatrisa, romelsac Zalian didi istoria<br />

da warmatebebi aqvs.<br />

kote marjaniSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo akademiuri<br />

Teatri TiTqmis rva aTeuli welia moRvaweobs. am xnis<br />

ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda, TvalsaCinod gamoikveTa Teatris<br />

saxe, misi moqalaqeobrivi pozicia, xasiaTi, stili, tradicia<br />

da mTlianad Semoqmedeba. dRes marjaniSvilis TeatrSi did<br />

scenasTan erTad moqmedebs mcire scena e. w. `Teatri sxvenSi~,<br />

sadac ZiriTadad axalgazrda reJisorebi cdian Tavis<br />

SesaZleblobebs. didi popularobiT sargeblobs levan wulaZis<br />

(Teatris samxatvro xelmZRvaneli) bolo dros dadgmuli<br />

iseTi gaxmaurebuli speqtaklebi, rogorebicaa: `qaquca<br />

ColoyaSvili~ da `pigmalioni~. siuJetebi, statiebi,<br />

profesionalTa recenziebi arc erT maTgans ar dahklebia,<br />

magram arc Tu saimedo.<br />

mayureblis problema akademiur TeatrebSi<br />

TeatrmcodneebisaTvis damaimedebeli araa `qaquca<br />

ColoyaSvili~, miuxedavad Tavisi patriotuli paTosisa da<br />

marjaniSvilis Teatris salarosTan bileTis rigSi mdgari<br />

axalgazrdebisa. Tuki marTlac darbazi gaivseba da im<br />

darbazidan adamiani iseTive gamova, rogoric Sevida araferi<br />

masSi ar Seicvleba maSin ra daniSnuleba aqvs Teatrs?GvacinoT,<br />

vixarxaroT, Tu marto vitiroT? albaT, unda SevimecnoT.<br />

dRes seriozuli problemebis winaSe dgas qarTuli<br />

dramaturgia. axalgazrda dramaturgebs piesebi Taroebze<br />

uZveldebaT, Tanamedrove sazRvargareTul dramasTan xom<br />

saerTod Zalian mwyralad varT. sarepertuaro politika<br />

qarTul TeatrebSi udavod rTuli Temaa, arada yvela TeatrSi<br />

unda arsebobdes konkretuli Stati am mimarTulebiT, ufro<br />

sworad profesionalTa jgufi, romelic kiTxulobs axal<br />

piesebs, rogorc qarTuls, aseve ucxours, icis ra xdeba<br />

Tanamedrove evropul TeatrSi, da a. S.<br />

aucilebelia, TeatrebSi, Tavad Teatris interesebidan<br />

gamomdinare, tardebodes gamokiTxvebi mayureblebs Soris,<br />

gamokiTxvebis Sedegad, naTeli gaxdeba, Tu ra tipis mayurebeli<br />

dadis ama TuU im TeatrSi, ra sixSiriT, ra moswons, an, piriqiT,<br />

raze ar mova arasodes. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Teatris menejeri<br />

unda iyos profesionali kulturis menejeric. Teatris<br />

menejerma unda dasaxos strategiuli gegma, aseve kompaniis<br />

Sida monacemebs gadaxedos xSirad.<br />

menejers SeuZlia gamoiyenos bileTebis salaros an<br />

momxmareblis mier warmodgenili angariSebidan amoRebuli<br />

cnobebi. bileTebis salarodan miRebuli cnobebi SesaZleblobas<br />

aZleven Teatris menejers dasaxos gegma konkretuli<br />

RonisZiebebis gayidvebisa. Seadaros gasuli wlebis gegmas, da<br />

Tu moTxovnileba iqneba gadawyvitos ra RonisZiebebis gatarebaa<br />

saWiro erT an ramdenime cvladTan dakavSirebiT marketingul<br />

miqsSi. magaliTad, Tu gayidvebis done ramdenime kviris mere<br />

morigi RonisZiebebis Catarebis Semdeg mudmivad iklebs, maSin<br />

mizanmimarTulad swored am periodSi unda gaizardos biujeti<br />

dawinaurebisTvis, raTa SevinarCunoT an gavzardoT daswrebis<br />

maCvenebeli.<br />

176 177

nino SarmiaSvili<br />

klientebis sia, abonementebis mflobelebi, iqneba is<br />

komerciuli Tu arakomerciuli – aris saintereso informacia.<br />

aucilebelia aseve sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis menejeri<br />

iyos profesionali. misi meSveobiT unda xdebodes<br />

sazogadoebasTan urTierToba – informaciis gacvla –<br />

komunikacia. maszea damokidebuli warmateba an warumatebloba.<br />

masmediasTan urTierTobis CamoyalibebaSic didi wvlili unda<br />

miuZRvodes sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis menejers,<br />

mniSvnelovania speqtaklis premieris dro da TariRi gavrceldes<br />

sazogadoebaSi masmediis saSualebiT, unda daigegmos iseTi<br />

PR kampania, rom sazogadoebis didi nawili dainteresdes da<br />

ar iyos es sazogadoebis garkveul fenaze gaTvlili.<br />

marto varskvlavebis gaxsniT Sors ver wavalT. qarTul<br />

Teatrs sWirdeba bevri mayurebeli, mayurebels _ kargi<br />

speqtakli, karg speqtakls _ piesa, profesionali gundi da<br />

bevri Sroma, rac, Cemi azriT, iseT Sedegs moitans, rom akademiur<br />

TeatrebSi aRar iqneba mayureblis problema da didi imedi<br />

maqvs yvela speqtakli anSlagiT Caivlis.<br />

saTeatro menejmentSi aseve sakmaod mniSvnelovania Tavad<br />

Sida organizaciuli struqtura, romelic, erTi mxriv, sakmaod<br />

rTuli rgolia. aq, erTi mxriv, yuradReba gasamaxvilebelia<br />

SemoqmedebiT seqtorze, aseve didi yuradReba sWirdeba teqnikur<br />

seqtorsa da saerTo, administraciul seqtors. pirveli maTgani,<br />

faqtobrivad, Teatraluri moRvaweobis mTavari principia da<br />

moicavs yvelafers, rac dakavSirebulia Teatris samxatvro<br />

xelmZRvanelobasTan, repertuarTan, msaxiobebTan da a. S.<br />

teqnikuri seqtori esaa speqtaklebis teqnikuri momzadeba,<br />

ganaTeba, rekviziti, xmis redaqtireba. xolo, rac Seexeba<br />

administraciul seqtors, esaa sabuRaltro, komerciuli<br />

samsaxurebi.<br />

Teatri, imisaTvis, rom man warmoadginos erTi speqtakli,<br />

sakmaod rTul da saintereso gzas gadis, amas Teatraluri<br />

moRvaweobis sawarmoo cikli ewodeba da Sedgeba iseTi<br />

etapebisagan, rogorebicaa gansaxorcielebeli speqtaklis<br />

Tematikis SerCeva, dadgmisTvis momzadeba, speqtaklisaTvis<br />

momzadeba, `aspeqtebis Sekvra~, marketinguli gegma, premiera<br />

da analitikuri samuSao premieris Semdeg. rogorc xedavT,<br />

mayureblis problema akademiur TeatrebSi<br />

erTi speqtaklis dasadgmelad uamravi samuSaoa Casatarebeli,<br />

uamravi adamianis mier. pirveli ramdenime stadia SemoqmedebiTteqnikur<br />

e. w. `ganyofilebebs~ exebaT da misi marTvac mxolod<br />

Semoqmedebs da teqnikur specialistebs SeeZlebaT. rac Seexeba<br />

marketingul gegmasa da sainformacio-sareklamo masalis<br />

momzadebas, es ukve menejment-marketingis samsaxuris<br />

prerogativaa da am nawilsac iseTive sasicocxlo funqcia<br />

akisriaT, rogoric Tavad speqtaklis SemoqmedebiT mxares. ar<br />

aqvs mniSvneloba, ris gamo ar moxdeba mayureblis speqtaklze<br />

daswreba, ugemovno, araRirebuli warmodgenis gamo, Tu araswori<br />

marketinguli strategiis an arasaTanado menejmentis gamo.<br />

rezultati mainc erTi iqneba _ Teatrs ar hyavs mayurebeli<br />

da es sakmaod mniSvnelovani problemaa. Teatris momxmarebeli<br />

xom TavisTavad mayurebelia. momxmareblis gareSe darCenili<br />

<strong>saxelovnebo</strong> produqti ki sruli kraxia kulturis<br />

menejmentisaTvis.<br />

Tumca, optimistebi Tu viqnebiT, ar arsebobs gadauWreli<br />

problema. me Tu mkiTxavT, amisaTvis sulac araa saWiro did<br />

optimisturi ganwyoba. amisaTvis saWiroa elementaruli<br />

praqtikuli da Teoriuli codna marketingsa da menejmentSi.<br />

saTeatro menejmentis warmarTvisas, pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia,<br />

Sida organizaciuli problemebis mogvareba. nebismier<br />

organizaciaSi erTi nabiji warmatebisken ukve gadadgmulia,<br />

Tu mogvarebulia struqturis problema, Tu sworadaa funqciebi<br />

gadanawilebuli da Tu xelmZRvaneli rgoli axerxebs yvela<br />

ganyofilebaze mmarTvelobiT e. w. `Tvalyuris devnebas~. es<br />

imas niSnavs, rom organizaciaSi nebismieri qmedeba iqneba<br />

adekvaturi da Sesabamisi, aseve iqneba kontrolirebadi da<br />

mizanmimarTuli. struqturis sworad Camoyalibebis Semdeg<br />

Teatrs ukve SeeZleba SemoqmedebiT saqmianobasTan erTad<br />

marketingul gaTvlebsa da PR kampaniebzec ifiqros. pirvel<br />

rigSi, aucilebelia, zogadad masis, rogorc bazris Sesaxeb<br />

informaciis raime, Tundac nebismieri xerxiT miReba.<br />

aucilebelia konkurentunariani sxva Teatrebis programastrategiebis<br />

zedmiwevniTi Seswavla imisaTvis, rom mocemulma<br />

Teatrma SeinarCunos individualuroba, stili, statusi da<br />

mkacrad gansazRvruli adgili bazarze. garda amisa, saWiro<br />

178 179

nino SarmiaSvili<br />

da isev aucilebelia sareklamo kampaniebi, urTierToba masobrivi<br />

informaciis gamavrcelebel saSualebebTan da mWidro kontaqti<br />

momxmarebelTan. Teatrs SeuZlia, Seqmnas `mudmivi mayureblis~<br />

klubi, sadac gawevrianebulebs saSualeba eqnebaT fasdaklebiT<br />

an mosawvevebiT daeswros premierebs, speqtaklebs. merwmuneT,<br />

ufro mniSvnelovania, darbazi iyos mayurebliT savse da maT<br />

bileTebi hqondeT SeZenili naxevarfasad, vidre, premieraze<br />

iyos mxolod ramdenime aTeuli adamiani, ZviradRirebuli<br />

bileTebiT. yovelive zemoT CamoTvlili saSualebebis sworad<br />

gamoyenebisa da, plus amas, sxva specifikuri RonisZiebebis<br />

gatarebis Semdeg, merwmuneT, saqarTveloSi arsebul Teatrebs<br />

mayureblis problema namdvilad aRar SeeqmnebaT.<br />

mariam WumburiZe<br />

magistraturis II kursi<br />

xelmZRvaneli - prof. iuri mRebriSvili<br />

menejmentis zogierTi<br />

problemaKTanamedrove xelovnebaSi<br />

Tanamedrove epoqa socialur-politikuri, ekonomikuri,<br />

ekologiuri da kulturuli sferoebis Sokuri cvalebadobiT<br />

mimdinareobs. sazogadoebaSi icvleba prioritetebi, maTi<br />

warmatebuli ganxorcielebis saSualebebi. pragmatulma ideebma<br />

konkretuli mimarTulebebi da miznis miRwevis srulad<br />

gansazRvruli gzebi gamokveTa, romelTa Soris upirvelesi<br />

adamianis gavlenis sferoebSi SeRweva, Zalauflebis mopoveba,<br />

Semosavlisken swrafva, materialuri uzrunvelyofis miRweva iqca.<br />

am procesebis fonze SeumCnevlad daiwyo da mimdinareobs<br />

adamianis dehumanizacia, misi kulturuli identurobis<br />

aRmofxvra. uamrav problemaTa nakadSi moqceuli adamiani<br />

ver iazrebs, rom kulturis krizisi apirobebs sazogadoebaSi<br />

azrovnebisa da Sesabamisad yofierebis mraval problemas.<br />

kultura zogadi cnebaa da moicavs kacobriobis materialur<br />

da sulier sferos, miRwevebs orive mimarTulebiT, sazogadoebis<br />

ganviTarebisa da miRwevebis, memkvidreobiTi princi pis<br />

gamoyenebisa da evoluciis CaTvliT. am ori saxeobis gamijvna<br />

SeuZlebelia maTi organuli kavSiris gamo, radgan ideis<br />

materialuri xorcSesxma swored codnis, niWis materializebaa.<br />

sulieri kulturis obieqturi gansxeulebac materialuri<br />

saSualebebis daxmarebiT mimdinareobs, e. i., kulturis nebismieri<br />

sagani (movlena) materialurisa da sulieris an piriqiT<br />

sulierisa da materialuris xorcSesxmuli erTobliobaa.<br />

sulieri kultura moicavs Semecnebis sferos, sulier<br />

Semoqmedebas, religias, miTologias, filosofias, Semecnebas,<br />

zneobas, aRzrdas, ganaTlebas, samarTals, mecnierebas,<br />

literaturas, xelovnebas.<br />

kidev ufro davakonkretoT: xelovneba-literatura, Teatri,<br />

kino, saxviTi xelovneba, musika, qoreografia, sacirko xelovneba<br />

adamianis Sinagani samyarosa Tu garegnuli mSvenierebis<br />

180 181

mariam WumburiZe<br />

menejmentis zogierTi problema Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi<br />

srulyofilebis, cxovrebis idealur standartebamde miRwevis,<br />

rafinirebis saSualebad moiazreboda da moiazreba, magram<br />

dRes mxolod gonebis, racionaluri prioritetebiT dakavebul<br />

sazogadoebaSi mxolod nawilobriv, zedapirulad an zereled<br />

xdeba misi gamoyeneba, SemoqmedebiToba, emociuroba, intuiciisadmi<br />

yuradRebis mipyroba.<br />

cxovrebis dRevandeli stili, ritmi, adamians ar sZens<br />

qcevis, yofiTi kulturis ZiriTad mimarTulebas, komunikaciis<br />

anbanur codnas. xolo Tuki igi flobs am Tvisebebs, misi<br />

realizaciis saSualebas.<br />

yovel sazogadoebriv-ekonomikur formacias kulturis<br />

Tavisi tipi axasiaTebs, ama Tu im formaciis Secvla upirobod<br />

iwvevs kulturis tipis cvlilebasac. rogorc wesi es ar<br />

unda niSnavdes ganxeTqilebas, kavSiris gawyvetas, rRvevas, miT<br />

ufro Zvelis ganadgurebas. saukuneebiT dasturdeba, rom axali<br />

formacia aucileblobis gamo, gamorCeviT iRebs wina formaciis<br />

kulturul miRwevebs. Semoqmedeba xom ZiriTadad tradicias<br />

eyrdnoba, agrZelebs an emijneba mas.<br />

rogor aisaxeba Tanamedrove civilizaciasa da msoflio<br />

<strong>saxelovnebo</strong> kulturaSi yovelive zemoaRniSnuli. ra<br />

cvlilebebsa da problemaTa rigs moicavs zogadad dRevandeli<br />

xelovneba, ra sirTuleTa gadalaxva uxdeba mas da am<br />

konteqstSi qarTul xelovnebas, mis calkeul dargebs.<br />

upirvelesad Teatris problematikas SevexebiT. es arc<br />

Tu ise advilia im faqtis gamo, rom yovel qveyanaSi arsebuli<br />

ZiriTadi politikuri klimati gavlenas axdens yoveldRiuri<br />

cxovrebis yvela aspeqtze, maT Soris Teatrzec, romelic,<br />

rogorc zogadad xelovneba, sazogadoebis `sarkes~ warmoadgenda<br />

yovelTvis. im realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom msoflioSi<br />

ekonomikur-politikuri krizisi da daZabuloba TandaTan<br />

mZafrdeba, saqarTveloSi damatebiT omis Semdgomi da mudmivad<br />

axali konfliqtebis afeTqebis situacia kidev ufro arTulebs<br />

Teatrebis Cveul, aprobirebul, gasuli saukunis Zalze<br />

warmatebul cxovrebas.<br />

menejmenti kulturis dawesebulebaSi Tanamedroveobis<br />

moTxovnaa, romelic aucilebelia kulturuli produqciis<br />

warmoebis aqtiurobis ganviTarebisa da mayureblis kulturuli<br />

moTxovnilebebis Camosayalibeblad.<br />

kulturis nonprofituli nawili, romlis SemadgenlobaSic<br />

Teatri moiazreba (municipaluri Teatrebi), mTel msoflioSi<br />

finansdeba saxelmwifo biujetidan, sxvadasxva fondidan,<br />

sponsoruli saqmianobidan, mecenatobidan.Kkulturas<br />

xelmZRvanelobs kulturis saministro, romelic yvela civilur<br />

qveyanaSi makoordinirebel funqcias asrulebs da Tavis<br />

menejments mimarTavs kulturis strategiis dadgenisa da<br />

dagegmvisaken, konkretuli qveynis aramaterialuri da<br />

materialuri kulturuli memkvidreobisa da sazogadoebis<br />

mentalitetis gaTvaliswinebiT;Aaqedan gamomdinare, adgens<br />

prioritetTa sistemas da mizanmimarTulad axorcielebs Tavis<br />

menejments; magram yovelTvis ase rodi xdeba.<br />

Kkultura komerciul dargTa Soris ar ganixileba, iseve<br />

rogorc sporti, jandacva, ganaTleba. Tumca miuxedavad<br />

nonprofitulobisa mas gaaCnia mcire komerciuli seqtori.<br />

romlis menejmenti da marketingi iseve muSaobs, rogorc sxva<br />

komerciul seqtorSi. mas garkveuli wvlili Seaqvs ekonomikaSic,<br />

radgan qmnis samuSao adgilebs, gaaCnia Tavisi avtonomiuri<br />

bazari _ sagrZnobi sainvesticio potencialiT.Aaqve unda<br />

davZinoT, rom kultura da xelovneba socialurad momgebiania<br />

sazogadoebis mTavari Rerebulebebis akumulirebisa da<br />

translirebisTvis.<br />

biznesisa da menejmentis Tanamedrove teqnologiebi: reklama,<br />

PR, personalTan muSaoba, korporaciuli kulturis formireba<br />

SeuZlebelia socialur-kulturuli moRvaweobis tradiciuli<br />

formebis gamoyenebis gareSe.<br />

Yyvela zemoT aRniSnuli teqnologia saWiroa da aqtiurad<br />

gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove xelovnebis yvela dargSi.<br />

Sou-biznesi zogadad kulturuli momsaxurebis sferos<br />

erT-erTi mimarTulebaa. Tu mas ar axlavs biznesis cneba,<br />

maSin igi saqvelmoqmedo xasiaTisaa da misi dafinanseba xdeba<br />

an saxelmwifo biujetidan an municipalitetidan. im SemTxvevaSi<br />

rodesac Sous aqvs komerciuli Rirebuleba maSin is Soubiznesis<br />

kategoriaSi gadadis, romelsac aqvs komerciuli<br />

Rirebuleba da aucileblad mogeba unda moutanos mis<br />

182 183

mariam WumburiZe<br />

menejmentis zogierTi problema Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi<br />

mwarmoebels. mis Rirebulebas ixdis momxmarebeli (mayurebeli).<br />

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, sanaxaoba igive produqtia da igi<br />

momgebianad unda gaiyidos bazarze. aseTi Sedegis misaRwevad<br />

saWiroa efeqturi menejmenti da marketingi, romlis formula<br />

ase gamoixateba _ moZebneT (an SeqmeniT) moTxovnileba da<br />

daakmayofileT igi. rac ufro maRalmxatvruli iqneba programa<br />

da misi gaformeba monawileTa CaTvliT, miT ufro meti iqneba<br />

Sous Rirebuleba-fasi.<br />

Tu gaTvlili iqneba Sous mowyobis yoveli niuansi da<br />

efeqturad iqneba warmodgenili menejmenti da marketingi, anu,<br />

Seswavlili iqneba sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufis<br />

moTxovnileba da interesebi, socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba<br />

/diferencirebuli midgoma sxvadasxva socialur jgufTan /<br />

miT ufro momgebiani da efeqturi iqneba Sou-biznesi, rasac<br />

adasturebs kidec misi popularoba da auditoriis yvelaze<br />

ufro mravalricxovani da mravalferovani warmomadgenloba<br />

msoflio varskvlavTa monawileobiT dagegmili da warmatebiT<br />

ganxorcielebuli proeqtebiT.<br />

rac Seexeba saTeatro xelovnebas, dRes rTulia isaubro<br />

Teatrebis marTvis raime sistemasa da organizebaze.<br />

prioritetTa gamokveTis Semdeg kulturis saministrom mWidro<br />

urTierTkavSiri unda daamyaros qveynis xelmZRvanelobasTan,<br />

vinaidan mTeli rigi sakiTxis mogvareba saxelmwifos<br />

mmarTvelobiTi organoebis Tanadgomis gareSe warmoudgeneli<br />

iqneba.<br />

saxelmwifo TeatrebSi, romlebic kulturis saministros<br />

mier finansdeba, finansebi nawildeba garkveul proeqtebze da<br />

iseT utilitarul saWiroebebze, rogoricaa Teatris Senobis<br />

Senaxva _ ganaTeba, mcire SekeTeba, komunikaciebisa da warmoebis<br />

sxvadasxva rgolebis resursebis SeZena da ZiriTadad saxelfaso<br />

fondis SenarCuneba. romelSic mainc xdeba garRveva (Seferxeba).<br />

radgan Teatris TanamSromelTa da msaxiobTa, anu dasis,<br />

Semadgenloba erTad (miuxedavad perioduli gadaxarisxebisa<br />

da Semcirebebisa, vgulisxmobT mudmivad dasaqmebul pirebs)<br />

mravalricxovania, amis gamo Zalian mcire Tanxa rCeba axali<br />

speqtaklebis ganxorcielebisTvis. am problemis gadawyveta<br />

damokidebulia ukve mxolod da mxolod Teatris<br />

administraciis moxerxebaze da isic yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi<br />

konkretuli damfinanseblis (sponsoris) moZiebaze, an garkveuli<br />

periodis ganmavlobaSi mudmivi mecenatis gamoCenaze. amis<br />

moxerxeba Tu mouxerxebloba TvalnaTliv aisaxeba speqtaklis<br />

dadgmis xarisxze.<br />

gvxvdeba gansxvavebuli svlac. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi<br />

SesaZlebelia, romelime reJisorma TviTon i povos Tavisi<br />

proeqtis damfinansebeli da winadadebiT mimarTos sasurvel,<br />

am SemTxvevaSi cnobil Teatrs, misTvis speqtaklis dadgmis<br />

uflebis nebarTvaze. Tuki proeqti daainteresebs Teatris<br />

samxatvro sabWos, am SemTxvevaSi iwyeba muSaoba SeTavazebul<br />

proeqtze, romlis mimdinareobis angariSs, periodulad<br />

repeticiebze daswrebiT amowmeben samxatvro sabWos wevrebi<br />

an upiratesad Teatris samxatvro xelmZRvaneli. mxolod<br />

dadebiTi Sefasebis, sainteresod ganxorcielebuli Sedegis<br />

aRmoCenisas eZleva muSaobis gagrZelebis saSualeba proeqtis<br />

warmomdgen reJisors speqtaklis dasasruleblad, romelic<br />

Semdgom ikavebs Sesabamis adgils Teatris mimdinare<br />

repertuarSi. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom saxelSekrulebo sistema<br />

ar iTvaliswinebs am SemTxvevaSi TanamSromlobis aucilebel<br />

gagrZelebas.<br />

samsaxiobo xelovnebis problemebi aranakleb aqtualuria<br />

ganxilul konteqstSi. msaxiobi yvelaze metadaa damokidebuli<br />

Seqmnil viTarebaze da yvelaze metad ganicdis uxilavi Tu<br />

xiluli peripetiebis Sedegebs sakuTar Tavze. sazRvargareT<br />

msaxiobTa umravlesoba mcire anazRaurebis gamo iZulebulia,<br />

sxva TeatrSic imuSaos ZiriTadis paralelurad, ufro maRali<br />

anazRaurebis misaRebad, rac Semdgom iwvevs ZiriTad TeatrebSi<br />

mis gaucxoebas, fragmentul dakavebas an mis nacvlad sxva<br />

msaxiobis mowvevas (TeatrisTvis iZulebiT) da damatebiTi<br />

anazRaurebis gamoyofas misTvis.<br />

saqarTveloSi es tendencia odnav saxecvlilia. periferiidan<br />

Tu dedaqalaqidan msaxiobebi Tavad eZeben asparezs popularobis<br />

miRwevisTvis. umravlesoba maqsimalurad cdilobs teleekranze<br />

romelime Sou-programaSi moxvedras wamyvanis, monawilis –<br />

sareklamo rgolSi dafiqsirebis saxiT. warmatebis SemTxvevaSi<br />

zogierTi maTgani saavtoro gadacemasac amzadebs da mihyavs<br />

184 185

mariam WumburiZe<br />

menejmentis zogierTi problema Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi<br />

kidec, Semdeg etapze SesaZlebelia igi prodiuseradac<br />

mogvevlinos. ZiriTad TeatrSi maTi monawileoba, ramdenime<br />

speqtaklSi mainc xerxdeba. aq sxva xasiaTis problema iCens<br />

Tavs, romelic niWier adamianTa Janrobriv Tu zogadad<br />

saSemsruleblo Stampebad iqceva.<br />

Teatrebis umravlesobas ar aqvs `cnobadi~ da Tanmimdevruli<br />

repertuari. erT dRes warmodgenil klasikur piesas SeiZleba<br />

mohyves sruliad gaugebari, arafris mTqmel piesaze Seqmnili<br />

umniSvnelo speqtakli, rac abnevs ara mxolod Teatris<br />

mayureblebs, aramed mis TanamSromlebsac. Sedegad, Zalian<br />

mcire Teatrebi axerxeben msoflioSi aRiarebuli Tanamedrove<br />

dramebis warmodgenis tendenciis ganxorcielebas. siaxlisadmi<br />

Tavis aridebis mizezadac finansuri, ekonomikuri krizisi<br />

saxeldeba, radgan Teatrs ar moepoveba Tanxa, romelic unda<br />

gamoeyos Tanamedrove avtorebs axal piesaze muSaobis<br />

anazRaurebisTvis an TanamSromlobis honorarisTvis. arsebobs<br />

iSviaTi gamonaklisic, zogierT qveyanaSi esa Tu is Teatri<br />

axerxebs dadgas msoflioSi ukve gaxmaurebuli, cnobili dramebi.<br />

Cven qveyanaSic analogiur problemaTa gamo igrZnoba<br />

sarep ertuaro p olitikis gaurkvevloba. SerCevisas<br />

araTanmimdevroba, proeqtis avtori, romelic Tavad afinansebs<br />

Teatrisadmi SemoTavazebul, misTvis saintereso piesas,<br />

uflebamosilia Tavad SesTavazos TeatrsMmisi gadawyvetis<br />

xerxebi da SerCeul msaxiobTa kandidatura.Aam SemTxvevaSi<br />

xelmZRvaneloba mkacrad ver miuTiTebs mas mTeli dasisTvis<br />

saintereso sxva piesaze. repertuaris mravalferovnebisTvis<br />

Tanxmdeba mis azrs, es an amarTlebs, an _ ara. xelovnebis am<br />

sferoSi winaswar ver ganWvret speqtaklis warmatebawarumateblobis<br />

sakiTxs, radgan saboloo pasuxs mxolod<br />

mayureblis daswreba xdis TvalsaCinos.<br />

Teatrisa da mayureblis problema udaod sainteresod<br />

asaxavs droisa da garemos zemoqmedebas xelovnebaze zogadad<br />

da konkretulad am dargze. mayurebeli, Tanamedrove<br />

sazogadoebis is warmomadgenlobaa, romelic `Seisyidis~ an<br />

ugulebelyofs Teatris produqcias. Tavis mxriv, Teatri<br />

yovelTvis rodi iTvaliswinebda an iTvaliswinebs mayureblis<br />

an, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, `bazris~ moTxovnas.Aam SemTxvevaSi<br />

Teatri ubralod carieldeboda TandaTan da speqtakli<br />

ixsneboda. uares SemTxvevaSi zogierTi Teatri ixureboda.<br />

ekonomikuri krizisi sazogadoebis mZime gamocdas<br />

warmoadgens. sxvadasxva asakis, anu TaobaTa, sxvadasxva<br />

Tvalsazrisisa da gemovnebis, gansxvavebuli inteleqtisa da<br />

miswrafebis mqone adamianTa es jgufebi, sxvadasxva moTxovniT<br />

erTiandebian an gamoirCevian erTimeorisgan. TviT xelovnebis<br />

sanaxaobriv dargebsac Tavisi jgufi (mayurebeli) aZlevs<br />

sasicocxlo Zalas.<br />

uaxloes periodSi Teatrma orjer ganicada mZime dartyma.<br />

gasuli saukunis mier televiziis aRmoCeniT, dRes ki sayovelTao<br />

kompiuterizaciiT, rom araferi vTqvaT kacobriobis sxva<br />

interesebze da mis periodul, etapobriv an moulodnel<br />

cvlilebebze.<br />

saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc msoflioSi, televiziam<br />

`moipara~ mayurebeli. Caketa isini sakuTar saxlebSi da miajaWva<br />

ekrans. urTierTobaSic Seitana koreqtivebi. dRes-dReobiT<br />

muSaobis, garTobis, urTierTobis, informaciis mopovebis yvelaze<br />

advili da moxerxebuli saSualeba kompiuteria. xolo adamianis<br />

urTierToba TeatrTan, misma mouclelobam an piriqiT usaqmod<br />

(umuSevrad da usaxsrod) darCenam ganapiroba. amas emateba<br />

konkretulad saqarTveloSi yvela sferoSi Catarebuli<br />

reforma. restruqturizaciis problema SeiWra TeatrSic da<br />

aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi moRvawe msaxiobTa mTeli Taoba<br />

gaiyola, romlebic `axalgazrda nakadad~ cnobilma msaxiobebma<br />

Caanacvles.<br />

bunebrivia am Taobis gasvlam asparezidan gamoiwvia<br />

mayureblis kontingentis Secvla da ufrosi Taobis mayureblis<br />

interesis dakargvac sapasuxod. axalgazrda Taobis msaxiobTa<br />

gulSematkivrebi ZiriTadad premierebze avseben Teatrs. maT<br />

gverdiT warmodgenilni arian naTesav-megobrebi da axloblebi,<br />

Semdgom garkveuli procenti im mayureblisa, romelic bileTebis<br />

SeZenis msyidvelobiTi unariT gamoirCeva. mogvianebiT ki rTuli<br />

asaxsnelia anSlagebis princi pi, radgan erTi da imave<br />

speqtaklis sanaxavad erT dRes modis mayurebeli, rigiT meore<br />

speqtaklze ki igi ar Cans.<br />

186 187

mariam WumburiZe<br />

menejmentis zogierTi problema Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi<br />

sainteresoa morigi problemac, romelic Janrobriv<br />

moTxovnilebas Seexeba.AaSkarad dominirebs interesi<br />

komediisadmi. Semdeg istoriuli pirovnebebis, erovnuli gmirebis<br />

cxovrebis amsaxveli piesebisadmi _ es isev saqarTveloSi.<br />

zogadad ki festivalebisadmi, sadac Tavs iyrian cnobili<br />

dasebi da varskvlavebi.Mmagram maTi xilvis saSualeba<br />

upiratesad – sazogadoebis SeZlebul nawils aqvs.<br />

zemoT SevexeT msaxiobTa problemas, magram ar aRgviniSnavs<br />

is, rom televiziam Teatrs ara mxolod mayurebeli, aramed<br />

msaxiobebic waarTva. satelevizio serialebSi moxvedra an<br />

telefilmebSi TamaSi popularobis uzrunvelyofis garkveul<br />

garantad iqca. Semosavlis wyaro aRmoCnda sxva qveynebis<br />

filmebisa da serialebis gaxmovanebac da satelevizio<br />

musikalur Sou-programebSi monawileoba. zogierTma pragmatulad<br />

moazrovne msaxiobma politikur sarbielze gadainacvla da<br />

politikuri gadacemebis aqtiur monawiled iqca.<br />

aSkarad nel-nela daviwyebas mieca im msaxiobTa saxelebi,<br />

romlebic TeatrSi muSaobis miuxedavad naklebad dakavebulni<br />

aRmoCndnen mimdinare repertuarSi. isini garkveuli satelevizio<br />

tendenciis gamo iSviaTad an sul ar Cndebian teleekranze.Aam<br />

sakiTxTan mimarTebiT samagaliToa evropis qveynebis mier<br />

SenarCunebuli principi, xandazmul msaxiobTa Sesabamisi asakis<br />

rolebze miwveviT. rom aRaraferi vTqvaT aTwleulebiT<br />

gaCerebul qarTul kinematografze da amis gamo sruliad<br />

ignorirebul kinomsaxiobTa mTel kohortaze.<br />

problematurad gamoikveTa Semdegi tendenciac. telearxebis<br />

axalma gadacemebma, romelTa umravlesoba gasarTobi tipis<br />

Sous warmoadgens gza gauxsnes araprofesional axalgazrdebs<br />

da maT ugemovno gadacemebs.<br />

swored am iaffasiani Sous mayurebelTa gemovnebas<br />

daeqvemdebara quCis sakoncerto sanaxaobebis gamarTva. xolo<br />

teleekranze dabali xarisxis teleserialebma usaqmod<br />

darCenili sazogadoebis umravlesobis cnobierebaze miitana<br />

ieriSi da damatebiT waarTva mayurebeli qarTul Teatrs.<br />

dascems Tu ara es tendencia samsaxiobo xelovnebis<br />

miRwevebis dones? – nawilobriv, _ aucileblad. es gemovneba,<br />

mayurebelTa am tipis moTxovna, did TeatrebSic aRwevs da<br />

maTi mozidvis mizniT, rogorc sazRvargareT, aseve qarTul<br />

TeatrSic ara erTi kompromisuli speqtakli Cndeba.<br />

Seiqmna kerZo, mcire Teatrebi, romlebic sakmaod kargad<br />

arTmeven Tavs speqtaklisTvis gaweuli xarjebis amoRebas.<br />

uamravi patara Teatri alternatiuli Teatrebis cnebiT,<br />

romlebic xan droebiT funqcionireben da qrebian, an cnobil<br />

festivalebze axerxeben mxolod monawileobis miRebas Tavisi<br />

speqtaklis warmodgeniT.<br />

sazRvargareT maT kritikosebi did yuradRebas ar uTmoben,<br />

magram es sulac ar moqmedebs maT reitingze da popularobaze.<br />

msgavsi viTarebaa saqarTveloSi, konkretulad axalgazrdebSi<br />

uaRresad popularul sardafis TeatrSi, romlis speqtaklebs,<br />

Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas ramdenimejer eswreba erTi da igive<br />

mayurebeli, romelmac misi samxatvro xelmZRvanelis akademiur<br />

TeatrSi paraleluri moRvaweobis gamo Seavso marjaniSvilis<br />

Teatric.<br />

SesavalSi aRniSnul problemaTa rigSi samwuxarod<br />

SesaniSnavad Tavsdeba Tanamedrove saxviTi xelovneba, qarTuli<br />

kinematografi da a.S. Tumca es ukanaskneli (vgulisxmobT<br />

kinematografs) TiTqos iwyebs ukve gamococxlebas da<br />

saerTaSoriso asparezze warmatebul gasvlas.<br />

rac Seexeba saxviT xelovnebas, mxatvarTa azriT, xalxi<br />

da mxatvroba aSkarad daSorda erTmaneTs. saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

midgoma am mimarTulebiTac iTxovs yuradRebis miqcevas. daixura<br />

saxelmwifo sagamofeno darbazebi, maT magivrad bevri kerZo<br />

galerea funqcioniebs. personaluri gamofenis mowyobaze, rasac<br />

adre mxatvarTa kavSiri aregulirebda, dRes Tavad mxatvari<br />

zrunavs. finansurad es Zalian did xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli.<br />

gamoiZebna alternatiuli gza, ramdenime mxatvris gaerTianebiT,<br />

Tundac erTi dRiT ama Tu im darbazis daqiravebis da maTTvis<br />

sasurveli, bolo dros Seqmnili suraTebis gamofenisaTvis,<br />

romelic, Tavis mxriv, sulac ar aris sakmarisi farTo<br />

sazogadoebisTvis sakuTari Semoqmedebis gasacnobad.<br />

gamofena-gayidvaze iSviaTad iyideba maTi namuSevrebi.<br />

WeSmarit mxatvrul produqcias masa modur tendenciebs<br />

amjobinebs, ara da igi arc ki flobs zust informacias<br />

saxviTi xelovnebis kanonebis ganviTarebasa da zogadad<br />

188 189

mariam WumburiZe<br />

menejmentis zogierTi problema Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi<br />

profesionalizmze. aRiarebul da cnobil mxatvarTa nawarmoebebs<br />

konkurencias uwevs salonuri tipis popularuli mxatvroba.<br />

produqciis sazRvargareT gatanac am niSniT mimdinareobs<br />

ZiriTadad. materialurad SeWirvebul ostatebs jabnian<br />

moxerxebuli da moqnili axalbedebi. amdenad, isinic iZulebulni<br />

xdebian sabazro ekonomikis, masis gemovnebis dakveTiT Segnebuli<br />

kompromisi dauSvan an datovon samSoblo da sazRvargareT<br />

eZebon damkvidrebisa da gadarCenis saSualebani.<br />

problema ase gamoixateba, xdeba popularulis da ara<br />

profesionaluris Zieba.<br />

udides atributs,Ffinansur safuZvelTan erTad, romelsac<br />

mxatvari saWiroebs, warmoadgens Tavdajerebuloba, sakuTari<br />

saqmianobisadmi rwmena da imis codna, rom saukeTeso fromouSeni<br />

eyrdnoba kargad, sifrTxiliT dagegmil, xangrZliv programas,<br />

romelic keTilsindisier koleqcionerebTan perspeqtiul<br />

TanamSromlobas daeyrdnoba.<br />

dResdReobiT arsebobs axali teqnologiebi, romlebic<br />

exmarebian mxatvrebs maTi Semoqmedebis fromouSenSi. DVD<br />

diskebi efeqturad warmoadgens mxatvris naSroms da SesaZloa<br />

gamoyenebuli iqnas gamofenis Casawerad, sxva namuSevrebTan<br />

SedarebisTvis an sxva miznebisTvis.Ees xarjT-efeqturi<br />

saSualebaa mxatvrisa da misi SemoqmedebiTi studiis<br />

(saxelosnos) warsadgenad, mxatvris muSaobis procesis<br />

Casawerad da gansakuTrebul namuSevrebze misi uflebamosilebis<br />

dasamtkiceblad. DVD mSvenivrad exmareba fromouSens, vinaidan<br />

mayureblis interessa da yuradRebas ipyrobs.Aaseve ar unda<br />

dagvaviwydes, rom did manZilze komunikaciis dasamyareblad<br />

faqsi da interneti sakmaod mosaxerxebelia. sabednierod, es<br />

axali teqnologiebi, saSualebas aZlevs erTnairad moazrovne<br />

mxatvrebs moawyon mniSvnelovani gamofenebi, katalogebSi<br />

Seitanon TavianTi namuSevrebi da daamyaron individualuri<br />

kontaqtebi. im SemTxvevaSi Tu mxatvari ikisrebs sakuTari<br />

bazris Seqmnis pasuxismgeblobas da sakuTari namuSevrebis<br />

gayidvas, is SeinarCunebs sacalo fasis dileris wils.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom samxatvro bazari uxvadaa Sevsebuli<br />

da konkurencia sakmaod maRalia, namuSevrebis gayidva dauRalavi<br />

mcdelobis Sedegad mainc SesaZlebelia.<br />

yovelive zemoTqmuli ar gamoricxavs imis aucileblobas,<br />

rom gairRves saqarTveloSi arsebuli vakuumi da civilizebuli<br />

qveynebis Sesabamisad, Seiqmnas samxatvro galereebis sistemuri<br />

qseli, romelTa meSveobiTac mudmivi kontaqti damyardeba<br />

msoflio bazarze cnobil galereebTan.Ees SesaZleblobas<br />

miscems qarTvel mxatvrebs, rom maTi Semoqmedeba mudmivi<br />

yuradRebis sagnad iqces cnobili ucxoeli kuratorebisa da<br />

dilerebisTvis.Aamis gareSe evropisa da amerikis seriozul<br />

samxatvro galereaSi moxvedra (mcire gamonaklisis garda)<br />

TiTqmis SeuZlebelia.<br />

ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, sasurveli iqneboda, am procesSi saxviTi<br />

xelovnebis menejerebis CarTva, vinaidan isini kargad arian<br />

gaTviTcnobierebulni marketingze orientirebul industriaSi,<br />

romelic komerciaze fokusirebasa da alRos moiTxovs,<br />

mxatvrobis interesebis gaTvaliswinebasTan erTad. magram<br />

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, materialuri problema am mxrivac<br />

seriozul bariers warmoadgens.<br />

ganxilul problemaTa gaazreba da maTi gadawyvetis gzebis<br />

Zieba, upirvelesad, xelovnebis saxelmwifoebrivi zrunvis sagnad<br />

qcevis aucileblobas gvkarnaxobs.Mmeti yuradRebis gamaxvilebas,<br />

axali programebis Sedgenas da maTi SeTavazebis aucileblobas<br />

k ul tu r is sa mi n is t roeb i sa d a T a va d T ea t rebis<br />

administraciuli xelmZRvanelebis erToblivi ZalisxmeviT.<br />

uamravi festivali, SemoqmedebiTi gacvliTi programa,<br />

kulturis bazroba udaod saintereso nabijia adamianis<br />

dehumanizaciis, sulieri dakninebis procesis SesaCereblad.<br />

magram calkeuli RonisZiebebi ar kmara kacobriobis uZvelesi<br />

kulturis gadarCenisTvis, romlis erT-erTi pirveli asaxvis<br />

forma Teatria.<br />

Teatris yuradReba unda mieqces profesional menejerTa<br />

mowvevas, Tavis mxriv ki maT kompetenciaSi Sedis mayurebelTa<br />

mozidvis formebis Secvla, maTi survilebis mxedvelobaSi<br />

miRebiT. amisTvis ki SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes kiTxvarebi,<br />

romlebic gamoikvleven Tanamedrove mayureblis interesebs<br />

da amis mixedviT Seadgenen repertuars da a. S. magram<br />

TeatrisTvis am SemTxvevaSic saWiroa damatebiTi finansebi<br />

da kritikuli midgoma miRebuli informaciisadmi.<br />

190 191

mariam WumburiZe<br />

finansuri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad SesaZlebelia<br />

saabonento sistemis SemoReba, rac erTnairad xelsayreli<br />

iqneba rogorc mayureblisTvis, romelic fasdaklebiT SeZlebs<br />

warmodgenebze daswrebas, ise TeatrebisTvis, romlebic erTianad<br />

aiReben did Tanxas. es forma aprobirebulia evropis qveynebSi<br />

da sakmao popularobiT sargeblobs, radgan maTTvis premieraze<br />

daswreba gacilebiT Zvirad Rirebuli siamovnebaa vidre, winaswar<br />

abonementis SeZena, romelic am gziT uzrunvelyofs premierebze<br />

daswrebas.<br />

sasurveli iqneba qarTuliUkulturis xSiri monawileoba<br />

saerTaSoriso konkursebsa da sxva RonisZiebebSi misi<br />

popularizaciis mizniT.<br />

vinaidan Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi arsebuli statikuri<br />

garemo da ekonomikuri krizisi safrTxes uqmnis kulturuli<br />

organizaciebisa da zogadad xelovnebisa da kulturis<br />

arsebobas, aucilebelia Seicvalos mTeli sistema, SemuSavdes<br />

kulturisa da xelovnebis daxmarebis saxelmwifo politika,<br />

maRal doneze ganxorcieldes xelovnebis menejmenti da<br />

marketingi.<br />

nino xuciSvili<br />

magistraturis II kursi<br />

xelmZRvaneli - prof. iuri mRebriSvili<br />

internet teqnologiebi marketingSi<br />

globaluri informaciul-komunikaciuri teqnologiebis<br />

ganviTarebis procesebi Zalian dinamikuria, da misi<br />

SesaZleblobebi masStaburad viTardeba. Tu aTiode wlis win<br />

sityva interneti yvelasaTvis ucxo iyo, axla is erT-erTi<br />

ZiriTadi saSualebaa saWiro informaciis misaRebad. Znelia<br />

moiZebnos romelime kompania anda organizacia, romelic ar<br />

aris warmodgenili globalur qselSi, radgan xSir SemTxvevaSi<br />

is erTaderTi saSualebaa momxmarebelTan urTierTobisaTvis.<br />

internetnis gamoyenebam marketingul saqmianobaSi SeiZleba<br />

didi mogeba da ekonomia moutanos kompanias. es dakavSirebulia<br />

internetis moxmarebis moqnilobasa da komfortulobasTan,<br />

romelic ara marto kompaniis/organizaciisaTvis aris<br />

moxerxebuli, aramed momxmareblisTvisac. maSasadame internetis<br />

roli marketingSi dRiTidRe izrdeba.<br />

marketingis miznebi kulturaSi orientirebulia pirvel<br />

rigSi auditoriis Seswavlaze da gazrdaze, produqtis<br />

popularizaciaze. internet-teqnologiebi ki ayalibebs axal,<br />

aqtualur da xSir SemTxvevaSi martiv gzebs marketinguli<br />

saqmianobisaTvis.<br />

interneti unikalur maxasiaTeblebs flobs tradiciuli<br />

marketinguli instrumentebisgan gansxvavebiT. erT-erTi misi<br />

damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba, informaciis swrafi miwodeba da<br />

ganmtkicebaa.<br />

marketingSi internet-teqnologiebis gamoyenebis dadebiTi<br />

mxareebia:<br />

_ moxerxebuloba – momxmarebels SeuZlia 24 saaTis<br />

ganmavlobaSi gaecnos informacias kompaniis an mis mier<br />

warmoebuli produqtis Sesaxeb.<br />

informacia – momxmarebels SeuZlia SedarebiTi<br />

informaciis moZieba.<br />

192 193

nino xuciSvili<br />

internet teqnologiebi marketingSi<br />

siswrafe – momxmarebels SeuZlia swrafad SeukveTos<br />

da SeiZinos produqcia an momsaxureoba.<br />

konfidencialuroba – momxmarebels SeuZlia inkognitod<br />

imoqmedos.<br />

meore mxriv, marketingSi momuSaveTac aqvT garkveuli<br />

upiratesobebi:<br />

sabazro pirobebTan swrafi morgeba – menejers SeuZlia<br />

Secvalos produqti, fasi da a. S.<br />

naklebi xarjebi – reklama internetSi bevrad iafia,<br />

vidre masobrivi informaciis gavrcelebis saSualebebSi.<br />

urTierTobis mowyoba – marketingis menejerebs aqvT<br />

ufro meti urTierToba momxmarebelTan – iReben, aanalizeben<br />

maT SekiTxvebs, SemoTavazebebs da SeniSvnebs.<br />

auditoriis moxveWa – marketingis menejerebi ikvleven<br />

momxmarebels da swavloben samizne auditorias.<br />

agreTve organizacia iRebs garkveul upiratesobebs:<br />

momxmareblis zrda – kompania miznad axali bazris/<br />

momxmareblis segmentacias isaxavs.<br />

yuradRebis mipyroba – kompania/organizacia miiswrafis<br />

momxmareblis gafarToebisaken da maTi yuradRebis mipyrobisaken.<br />

reagirebis donis zrda – kompania/organizacia cdilobs<br />

mudmivad upasuxos momxmareblis moTxovnebs.<br />

axali momsaxurebebi (`servisebi~) _ kompania/organizacia<br />

momxmarebels sTavazobs siaxleebis internetis saSualebebiT.<br />

ra Tqma unda, marketingSi internet-teqnologiebis<br />

gamoyenebas Tvisobrivi naklovanebebic gaaCnia. rogorc wesi,<br />

momxmareblis da kompaniis urTierToba orive mxrisaTvis<br />

momgebiani unda iyos. magram, yovelTvis ase ar xdeba. magaliTad,<br />

marketinguli kvlevebi xSirad warmoebs internetis saSualebiT<br />

e-mail-is gamoyenebiT, da es momxmarebeli aRiqvas rogorc mis<br />

pirad cxovrebaSi SeWras.<br />

internet-reklama sareklamo saqmianobas sul sxva<br />

mimarTulebas aZlevs: internetis saSualebiT SeiZleba realur<br />

droSi ganaTavso nebismieri informacia kompaniis an produqtis<br />

Sesaxeb, romlebic miznobriv auditoriazea gaTvlili.<br />

reklamis erT-erTi xerxia informaciis ganTavseba webgverdze.<br />

es xdeba banerebis, eleqtronuli werilebis da a. S.<br />

saSualebiT. sxvadasxva instrumentebis gamoyeneba xdeba<br />

organizaciis mier amorCeuli sareklamo amocanebis Sesrulebis<br />

mixedviT.<br />

web-gverdis Seqmnisas pirvel rigSi kompaniis moTxovnebi<br />

unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli. web-gverdze srulyofili<br />

informacia unda iyos kompaniis da misi produqtis an<br />

momsaxurebis Sesaxeb. momxmarebeli an partniorebi web-gverds<br />

ukavSireben TavianT moTxovnebs: igi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi<br />

xelmisawvdomi unda iyos, raTa SeeZloT yovelTvis dakavSireba.<br />

internetis meSveobiT momxmarebeli cdilobs pirdapiri dialogi<br />

hqondes produqtis mwarmoebel kompaniasTan. rogorc ki kompania<br />

xsnis Tavis web-gverds amave dros unda ayalibebdes<br />

momxmarebelTa mxardaWeris eleqtronul centrs. momxmarebeli<br />

Tvlis, rom kompania valdebulia nebismier warmoqmnil kiTxvaze<br />

pasuxi dauyonebliv gaeces da SeuZlia nebismieri problemis<br />

warmoqmnisas mimarTos kompanias.<br />

aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT web-gverdis sanavigacio<br />

da saZiebo sistemebi, isini moxerxebuli unda iyos. webgverdis<br />

gaformeba unda eyrdnobodes kompaniis logos da<br />

standartebs. sanam sareklamo kapmanias wamoiwyebs kompania,<br />

aucilebelia dasruldes web-gverdis Seqmna da miRweul iqnas<br />

srulyofili funqcionireba.<br />

web-gverdis Seqmnis Semdgom etapze unda gaviTvaliswinoT<br />

misi saerTo saZiebo sistemebSi moxvedra, aseve unda moxdes<br />

partnior kompaniebTan SeTanxmeba maT web-gverdebze kompaniis<br />

gverdis bmulis moxvedra. amave dros SeiZleba informacia<br />

web-gverdis Sesaxeb ganTavsdes sxva tradiciul sainformacio<br />

wyaroebis saSualebebSi (gazeTi, Jurnali, radio da a. S.).<br />

aqedan gamomdinare web-gverdis sareklamo kampania<br />

internetis momxmarebelTaTvis Semdeg RonisZiebebs unda<br />

Seicavdes: saZiebo sistemebSi misi registracia da ufaso<br />

bmulebis web-katalogebSi, bmulebis sxva serverebze da fasiani<br />

reklamebis sxva popularul web-gverdebze ganTavseba.<br />

sazogadoebasTan urTierToba – mimarTulia sazogadoebasTan<br />

urTierTobisaken, romelic aucilebelia kompaniis mimarT<br />

momxmareblis dadebiTi damokidebulebis CamoyalibebisaTvis.<br />

kompaniam aramarto produqtis imiji unda SeimuSavos miznobrivi<br />

194 195

nino xuciSvili<br />

internet teqnologiebi marketingSi<br />

auditoriisaTvis, aramed unda cdilobdes auditoriis gazrdas.<br />

PR daexmareba kompanias popularobis moxveWaSi, kompaniis<br />

dadebiTi imijis CamoyalibebaSi da swori sareklamo kampaniis<br />

CatarebaSi.<br />

internetSi PR kampaniis RonisZiebebs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT:<br />

presrelizebi, masmediasTan mimarTva, auditoriasTan mimarTva<br />

konferenciebis saSualebiT.<br />

dResdReobiT interneti aris saukeTeso saSualeba<br />

marketinguli kvlevebis Casatareblad, romelic saSualebas<br />

iZleva informacia operatiulad iqnes mopovebuli da amiT<br />

ufro didi auditoria moicvas. aseTi gamokiTxvebi aucilebelia<br />

biznesis ganviTarebis strategiis gasaviTareblad da bazris<br />

cvlilebebTan swrafi adaptireba, agreTve sareklamo kampaniis<br />

dagegmarebasTan.<br />

internetis meSveobiT marketinguli kvlevebis CatarebiT<br />

SeiZleba movipovoT bazris kvlevebis Sedegebi ara marto<br />

Cven, aramed _ sxva qveynebSi, kompaniis warmoebuli produqtis<br />

Rirebuleba msoflioSi, moiZios nebismieri alternatiuli<br />

produqtis, momsaxurebis da maTi mwarmoebeli kompaniebis<br />

Sesaxeb informacia. agreTve SeiZleba moxdes partniori<br />

kompaniebis moZieba.<br />

kompaniis saqmianobis warmoeba SeuZlebelia auditoriis/<br />

momxmareblis moTxovnebis uwyveti kontrolis gareSe, romelic<br />

mudmivad izrdeba da viTardeba. menejerebma aucilebelia<br />

moipovon aucilebeli informacia.<br />

agreTve interneti aris efeqturi saSualeba reklamis<br />

warmodgenisaTvis. erTi mxriv, es dakavSirebulia sareklamo<br />

obieqtze informaciis maqsimaluri raodenobiT miwodebasTan,<br />

meore mxriv, saukeTeso saSualebaa auditoriisaTvis saWiro<br />

informaciis miwodeba sxvadasxva saxiT – teqstis, grafikis,<br />

xmis, video gamosaxulebebis saSualebiT. da kidev momxmarebels<br />

internetis specifikidan gamomdinare SeuZlia TviTon<br />

akontrolos da amoirCios informaciis mopoveba, amasTan<br />

momxmarebeli erTveba sareklamo obieqtis kargad Seswavlis<br />

procesSi.<br />

interneti, rogorc sareklamo instrumenti gansxvavdeba<br />

tradiciuli reklamis gavrcelebis saSualebebisgan. reklamis<br />

saxeebi gansxvavdeba kompaniis miznebisa da amocanebis mixedviT.<br />

gamoiyofa reklamis ori ZiriTadi saxeoba: saimijo da<br />

mastimulirebeli reklama. saimijo reklama kompaniis dadebiTi<br />

saxis SeqmnisTvisaa gankuTvnili, xolo mastimulirebeli reklama<br />

ufro gavrcelebulia. misi ZiriTad mizans moTxovnebis<br />

stimulirebaa. orive saxis reklama unda gaTvaliswinebul<br />

iqnas web-gverdis Seqmnisas.<br />

dRevandel dRes internetSi didi raodenobis informaciaa<br />

warmodgenili, maT Soris romelime organizaciaze, sxvadasxva<br />

analitikuri da finansuri informacia, politikis da ekonomikis<br />

siaxleni da uamravi sxva. organizaciaTa umravlesobas,<br />

miuxedavad mimarTulebebisa, aqvs Tavisi warmomadgenloba<br />

internetSi (web-gverdi), sadac kompaniis moRvaweobis,<br />

SeTavazebebis, moTxovnilebebis Sesaxeb informaciaa<br />

warmodgenili. aqedan gamomdinare internetiT warmoebuli<br />

kvleva saukeTeso gzas warmoadgens. sxva kvlevebisgan<br />

gansxvavebiT aseTi saxiT Catarebuli kvleva saSualebas iZleva<br />

sasurveli informacia sakmaod operatiulad da didi<br />

moculobiT SeiTvisos organizaciam. es aseve aucilebelia<br />

kompaniis saqmis warmoebis strategiis ganviTarebisaTvis, bazris<br />

cvlilebebze swrafi reagirebisa da sareklamo saqmianobis<br />

warmoebisaTvis.<br />

interneti – marketingis mxolod erT-erTi iaraRia, anu,<br />

kidev erTi marketinguli arxi organizaciis saerTo<br />

marketingul kompleqsSi. internetis momxmarebelTa raodenoba<br />

ukve zogadad masobrivi informaciis saSualebebs (masmediis)<br />

auditorias utoldeba, amitom aucilebelia ganvsazRvroT<br />

marketinguli strategiis ganviTarebisas, aris Tu ara internetis<br />

momxmarebeli Cveni mTliani auditoriis garkveuli nawili<br />

da ramdenad advilia momxmarebelTa internetis meSveobiT<br />

mozidva. interneti Zalian did gavlenas axdens msoflioSi<br />

informaciis gavrcelebaze. rogorc socialuri movlena –<br />

interneti – globaluri sakomunikacio saSualebaa, romelic<br />

uzrunvelyofs teqsturi, grafikuli, audio Tu video<br />

informaciis gacvlas da xelmisawvdomobas teritoriuli Tu<br />

nacionaluri sazRvrebis gareSe. es aris kvlevis efeqturi<br />

instrumenti, romelic xels uwyobs vaWrobis da biznesis<br />

196 197

nino xuciSvili<br />

auditoriasTan urTierTobas. internetis ganviTrebasTan erTad<br />

swrafad icvleba mmarTvelobiTi midgoma biznessa da marketingSi,<br />

romelic misi erT-erTi nawilia.<br />

sadoqtoro programa<br />

kulturis politika da kulturis<br />

menejmenti<br />

1. m. dragiCeviC-SeSiCi, branimir stoikoviCi, `kultura menejmenti<br />

animacia, marketingi~, Tbilisi, 2007.<br />

2. n. imnaiSvili, `kulturuli momsaxurebis sistemis menejmenti da<br />

marketingi~, gamomcemloba `xelovneba~ Tbilisi, 2005.<br />

3. Allan Banks, `Clarion Call”, Vol I, Issue I, Copyright 1994 by the Classical<br />

Realism Journal.<br />

198 199

nino azmaifaraSvili<br />

doqturanturis I kursi<br />

xelmZRvanelebi - prof. iuri mRebriSvili,<br />

prof. levan xeTaguri<br />

menejmentis roliMkulturis<br />

globalizaciis procesebSi<br />

1.Gglobalizacia – movlena.<br />

globalizaciis gageba, rogorc movlenis, kacobriobis<br />

ganviTarebis Tanamdev procesebTan erTad, adreuli xanidan<br />

iwyebs Tavisi niSnebis gamovlenas. es procesi ar viTardeba<br />

SemTxveviT da spontanurad. globalizacia xangrZlivi drois<br />

istoriuli procesebis Sedegia, ganviTarebis tempebis zrdisa<br />

da Semcirebis monacvleobiT, romelic Tan sdevs samecniero<br />

_ teqnikur progress.<br />

Cvens epoqaSi globalizaciis istoriuli procesi iRebs<br />

swrafad mimdinare xasiaTs da TiTqmis zvavs emsgavseba,<br />

romelic walekviT emuqreba imas, rasac Tavis stiqiaSi moaqcevs<br />

da erT mTlianobaSi aerTianebs yvelafers.Ees bevri obieqturi<br />

mizeziT SeiZleba aixsnas. maT Soris erT-erTi mizezi<br />

samecniero-teqnikuri progresis swrafi tempiT ganviTarebaa.<br />

mecnierebis da teqnikis gaumjobeseba, rac aseve<br />

komunikaciebis swraf ganviTarebasac iwvevs, adamianTa jgufebs<br />

Soris integrirebis procesebs aCqarebs. es migraciul<br />

denadobas uwyobs xels, romelic am jgufisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

sxvadasxva wes-Cveulebebis, kulturis, cxovrebis wesis da<br />

sxva elementebis gadamtania. amitom mecnierebis ganviTareba<br />

globalizaciuri procesebis dawyebis erT-erTi winapirobaa.<br />

adre istoriulad, samxedro pirebi, vaWrebi, qveynebis meTaurebi,<br />

saxelmwifo moRvaweebi da imperatorebi Tu monarqebi cvlidnen<br />

im periodis globalur politikas. dRes komunikaciis,<br />

transportirebis da kompiuteruli teqnologiebis uprecendento<br />

ganviTarebam procesebs axali stimuli misca. globaluri<br />

mobiluri kapitali reorganizebas axdens, rac, Tavis mxriv,<br />

asustebs nacionalur politikas. Cndeba axali bazrebi da<br />

simdidre.Ees niSnebi SeimCneva globalizaciis mTavar<br />

gansakuTrebulobebad.<br />

globaluri procesebi TiTqmis yovelTvis mimdinareobda,<br />

Tumca sxvadasxvaDtempiTa da xarisxiT. dRes Tanamedrove<br />

msoflioSi tempebi maqsimums uaxlovdeba, romlis xarisxis<br />

dadgena da Seswavla mudmivi procesia.<br />

ismis kiTxva: momavalSi rogor Seicvleba msoflio politika<br />

da rogor imoqmedeben globaluri organizaciebi?<br />

1 . 1 c i v i l i z a c i u r i g a n s a k u T r e b u l o b e b i d a<br />

winaaRmdegobebi.<br />

XX saukunis bolos globalizaciis procesebis gaRrmavebasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT wina planze wamovidnen civilizaciuri<br />

gansakuTrebulobebi da winaaRmdegobebi. erTi civilizaciis<br />

ganviTareba sxva ramdenime cikliT SeiZleba aRiniSnos. zogierTi<br />

civilizacia SeiZleba arsebobdes mTeli istoriuli periodis<br />

aRmavlobisa da daRmavlobis monacvleobiT. msoflio<br />

civilizaciebis Senacvleba da modificireba lokaluri<br />

civilizaciis dinamikaSi xdeba. erT-erTi _ xdeba lideri, meore<br />

_ kargavs liderobas, mesame _ msoflio progresis axlo, an<br />

SesaZloa, Soreul periferiaSic ki aRmoCndes. civilizaciaTa<br />

Soris urTierTobebi, maTi dajaxebis xelSeSlis aucilebloba<br />

da SesaZlebloba da maTi gadasvla partniorobaSi XXI saukunis<br />

mTavari problema xdeba. 1<br />

civilizaciis momavlisa da misi urTierTqmedebis<br />

perspeqtivebis prognozirebisas zogierTi avtori globalizaciis<br />

tendenciebs sxvadasxva demografiul, ekologiur, teqnologiur,<br />

ekonomiur, geopolitikur da socio-kulturul Sreebze<br />

gamoyofs. isini urTierTdakavSirebulia da civilizaciis<br />

ganviTarebis erTian monoliTs warmoadgenen, magram erTdroulad<br />

TiToeuli am formatidan warmoadgens damoukidebel sistemas,<br />

romlis ganviTarebazec damokidebulia Tavad civilizaciis<br />

ganviTarebis bedi.<br />

1.2 globalizacia. ori pozicia.<br />

globalizaciis winapirobebi TandaTanobiT yalibdeboda<br />

didi aRmoCenebisa da modernizaciis Sedegad, romelsac Zvrebi<br />

moyveboda.<br />

200 201

nino azmaifaraSvili<br />

menejmentis roli kulturis globalizaciis procesebSi<br />

arsebobs ori ZiriTadi p ozicia globalizaciis<br />

qronologiur CarCoebTan mimarTebaSi, mkvlevarTa nawili ixreba<br />

iqiTken, rom globalizacia es bolo aswleulebis maRali<br />

teqnologiebis gamoyenebisa, danergvis da farTe ganviTarebis<br />

Sedegia, romelic Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs iseT problemebs,<br />

rogoricaa: globalizaciis buneba, globaluri sainformacio<br />

sivrce, teqnosferos globalizacia, globaluri ekologia,<br />

ekonomikis globalizacia, globaluri usafrTxoeba, glubaluri<br />

uTanabroba da sabazro globalizaciis sxva gamovlinebebi.<br />

gansxvavebulia antropoistoriuli midgoma, is piriqiT<br />

_ globalizaciis dawyebas miakuTvnebs dasavleT evropuli<br />

civilizaciis dasawyiss.<br />

globalizacia aris dominirebadi tendencia Tanamedrove<br />

msoflios ganviTarebisa, magram is guSin ar gaCenila, vTqvaT,<br />

internetis _ mikroeleqtronikis an kiber, nano an<br />

bioteqnologiis gaCenisas, radgan isini aris eleqtronuli an<br />

sxva teqnikis etapobrivi da aseve axali rTuli teqnologiuri<br />

procesebis Tanamimdevruli ganviTarebis Sedegi.<br />

globalizacia, ufro swored misi Sinagani logika, Seicavs<br />

or urTierTgamomricxav tendencias.Gglobalizacia SeiZleba<br />

gaCndes samecniero codnis diferenciaciis procesebis dros<br />

da Tavis TavSi atarebdes missave integraciis SesaZleblobas.<br />

aseTi dialeqtika _ ori logikuri urTierTsawinaaRmdego<br />

postulatis erTianoba globalizaciis process universalur<br />

xasiaTs aniWebs. 2<br />

2. konkurencia globalizaciis dros.<br />

globaluri procesebis ganviTareba pirvel yovlisa<br />

politikuri mdgomareobisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis speqtriT<br />

xasiaTdeba, romelic erTmaneTzea damokidebuli.<br />

globalizacia Tavisi gavleniT sxvadasxva procesebs<br />

up i risp i rdeba. glob aluri konk urenci is fo nze<br />

sicocxlisunarianobis SenarCuneba erT-erT mTavar problemas<br />

warmoadgens, romlis fonzec Tavs iCens urTierT konkurencia.<br />

2 . 1 m r a v a l e r o v n u l i k o n k u r e n c i a g l o b a l u r i<br />

konkurenciis winaaRmdeg.<br />

mravalerovnuli konkurencia ganixileba rogorc sxvadasxva<br />

qveynebis kompaniebs Soris metoqeoba. Tumca konkurencia<br />

erovnul bazrebze ar aris damokidebuli sxva qveynebis bazrebis<br />

konkurenciaze.<br />

iwyeba saxelmwifoebs Soris bazrebis gaerTianebis procesi<br />

da erTi qveynis bazari meore qveynis bazarze damokidebuli<br />

xdeba. sinamdvileSi industria aRiqmeba, rogorc erTi didi<br />

saxelmwifos bazrad, romelic garkveul segmentebad iyofa.<br />

erTiandeba, momxmarebelTa interesebi kompaniebs yovelgvari<br />

SezRudvebis gareSe SeuZliaT awarmoon produqciis eqsporti,<br />

sxva qveyanaSi ganaTavson warmoeba, Seisyidon ucxo kompaniebi,<br />

sxva saxelmwifos faqtorebi, maT Soris samuSao Zala. aseve<br />

momxmarebels aqvs saSualeba yovelgvari sabaJo procedurebis<br />

gverdis avliT imgzavros nebismier qveyanaSi da Seisyidos<br />

sasurveli produqcia.<br />

yalibdeba erTgvari saerTaSoriso bazari da bazrebis<br />

erovnul da ucxour regionebad dayofa azrs kargavs, radgan<br />

warmateba erovnul bazarze iZleva pirobiTad sxva qveynebis<br />

bazrebze warmatebis garantias. kompaniis sabazro wili<br />

ganisazRvreba mTlianobaSi saerTaSoriso bazris mixedviT. am<br />

dros amboben, rom kompaniebi CarTuli arian globalur<br />

konkurenciaSi.<br />

globalur konkurencias aseve xvdebiT iq, sadac sxvadasxva<br />

qveynis momxmarebelTa moTxovnebi erTnairia. globaluri<br />

konkurencia iZleva dinamikur efeqts. kerZod, bazrebis<br />

gaerTianeba gulisxmobs met momxmarebels, auTvisebel, axal,<br />

mimzidvel sabazro segmentebs. rac ubiZgebs realizaciis meti<br />

masStabebisken, es zrdis kompaniebis mogebas dinamikaSi. saboloo<br />

jamSi, TiToeuli qveynis mixedviT miiRweva sazogadoebrivi<br />

keTildReoba. globalizaciis Sedegi aris is, rom integraciuli<br />

regionis SigniT nebismier moqalaqes SeuZlia sxva qveyanaSi<br />

ganaTlebis uproblemod miReba, ucxouri satelevizio arxebis<br />

yureba, informaciis miReba, internetiT sargebloba da a. S.<br />

globaluri konkurenciis bazrebs warmoadgens qveynebs<br />

Soris integrirebuli Semdegi regionebi: evrokavSiri, CrdiloeT<br />

amerikis Tavisufali savaWro asociacia (NAFTA), samxreT<br />

aziis (ASEAN), laTinuri da centraluri amerikis, karibis<br />

zRvis auzis qveynebis kavSiri da sxva.<br />

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nino azmaifaraSvili<br />

2.1.1. mravalerovnuli Tu globaluri strategia.<br />

mravalerovnuli strategiis Sinaarsi is aris, rom qveynebs<br />

Soris kulturuli, socialuri, ekonomikuri da sabazro<br />

mdgomareoba gansxvavebulia. rac ufro mZafria gansxvaveba,<br />

miT ufro meti aucilebloba arsebobs, rom kompaniaTa<br />

strategiebis misadageba moxdes sxvadasxva erovnebebis sabazro<br />

situaciasTan. am SemTxvevaSi, mravalerovnuli strategia es<br />

aris sxvadasxva qveynebSi SemuSavebuli strategiebis jami.<br />

globaluri strategiebi kargad ergeba globaluri<br />

konkurenciis situacias. globaluri strategia umravles<br />

SemTxvevaSi erTi da igivea yvela qveyanaSi. miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom saxelmwifoebis bazrebs Soris mciredi gansxvavebebi<br />

mainc arsebobs, kompaniis fundamentaluri strategia ar icvleba.<br />

ufro metic, globaluri strategia iTvaliswinebs:<br />

1). strategiuli svlebis integrirebasa da koordinirebas;<br />

2). produqciis realizacias yvela im qveyanaSi, sadac<br />

arsebobs moTxovna.<br />

saerTaSoriso bazrebze rogori xasiaTis konkurencias<br />

awydebian firmebi da romeli strategia aris ufro<br />

mniSvnelovani?<br />

mravalerovnuli strategiis upiratesoba:<br />

rom igi yvelaze ukeTesad usadagebs strategias maspinZeli<br />

qveynis industriis situaciasTan. aseTi strategiis warmoeba<br />

aucilebelia, rodesac arsebobs mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi<br />

samomxmareblo moTxovnebsa da realizaciis wesebSi, rodesac<br />

momxmarebeli karnaxobs specifikuri standartizebuli<br />

produqciis warmoebas;<br />

mravalerovnul strategiis uaryofiTi mxareebi:<br />

strategiebs Soris koordinaciis xarisxi aris Zalze<br />

dabali, rac metad arTulebs konkurentuli upiratesobis<br />

mopovebas industriaSi.<br />

globaluri strategia:<br />

am SemTxvevaSi ki piriqiT, aseTi koordinaciis xarisxi<br />

Zalze maRalia, rac kompaniebs maT Zlier mxareebze maqsimaluri<br />

menejmentis roli kulturis globalizaciis procesebSi<br />

koncentrirebis saSualebas aZlevs. es ki konkurentuli<br />

upiratesobis mopovebis mTavari faqtoria, rogorc maspinZeli<br />

kompaniebis, aseve saerTaSoriso korporaciebs Soris.<br />

rodesac qveynebs Soris gansxvavebebi ar aris sagrZnobi,<br />

globalur strategias konkurenti ar hyavs. 3<br />

3. kulturis globalizacia - movlena<br />

ekonomikuri aqtiurobis globalizacias Tan axlavs<br />

transformaciaTa talRebi kulturis sferoSi procesiT,<br />

romelsac ewodeba `kulturis globalizacia~.<br />

masTan ZiriTadad xdeba kulturis simboloebis fabrikacia,<br />

rac ukve karga xania SeimCneva. sazogadoebrivi mecnierebis<br />

zogierTma warmomadgenelma ukve am gamovlinebaze Tavisi azri<br />

gamoxata, rasac globaluri kulturis konvergencia _ sakvanZo<br />

sityva _ `makdonaldizacia~ daarqva. cxovrebis stilis<br />

unifikaciis, kulturis simboloebis da qcevis transnacionaluri<br />

normebis TvalsazrisiT ki ufro da ufro gzas ikvlevs<br />

universalizacia.<br />

msoflio bazarze TandaTan xdeba saboloo niSebis aTviseba,<br />

Cndeba axali sivrce, magram ara rogorc mravalferovnebis<br />

TviTgamoxatvis aRiareba, anu, Cndeba erTiani samomxmareblo<br />

sivrce, sadac lokaluri kulturebi da identurobebi kargaven<br />

fesvebs da multinacionaluri koncernebis reklamisa da saimijo<br />

dizainidan amoRebuli msoflio produqciiT Cainacvlebian.<br />

TandaTanobiT yofiToba xdeba dizaini.<br />

koncernebi, romlebic fabrikaciaSi universaluri kulturuli<br />

simboloebis mbrZaneblobas aRweven, Taviseburad iyeneben<br />

informaciuli teqnologiebis ukidegano sivrces. xelovnuri<br />

Tanamgzavrebi saSualebas iZlevian gadailaxos yvela nacionaluri<br />

da klasobrivi sazRvrebi da aRweven planetis yovel wertilSi.<br />

danarCens ki ekonomikuri aqtivobas logika asrulebs.<br />

globalizacias, gagebuls, rogorc ekonomiur movlenas,<br />

minimumamde dahyavs gasavlebi da maqsimalurad zrdis mogebas.<br />

CNN-is diqtori rodesac acxadebs, rom `ekonomikuri<br />

globalizaciis Sedegad mimdinareobs kulturuli da<br />

socialuri revolucia~, amis mosmenas amerikeli adamiani iseve<br />

204 205

nino azmaifaraSvili<br />

menejmentis roli kulturis globalizaciis procesebSi<br />

aRiqvams, rogorc tokios moqalaqe.Ees niSnavs, rom is rasac<br />

vakeTebT amerikaSi da amerikisaTvis gaaCnia Zala yvelgan,<br />

mTels msoflioSi. `Cveni axali ambebi _ es globaluri<br />

axali ambebia~. 4<br />

sainformacio saSualebebi erT saerTo globalur sivrces<br />

qmnian, sadac informacia da miTumetesTop-news elvis siswrafiT<br />

vrceldeba da msoflio `garemoculi~ xdeba erTi movleniT.Aadamianebi<br />

azrovnebas iwyeben erTi movlenis irgvliv, Tumca maTi midgoma mis<br />

mimarT SeiZleba iyos radikaluradac ki gansxvavebuli.<br />

3.1 . l o k a l u r i k u l t u r e b i d a g l o b a l u r i<br />

`momxmarebluri~ kultura.<br />

teqnologiam dRes globaluri kulturis SesaZlebloba<br />

da aucilebloba Seqmna. interneti, satelitebi da sakabelo<br />

televizia kulturul sazRvrebs scildebian.Gglobaluri<br />

gasarTobi kompaniebi aerTianeben Cveulebrivi adamianebis ocnebasa<br />

da aRqmas, sadac ar unda cxovrobdnen isini.Ffaseulobebis,<br />

normebis da kulturis gavrceleba kapitalizmis dasavluri<br />

idealebis gavrcelebis tendenciebis matarebelia. SesaZloa<br />

lokaluri kulturebi am globaluri `momxmarebluri~<br />

kulturis msxverplni gaxdnen. SesaZloa inglisurma enam<br />

gaanadgurebs sxva enebi. savaraudoa, rom momxmareblis<br />

Rirebulebebma socialuri solidarobis da xalxTa<br />

Tanamegobrobis azri daakninon anda piriqiT moxdes, saerTo<br />

kulturam did danawevrebuli faseulobebis da politikuri<br />

erTianobis gaZRola SeZlos.<br />

3.2. civilizacia da kultura globalizaciis fonze.<br />

teqnosferos dominirebas da periferiuli civilizaciis<br />

Seviwrovebas Tan sdevs misi damaxasiaTebeli elementebis<br />

gafarToeba da kulturis simboluri fenis SemWidroveba.<br />

rac Tavis mxriv, ganixileba rogorc, zogadad, kulturis<br />

gadagvareba, risi mizezic kulturis misterialuri<br />

Tanmimdevrobebis milevadobaa.Kkultura _ es mxolod<br />

<strong>saxelovnebo</strong> moRvaweobis suli ki ar aris,Ees Zaladobis<br />

saxeoba da Zalaa, xolo civilizacia adamianis mxolod<br />

materialuri mowyoba ar aris, es WeSmariti mocemulobebis<br />

xelovnuriT Canacvlebaa. 5<br />

3.2.1. kulturebis gansxvavebuloba.<br />

quape da jiovana kantatoresebi statiaSi:K`kulturebis<br />

gansxvavebuloba~ ganixilaven kulturebis gansxvavebulobebis<br />

dinamikas dRevandel samuSao pirobebSi. isini amtkiceben, rom<br />

mosaxleobis demografiuli cvlilebebi da globalizacia<br />

kulturis menejmentis aucileblobas ganapirobebs. isini<br />

ganmartaven, rom kulturebis gansxvavebulobebTan<br />

SesaZlebelia mosdes identificireba, imarTos is da sargebeli<br />

iqnas amoRebuli.Dase rom, kulturebis gansxvavebulobebis<br />

menejmenti aris ganuyofeli nawili im samuSaosi, romelsac<br />

asrulebs kulturis politikisa da menejmentze momuSave<br />

organizacia. Cven vcxovrobT globalur sivrceSi, sadac<br />

menejerebs SeuZliaT ufro swrafad gadaadgildnen, imogzauron<br />

da gaavrcelon informacia kulturis p roduqtis<br />

Sesaxeb.Ffizikuri siaxlovis Semcirebam Cven ufro Cagvaxeda<br />

sxvaTa kulturebSi da kulturebis gansxvavebuloba ufro<br />

naTlad dagvanaxa. dRes adamians qveynisa da sakuTari saxlis<br />

datovebis gareSe SeuZlia miiRos informacia kulturuli<br />

produqtis arsebobis, daniSnulebis da fasis Sesaxeb.<br />

SesaZlebloba aris imuSavo ucxouri organizaciisaTvis,<br />

urTierToba gqondes partniorebTan sxvadasxva enaze an<br />

sazRvargareT gaiyidos produqti sxva qveynis klientebze.<br />

aseTi saSualebiT kulturebis dakavSireba ufro advilad<br />

xdeba. 6A<br />

SeiZleba moviyvanoT magaliTi imisa, sadac sxva specifikiT<br />

xdeba globaluri elementebis warmoCineba. magaliTad,<br />

kulturis bienaleebi da bazrobebi, sadac erTdroulad<br />

ganTavsebulia xvadasxva qveynis, sazogadoebrivi jgufebisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli kulturebi, aseTi globaluri saxis gamofenebs<br />

xSirad erTi mTavari koncefcia an idea aerTianebs, magram<br />

TiToeuli kultura warmodgenilia gansxvavebuli saxiT,<br />

formebiTa da midgomiT.Aaq ukve erT adgilze iyris Tavs<br />

kulturuli gansxvavebulobebi.<br />

iqneba kulturebis gansxvavebuloba daxmarebis Tu xelis<br />

SeSlis faqtori globaluri sivrcis Seswavlis procesebSi?<br />

206 207

nino azmaifaraSvili<br />

menejmentis roli kulturis globalizaciis procesebSi<br />

es ufro da ufro ZiriTadi sakvanZo sakiTxi xdeba garemomcvel<br />

samyaroSi.<br />

3.2.2. multikulturuli sazogadoeba.<br />

amerikuli sazogadoeba agrZelebs gaxdes ufro<br />

maltikulturuli Tavisive sazRvrebis farglebSi. adamianebi<br />

axla eyrdnobian im azrs, rom axlo momavalSi qveynis sxvadasxva<br />

sferoSi `umciresobebi~, faqtobrivad, `umravlesobebi~ gaxdebian.<br />

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Sromis saministros monacemebiT,<br />

afrikelebis, azielebis da espanurad molaparake amerikelebis<br />

ricxvi 7,6%-s Seadgenda 50 wlis win, 2000 wels es ricxvi<br />

TiTqmis gaormagda da 16% miaRwia.<br />

globalizaciis Sedegad samuSao Zala aseve gaxda<br />

sxvadasxva kulturis Semadgeneli nawili. kompaniebi<br />

strategiuli kavSirebis gamoyenebiT aerTianeben mTeli<br />

msoflios firmebisa da jgufebs kompaniaTa Serwymisa da<br />

Sesyidvis Sedegad.Oorganizaciebi aerTianeben samuSao personals<br />

da jgufebs, sadac sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgeneli<br />

adamianebi muSaoben da maT unda SeeTvison da gaugon erTmaneTs,<br />

rasac yoveldRiuri intermedia da sxvadasxva qveyanaSi muSaobis<br />

aucilebloba ganapirobebs. kulturuli mravalferovnebis<br />

gacnobiereba, iseve rogorc kulturaTaSorisi urTierTobebis<br />

efeqturi gacvla, aucilebloba xdeba, Tu Cven gvinda<br />

konkurencia gavwioT globalur bazarze.<br />

3.2.3. sainformacio infrastruqturebi.<br />

cifruli meTodebis miRwevebis gamoyenebam msoflio<br />

sakomunikacio momsaxureba erT mTlianobaSi Sekra. is, upirveles<br />

yovlisa, sami teqnologiuri sferos gadakveTas uwyobs xels:<br />

kompiuteruli, satelefono da satelevizio, romlebic<br />

gaerTianebulni arian multimediasa da internetSi.<br />

sainformacio infrastruqturebma faqtobrivad kimunikaciebis<br />

siswrafis xarisxi Zalzed awia da urTierTdakavSirebis simartivem<br />

daaCqara integrirebis procesebi.<br />

4. lokalizacia da globalizacia.<br />

kulturis globalizaciis Teoriis mama roland robertsoni,<br />

xazs usvams, rom globalizacia yovelTvis dakavSirebulia<br />

lokalizaciasTan. naSromebi kulturis Teoriaze (cultural<br />

studies) uaryofen Caketil, ganmartoebul sazogadoebebs da<br />

maT Sesabamis kulturis sivrceebs da aRweren kulturis<br />

globalizaciis imanentarul `dialeqtikur~ process, sadac<br />

erTdroulad SeiZleba moxdes da xdeba kidec sawinaaRmdego<br />

movlenebi. mTavari Sedegi ki aseTia _ globalizacia ar aris<br />

raRac avtomaturi da calmxrivi, erTmxrivi globalizacia –<br />

kamaTis amouwuravi wyaroa.<br />

is, rom globalizacia gvTavazobs ara mxolod delokalizacias,<br />

aramed re-lokalizacias, es ukve ekonomikuri gaTvlebidan<br />

gamomdinareobs. `globaluri~ am sityvas Tavisi zusti gagebiT<br />

veravin warmoTqvams. swored is sferoebi, romlebic Tavis<br />

produqcias globaluri masStabebiT asaReben, iZulebulni arian<br />

ganaviTaron lokaluri kavSirebi. pirvel rigSi konkretul<br />

lokalur pirobebSi awarmoon da daxvewon produqcia, meore<br />

rigSi ki, lokaluri kulturebidan amoiRon nedleuli TavianTi<br />

globaluri simboloebisaTvis, ris xarjzec es simboloebi iqnebian<br />

cocxali, naTeli da kargad gayidvadi. sityva `globaluri~,<br />

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es aris `sxvadasxva adgilebSi<br />

erTdroulad~, anu translokalurad.<br />

aseTi globalur _ lokaluri urTierTdakavSireba did<br />

rols TamaSobs msxvili koncernebis gaTvlebSi. koncernebi<br />

`Coca-Cola~ da `Sony~ TavianT strategias uwodeben `globalur<br />

lokalizacias~. maTi xelmZRvanelebi da menejerebi aRniSnaven,<br />

rom globalizaciasTan dakavSirebiT saubari exeba ara imas,<br />

rom yvelgan msoflioSi aSendes fabrikebi, aramed imas, rom<br />

gaxdnen ama Tu im kulturis nawili. samewarmeo strategia,<br />

romlis mniSvneloba izrdeba praqtikuli globalizaciis dros,<br />

iwodeba `lokalizmad~.<br />

4.1 delokalizacia da relokalizacia.<br />

delokalizaciis da relokalizaciis urTierTqmedebas albaT<br />

sxvadasxva Sedegi eqneba, amitom unda gaTvaliswinebul iqnas<br />

is, rom lokaluri kulturebi veRar gaamarTleben TavianT<br />

arsebobas danarCeni msoflios winaaRmdeg damkvidrebisa da<br />

ganaxlebisTvis.Mmokled rom vTqvaT, Tu SesaZlebeli iqneba<br />

208 209

nino azmaifaraSvili<br />

globalurad ganlagdes da ganaxldes lokaluri mniSvnelobebi,<br />

moxdeba tradiciaze dayrdnobis gareSe lokalurobis renesansi.<br />

globalizacias, garkveul planSi, yvelaze xSirad<br />

urTierTdamokidebulebis intensifikaciamde mivyavarT.<br />

nacionaluri sazRvrebis globalizaciis dros unda<br />

Seiswavlos: Tu rogor ixsneba da aRiqmeba msoflios horizonti<br />

grZnobadi samyaros transkulturul da kulturis simboloTa<br />

fabrikaciaSi.Kkulturuli globalizacia Slis qveynis<br />

nacionalurGgaigivebas nacionalur- saxelmwifoebriv<br />

sazogadoebasTan komunikaciis, eTnikuri kuTvnilebebis da<br />

cxovrebis transkulturuli formebis Seqmnisa da erTmaneTTan<br />

Sejaxebis gziT.<br />

eTnikurobis kuTvnilebis grZnoba, sazogadoebis ganviTarebisa<br />

da adamianTa gansaxlebasTan dakavSirebiT, sul ufro da<br />

ufro rTuldeba. SegviZlia ganvixiloT transkulturuli<br />

qorwinebis da ojaxebis magaliTze.Mmobilurobis da masobrivi<br />

gadaadgilebebis saukuneSi da ekonomikis gadajaWvis procesebSi<br />

izrdeba im adamianTa ricxvi, romlebsac Tavisi eTnikuri<br />

jgufis adgilmdebareobidan, uxdebaT sxva jgufebTan muSaoba,<br />

es sxvadasxva mizeziT xdeba (siRaribe, SimSili, ganaTlebisa<br />

da profesiis maZieblebi da cnobismoyvareoba). isini toveben<br />

sakuTar saxlebs da didi Tu mcire xniT, xandaxan ki samudamod<br />

kveTen sazRvrebs. ibadebian erT adgilze, izrdebian meoreze,<br />

qorwindebian da iyolieben Svilebs mesame adgilze.<br />

bikulturuli ojaxebis ricxvi izrdeba.<br />

daveyrdnoT statistikas da gaviTvaliswinoT qorwinebis<br />

aqtebi. magaliTad 1960 wels germaniis federaciul<br />

respublikaSi iyvnen gamorCeulad germanelebi da mxolod<br />

yovel 25-e qorwinebaSi registrirdebodnen ucxoelebi, 1994<br />

wels ukve yovel me-7 qorwinebaSi erT-erTi mainc iyo ucxoeli. 7<br />

4.2 glokalizacia<br />

lokaluri da globaluri ar gamoricxavs erTmaneTs.<br />

globalizacia aseve niSnavs lokaluri kulturebis mizidvasa<br />

da Sejaxebas, ramac unda miiRos axali gansazRvreba «clash of<br />

localities» (lokalurobis Sejaxeba).<br />

menejmentis roli kulturis globalizaciis procesebSi<br />

`globaluri kultura~ unda ganixilos ara statikurad,<br />

aramed rogorc SemTxveviTi da dialeqtikuri procesi<br />

(ekonomikuri mecnierebis farglebSi kapitalis Sinaganad<br />

calmxriv logikasTan SeuTavsebeli) _ `glokalizaciis~ saxiT,<br />

romelic saSualebas iZleva aRiqves da gaiSifros urTierTsakamaTo<br />

elementebi maT erTianobaSi. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba visaubroT<br />

`glokaluri~ kulturis paradoqsebze.<br />

4.2.1. universalizmi da partikularizmi.<br />

am mizniT ar arsebobs winaaRmdegoba gaerTianebasa da<br />

institucionalurobis, simboloebis, qcevis manerebis unifikacias<br />

Soris (mag.: `makdonaldsi~, cisferi jinsebi, demokratia,<br />

informaciuli teqnologiebi, bankebi, adamianis uflebebi da<br />

a.S.) da mniSvnelobis axali xazgasmiT, axali gamogonebiT da<br />

`lokaluri kulturebis~ (islamizacia, renacionalizacia,<br />

germanuli pop-kultura, samxreTafrikuli samoTxeebi, afrikuli<br />

karnavali, havauri saqonlis Zexvi) dacviTac ki. Tu aviRebT<br />

adamianis uflebebs, praqtikulad yvela kulturebSi ikveTeba,<br />

rogorc universaluri uflebebi, da meorec isini mJRavndebian<br />

sxvadasxva saxiT konteqstidan gamomdinare. 8<br />

5. kulturis mravalferovneba da globalizacia.<br />

kultura aris yovlismomcveli da amitom Tavisi arsiT<br />

aucilebeli. is mocemul sazogadoebas an sazogadoebrivi<br />

jgufebis Tvisebebs, yofas, ganviTarebis xarisxs gansazRvravs<br />

da moiazreba imisaTvis, rom Seexos cxovrebis yvela aspeqts.<br />

is Tavisi mravalmxrivobiTa da mravalferovnebiT integrirdeba<br />

procesebSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis paralelurad da<br />

globalizaciis dros ganixileba misi SenarCuneba, transformacia,<br />

formireba da sxvadasxva riskfaqtori.<br />

erT mTlianobisaken mimavali, ganviTarebadi kulturis<br />

marTva SesaZlebelia erT sistemebSi moeqces, anda gamoinaxos<br />

struqturis gasaRebebi, romelic Sedegebis dadebiT<br />

potencialze iqneba orientirebuli. amitom kvlevebi am sferoSi<br />

mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs.<br />

210 211

nino azmaifaraSvili<br />

5.1 kulturis kvlevebi.<br />

xelovnebis menejerebi dRes ver uaryofen globalizaciis<br />

procesebs, romelic Cvens cxovrebaze sul ufro did zegavlenas<br />

axdens. aris saSiSroeba imis, rom globalizaciis Sedegad<br />

dasruldeba kulturis mravalferovneba da kulturis transnacionaluri<br />

korporaciebis moTxovnebis samsaxurSi myofi<br />

homogenuri erTgvarovani kulturis triumfi. kulturuli<br />

mravalferovneba muqaris qveS ivaraudeba umciresobebis<br />

jgufebis marginalizaciiTa da gaucxoebiT da evropuli<br />

gaerTianebis da gavlenis Sedegad Sesabamisobis gamonaxviT<br />

da masmediis saSualebebze globaluri gavleniT. globaluri<br />

produqcia qmnis globalur bazrebs da globaluri ideebi da<br />

ideologiebi mihyavs globaluri moxmarebisa da erToblivi<br />

adaptaciisken. globalizacia SeiZleba aRiqmebodes, rogorc<br />

kulturuli imperializmi.<br />

5.1.2. ritceris globalizaciis ori kategoria.<br />

jorj ritceri specialisti globalizaciis sakiTxebSi<br />

akeTebs sasargeblo, mokle Sejamebas. is yofs mas or<br />

kategoriad: ekonomikuri da kulturuli, sadac mocemulia<br />

SesaZlo Sedegebi, riskebi da formirebebi kulturis ganviTarebis<br />

globalizaciis procesebis dros.<br />

kulturis TeoriebSi moiazreba:<br />

kulturuli diferencializmi (gansxvavebuloba) _ es<br />

aris bolo gansxvavebebi kulturaTa Soris, romlebic sakmaod<br />

xelSeuxeblebia bi-, inter-, multi- an transkulturul<br />

procesebisgan _ globalizacia aris mxolod zedapiruli<br />

movlena.<br />

kulturis konvergencia _ msoflioSi kulturebi ufro<br />

da ufro metad msgavsad izrdeba, globaluri msgavseba<br />

(asimilacia) dominanturi gjufebis mimarTulebebSi;<br />

kulturuli imperializmi; vesternizacia; amerikanizacia;<br />

makdonaldizacia.<br />

kulturis narevi (hibridizacia) _ hibriduli kulturebis<br />

unikaluri produqcia. 9<br />

menejmentis roli kulturis globalizaciis procesebSi<br />

globalizacia aris Zala, romelic, albaT, gamoiwvevs<br />

kulturis konvergencias _ adgilobrivi gansakuTrebulobis<br />

TandaTanobiTi gaqrobas.<br />

globalizacia sxva mxriv aris sakmaod msubuqi procesi.Ees<br />

aris idea, rom lokaluri aris Casmuli globalurSi da,<br />

piriqiT. globalurobis fenomeni xdeba integrirebuli<br />

kulturul formebTan, romlebic aris namdvilad lokaluri.Kkulturis<br />

hibridizaciam, romelic aris globalizaciis erT-erTi Sedegi, SesaZloa<br />

odesme kulturis mravalferovnebamde migviyvanos.<br />

arsebobs Tu ara globaluri procesebis marTvis raime<br />

saerTo gasaRebi, romelic ganviTarebis swor gzaze daayenebs<br />

da warmoSobil procesebs marTvads gaxdis, Seasustebs<br />

gauTvaliswinebel movlenebis gavlenas da globalizaciiT<br />

gamowveul procesebSi SesaZlo arsebul efeqturobis xarisxs<br />

gazrdis.<br />

kulturebis gansxvavebulobebTan SesaZlebelia moxdes<br />

identificireba, imarTos is da sargebeli iqnas amoRebuli.Dase<br />

rom, kulturebis gansxvavebulobebis menejmentis Sedegad<br />

SesaZloa, saerTo kulturam didi danawevrebuli faseulobebis<br />

da politikuri erTianobis gaZRola SeZlos.<br />

kulturis menejmenti ar qmnis xelovnebas da kulturas,<br />

magram aZlevs Seqmnis SesaZleblobas maT. 10<br />

1. См.: Барг М. А., Черняк Е.Б., Великие социальные революции XVII –<br />

XVIII веков в структуре переходной эпохи от феодализма к капитализму,<br />

М., 1990.<br />

2. Иоселиани Аза, Техносфера и экологическое сознание в контексте<br />

глобализации, § 1.1., Становление и развитие техносферы в процессе<br />

глобализации, Ростов-на-Дону, 2002, gv. 24-75 .<br />

3. kavkasiis akademiuri centri, strategiuli menejmentis arsi da<br />

Seswavlis sagani, 8, strategiebi saerTaSoriso bazarze konkurenciisTvis,<br />

gv. 69-73.<br />

4. http://www.nationalsecurity.ru/library/00057/00057global008.htm Бек<br />

Ульрих , Что такое глобализация?<br />

212 213

nino azmaifaraSvili<br />

5. Аза Иоселиани, Техносфера и экологическое сознание в контексте<br />

глобализации, § 3.2. Цивилизация и культура на фоне ускоряющихся<br />

процессов глобализации, Ростов-на- Дону, 2002, 133-162.<br />

6.http://www.culturosity.com/pdfs/Cultural%20Differences,%20Everybody’s%20Business.pdf<br />

Quappe S, & Cantatore G, Cultural Differences: Not just HR’s business, It’s<br />

everybody’s business, Can we risk the consequences of intolerance?<br />

7. http://www.nationalsecurity.ru/library/00057/00057global009.htm12<br />

8. http://www.nationalsecurity.ru/library/00057/00057global010.htm<br />

9. Laycock, Jolyon. Enabling The Creators, Cultural diversity and<br />

globalization. Oxford Brookes University, 2008, 27.<br />

10. Heinrich, Werner & Klein, Armin: Kulturmanagement von A-Z. Munchen<br />

1996: 147.<br />

tradiciuli xelovneba<br />

214 215

samagistro prograna<br />

qarTuli qoreografiis mkvlevari _<br />

eTnoqoreologi<br />

aleko gelaSvili<br />

magitraturis II kursi<br />

xelmZRvaneli - anano samsonaZe<br />

samejliso cekvebis mesveurebi<br />

saqarTveloSi<br />

(Tengiz da larisa gaCeCilaZeebi)<br />

samagistro programa `qarTuli qoreografiis mkvlevari<br />

_ eTnoqoreologi~ umaRlesi skolis meore safexurze<br />

qoreografiuli xelovnebisadmi Teoriuli dainteresebis pirvel<br />

cdas warmoadgens. igi <strong>saxelovnebo</strong> <strong>mecnierebaTa</strong> im mimarTulebas<br />

miekuTvneba, romelic miznad isaxavs qoreografiuli xelovnebis,<br />

kerZod, qarTuli sacekvao folkloris istoriul-Teoriuli<br />

aspeqtebis gamokveTas da aRniSnul sakiTxTa irgvliv samecniero<br />

kvlevebis Catarebas.<br />

qarTuli tradiciuli xelovnebisadmi sayovelTao interesma<br />

da qarTuli sacekvao xelovnebis saSemsruleblo praqtikis<br />

dinamiurma ganviTarebam ganapiroba erovnuli qoreografiis<br />

mecnieruli kvlevisa da qarTuli cekvis saSemsruleblo<br />

xelovnebis profesiuli Sefaseba-analizis aucilebloba da<br />

aqtualoba.<br />

programis saswavlo komponenti ramdenime specialur<br />

disci plinas moicavs, romelTa Tematika kvlevis obieqtis<br />

istoriuli retrospeqtivis, dargis Teoriuli safuZvlebis<br />

Seswavlisa da kritikuli analizis erTobliobas warmoadgens.<br />

xolo kvleviTi komponentis problematika efuZvneba<br />

magistrantTa samecniero interesTa sferos, romelic, xSir<br />

SemTxvevaSi, qoreografia-qoreologiis sinTezuri bunebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT, interdargobrivi kvlevis saxes atarebs.<br />

samagistro programa aRzrdis qoreografiuli xelovnebis<br />

profesional mkvlevarebsa da kritikosebs, rac SemdgomSi<br />

xels Seuwyobs qarTuli eTno-qoreologiisa da zogadad<br />

qarTli qoreografiis ganviTarebas.<br />

samagistro programis xelmZRvaneli<br />

asoc. prof. anano samsonaZe<br />

samefo sporti ase eZaxdnen TavianT palatebSi gamarTul<br />

samejliso cekvebs ingliseli lordebi jer kidev maSin roca<br />

mdidruli etlebi da karetebi Sav, mbrwyinav frakebSi<br />

gamowyobil batonebsa da uTvalav naoWian alivlivebul kabebSi<br />

morTul qalbatonebs sacekvao darbazebisken miaqrolebdnen. 1<br />

`samejliso sportuli cekvebi~ _ es aris Tanamedrove<br />

qoreografiidan aRebuli aTi saukeTeso cekva. samejliso –<br />

sportuli cekvebis programa iyofa or saxeobad: maTgan xuTi<br />

evropuli cekvebis programas ganekuTvneba (`neli valsi~, `tango~,<br />

`valsi~, `foqstroti~, `kvikstepi~) da xuTi laTinur-amerikuli<br />

cekevbis programas (`samba~, `Ca-Ca-Ca~, `rumba~, `pasadobli~,<br />

`jaivi~).<br />

samejliso sportuli cekvebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi<br />

ganmasxvavebeli niSani sxva cekvebis saxeobebisgan aris is,<br />

rom aq tardeba sportuli saxis Sejibrebebi da SemoRebulia<br />

msajobis instituti.<br />

samejliso cekvebSi sportul Sejibrebebs adgili hqonda<br />

jer kidev I msoflio omamde. magram es Sejibrebebi ufro<br />

kerZo xasiaTis iyo, radgan isini ar tardeboda raime profesiuli<br />

Tu saerTaSoriso samoyvarulo organizaciebis CarCoebSi.<br />

inglisSi (am cekvebis samSoblo), germaniis federaciul<br />

respublikaSi, norvegiaSi, daniaSi, SveciaSi da sxva 1909 wlidan<br />

ukve arsebobda msoflio sportuli cekvebis federacia. 2<br />

1930 wlidan evropaSi mkvidrdeba `inglisuri stili~,<br />

riTac gamoikveTa ZiriTadi da mudmivi standarti sacekvao<br />

Sejibrebebisa da am momentidan imarTeba organizebuli<br />

saerTaSoriso Sejibrebebi.<br />

1932 wels `germaniis moyvarulTa asociaciam~, “RPG”<br />

safuZveli Cauyara `saerTaSoriso moyvarulTa asociacias~,<br />

216 217

aleko gelaSvili<br />

samejliso cekvebis mesveurebi saqarTveloSi<br />

sami wlis Semdeg ki 1935 wlis 10 seqtembers q. praRaSi<br />

dafuZnebul iqna pirveli saerTaSoriso asociacia,<br />

saxelwodebiT “FIDA”, romlis pirvel prezidentad arCeul<br />

iqna avstrieli franc buxleri. “FIDA” TandaTan qmediTi<br />

organizacia xdeba da ukve 1936 wlis berlinis olimpiur<br />

TamaSebze mas SesaZlebloba mieca Caetarebina pirveli<br />

oficialuri msoflio Cempionati bed nohaimSi, saerTaSoriso<br />

wesebis dacviT, sadac sami kontinentis TxuTmeti qveynis<br />

warmomadgeneli monawileobda.<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze samejliso cekvebis<br />

sportuli Sejibrebebi mogvianebiT mxolod 1957 wlidan<br />

tardeba.<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris wamyvani specialistebi didi xani ibrZodnen,<br />

rom samejliso cekvebisTvis sportuli statusi moepovebinaT,<br />

magram es sakiTxi mxolod 1986 wels gadawyda. Seiqmna sportuli<br />

cekvebis sakavSiro asociacia (АБТСССР) (prezidenti:<br />

Ceslovas norveiSi – litva). am asociaciis prezidiumis<br />

wevri saqarTvelodan iyo Tengiz gaCeCilaZe. 3<br />

saqarTveloSi samejliso cekvebis sportul Sejibrebebs<br />

1976 wels Caeyara safuZveli.<br />

manamde 1972 wels gaimarTa samejliso cekvebis<br />

SemsrulebelTa pirveli, xolo 1975 wels meore respublikuri<br />

konkursi.Aam konkursebis Jiuris Tavmjdomareobda iliko<br />

suxiSvili. 4<br />

meore konkursze mowoneba daimsaxures da pirveli adgili<br />

mieniWaT saqarTvelos musikaluri da qoreografiuli<br />

sazogadoebis mocekvaveebs: nunu azmaifaraSvils da Teimuraz<br />

gabaSvils (pedagogi: Tengiz gaCeCilaZe). 5<br />

mas Semdeg, rac saqarTveloSi 1972 wels gaimarTa<br />

samejliso cekvebis SemsrulebelTa pirveli respublikuri<br />

konkursi am cekvebis skola gaiyo or jgufad: `samejlisosayofacxovrebod~,<br />

romelsac mixel kafievi emsaxureboda da<br />

`samejliso sportul~ jgufad, romelsac Tengiz gaCeCilaZe<br />

Caudga saTaveSi.<br />

saqarTveloSi Catarebuli konkursis Semdeg, 1975 wels<br />

kievis sportis sasaxleSi tardeba meore, saerTo sabWouri<br />

konkursi samejliso cekvebis SemsrulebelTa Soris.<br />

saqarTvelodan am konkursSi monawielobas iRebs oTxi wyvili:<br />

maia isakaZe – vaxtang lukava, tatiana perlSteini – Tengiz<br />

eriSvili, nataSa nikolaiSvili – tariel Sengelia, nunu<br />

azmaifaraSvili – Teimuraz gabaSvili. amaTgan sami meore<br />

xarisxis diploms iRebs erTi ki mesame xarisxis. 6<br />

1976 wels ukve safuZveli eyreba sakvalifikacio konkursebs.<br />

amas win uZRvis seminarebi samejliso cekvebis gamavrcelebeli<br />

kadrebis mosamzadeblad, sadac mowveuli iqna specialistebi<br />

moskovidan da estoneTidan. seminarebis Sedegad ramdenime<br />

pedagogi damoukideblad amzadebs mocekvaveebs respublikur<br />

konkursSi monawileobisaTvis. Semdeg imarTeba cekvis<br />

maswavlebelTa daxelovnebis 10 dRiani seminari, romelsac<br />

xelmZRvaneloben T. sanaZe, T. gaCeCilaZe, k. saxvaZe. 7<br />

1976 wlis mesame respublikuri konkursidan `gazafxulis<br />

mejlisi-76~ 1977 wlamde 5 sakvalifikacio konkursi tardeba,<br />

romelTa ucvleli gamarjvebulebi arian: zurab margiSvili<br />

da TinaTiT SavdaTuaSvili. 8<br />

samejliso cekvebi ufro popularuli xdeba. imarTeba<br />

konkursebi: `oqros verZi – 78~, 9 `ai ia~, 10 `ai ia – 82~, 11<br />

`Tbilisi – 84~, 13 `ai ia – 85~ 14 da sxva.<br />

xolo 1988 wels TbilisSi Sedga pirveli respublikuri<br />

Ria konkursi samejliso cekvebSi, romlis organizatorebi<br />

iyvnen Tengiz gaCeCilaZe da larisa gaCeCilaZe.<br />

am konkursis gamarjvebulebi `A~ klasSi gaxdnen<br />

Tbiliselebi Sorena gaCeCilaZe da goCa Certkoevi. 15<br />

Semdeg imarTeba `oqros sawmisi – 90~, `oqros sawmisi –<br />

91~, 16 `Tbilisi – 92~ ,17 `Tbilisi – 94~ 18 da sxva.<br />

1997 wels ki saqarTvelos sportuli cekvebis erovnul<br />

federacias ufleba eZleva Caataros saerTaSoriso konkursi<br />

`kavkasiis Tasi~. aRniSnuli RonisZieba aqedan moyolebuli<br />

tradiciuli xdeba da yovelTvis tardeba. Aam konkursze<br />

gamarjvebuli wyvili kavkasiis Tasis mflobeli xdeba. 19<br />

zemoT naxsenebi konkursebis mowyoba da saerTod samejliso<br />

cekvebis gavrcelebisa da propagandis saqmeSi udidesi wvlili<br />

miuZRvis dRes ukve saqarTvelos sportcekvebis erovnuli<br />

federaciis prezidents, studia da ansambl `Telas~<br />

218 219

aleko gelaSvili<br />

samejliso cekvebis mesveurebi saqarTveloSi<br />

xelmZRvanel-qoreografs, saerTaSoriso kategoriis msajs,<br />

Tengiz gaCeCilaZes.<br />

naSromis mizans warmoadgens `SeZlebisdagvarad~ mouTxros<br />

mkiTxvels batoni Tengizis, misi meuRlis larisa gaCeCilaZis<br />

maTi ojaxisa da saqmianobis Sesaxeb. `SeZlebisdagvarado~,_<br />

imitom vambobT, rom es naSromi am Temaze warmoebul kvlevis<br />

pirvel nabijebs warmoadgens saqarTveloSi. aqedan gamomdinare<br />

mkiTxvels winaswar vuxdiT bodiSs Tu igi informaciis mcire<br />

raodenobas an uzustobas ganicdis. Cven ki siamovnebiT<br />

gaviTvaliwinebT am TemiT dainteresebuli pirebis Sexedulebebs<br />

da SeniSvnebs.<br />

erT-erT interviuSi batoni Tengizi ambobs: `vnanob, rom<br />

cekva Zalze gvian daviwye~. 20<br />

sanam batoni Tengizis cekvasTan Sexebis pirvel nabijebs<br />

SevexebiT, mogiTxrobT misi biografiuli Tu SemoqmedebiTi<br />

moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.<br />

Tengiz ivanes Ze gaCeCilaZe daibada 19<strong>41</strong> wlis 5<br />

seqtembers TbilisSi; mama ivane gaCeCilaZe saqarTvelos<br />

damsaxurebuli veteqimi yofila, xolo deda evgenia nioraZe<br />

aseve dawyebiTi klasebis damsaxurebuli pedagogi.<br />

hyavs sami da: meri – pedagogi, amJamad pensioneri, qeTevani<br />

– pedagogi, biblioTekaTmcodne, eTeri – filologi musikis<br />

mimarTulebiT.<br />

1947 wels Tengiz gaCeCilaZe Sedis rkinigzis #1 skolaSi,<br />

romelsac amTavrebs 1958 wels.<br />

1961 wels abarebs politeqnikur institutSi meqanika –<br />

manqanaTmSeneblobis fakultetze. pirvel kurss daCqarebiT<br />

gaivlis da 1964 wels amTavrebs saswavlebels.<br />

1964 wlidan igi muSaobas iwyebs filarmoniaSi, ukravs<br />

simebian sakravebze kirile vaSakiZis xalxur sakravTa<br />

orkestrSi, aris musikalur-qoreografiuli sazogadoebis<br />

msaxiobi. `42 nomeri hqondaT programaSi da erT kviraSi<br />

viswavleo~ – ixsenebs batoni Tengizi.<br />

cota xanSi es orkestri sagastrolod unda wasuliyo<br />

Soreul aRmosavleTSi. batonma Tengizma uari Tqva am<br />

gastrolze da orkestrSi muSaobas Tavs anebebs.<br />

Semdeg TanmimdevrobiT, xanmokle drois monakveTebSi muSaobs:<br />

eleqtro vagonSemkeTebel qarxanaSi me-6 Tanrigis zeinklad,<br />

saaparato saamqroSi tyav-sagalanterio fabrikaSi,Mmaudkamvolis<br />

kombinatSi da isnis fexsacmelebis fabrikaSi.<br />

sruliad SemTxveviT moxda misi cxovrebis dakavSireba<br />

qoreografiul samyarosTan: „voroSilovis klubSi~, romelic<br />

mdebareobda axlandeli griboedovis Teatris mimdebare<br />

teritoriaze, igi eZebda Turme salaros bileTi rom aeRo da<br />

kinoSi Sesuliyo.Aam Zebnisas, aRmoCnda erT did darbazSi,<br />

sadac Semdegi situacia daxvda: axalgazrdebi ewerebodnen<br />

imdroindeli sazogadoebrivi cekvebis studiaSi, romelsac<br />

xelmZRvanelobda pedagogi mixeil kafievi. batoni Tengizic<br />

moxvedrila am axalgazrdaTa rigSi, gadauxdia erTi Tvis<br />

gadasaxadi 5 maneTi.Mmixeil kafievs misTvis afiSebi miucia<br />

da uTxovia, rom gamoekra isnis fexsacmelebis fabrikaSi.<br />

`kargi organizatori iyoo~,– ambobs batoni Tengizi pirvel pedagogze,<br />

romelsac im droisTvis Turme 700-mde moswavle hyolia.<br />

am sazogadoebrivi cekvebiT daintereseba imdroindeli<br />

axalgazrdobisa garkveuli midgomiT gamowveuli iyo imiT,<br />

rom mas hqonda `gacnobis~ xasiaTi: gogonebi – biWebis, biWebi<br />

ki gogonebis gasacnobad iyenebdnen am cekvebis studiaSi arsebul<br />

situacias~.<br />

damwyebi mocekvave Tengiz gaCeCilaZe pirvelive repeticiaze<br />

gaciebula, Semdeg erTi Tve uvlia, erTi Tvis mere ki damjdari<br />

uyurebda Turme repeticiebs. cota xanSi gadadis ufro<br />

gamocdil jgufSi, `mecotava is, rac vicodio~ – ambobs igi.<br />

ramdenjerme Turme mixel kafievs gauCerebia jgufi, miuTiTebia<br />

damjdar Tengiz gaCeCilaZeze da aRuniSnavs, rom `es kaci<br />

verasodes iswavlis cekvaso~.<br />

magaram batoni Tengizis interesi cekvisadmi am gamoTqmas<br />

ver SeuCerebia, piriqiT, igi Turme Tavad igonebda moZraobebs,<br />

romlebsac zedmeti varjiSis procesSi amuSavebda Tavis pirvel<br />

partniorTan lia babaevasTan erTad.<br />

`ori Tvis Semdeg amovwure im studiis codnis maragio~, _<br />

ambobs igi. yvelas ajoba mixel kafievis studiaSi, sadac im<br />

droisTvis iswavleboda: „valsi~, „vals-bostoni~, „bluzi~, „Ca-<br />

Ca-Cas~ raRac moZraobebi, „tangos~ raRac stili, „krakoviaki~,<br />

„bit-ritmi~, „bugi-vugi~, „marSfoqstroti~.<br />

220 221

aleko gelaSvili<br />

samejliso cekvebis mesveurebi saqarTveloSi<br />

am periodis ganmavlobaSi uyalibdeba Tengiz gaCeCilaZes<br />

cekvisadmi seriozuli interesi da iwyebs pedagogiur<br />

moRvaweobas q. gorSi.Aam saqmianobas ise CauTrevia, rom sxva<br />

yvelafrisTvis Tavi miunebebia, Tbilisidan gorSi dadioda<br />

Tavis partniorTan erTad ramdenjerme kviraSi. saqme kargad<br />

wavida, Sedegi rom dainaxes, pedagogiur institutSi miiwvies.<br />

Semdeg ki TbilisSi plexanovis klubSi iwyebs moRvaweobas.Aam<br />

droisaTvis sazogadoebriv cekvebs aswavlis, mogvianebiT ki<br />

ruseTSi turnirze xvdeba, sadac Jiuris wevria.A`am konkursma<br />

Cemze imdenad didi STabeWdileba moaxdina, rom Rameebi ar<br />

meZina, Cveulebrivi cekvis nacvlad araCveulebrivi sanaxaoba,<br />

`Sejibri~ vnaxe, es CemTvis siurprizi iyo~. 21<br />

1974 wels mas iwveven „Tbilisis mxatvruli TviTmoqmedebis<br />

respublikur saxlSi~ samejliso cekvebis meTodistad. igi<br />

ecnoba sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebul 128 amgvari saxlis muSaobis<br />

sistemas.Aatarebs seminarebs, risi meSveobiTac saqarTvelos<br />

masStabiT TandaTan vrceldeba samejliso cekvebi.<br />

igi Tavis meuRlesTan, qalbaton larisasTan erTad 1975<br />

wlidan moyolebuli dRemde kiTxulobs leqciebs sxvadasxva<br />

saswavlebelSi (Teatrisa da kinos universiteti, s. zaqariaZis<br />

saxelobis saganmanaTleblo saswavlebeli, adre sacirkosaestrado<br />

saswavlebeli da fizkulturis instituti, ucxo<br />

enebis instituti...).<br />

garda teqnikuri ganaTlebisa Tengiz gaCeCilaZem 1980<br />

wels daamTavra q. leningradis profkavSirTa kulturis<br />

umaRlesi skola, kulturis muSakis specialobiT.<br />

misi TaosnobiT 1986 wels iqmneba kulturis saministrosTan<br />

arsebuli samejliso cekvebis gaerTianeba.<br />

1991 wels am organizacias hqvia saqarTvelos samejliso<br />

cekvebis asociacia. 1991-1992 ww. asociacia xdeba wevri<br />

`IDSF~-isa (samejliso sportuli cekvebis asociacia), romelic,<br />

Tavis mxriv, Sedis saerTaSoriso olimpiur komitetSi.<br />

1997 wlidan dRemde zemoT xsenebul organizacias ewodeba<br />

`saqarTvelos sportuli cekvebis erovnuli federacia~, romlis<br />

prezidentic gaxlavT Tengiz gaCeCilaZe.<br />

1973 wlidan batoni Tengizis cxovrebaSi Semodis qali.<br />

maTi gzebi erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba da mogvianebiT, 1986 wels<br />

qmnian lamaz ojaxs es qalbatoni gaxlavT larisa qurdaZe.<br />

larisa qurdaZe daibada 1950 wlis 19 marts TbilisSi.<br />

mama – giorgi qurdaZe samamulo omis monawile, II jgufis<br />

invalidi.<br />

deda – ekaterine qurdaZe (orloveckaia) (poloneli)<br />

muSaobda Cais gadamwon fabrikaSi telefonistis Tanamdebobaze.<br />

qalbaton larisas hyavs ori Zma: aleqsandre qurdaZe<br />

polkovniki, leninis ordenosani artileristi, amJamad cxovrobs<br />

omskSi ojaxTan erTad da vladimer quraZe, romelsac<br />

damTavrebuli aqvs politeqnikuri teqnikumi, colSviliani da<br />

amJamad droebiT umuSevari.<br />

1958 wels larisa qurdaZe Sedis Tbilis me-16 saSualo<br />

skolaSi, romelsac amTavrebs 1967 wels. amave wels abarebs<br />

aleqsandre puSkinis saxelobis pedagogiur institutSi, xdeba<br />

dawyebiTi klasebis pedagogikis specialobis studenti (rusuli<br />

seqtoriT). paralelurad muSaobs Tbilisis koniakis qarxanaSi,<br />

jer muSad, Semdeg mdivan-memanqaned, cota xanSi ki sadegustacio<br />

darbazis ufrosi xdeba amave periodSi igi aris komkavSiris<br />

komitetis mdivani.<br />

1972 wels larisa gaCeCilaZe amTavrebs pedagogiur<br />

instituts da iwyebs muSaobas q. Tbilisis 129-e skolis<br />

pedagogad. erTi wlis Semdeg ki misi cxovrebac SemTxveviT<br />

daukavSirdeba cekvas.<br />

`bavSobidanve saocrad miyvarda cekva~,– ambobs erT-erT<br />

interviuSi qalbatoni larisa,– jer kidev pataras andamativiT<br />

mizidavda quCebSi gamokruli lamazad gaformebuli is afiSebi<br />

da reklamebi sadac mocekvave wyvili exata. etyoba genSic<br />

iyo raRac, Tumca gamoCenili mocekvave Cems saaxlobloSi<br />

aravin yofila.<br />

skolaSi rom vswavlobdi, specialuri gadacemebis seria<br />

gadioda televiziiT, sadac maSindel Zalian modur cekva _<br />

`Carlstons~ aswavlidnen. viswavle telegadacemidan cekva<br />

da Semdeg Cems TanaklaselebTan daviwye `qoreografoba~. 22<br />

ufro seriozulad ki qalbatoni larisas cekvis samyaroSi<br />

moxvedra Semdegnairad moxda:<br />

`plexanovis klubSi komkavSiris mdivnebis konferencia<br />

tardeboda. isic, rogorc komkavSiris mdivani, monawileobas<br />

iRebda am konferenciaSi. Sesvenebaze, foieSi, axalgazrdebs<br />

222 223

aleko gelaSvili<br />

samejliso cekvebis mesveurebi saqarTveloSi<br />

radiola CaurTavT da cekva dauwyiaT. erTi rusi ymawvili<br />

miaxloebula masTan da cekva uTxovia. uari ar uTqvams da<br />

`valsze gayolia~. cekvis dros partniors jer marjvena<br />

bruni gaukeTebia, Semdeg _ marcxena. ileTi mSvenivrad<br />

gamomividao _ igonebs qalbatoni larisa. `Tqven ra cekvavT?~,<br />

_ gaocebuli ukiTxavs partniors da rodesac am kiTxvaze<br />

pasuxad uari miuRia, axla `kvadratul rumbaze~ miuwvevia,<br />

arc es cekva gamosula urigo.<br />

maSin am biWma SesTavaza mas: Tengiz gaCeCilaZesTan<br />

samejliso cekvebis studiaSi wagiyvano. isic sixaruliT<br />

Tanxmdeba. `Tumca, pirvel Sexvedraze es sixaruli cota ar<br />

iyos gamixuna Tengizma~,_ ambobs qalbatoni larisa. sxvaTa<br />

Soris, Semomxeda da biWis aRtacebul replikas, rom me studiaSi<br />

arasodes mivlia da SesaniSnavad vcekvav, mSrali da Zunwi<br />

fraza Seageba: `Tu unda, movideso~. 23<br />

_ `maxsovs, erT-erTma Cemma moswavlem moiyvana,_ ambobs<br />

qalbatoni larisas yofili pedagogi, amJamad meuRle – Tengiz<br />

gaCeCilaZe,_ Zalian niWieri moswavle iyo, varjiSis dawyebidan<br />

sami Tvis Semdeg ufro Zlier jgufSi gadaviyvane. xuTi Tvis<br />

Semdeg, konkursSic mivaRebine monawileoba. im periodSi<br />

televiziiT samejliso cekvebis Sesaswavl gadacemas vuZRvebodi<br />

da larisa CemTan waviyvane. albaT, cekvisadmi uzomo siyvarulma<br />

da didma nebisyofam ganapiroba is, rom larisas studia ar<br />

miutovebia. igi ukve profesionali mocekvave iyo da<br />

partnioroba SevTavaze, Semdeg ki colobaco~. 24<br />

1975 wlidan eleqtrovagonSemkeTebel qarxanasTan arsebuli<br />

studia Tengiz da larisa gaCeCilaZeebs gadaaqvT oficerTa<br />

saxlSi, Semdeg ki s. orjonikiZis saxelobis kulturis da<br />

dasvenebis axlandel, `muStaedis~ parkSi da dRemde iq<br />

moRvaweoben.<br />

amave wlidan qalbatoni larisa baton TengizTan erTad<br />

kiTxulobs leqciebs yvela zemoT xsenebul saswavlebelSi.<br />

2005 wlis 5 ianvars, Tbilisis e. TayaiSvilis sax. kulturisa<br />

da xelovnebis saxelmwifo universitetma maT mianiWa docentis<br />

xarisxi. xolo 2006 wlidan isini arian asocirebuli<br />

profesorebi saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis<br />

Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetSi.<br />

larisa gaCeCilaZe 1991 wlidan aris `saqarTvelos<br />

sportcekvebis erovnuli federaciis~ generaluri mdivani.<br />

1992 wlidan mieniWa saerTaSoriso kategoriis msajis wodeba.<br />

Tengiz da larisa gaCeCilaZeebi partniorebi arian<br />

rogorc cekvaSi, aseve cxovrebaSi. maT lamaz ojaxSi yvela<br />

cekvavs.<br />

ufrosi Svili Sorena, Tavis meuRlesTan goCa CertkoevTan<br />

da Svil levanTan erTad 1992 wlidan cxovrobs da moRvaweobs<br />

aSS-Si (q. dalasi). Sorena gaCeCilaZe da goCa Certkoevi<br />

arian saerTaSoriso kategoriis mocekvaveebi, turnir `amomavali<br />

varskvlavis~ ToTxmeti gzis gamarjvebulebi. amerikis<br />

sazogadoebis maRal wreebSi isini sasurvel da miRebul<br />

stumrebad iTvlebian. aqvT studia, sadac uamravi msurveli<br />

swavlobs samejliso cekvebs.<br />

ori vaJidan: ufrosi, giorgi, swavlobs Tbilisis<br />

di plomatiur akademiaSi, aris saerTaSoriso kategoriis<br />

mocekvave, uamravi turniris priziori.<br />

umcrosi vaJi, rati, me-11 kalsis moswavlea, swavlobs<br />

Tbilisis #1 klasikur gimnaziaSi. aris saqarTvelos Cempioni,<br />

kavkasiis Tasis mflobeli sxvadasxva saSinao Tu saerTaSoriso<br />

turnirebis priziori.<br />

maTi meoTxe Svili – Telaa, romelmac ukve mravali Taoba<br />

daafrTiana.<br />

Tela saqarTveloSi Zalian iSviaTi da lamazi xea, Tengizisa<br />

da larisas inicialebicaa. 1979 wlidan igi funqcionirebs<br />

`muStaedis~ baRSi. studiasTan arsebobs ansambli, romelic<br />

aseve Telas saxels atarebs. 25<br />

1986 wlis aprilSi moskovSi `krilia sovetovis~ sportul<br />

darbazSi, kulturis saministrom moawyo samejliso cekvebis<br />

pirveli sakavSiro festivali. konkursis programaSi iyo oTxi<br />

nomeri: sabWoTa qoreografiis safuZvelze Seqmnili, laTinoamerikuli<br />

samejliso cekvebi, evropuli da originaluri<br />

popurebi. 24 ansambli iyo wardgenili festivalze da aqedan<br />

ansamblma `Telam~ brinjaos medali daimsaxura.<br />

amave wels Telas mieniWa saxalxo ansamblis wodeba. 26<br />

studiaSi bavSvebs 7 wlidan iReben, asakobrivi jgufebis<br />

mixedviT: patarebs _ 7-dan 10 wlamde, mozardebs 11-dan 15<br />

224 225

aleko gelaSvili<br />

wlamde da ufrosebs _ 16 wlis zemoT. studia muSaobs<br />

seqtembridan ivlisis CaTvliT.<br />

wlis bolos tardeba kursidan kursze gadasasvleli da<br />

gamosaSvebi gamocdebi. oTxi kursis daxurvis Semdeg, mocekvave<br />

iRebs studiis diploms.<br />

damwyebi mocekvavis sakonkurso programa 10 cekvas moicavs.<br />

wlis ganmavlobaSi mocekvave iRebs CaTvlis wignaks. misi<br />

mflobeli saqarTvelos sportcekvebis erovnuli federaciisa<br />

da (GNDSF) da sportcekvebis saerTaSoriso federaciis<br />

(IDSF) wevri xdeba.<br />

studia `TelaSi~ ukve uamravi aseTi mocekvave da cnobili<br />

pedagogi aRizarda. zogi maTgani sazRvargareT moRvaweobs,<br />

zogic saqarTveloSi agrZelebs Tavis karieras. esenia: Sorena<br />

gaCeCilaZe, goCa Certkoevi, nunuka azmaifaraSvili, ekaterine<br />

da zurab metrevelebi, elene da giorgi orvelaSvilebi, ruzana<br />

da boris odikaZeebi, salome lomsaZe, daviT kulumbegaSvili,<br />

ia kvirikaSvili, TaTuli gogiSvili, giorgi tabataZe da sxvebi.<br />

maT Sesaxeb ukve calke SeiZleba Zalian bevri iTqvas da<br />

daiweros.<br />

Tengiz da larisa gaCeCilaZeebi dResac didi enTuziazmiT,<br />

Tavisi saqmis uzomo siyvaruliT, aswavlian da zrdian<br />

mocekvaveebs. Tqveni mona-morCilic am mocekvaveebis rigs<br />

ganekuTvneba. ar vici ramdenad gavamarTleb Cemi pedagogebis<br />

Sromas, magram amJamad es SemiZlia vTqva: maT Zalian Semayvares<br />

samejliso cekvebi da is faqti, rom 2008 wlis dekemberSi<br />

saerTaSoriso konkursze `saaxalwlo Tbilisi-2008~ I adgilis<br />

mflobeli gavxdi `8 cekva didebis~ qvejgufSi, es am siyvarulis<br />

nayofia. didi madloba Tengiz da larisa maswavlebels am<br />

siyvarulisTvis, maTi Sromisa da saqmianobisTvis!!!<br />

samejliso cekvebis mesveurebi saqarTveloSi<br />

5. ix.: gazeTi: `komunisti~. 1975 wlis 14 Tebervali.<br />

6. ix.: gazeTi: `ЗАРЯ ВОСТОКА~ 1975 Г. 8 Июня.<br />

7. ix.: gazeTi: `Tbilisi~. 1976 wlis 19 aprili.<br />

8. ix.: gazeTi: `lelo~. 1977 wlis 18 ivnisi.<br />

9. ix.: gazeTi: `axalgazrda komunisti~ 1978 wlis 25 ivlisi.<br />

10. ix.: gazeTi: `Вечерний Тбилиси~ 1980 Г. 13 Марта.<br />

11. ix.: gazeTi: `Tbilisi~ 1982 wlis 30 marti.<br />

12. ix.: gazeTi: `Tbilisi~ 1984 wlis 2 aprili.<br />

13. ix.: gazeTi: `Вечерний Тбилиси~ 1985 Г. 19 Апреля.<br />

14. ix.: gazeTi: `ЗАРЯ ВОСТОКА~ 1988 Г. 12 Февраля.<br />

15. ix.: gazeTi: `Tbilisi~ 1990 wlis 14 noemberi.<br />

16. ix.: gazeTi: `quTaisi~. 1991 wlis 14 noemberi.<br />

17. ix.: gazeTi: `eri~ 1992 wlis 3-9 ivlisi.<br />

18. ix.: gazeTi: `saqarTvelos respublika~ 1994 wlis 7 ianvari.<br />

19. ix.: T. gaCeCilaZe `kavkasiis Tasi – 97~ _ programa.<br />

20. ix.: gazeTi:`harmonia~ 2002 wlis 18.09.-02.10.<br />

21. ix.: gazeTi:`aqcenti~. 2003 wlis 8-10 agvisto.<br />

22. ix.: `qalis saidumlo~ #3.<br />

23. ix.: `qalis saidumlo~ #3.<br />

24. ix.: `qalis saidumlo~ #3.<br />

25. ix.: `qalTa gazeTi~ 1997 wlis ivnisi.<br />

26. ix.: gazeTi: `Tbilisi~ 1986 wlis 20 maisi.<br />

1. gazeTi: `lelo~, 1990 wlis 23 ianvari.<br />

2. gazeTi: `lelo~, 1990 wlis 31 ianvari.<br />

3. gazeTi: `lelo~. 1990 wlis 31 ianvari.<br />

4. ix.: gazeTi: `Tbilisi~. 1975 wlis 28 Tebervali.<br />

226 227

eka geliaSvili<br />

magistraturis II kursi<br />

xelmZRvaneli - anano samsonaZe<br />

`sarTulebiani~ ferxulebis simbolika<br />

(qarTuli nimuSebis magaliTze)<br />

sarTulebis principiT agebuli, unikaluri formis, wriuli<br />

iarusebiani ferxuli gavrcelebuli iyo TiTqmis mTel<br />

saqarTveloSi.<br />

qarTlSi mas `zemyrelos~ uwodebdnen, romlis sinonimia<br />

`orsarTula~, javaxeTSi _ `samyrelos~ (an `cixebuna~),<br />

raWaSi gvxvdeba _ `maRla mTas modga~, xevSi _ `abarbare~,<br />

TuSeTSi _ `qorbeRela~, svaneTSi _ `mirmi(n)qela~.<br />

`orsarTuliani ferxulis~ saxelwodebiT SemorCa qarTul<br />

sacekvao folklors guruli ferxuli, romelic cekva<br />

`xorumis~ kompoziciis erT-erT nawilSic gvxvdeba. rogorc<br />

profesori l. gvaramaZe aRniSnavs, am formis ferxuli,<br />

gavrcelebuli yofila imereTSi saxelwodebiT `madli<br />

maxarobelsa~. mis teqstSi gazafxulisa da zamTris brZola<br />

aisaxeboda. 1 aseve arsebobs cnoba, rom `vaxtang gorgaslis<br />

ferxuli~, romlis gavrcelebis areali ZiriTadad aRmosavleT<br />

saqarTveloa, imereTSic scodniaT da iq es simRera<br />

mravalsarTuliani ferxulis ayolebiT sruldeboda. 2<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom am ferxulTa zogierTi nimuSi dResac<br />

gvxvdeba qarTvelTa yofaSi. magaliTad, `samyrelo~, 3<br />

`zemyrelo~ 4 da `qorbeRela~, romlis TviTmxilveli Tavad<br />

gaxldiT 2005 wels, xatobis dros, TuSeTis sofel xaxaboSi.<br />

msgavsi struqturuli formis ferxuls vxvdebiT mezobeli<br />

kavkasieli tomebis cekvebSi, rogoric aris osuri `narTon<br />

simdi~, 5 aseve _ skandinaviaSi, alpebze da balkaneTis<br />

naxevarkunZulzec. 6<br />

sarTulebianma ferxulebma mravali mecnieri daainteresa.<br />

mas ikvlevdnen: v. bardaveliZe, 7 d. janeliZe, 8 av. TaTaraZe, 9<br />

l. gvaramaZe. 10 am formis ferxulebs exebian da aRweren: r.<br />

erisTavi, 11 g. svaniZe, 12 b. niJaraZe, 13 p. umikaSvili, 14 T. mamalaZe, 15<br />

i. qavTaraZe, 16 ap. wulaZe, 17 s. makalaTia, 18 g. cocaniZe, 19 n.<br />

maisuraZe 20 da sxvani. ferxuli `zemyrelo~ ganxilulia<br />

`qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSic~. 21<br />

mkvlevarTa mier warmodgenil aRwerebSi sarTulebiani<br />

ferxuli igeba wriulad, mxolod mamakacebis mier da ori,<br />

zogjer ki, sami sarTulis formas iRebs. ferxuli wris<br />

trialiT sruldeba da igi mgzavrulia, anu, gzad mavalni<br />

asruleben. ferxulis rTuli konstruqciidan gamomdinare,<br />

masSi monawileTa fexis moZraoba primitiulia. ZiriTadad<br />

vxvdebiT fexis midgmiT svlas wreze. SemsrulebelTa raodenoba<br />

SezRuduli araa. misi simRera ZiriTadad orpirulia. miuxedavad<br />

am ferxulTa gansxvavebuli Sinaarsisa, misi struqturuli<br />

forma yvelgan erTnaeria. am ferxulTa dasasruli xSirad<br />

gulisxmobs zeda sarTulebis qveda sarTulis monawileTagan<br />

Camoyras. gansxvavebas warmoadgens ferxuli `maRla mTas modga~,<br />

`zemyrelos~ ramdenime varianti (zeda sarTulis monawileni<br />

Zirs Tavad xtebian) da TuSuri `qorbeRela~, romlis waqcevac<br />

cudis maniSnebeli iyo.<br />

`qorbeRelas~ dasasrulis Sesaxeb, Cven mier mopovebul<br />

yvela masalaSi, erTxmad aRiniSneba, rom igi aucileblad<br />

dauSlelad unda misuliyo sakulto adgilamde. misi<br />

Segnebulad areva da SemsrulebelTa Camoyra yovlad<br />

dauSvebeli iyo. rogorc v. bardaveliZe gadmogvcems,<br />

`qorbeRelaze~ TuSi Tavis momavals ikvlevda: `Tu qorbeRela<br />

iqceoda da simRera ireoda, maSin saqoneli da adamiani<br />

dagvexocebao da piriqiT...~ 22 imave cnobas gvawvdis s. makalaTia, 23<br />

g. cocaniZe 24 da n. maisuraZe. 25<br />

sarTulebiani ferxulebis simbolurma Sinaarsma mecnierTa<br />

Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia. qoreologi avTandil<br />

TaTaraZe ganmartavs, rom aseTi wyobis ferxulebi sabrZolo<br />

Sinaarsisaa. erTmaneTis mxrebze asvla erTgvari xerxia simagris<br />

galavnis gadasalaxad da mas, mSvidobianobis periodSi,<br />

mebrZolTa gavarjiSebis daniSnuleba gaaCnia. 26<br />

gansxvavebuli azri wamoayena vera bardaveliZem. 27 man<br />

TuSuri `qorbeRela~ sicocxlisa da nayofierebis xis Sesaxeb<br />

damadasturebel wyarod gamoiyena da daadgina, rom swored<br />

aseTi xe igulisxmeboda `qorbeRelas~ teqstSi. lili gvaramaZe<br />

aRniSnavs, rom: `samsarTuliani ferxuli Soreul warsulSi<br />

228 229

eka geliaSvili<br />

`sarTulebiani~ ferxulebis simbolika<br />

bunebaze magiuri zemoqmedebis xasiaTs atarebda~. 28 magram,<br />

svanur `mirmiqelaze~ da `zemyreloze~ saubrisas mkvlevari<br />

miuTiTebs, rom igi sabrZolo xasiaTisaa. 29 amdenad, mkvlevari<br />

mxolod calkeuli ferxulis sakulto daniSnulebaze<br />

saubrobs, msgavsi formis ferxulebs ki mimoixilavs<br />

rogorc sabrZolo an gasarTob saSualebad.<br />

qarTlos kasraZe samsarTula ferxuls mzis simbolikis<br />

demonstraciad miiCnevs. 30 mzes ukavSirebs gurul ferxuls<br />

apolon wulaZec, naSromSi `eTnografiuli guria~. 31<br />

sainteresoa, ram ganapiroba am identuri formis ferxulTa<br />

Sinaarsis aseTi variaciebiT arseboba? sainteresoa es ferxulebi<br />

namdvilad cixe-galavnebis gadasalax sawvrTno-savarjiSo<br />

daniSnulebas atarebdnen, rogorc amas zogierTi mkvlevari<br />

miiCnevs? vgonebT, saferxulo teqstebSi aqa-iq gabneuli<br />

simboluri miniSnebebi naTels mohfenen am SekiTxvebs.<br />

i. qavTaraZisa 32 da al. yazbegis 33 mier gadmocemul<br />

`abarbares~ saferxulo teqstSi barbares raRacis Camoyras<br />

da gadmoyras evedrebian. savaraudoa, rom mas zemodan<br />

qvemoT baraqisa da nayofis sakeTildReod wvimis mosvlas<br />

SesTxovdnen. amas adasturebs barbares mimarT mimarTuli<br />

Txovnac, romelic kaxeTSi, siRnaRis raionis sofel zemo<br />

maCxaanSi, 1962 wels Caweril teqstSia (mTqmeli n. bibilaSvili)<br />

naTqvami: `a, barbare, barbare, cxra Rrubeli Savyare. CamouSvi<br />

wvima, CamouZex wina. aRar gvinda goraxi, RmerTo, gvinda<br />

talaxi!~ 34<br />

Cvens yuradRebas ipyrobs teqstSi naxsenebi a-barbare.<br />

mze Sumerul enaze warmoiTqmeboda, rogorc barbar. akademikos<br />

iv. javaxiSvilisa 35 da v. bardaveliZis 36 specialuri kvlevis<br />

Sedegad dadasturda qarTuli mzeqalis barbaresa da Sumeruli<br />

mzis RvTaebis `barbaris~ identuroba. igi, erTi mxriv, miCneuli<br />

iyo Sinauri cxovelebis uzenaes patronad, aseve qalTa<br />

mfarvelad, sicocxlis, siTbos, nayofierebis mimniWeblad. xolo<br />

meore mxriv, mosavlianobis mfarvelad. rogorc g. Citaia<br />

askvnis, `mesaqonleobis RvTaebaTa funqciebi, mzes, rogorc<br />

mosavlianobis baton-patrons, miwaTmoqmedebis xanis uZveles<br />

RvTaebas, gaziarebuli aqvs da mis gamgebladac iTvleba~. 37<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom barbalobam svaneTSi dRemde moaRwia<br />

simRera `barbal dolaSis~ saxelwodebiT. 38 igi sruldeboda<br />

uqme dReebSi qal-RvTaeba barbalesa da lamarias saxelze.<br />

Tovlis koSkis agebis Semdeg, mis win muxls moiyridnen da<br />

barbales mosavlis siuxvesa da gamarjvebis mopovebas<br />

evedrebodnen.<br />

muryvamobis dResaswaulze, romelic nayofierebis<br />

RvTaeba kviriasadmi iyo miZRvnili, Tovlis koSkis waqceviT<br />

arkvevdnen momavali wlis mosavlis beds. garda amisa, xe<br />

Catanebuli Tovlis koSkis ngreva, simboloa zamTris<br />

aRsasrulisa. rogorc el. virsalaZe gadmogvcems, muryvamobis<br />

dros maRal koSkze imarTeboda orsarTuliani ferxulic,<br />

romelic beTqilis ukanaskneli survilis mosagoneblad<br />

sruldeboda. 39<br />

l. ioselianis aRweriT svanuri mirminqela _ svifze,<br />

wminda cacxvTan samjer Tormetma mamakacma Caaba. 40<br />

svanuri sarTulebiani ferxulis Taobaze saintereso<br />

cnobas gvawvdis msoflio ekologiuri akademiis akademikosi,<br />

fsiqologi leonid kitaev-smiki. <strong>41</strong> ritualur ferxulze<br />

saubrisas igi aRniSnavs, rom qristian svanebTan dResaswaulze<br />

stumrobisas Tavad gamxdara mowme, Tu rogor asrulebdnen<br />

Tormet-Tormeti mamakaci sam sarTulad ferxuls. misi<br />

SekiTxvisTvis, Tu ras unda niSnavdes es ferxuli, svanebs<br />

upasuxiaT: Sen Tu Cvens eklesiaSi namyofi xar, SeamCnevdi<br />

iarusebs, sadac 12 epistolea gamosaxuli. aq cekvaven isini.<br />

maTi saubris mosmenisas meore svani CarTula da uTqvams, rom<br />

zeda rigi, es mTis arwivebia, zeciuri suli; meore _ mTis<br />

cxvrebi, mTis suli, xolo mesame – Cveni xarebia, romlebic<br />

miwas xnaveno.<br />

sarTulebis amgvarad ganlagebas mkvlevari ukavSirebs<br />

socialur da tomobriv ierarqias. Cven ki vvaraudobT,<br />

rom am cnobaSi kosmogoniur ierarqiazea saubari.<br />

vfiqrobT, rom svani zeda wreSi, zeciur sulSi<br />

gulisxmobda zecas da iq arsebul RvTaebebs, meoreSi<br />

_ mTebSi _ zecasa da miwas Soris arsebul fenas,<br />

xolo qvedaSi _ miwas. amis garda, aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />

fe rx ulS i Sem srule bel Ta Torm etk aci an i r goli<br />

230 231

eka geliaSvili<br />

`sarTulebiani~ ferxulebis simbolika<br />

sakralurobis maniSnebelia, romelic xSirad figurirebs<br />

qarTul saferxulo cekvebSi.<br />

ricxvi Tormeti – es aris umaRlesi wesrigis, sisrulis<br />

da keTildReobis gansaxovneba. misi saSualebiT struqturulad<br />

lagdeba sivrce da dro. igi aseve dakavSirebulia wresTan da<br />

borbalTan.<br />

ferxulis sawyisi figura wre ki, rogorc astraluri<br />

RvTaebis monograma, aRniSnavs mis srulyofilebas da<br />

maradiulobas. igi uZvelesi mistikuri simboloa, romelic<br />

tradiciulad cas gamoxatavs. erTmaneTSi Casmuli ramdenime<br />

wre ki _ kosmoss. 42<br />

CvenTvis saintereso masalas vxvdebiT aseve `zemyrelos~<br />

teqstSic. 43 masSi naxsenebi p uri, qeri da Txovna<br />

uzenaesisadmi nayofierebis RvTaebasTan kavSirs amJRavnebs.<br />

aq naxsenebi sityva Tovli da mze kvlav Segvaxsenebs<br />

zamTris dasasrulsa da bunebis gamococxlebas.<br />

sarTulebiani ferxulebis kosmogoniur simbolikaze<br />

saubrisas minda, yuradReba SevaCero aseve ferxul `zemyrelos~<br />

saxelwodebazec. vvaraudobT, rom qve- da ze- myrelo mxolod<br />

zemodan qvemoT Camoyris mniSvnelobiT ar aris naxmari, rogorc<br />

es zogierTi ferxulis Sesrulebis aRweridan ikiTxeba.<br />

enaTmecnierTa ganmartebiT, 44 termini zemyrelo niSnavs _<br />

zemoT da qvemoT Seyril da xelgayril (xelgadaxveul)<br />

SemsrulebelTa arsebobas saferxulo cekvaSi.<br />

yuradRebas iqcevs qarTvelTa warmodgenebi garesamyaros<br />

Sesaxeb. sivrce rogorc vertikalur, ise horizontalur<br />

WrilSi ramdenime erTeulad iyofa da ZiriTadad gamijnavs<br />

kacTa, RvTaebaTa da sulTa sauflos. msgavsi warmodgenebi<br />

Senaxulia dapirispirebaSi `ze~ da `qve~, romelic ciurisa<br />

da miwieris dapirispirebas gulisxmobs. qarTvelTa<br />

warmodgenebSi samyaros vertikalur RerZze arsebuli<br />

`zeskneli~, anu, cis samyaro, RvTaebaTa sabrZanisia. rogorc<br />

i. surgulaZe ganmartavs: `qve mis sapirispiro mniSvnelobas<br />

atarebs. rogorc kosmosis nawili, igi dabla samyaros unda<br />

udrides, romlis Tayvaniscema miwis, nayofierebis kultis<br />

saxiT damowmebulia qarTvelTa ritualur praqtikaSi. 45<br />

q a r T v e l T a k o s m o g o n i u r i T v a l T a x e d v i T T u<br />

v i m s j e l e b T , s a x e l w o d e b a ` z e m y r e l o ~ k o s m i u r<br />

simbolikas ukavSirdeba. yovelive es gvafiqrebinebs,<br />

rom ferxulis zeda - qveda sarTulebi casa da<br />

dedamiwas unda asaxavdes.<br />

aqve aRvniSnav, rom d. janeliZes ferxuli `samyrelo~<br />

ritualurad miaCnia. misive cnobiT, mesxeTSi, sof. udes<br />

`berobanaSi~ bolo dromde asrulebdnen samsarTula<br />

`samyrelos~.<br />

g. cocaniZis mier mowodebuli cnobiT `qorbeRelas~ simReris<br />

teqstSi vxvdebiT Semdeg frazebs: `...xe alvad amosuliyo~,<br />

`zeda mosxmiyo yurZeni~..., aseve `ymaTaR umate giorgi,<br />

cxvarsaR umate, giorgi, pursaR umate, giorgi...~ 46 da sxv.<br />

`qorbeRelas~ teqstis msgavs variants gvawodebs profesori<br />

vera bardaveliZe. 47 misi gamokvleviT, saweso saferxulo<br />

simReraTa variantebSi aRbeWdilia mosavlianobisa da<br />

gamravlebis mfarveli saTemo RvTaebebis e. w. RvTisSvilebisadmi<br />

mimarTva.<br />

g. cocaniZe `qorbeRelas~ sxva variantis arsebobazec<br />

miuTiTebs, sadac finali gansxvavebulia: `Sulta xatis yoreze<br />

ludian tiks dadebs. `qorbeRelas~ daSlisTanave yvela<br />

monawile am tiks miaSurebs. vinc moaswrebs da am tiks<br />

moitacebs, igi misia, is asmevs meqorbeRelaveebs gamarjvebisas~. 48<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom ferxulis finalSi ludiani tikis mopoveba<br />

erTgvarad simboluria. ludi figurirebs g. cocaniZis mier<br />

mopovebul `qorbeRelas~ sxva teqstSic: `pursaR umate, giorgi,<br />

Tu gindan kodni samsveni~. ludis arseboba dasturdeba aseve<br />

moxeuri `abarbares~ teqstSi da kompoziciaSic. ferxulis<br />

wreSi erTi Semsrulebeli dgas da ludiT umaspinZldeba. 49<br />

ludi qarTvel mTielTa yofaSi sakulto sasmeli<br />

iyo da misi religiur ritualSi arsebobac gasakviri<br />

araa. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielebisTvis igi,<br />

rogorc sakulto sasmeli, religiur cxovrebaSi<br />

mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda.<br />

amrigad, Cven mier mopovebul masalebSi TvalnaTliv<br />

ikveTeba kosmogoniuri simbolizmisa da nayofierebis<br />

k ul t i s k v al i . v v a raudob T , r o m T a vd a p ir v e la d<br />

232 233

eka geliaSvili<br />

`sarTulebiani~ ferxulebis simbolika<br />

sarTulebiani ferxulebi saqarTveloSi miZRvnili iyo<br />

as tral uri sim bol ikiT Se mkul i, miwis, rogorc<br />

nayofierebis dedaRvTaebis, mzisadmi pativsacemad. Cven<br />

a r u a r v y o f T d R e m d e m o R w e u l i s a r T u l e b i a n i<br />

ferxulebis teqstebSi sabrZolo xasiaTis arsebobas,<br />

magram vfiqrobT, rom es ufro gviani periodis Sesuli<br />

unda iyos, rodesac kultma mniSvneloba da Sesabamisad,<br />

ferxulmac ritualuri datvirTva dakarga.<br />

gansaxilvel ferxulTa wriuli, sarTulebiani forma cixekoSks<br />

mogvagonebs. koSki qarTvelTa yofaSi sakmaod<br />

gavrcelebuli struqturuli nagebobaa da misi, rogorc<br />

sakulto nagebobis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb, araerTi cnobaa daculi<br />

materialur-kulturul ZeglebSi. misi simboluri datvirTva<br />

Cveni winaprebis winaqristianul rwmena-warmodgenebSi unda<br />

veZioT.<br />

koSki naxsenebia cnobil amiranis eposSi, sadac yamaris<br />

ukaro, caze dakidebul koSkzea saubari. koSki aseve xSirad<br />

gvxvdeba qarTul xalxur zRaprebSi, sadac mzeTunaxavi<br />

lamazmanebi arian gamomwyvdeulni. cixe-koSkma suleTze<br />

arsebul fSav-xevsurTa warmodgenebSic pova gamoxatuleba.<br />

xalxis rwmeniT, suleTSi arsebul cixemde miRweuli sulebi<br />

yoveldRe asrulebdnen mis garSemo cekvas. 50 saintereso masalaa<br />

daculi legendaSi kopalas salocavis daarsebis Sesaxeb, 51<br />

saidanac irkveva, rom axalgazrda qal-vaJs karatis wverze<br />

cidan daSvebuli Tasi da vercxlis jaWvi SeuniSnavT, romelic<br />

imave adgilas miwaSi CauflavT da zed patara koSki, liqoqkSi<br />

ki samlocvelo auSenebiaT. amdenad, koSki zeciur<br />

samyarosTan pirdapir kavSirSia. is simboloa RvTiuri<br />

nivTebis sadgomisa da am SemTxvevaSi mas aranairad<br />

sabrZolo daniSnuleba ar gaaCnia.<br />

amave mniSvnelobiT ganixilavs i. surgulaZe koSks,<br />

romelic xisa da am uZvelesi nagebobis simbolikis<br />

kosmogoniur bunebaze miuTiTebs. 52<br />

v. iToniSvili koSkis Sesaxeb wers: `moxeveebi sacxovreblad,<br />

maragis Sesanaxad, saqonlis sadgomad da Tavis dasacavad<br />

iyenebdnen koSkuri moyvanilobis mravalsarTulian saxlebsac.<br />

cixe-saxlebi xevis yvela sofelSi mdgara~. 53 erT-erTi aseTi<br />

koSkis banze, oTxive kuTxeSi, xelovnurad gamoTlil mrgval<br />

qvebze jixvis rqebi yofila dawyobili.<br />

yuradReba mivaqcioT sityvebs, koSkuri moyvanilobis<br />

mravalsarTuliani saxli, aseve mrgvali qva (mrgvali _<br />

astraluri simbolo) da masze jixvis rqebi _ nayofierebis<br />

simbolo. dameTanxmebiT, aseTi simbolikiT morTuli koSki<br />

sakulto nagebobis iers iRebs da udides msgavsebas<br />

avlens Cvens sakvlev obieqtTan.<br />

mecnieri g. Citaia miuTiTebs, rom koSki damaxasiTebelia<br />

svanuri saxlisTvis, romelsac svanurad qor ewodeba. 54 svanuri<br />

qor ori sarTulisagan Sedgeba. avtori iqve aRniSnavs, rom<br />

misi Seswavlisas aucilebelia, yuradReba mieqces mis ara<br />

mx olod yof iT d a s abrZolo, a r a m e d r e l i g i u r<br />

daniSnulebasac. amdenad, g. Citaia miuTiTebs qoris sakulto<br />

daniSnulebaze.<br />

albaT, arc is aris SemTxveviTi, rom svanurad saxls qor<br />

ewodeba da TuSeTSi arsebul orsarTulian ferxuls ki _<br />

`qor-beRela~, anu, orsarTuliani saxli an koSki beRliT.<br />

cnobilia, rom qarTvel mTielTa salocavebSi droSa mTavar<br />

sakulto SenobaSi `beRelSi~ iyo dasvenebuli. arsebobda<br />

specialuri nageboba, `droSaT sabrZani koSki~, 55 sadac<br />

droSas amagrebdnen dResaswaulebisas. aRniSnul cnobaSic<br />

koSki wminda nivTebis, kerZod ki, droSis droebiT sadgomad<br />

gvevlineba. rac Seexeba mis mudmiv samyofels, is beRelia.<br />

qorbeRela ori sityvisagan Semdgari kompozitia, ganmartavs<br />

i. abulaZe. qori Zvel qarTulSi zeda saxls, zeda sarTuls<br />

niSnavs, xolo qoredi qorians, zeda sarTulians. 56 beReli _<br />

siuxvis simboloa, qorbeRela ki saxlis siuxvis, saqonlis<br />

gamravlebis da mosavlianobis simbolo.<br />

`qorbeRela~ rom ritualuri ferxulia da mas<br />

nayofierebis kultTan kavSiri aqvs, TiTqmis yvela<br />

mkvlevari erTxmad aRiarebs. is, rogorc saweso<br />

ferxuli, mkacrad daculi ritualobiT vlindeba da<br />

masSi ufro sruladaa Semonaxuli sakulto msaxurebis<br />

kvali, rasac ver vityviT struqturulad analogiur<br />

ferxulebze. magram faqtia, rom msgavsi formis sxva<br />

ferxulebic Tavisi astraluri simbolizmiT, pirdapir<br />

234 235

eka geliaSvili<br />

`sarTulebiani~ ferxulebis simbolika<br />

ukavSirdebian nayofierebis sawyiss – mzes, rac mtkicdeba maT<br />

struqturul formaSi, saxelwodebaSi da teqstobriv masalaSi<br />

SemorCenili niSnebiT:<br />

1). moxeuri ferxulis `abarbares~ saxelwodeba pirdapir<br />

miuTiTebs mosavlianobis mfarvel mze-qal barbaresTan kavSiris<br />

Sesaxeb. ferxulis qveteqstidan ikiTxeba, rom RvTaeba barbares<br />

baraqisa da nayofis sakeTildReod wvimis mosvlas SesTxovdnen.<br />

2). TuSuri `qorbeRela~ xatSi sruldeboda da misi<br />

Sesrulebisas TuSi Tavis momavals ikvlevda. misi ritualoba<br />

sasimRero teqstidanac irkveva. rac Seexeba mis saxelwodebas,<br />

`qorbeRela~ saxlis siuxvis, saqonlis gamravlebis da<br />

mosavlianobis simboloa.<br />

3). mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia TuSur da moxeur ferxulebSi<br />

ludis, rogorc sakulto sasmelis, arsebobis faqtic.<br />

4). svanuri sarTulebiani ferxuli `mirminqela~ _ svifze,<br />

wminda cacxvTan sruldeboda. xe ki rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,<br />

sicocxlis simboloa. amis garda, is kvirias sadidebeli<br />

ritualis nawilic iyo. aseve vfiqrobT, rom leonid kitaevsmikis<br />

svanuri ferxulis Sesaxeb mier mowodebul cnobaSi<br />

kosmogoniur ierarqiazea saubari.<br />

5). is faqti, rom mesxeTSi, nayofierebis ritualSi,<br />

berikaobaSi, abamen samsarTula `samyrelos~, kidev erTxel<br />

miuTiTebs am ferxulebis nayofierebis kultTan kavSirze.<br />

6). profesori lili gvaramaZis ganmartebiT, ferxulis<br />

`madli maxarobelis~ teqstSi gazafxulisa da zamTris brZola<br />

aisaxeboda.<br />

7). aRsaniSnavia aseve, rom ferxuli `zemyreloc~<br />

nayofierebisa da ciuri RvTaebisadmia miZRvnili, rac<br />

dasturdeba rogorc terminiT, aseve sasimRero teqstiT. masSi<br />

naxsenebi puri, qeri, mze, Tovli amis magaliTia. es ukanaskneli<br />

paralels poulobs muryvamis svanur koSkTan, romelic<br />

nayofierebis RvTaeba kviriasadmi iyo miZRvnili. qarTvelTa<br />

kosmogoniuri TvalTaxedviT Tu vimsjelebT, saxelwodeba<br />

`zemyrelo~ kosmiur simbolikas ukavSirdeba. SesaZloa,<br />

ferxulis zeda - qveda sarTulebi casa da dedamiwas asaxavdes.<br />

erTiani simbolos sxvadasxva variantiT gaazrebas, rac am<br />

formis ferxulTa sxvadasxvagvar Sinaarsobriv datvirTvas<br />

gulisxmobs, Semdegnairad avxsniT: rogorc Cans, aq saqme gvaqvs<br />

simbolos, rogorc erTiani niSnis, im TvisebasTan, rasac Sinaarsis<br />

gamqrqaleba, gauferuleba ewodeba. savaraudod, simbolos<br />

Tavdapirvelma Sinaarsma Tavisi aqtualoba dakarga da TandaTan<br />

mas sxva, kerZod sabrZolo Sinaarsi, sabolood ki garToba-<br />

TamaSobis saxeRa SemorCa. forma ki rogorc mogexsenebaT<br />

ucvleli darCa, rac uciloblad ase iqneboda simbolos<br />

Tvisebidan gamomdinare.<br />

iarusebiani ferxulebis struqturuli forma ara sabrZolo<br />

aramed, sakulto daniSnulebis koSkis simboloa (ris gamoc<br />

zogierTi mkvlevari SecdomaSi Sedis). qarTuli legendebidan<br />

da miTosidan irkveva, rom koSki zeciur samyarosTan pirdapir<br />

kavSirSia. amdenad, aRniSnul formaSi misi astraluri<br />

simbolizmi ikveTeba.<br />

sarTulebis principiT agebuli wriuli ferxulis sivrciTi<br />

ganfeniloba (vertikaluri da horizontaluri forma),<br />

msgavsebas poulobs qarTvelTa kosmogoniur msoflmxedvelobasTan.<br />

savaraudod, ferxulis zeda - qveda sarTulebi casa da<br />

dedamiwas unda asaxavdes. igive SeiZleba iTqvas samsarTuliani<br />

kompoziciis SemTxvevaSic: zeskneli, skneli da qveskneli.<br />

Cveni varaudiT, sarTulebiani ferxuli samyaros modelia,<br />

qarTvelTa mier samyaros aRqmis Taviseburi modeli. igi<br />

imavdroulad ze da qve samyaroTa Soris, sakomunikacio,<br />

damakavSirebel funqciasac asrulebda, rogoradac<br />

moiazreba qarTul miTosSi wminda xe, dedaboZi da sxv. is<br />

RvTaebaTa savali kibea da SesaZloa maTi miwieri<br />

s a d g u r i s s i m b o l o c . R v T a e b a k i a s t r a l u r i<br />

simbolizaciiT Semkuli miwis, sawyisis deda - mze –<br />

aris.<br />

236 237

eka geliaSvili<br />

sarTulebiani ferxulis struqturuli forma<br />

samyaros modelia<br />

ca, mze,<br />

maradiuli<br />

RvTis<br />

monograma<br />

s a m y a r o<br />

RvTaebaTa savali<br />

k i b e<br />

sakomunikacio saSualeba<br />

zeskneli (iq)<br />

skneli (aq)<br />

qveskneli<br />

dasasruls davZenT, rom sarTulebiani ferxulis<br />

s i m b o l u r i f o r m i s a m g v a r i g a a z r e b a , r a c m i s<br />

samyaroseul modelad aRqmas gulisxmobs, pirvelia<br />

d a m s g a v s i d e k o d i r e b a q a r T u l i q o r e o g r a f i i s<br />

mkvlevarTa arcerT naSromSi ar aris.<br />

1. l. gvaramaZe, qarTuli sacekvao folklori, meore gamocema, Tb., 1997.<br />

gv. 24.<br />

`sarTulebiani~ ferxulebis simbolika<br />

2. qs. sixaruliZe, el. virsalaZe, T. oqroSiZe, quTaisisa da tyibulis<br />

raionebSi 1951 wlis samecniero-folkloruli eqspediciis angariSi,<br />

literaturuli <strong>Ziebani</strong>, t. VIII, Tb., 1953. gv. 398.<br />

3. d. janeliZe, saxioba, werilebis krebuli, wigni IV. Tb., 1990. gv. 118-<br />

119.<br />

4. l. gvaramaZe, qarTuli sacekvao folklori, meore gamocema, Tb., 1997.<br />

gv. 22.<br />

5. eufyjd V. Jctnbycrbt yfhjlyst nfyws. Cnfkbybhb. 1957. gv. 8-10<br />

6. ckfybidbkb I. Yfhjlyfz nfyctdfkmyfz vepsrf d c, . `Uhepbycrfz vepsrfkmyfz<br />

reknehf~. V. 1957. gv. 7<br />

7. v. bardaveliZe, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qarTveli mTielebis<br />

sasuliero teqstebi: masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, nakv. I.<br />

tf., 1938. gv. 7<br />

8. d. janeliZe, saxioba, werilebis krebuli, wigni IV. Tb., 1990. gv. 8<br />

9. ix.: TaTaraZe av. qarTuli xalxuri cekvebis mokle mimoxilva, Tb.,<br />

1974; qarTuli xalxuri qoreografiis istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1999;<br />

qarTul cekvaTa ganmartebani, Tb., 1986.<br />

10. ix.: l. gvaramaZe, qarTuli sacekvao folklori, meore gamocema, Tb.,<br />

1997.<br />

11. ix.: r. erisTavi, folklorul eTnografiuli werilebi, gamosacemad<br />

moamzada, winasityvaoba, SeniSvnebi da komentarebi daurTo T.<br />

jogodniSvilma, Tb., 1986.<br />

12. ix.: g. svaniZe, qarTuli xalxuri simRerebi da Tqmulebebi, Tb., 1957.<br />

13. ix.: b. niJaraZe (Tavisufali svani), istoriul-eTnografiuli werilebi,<br />

I. Tb., 1962.<br />

14. ix.: p. umikaSvili, xalxuri sityviereba, naw. I, Tb., 1937.<br />

15. ix.: T. mamalaZe, svanuri saweso simRerebis struqtura. masalebi<br />

saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, XVI-XVII, Tb., 1972.<br />

16. ix.: i. qavTaraZe, qarTuli enis moxeuri dialeqti, Tb., 1985.<br />

17. ix.: ap. wulaZe, eTnografiuli guria, Tb., 1997.<br />

18. ix.: s. makalaTia, TuSeTi, Tb., 1983.<br />

19. ix.: g. cocaniZe, giorgobidan giorgobamde (eTnografiuli eqskursebi<br />

TuSeTis axlo warsulSi), Tb., 1987; ferxulebi da saferxulo<br />

simRerebis teqstebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, Tbilisis<br />

kulturis saxelmwifo institutis Sromebi, t. I.<br />

20. ix.: n. maisuraZe, qarTuli xalxuri musika da misi istoriul<br />

eTnografiuli aspeqtebi, Tb., 1989.<br />

21. ix.: g. cocaniZe, ferxulebi da saferxulo simRerebis teqstebi<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, Tbilisis kulturis saxelmwifo<br />

institutis Sromebi, t. I.<br />

238 239

eka geliaSvili<br />

22. v. bardaveliZe, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qarTveli mTielebis<br />

sasuliero teqstebi: masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, nakv. I.<br />

tf., 1938. gv. 9.<br />

23. i. qavTaraZe, qarTuli enis moxeuri dialeqti, Tb., 1985. gv. 202.<br />

24. ix.: ap. wulaZe, eTnografiuli guria, Tb., 1997.<br />

25. ix.: g. cocaniZe, giorgobidan giorgobamde (eTnografiuli eqskursebi<br />

TuSeTis axlo warsulSi), Tb., 1987.<br />

26. av. TaTaraZe, qarTul cekvaTa ganmartebani, Tb., 1986. gv. 12.<br />

27. v. bardaveliZe, sicocxlisa da siuxvis xe qarTvelTa sarwmunoebaSi,<br />

saqarTvelos eTnografiis sakiTxebi, XIV. Tb., 1968. gv. 47.<br />

28. l. gvaramaZe, qarTuli sacekvao folklori, meore gamocema, Tb.,<br />

1997. gv.24.<br />

29. iqve: gv. 26.<br />

30. q. kasraZe, triumfiT msoflios gzebze, Tb., 1971, gv. 14.<br />

31. ap. wulaZe, eTnografiuli guria, Tb., 1997. gv. 98.<br />

32. i. qavTaraZe, qarTuli enis moxeuri dialeqti, Tb., 1985. gv. 161.<br />

33. al. yazbegi, Txzulebani, t. V, Tb., 1950. gv. 47.<br />

34. i. gagulaSvili, qarTuli magiuri poezia, Tb., 1986. gv. 221<br />

35. ix.: iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, Tb., 1940.<br />

36. ix.: v. bardaveliZe, qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan,<br />

Tb., 19<strong>41</strong>.<br />

37. giorgi Citaia, IV sauniversiteto leqciebis kursi eTnografiaSi,<br />

gamosacemad moamzades z. wereTelma da T. cagareiSvilma, Tb., 2001. gv.<br />

224.<br />

38. v. axobaZe, qarTuli (svanuri) xalxuri simRerebis krebuli, Tb.,<br />

1957. gv. 11.<br />

39. el. virsalaZe, zemo svaneTSi folkloruli mivlinebis mokle<br />

angariSi, literaturuli <strong>Ziebani</strong>, VIII, Tb., 1953. gv. 386-387.<br />

40. l. gvaramaZe, qarTuli sacekvao folklori, meore gamocema, Tb.,<br />

1997. gv. 22.<br />

<strong>41</strong>. А Китаев-Смык, Мусульманский “зикр”, христианский “богослужебный<br />

круг” и солярные хороводы. www.kitaev-smyk.ru<br />

42. Энциклопедия «Символы, знаки, эмблемы», www.slovari.yandex.ru<br />

43. g. svaniZe, qarTuli xalxuri simRerebi da Tqmulebebi, Tb., 1957. gv.<br />

24.<br />

44. b. cxadaZe, zemyrelo, xelnaweri<br />

45. i. surgulaZe, qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis simbolika, Tb., 1993.<br />

gv. 202.<br />

`sarTulebiani~ ferxulebis simbolika<br />

46. g. cocaniZe, ferxulebi da saferxulo simRerebis teqstebi<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, Tbilisis kulturis saxelmwifo<br />

institutis Sromebi, t. I. gv. 224-234.<br />

47. v. bardaveliZe, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qarTveli mTielebis<br />

sasuliero teqstebi: masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, nakv. I.<br />

tf., 1938. gv. 40-47.<br />

48. g. cocaniZe, ferxulebi da saferxulo simRerebis teqstebi<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, Tbilisis kulturis saxelmwifo<br />

institutis Sromebi, t. I. gv. 224.234.<br />

49. i. qavTaraZe, qarTuli enis moxeuri dialeqti, Tb., 1985. gv. 161.<br />

50. g. kopaleiSvili, `samzeo da suleTi~ fSav-xevsurTa warmodgenebis<br />

mixedviT. masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, t. XXIII. Tb., 1987.<br />

gv. 161.<br />

51. T. oCiauri, miTologiuri gadmocemebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />

mTianeTSi, Tb., 1957. gv. 160.<br />

52. i. surgulaZe, qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis simbolika, Tb., 1993.<br />

gv. 183-192.<br />

53. v. iToniSvili, `xevi Zvelad da axla~, Tb., 1967. gv. <strong>41</strong>.<br />

54. giorgi Citaia, IV sauniversiteto leqciebis kursi eTnografiaSi,<br />

gamosacemad moamzades z. wereTelma da T. cagareiSvilma, Tb., 2001. gv.<br />

170.<br />

55. T. oCiauri, miTologiuri gadmocemebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />

mTianeTSi, Tb., 1957. gv. 129.<br />

56. ix.: iqve.<br />

.<br />

240 2<strong>41</strong>

Tamar munjiSvili<br />

magistraturis II kursi<br />

Temis xelmZRvaneli - oleg alaviZe<br />

qoreografiaSi sabavSvo repertuaris<br />

sakiTxisaTvis<br />

qarTul sacekvao folklors uaRresad didi istoriuli<br />

warsuli aqvs. amis dasturia Cvenamde moRweuli mravali<br />

nimuSi, romelmac saukuneebs gauZlo. es ki Taobidan Taobaze<br />

gadacemis xarjze moxda. xSirad ismis kiTxva – viTardeba<br />

Tu ara qarTuli qoreografia? am kiTxvaze SeiZleba gaices<br />

dadebiTi pasuxi. miTumetes dRes, roca qarTuli cekvebis<br />

Seswavlis msurvelTa raodenoba sul ufro da ufro izrdeba,<br />

roca arasodes CvenSi ar umuSavia amden sabavSvo koleqtivs.<br />

magram, miuxedavad koleqtivTa simravlisa, xSirad isini<br />

arsebiTad arafriT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. Camoyalibda<br />

erTgvari saerTo, yvelgan da yvelasaTvis misaRebi repertuari,<br />

romelic sruldeba TiTqmis yvela sakoncerto gamosvlaSi.<br />

Seiqmna calkeuli cekvebi, romelTa Sesrulebac `sakmarisi~<br />

aRmoCnda TiTqmis yvela sabavSvo koleqtivisaTvis, raTa<br />

gamovidnen sxvadasxva koncertebze, monawileoba miiRon<br />

ucxoeTSi gamarTul festivalebSi. xSirad swored es<br />

garemoebebi xdeba mizezi bavSvis cekvis Semswavlel wreze<br />

miyvanisa. mSobeli miznad isaxavs, rom misi Svili rac SeiZleba<br />

xSirad ixilos scenaze da imogzauros sazRvargareT. aq ki<br />

Tavs iCens axali problema: aris Tu ara bavSvi mzad scenaze<br />

gasasvlelad da asrulebs Tu ara igi misi asakisaTvis Sesaferis,<br />

anu sabavSvo repertuars. es metad problematuri sakiTxia,<br />

romlis gadaWrac mraval aspeqtzea damokidebuli. pirvel<br />

rigSi ki pedagogiur kadrebze. dRes qoreografobs yvela,<br />

visac odesme ucekvia da axsovs Tu rogor sruldeba esa Tu<br />

is ileTi, rogori saxe aqvs ama Tu im cekvas da a. S. bevri<br />

maTganisaTvis sruliad ucxoa iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa<br />

qoreografiuli azrovneba, individualizmi da, rac mTavaria,<br />

sxvadasxva asakobriv jgufTan muSaobis Taviseburebani. es ki<br />

metad mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, radgan saqme gvaqvs bavSvTan,<br />

mis fiziologiasTan da fsiqologiasTan. aq daSvebuli uxeSi<br />

Secdoma ki SeiZleba sabediswero aRmoCndes. swored amitom<br />

saWiroa sabavSvo qoreografiis specialistTa maRali<br />

kvalifikacia, Rrma codna ara marto Tavisi specialobiT,<br />

aramed bavSvis fsiqologiisa da fiziologiis mxolod am<br />

SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba umtkivneulod miviRoT sasurveli Sedegi.<br />

qarTul folklorSi sabavSvo cekva-TamaSobani mravlad<br />

moi poveba. niWier da moazrovne qoreografs ki ar unda<br />

gauWirdes maTi sascenod damuSaveba da dRevandel moTxovnebTan<br />

morgeba.<br />

mokled ganvixiloT, Tu ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv qarTul<br />

saistorio yofasa da tradiciebSi. samwuxarod, bolomde araa<br />

Seswavlili, Tu ra tipis cekvebs iyenebdnen Zvelad momavali<br />

Taobis aRzrdisaTvis, maTi gawvrTnisaTvis. aq gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />

sxvadasxva periodSi qveynis realuri yofa, arsebuli problemebi.<br />

savaraudoa, rom Zvelad uTuod gamoyenebuli iqneboda sanadiro,<br />

sportuli da SromiTi, ritualuri cekvebi. eTnografebi imasac<br />

aRniSnaven, rom mraval sabavSvo TamaSSi Semonaxulia adamianis<br />

astraluri warmodgenebi, maTi gamocdileba, zne-Cveulebebi.<br />

qarTuli folkloris araerTi nimuSi adasturebs, rom CvenSi<br />

gavrcelebuli TamaSebi mozards amzadebdnen cxovrebisaTvis,<br />

awrTobda rogorc fizikurad, aseve sulierad, aZlevda<br />

samomavlod gamosayenebel codnas. 1<br />

profesori aleqsandre cabaZe aRwers erT-erT sabavSvo<br />

TamaSobas, sadac cekvis elementebic gvxdeba. es TamaSoba<br />

SromasTanaa dakavSirebuli: `bavSvebis gundi zis mdeloze.<br />

erTi maTgani leqsad svams kiTxvas da danarCenebi aseve leqsad<br />

pasuxoben, Sepasuxebis dros bavSvebi asruleben saTanado<br />

riTmul moZraobebs. leqsi sakmaod grZelia da masSi asaxulia<br />

mTeli suraTi simindis moyvanisa – daTesvidan dafqvamde da<br />

gamoxcobamde~. 2<br />

akaki wereTeli Tavisi bavSvobidan igonebs: `qarTvelebisodena<br />

sxvadasxva saTamaSo arc erT xalxs ara aqvs da yovelgvari<br />

saTamaSoc uTuod iseTia, romelic Wkua-gonebasa da sxeuls<br />

swvrTnis, avarjiSebs... davasaxeleb mxolod burTaobas. aba<br />

romeli `gimnastika~ Seedreba mas? burTaobis dros Tvali,<br />

fexi, xeli, Tavi, tani da yvelaferi Tanasworad eCveva simardes~. 3<br />

242 243

Tamar munjiSvili<br />

qoreografiaSi sabavSvo repertuaris sakiTxisaTvis<br />

cnobilia is faqtic, rom mozardebi aqtiurad monawileobdnen<br />

iseT Teatralizebul sanaxaobebSi, rogoricaa: `berikaoba~,<br />

`gonjaoba~, `cxenaoba~, `lazaroba~, `aqlemkacoba~ da sxva.<br />

ilia WavWavaZe Tavis erT-erT werilSi `pedagogikis<br />

safuZvlebi~ wers: `tanis da agebulebis varjiSobas didi<br />

adgili uWiravs: burTaoba, kenWoba, cxenzed jdoma, curva,<br />

Widaoba – yovelive es saWirod unda iqnes danaxuli~. 4<br />

qoreografiis mkvlevarTa mier (d. janeliZe, a. TaTaraZe,<br />

l. gvaramaZe) gamoiTqva azri, rom axalgazrdebis esTetikuri<br />

ganviTarebis mizniT tradiciuli cekva- TamaSobani<br />

diferencirebuli saxiT unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli. jer<br />

kidev sulxan-saba orbeliani ambobda, rom WabukTaTvis<br />

gankuTvnil cekva-moZraobebs `fundruki~ erqva, xolo<br />

qalebisaTvis gankuTvnils, SedarebiT Serbilebul moZraobebs<br />

– `xuntruci~. misive ganmartebebSi vxdebiT iseT terminebs,<br />

rogoricaa: `basti~, `buqna~, `koWa~, sakuTriv `cekva~, anu fexis<br />

cerebze dgoma da sxv.<br />

vaJebis aRzrdisaTvis gamoiyeneboda sawvrTnel-savarjiSo,<br />

sportTan dakavSirebuli TamaSobani: `CoganburTi~, anu<br />

`cxenburTi~, `isindi~, `yabaxoba~, `mkerdaoba~, `marula~, agreTve<br />

`lelo~, `Widaoba~, `laxtis cema~ da sxv. 5<br />

xelovnebis rolze bavSvis aRzrdaSi saubrobs iakob<br />

gogebaSvili: `xalxis ganviTareba da gaZliereba yovlad<br />

SeuZlebelia erovnuli princi pebis gareSe. istoriaSi ver<br />

moZebniT erT magaliTs, rom ers eRalatnos Tavisi erovnebisaTvis,<br />

erovnuli kulturisaTvis da ar gaxrwniliyos, ar<br />

aRmofxvriliyos. Cvenda samwuxarod, qarTvelebs naklebad esmiT<br />

erovnuli principebis mniSvneloba da xSirad Ralatobs mas<br />

da amiT imzadebs Savbnel momavals. am ZiriTad sakiTxs Cven<br />

bevr werilSi vmarTavT da mkiTxvels Tvalwin vudgenT im<br />

sasikvdilo Sedegs, romelic mohyveba erovnuli principebis<br />

Ralats~. 6 am werilidan naTlad Cans, Tu ra mniSvnelobas<br />

aniWebda iakob gogebaSvili tradiciuli qarTuli kulturis,<br />

folkloris Seswavlas.<br />

aRsaniSnavia cnobili qarTveli eTnografis grigol naTaZis<br />

damsaxureba qarTuli tradiciuli TamaSobebis Senaxvis saqmeSi.<br />

man imogzaura mTel saqarTveloSi, Caiwera mravali sabavSvo<br />

TamaSoba da es masalebi SemdgomSi wignadac gamosca. ase rom,<br />

qarTul folklorSi arsebuli sabavSvo TamaSebis nimuSebi<br />

namdvilad iZleva imis realur SesaZleblobas, rom Seiqmnas<br />

da damuSavdes sabavSvo cekvebi. niWieri Semoqmedis mier Seqmnili<br />

amgvari sacekvao nomrebi ki, darwmunebuli var, Tavis sapatio<br />

adgils daimkvidrebs bavSvTa koleqtivebis repertuarSi.<br />

adamianis saerTo ganviTareba, rogorc viciT, mis fizikur<br />

srulyofasac gulisxmobs. swored amitomaa Semonaxuli Zvelad<br />

arsebuli amgvari TamaSobani, romlebic uSualod fizikur<br />

srulyofas emsaxureboda. magram fizikuri srulyofa iSviaTad<br />

gvxvdeba sulier da zneobriv srulyofasTan ganuyrelad.<br />

amitom, cekva SeiZleba ganvixiloT, ara marto rogorc fizikuri<br />

wvrTnisa da jansaRi sxeulis aucilebeli piroba, aramed<br />

sulieri, esTetikuri da zneobrivi srulyofis erT-erTi<br />

aucilebeli komponenti.<br />

xelovnebis yvela dargs gaaCnia repertuari, romelic<br />

uSualod bavSvebisTvisaa gankuTvnili. magaliTad, bavSvi TeatrSi<br />

TamaSobs wiTelqudas, kombles da ara otelos da hamlets,<br />

bavSvi mReris sabavSvo simRerebs da ara ufrosebisaTvis<br />

gankuTvnil romansebs, bavSvi ukravs sabavSvo nawarmoebebs,<br />

kiTxulobs sabavSvo literaturas da a. S. ra Tqma unda, aris<br />

gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi, roca es piroba ar sruldeba. swored<br />

misi Seusrulebloba iwvevs sanaxaobis araesTetikurobas da<br />

gaumarTleblobas. yvela dargSi bavSvisaTvis gankuTvnili<br />

repertuari gaTvlilia maT SesaZleblobaze, rogorc fizikurze,<br />

ise gonebrivzec.<br />

qoreografs, rogorc pedagogs, urTierToba uxdeba<br />

bavSvebTanac da mozardebTanac. qveda zRvari, roca bavSvi<br />

sacekvao anbanis gacnobas iwyebs, gadis sabavSvo baRis asakze,<br />

Tumca aseve xSiria cekvis Seswavla dawyebiTi skolis periodSi.<br />

es ki aris asaki, roca Zalian intensiurad izrdeba, yalibdeba<br />

da viTardeba fizikuradac da gonebrivadac, zneobrivadac da<br />

esTetikuradac. aq gasaTvaliswinebelia kidev erTi mniSvnelovani<br />

garemoeba – sxvadasxva biologiuri asakis bavSvi gansxvavebulad<br />

reagirebs saswavlo, SromiT da sportul datvirTvaze. CvenSi<br />

moqmed sabavSvo ansamblebSi wesad iqca e. w. saufroso<br />

repertuarebis Sesruleba TviT umcrosi saskolo asakis<br />

244 245

Tamar munjiSvili<br />

qoreografiaSi sabavSvo repertuaris sakiTxisaTvis<br />

moswavleTa mier. es ki metad sarisko da saxifaTo saqmea.<br />

bavSvis organizmi, misi ZvalkunTovani sistema ar aris mzad<br />

Seasrulos iseTi teqnikurad rTuli ileTebi, rogoricaa: brunebi,<br />

muxlileTebi, cerileTebi da a. S. am SemTxvevaSi xSirad Tavs<br />

iCens, rogorc fiziologiuri, aseve fsiqologiuri problemebic.<br />

qarTul qoreografiaSi ki amgvari rTuli cekva Zalian bevria.<br />

maTi Seswavlis procesSi bevri qoreografi cdilobs daSvebuli<br />

Tu dauSvebeli meTodebiT sasurvel Sedegs miaRwios. es ki<br />

swavlebis procesSi mraval problemas warmoSobs.<br />

magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT mTiuluri cekvebi, romlebic Sedis<br />

TiTqmis yvela sabavSvo koleqtivis repertuarSi. bavSvis<br />

organizmi mzad ar aris am cekvebis im saxiT SesrulebisaTvis,<br />

romelsac mas sTavazobs qoreografi. bavSvs uWirs amgvari<br />

datvirTvis atana, ufro metic, am mxriv SeiZleba warmoiSvas<br />

seriozuli problemebi Semdeg etapebzec. fiziologebi<br />

adastureben, rom xerxermlis da ZiriTadad, organizmis<br />

Camoyalibebis procesSi arasworma fizikurma datvirTvam<br />

SeiZleba sabediswero Sedegebamde migviyvanos. menjis Zvlebis<br />

Camoyalibeba 20-21 wlis asakSi mTavrdeba, amitom maTi<br />

deformacia Tavisuflad SeiZleba gamoiwvios adreul asakSi<br />

didi simaRlidan xtomam. aseve Zalian xSiria muxlis dazianebebi,<br />

rac gamowveulia bavSvobaSi moWarbebulad da arasworad<br />

muxlileTebis SesrulebiT.<br />

fiziologiuri aspeqti am problemis mxolod erTi mxarea.<br />

meore mxriv, aucileblad unda ganvixiloT esTetikuri da<br />

SemecnebiTi aspeqti. Zveli berZeni filosofosi platoni cekvas<br />

adamianis gonebrivi ganviTarebisa da fizikuri gakaJebis<br />

saukeTeso saSualebad miiCnevda. marTalia, cekvis formad<br />

sxeulis fizikuri moqmedeba gvevlineba, magram misi ZiriTadi<br />

mizani mainc ar emsaxureba adamianis fizikuri aRzrdis<br />

problemebs, radgan cekvaSi sxeulis fizikuri moqmedeba mainc,<br />

ZiriTadad sulieri gancdebisa da ganwyobilebis karnaxiTaa<br />

gamowveuli. qarTuli cekvebi ki imdenad gajerebulia swored<br />

am sulieri gancdebiTa da romantizmiT, rom SeuZlebelia mas<br />

Caswvdes da gaiziaros 5-7 wlis bavSvi. amitom, rogorc wesi,<br />

es gancdebi nakarnaxevi, an qoreografis mier sagangebodaa<br />

daswavlili, rac Zalian xelovnurad, arabunebrivad da xSir<br />

SemTxvevaSi sasacilod gamoiyureba. es ki mayurebels arasodes<br />

rCeba SeumCneveli.<br />

magaliTisaTvis aviRoT cekva `qarTuli~ – `siyvarulis<br />

poema~ – ase uwodeben am cekvas. aq mimikiT, plastikiT, udidesi<br />

TavSekavebiT, Sinagani grZnobebiT gadmoicema qalisa da vaJis<br />

usazRvro ltolva da siyvaruli. damerwmunebiT, am yvelafris<br />

gadmocema mozardisaTvis sakmaod rTulia, amitom qoreografebi<br />

mimarTaven daswavlis meTods, magram bevr maTgans aviwydeba,<br />

rom moZraobebis daswavla met-naklebad SesaZlebelia, xolo<br />

rac Seexeba cekvis xasiaTs, is imdenad gaugebari da ucxoa<br />

bavSvisTvis, rom igi ver axerxebs amxela Sinagani grZnobisa<br />

da gancdis gaziarebas da xelovnurad axdens maT gadmocemas.<br />

am SemTxvevaSi ki es grZnobebi yalbia da ar Seesabameba<br />

bavSvis asaks. amitom amgvari cekvebi ara marto fizikurad<br />

rTuli Sesasrulebelia, aramed Sinaganadac. sabavSvo<br />

repertuari bavSvisTvis advilad gadmosacemi da mis<br />

SesrulebasTan SesabamisobaSi myofi unda iyos. marTebulad<br />

mimaCnia, Seiqmnas axali sacekvao nomrebi, romlebsac safuZvlad<br />

daedeba sabavSvo Tematika. es SeiZleba iyos qarTuli xalxuri<br />

zRaprebi, qarTuli tradiciuli sabavSvo TamaSobani, romlebic<br />

sascenod damuSavdeba da miiRebs srulyofil saxes.<br />

minda ganvixilo am problemis kidev erTi fsiqologiuri<br />

aspeqti. imis gamo, rom pedagogis mier SeTavazebuli esa Tu<br />

is ileTi konkretuli asakis bavSvebisTvis Znelad<br />

Sesasrulebelia, Tavs iCens gadaWarbebuli simkacre, rac xSir<br />

SemTxvevaSi gamoixateba iZulebiT, ZalmomreobiT Seswavlis<br />

meTodSi. es ki bavSvis pirovnuli ganviTarebisaTvis metad<br />

saSiSi tendenciaa. am meTodiT muSaoba dadebiT Zvrebs da<br />

sasurvel Sedegs ar mogvcems. iZulebisa da diqtatis pirobebSi<br />

aRzrdili adamianis ganviTarebis gza umTavresad arasworad<br />

miemarTeba da Tavs iCens misi cxovrebis sxvadasxva monakveTze,<br />

rom araferi vTqvaT bavSvis uflebebis xSir darRvevaze. aq<br />

ki aucilebelia mSoblis rolis gaaqtiureba. msgavs SemTxvevaSi<br />

mSoblis pasiuroba pedagogis agresiuli qcevis erTgvari<br />

waxalisebaa. aseTi midgomiT gamowveuli araerTi savalalo<br />

Sedegia cnobili, rac aucileblad imsaxurebs saTanado<br />

yuradRebas. sayuradReboa isic, rom gardatexis asakSi myofi<br />

246 247

Tamar munjiSvili<br />

bavSvi gamZafrebulad ganicdis mis irgvliv momxdar movlenebs,<br />

rac emociurad usiamovno reaqciebSi gadadis. gamocdili<br />

pedagogi aseT movlenebs uceb SeniSnavs da datvirTvebis<br />

dozirebas bavSvis rTuli asakis gaTvaliswinebiT Seecdeba.<br />

gamoucdeli ki daaskvnis, saqme gvaqvs sizarmacesTan da Seecdeba,<br />

garkveuli sadamsjelo sanqciebis gatarebiT, mdgomareobis<br />

Semobrunebas. aseTi moqmedeba ki ara marto pedagogiurad<br />

gaumarTlebelia, aramed saSiSi da saxifaToa. swored am dros,<br />

bavSvs emarTeba cekvis Seswavlis procesisadmi erTgvari<br />

ukureaqcia. is Tavisi surviliTaa misuli wreze. cota xanSi<br />

ki pedagogis msgavsi qmedebebis gamo, bavSvSi Tavs iCens<br />

fsiqologiuri problemebi da mas cekvis Seswavlis survili<br />

saerTod uqreba.<br />

bolo dros, qarTul qoreografiaSi damkvidrebulma<br />

Tanamedrove tendenciebma sabavSvo qoreografiaSic SeaRwia.<br />

saxelovani ansamblebi yovelTvis tonis mimcemad iTvlebodnen.<br />

swored amitom gaxda esoden popularuli `suxiSvilebis~<br />

ansamblis mier dadgmuli axleburi sacekvao nomrebi. isini<br />

sruldeba sakoncerto gamosvlebze, gadmoicema televiziiT,<br />

Sedegmac ar daayovna, msgavsi sacekvao nomrebi gaCnda bevri<br />

sabavSvo koleqtivis repertuarSi, ufro metic, zogi koleqtivis<br />

mier mTlianad iqna ugulebelyofili tradiciuli<br />

qoreografiuli repertuarebi. es ki erTgvar saSiS tendenciad<br />

iqca.<br />

saSemsruleblo<br />

xelovneba<br />

dramis fakulteti<br />

1.rezo WaniSvili, fiqrebi qarTul qoreografiaze, Tbilisi, 1997.gv.75<br />

2. aleqsandre cabaZe, mxedrobasa Sina kadnierni, Tbilisi, 1980. gv. 209<br />

3. akaki wereTeli, Txzulebani, tomi 12. gv. 14<br />

4. ilia WavWavaZe, pedagogiuri Txzulebani, Tbilisi, 1938. gv. 117.<br />

5. avTandil TaTaraZe, qarTuli xalxuri qoreografiis istoriis<br />

sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1999. gv. 210<br />

6. ix.: iakob gogebaSvili, Txzulebani, tomi 4, Tbilisi, 1955.<br />

248 249

samagistro programa<br />

Tamar firosmanaSvili<br />

magistraturis I kursi<br />

xelmZRvaneli - daviT kobaxiZe<br />

SemoqmedebiTi pedagogika<br />

universitetis swavlebis samsafexurian sistemaze gadasvlam<br />

saSualeba mogvca Segveqmna Teatraluri xelovnebis pedagogebis<br />

aRzrdis axali sistema: _ magisitratura, romlis mizania<br />

Teatraluri xelovnebis magistris – reJisurisa da msaxiobis<br />

ostatobis pedagogis momzadeba, rogorc SeqmoqmedebiTi<br />

pedagogikis, aseve samecniero-kvleviTi saqmianobisaTvis.<br />

am konferenciaSi monawileobis miReba pirveli mcdelobaa,<br />

samagistro programis farglebSi gamovlindes magistrantis<br />

mecnieruli codna, rac TavisTavad srulyofs SemdgomSi misi,<br />

rogorc SemoqmedebiTi pedagogis kvalifikacias.<br />

samagistro programis xelmZRvaneli:<br />

xelovnebaTmcodne, doqtori daviT kobaxiZe<br />

qoreografiis roli TeatrSi<br />

speqtaklis dadgmisas reJisorebi xSirad mimarTaven<br />

warmodgenaSi qoreografiisa da qoreografiuli elementebis<br />

gamoyenebas. saerTod msaxiobebi scenaze Cveulebrivi moZraobebiT<br />

gadaadgildebian, magram mxatvruli saxis Seqmnis mizniT saWiroa<br />

xazi gaesvas personaJis individualurobas, misTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebel Jests, mimikas, moZraobis maneras, svlas, am<br />

dros saWiro xdeba qoreografis daxmareba, raTa plastikuri<br />

gadawyvetiT srulyos personaJis garegnuli maxasiaTeblebi<br />

da amiT xazi gausvas mis Sinagan bunebas. speqtaklis qoreografia<br />

aucileblad unda iTvaliswinebdes warmodgenis saerTo<br />

Canafiqrs, Janrs, stils, moqmed pirTa xasiaTebs, grZnobaTa<br />

bunebas, konfliqts... qoreografia unda emorCilebodes<br />

speqtaklis ideas, igi unda iyos wina epizodis gagrZeleba da<br />

momdevnos dasawyisi da speqtaklis gamWoli moqmedebis<br />

organuli nawili, qoreografia unda exmarebodes da biZgs<br />

aZlevdes speqtaklis Semdgom ganviTarebas. samwuxarod xSirad<br />

speqtaklSi qoreografiuli nomeri, cekva, TviTmiznuradaa<br />

CarTuli. zogjer es xdeba ubralod remarkis safuZvelze,<br />

vTqvaT lxinis dros cekvaven, magram Tu am cekvas raime<br />

siuJeturi datvirTva ara aqvs, _ es speqtakls arafers matebs<br />

(mayurebels SeuZlia aseTi cekva sxvaganac naxos, oRond<br />

namdvili mocekvaveebis SesrulebiT da ukeTesadac dadgmuli).<br />

zogjer cekvas CarTaven imitom, rom esa Tu is msaxiobi<br />

kargad cekvavs da meti araferi. zogjer cekvaven popularuli,<br />

moduri cekvis saCveneblad. calke cekva rac ar unda kargi<br />

iyos Tu is speqtaklis ZiriTadi konfliqtis ganviTarebas ar<br />

uwyobs xals, _ es mxolod Casmuli nomeria da xals uSlis<br />

warmodgenis msvlelobas, mis dinamikas.<br />

minda SemogTavazoT ramdenime magaliTi qoreografiisa,<br />

sadac, Cemi azriT, qoreografia warmoadgens siuJetis<br />

ganviTarebisa da gamokveTis saukeTeso nimuSs.<br />

250 251

Tamar firosmanaSvili<br />

aviRoT SoTa rusTavelis Teatris speqtakli `pepo~ (reJ.<br />

d. aleqsiZe). Tu gavixsenebT am speqtaklidan erosi manjgalaZis<br />

cekvas, danamdvilebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom es aris saukeTeso<br />

nimuSi imisa, Tu rogor viTardeba piesis moqmedeba cekvaSi:<br />

vidre cekva daiwyeba, wina epizodidan Cven vigebT, rom moxuc<br />

aruTin zimzimovs hyavs axalgazrda da lamazi coli, romelsac<br />

yvela survilsa da axirebas usrulebs. ai, axlac, Wirveulma<br />

colma mialersebis sanacvlod axali survili gamostyua da<br />

gamarjvebuli iwyebs cekvas, zimzimovi muxlze CaiCoqebs, raTa<br />

taSiT mainc gaamxnevos Tavis lamazi fefena, magram rodesac<br />

qali mas sacekvaod gaiwvevs, _ fexze veRar dgeba, ramdenjerme<br />

wamoiwevs, mere didi gaWirvebiT wamodgeba da viTomc aq<br />

araferiao iwyebs cekvas. ratom cekvavs zimzimovi? anda rogor<br />

cekvavs? ra Tqma unda, erosi manjgalaZe cekvavs ise, rogorc<br />

unda icekvos moxucma kacma, romelic cdilobs Tavisi<br />

ax alg az rda da la mazi col is TvalS i T vi Ton ac<br />

axalgazrdulad gamoiyurebodes. marTalia man cekva ar icis,<br />

magram maqsimalurad iqnevs xelebs da fexebs, dakuntruSebs,<br />

irgvliv uvlis sanukvar meuRles da aviwydeba, rom mis moxuc<br />

sxeulsa da guls amdeni ar SeuZlia da rodesac uceb<br />

igrZnobs gulis tkivils misi cekvac iq mTavrdeba _ vaime<br />

guli! _ daiZaxebs da gaSeSdeba... swored aseTi dasasrulidan<br />

vxvdebiT, rom igi cekvavda ara imitom, rom ubralod cekva<br />

undoda, aramed moqmedebda, mis cekvas hqonda mizani, qveteqsti:<br />

`SemomxedeT, me axalgazrda var! me vcekvav!~ _ skamze damjdaric,<br />

roca Sublidan ofls iwmends da iniavebs, ixtibars mainc ar<br />

itexs da ambobs: gana daviRale, vRelav! ra Tqma unda, Zneli<br />

warmosadgenia am cekvis gareSe zimzimovi, mas mTeli speqtaklis<br />

ganmavlobaSi mihyveba es xasiaTi, ganwyoba, damokidebuleba<br />

colTan da mis irgvliv myofebTan.<br />

sandro axmeteli Tavis dadgmebSi Zalian did mniSvnelobas<br />

aniWebda plastikas.Mmas gansakuTrebiT ainteresebda msaxiobis<br />

fsiqo fizikuri refleqsis fiqsireba SegrZnebebis safuZvelze,<br />

anu, rogor unda gamoewvia msaxiobs scenaze garkveuli moZraobiT<br />

esa Tu is grZnoba. speqtaklSi `anzori~ uxvad iyo gamoyenebuli<br />

plastika, moZraobaze agebuli urTierTobebi, magram qoreografiis<br />

qoreografiis roli TeatrSi<br />

qmediTobis da aucileblobis saukeTeso magaliTi iyo zairas<br />

cekva. mebrZolebs ver gadauwyvetiaT vin unda wavides xidis<br />

asafeTqeblad.Aanzorma icis, rom sasikvdilod gzavnis da<br />

uWirs xeli daados romelimes, swored am dros uxmoben<br />

zairas, kraven wres da wreSi am mSvenier qals uSveben sacekvaod,<br />

piroba aseTia: visac zaira gamoiwvevs is unda wavides xidis<br />

asafeTqeblad, unda gawiros sicocxle da gaxdes xalxis<br />

rCeuli da gmiri. zaira msubuqad dasrialebs wreSi, misi<br />

yoveli Semdegi nabiji axal SiSs badebs meomrebSi, ramdenime<br />

maTgani mzadaa gmirobisaTvis da Sinaganad emzadeba kidec<br />

ukanaskneli cekvisTvis, magram umravlesoba axalgazrdaa, jer<br />

kidev gamoucdeli da maTTvis gmiroba didi msxverplia.Mmamakacebi<br />

moziduli mSvildebiviT dganan da elian, Tvals arideben mis<br />

Sexedvas, magram zaira ar Cqarobs arCevanis gakeTebas da<br />

laRad agrZelebs wreze Camovlas. sxva dros cekvisas Tu mas<br />

vnebiT anTebuli Tvalebi dahyvebodnen, axla SiSCamdgari da<br />

gayinuli Tvalebi dahyvebian da rac ufro uaxlovdeba am<br />

Tvalebs TiTqos grZnobs sicives da es sicive ukan agdebs, ai,<br />

SeCerda erT-erTi mebrZolis win, adgilze datrialda da gza<br />

ganagrZo, magram es erTi triali sakmarisi iyo meomrisaTvis,<br />

rom ramdenime wamSi ganecada SiSi, wuxili, tkivili, sikvdili<br />

da rodesac mixvda rom is ar airCia, madlieri Tvalebi<br />

gaayola wreSi monarnare qals. zaira ki udardelad cekvavs<br />

da TvalebiT eZebs Tavis satrfos, axmas, bednieria, rom saSualeba<br />

eZleva gulis sworTan icekvos, ai, SeamCnia kidec, sxeulis<br />

nazi rxeviT uaxlovdeba axmas, wreSi daZabuloba matulobs,<br />

uceb zaira Cerdeba, es wamieri pauza ufro Zabavs situacias,<br />

zaira ki auCqareblad, morcxvad, odnavi Tavis dakvriT<br />

gamoicekvebs axmas. `mSvidobiT!~ _ daiZaxebs axma da wridan<br />

gasxlteba, mamakacebi SvebiT amoisunTqeben, TiToeuli maTgani<br />

TvalebiT madlobasac ki uxdis zairas, rom swored is ar<br />

airCia, zaira dabneulia, nel-nela uSvebs xelebs da cdilobs<br />

garSemo myofTa TvalebSi amoikiTxos pasuxi kiTxvaze `ra<br />

moxda?!~<br />

am speqtaklSi zairas cekvas aqvs sikvdil-sicocxlis<br />

gadamwyveti mniSvneloba, aseT SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia am<br />

252 253

Tamar firosmanaSvili<br />

cekvis gamoyofa speqtaklidan, radgan igi organuladaa<br />

Serwymuli speqtaklis ganviTarebasTan.<br />

Tuki pirvel SemTxvevaSi zimzimovis cekvas hqonda is<br />

datvirTva, rom moeTxro, Tu ra awuxebs aRa aruTinas, meore<br />

SemTxvevaSi zairas cekva aris erTgvari latarea, romelic<br />

trialebs wreze mdgar mamakacebs Soris da aravin icis visze<br />

gaCerdeba.Ees aris ukiduresi daZabulobisa da molodinis<br />

wuTebi, rodesac mayurebeli sunTqvaSekruli elodeba<br />

dasasruls.<br />

pantomimis Teatris speqtaklSi `firosmani mefe~ (reJ. a.<br />

SalikaSvili) amiran SalikaSvili Tavad TamaSobda niko<br />

firosmanaSvilis rols, am speqtaklSi aris erTi scena, rodesac<br />

nikalam duqanSi xatva daasrula da Rvinis dasalevad Camojda,<br />

duqani savsea mTvrali yaraCoxlebiTa da kintoebiT, romlebic<br />

Rvinis dalevasa da cekvaSi ejibrebian erTmaneTs. uceb erTma<br />

yaraCoxelma SeamCnia duqnis kuTxeSi Camomjdari nikala, jer<br />

sadRegrZelo SesTavaza, Semdeg ki sacekvaodac gaiwvia, yvela<br />

erTdroulad axmaurda da taSiT gaamxneves SezarxoSebuli<br />

mxatvari... morcxvi kacia nikala, ar uyvars Tavis gamoCena,<br />

Tanac arc cekva gamoudis rigianad da erTxans uarze dgas,<br />

magram amden mTvral yaraCoxelebTan ras gaxdeba?Nnel-nela<br />

dgeba magididan, frTxilad miiwevs darbazisaken, duqani ki<br />

gugunebs da SeZaxilebiT amxnevebs mxatvars, nikala darbazis<br />

SuagulSi Cerdeba da Zalian dinjad Slis xelebs, nelnela<br />

zeviT miiwevs, TiTqos gasafrenad emzadebao, ramdenime wams<br />

rCeba ase, gasafrenad gamzadebuli, Semdeg uceb Slis marcxena<br />

xelisguls da zed marjvena TiTebiT ise dgeba sacekvaod,<br />

rogorc funjebi gaSlil palitraze. TandaTan ufro Tamami<br />

xdebian ostatis TiTebi da ufro da ufro mkveTri ileTebiT<br />

cekvaven, uamravi gaocebuli Tvali misCerebia mxatvris TiTebs<br />

da tkbebian, aseTi kintouri arasdros unaxavT, magram es araa<br />

mTavari, nikala mTavar nomers Semdeg SesTavazebs mayurebels,<br />

uceb misi marcxena xelisguli trialdeba, marjvena xelis<br />

TiTebi qvemodan eqceva da Werze ukuRma dakidebuli cekvavs<br />

mTvrali nikala. igi TavdaviwyebiT uvlis xelisguls da es<br />

erTi cida sivrce sakmarisia misi saocari TiTebisaTvis, rom<br />

qoreografiis roli TeatrSi<br />

duqanSi Tavmoyrili cekvis ostatebic ki gaaocos Tavisi<br />

xelovnebiT. sxva iyo nikalas kintouri, daxvewili, eleganturi,<br />

dinamiuri da Tavdaviwyebamde emociuri... nikala mxatvari iyo,<br />

xelebis ostati da man swored is icekva, rac saukeTesod<br />

gamouvidoda, ufro sworad ki ar icekva, daxata cekva.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom pantomima isedac sxeuliT metyvelebaa,<br />

am cekvis datvirTva imaze bevrad metia vidre ubralod cekva,<br />

amiran SalikaSvilis mier Sesrulebuli es patara epizodi<br />

Tavisuflad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT dramatul speqtaklSic da<br />

kinofilmSic, Tanac ise, rom es cekva Tavis funqcias ar<br />

dakargavs.Ees aris SesaniSnavi migneba imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />

icekvos mxatvarma, romelmac ar icis cekva, magram SesaniSnavad<br />

icis xatva da mTeli misi Zala, emocia, SesaZleblobebi da<br />

survilebi TiTebiskenaa mimarTuli.<br />

Cven ukve ganvixileT magaliTebi dramatuli Teatridan<br />

da pantomimidan, axla vnaxoT rogor SeiZleba es<br />

g an x or ci e ld e s f il mS i . a vi RoT f il m i `q a li s<br />

surneli.~Mmayurebels gansakuTrebiT daamaxsovrda am filmidan<br />

erTi epizodi, rodesac brma samxedro polkovnikma sacekvaod<br />

gaiwvia axalgazrda, damwyebi mocekvave gogona, axalgazrda<br />

qali Tanxmdeba cekvaze da am momentidan polkovniki iwyebs<br />

nabijebisa da moqmedebebis saocari sizustiT gaTvlas, igi ar<br />

Cqarobs, mSvidad ekiTxeba damxmare biWs darbazis farTobs da<br />

gonebaSi angariSobs nabijebis raodenobas. iwyeba saocrad<br />

melodiuri tango da polkovniki pirvel warmatebul nabijebs<br />

dgams, gogona dabneuli cekvavs, mxrebSi odnav moxrili da<br />

gaubedavia, uxerxulad iRimeba, Tan cdilobs damalos es<br />

uxerxuloba.Ppolkovniki ki Zlieri kacia, sxeuli da suli<br />

brZolebSi aqvs gamowrTobili, yoveli nabiji da mixvra-moxvra<br />

xazs usvams misi xasiaTis simtkicesa da gambedaobas, pirvelive<br />

moZraobiT gadascems gogonas Tavis Zalas da aZlevs impulss,<br />

rom SeuZlia Tamamad miendos, cekvas is waiyvans da Tan ise<br />

waiyvans, rom qaliSvils ar Sercxveba mayureblis. Axalgazrda<br />

qalic grZnobs mis Zalas da Zlier mamakacs mindobili ufro<br />

da ufro Tamamad cekvavs, moZraobebis sirTulec TandaTan<br />

ufro matulobs, yoveli axali moZraoba axali safrTxea<br />

254 255

Tamar firosmanaSvili<br />

brma polkovnikisTvis, yoveli warmatebuli ileTi ki saocar<br />

Svebas gvris mas, magram xanmoklea es sixaruli, radgan musika<br />

ar Cerdeba da mamakaci iZulebulia axali svla gaakeTos,<br />

romelic SeiZleba sabediswero aRmoCndes, radgan Wadrakis<br />

dafasaviT gaSlili darbazi yoveli mxridan safrTxes uqadis,<br />

radgan erTi araswori gaTvla da dajaxeba magidasTan, mis<br />

damarcxebas niSnavs da polkovnikic gamalebuli icavs Tavis<br />

laziers. restoranSi savaxSmod Sekrebili xalxi nel-nela<br />

saWmels Tavs anebebs da sunTqvaSekruli Sehyurebs wyvils,<br />

mamakaci yovel mesame meoTxe nabijze frTxilobs da yurs<br />

ugdebs xalxis sunTqvas, es wamieri SeCereba sakmarisia misTvis,<br />

rom manZili gazomos maTsa da maT irgvliv msxdom xalxs<br />

Soris.Uukanaskneli akordi gaismeba da mamakaci bolo<br />

warmatebul ileTs asrulebs, muxlze isvams qals da mis<br />

gayinul TvalebSi kmayofilebisa da gamarjvebis sxivi gakrTeba,<br />

albaT, aseTi sxivi ukrToda jer kidev naTel TvalebSi brZolas<br />

rom moigebda, radgan mas Semdeg rac TvalSi sxivi Cauqra es<br />

misi pirveli gamarjveba iyo, am cekvis mTavari azric esaa,<br />

rom gaimarjvos, darwmundes sakuTar TavSi, rom sibrmave ar<br />

niSnavs siglaxakes, am cekvis Semdeg is TviTon xdeba Tavisi<br />

damxmare biWis mfarveli, mas swored es Wirdeboda. ra iyo<br />

es? cekva? ara, _ es iyo polkovnikis kidev erTi, oRond<br />

mTavari samxedro operacia, romelsac sunTqvaSekruli Tvalyurs<br />

adevnebs mayurebeli. es iyo al paCinos maRali aqtioruli<br />

xelovneba.<br />

aqve minda moviyvano magaliTi profesor naTela uruSaZis<br />

wignidan (`wavideT TeatrSi~), Tu rogor aRwers igi nato<br />

gabunias mier Sesrulebul madam froSars (a. denerisa da f.<br />

diumanuaris `or obolSi~). `esaa epizodi, sadac madam froSaris<br />

ori vaJi: sayvareli Svili (boroti Jaki) da saZulveli Svili<br />

(keTili pieri) erTmaneTs daerevian, ra saSineli suraTi iyo,<br />

roca Zmebi daeZgerebian erTmaneTs danebiT. sisxls mowyurebuli<br />

afTari, madam froSari, darwmunebulia, rom Jaki moklavs piers;<br />

aqezebs Jaks, winaswarve ganicdis siames da TiTqos davlurs<br />

uvliso, ise dastrialebs garSemo. magram xdeba saswauli da<br />

susti pieri klavs Jaks.Uunda genaxaT, ra saSineli mxecuri<br />

qoreografiis roli TeatrSi<br />

Rriali aRmoxdeboda xolme gulidan froSars da ra<br />

sasowarkveTili ecemoda Jakis gaciebul gvamze. saSineli iyo<br />

im wuTSi froSari.~<br />

epizodis aRwera aSkarad gvauwyebs, rom gmiris cxovrebis<br />

es monakveTi msaxiobs gadawyvetili hqonda ritmulad: sacekvao<br />

elementi `TiTqos davlurs uvlis~ bunebrivi iyo, vinaidan<br />

froSars undoda orTabrZola yvela wertilidan daenaxa.<br />

cekvis ritmi saSualebas aZlevda msaxiobs brZolis ritmisTvis<br />

gaesva xazi. ritmuli daZabulobis momentSi ki, rodesac pieris<br />

danam gangmira Jaki _ es madam froSaris gangmirvasac niSnavda<br />

_ isic daeca, zed daemxo mkvdar Svils da amiT zusti<br />

wertili dausva epizodSi sakuTar cxovrebas da am epizods<br />

saerTod.~ 1<br />

sabednierod uamravi aseTi magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba<br />

qarTul da ucxour SemoqmedebaSic. Cem mier zemoT moyvanili<br />

magaliTebi, Cemi azriT, is SemTxvevebia, rodesac qoreografiam<br />

zustad Tqva Tavisi saTqmeli, mWidrod Seekra speqtaklis<br />

ideas da xeli Seuwyo mis Semdgom ganviTarebas.Eerosi<br />

manjgalaZis komikuri, aleqsandre axmetelis tragikuli, amiran<br />

SalikaSvilis romantiuli da al paCinos esTetikuri gmirebi<br />

erT saerTo niSans atareben, isini mogviTxroben maT Sinagan<br />

bunebaze,<br />

xasiaTze da cxovrebis im patar-patara magram mniSvnelovan<br />

detalebze, risi gamoTqmac sityviT TiTqmis SeuZlebelia da<br />

am SemTxvevaSi qoreografias iyeneben rogorc azris gadmocemis<br />

saukeTeso saSualebas. aseve cekva SeiZleba warmoiSvas rogorc<br />

Sedegi personaJis Sinagani grZnobebis afeTqebisa. amis saukeTeso<br />

magaliTia qalbaton naTela uruSaZis mier aRwerili nato<br />

gabunias davluri.<br />

samwuxarod moxsenebis formati saSualebas ar maZlevs,<br />

rom sxva magaliTebzec visaubro.<br />

minda davasrulo kote marjaniSvilis sityvebiT, rodesac<br />

igi Sileris `yaCaRebs~ dgamda amalias rolis Semsrulebel<br />

veriko anjafariZes mimarTa: `cekvas ar davdgamT. icekve ise,<br />

rogorc amas Seni suli isurvebs _ es xom Seni sulis<br />

aRtacebaa, ganmuxtva Seni Sinagani mdgomareobisa, amitom cekva<br />

256 257

Tamar firosmanaSvili<br />

unda aRmocendes, rogorc Sedegi grZnobaTa aRzevebisa, magram<br />

Tu ki SenSi qariSxali ar amovardeba, _ nu icekveb.~ 2<br />

rogorc mogaxseneT, Cemi dRevandeli moxseneba gaxlavT<br />

momavali Sromis erTi mciredi nawili, naSromze muSaoba<br />

grZeldeba, grZeldeba wyaroebis moZieba, maTi klasifikacia,<br />

analizi da imedi maqvs, momaval wels davasruleb am samuSaos.<br />

vano sarajiSvilis saxelobis<br />

Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />

konservatoria<br />

1. ix.: n.uruSaZe. wavideT TeatrSi, Tbilisi, 1986.<br />

2. n. uruSaZe, Teatris samyaro, `grigol robaqiZis sax. un-ti~, 2005.<br />

• a. vaganova, `klasikuri cekvis safuZvlebi~, Targmani lili<br />

gvaramaZisa. Tb.1940.<br />

• a.AsamsonaZe, `qoreografiuli xelovneba da misi Seswavlis ZiriTadi<br />

mimarTulebebi~, (sadisertacio naSromi), 2003.<br />

• r. WaniSvili, `werilebi qoreografiaze~, Tb. 2002.<br />

• al. burTikaSvili, `cekvis jadoqari~, Tb. 1960.<br />

• l.LnadareiSvili, `Tanamedrove qarTuli baleti~, Tb, `universali~,<br />

2002.<br />

• М. Гедеванишвили,. Юрий Зарецкий , М. 1985.<br />

• Р. Захаров, Беседы о танце, М. 1963.<br />

• Л. Д. Блок, Классический танец, история и современность, М. 1987.<br />

258 259

musikismcodneoba<br />

Tamar miqaZe<br />

magistraturis I kursi<br />

xelmZRvaneli - asoc. prof. marina qavTaraZe<br />

jazisa da klasikis urTierTmimarTebis<br />

sakiTxisaTvis<br />

jazi aris Tavisuflebis da tolerantobis simbolo. igi<br />

Slis sazRvrebs sxvadasxva asakis, sarwmunoebis, erovnebisa<br />

da rasis warmomadgenelTa Soris da did SemoqmedebiT sixaruls<br />

aniWebs, rogorc Semsruleblebs, aseve msmenelebs. dResdReobiT<br />

jazma mTeli msoflio moicva, magram is upirveles yovlisa<br />

amerikuli kulturis pirmSoa. spiriCuelsi, menestrelebis<br />

musikaluri Teatri, regtaimi, bluzi dabolos, adreuli<br />

saestrado jazi _ ai, mniSvnelovani pirvelsaxeebi axali<br />

musikisa, romelic afroamerikuli folkloris da amerikuli<br />

kulturebis SerwymiT daibada `axali samyaros~ CrdiloeTSi<br />

XIX-XX ss.-is mijnaze. 1<br />

am musikis umTavresi Tviseba aris improvizaciuli<br />

sawyisis prioriteti, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom jazuri<br />

nawarmoebi uSualod Sesrulebis procesSi iqmneba, srulyofil<br />

formas iZens da aseTi saxiT aRarasdros ganmeordeba.<br />

klasikuri musikis nebismier nawarmoebs dasrulebuli<br />

Sinagani mTlianoba axasiaTebs, imisda miuxedavad, Tu vin<br />

asrulebs mas. Semsrulebels ZaluZs mxolod azrobrivi Tu<br />

emociuri maxvilebis gadanacvlebiT miaRwios gansxvavebul<br />

Sinaarsobriv interpretacias. jazSi ki uSualod Semsrulebeli<br />

qmnis musikas da kompoziciis Semqmnelis sworuflebiani<br />

Tanaavtoria.<br />

jer kidev 1956 wels leonard berstainma amerikuli<br />

televiziiT cbc-arxiT wakiTxul leqciaze ganacxada: `jazi<br />

iseTive seriozulia, rogorc klasikuri musika~ , 2 evropul<br />

tradiciebze aRzrdilni uneblied vadarebT jazs evropul<br />

musikas. imisaTvis, rom jazi adekvaturad iqnas aRqmuli _<br />

unda gavacnobieroT, rom igi warmoiSva rogorc amerikuli<br />

movlena da mxolod Tavisi ganviTarebis Semdgom periodebSi<br />

gaidga fesvebi evropuli musikis sxvadasxva SreebSi. 3<br />

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jazisa da klasikis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis<br />

im dros, roca evropuli akademiuri nawarmoebi zustad<br />

aris fiqsirebuli, jazi rogorc improvizaciuli xelovneba,<br />

iseve, rogorc zepiri tradiciis klasikuri musika, magaliTad<br />

induri klasikuri musika, sanoto Caweris SemTxvevaSi, kargavs<br />

Tavis imanentur Tvisebebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom jazuri<br />

kompoziciis sanoto Canawerebis arsebobis faqti eWvs ar<br />

iwvevs, jazmenebi fiqsirebul sanoto Canawerebs erTxmad<br />

uaryofen (`Zirs wignebi~); maTTvis es musika araa imis identuri,<br />

rasac jazis xelovneba hqvia. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT<br />

dizi gilespi, erTxel rodesac man sakuTari solo<br />

improvizaciis sanoto Canaweri ixila, Tvalebi auWrelda<br />

meTeqvsmetedi wilebisagan da gancvifrebulma ikiTxa `nuTu<br />

am yvelafers me vukravo?~. zogierT musikoss am faqtze<br />

kidev ufro mwvave reaqcia aReniSneba. 4<br />

sanoto transkrifcia, aris jazis mxolod mkrTali<br />

aCrdili. aqedan gamomdinare, nawarmoebebi Seqmnili evropuli<br />

akademiuri stilis kompozitorebis mier, Tundac iseTi<br />

saxelganTqmuli amerikelebisa, rogoric gerSvini da berstaini<br />

arian, ar aris jazi. im SemTxvevaSi ki, Tu es piesebi<br />

jazmusikosebis mier iqneba interpretirebuli, TiToeuli maTgani<br />

SeiZleba iqces aseTad.<br />

jazuri improvizacia evristul movlenaTa ricxvs<br />

ganekuTvneba da masze saubrisas, upirveles yovlisa, unda<br />

gamoiyos iseTi imanenturi Tvisebebi, romlebic am kavSirze<br />

miuTiTeben: SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba, emociuri gaxsniloba,<br />

impulsuroba, grZnobadi aRqma, miznisa da xerxebis<br />

`erTmomenturoba~, fantaziurobis farTo gaqaneba. rac ufro<br />

metad aris kompoziciaSi gamovlenili es niSnebi, miT ufro<br />

nakleb reglamentirebulad, kanonikurad aRiqmeba igi. am<br />

TvalsazrisiT improvizaciuloba rogorc saazrovno principi,<br />

WeSmariti xelovnebis Tanmsdevi movlenaa, misi Tandayolili<br />

Tvisebaa, Tumca improvizaciuli bunebis mqone yvela xelovneba<br />

erTnairad ar avlens am niSnebs. am mxriv jazi unikaluri<br />

movlenaa. 5<br />

Tavad am musikis arsiT aixsneba jazis qaRaldze<br />

mouxelTebloba, rasac `Freedom prinziple~ uwodeben; es<br />

princi pi qreba maSin, rodesac iwyeba misi danawevrebulad<br />

ganxilva. rogorc dakuwuli nawilebidan ver aawyob sxeulis<br />

cocxal organizms, aseTive Znelia misi danawevrebisas jazuri<br />

kompoziciis ZiriTadi ideis daWera. 6<br />

The New Grove Dictionery of Music and Musicians-Si jazi<br />

Semdegnairad aris ganmartebuli: `musikis nairsaxeoba, romelic<br />

Seqmnilia XX s.-is dasawyisSi, ZiriTadad, Savkaniani amerikelebis<br />

mier, im elementebis Serwymis Sedegad, romelic amozrdilia<br />

evropul-amerikuli da afrikuli tomebis musikisagan. es<br />

unikaluri, movlena SesaZlebelia erTi da imave dros sxvadasxva<br />

dasabuTebisas SeiZleba ganekuTvnos xalxuri, popularuli<br />

da mravalmxatvruli musikis sferos, Tumca igi Seicavs am<br />

samive saxesxvaobis aspeqtebs. jazma iqonia didi zegavlena<br />

ucxour kulturaze, ara marto Tavisi udidesi popularobis<br />

gamo, aramed im mniSvnelobiTac, romelic man Seasrula popmusikis<br />

mravali formis CamoyalibebaSi~. 7<br />

Tu gadavxedavT jazis istorias, davrwmundebiT imaSi, rom<br />

am Janris warmomadgenlebi, maT Soris afroamerikelebic, mudam<br />

iswrafvodnen gaeziarebinaT evropuli klasikuri gamocdileba.<br />

gavixsenoT skot joplini, romelmac scada daewera opera,<br />

baleti, riTac evropel klasikos kompozitorebTan miaxlovebis<br />

survili gamoavlina, aseve diuk elingtoni, romelsac evropuli<br />

simfonizmis da jazuri enis Serwymis mcdeloba hqonda. igive<br />

iTqmis _ gerSvinis, zes komfris, pol vaiTmenis, bad pouelis,<br />

beni gudmenis, stefan grapelis, deiv brubekis, leni tristanos,<br />

Jak lusieris, bobi makferenis, Cik koreas, jit jaretis, herbi<br />

henkokis, vokalur ansambl ~Swingle singers~, ~KLAZZ Brothers~,<br />

~Modern Jazz Quartet~-is da sxvaTa mimarT.<br />

Tu sawyis etapze jazi da klasikuri musika erTmaneTis<br />

antagonistur, polarul cnebebad moiazreboda, XX saukunis<br />

40-50-ani wlebidan dgeba periodi, rodesac jazi da klasika<br />

intensiur dialogs iwyeben, es aris e. w. cool jazis _<br />

`damcxrali~ jazis xana. zogierTi mkvlevari mas<br />

`evropeizirebul jazs~ uwodebs, es periodi aseve cnobilia<br />

`dasavleTis sanapiros jazis~ saxelwodebiT. cool jazs<br />

axasiaTebs arsebiTi gansxvaveba bopisagan. magaliTad, aq<br />

ukugdebulia ritmuli eqspresiuloba da intonaciuri<br />

aramdgradoba _ specifikuri afroamerikuli maxasiaTeblebi.<br />

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Tamar miqaZe<br />

jazisa da klasikis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis<br />

cool jazs gaaCnia iseTi niSnebi, rogoricaa emociuri<br />

TavSekavebuloba, inteleqtualuri sawyisis gaZliereba,<br />

tonalur-modulaciuri logikis garTuleba, faqturis<br />

polifonizacia, yovelive es mas aaxloebs evropul akademiur<br />

musikasTan, gansakuTrebiT barokosTan (es procesi gamoikveTa<br />

iseT musikosebTan, rogorebic arian: bil evansi, leni tristano,<br />

deiv brubeki).<br />

droTa ganmavlobaSi jazma axali TvisebebiT gaamdidra<br />

XX saukunis klasikuri musikis yvela Janri. amis magaliTad<br />

SeiZleba moviyvanoT j. gerSvinis (`rafsodia bluzis stilSi~),<br />

i. stravinskis (`eboni konCerti~), m. ravelis (`foqstroti~<br />

da e. w. `bluzuri sonata~ violonisa da fortepianosaTvis),<br />

d. miios (baleti `samyaros Seqmna~), f. pulenkis, h. kouelis,<br />

e. e. vila-lobosis, a. Snitkes, qarTvelTagan b. kvernaZis, g.<br />

yanCelis, n. gabunias, s. bardanaSvilis, v. kaxiZis da sxvaTa<br />

nawarmoebebi.<br />

sinTezisadmi swrafva jazmenebis mxridanac yovelTvis<br />

arsebobda: `jazingi~ (Jazzing), `klasikis gasvingva~ (Jazzing<br />

The Classics) _ interpretacia, gadamuSaveba jazur sulSi<br />

Temebisa an mTlianad nawarmoebisa, niSnavs klasikuri stilis<br />

jazur imitacias. zogierTi mkvlevari, maT Soris uinton<br />

sarjenti Zalzed kritikulad udgeba aseT procesebs. 8<br />

garkveulwilad SeiZleba mas daveTanxmoT, radgan klasikuri<br />

masalis jazmusikosebis mier gadamuSavebis Sedegad, yovelTvis<br />

rodi miiReba mxatvrulad srulfasovani nawarmoebi. aseTi<br />

eqsperimentebis Rirebuleba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra<br />

esTetikur, eTikur safuZvelze da ra mizniT tardeba isini;<br />

ramdenad eTanawyoba gamosayenebeli masalis gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />

Tvisebebi mxatvrulad gamiznul amocanebs da profesionalizmis<br />

ra donesTan gvaqvs saqme. rac Seexeba dasesxebas musikaSi<br />

(iqneba es melodiis citireba, stilizacia, damuSaveba,<br />

transkrifcia, redaqcia an axali saSemsruleblo versia), is<br />

warmoadgens savsebiT kanonzomier da gavrcelebul movlenas<br />

SemoqmedebaSi.<br />

`klasikis gajazebis~ tradicia, jazis jer kidev adreul<br />

etapze gvxvdeba: zanguri samxedro orkestrebi, romlebic<br />

gavrcelebuli iyo XIX-XX s.-Si; axalorleanuri marSirebuli<br />

orkestrebi; xSirad klasikur nawarmoebs sinkopirebul maneraSi<br />

amuSavebdnen pianisti-regtaimerebic; italiuri, franguli,<br />

germanuli operebis jazur stilSi parodirebas akeTebdnen<br />

menestrelebi.<br />

jazis istoriaSi amis uZveles magaliTs warmoadgens jeli<br />

rol mortonis safortepiano piaesa `Miserere“, romelic verdis<br />

`trubaduris~ Temis gadamuSavebuli versiaa. 20-30-ian wlebSi<br />

mravali klasikuri melodia aJRerda Sweet jazis aranJirebiTa<br />

da damuSavebiT. klasikuri nawarmoebis Temebze gakeTebuli<br />

pretenziuli da teqnikurad msuye popurebi xSirad ismoda<br />

pol vaiTmenis simfo-jazuri orkestris da sxva analogiuri<br />

koleqtivebis koncertebze.<br />

jazisa da klasikuri musikis urTierTobis WrilSi<br />

gansakuTr ebi T gvinda „Baroque Jazz“-ze gavamaxviloT<br />

yuradReba. barokos epoqa msoflio kulturis istoriaSi<br />

erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso epoqaa Tavisi dramatizmiT,<br />

intensiurobiT, dinamikiT da harmoniiT. sagulisxmoa, is faqti,<br />

rom jaz musikosebs gansakuTrebiT izidavdaT barokos musikis<br />

es Tvisebebi da kerZod i. s. baxis Semoqmedeba. mimdinareoba<br />

„Baroque Jazz“ ukavSirdeba barokos evropuli musikis jazur<br />

interpretacias, aseve jazmenebis mcdelobas am tipis musikis<br />

Seqmnisa. yvelaze adrindeli nimuSebi baroko-jazisa ekuTvnis<br />

svingis periods.<br />

Cveni azriT jazisaTvis yvelaze axlobeli barokos Semdegi<br />

niSnebia:<br />

1. Tavis devizad baroko “inventio~-s (`aRmoCenas,~<br />

`gamogonebas~) da `moZraoba, dro, sivrcis~ princips irCevs<br />

_ rac aseve jazuri improvizaciis upirvelesi Tvisebaa.<br />

2. `TamaSis~ princi pi.~ stiluri TamaSis xerxebi Zalzed<br />

gavrcelebulni iyo barokos epoqaSi. TamaSis principi metad<br />

qmediTia stilur da Janrul sistemebSi. _ jazSi `Zveli~<br />

stilebi da Janrebi warmatebiT esadagebian `axal~ sunTqvas<br />

da `axlebi,~ romlebic kargad asimilirebdnen `ZvelTan~<br />

erTgvari transformaciiT.<br />

3. barokos musikis damaxasiaTebeli niSania _ `wamebis<br />

aTvla~, mudam pulsirebuli ritmi, romelic xSirad erwymis<br />

daklaknil ritmul suraTs. barokos musikam Seqmna kontrastis<br />

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Tamar miqaZe<br />

jazisa da klasikis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis<br />

gansxvavebuli saxec: mimdinare, cvalebadi dro (adamianuri<br />

cxovrebis dro) da gayinuli dro (maradiuli dro): tempebis<br />

kontrasti mravalnawilian nawarmoebebSi; _ variaciis Janrebi<br />

ucvlel, ostinatur banze, qoraluri preludiebi... 9 jazic<br />

uaRresi dinamikurobiTa da impulsurobiT xasiaTdeba. ritmi<br />

aris jazis namdvili suli, misi impulsi, ritmis mkveTri<br />

gamoxatva mas gansakuTrebul energiasa da winswrafvas aniWebs.<br />

jazuri `baxiana~ istorikosebis mosazrebiT daiwyo 1937<br />

wels, rodesac Sesrulda baxis ormagi koncerti re minori<br />

gadamuSavebuli svingis stilSi _ e. sautis (violino), s.<br />

grapelis (violino), j. reihardis (gitara) mier, aman SemdgomSi<br />

gagrZeleba pova beni gudmanis orkestrSi _ jazuri fuga<br />

~Buch goes to town~. 10 mogvianebiT am stilSi Tavis Zalebs<br />

cdidnen d. brubekis kvarteti, vokaluri ansambli ~Swingle<br />

singers~, pianistebi: Jak lusieri, jon luisi, ~Modern Jazz Quartet~,<br />

bil evansi k. ogermanis orkestrTan erTad, bobi makfereni da<br />

sxva.<br />

jazi da baxi _ erTi SexedviT, es aris ori sxvadasxva<br />

samyaro. zedapiruli midgomisas Cndeba iseTi azri, rom es<br />

aris klasikuri musikis jazuri gadamuSaveba, magram saWiroa<br />

garkveuli CaRrmaveba, raTa gamovavlinoT orive mimdinareobis<br />

maxasiaTeblebi wminda saxiT. gansakuTrebiT naTeli magaliTia<br />

am mxriv jak lusieris _ `Play Bach~-i da jgufi `Swingle<br />

Singers~-is vokalizi.<br />

kiTxvaze, Tu ratom mimarTaven ufro xSirad jazuri<br />

gadamuSavebisaTvis baxs, da ara, vTqvaT, Suberts, romlis<br />

simRerebi erTi SexedviT ufro axlosaa bluzTan, an Caikovskis,<br />

romlis melodiuri Temebi savsebiT gamodgeboda `jazur<br />

standartad~ an bolos da bolos debiusis, romlis harmoniuli<br />

ena axlosaa jazTan; vfiqrobT, pasuxi aseTia: jazi da baxiseul<br />

stili Rrma naTesaur kavSirSia, romlis fesvebze miuTiTebs<br />

esa Tu is interpretacia.<br />

zogjer Tavad baxiseul musikalur teqstSi SeiniSneba<br />

svingis niSnebi da jaz-musikoss SesaZloa didi jafa ar<br />

dasWirdes baxis musikis jazSi gadatanisaTvis. Tumca, msgavsi<br />

gardaqmnebis Sedegad, xSirad iqmneba iseTi jazuri damuSaveba,<br />

romelic ufro instumentul svings gamokveTavs, vidre mis<br />

improvizaciul bunebas, rac sruliad zedmetia. imisaTvis, rom<br />

gamoikveTos svingis SegrZneba baxis musikaSi, sulac araa<br />

saWiro kontrabasis an dasartyamebis moSvelieba.<br />

svingis `baxiseburi~ SegrZnebis magaliTad gamodgeba misi<br />

nebismieri nawarmoebidan Temis sawyisi frazebi. jango reinhardis<br />

azriT, es elementi ucbad rodi Seimecneba. misi aRqma SeuZlia<br />

mxolod jazze kargad gawaful smenas – reinhardis mosazrebiT,<br />

Temis me-13 me-14 notSi kargad ismineba bluzis tonebi, ris<br />

gamoc, baxiseuli Temis ganviTarebis logika gacilebiT advilad<br />

eTanawyoba jazur improvizacias, vidre magaliTad, haidnis<br />

musikaluri Temebi. 11<br />

da mainc, rogor SeiZleba baxis musikaze improvizacia?<br />

cnobilia, rom improvizacia arsebobda jer kidev barokos<br />

periodSi. Tavad baxic araCveulebrivad improvizirebda organsa<br />

da Cembaloze. barokos musikaSi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT mkafio<br />

paralelebi jazur ritm-jgufsa da kontrabasTan: jaz-musikosi<br />

improvizirebs akordebis Tanmimdevrobis TanxlebiT, barokos<br />

epoqis musikosi _ bas-kontinius TanxlebiT.<br />

markus velfles sayovelTao Tezisi aseTia: baxis<br />

TxzulebebSi TiToeul nots gaaCnia imdenad zustad gaTvlili<br />

adgili, rom misi frazebi SeiZleba maTematikur formulebs<br />

SevadaroT. safuZvlianad Tvlian, rom klasikur musikoss ar<br />

ZaluZs melodiuri xazis ganviTareba ise, rogorc amas akeTebs<br />

jaz improvizatori. magaliTad, SeiZleba moviyvanoT ori<br />

erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli piesa koleman hokinsis `Picasso~<br />

da leni tristanos “Line Up”-i; maTSi yvela toni jazurad<br />

intensiuria magram Tanmimdevroba TiTqosda spontanuria.<br />

kritikosebi am piesebs xSirad adareben baxis musikas.<br />

erTxel stefan grapelma Tavis Tavze saubrisas aRniSna,<br />

rom igi improvizaciebSi cdilobs iseT xarisxobriv masStabebs<br />

miaRwios, romlebic baxis musikas axasiaTebs. jazmeni ar uaryofs<br />

sulier siaxloves baxis musikasTan, magram sulac ar moswons,<br />

da samarTlianadac, rodesac misi musikis mimarT iyeneben<br />

klasikuri musikis kriteriumebs.<br />

`goldberg-variaciebi~ baxis pirveli biografis, iohan<br />

nikosaus forkelis mtkicebulebiT (1802) _ `warmoadgens<br />

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Tamar miqaZe<br />

jazisa da klasikis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis<br />

models, romlis mixedviTac unda aigos yvela variacia.~ am<br />

Teziss dResac ar daukargavs mniSvneloba; is, rom bevri<br />

`variacia~ emyareba baxiseul metrul, harmoniul models<br />

kanonzomieria ara mxolod barokos periodisaTvis, aramed<br />

XIX-XX saukuneebisTvisac. ra Tqma unda, es gansakuTrebiT<br />

robert Sumans exeba (Tumca, am tipis variaciebis nimuSebi<br />

gvxvdeba Sumanamdec, beThovenTan da mis Semdegac, mag., bramsTan).<br />

baxiseul `wyaros~ etanebian umetesad jaz pianistebi, bevri<br />

maTgani _ elingtonidan evansamde _ ukravs baxs Sinaganad,<br />

garkveuli `intimiT~, TiTqos TavisTvis, zogierTi uZRvnis<br />

mas Tavis Canawerebs. bad pauelis…`Bud on Bach~-dan mel<br />

uoldronis `Back to bach~-iT damTavrebuli. momReral nina<br />

simones popularoba metadaa davalebuli fugis stilSi<br />

safortepiano improvizaciebisgan. barokos, baxis musikis<br />

zegavlena igrZnoba cool jazis pianistebze, gansakuTrebiT ki<br />

leni tristanoze, misi koncertebi xSirad iwyeboda baxis<br />

romelime nawarmoebis teqstis zusti SesrulebiT da mxolod<br />

amis Semdeg ukravda igi `Tavis musikas~. albaT, verc deiv<br />

brubeki miaRwevda baxis gareSe didebas. aseve jon luisma<br />

jguf `Modern Jazz Quartet~-Si miuZRvna Tavis Canawerebi baxs<br />

`Blues on Bach~ da solo `Preludes and Fuges~.<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom baxis zogierTi kompoziciis<br />

interpretaciaSi da mis jazur standartSi metad TvalnaTliv<br />

Cans polifoniurobisaken swrafva. es tipuri iyo niuorleanis<br />

jazSi; svingisa da bibopis epoqaSi aRniSnuli niSnebi naklebad<br />

vlindeba. cool jazis musikosebi ki, romlebsac akademiuri<br />

ganaTleba hqondaT miRebuli, kvlav ubruneben jazs<br />

polifonizaciis princips da baxi maT mudmiv orientirad<br />

rCeba.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom TemebSi da mravali jazuri<br />

standartebis harmoniul safuZvelSi (magaliTad, piesaSi `Softly,<br />

As In A Morning Sunrise~) polifoniuri modgoma ar aris,<br />

melodiur qsovilis improvizacia mainc waagavs baxisas. amis<br />

naTeli magaliTia `All The Things You Are~: aramarto cool<br />

jazSi, aramed parkeriseul bopSi, gansakuTrebiT ki brazilieli<br />

gitaristis baden pauelis improvizaciebSi _ nebismier<br />

SemTxvevaSi jerom kernis, es standarti mogvagonebs barokos<br />

epoqas.<br />

dabolos, baxisa da jazis mimarTebaSi, unda gavixsenoT<br />

li konici, romelmac erT-erT interviuSi ganacxada `me vusmen<br />

Cems baxs, da yovelTvis vcdilob ar daviviwyo, rom jazi<br />

swored misgan warmodga. me vfiqrob, baxi iyo pirveli jazmusikosi.<br />

mis musikaSi aris igive svingi da igive Sinaarsi,<br />

rac CemTvis jazs warmoadgens... me TiTqmis yoveldRe vusmen<br />

mis suitebs violonCelosaTvis, ufro grandiozuli, ufro<br />

amaRlebuli musika me ar meguleba~.<br />

50-iani wlebis bolos jazis principebisa da Tanamedrove<br />

akademiuri musikis elementebis Serwymis Sedegad warmoiSva<br />

Tanamedrove stiluri mimarTuleba saxelwodebiT `mesame<br />

mimdinareoba~ (Third Stream), `mesame mimdinareoba~ warmoiSva<br />

akademiuri musikalur xelovnebisa da jazis sinTezis<br />

safuZvelze da mas ukavia Sualeduri pozicia maT Soris<br />

(termini ekuTvnis am mimarTulebis fuZemdebels giunTer<br />

Siulers).<br />

amdenad, musikis es ori sfero _ jazi da klasika urTierT<br />

zemoqmedebda, da es ormxrivi procesi paralelurad<br />

mimdinareobda.<br />

dRes, jazur da klasikur musikas erTi da igive procentuli<br />

maCvenebeli ukavia amerikuli musikis bazarze. dRevandeli<br />

jazuri musika axal-axali ideebiT amdidrebs Tanamedrove<br />

musikalur sivrces _ xdeba musikaluri xelovnebis sxvadasxva<br />

sferoebis, Janrebis, mimarTulebis integracia, maT Soris kvlavac<br />

aqtualuria jazisa da klasikuri musikis Serwyma, ramac<br />

gamoiwvia e. w. zRvris waSla _ klasikuri musikis da jazis<br />

Semsruleblebs Soris. amis dasadastureblad mravali magaliTi<br />

SeiZleba moviyvanoT: oskar pitersoniT... dawyebuli, bred<br />

meldauTa da iaron hermaniT damTavrebuli.<br />

sagulisxmoa isic, rom aRniSnuli musikosebi umaRlesi<br />

akademiuri ganaTleba miRebuli arian da SesaniSnavad asruleben<br />

klasikur musikas, rogorc pirveladi originalis saxiT<br />

(magaliTad, kit jaretis SesrulebiT baxis `ktk~-s I da II<br />

tomi da SostakoviCis preludiebis da fugebis I da II tomi,<br />

Cik koreas da bobi makferenis mocartis #23 koncerti, kit<br />

268 269

Tamar miqaZe<br />

jaretis mocartis #23 koncerti, uinton marsalisis vivaldis<br />

#2 koncerti sayvirisaTvis, mocartis re maJoruli koncerti<br />

sayvirisaTvis da sxv.), aseve mis jazur stilSi<br />

interpretaciisas.<br />

1.Конен В., Рождение джаза, М., 1990. gv. 5-44.<br />

2.Переверзев Л., Жив ли джаз? ежедневный сетевой журнал «ДЖАЗ.РУ»,<br />

1998, Выпуск <strong>#4</strong>3. gv. 15.<br />

3. Панасье Ю., История подлинного джаза Л. 1978 gv. 75-81.<br />

4. Shipton A., Groovin’ High: the Life of Dizzy Gillespie, New York, 1999.<br />

5. e. buCukuri, improvizaciuloba rogorc saazrovno princi pi da<br />

jazi//amerikis Seswavlis sakiTxebi, N 2, 2003, gv. 352-357.<br />

6. Курмаев С., ДЖАЗ — МУЗЫКА ДВАДЦАТОГО ВЕКА, Бостон, 2007.<br />

7.The New GROVE Dictionary of Music and Musicians, #9, 1989, gv. 561-<br />

579.<br />

8.Саржент У., ДЖАЗ М., 1987. gv. 218-225.<br />

9. Лобанова М., Западноевропейское музыкальное барокко: Проблемы<br />

эстетики и поэтики, М., 1994.<br />

10. Панасье Ю., История подлинного джаза Л. 1978 gv. 234.<br />

11. Велфле М. А., Джаз и Бах _ Дюк Иоганн? Каунт Себастиан?, Jazz-<br />

Квадрат, 2007.gv. 27.<br />

www.swingtime.ru<br />

www.apassion4jazz.net<br />

www.jazz.ru/eng/history/default.htm<br />

maia sigua<br />

magistraturis I kursi<br />

xelmZRvaneli - asoc. prof. qeTevan bolaSvili<br />

antikuri tragedia XX saukunis<br />

musikalur-scenur nawarmoebebSi _<br />

Janris interpretaciis sakiTxebi<br />

kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erTi pirveli maRalganviTarebuli<br />

civilizaciis _ Zveli saberZneTis kulturuli memkvidreoba<br />

aswleulebis manZilze araerTxel gaxda sxvadasxva erovnebis<br />

did xelovanTa STagonebis wyaro. swored maTi Semoqmedebis<br />

wyalobiT Seiqmna da damkvidrda warmodgena Zvel saberZneTze,<br />

rogorc harmoniul, daxvewil, idealur samyaroze, magram maT<br />

Soris arc erTisTvis yofila es samyaro Cveulebrivi<br />

yoveldRiuroba, amitomac iyo es warmodgenebi pirobiTi.<br />

swored antikuri musikis aRorZinebis mcdelobas<br />

daukavSirda operis dabadeba XVI-XVII saukuneebis mijnaze,<br />

magram, rogorc germaneli kompozitori karl orfi werda,<br />

operis istoria, romelic, cxadia, musikaluri Janrebis da<br />

gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis ganviTarebis procesSi aRmocenda,<br />

mainc SecdomiT daiwyo. 1 aq igulisxmeba faqti _ florenciis<br />

wris wevrebi daaxloebiT 1600 wlisTvis berZnul tragedias<br />

musikalurad miiCnevdnen ara marto sagundo partiebSi, aramed<br />

mTlianad. pirveli italiuri opera da saerTod, evropuli<br />

musikaluri Teatris pirveli nawarmoebi perisa da rinuCinis<br />

`dafne~, iyo mcdeloba SeesrulebinaT _ emReraT berZnuli<br />

tragedia.<br />

oTxi aswleulis win dawyebulma am procesma _ interesma<br />

antikuri Teatrisadmi _ saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi ramdenjerme,<br />

maT Soris gasuli saukuneSi, kidev erTxel iCina Tavi. antikur<br />

siuJetebze mravalricxovani nawarmoebi Seiqmna: operebi _<br />

rihard Strausis `eleqtra~, ernst krJenekis `orestes<br />

cxovreba~, jorje eneskus `oidipos mefe~, karl orfis amave<br />

saxelwodebis musikaluri tragedia, miio-klodelis `orestea~<br />

da mTeli rigi `wuT-operebisa~; igor stravinskis `oidipos<br />

270 271

maia sigua<br />

antikuri tragedia XX saukunis<br />

musikalur-scenur nawarmoebebSi _ Janris interpretaciis sakiTxebi<br />

mefe~, artur onegeris, aseve karl orfis `antigone~ da sxva.<br />

mogvianebiT am Tematikas TavianT scenur opus-ebSi mimarTaven<br />

pier bulezi, ianis qsenakisi, luiji nono, hans verner hence.<br />

TiToeul maTganTan sxvadasxvagvarad gaiazreba dramaturgiis,<br />

stilis, musikaluri enis da, rac erT-erTi yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovania, Janris sakiTxi.<br />

saerTod, ama Tu im Janrisadmi mikuTvnebulobis problema<br />

gasul saukuneSi gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda da erTnairad Seexo<br />

rogorc instrumentuli, ise vokaluri musikis yvela<br />

nairsaxeobas, maT Soris, musikalur-scenursac. moxsenebaSi<br />

operis niSnebis matarebel mravalricxovan opus-Ta Soris<br />

yuradRebas mxolod imaTze SevaCerebT, romlebic swored<br />

antikuri, ufro zustad ki Zveli berZnuli tragediis<br />

klasikosebis SemoqmedebiT arian inspirirebulni, ganvixilavT,<br />

Tu rogor xdeba maTSi am yvela droisTvis aqtualuri Tematikis<br />

axal drosa da sivrceSi gadmotana _ gaTanamedroveba da<br />

rogor aisaxeba es nawarmoebis Janrul bunebaze. konkretulad<br />

ki SevexebiT igor stravinskis `oidipos mefes~, artur onegeris,<br />

aseve karl orfis `antigones~, ianis qsenakisis `oresteas~.<br />

XX saukunis 20-ian wlebidan aRorZinebuli antikuri<br />

siuJetebi, sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva Janruli da stiluri<br />

damuSavebebis saxiT gvxvdeba. maT vxedavT jer kidev<br />

eqspresionistebTan, neoklasicistebTan, axal pozitivistebTan.<br />

maT mimarTavdnen p. klodeli, o. kokoSka, da p. pikaso, J.<br />

kokto. cnobilia Jan koktos sityvebi: `TviTmfrinavidan<br />

visurvebdi Zveli saberZneTis fotografirebas~ 2 . es sityvebi<br />

aSkarad miuTiTebs antikurobis gaTanamedrovebis im miswrafebaze,<br />

romelic antikur siuJetebze Seqmnili musikalur-scenuri<br />

nawarmoebebisTvis daweril mis teqstebSi gamovlinda.<br />

gansaxilveli nawarmoebebis Seqmnis TariRebs erTmaneTisgan<br />

miaxloebiT ocwliani droiTi intervalebi aSorebT 3 , magram<br />

antikurobisa da Tanamedroveobis Serwymis mcdeloba aaxloebT,<br />

Tumca gansxvavebulia avtorTa miznebi da Sesabamisad Sedegebic.<br />

Tu qsenakisi miznad isaxavda Zveli berZnuli Teatris<br />

elementebis rekonstruirebas, Tanamedroveobis sarkeSi<br />

Taviseburi arqeologiuri suraTis anareklis Seqmnas, da mTeli<br />

rigi originaluri xerxebis gamoyenebis wyalobiT srulad<br />

miaRwia mizans 4 , onegerTan da stravinskisTan antikuris<br />

gaTanamedrovebis tendencia da zogadad, interesi antikuri<br />

Tematikisadmi neoklasicizmTan aris dakavSirebuli. `antigone~<br />

da `oidiposi~ erTsa da imave periodSi (1926-1927 ww.),<br />

erTsa da imave kulturul sivrceSi iqmneboda, magram maT<br />

Soris Tvisobrivi gansxvavebebia. stravinski miznad isaxavs<br />

aRadginos opera-oratoriis 5 Janri antikur siuJetze<br />

dramaturgiis, formis, musikaluri enis, teqstis arqaizaciis<br />

niSniT; onegeri ki `antigones~ qmnis, rogorc musikalur dramas,<br />

magram, Tavad mas `musikalur tragedias~ uwodebs 6 .<br />

kompozitorisTvis operis miaxloeba oratoriasTan im periodSi<br />

Seqmnili situaciidan gamosavali iyo: `operaSi sami didi<br />

musikosi batonobs: vagneri, debiusi da rihard Strausi. Tu<br />

debiusis gavlenas gaeqcevi, meore ukiduresobisken _ masnesken<br />

waxval; Strausidan puCinisken gadadian _ es kidev ufro<br />

uaresia. ukandaxevis nacvlad (ukandaxeva xom damarcxebas<br />

niSnavs), ratom ar veZeboT axali gzebi?~ 7 _ werda onegeri.<br />

aseTi gza misTvis iyo operis gamdidreba epikuri, gmirulxalxuri<br />

TematikiT, misi daaxloeba oratoriasTan, rac `mefe<br />

daviTSi~ da `ivdiTSi~, mogvianebiT, metnaklebad `antigoneSi~<br />

gamovlinda.<br />

Tu stravinski da orfi miznis gansaxorcieleblad<br />

stilizacias mimarTaven, onegeri antikur siuJetebs<br />

zogadsakacobrio Tematikis TvalsazrisiT iazrebs. mas miaCnia,<br />

rom stilizaciis gziT aseTi marad cocxali da aqtualuri<br />

problemebis gadmocema aRaribebs mas da amasTanave boWavs<br />

SemoqmedebiT rols. amitom igi kritikulad ekideba stravinskis<br />

neoklasicisturi operebis da baletebis mTel serias. antikuris<br />

gaTanamedroveba onegerTan gamoixateba saxeobriv daxasiaTebebSi<br />

da musikalur enaSi da, rac Zalian mniSvnelovania, teqstSi.<br />

koktos teqstis Sesaxeb igi ambobda, rom esaa teqsti, romelic<br />

`cru `literaturSCinis~ (brWyalebi Cemia – m. s.), arqeologiis,<br />

yalbi didebulebis gareSe gadmoscems warsulis am WeSmaritebas,<br />

romelic maradiuli gaxda~ 8 . mkveTrma, yovelgvar romantizms<br />

moklebulma koktos teqstma ubiZga onegers, rom Tavisi<br />

saxeebisTvis eZebna Sesatyvisi mkveTri Seferilobebi, moklebuli<br />

umcires sirbilesa da sentimentalobas. garda amisa,<br />

272 273

maia sigua<br />

antikuri tragedia XX saukunis<br />

musikalur-scenur nawarmoebebSi _ Janris interpretaciis sakiTxebi<br />

kompozitori axdenda movlenebis droSi SemWidroebas, iyenebda<br />

damdablebul stilistikas, TiTqmis yofiT, leqsikas, rom am<br />

gziT antikuri tragedia ufro gasagebi gaexada XX saukunis<br />

msmenelisaTvis. `teqstis SemWidroebam gauTvaliswinebeli<br />

Sedegebi moitana: mkveTri, xisti scenebis da mravalricxovani<br />

`sikvdilebis~ droSi daaxloeba mis zemoqmedebas ki ar<br />

aZlierebs, aramed piriqiT, asustebs, radgan msmeneli maT aRqmas<br />

da gaazrebas ver aswrebs [...] koktos mier sofokles teqstis<br />

Tavisufali adaptacia dramatuli poeziis am Sedevrs mSral<br />

sagazeTo qronikas amsgavsebs~ 9 . dramatizmis, scenuri<br />

daZabulobis mxriv `antigone~ Sordeba oratorias da ufro<br />

metad uaxlovdeba `wminda~ operas, vidre onegeris am tipis<br />

adrindeli qmnilebebi, romlebSic sagundo epizodebis siWarbe<br />

da dramaturgiis epikuroba aSkarad SeiniSneba. musikaluri<br />

ganviTarebis swrafviTi dinamika, naTeli, mkafio Teatraluri<br />

qmedeba, deklamaciuri monodiis batonoba `antigones~ saopero<br />

dramaturgiis niSan-Tvisebebia. kompozitori Teatraluri<br />

dramaturgiis kanonebs emorCileba da cdilobs mis<br />

Taviseburebebs operis specifika miusadagos. `antigone~<br />

sinTeturi nawarmoebia, moqmedebis ganviTarebuli elementebiT<br />

(swrafi tempi da ritmi, Teatraluri dramaturgiis<br />

kanonzomierebebis mixedviT scenebis ganlageba, moqmedebis<br />

koncentrirebuloba, misi mimarTeba erTiani kulminaciisken da<br />

a. S.). magram gundi-xalxis mudmivi _ xilulad da uxilavad<br />

_ yofna scenaze, maRali ganzogadebis momenti da pozitiuri<br />

ideis ganmtkiceba (kvanZis tragikuli gaxsnis miuxedavad)<br />

aaxloebs mas onegerisve sxva opera-oratoriebTan, amitom,<br />

zogierTi mkvlevari `antigonesac~ opera-oratorias uwodebs.<br />

stravinski sxva gziT midis. upirveles yovlisa, is iRebs<br />

sofokles `oidi pos mefis~ Tematikas imitom, rom<br />

zogadsakacobrio siuJeti sWirdeba, an, im zomamde cnobili,<br />

rom ar saWiroebdes dawvrilebiT gadmocemas. `mindoda piesa,<br />

rogorc aseTi, ukana planze gadamewia, radgan vfiqrobdi amiT<br />

gamomekveTa misi dramatuli arsi da Tavi gameTavisuflebina,<br />

rom ufro metad CavRrmavebodi musikalur dramatizacias~ _<br />

werda kompozitori 10 . SesaZloa, amitomac ar moeqca igi koktos<br />

teqstis gavlenis qveS, piriqiT, Zalze aqtiurad Caeria libretos<br />

SeqmnaSi, vidre ar Seiqmna ara drama moqmedebiT, aramed `raRac<br />

`naturmortis~ msgavsi~. `ra ekuTvnis libretoSi koktos?<br />

[...] vfiqrob ufro naklebad forma, vidre frazebis aRnagoba<br />

[...] magram musika modis sityvebis gverdis avliT da mTlianad<br />

STagonebulia sofokles tragediiT~ 11 .<br />

kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori teqstTan dakavSirebiT<br />

aris isic, rom koktoseuli franguli teqsti laTinurad<br />

iTargmna da msmenelisTvis kvlav gaugebari darCa. amasac<br />

Tavisi mizezi hqonda, romelsac kompozitori ase xsnida: `didi<br />

xania mindoda damewera opera mkvdar enaze. laTinurs sulac<br />

ar aRviqvamdi mis kaTolikur-klerikalur aspeqtSi, aramed<br />

saafTiaqo, iurisprudenciul, notarialur, samecniero – erTi<br />

sityviT, metad zust da myar enad mesaxeboda. igi Cems operaSi<br />

dekoratiulia, statikuri, uZravi, masiuri~ 12 . garda amisa,<br />

laTinuris saSualebiT stravinski neolascisturi TeatrisTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebel gaucxoebis efeqtsac aRwevs, magram nawarmoebis<br />

Sinaarsisgan mayureblis sruli gamijvnis Tavidan asacileblad<br />

Semohyavs spikeri (mTxrobeli), romelsac orgvari funqcia<br />

akisria: igi publikas maTTvis gasageb enaze esaubreba da amiT<br />

exmareba gahyves movlenebis msvlelobas. meore mxriv, gvevlineba<br />

ra Sualedur `rgolad~ Semsruleblebsa da mayurebels Soris,<br />

aZlierebs gaucxoebas da kidev ufro met obieqtivizacias<br />

axdens. aRsaniSnavia, rom am statikur nawarmoebSi mxolod<br />

spikeri moZraobs. m. druskini gamoTqvams varauds, rom es<br />

SesaZloa meierholdis zegavlena iyos, romelic 1908 wels<br />

werda: `saWiroa umoZrao Teatri. es araa arnaxuli, arasdros<br />

arsebuli ram. aseTi Teatri ukve iyo. saukeTeso tragediebi:<br />

`evmenidebi~, `antigone~, `eleqtra~, `oidi posi kolonosSi~,<br />

`promeTe~, `qoeforebi~ umoZrao tragediebia. maTSi<br />

fsiqologiuri qmedebac araa, materialurze rom araferi vTqvaT.<br />

anu, araa is, rasac siuJets vuwodebT~ 13 .<br />

stravinskis `oidipos mefeSi~ oratoriis wili gacilebiT<br />

aRemateba operisas. Zalze mcirea ariebis raodenoba, maSin,<br />

roca moqmedebis mTavari warmmarTveli gundia. Sekruli, mkacri<br />

sagundo scenebi hendelis oratoriebTanac avlenen garkveul<br />

msgavsebas. kompozitori upirvelesad ganviTarebis wminda<br />

musikalur kanonzomierebebs emorCileba da amas literaturuli<br />

274 275

maia sigua<br />

antikuri tragedia XX saukunis<br />

musikalur-scenur nawarmoebebSi _ Janris interpretaciis sakiTxebi<br />

da Teatraluri mxare ewireba (aqedan _ laTinuri teqsti da<br />

moqmedebis statikuroba, ris wyalobiT stravinskisTan<br />

oratoriis niSnebi Warbobs). `Sinaarsis mixedviT `oidipos<br />

mefe~ SeiZleba operad CavTvaloT, an ara. magram moZraobis<br />

TvalsazrisiT sruliad arasaopero nawarmoebia~ _ werda<br />

kompozitori `dialogebSi~ 14 .<br />

antikur tragediebze Seqmnil karl orfis scenur<br />

nawarmoebebs, maT Soris `antigonesac~ (1949 w.) stravinskis<br />

`oidi pos mefesTan~ akavSirebT antikuri TeatrisTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli formebis daKJanruli Taviseburebebis<br />

aRorZinebis mcdeloba. amasTan, orfi aTanamedrovebda Zvel<br />

berZnul siuJetebs mxolod musikis saSualebiT. literaturuli<br />

wyaros dramaturgiul qsovils, teqsts, uZveles problematikas<br />

(romelTac onegeris msgavsad yvela droisTvis aqtualurad<br />

miiCnevda) _ xeluxleblad tovebda. `antigonesTan~<br />

dakavSirebiT kompozitori werda: `Cemi amocana iyo, araferi<br />

mimematebina sofokles tragediisTvis, mxolod interpretireba<br />

momexdina Tanamedrove saSualebebiT [...] `antigone~ araa<br />

Cveulebrivi sarepertuaro nawarmoebi saopero TeatrebisTvis,<br />

esaa sakulto Teatris sazeimo warmodgena [...] aq Cems<br />

nawarmoebze araa saubari, aramed sofokles tragediaze, romlis<br />

miRma mTeli samyaroa~ 15 . sainteresoa, rom Tavad kompozitori<br />

Tavis antikur tragediebs `sakulto dramebs~ uwodebs 16 .<br />

`antigoneSi~ antikuri drama Rrma tragikul ganzogadebas<br />

inarCunebs. musika sanaxaobis erT-erTi atributia, romelic<br />

Teatris kanonebs emorCileba, am SemTxvevaSi _ berZnuli<br />

tragediis.<br />

orfi antikur tragediebs aRiqvamda ara rogorc wminda<br />

musikalur, aramed sinTetur nawarmoebebs. man uari Tqva<br />

specialurad Sedgenil libretoze da `antigoneSi~ sofokles<br />

teqstis germanul enaze helderliniseuli Targmani gamoiyena.<br />

esqiles mixedviT Seqmnil `promeTeSi~ ki, qsenakisis msgavsad,<br />

saerTod uaryo yovelgvari Targmani da SeinarCuna Zveli<br />

berZnuli ena, romelic misTvis simboluri mniSvnelobis iyo,<br />

rogorc pirveli ena, romelzec Seiqmna evropuli kultura 17 .<br />

kompozitori cdilobs Tanamedrove scenis pirobebSi<br />

klasikuri tragediis utyuari forma Tanamedrove musikaluri<br />

enisa da instrumentebis saSualebiT gaacocxlos. magaliTad,<br />

teqstis musikaluri interpretaciisTvis igi irCevs Zunw, mkacr<br />

deklamaciur stils: iyenebs erTxmian foburdonul gundebs<br />

Zveli italiuri madrigalebis stilSi da soloebs gamokveTilad<br />

fiqsirebuli ritmiT, mkveTrad SezRudul saorkestro<br />

palitras. melodia rac ufro iSviaTad Cndeba, miT naTlad<br />

da mniSvnelovnad JRers. kompozitori cdilobs Seqmnas<br />

ritmulad organizebuli reCitaciis gansakuTrebuli tipi,<br />

romelic cnobili iyo, rogorc gavrcelebuli da miRebuli<br />

Zvel berZnul TeatrSi. deklamaciis da reCitaciis Secvla<br />

erT bgeraze fsalmodirebiT _ RvTismsaxurebis ritualiT<br />

aris STagonebuli. bizantiuri liturgia ufro axloa berZnul<br />

tragediasTan, vidre opera.<br />

o rkest ri maq si m al u rad u ax l ov d eb a a nt i ku r<br />

instrumentariums (vxvdebiT iSviaT instrumentebs, `arqaul<br />

dasartyamebs~, aratradiciul Semadgenlobas) 18 ; gamoxatvis<br />

saSualebebi Zunwia, tembrebi _ erTmniSvnelovani, erTfunqciuri,<br />

gansazRvruli personaJisTvis Tu simbolo-ideisTvis<br />

misadagebuli. orfi uars ambobs simfoniuri orkestrisTvis<br />

tradiciul Sinagan organizebaze da iyenebs originalur<br />

instrumentul Semadgenlobas. masTan pirvel adgilze simRera,<br />

sityva, metyvelebis musikaa, instrumentuli Tanxleba –<br />

daqvemdebarebul rolSia. sxvadasxvaoba, saxasiaTo detalebi<br />

minimaluria, maqsimaluri koncentracia, ZiriTadad, erT<br />

ganwyobilebazea, daculia stilis siwminde, musikaluri da<br />

ferwerul-dekoratiuli saSualebebi mkacrad SeirCeva, ar<br />

viTardeba fsiqologiuri konfliqtebi, dapirispirebulia mxolod<br />

pirobiTad Savi da TeTri. am TvisebebiT orfis nawarmoebi<br />

onegeris `antigones~ sruli antipodia.<br />

Tu stravinskim `oidi posSi~ koktos teqstis laTinuri<br />

Targmani gamoiyena, onegerma _ koktos mierve frangulad<br />

adaptirebuli sofokles teqsti, orfma _ sofokles<br />

helderliniseuli Targmani, romelSic antikuri metri<br />

organulad erwymis germanul sintaqsur struqturebs.<br />

Sesabamisad, orfis `antigone~ berZnul originalTan yvelaze<br />

axloa da, am mxriv, erTgvarad enaTesaveba qsenakisis `oresteas~<br />

_ sofokleseuli teqstis ucvlelad gadmocemis gamo da<br />

276 277

maia sigua<br />

antikuri tragedia XX saukunis<br />

musikalur-scenur nawarmoebebSi _ Janris interpretaciis sakiTxebi<br />

meore mxriv, _ stravinskis da qsenakiss stilizaciis gamoyenebis<br />

gamo.<br />

Tu zemoT ganxiluli sami nawarmoebis Janruli<br />

mikuTvnebulobis sakiTxi metnaklebad garkveulia, es problema<br />

namdvilad dgas qsenakisTan. zogadad, es nawarmoebi mravali<br />

parametriTaa saintereso. amitom, `oresteas~ SedarebiT vrclad<br />

mimovixilavT.<br />

upirvelesad, aRsaniSnavia misi adgili da mniSvneloba Tavad<br />

kompozitoris SemoqmedebaSi, romelsac xSirad, farTod<br />

gavrcelebuli da arcTu marTebuli warmodgenebis mixedviT<br />

mxolod rTuli da rigiTi musikosisTvis gaugebari Teoriebis<br />

Sedegad Seqmnilis iarliys akraven. `orestea~ iseve amsxvrevs<br />

qsenakisis Sesaxeb farTod gavrcelebul Sexedulebebs, rogor<br />

Tavad qsenakisi, romelic am opus-iT antikur samyaroze<br />

sayovelTaod gavrcelebul warmodgenebs cvlis.<br />

`oresteas~ Tamamad SeiZleba vuwodoT unikaluri nawarmoebi<br />

_ igi berZnul Tematikaze berZeni kompozitoris qmnilebaa.<br />

`Cem mier damuSavebul antikur tragediebSi, vcdilob<br />

movaxdino antikuri Teatraluri deklamaciis, melodikis<br />

rekonstruireba, Tanamedroveobis sarkeSi arqeologiuri suraTis<br />

anarekli Sevqmna~ 19 _ ase axasiaTebs qsenakisi antikur teqstebze<br />

Seqmnil Tavis opus-ebs, maT Soris `oresteasac~, romelic<br />

kompozitoris SemoqmedebaSi am tipis nawarmoebebis erT-erT<br />

yvelaze srulyofil nimuSad iTvleba.<br />

1965-1966 wlebSi, roca nawarmoebi iqmneboda, evropaSi<br />

jer kidev batonobdnen avangardistuli ideebi, romelsac<br />

qsenakisic iziarebda. am fonze erTgvari kontrasti Seqmna<br />

`oresteam~, Tavisi uCveulo, SeiZleba iTqvas, avangardisTvis<br />

miuRebeli JReradobiT, antikur tradiciebTan mWidro kavSiriT,<br />

rac musikaluri enis calkeul TvisebebSi, aRnagobis da rac<br />

mTavaria,¬Janris TaviseburebebSi gamovlinda.<br />

sxvadasxva mkvlevarTan nawarmoebis Janris problema<br />

sxvadasxvagvaradaa gadaWrili. `orestea~ cnobilia, rogorc<br />

opera, imavdroulad, kompozitori kategoriulad acxadebs,<br />

rom opera misTvis mkvdari Janria da am sferoSi sakuTar<br />

Tavs ver xedavs. Tuki kompozitori gadawyvets operis daweras,<br />

unda ipovos gamosaxvis sruliad gansxvavebuli saSualebebi...<br />

mas veravin acdunebs am winadadebiT 20 .<br />

Grove-s leqsikonSi `oresteasTan~ dakavSirebiT vkiTxulobT:<br />

`operebis Seqmnis nacvlad qsenakisma ganaviTara `xelovnebaTa<br />

sinTezis~ sakuTari xedva antikuri dramis safuZvelze~. Boosey<br />

& Hawkes-is gamocemaSi `orestea~ gansazRvrulia, rogorc<br />

nawarmoebi gundisa da kameruli ansamblisaTvis; e. ferapontova<br />

uwodebs `msxvil vokalur-instrumentul nawarmoebs, raRaciT<br />

axlos mdgoms oratoriasTan~ 21 .<br />

qsenakisis `oresteas~ Janris dasadgenad Cven, upirveles<br />

yovlisa, davinteresdiT, Tu romel Janrs miekuTvneboda esqiles<br />

trilogia.<br />

rogorc gamoirkva, `gundebis didi raodenobis, maTi<br />

mniSvnelovani masStabebis gamo esqiles `oresteas~ Janri<br />

jer kidev oratoriulad kvalificirdeba, Tumca, aq oratoria<br />

Tavis kriziss aRwevs da calkeul adgilebSi namdvil dramad<br />

gardaiqmneba~ 22 .<br />

amgvarad, xelT gvaqvs ramdenime cneba: opera, oratoriuloba,<br />

kameruloba, xelovnebaTa sinTezi. Tu maT saTiTaod ganvixilavT,<br />

aRmoCndeba, rom: `oresteas~ namdvilad gaaCnia operis rigi<br />

niSnebisa. esaa musikisa da dramis sinTezi, damaxasiaTebeli<br />

peri petiebiT, personaJebiT, maTi met-naklebad gamokveTili<br />

xasiaTebiT, kvanZis SekvriT, kulminaciiT da gaxsniT da, rac<br />

mTavaria, scenuri moZraobiT da ara scenuri qmedebiT<br />

(partituraSi kompozitori Tavad miuTiTebs, sad, rodis, rogor<br />

gadaadgildebian monawileni, rogor arian Cacmulni da a. S).<br />

scenuri qmedeba, rac gamoarCevs operas sxva msxvili<br />

vokalur-instrumentuli Janrebisagan, `oresteaSi~ saerTod<br />

ar gvxvdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom drama Tavis TavSi Seicavs<br />

amis resurss, scenaze arc erTi aqtiuri qmedeba ar<br />

xorcieldeba. es, Cveni azriT, antikuri tragediis gamoZaxilia.<br />

literaturuli pirvelwyaros Sesabamisad, aqtiuri scenuri<br />

qmedebis ararseboba, Cveni azriT, operis, rogorc Janris wils<br />

nawarmoebSi ar unda amcirebdes. saopero literaturaSi<br />

cnobilia e. w. statikuri operebi, mag: vagneris `tristan da<br />

izolda~, `parsifali~, debiusis `peleas da melizanda~,<br />

faliaSvilis `abesalom da eTeri~.<br />

278 279

maia sigua<br />

antikuri tragedia XX saukunis<br />

musikalur-scenur nawarmoebebSi _ Janris interpretaciis sakiTxebi<br />

oratorias operis msgavsi dramaturgia gaaCnia, magram<br />

sruliad gamoricxulia raime saxis moZraoba 23 . `oresteaSi~<br />

oratoriis sasargeblod metyvelebs gundebis didi raodenoba,<br />

magram gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom calkeuli personaJis<br />

vokalur partiasac gundi asrulebs (agamemnonis, egisTes,<br />

orestes, eleqtras, aTenas, qoros gamZRoli qalis). aseT<br />

SemTxvevaSi dramis mxriv wminda sagundo epizodebis wili<br />

nawarmoebSi sakmaod iklebs, Tumca, musikalur-akustikuri<br />

TvalsazrisiT, gundebis raodenobis mniSvnelobas ver gaveqceviT.<br />

maT `oresteaSi~ Zalze saintereso funqcia akisriaT 24 .<br />

mesame cneba kamerulobaa.<br />

esqiles `oresteas~ stili gansazRvrulia, rogorc<br />

monumentur-paTetikuri 25 , rasac namdvilad ver gavimeorebT<br />

qsenakisis qmnilebasTan dakavSirebiT. kamerulad nawarmoebi<br />

SeiZleba upirvelesad SemsrulebelTa da personaJTa mcire<br />

raodenobis gamo miviCnioT, magram arsebobs ramdenime sapirispiro<br />

argumentic. aucileblad unda miviRoT mxedvelobaSi dasartyam<br />

sakravTa didi da warmoudgenlad mravalferovani Semadgenloba,<br />

rac abaTilebs instrumentalistTa saerTo mcirericxovnebas.<br />

garda amisa, XX saukuneSi am tipis opus-ebs xSirad axasiaTebT<br />

personaJTa simcire, magram maTi mravalfunqciuri datvirTva,<br />

ris TiTqmis qrestomaTiuli magaliTia Stokhauzenis<br />

heptalogia, sadac sul sami personaJia, TiToeuli maTgani _<br />

ramdenime saxes ganasaxierebs. msgavs SemTxvevas (erTi personaJis<br />

mravalfunqciurobas) vxvdebiT TviT Zvel berZnul TeatrSic<br />

esqilemde 26 .<br />

rac Seexeba xelovnebaTa sinTezs antikuri dramis<br />

safuZvelze: saprogramo teqstSi `Notes sur la Musique du Theatre<br />

Antique~ qsenakisma axsna `abstraqtuli zogadi mReris~ idea,<br />

romelic warmoiSva `droSi da sivrceSi invariantuli~<br />

struqturebis formalizaciis Sedegad. am droidan moyolebuli<br />

es idea Seicavs qsenakisis orive koncefcias: reCitativis<br />

koncefcias antikur TeatrSi da reCitativis gamocdilebas<br />

iaponuri kabukis da noos TeatrebSi 27 .<br />

amgvarad, Cven ganvixileT qsenakisis `oresteas~ JanrTan<br />

dakavSirebuli oTxi cneba. maTgan kameruloba nawarmoebis<br />

zogadi maxasiaTebelia, xolo xelovnebaTa sinTezi _ zogadi<br />

koncefcia.Aaqedan gamomdinare, gvrCeba ori `wminda~ musikalurscenuri<br />

Janri: opera da oratoria.<br />

drama da oratoria, scenuri qmedeba da scenuri statika<br />

ki, rogorc cnobilia, uZvelesi droidan urTierTSeRwevadi<br />

movlenebia. es Janruli maxasiaTeblebi rogorc ukve SevniSneT,<br />

winamorbed nawarmoebebSic umTavresia.<br />

Zveli berZeni moazrovneebis mier saukuneebis manZilze<br />

damkvidrebuli tragediis sqemas qsenakisi ucvlelad inarCunebs.<br />

es saSualebas gvaZlevs `oresteas~ Sesaxeb msjelobisas Tamamad<br />

da damatebiTi axsna-ganmartebebis gareSe gamoviyenoT termini<br />

`tragedia~. es klasikuri sqema aseve sinTetur kompoziciaSi<br />

cocxldeba, romlis TiToeuli nawili dasrulebuli<br />

musikaluri nagebobaa da, imavdroulad, ganuyofel mTlianobas<br />

warmoadgens. magram, amasTan, mas miznad ar dausaxavs ucvlelad<br />

daecva yvela parametri antikuri Teatrisa. am ukanasknelisTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli calkeuli Tvisebebis da originaluri mignebebis<br />

sinTezis wyalobiT kompozitori qmnis sruliad axal Janrs,<br />

romelsac pirobiTad SeiZleba vuwodoT sinTeturi musikaluri<br />

tragedia antikuri Teatris safuZvelze.<br />

amgvarad, irkveva, rom Cven mier ganxilul musikalurscenur<br />

nawarmoebebs safuZvlad erTi da imave Zveli berZnuli<br />

tragediis gaTanamedrovebis idea udevT da sxvadasxva doziT<br />

gamovlenili, magram mainc saerTo Janruli maxasiaTeblebi<br />

gaaCniaT. miuxedavad amisa, isini saboloo jamSi. oTx<br />

principulad gansxvavebul suraTs gvaZleven. Tu stravinskis<br />

`oidiposi~ yvelaze zustad opera-oratoriis Janrs Seesabameba,<br />

onegeris `antigoneSi~ operis wili Warbobs oratoriisas,<br />

orfTan ki es ori Janri iseT erTobliobas qmnis, rom rTuldeba<br />

gansazRvra, raa saopero da ra oratoruli. swored amitom<br />

aridebs kompozitori Tavs konkretuli Janris dasaxelebas _<br />

`sakulto dramebs~ uwodebs maT. orfis antikur tragediebze<br />

Seqmnili nawarmoebebi, rogorc o. leontieva wers, `arc operaa,<br />

arc `antiopera~. kompozitoris Canafiqri rom gavigoT, unda<br />

daviviwyoT operis niSnebi da gavixsenoT sityvis, bgeris da<br />

plastikis erTianobis berZnuli ideali~ 28 .<br />

swored am idealis aRorZinebasa da Tanamedrove scenaze<br />

damkvidrebas cdilobs qsenakisi antikuri tragediebis<br />

280 281

maia sigua<br />

antikuri tragedia XX saukunis<br />

musikalur-scenur nawarmoebebSi _ Janris interpretaciis sakiTxebi<br />

safuZvelze Seqmnil Tavis scenur qmnilebebSi. misi berZnuli<br />

fesvebi mTeli nawarmoebis manZilze igrZnoba, miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom zedapirze ar `devs~. `qmnis musikas, romelic axalia da,<br />

miuxedavad amisa, `fizikurad~ cocxal kosmoss, esqiles enas<br />

usadagebs~ 29 . imavdroulad, qsenakisi WeSmaritad XX saukunis<br />

kompozitoria da es `oresteaSi~ aranakleb mkafiod aisaxeba.<br />

sinTeturoba, romelic zemoT aRvniSneT, am epoqisTvisac savsebiT<br />

bunebrivi maxasiaTebelia.<br />

sinTeturobas TavisTavad gulisxmobs koncefcia, romelic<br />

qsenakisis am qmnilebas udevs safuZvlad _ es Tanamedrove<br />

scenisa da antikuri tradiciebis sinTezia. Tavisi arsiT<br />

sinTeturia nawarmoebis Janruli buneba. masSi erTmaneTs erwymis<br />

opera _ bolo oTxi aswleulis monapovari, oratoria, romelic<br />

fesvebs swored antikur periodTan mivyavarT, qsenakisis<br />

originaluri ideebi da antikuri memkvidreobis TanamedroveobasTan<br />

`morgebis~ tradicia, romelic XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi<br />

kidev erTxel, morigi saxiT aRorZinda. swored amitom migvaCnia<br />

SesaZleblad, `oresteas~ Janri ganvsazRvroT, rogorc sinTeturi<br />

musikaluri tragedia antikuri Teatris safuZvelze.<br />

Cvens moxsenebaSi XX saukuneSi antikur Tematikaze Seqmnili<br />

musikalur-scenuri opus-ebis mxolod oTxi konkretuli nimuSi<br />

ganvixileT da SevecadeT Segveqmna Janris sferoSi arsebuli<br />

rTuli suraTi, romelic magaliTebis zrdasTan erTad kidev<br />

ufro garTuldeba da romelic Semdgomi xangrZlivi kvlevis<br />

sagania.<br />

1<br />

Леонтьева О., Карл Орф. Москва: «Музыка», 1984, c. 105.<br />

2<br />

Кокто Ж., Петух и Арлекин, Заметки вокруг Музыки, Москва: «Прест».<br />

2000, с. 11.<br />

3<br />

igor stravinskis `oidi pos mefe~ 1927 wels daiwera, artur<br />

onegeris `antigone~ _ 1926 wels, karl orfis `antigone~ _<br />

1949, ianis qsenakisis `orestea~ _ 1965-66 wlebSi.<br />

4<br />

amasTan, qsenakiss erTi `upiratesobac~ aqvs: antikuri Tematika<br />

misTvis iseTive axlobelia, rogorc `saRvTo gazafxulis~<br />

an `qorwilis~ stravinskisTvis an `Jana d’arkisa~ onegerisTvis.<br />

5<br />

aq, hendelis gviani periodis oratoriebi igulisxmeba.<br />

6<br />

ix.: Филенко Г., Артюр Онеггер //Французская музыка первой половины<br />

века, Очерки, Ленинград: «Музыка», 1983.<br />

7<br />

Раппопорт Л., Артур Онеггер. Ленинград: «Музыка», 1967, с. 107. Цит<br />

.по кн.: Bruyr J. Honegger et son œuvre, p. 113.<br />

8<br />

Ibid – c.127<br />

9<br />

Филенко Г., Op.cit. - c. 156.<br />

10<br />

Стравинский И., Диалоги. Ленинград: «Музыка», 1971, с. 177.<br />

11<br />

Ibid – 178.<br />

12<br />

Савенко С., Мир Стравинского, Москва: Композитор, 2001, с. 59.<br />

13<br />

ix.: Друскин М., Игорь Стравинский: Личность, творчество, взгляды.<br />

282 283<br />

Л., 1974.<br />

14<br />

Стравинский И., Op. cit. - c. 179.<br />

15<br />

Леонтьева О., Карл Орф. Москва: «Музыка», 1984, c. 161.<br />

16<br />

Ibid – c. 161.<br />

17<br />

Tumca, Sesrulebisas programa Seicavda srul Targmans<br />

germanul enaze.<br />

18<br />

CamonaTvali ix.: Леонтьева О. Op. cit.<br />

19<br />

Baculevski K. Kwadransz Iannisem Xenakisem // Ruch Muzyczny, 1980 - s.<br />

11.<br />

20<br />

ix.: Ibidem.<br />

21<br />

Ферапонтова Е. Яннис Ксенакис: Через авангард к античности. Музыка<br />

и поэтика древногреческого языка // Музыкальная академия. 2007, № 2 - c.<br />

174.<br />

22<br />

ix.: Античная Литература, Москва, 1973.<br />

23<br />

Tumca, gamonaklisis saxiT, arsebobs stravinskis `oidi pos<br />

mefis~ seiji ozavaseuli dadgma The Saito Kinen Festival<br />

matsumoto, Japan,1993.<br />

24<br />

sainteresoa agreTve, rom XX saukunis saopero literaturaSi<br />

sagundo operis nimuSic arsebobs karlhainc Stokhauzenis<br />

Atmen gibt das Leben-is saxiT.<br />

25<br />

ix.: Античная Литература. Москва, 1973<br />

26<br />

esqile iyo pirveli, vinc tragediaSi meore msaxiobi<br />

Semoiyvana da amiT gza gaukvala dramis dabadebas. ix.: Античная<br />

Литература. Москва, 1973.<br />

27<br />

Hoffmann P. Xenakis Iannis // The New Grove Dictionary of Music and<br />

Musicians. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006.<br />

28<br />

Леонтьева О. Op. cit.- c. 160.<br />

29<br />

Restagno E. Die “Oresteïa” von Iannis Xenakis // Wien-Modern –<br />

lektronik. Raum. “Musique Spectrale”. Ein Festival mit Musik unserer Zeit.<br />

ien, 2000 – s. 192.

maia sigua<br />

Aeschylus The Oresteia translated by Ian Johnston // http://records.viu.ca/\<br />

Baculevski K. Kwadrans z Iannisem Xenakisem // Ruch Muzyczny, 1980.<br />

Hoffmann P. Xenakis Iannis // The New Grove Dictionary of Music and<br />

Musicians. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006.<br />

Restagno E. Die `Oresteïa~ von Iannis Xenakis // Wien-Modern – Elektronik.<br />

Raum. `Musique Spectrale~. Ein Festival mit Musik unserer Zeit. Wien, 2000.<br />

Античная Литература. Москва, 1973.<br />

Друскин М. Игорь Стравинский: Личность, творчество, взгляды. Л., 1974.<br />

Кокто Ж. Петух и Арлекин. Заметки вокруг Музыки. Москва: «Прест».<br />

2000.<br />

Леонтьева О. Карл Орф. Москва:«Музыка». 1984.<br />

Раппопорт Л. Артур Онеггер. Ленинград: «Музыка». 1967.<br />

Савенко С. Мир Стравинского. Москва: Композитор, 2001.<br />

Стравинский И. Диалоги. Ленинград: «Музыка», 1971.<br />

Ферапонтова Е. Яннис Ксенакис: Через авангард к античности. Музыка<br />

и поэтика древногреческого языка // Музыкальная академия. 2007, № 2<br />

Филенко Г. Артюр Онеггер//Французская музыка первой половины века.<br />

Очерки. Ленинград: «Музыка», 1983.<br />

qeTevan WitaZe<br />

doqtoranturis I kursi<br />

xelmZRvaneli - asoc. prof. qeTevan bolaSvili<br />

axali Janruli modelebis Zieba XX<br />

saukunis musikaSi<br />

XX saukuneSi momxdarma mniSvnelovanma miRwevebma<br />

mecnierebasa da teqnikaSi, gardaqmnebma sociumSi Secvala<br />

samyaros modeli, ramac imoqmeda adamianis ara mxolod<br />

yoveldRiur saqmianobaze, aramed mis sulier samyaroze, am<br />

sferoSi mis aqtivobaze. xelovnebis yvela dargSi radikaluri<br />

gardatexa moxda. cxadia, cvlilebebi Seexo musikasac, sadac<br />

kaleidoskopuri siCqariT erTmaneTs enacvleboda, xSir<br />

SemTxvevaSi ki Tanaarsebobda sxvadasxva stili, mimdinareoba,<br />

msoflmxedveloba.<br />

yovel axal esTetikur pozicias misTvis Sesabamisi, axali<br />

gamomsaxveli xerxebis sistemis Camoyalibeba mohyveboda Sedegad.<br />

bunebrivia, musikaluri enis gardasaxvis procesi TandaTan<br />

xorcieldeboda, ramac gamoiwvia jer tonalobis resursebis<br />

TandaTanobiTi amowurva da Semdgom iseTi sistemebis warmoSoba,<br />

rogorebicaa atonaloba (Tavisufali da organizebuli),<br />

neomodaloba, serializmi, aleatorika da sxv.<br />

axali enis warmoSobam ganapiroba musikaluri azrovnebis<br />

mTeli sistemis, misi yvela donis gardaqmna. es cvlilebebi<br />

jer enis Sesabamisi struqturebis CamoyalibebaSi gamovlinda,<br />

Semdeg ki aisaxa musikaluri azrovnebis yvelaze `maRal~,<br />

mdgrad da, erTi SexedviT uryev, Janris doneze. moxda<br />

tradiciuli Janruli modelebis uaryofa, rac upirveles<br />

yovlisa, avangardis esTetikas ukavSirdeba. swored am<br />

mimarTulebis kompozitorebma moaxdines mniSvnelovani<br />

gardatexa Janrebis istoriaSi: erTi mxriv, maT SemoqmedebaSi<br />

ikveTeba swrafva tradiciuli Janrebis samsaukunovani kliSesgan<br />

gaTavisuflebisken, xolo meore mxriv – axali modelebis<br />

Seqmnisken, calkeul SemTxvevebSi tradiciuli Janrebis<br />

urTierTqmedebis safuZvelze.<br />

284 285

qeTevan WitaZe<br />

axali Janruli modelebis Zieba XX saukunis musikaSi<br />

axali saazrovno sistemis Seqmnis Taobaze Teodor adorno<br />

wers: `axali epoqa eZebs adekvatur formebs da es ukve<br />

eqsperimentia; xSir SemTxvevaSi eqsperiments, rogorc<br />

saSualebaTa Seswavlis process mivyavarT tipebisa da Janrebis<br />

kristalizaciisken~ 1 .<br />

tradiciuli Janrebis resursebis amowurvis paralelurad<br />

mimdinareobda da dResac grZeldeba axali Janruli modelebis<br />

Ziebis procesi. es procesi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gansakuTrebiT<br />

XX saukunis meore naxevarSi, avangardis esTetikis<br />

damkvidrebasTan erTad gaaqtiurda, rodesac individualizms<br />

gadamwyveti mniSvneloba mieniWa, xolo tradicia ki ignorirebul<br />

iqna: `Tu Tqven ar uaryofT, ar gadaaqcevT memkvidreobas<br />

tabula rasa-d, Tu fundamenturi eWvis qveS ar ayenebT yvelafers,<br />

rac aqamde iyo Rirebuli, maSin ver SeZlebT progresirebas.<br />

CvenTvis es eWvebi absoluturi kontrolis wertilamde<br />

ganviTarda~ 2 _ werda musikaluri avangardis erT-erTi<br />

fuZemdebeli, kompozitori, diriJori da Teoretikosi pier<br />

bulezi. kompozitorebma gansxvavebuli, aratipuri, `Janrulad<br />

neitraluri~ 3 dasaxelebebis mqone nawarmoebebis Seqmna daiwyes.<br />

XX saukunis meore naxevridan klasikuri Janrebis mimarT<br />

interesma sul ufro iklo. es periodi SeiZleba SevadaroT<br />

XVII-XVIII saukuneebis mijnas, rodesac polifoniuri azrovneba<br />

Caanacvla homofoniurma, Tumca XX saukuneSi moxda adrindeli<br />

gamocdilebis imgvari radikaluri ignorireba, rogoric musikis<br />

istorias ar axsovs. axali drois amocana tradiciis uaryofa<br />

da yvelafris aTvlis axali wertilidan dawyeba gaxda. am<br />

pirobebSi upiratesoba individualizaciis process mieniWa<br />

musikaluri azrovnebis yvela doneze. axali drois axali<br />

saSualebebiT aRfrTovanebuli pier bulezi amerikel megobars<br />

da kolegas, jon keijs werda: `yvela sagans sakuTari,<br />

damoukidebeli universumi, struqtura da modusi eqneba,<br />

romelic yvela doneze imuSavebs~ 4 .<br />

totaluri individualizmis epoqisTvis saxasiaTo<br />

arastabiluroba iyo. amgvarad, winamdebare moxsenebis obieqtma<br />

Janrma, romlisTvisac, pirvel rigSi, stabilurobaa saxasiaTo,<br />

dakarga Tavisi CarCoebi, axal magistralze gadavida da aTvla<br />

kvlav nulidan daiwyo. amis erT-erTi gamovlineba ki<br />

aratradiciuli dasaxelebis nawarmoebebis Seqmna iyo, rac<br />

gansakuTrebiT xSirad avangardis periodSi gvxvdeba, Tumca<br />

amis niSnebi XX saukunis dasawyisidanve vlindeba. magaliTad,<br />

iseT nawarmoebebSi, rogoricaa varezis Intégrales, Arcana,<br />

Hyperprism; bartokis `musika simebianebis, dasartyamebis da<br />

CelestasTvis~, piesebis (Stück) ciklebi (sxvadasxva<br />

Semadgenlobis da solo sakravebisTvis) Sonbergis, bergis da<br />

vebernis SemoqmedebaSi, romlebic ar Seicaven Janrul<br />

gansazRvrebas da sxv. gasuli saukunis 50-iani wlebisaTvis<br />

ki, avangardis esTetikis damkvidrebasTan erTad, sul ufro<br />

xSirdeba nawarmoebebis arati puri saxelwodebebi, romelTa<br />

dasaxeleba arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar aRZravs tradiciul Janrul<br />

asociaciebs (winaswar ganwyobas). aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom<br />

aseT TxzulebebSi avtoriseul komentarebs udidesi mniSvneloba<br />

aqvs musikaluri nawarmoebebis analizisas.<br />

Cvens moxsenebaSi saubari ramdenime aseT nawarmoebze gveqneba.<br />

aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom amgvari nawarmoebebis<br />

konstruirebaSi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mTavaria zogadlogikuri<br />

princi pebi da umetesad mTavar rols maTSi Cadebuli<br />

aramusikaluri ideebi TamaSobs, romlebic maT `damoukidebel<br />

universums, struqturas da moduss~ 5 gansazRvravs.<br />

erT-erTi aseTi nawarmoebia geometriuli figuris<br />

agebulebiT inspirirebuli edgar varezis Hyperprism (cxra<br />

Casaberi sakravisa da amave raodenobis dasartyamisTvis),<br />

romelic 1921-1923 wlebSia Seqmnili. igi arati puri<br />

dasaxelebis mqone nawarmoebis erT-erTi pirveli nimuSia. am<br />

mxriv, edgar varezis figura gancalkevebiT dgas XX saukunis<br />

pirveli naxevris musikaSi. misi mcirericxovani nawarmoebebidan<br />

arc erTs ar aqvs klasikuri Janruli gansazRvreba. TiToeuli<br />

Txzuleba garkveul ideas, verbalur teqstsa Tu princips<br />

emyareba, romelic umTavresad aramusikaluri sferodanaa<br />

nasesxebi. amis gamo mkvlevarTa didi nawili saubrobs musikis<br />

mimarT kompozitoris `mecnierul~ midgomaze. varezi musikaSi<br />

e. w. `teqnikuri esTetizmis~, Ars Scientia-s (mecnieruli<br />

xelovnebis) fuZemdebelia. kompozitori aRniSnavda: `Tu<br />

xelovnebis nimuSi iwyebs cqeras warsulSi, igi ver Seesatyviseba<br />

sinamdviles da Tavs aridebs Tanamedroveobis problemebTan<br />

286 287

qeTevan WitaZe<br />

axali Janruli modelebis Zieba XX saukunis musikaSi<br />

pirispir Sexvedras~ 6 . axal bgerasTan erTad varezi misTvis<br />

organuli formebis ZiebaSi iyo.<br />

swored aseTia Hyperprism, romlis aramusikaluri,<br />

geometriis sferodan momdinare idea sxvagvar ganxorcielebas<br />

moiTxovda, rasac kompozitorma, SeiZleba iTqvas, samagaliTod<br />

miaRwia.<br />

varezis Hyperprism ramdenime monakveTisgan Sedgeba. mis<br />

partituraSi, instrumentebis urTierTobaSi mkafiod ikveTeba<br />

sami plasti-ganzomileba. esaa: dasartyami, liTonis Casaberi<br />

da xis Casaberi instrumentebi. TiToeul plasts sibrtyeTa<br />

gadakveTis Tavisi wertili aqvs, romelic sxvadasxva monakveTSi<br />

sxvadasxva sivrceSi iCens Tavs.<br />

Hyperprism struqturuli TvalsazrisiT ar avlens kavSirs<br />

romelime klasikur formasTan. Cveni azriT, nawarmoebis<br />

dasaxelebidan gamomdinare, aq saqme gvaqvs geometriuli figuris<br />

musikalur analogTan. wertilebTan, sibrtyeebTan romlebic<br />

ramdenime ganzomilebaSi moZraoben da qmnian rTul<br />

mravawaxnagovan, kristalur kompozicias.<br />

Hyperprism-is msgavsi, arati puri, abstrahirebuli<br />

dasaxelebis mqonea 1945 wels dawerili bulezis Notations<br />

(notaciebi) 7 .<br />

sagulisxmoa Notations-is dasaxelebisadmi rusi mkvlevaris,<br />

d. smirnovis midgoma: ` sityva «Notations», romelic bulezma<br />

airCia, TiTqos poeturi asociaciebisgan Tavis daxsnis da<br />

Cveni yuradRebis sanoto teqstze gamaxvilebis mcdelobaa~ 8 .<br />

da marTlac, TiToeuli piesa gansxvavebuli faqturiT,<br />

dinamikiTa da artikulaciaa mocemuli. esaa Tormeti<br />

gansxvavebuli musikaluri azri, Jesti, aforizmi.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom ricxvi Tormeti yvela doneze dominirebs.<br />

ciklSi Tormeti piesaa, romelTagan TiToeuli Tormettaqtiania.<br />

yvela piesa Tormettonian seriazea dafuZnebuli, romelic<br />

amave raodenobis gansxvavebul rotaciaSia mocemuli. piesebSi<br />

dafiqsirebulia Sesrulebis tempisa da xasiaTis ganmsazRvreli<br />

Tormeti aRniSvna. yovelive es erTi, universaluri meTodis<br />

totalurobaze miuTiTebs.<br />

rac Seexeba sakuTriv piesebs, TiToeul maTganSi konkretuli<br />

amocanaa gadawyvetili.<br />

bulezis Notations _ esaa cikli, romelic Semadgeneli<br />

nawilebis diskretulobis miuxedavad uCveulo erTianobiT<br />

xasiaTdeba. gamaerTianebel faqtorad, pirvel rigSi seria<br />

gvevlineba, Tumca aranakleb mniSvnelovania melodiuri Tu<br />

intervaluri kavSirebi. rac Seexeba Cveni kvlevis obieqts _<br />

Janrul gaazrebas, Notations Tavis zogad gansazRvrebas imiT<br />

pasuxobs, rom masSi gansxvavebuli notaciebi _ niSnebi, Jestebi,<br />

simboloebi, faqturebi erTiandeba.<br />

Notations-is msgavsi, Tumca amjerad musikasTan kavSiris<br />

armqone, zogadlogikuri principidan gamomdinareobs karlhainc<br />

Stokhauzenis Kreuzspiel, anu `jvaredini TamaSi~, romelic 1951<br />

welsaa Seqmnili. igi Stokhauzenis erT-erTi pirveli opus-ia<br />

da masSi kompozitoris TiTqmis yvela adrindeli Teoriuli<br />

mosazrebaa materializebuli. avangardis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli<br />

am nawarmoebiT deklarirebs SemoqmedebiT Credo-s. am mxriv,<br />

pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos musikaluri qsovilis totaluri<br />

integraciis idea. Kreuzspiel-Si, jvaredini gadakveTis principi<br />

Sejerebulia kompoziciis serialur meTodTan. unda aRiniSnos,<br />

rom jvaredini TamaSis princi pi konkretulad am<br />

nawarmoebisTvis yvela donezea damaxasiaTebeli.<br />

avtoriseul komentarSi vkiTxulobT: `Kreuzspiel-Si droisa<br />

da sivrcis gadakveTis idea sam stadiadaa warmodgenili~ 9 .<br />

pirvel stadiaSi ukiduresi registrebidan iwyeba moZraoba<br />

gadakveTisken, Semdeg ukuprocesi mimdinareobs, meoreSi tembruli<br />

gadakveTis ideaa ganxorcielebuli, mesame stadiaSi ki orive<br />

procesi erTdrouladaa warmodgenili.<br />

rac Seexeba sakuTriv musikaluri masalis organizebis<br />

princips, aq serializmis erTob saintereso saxea gamoyenebuli<br />

_ jvaredini TamaSi seriebis donezec vlindeba: `TiToeuli<br />

bgera rigebis gadajvaredinebis Sedegad ganisazRvreba da<br />

fiqsirdeba~ 10 .<br />

Kreuzspiel-Si rigebis sxvadasxva parametri _ simaRle,<br />

intensivoba, xangrZlivoba da tembri araa mudmivi.<br />

gadajvaredinebis gamo isini yovel jerze icvlebian, xdeba<br />

maTi xelaxali formireba. gadakveTis principi agreTve sivrcul<br />

parametrze, musikaluri instrumentebis ganlagebaze vrceldeba.<br />

partituris pirvel gverdze SemsruleblebisTvis specialuri<br />

288 289

qeTevan WitaZe<br />

miTiTebebia. msxvili planiT erTmaneTs gadakveTs Casaberebisa<br />

da dasartyamebis tembrebi, registrebi 11 .<br />

instrumentebis ganlageba<br />

amrigad, Kreuzspiel-is analizma gviCvena, rom masSi<br />

gadajvaredinebis princi pi TamaSobs mTavar rols. igi<br />

organuladaa Sejerebuli erTi SexedviT iseT reglamentirebul<br />

kompoziciur meTodTan, rogoricaa serializmi.<br />

Stokhauzenis erT-erTi pirveli opus-isTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

ukiduresi racionalizmisgan sruliad gansxvavebulia maurisio<br />

kagelis Match (matCi). igi Cven mier gaanalizebul nawarmoebebs<br />

Soris erT-erTi yvelaze uCveuloa, radgan ukavSirdeba iseT<br />

irealur sferos, rogoricaa sizmari. cnobili faqtia, rom<br />

Match-i kompozitorma sizmris naxvis Sedegad Seqmna da<br />

avtoriseuli komentari am SemTxvevaSic did rols asrulebs<br />

nawarmoebis gaazrebaSi:<br />

axali Janruli modelebis Zieba XX saukunis musikaSi<br />

`erTxel roca 1964 wlis pirvel agvistos dilas<br />

gaviRviZe, ucbad gavacnobiere, rom uCveulo detaluri sizustiT,<br />

dasrulebuli saxiT musikaluri nawarmoebi damesizmra.<br />

upirveles yovlisa, kargad maxsovda musikosTa ganlageba:<br />

ori Celisti ijda scenis wina ganapira nawilze, maT Soris<br />

ki dasartyam instrumentze Semsrulebeli rogorc `msaji~.<br />

cnobierebaSi mkafiod SeminarCunda Sesrulebis detalebi<br />

JReradobis ti pebTan, artikulaciasa da JestikulaciasTan<br />

erTad, aseve nawarmoebis gamokveTilad `sportuli~ xasiaTi. im<br />

periodSi vmuSaobdi nawarmoebze, romelic sizmrisgan sruliad<br />

gansxvavdeboda SemadgenlobiT da masalis ganlagebiT. veraviTar<br />

kavSirs ver vxedavdi am ori nawarmoebis akustikur samyaros<br />

Soris, verc formis da verc Sinaarsis doneze. ar mindoda<br />

Semewyvita muSaoba Txzulebaze, romelzec ukve vmuSaobdi,<br />

raTa zmanebisTvis xorci Semesxa, Tumca cxra Ramis Semdeg<br />

sizmari imave sicxadiT gamimeorda. Tavgza amebna! amjerad<br />

raRac CaviniSne, vcade warmosaxviTi musikaluri nawarmoebis<br />

idumali droiTi elementi konkretul tempebSi gardamesaxa.<br />

meore dilas gavacnobiere, rom sizmari xelaxla gamimeorda<br />

_ amjerad yvelaferi gverdze gadavde _ CavTvale, rom bedma<br />

samjer damikakuna da swored is dro iyo, rom ganmexorcielebina<br />

Cemi movaleoba. `Match~ Svidi dRis ganmavlobaSi xilvidan<br />

realur JRerad masalad gadavaqcie _ is sizmari aRarasdros<br />

ganmeorebula. samwuxaroa, radgan mindoda igi dasrulebuli<br />

partiturisTvis Semedarebina. Match eZRvneba diter Snebels~ 12 .<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom Match-Si sizmrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

alogikuri, qvecnobieri kavSirebis demonstrirebis mcdelobaa,<br />

rac rogorc vizualur, aseve akustikur mxares exeba.<br />

karl gustav iungis koncefciiT sizmari warmoadgens<br />

`aracnobieris pirdapir manifestacias. misi enis arcodna gviSlis<br />

xels gavigoT misi gzavnili~ 13 . Sesabamisad, sizmars realobisgan<br />

gansxvavebuli, CvenTvis bolomde amoucnobi logika, asociaturi<br />

kavSirebi axasiaTebs. swored aseTia Match-i. amitom misi<br />

gaanalizeba romelime, aqamde aprobirebuli meTodiT sruliad<br />

warmoudgenelia.<br />

Match-Si aranakleb mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs TamaSis<br />

esTetika. Match-is SemTxvevaSi esaa erTgvari, pirobiTad,<br />

sportuli Sejibri or Celos Soris, sadac msajis funqcias<br />

290 291

qeTevan WitaZe<br />

axali Janruli modelebis Zieba XX saukunis musikaSi<br />

dasartyami sakravebi asruleben, am mosazrebas aZlierebs isic,<br />

rom Match-is SuaSi `msaji~ (dasartyam sakravebze<br />

Semsrulebeli) sastvens namdvili safexburTo arbitriviT<br />

iyenebs 14 .<br />

kagelis es `sportuli sizmari~ koncertis erTgvar<br />

parodiasac warmoadgens, sadac Semsruleblebs Soris xSirad<br />

musikaluri Sejibri imarTeba.<br />

Match-is partituris pirveli xuTi gverdi wesdebas, anda<br />

debulebas mogvagonebs 15 . masSi struqturulad gamoiyofa<br />

ZiriTadi da qvepunqtebi, romlebSic Sesrulebis wesebzea saubari,<br />

anu, nawarmoebs aqvs rogorc JReradi, aseve vizualuri<br />

datvirTva. es ukanaskneli udides rols asrulebs sportuli<br />

Sejibris yurebisas. garda amisa, am opus-Si mniSvnelovania<br />

TamaSis _ instrumentuli Teatris esTetika, romelsac kageli<br />

keijis kvaldakval aviTarebda. igi mimarTulia smenadis<br />

vizualizaciis da vizualuris smenadobisken 16 .<br />

XX saukunis musikaSi xSiria nawarmoebebi, romelTa<br />

dasaxeleba garkveul adgils ukavSirdeba. magaliTad: aivzis<br />

`axali inglisis sami adgili~, keijis `warmosaxviTi landSafti~,<br />

varezis `amerikebi~. swored aseTia jon keijis Ryoanji, romlis<br />

saxelwodeba toponims ukavSirdeba, xolo musikaluri<br />

kanonzomirebebi uSualod am adgilis _ Zen-budisturi baRis<br />

Sida struqturidan gamomdinareoben.<br />

Ryoanji keijis gviandeli nawarmoebia. TiTqmis aTi wlis<br />

ganmavlobaSi, sicocxlis bolomde kompozitors cvlilebebi<br />

Sehqonda masSi. Ryoanji warmoadgens e. w. work in progress-s. mis<br />

Sesaxeb kompozitori wers: `1983 wels daviwye muSaoba<br />

nawarmoebze, romelsac saxeli kiotoSi (iaponia) mdebare<br />

kldovani qvebis baRis mixedviT ewoda~ 17 . am uCveulo opus-s<br />

win uZRoda 1982 wlis zafxulSi muSaoba naxatebis seriaze<br />

saxelwodebiT Where R=Ryoanji, sadac gamoiyena gansxvavebuli<br />

formis TxuTmeti qvis konturi: 1983-85 wlebSi `musikalur~<br />

Ryoanji-s erTi nawili da oTxi instrumentis partia daumata<br />

(xma, fleita, kontrabasi da tromboni). 1992 wlis ivlisSi<br />

joan reteleksa da maikl baxTan interviuSi (romelic<br />

SemdgomSi Sevida wignSi: Musicage-Cage muses on Words, Art,<br />

Music) keijma Celos partiis eskizebze isaubra 18 . aqve unda<br />

aRiniSnos, rom cvlilebebi, romlebic kompozitors wlebis<br />

ganmavlobaSi Sehqonda, ar iyo radikaluri.<br />

Ryoanji-s TiTo piesa orgverdiania, yoveli gverdi, Tavis<br />

mxriv, or oTxkuTxeds moicavs. TiToeul oTxkuTxeds keiji<br />

mocemuli lodis perimetris (monacemebis, nawilebis) mixedviT<br />

agebs.<br />

rogorc magaliTidan Cans, mrude xazebi vizualurad qvebis<br />

konturebTan asocirdeba. isini unda Sesruldes rogorc<br />

glisandoebi miTiTebul bgerasimaRlebriv diapazonSi 19 . keiji<br />

diapazons sazRvravs rogorc mikro (glisandos diapazoni),<br />

ise makrodoneze (mTliani piesis diapazoni). ramdenime adgilSi<br />

konturebi kveTen erTmaneTs da amitom solistisTvis misi<br />

Sesruleba SeuZlebeli xdeba. es adgilebi audioCanawerTan<br />

erTad sruldeba da solo duetad an triod iqceva. nawarmoebSi<br />

yoveli solistis partia zemoaRniSnul, glisandirebis princips<br />

emyareba.<br />

keijis warmodgeniT solistebi Seesatyvisebian baRis lodebs,<br />

xolo Tanmxlebi instrumentalistebi _ `davarcxnil~ qviSas.<br />

292 293

qeTevan WitaZe<br />

axali Janruli modelebis Zieba XX saukunis musikaSi<br />

Sesabamisad, Tanmxleb instrumentebs perioduli, xolo<br />

solistebs aperioduli pulsacia aqvT.<br />

amrigad, Ryoanji-s musikaluri kompozicia gamomdinareobs<br />

Zen-budisturi baRis kanonzomierebebidan. iseve rogorc baRSi,<br />

sxvadasxva rakursidan SeiZleba qvebis sxvadasxva naxazis<br />

danaxva, aseve am nawarmoebis TiToeuli axali Sesruleba<br />

axal musikalur rakursebs gvixsnis. da kidev erTi, jon<br />

keiji am nawarmoebze sicocxlis bolomde muSaobda, amatebda<br />

axal soloebs, axal gaazrebebs, Tumca is bolomde ver an ar<br />

amowura da iseTive amouxsnel gamocanad datova, rogoric<br />

Ryoanji-s baRi da misi TxuTmeti qvaa.<br />

moxsenebaSi saanalizod SevarCieT imgvari nawarmoebebi,<br />

romlebic atareben aratradiciul dasaxelebebs. es<br />

saxelwodebebi araa dakavSirebuli programasTan am sityvis<br />

XVIII-XIX saukunis musikis tradiciasTan mimarTebiT, maT<br />

arc tradiciul JanrebTan aqvT kavSiri, romlebic raime<br />

garkveul winaswar ganwyobas qmnian. Sesabamisad, es nawarmoebebi<br />

ar Seicaven winaswar dadgenil universalur maxasiaTeblebs,<br />

rac Janris erT-erTi aucilebeli ti pologiuri Tvisebaa.<br />

amgvarad, analizi cxadyofs, rom, rogorc wesi, nawarmoebebis<br />

dasaxelebebi zogadlogikuri xasiaTisaa, xolo musikaluri<br />

masalis yvela komponenti masalis Tvisobrivi maxasiaTeblebidan<br />

gamomdinareobs, romelsac, Tavis mxriv, saxelwodeba, anu idea,<br />

ganapirobebs. e. i., nawarmoebis saxelwodeba gansazRvravs misi<br />

struqturis yvela dones.<br />

amgvarad, Janris cneba ramdenadme icvlis semantikas:<br />

`aratipuri dasaxelebis nawarmoebebSi Janri, rogorc wesi,<br />

uSualod ukavSirdeba weris teqnikas. amiT ierarqiul kibeze<br />

misi adgili dabldeba _ Janri inacvlebs kompoziciisa da<br />

konkretuli saSualebebis sferoSi~ 20 . amis mkafio magaliTebia<br />

Cven mier ganxiluli nawarmoebebi: e. varezis Hyperprism, p.<br />

bulezis Notations, k. Stokhauzenis Kreuzspiel, m. kagelis Match,<br />

j. keijis Ryoanji, Tumca, Janris erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebeli<br />

misi stabilurobaa. swored amitom, imisTvis, rom amgvari<br />

nawarmoebebis saTaurebs Janris statusi mivaniWoT, vfiqrobT,<br />

aucilebelia maTi ganmeorebiToba `tiraJireba~, anu, sayovelTaos<br />

doneze gasvla, unificireba.<br />

dRes, rodesac globalizacia Tanamedrove samyaros mowyobis<br />

erT-erTi wamyvani principia, situacia siWreliT gamoirCeva.<br />

SesaZloa komp ozitorebi daubrundnen klasicizmis<br />

unificirebul kategoriebs, radgan isini yvelaze ganzogadebul<br />

principebs emyarebian. SesaZloa TandaTanobiT Seqmnan axali<br />

universaluri Janruli modelebi. Tumca SesaZloa,<br />

individualobis, gansakuTrebulobis SesanarCuneblad,<br />

Tanamedrove realobis mimarT erTgvar protestad kidev ufro<br />

metad gamZafrdes individualizaciis procesi xelovnebaSi.<br />

erTi ram ki faqtia. musika, rogorc komunikaciis erT-erTi<br />

forma ver iarsebebs kompozitorsa da msmenels Soris garkveuli<br />

pirobiTi sistemis gareSe, romelic gasagebs, aRqmads gaxdis<br />

mxatvrul Semoqmedebas, anu, misadagebuli iqneba garkveul<br />

myar Janrul models. romelic, rogorc cnobilia, gulisxmobs<br />

garkveul molodins, prognozs, romlis gamarTleba kmayofilebis<br />

SegrZnebas iwvevs.<br />

bolos davamTavrebT T. adornos sityvebiT: `Janrebi ibadebian<br />

da qrebian. maT raRac aqvT saerTo platonis ideebTan. Janrebsa<br />

da formebs im dromde aqvT subieqtze upiratesoba, vidre<br />

nawarmoebTa erToblioba damTxveva maT~ 21 .<br />

1<br />

Адорно Т., Эстетическая теория, М.: «Республика», 2001 – стр. 57.<br />

2<br />

ix.: Griffiths P. Modern Music. Lnd. – N. Y., 1979, p. 146-147.<br />

3<br />

m. lobanovas termini.<br />

4<br />

ixileT kompaqtdiskis anotacia: Boulez – orchestral works & chamber<br />

music. Col legno College, AAD, WWE 1 CD 20509, 1951/58/59/61 SWR.<br />

5<br />

ixileT kompaqtdiskis anotacia: Boulez – orchestral works & chamber<br />

music. Col legno College, AAD, WWE 1 CD 20509, 1951/58/59/61 SWR.<br />

6<br />

Oullette F. Edgard Varese. New York: Da Capo Press Music Erprint Series, 1981-p. 4.<br />

7<br />

Notatio - romelime sferos pirobiTi aRniSvnebis sistemaa.<br />

igi Seicavs mravalricxovan simboloebs, romlebic gamoiyeneba<br />

azrebis da maTi urTierTqmedebebis warmosadgenad. yvelaze<br />

gavrcelebulia maTematikuri, musikaluri, fizikuri, qimiuri,<br />

Wadrakis notacia da sxv.<br />

8<br />

Смирнов Д. Н., «Додекамания» Пьера Булеза, или заметки о его<br />

«Нотациях» // Музыкальная Академия, 2003, № 4, стр. 112.<br />

9<br />

Stockhausen K. Kreuzspiel. CD 1, Stockhausen Verlag, 1991 – s. 6.<br />

10<br />

Dibelius U. Moderne Musik nach 1945 (Mit 75 Abbildungen und 87<br />

Notenbeispielen). München, Zürich: Piper, 1998, s. 108<br />

294 295

qeTevan WitaZe<br />

11<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom msgavs xerxs Stokhauzenma mogvianebiT<br />

Guppen-Si mimarTa, Tumca, Kreuzspiel-isgan gansxvavebiT,<br />

Semsruleblebi auditoriis irgvliv arian moTavsebulni,<br />

Guppen-s avtoris miTiTebiT orjer asruleben da Sesrulebebs<br />

Soris msmenelma unda Seicvalos adgili.<br />

12<br />

Mauricio Kagel. Match für 3 Spieler (1964), Christoph Caskel – percussion,<br />

Siegfried Palm, Klaus Storck – violoncello. Deutsche Grammophon 137 006 [1967].<br />

13<br />

ix.: http://library.evro-bit.ru/<br />

14<br />

sainteresoa is faqti, rom nawarmoebis bolos erT-erTi<br />

Celisti `msajs~ xels arTmevs. am mxrivac SeiZleba pirdapiri<br />

paralelis gavleba sportTan.<br />

15<br />

amgvari winaTqma XX saukunis mravali kompozitoris<br />

partituras uZRvis win. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT<br />

varezis TiTqmis yvela nawarmoebi, Stokhauzenis Stimmung-i<br />

da Kreuzspiel-i, Sarinos mesame safortepiano sonata, kagelis<br />

Pas de cinq da sxv.<br />

16 m. kagelis instrumentuli Teatris JanrSi Seqmnili cnobili<br />

nawarmoebebia: Ludwig van - `metakolaJi~, miZRvnili beThovenis<br />

dabadebidan 200 wlisTavisadmi (1969 weli); `Staatstheater~<br />

(premiera hamburgSi, 1971 weli); Aus Deutschland _ `sasimRero<br />

opera~ (premiera dasavleT berlinSi, 1981 weli). ix.: Житомирский<br />

Д. В., Леонтьева О. Т., Мяло К. Г. Западный музыкальный авангард после<br />

второй мировой войны. М.: Музыка, 1989, стр. 37-38.<br />

17<br />

http://www.johncage.info/workscage/ryoanji.html<br />

18<br />

http://www.johncage.info/workscage/ryoanji.html<br />

19<br />

aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT qsenakisis Metastasis-i, Tumca Ryoanji<br />

-sgan gansxvavebiT, inspiraciis wyaro musikaluri nawarmoebi<br />

gaxldaT, romlis mixedviTac aigo Phillips–is cnobili<br />

pavilioni 1958 wlis briuselis msoflio gamofenisTvis.<br />

20<br />

Лобанова М., Музыкальный стиль и жанр. история и современность.<br />

М.: СК, 1990, стр. 227.<br />

21<br />

Адорно Т. Op. cit. – стр. 292<br />

• T. kaxiZe, teqnikuri esTetikis roli e. varezis sakompozitoro<br />

azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi // sadi plomo naSromi, Tbilisi, 1992<br />

• Boulez P. Piano Sonatas Nos. 1-3. NAXOS, DDD, 8.553353<br />

axali Janruli modelebis Zieba XX saukunis musikaSi<br />

• Cage J. Conversation with William Duckworth, 1995<br />

• Dibelius U. Moderne Musik nach 1945 (Mit 75 Abbildungen und 87<br />

Notenbeispielen). München, Zürich: Piper, 1998<br />

• Diliberto J. In Conversation with John Cage. Electronic Musician – January<br />

2005<br />

• Frisius R. Karlheinz Stockhausen. Mainz, Schott Musik International, 1996<br />

• Frisius R. Pierre Boulez: NOTATIONS pour piano / http://www.jstor.org/<br />

pss/833632<br />

• Kostelanetz R. Conversing with Cage. Second Edition. New York and London,<br />

2003<br />

• Oullette F. Edgard Varese. New York: Da Capo Press Music Erprint Series,<br />

1981<br />

• Peyser J. Conversing with Cage. 1976<br />

• .Stockhausen K. Texte zur elektronischen und instrumentalen Musik. Band<br />

1. Köln, DuMont Buchverlag, 1988<br />

• http://www.japantoday.ru/japanaz/r3.shtml,<br />

• http://www.johncage.info/workscage/ryoanji.html<br />

• .http://www.specialradio.ru/i/varese_edgar/<br />

• Аванесов А. Ю., Некоторые аспекты философии и эстетики дзэнбуддизма<br />

в музыке ХХ века. автореферат. Eреван, 2005.<br />

• Адорно Т., Избранное: Социология музыки. М. – С. Пб.: Университетская<br />

книга, 1999.<br />

• Адорно Т., Как устаревает «новая музыка» // Современное буржуазное<br />

искусство. Критика и размышления. М.: СК, 1975.<br />

• .Адорно Т., Философия новой музыки. М.: 2001.<br />

• .Булез П., Ориентиры I. Воображать. Избранные статьи. М.: «Логос-<br />

Альтера», “Eccehomo”, 2004.<br />

• Житомирский Д. В., Леонтьева О. Т., Мяло К. Г. Западный музыкальный<br />

авангард после второй мировой войны. М.: «Музыка», 1989.<br />

• .Лобанова М., Музыкальный стиль и жанр. История и современность. М.:<br />

СК, 1990.<br />

•.Переверзева М., Музыкальные формы Джона Кейджа // Музыка ХХ<br />

века. Вопросы истории, теории, эстетики. Материалы научной<br />

конференции. Сборник 54. Московская консерватория, 2005<br />

•.Смирнов Д. Н., «Додекамания» Пьера Булеза, или заметки о его<br />

«Нотациях» // Музыкальная Академия, 2003, № 4.<br />

296 297

eka WabaSvili<br />

doqturanturis I kursi<br />

xelmZRvaneli _ prof. nodar mamisaSvili<br />

atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio<br />

teqnika<br />

(problemis dasmisTvis)<br />

kacobriobis istoriaSi XX saukune yvelaze gadatvirTulia<br />

samecniero siaxleebiT, rac aseve aqtiurad aisaxa msoflio<br />

kulturaze da maT Soris musikazec. am epoqisTvis yvelaze<br />

damaxasiaTebelia xelovnebaSi mecnieruli aRmoCenebis<br />

pirdapirproporciulad gamovlenis tendencia. amis Sedegad<br />

warmoiSvnen originaluri, hibriduli ti pis moRvaweebi<br />

xelovnebis sxvadasxva sferoSi, maT Soris mecnierkompozitorebic.<br />

xelovnebis dargebis sinkretizaciis Sedegad<br />

iqmneba gansxvavebuli specifikis mxatvruli nimuSebi<br />

(sinkretuli azrovneba axasiaTebda uZvelesi samyaros<br />

xelovnebasac, ris safuZvelzec iqmneboda iseTi Janrebi,<br />

rogoricaa fsalmuni, satura da sxva). swored msgavsi<br />

movlenebis fonze XX saukunis II naxevarSi da XXI saukuneSi<br />

xelovanTa umetesobaSi SeimCneva ltolva `gamTlianebuli<br />

azrovnebisken~ 1 .<br />

is, rom azrovnebis cvla xdeba, xSirad ismis sxvadasxva<br />

xelovnis gamonaTqvamebSi, erT-erTi aseTi azri ekuTvnis<br />

musikaluri avangardis erT-erT liders, germanel kompozitor<br />

karlhainc Stokhauzens:<br />

„epoqa, romelic daiwyo aseulobiT wlis win, ufro swored<br />

2500 wlis win da romelic efuZneba ZvelberZnuli tipis<br />

azrovnebas, dasrulda!`2<br />

aseve cnobili qarTveli mecnier-kompozitorisa da<br />

gamomgoneblis nodar mamisaSvilis azriT, `Tanamedrove<br />

teqnicizmis pirobebSi logikuri azrovnebis formebi da<br />

formaluri logikis maqsimaluri procesebi imdenad gabatonda<br />

dRevandel yofierebaSi, rom raime meTodologiuri saswaulebiT<br />

Tu mwignobrobiT misi marwuxebidan Tavis daRweva SeuZlebelia.<br />

ara da gamTlianebul azrovnebaze gadasvla Tanamedrove<br />

civilizaciis sasicocxlo procesebis aRmavlobisaTvis<br />

aucilebeli pirobaa~. 3<br />

zemoT moyvanili mosazrebebi Seesabameba epoqalur<br />

saazrovno potencials da exmaureba momavlis mecnierebasac.<br />

xSirad xelovneba da literatura winaswar saxavs siaxleebs,<br />

romelTa realizeba epoqalur sinamdvileSi jer kidev<br />

iluziuria. xelovanebi am movlenebs mxolod mxatvruli<br />

xerxebiT asaxaven sakuTar SemoqmedebaSi, rac Semdgom mecnierul<br />

aRmoCenebSi gamovlenila, risi naTeli magaliTia, Tundac, Jiul<br />

vernis Semoqmedeba.<br />

ram SeiZleba axsnas es movlena? SesaZloa genetikam...<br />

informacia romelic Cawerilia genSi aqtiurdeba da geniosebi<br />

iwyeben am informaciis wakiTxvas _ gacnobierebas.<br />

azrovnebis cvladobis miuxedavad, genur kodSi Cawerili<br />

informacia mudam muSaobs. Tu cnobierebas SeuZlia momavlis<br />

informacias miagnos, miT umetes, warsulSi miRebul informacias<br />

kidev ufro gaufrTxildeba. ase rom, rogorc ar unda vecadoT<br />

wavSaloT warsuli _ es SeuZlebelia. Sesabamisad, XX saukunis<br />

kompozitor-avangardistebis mxridan gasuli saukuneebis<br />

musikaluri kulturis uaryofisa da yvelafris axlidan<br />

dawyebis mcdeloba ganuxorcielebel ambiciad darCa.<br />

`or msoflio omgadaxdil kacobriobas, ufro swored,<br />

inteleqtualTa nawils protesti uCndeba saukuneebis<br />

ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli esTetikuri faseulobebis mimarT.<br />

gansxvavebuli stilis kompozitorebs _ bulezs, Stokhauzens,<br />

ligetis, nonos, berios _ daaxloebiT erTdroulad ipyrobs<br />

survili, miRweul iqnes cnobierebis iseTi mdgomareoba,<br />

romelsac metaforulad tabula rasa SeiZleba ewodos (tabula<br />

rasa musikaSi _ es aris mcdeloba, mexsierebidan amoiSalos<br />

warsulis musikaluri struqtura da SemoqmedebiTi procesi<br />

„nulidan~ daiwyos _ Null Punkt, Punkt Zero). 1945 weli<br />

pirobiTad aRiarebulia aTvlis wertilad, romelic axal<br />

298 299

eka WabaSvili<br />

epoqas, axal kulturasa da WeSmaritad axal musikas 4 aZlevs<br />

dasabams.~ (nawyveti n. Jvanias sadisertacio naSromidan)<br />

aseTi radikalizmi maT SemoqmedebaSi mimdinare procesebis<br />

arasworad gagebam gamoiwvia. Taoba, romelic `gamTlianebuli<br />

azrovnebis~ sazRvarze dgas, jer kidev dabneulia im<br />

gaucnobierebeli movlenebis gamo, romelic maT azrovnebaSi<br />

xdeba. igi usazRvro energiis morevSi trialebs _ energiisa,<br />

romelic kacobriobas siaxleSi naxtomisTvis amzadebs.<br />

kacobriobis axal eraSi Sesvlas swored `gamTlianebuli<br />

azrovnebis~ procesebi ganapirobebs, Tumca mas upirispirdeba<br />

zombirebis meTodiT miRebuli cnobierebis umartivesi formebi.<br />

amitom xelovnebis nebismier dargSi iseTi saazrovno sistemebis<br />

Seqmna, sadac intuicias inerciiT mivyavarT, momavlis adamianis<br />

gadarCenis iaraRia.<br />

sazogadoebasa da individis inteleqtualur arealSi gaCnda,<br />

arsebulisgan gansxvavebuli, sxvagvari produqtis gasinjvisa<br />

da miRebis moTxovnileba. msmenelisTvis axali produqtis<br />

miwodeba, zogadad, xelovnebis mudmivi procesia, Tumca sxva<br />

epoqebis adamianebisgan gansxvavebiT dRevandeli auditoriis<br />

garkveuli nawili iTxovs siaxles, is inteleqtualurad<br />

gacilebiT momzadebuli da progresulia. roca warsul, XX<br />

saukuneSic ki protestisa da agresiis fonze inergeboda<br />

siaxle, dRes momxmareblis inovaciisaken swrafva aSkara<br />

interesisa da intuiciuri TviTganwyobis fonze vlindeba, es<br />

procesic `gamTlianebuli azrovnebis~ sawindaria. mimwodeblis<br />

da momxmareblis interesebis erToblioba gana identuria,<br />

aramed informaciulad harmoniulia da atarebs SexedulebaTa<br />

cvladobis impulss.<br />

atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnika<br />

kodebi `unarCuneben~ kompozitoris Semoqmedebas erovnul<br />

elfers da Tvidmyofadobis muxts. sxva SemTxvevaSi nebismieri<br />

sakompozicio teqnika STanTqavda kompozitoris individualobas.<br />

dRidan musikaluri azrovnebis gaCenisa arsebobs garkveuli<br />

kanonzomierebebi, romlebic ama Tu im epoqaSi icvleba, adamiani<br />

ki cdilobs am movlenebs raRac logikuri axsna mouZebnos<br />

da moaxdinos misi klasifikacia. magaliTad, rusi kompozitori<br />

v. martinovi sakuTari wignis `Opus Posth~ bolo TavSi<br />

konspeqturad ayalibebs evropuli azrovnebis, istoriis da<br />

musikaluri Semoqmedebis transformaciis process.<br />

cxrili 1<br />

musikaluri genetikuri kodebi<br />

sakiTxi, romelsac ganvixilavT, sinkretuli azrovnebis<br />

fenomens exeba. vgulisxmobT `atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio<br />

teqnikas~, romelic aseve `gamTlianebuli azrovnebis~ nayofs<br />

warmoadgens, sadac musikaluri genetikuri kodebi<br />

Taviseburad aqtiurdebian. swored es musikaluri genetikuri<br />

300 301

eka WabaSvili<br />

XX saukuneSi gacilebiT momravlda aseTi mosazrebebi<br />

musikis filosofiaSi.<br />

musikaluri genetikuri kodebis dasadgenad Cven dagvWirda<br />

erTgvari klasifikaciis mofiqreba, sadac aisaxeboda musikaluri<br />

azrovnebis sxvadasxva ti pebis Casaxvis periodebi da maTi<br />

Tanmimdevroba. saklasifikacio modelis Seqmnisas daveyrdeniT<br />

qarTveli kompozitoris nodar mamisaSvilis sqemas, sadac 7<br />

bgeras akavSirebs 7 speqtrul ferTan da azrovnebis 7 donesTan.<br />

cxrili 2<br />

atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnika<br />

bgeraSi konservirebulia informacia genetikuri kodebis<br />

saxiT. civilizaciis yovel periodSi obertonebis rigis<br />

gansazRvruli nawili iwyebda aqtiurobas, romlis mixedviTac<br />

adamianis sxeuli, msgavsad instrumentisa, ewyoboda.<br />

obertonebis kodebad daSifris Sedegad Zalian saintereso<br />

vizualur gamosaxulebas miviRebT. bgeraTrigi horizontalSi<br />

aCqardeba _ rac aisaxeba obertonebs Soris manZilebis<br />

TandaTanobiTi damoklebiT. am SemTxvevaSi viRebT gamosaxulebas,<br />

rasac SegviZlia davarqvaT `aCqareba droSi~ (naxazi 1). xolo<br />

Tu bgeraTrigs sivrceSi ganvalagebT, is Seqmnis siRrmiseul<br />

mravalSrian perspeqtivas, rasac SegviZlia davarqvaT `aCqareba<br />

sivrceSi~.<br />

musikaluri azrovnebis yoveli forma damoukideblad<br />

gaivlis evoluciuri ganviTarebis etapebs momdevno periodebSi.<br />

am periodebis ampituda drois sixSiris aCqarebasTan erTad<br />

ufro da ufro mokldeba.<br />

gadavwyviteT genetikuri kodebis saZiebeli areali bgeris<br />

umcires nawilakebSi mogveZebna da es nawilakebi metaforulad<br />

gagveigivebina nukleotidebTan 5 . amgvarad rogorc dezoqsirebuli<br />

nukleinis mJavaSia (dnm-Si) Cawerili genetikuri informacia,<br />

aseve SesaZloa bgeraSi iyos daSifruli musikaluri genetikuri<br />

informaciac.<br />

302 303

eka WabaSvili<br />

atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnika<br />

nodar mamisaSvilis kvlevis mixedviT arsebobs musikaluri<br />

genis sami ti pi: fonogeni, intrageni da hologeni.<br />

fonogeni _ bgeris obertonebis dayofa musikalur<br />

genetikur kodebad da maTi dakavSireba civilizaciis<br />

ganviTarebis sxvadasxva periodebTan. gaaqtiurebuli kodi genSi<br />

Caiwereba musikaluri fonis funqciiT.<br />

intrageni (mexsiereba, intuicia, ganwyoba) warmoebs<br />

fonogenidan, romelsac Tan erTvis evfoniis movlena. evfonia,<br />

Cveni azriT, aris samyaros saerTo harmoniidan nebismieri<br />

smenadi materiis adamianis mier sakuTari sxeuliT (garedan<br />

miRebuli musikaluri informaciisTvis akustikuri<br />

sarezonatori garemo) SerCeuli, misTvis sasurveli<br />

keTilxmovaneba da cnobierebaSi gardaqmnis Sedegad _<br />

individualuri aRqma. swored es geni aaqtiurebs individualur<br />

sawyiss.<br />

hologeni 6 ki fsiqodroSi gadaadgilebis saSualebas da<br />

genSi daSifruli saerTo informaciis wakiTxvis SesaZleblobas<br />

iZleva. Tumca sakiTxis gacnobiereba xdeba subieqtis realur<br />

droSi da Seimecnebs im semantikiT, rac misi epoqisTvisaa<br />

Sesaferisi.<br />

am azrs mivyavarT kidev erT movlenasTan _ SemoqmedebiTi<br />

meditirebisas droSi gadaadgileba da informaciis mopoveba<br />

genetikas da azrovnebas ar cvlis. mocartis an baxis, beThovenisa<br />

Tu haidnis zogierTi nimuSis magaliTze Cans, rom isini ubadlod<br />

iWerdnen saerTo informaciuli bankidan gaJonil talRebs,<br />

sadac momaval musikalur siaxleebze iyo informacia Cawerili.<br />

Tumca es intuiciurad gaSifruli azrebi, ar aisaxebodan<br />

maTi musikaluri azrovnebis sistemaze, igi ubralod gamonaklisi<br />

idea-fantaziis saxiT vlindeboda maT SemoqmedebaSi<br />

304 305<br />

* * *<br />

mecnierTa interesis sfero didia ukve Camoyalibebuli<br />

musikaluri sistemebis klasifikaciisa da sakompozicio teqnikis<br />

sxvadasxva saxeebis mimarT, razec metyvelebs sakmao raodenobis

eka WabaSvili<br />

literatura. Tumca samecniero Sroma Tanamedrove atomalurbirTvuli<br />

musikaluri sistemis da sakompozicio teqnikaSi<br />

misi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ar Segvxvedria, Sesabamisad, es<br />

problematuri sakiTxia da unda iqnas gamokvleuli.<br />

ratom daerqva am sakompozicio teqnikas atomalurbirTvuli?<br />

Tu XX saukunis mniSvnelovan movlenebs gadavxedavT,<br />

erT-erTi maTgani aucileblad atomi da masTan dakavSirebul<br />

kvlevebi aRmoCndeba. atombirTvul fizikaSi miRweuli aRmoCenebi,<br />

dameTanxmdebiT, epoqaluri azrovnebis sistemis Sedegia da<br />

bunebrivia es movlenebi aseve aisaxa xelovnebazec.<br />

` at om a lu r - b ir T vu l i~ s a ko m p o zicio te qniki s<br />

saxelwodebidan naTlad Cans, rom igi exmianeba atombirvTis<br />

fizikis sakiTxebs. igi metaforulad efuZvneba atombirTvis<br />

fizikis principebs da kanonzomierebebs, aseve iTvaliswinebs<br />

garkveul akustikur da optikur procesebs, musikalur<br />

genetikas, akustikuri garemos virtualuri aRqmis xerxebs,<br />

mistikuri SegrZnebebis fsiqoganwyobas da Tanamedrove<br />

mecnierebaSi mimdinare rig aqtualur sakiTxebs. es aris<br />

meditaciuri 7 musikis ganviTarebis momdevno etapi.<br />

meditaciuri musika gulisxmobs realurastronomiur<br />

droSi ganfenili musikaluri masalis sxvadasxva<br />

sivrcul SreebSi ganviTarebas; am sivrceebis individualuri<br />

f si qodr o i wyebs pul si r ebas (poli-t). 8 pirvel xanebSi<br />

meditaciur musikaSi, meditaciuri ganwyobis misaRwevad,<br />

mimarTavdnen erTferovani ritmuli masalis ganmeorebis meTods,<br />

romelic realuri drois dakargvis iluzias iwvevs. irCeven<br />

sivrcis ramdenime Sres da yovel maTganSi erTmaneTisgan<br />

metrulad da ritmulad gansxvavebul musikalur masalas<br />

imeoreben, aseTi saSemsruleblo meTodiT miiRweva meditirebis<br />

erT-erTi forma. am movlenas minimalizmi ewodeba (meditaciuri<br />

musikis amerikuli skola _ s. raixi, t. raili, f. glasi da<br />

sxva).<br />

radgan musikaluri masalis gameorebis efeqti anelebs<br />

adamianis reaqcias astronomiul droSi, amgvar xerxs jer<br />

kidev uZveles xanaSi sxvadasxva qveynis Samanebi didi<br />

warmatebiT iyenebdnen `xalxze~ sakuTari magiis zegavlenis<br />

atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnika<br />

moxdenis iluziis Sesaqmnelad. zogjer minimalizmis<br />

warmoqmnis erT-erT wyarod jazsac miiCneven, albaT afrikuli<br />

fesvebis gamo, sadac igrZnoba Samanuri musikis meditaciuri<br />

muxti. warmoiSva intuitiuri musika _ Tavisufali<br />

improvizacia an aleatorika, rac aseve saSemsruleblo<br />

meditirebis meSveobiT warmoebs. meditaciuri musikis<br />

Sesrulebis procesi, SesaZloa, musikaluri masalis sxvadasxva<br />

xazebze gameorebis princi ps sulac ar eyrdnobodes. igi<br />

sivrceTa SreebSi gadanawilebuli musikaluri masalis<br />

erTobliobiT miiRweodes. amgvarad, musikaluri qsovilis<br />

statiuri buneba moculobiT musikalur organizms qmnis, sadac<br />

`siCumec~ ki meditirebis nawilia. magaliTad, j. keijis an d.<br />

ligetis nawarmoebebSi.<br />

zog SemTxvevaSi radikalurad gansxvavebuli sakompozicio<br />

stilis kompozitorebis SemoqmedebaSi ibadeba meditaciuri<br />

musikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis mqone nawarmoebebi,<br />

ganurCevlad imisa Tu romel sakompozicio teqnikas mimarTavs<br />

esa Tu is avtori. Sesabamisad, meditaciuri musikis nimuSebi<br />

SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT, rogorc amerikeli jon keijis, aseve<br />

argentineli maurisio kagelis an poloneli kSiStof<br />

pendereckis, da Tundac qarTveli sulxan nasiZis SemoqmedebaSi.<br />

meditaciur musikaSi sakmaod didi adgili ukavia musikis<br />

axaleburad Caweris formebs. axali notacia _ rodesac<br />

nawarmoebi Cawerilia vizualur-gamomsaxveli aradeterminirebuli<br />

metafoSemsrulebels aniWebs uflebas sakuTari fantaziis<br />

wyalobiT, Tumca avtoriseuli survilebis da stilis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT, monawileoba miiRos axali nawarmoebis Seqmnis<br />

SemoqmedebiT procesSi. (am SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs Semsruleblisa<br />

da kompozitoris meditirebis sinTezs).<br />

306 307

eka WabaSvili<br />

mag.: j. keijis “Cartridge Music”<br />

atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnika<br />

meTods da sxv.). am SemTxvevas bgerisa da leqsikuri<br />

erTeulebis musikalur `mikrosamyarosTan~ ufro mivyavarT,<br />

vidre minimalizmTan.<br />

musikaluri meditaciis gansxvavebuli formebi gamoCnda<br />

evropaSi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom evropisTvis meditaciuri<br />

musikis pirvelwyaro Tavad Sua saukuneebis evropuli musika<br />

iyo. Tumca, iseve rogorc amerikul skolas, arc maT auvliaT<br />

gverdi aziuri musikaluri azrovnebisTvis (induri, arabuli,<br />

Cinuri musika da maTi filosofia). evropaSi musikaluri<br />

meditirebis xerxebad xSirad minimalizmisTvis arati piur<br />

meTodebsac iyeneben, gacilebiT rTul da inteleqtualur<br />

SesaZleblobebs mimarTaven. maT Soris, maTematikur an<br />

mecnierebis sxva dargebTan dakavSirebul princi pebs,<br />

romelTa gadmotaniT kompoziciis Semqmnel kanonzomierebebs<br />

adgenen.<br />

ase magaliTia, karlhainc Stokhauzenis sagundo nawarmoebi<br />

`Stimmung~-i, romelsac safuZvlad udevs erTi akordis<br />

modifikaciis meSveobiT meditireba (aqve avtori aqtiurad<br />

iyenebs lingvistikis wesebs, notaciis verbalur xerxs,<br />

musikaluri kompoziciis Sesaqmnelad maTematikuri gamoTvlis<br />

mag.: k. Stokhauzenis `Stimmung~(partitura)<br />

aseTi mecnieruli damokidebuleba da maTematikuri<br />

meTodebiT meditireba axasiaTebs qsenakissac 9 , misi azriT, `musika<br />

_ ar aris xelovneba, is mecnierebaa, mecniereba logikisa da<br />

zusti maTematikuri gaTvlebis~. 10 igi, Tavis Tanamedrove<br />

kompozitorebis msgavsad, scildeba bgeriTi temperaciis<br />

farglebs da iyenebs bgeris mTel SesaZleblobas, swored ase<br />

Seiqmna `bgeriTi Rrublebic~, romlis warmoSobasac gazSi<br />

Semavali mikronawilakebis moZraobis imitireba daedo<br />

safuZvlad.<br />

mag.: i. qsenakisi `Pitoprakta~ simebiani orkestrisTvis<br />

(partitura)<br />

308 309

eka WabaSvili<br />

* * *<br />

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ` a t o m a l u r - b i r T v u l i<br />

sakompozicio teqnika~ meditaciuri musikis ganviTarebis<br />

momdevno etapisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. meditaciuri musikis<br />

arsebul nimuSebSi ukve SeiniSneba is tendenciebi, rac SemdgomSi<br />

am sakompozicio teqnikis Camoyalibebas Seuwyobs xels. esaa<br />

droisa da sivrcis gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba musikalur<br />

nawarmoebSi, musikaluri masalis ganviTarebis pirobiToba da<br />

kompozitoris, Semsruleblisa da msmenelis Sinagani<br />

Tavisuflebis `didi doza~. musikaluri kompoziciis Seqmnis<br />

procesSi albaTobis imdenad didi procentia, rom met-naklebad<br />

samive monawileobs nawarmoebis saboloo saxis CamoyalibebaSi<br />

(SesaZloa samive erTi personac iyos).<br />

atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnikis gamoyenebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi kompozitoris mier miwodebuli masala imdenad<br />

ritualuri unda iyos, rom yvela variantSi ar daikargos<br />

misi originaloba, Semsrulebeli kargad unda manipulirebdes<br />

am stilisTvis damaxasiaTebel drosa da sivrceSi, rom misi<br />

Tavisufali nebeloba aireklos msmenelis aRqmaze, sadac<br />

usazRvro fantazia amoqmeddeba da CaerTveba procesSi. am<br />

SemTxvevaSi b. asafievis gamoTqma `musikaluri forma, rogorc<br />

procesi~ Sebrundeba, da piriqiT, procesi iqceva musikalur<br />

formad. amis naTeli nimuSebia zemoT xsenebul kompozitorTa<br />

nawarmoebebi. meditaciuri musikis ganviTarebis istoriul<br />

WrilSi, CvenTvis sainteresoa maT mier Seqmnili sinkretuli<br />

xelovnebis formebi, multimediebi da hepeningebi, rac `atomalurbirTvul<br />

sakompozocio teqnikisaTan~ gvakavSirebs.<br />

atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnikiT daweril<br />

musikalur nawarmoebSi musikaluri masalis sivrcesa da droSi<br />

gadanawileba xdeba msgavsad atomebis ganlagebisa (metaforul<br />

aspeqtSi). bgeris moZraobis traeqtoria ise gadaitaneba musikis<br />

plastikaSi, TiTqos atomebi an maTSi arsebuli nawilakebi<br />

moZraobdnen. es niuansebi xmovani masalis akustikur<br />

Taviseburebebs qmnis. Sedegad viRebT sivrculi musikisTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebel bgeris akustikuri gadanawilebis meTods da<br />

atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnika<br />

misi ganfenis principebs erTi astrologiuri drois farglebSi<br />

sxvadasxva sivrceebSi, romelTa individualuri fsiqodroebi<br />

erTmaneTTan `poli-t~-s damokidebulebaSia (am movlenis<br />

Canasaxebi jer kidev i. stravinskis, prokofievis, vebernis da<br />

sxva XX saukunis kompozitorebis SemoqmedebaSi Cndeba).<br />

am teqnikis mier SemoTavazebul siaxleebs da<br />

kanonzomierebebs Cems 11 mier Seqmnili simfoniis `ukuniTi<br />

ukunisamde~ magaliTze wamogidgenT.<br />

nimuSi 1. fsiqodroebi - `kompoziciis partitura~<br />

ukuniTi ukunisamde<br />

(sami fsiqodro)<br />

kubis (aura) _ topofonuri plasti (7 rotacia) _ instrumentebi<br />

ganlagebulia 3 iarusze, marTva xdeba yursasmeniT diriJorisTvis Seqmnili<br />

specialuri partituriT sasignalo sityvebis meSveobiT (magaliTad, brZaneba:<br />

`Sesvla~ _ saerTo ritmuli pulsaris ansamblurobisaTvis.<br />

piramidis (informaciuli veli) _ topofonuri plasti (13 rotacia)<br />

_ eleqtronuli plasti, moZrav meqanizmze dakiduli 13 cali gamaZliereblebi<br />

spiralisebur xazze ganlagebuli imarTeba operatorisgan, bgeris<br />

transformaciisTvis aqvs specialuri gegma da el. plastis partitura<br />

tembrul-ritmuli miTiTebebiT.<br />

jvris (literaturuli plasti) _ gundi da instrumentebi parterSi<br />

centrSi. sami faza _ siuJeturi wyaro biblia, I faza _`7 dRe~, II faza<br />

_ `sameba~, III faza _ `oTxTavi~, Coda faza _ `erTarsi~. saorkestro<br />

balansi Wadrakuli da birTvulia. saorkestro dramaturgia eyrdnoba 2<br />

ganzomilebiani grafikuli naxazebis plastikas (vTqvaT, spirali, klaknili,<br />

wyvetili, ori sxvadasxva erTdroulad da a.S.). naxazis bgeris akustikur<br />

gavrcelebasTan identifikacia xmovanebis moZraobas aniWebs erTgvar akustikur<br />

plastikas (zogjer moicavs iarusebis Tavisufal instrumentebsac).<br />

sfero (aerTianebs yvelas) _ moicavs yvela sakravs da dinamiks, Cndeba 4-<br />

jer 2-jer I fazaSi _ dRe I (`da iqmna naTeli~), dRe IV `kosmosi~, II da<br />

III fazebis mijnaze _kulminacia musikaluri siCume da ukuni sibnele<br />

`samebis~ bolos da `oTxTavis~ dawyebamde, Coda `erTarsi~.<br />

mimarTuli-sxivuri, moWrili-gamosaxavs figurebs): sfero _ lurji, cisferi,<br />

iasamnisferi; kubi _ wiTeli-mewamulis feri; piramida _ yviTelinarinjisferi;<br />

jvari _ TeTri-rZisferi (kompoziciaSi cisferiTaa aRniSnuli)<br />

partituraSi mocemuli sxvadasxva feri miuTiTebs sivrcis sxvadasxva<br />

Sreebs. is SeiZleba iyos aseve igive feris Suqis TanxlebiT, romelic<br />

bgerasTan erTad warmoiSveba da igive intensiobiT qreba (feri xmis gavrcelebis<br />

vizualizacias axdens).<br />

310 311

eka WabaSvili<br />

atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnika<br />

nimuSi 2. akustikuri gadanawileba `ganlagebis partitura~<br />

312 313

eka WabaSvili<br />

nimuSi 3. bgeris moZraoba-traeqtoria ``I faza _ I dRe~<br />

atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnika<br />

atomalur-birTvuli musikis SemTxvevaSi adamiani _ msmeneli<br />

Tu Semsrulebeli _ eqceva aratipiur xmovan velSi, sadac is<br />

musikis mikrosamyaros centrSia da TiTqos mis garSemo moZrav<br />

umcires nawilakebs SeigZnobs. am procesis mZafrad<br />

SegrZnebisTvis da aRqmisTvis, saukeTesoa Tu vizualuri<br />

xerxebic iqneba CarTuli. vTqvaT, Tu feri, plastika, Suqi,<br />

Crdili da sxva vizualuri niuansebi bgeras Seerwymeba da<br />

dinamikis, ritmis, tempis realizebaSi daexmareba.<br />

nimuSi 4. bgeris moZraoba da feri `ganaTebis partitura~<br />

instrumentebis da gamaZliereblebis ganlageba darbazSi<br />

ganaTebis partitura da sivrculi Sreebi (ferSi)<br />

bgerisa da Suqis gavrcelebis plastika<br />

(mTavari partituris TanxlebiT, sadac miTiTebulia ra droSi da ra<br />

mimarTulebiT vrceldeba bgera da Suqic mihyveba bgeras)<br />

yoveli instrumenti aRniSnulia im feriT, romliTac unda ganaTdes,<br />

mxolod yviTeli feriT aRniSnuli instrumentebi miuniSneben rom<br />

isini gamoiyeneba eleqtronuli plastisTvis da maTi ganaTeba xdeba an<br />

lokalurad pultis gasanaTebeli SuqiT an mxolod jvris TeTri<br />

ganaTebiT. TeTri SuqiT ganaTebuli sakravebi araa aRniSnuli ZiriTad<br />

partituraSi, igi erwymis sxva feris ganaTebas da gamoiyeneba im<br />

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac musikaSi jvris gamosaxulebaa gamosaxatavi. (es<br />

miTiTebulia gamnaTeblis partituraSi sityvieri SeniSvniT).<br />

I. lazeruli ganaTeba aerTebs figurebis wverebs, xolo ferdebi<br />

warmoiqmneba rampis mimarTuli Suqis meSveobiT.<br />

wiTeli Suqi _ xazavs kubis sxvadasxva rotacias.<br />

yviTeli Suqi _ xazavs sxvadasxva kuTxovani fuZis mqone piramidas.<br />

feradi ganaTeba _ rodesac sakravebs Soris bgera moZraobs da<br />

warmoqmnis figuras.<br />

SeniSvna: piramidis wveros gamaZliereblidan momavali xazebi<br />

lazeruli sxivebia, romlebic erTdroulad vrceldeba fuZis wveroebis<br />

gamaZliereblebisken, maT Soris ki sxivebi rig-rigobiT Sekraven<br />

piramidis fuZes da Seavseben ferdebs. spiralis dros yviTeli<br />

gafantuli Suqi moemarTeba yoveli CarTuli gamaZliereblidan qveviT.<br />

II. TeTri ganaTeba ekuTvnis jvris formaze ganlagebul<br />

Semsruleblebs, Suqi vrceldeba konusurad da<br />

Semsrulebels anaTebs zevidan (dan 2 an 3 metris<br />

simaRleze).<br />

III. jvris feradi ganaTeba (cisferi, lurji, iisferi, vardisferi,<br />

iasamnisferi, Sindisferi da a.S.) vrceldeba iatakidan<br />

314 315

eka WabaSvili<br />

(sanaTi mowyobiloba damontaJebulia iatakze TiToeuli<br />

Semsruleblis garSemo). Semsrulebeli gaSemortymulia<br />

oTxi erTferi sxiviT, romlebic erTmaneTs hkveTen<br />

musikosis Tavs zeviT da Tu amvdroulad mas TeTri<br />

ganaTebac erwymis, maSin feradi sxivebi ikargeba TeTri<br />

konusis wveroSi.<br />

IV. sferos feradi ganaTeba vrceldeba rogorc darbazis garSemo<br />

gafantuli Suqis meSveobiT da sferos imitacias qmnis<br />

(improvizaciuli variantebi), aseve Semsruleblis garSemo<br />

iatakze damontaJebuli sanaTebiT, romelic afeTqebis<br />

efeqtiT erTgvar ritmul dinamikas qmnis da sakravebis<br />

Sesvlas afiqsirebs.<br />

`<br />

nimuSi 5. kubis rotacia lazeris SuqiT wiTel ferSi<br />

``kubis partitura~<br />

atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnika<br />

am SemTxvevaSi, zogadad, musika statikuria, dinamiuri<br />

procesebis gaaqtiureba ki musikaluri materiis SigniT xdeba.<br />

(aseT movlenas vxvdebiT ungreli d. ligetis SemoqmedebaSi).<br />

ligetis SemTxvevaSi musikaluri statika ufro wina planze<br />

gadmodis, radgan msmeneli garedan ismens. Cvens SemTxvevaSi<br />

ki msmeneli Sida akustikur plastikas 12 miyveba da iqmneba<br />

holo 13 efeqti, amitom musikaluri statika msmenelis mier<br />

aRar SeigrZnoba ise mkveTrad, rogorc winamorbedis musikaSi.<br />

atomalur-birTvuli musikis mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />

xerxebi. atomis struqturis da Tvisebebis metaforulad<br />

gadmotanis mizniT, gansakuTrebul modifikacias ganicdis zemoT<br />

xsenebuli sakompozicio teqnikaSi nawarmoebis SeqmnisTvis<br />

aucilebeli formis Semqmneli musikaluri elementebi, rac<br />

zogjer saintereso novaciebsac gvTavazobs. aseve<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia maTi gamoyenebis konkretuli meTodologia.<br />

Zalian mniSvnelovania gamsuyebuli tonis cneba, romlis<br />

moculoba obertonebis rigSi aRmoCenili musikaluri<br />

genetikuri kodebis sul bolo kods Seesabameba. magaliTad<br />

bgera `do~-s obertonul rigSi:<br />

(`la~ bemolidan _ TiTqmis `do~-mde)<br />

gamsuyebuli toni Tavis TavSi itevs am ori bgeris garSemo<br />

myof mikrotonebis mTels `grovas~, rac mis gamsuyebas iwvevs.<br />

gamsuyebuli toni Seicavs atomTa ganusazRvrel<br />

raodenobas. atomi warmoiSveba gamsuyebul tonSi Semavali<br />

b ge r i s m ie r s x v ad a sx v a r a od e no b i s n aw i la k e bis<br />

(harmonikebis) SemokrebiT.<br />

TiTo gamsuyebuli toni TiTo atom-birTvul doneze<br />

arsebobs da misi tonebi-harmonikebi qmnian sxvadasxva<br />

kombinaciebs erT romelime akustikur SreSi.<br />

nimuSi 6. atomebis cxrili `kubis partitura~<br />

316 317

eka WabaSvili<br />

maTi modulacia ki Seesabameba atomTa difuziis kanons,<br />

erTi gamsuyebuli tonis nawilakebi SesaZloa sxva<br />

gamsuyebuli tonis nawilakebs Seezavos, ase warmoiSveba<br />

virtualuri harmonia.<br />

Tanamedrove musikalur azrovnebaSi `atomalur-birTvuli<br />

sakompozitoro teqnika~ iseTi siaxlea, romelic musikaSi<br />

albaTobis principebis gavlenas ganavrcobs da Tavis TavSi<br />

Caitevs zogadad sociometriis 14 problemebsac metnaklebad<br />

koreqtirebuli saxiT. albaToba, romelic improvizaciisa da<br />

Tundac aleatorikis cnebebisgan gansxvavebiT ufro<br />

globaluria, Seiswavlis ara marto ubralo SemTxveviTobis<br />

process, aramed mowesrigebul Tavisuflebas gasxvavebul<br />

sakompozicio teqnikasTan mimarTebaSi. rac gulisxmobs,<br />

`atomalur-birTvuli sakompozitoro teqnikiT~ Seqmnil<br />

nawarmoebebSi sxva musikaluri azrovnebis farglebSi<br />

warmoSobili sakompozicio teqnikis CarTulobas. aseTma<br />

atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnika<br />

Tavisuflebam da sazRvrebis gaxsnam rom sistemis rRveva ar<br />

gamoiwvios, `sistemuri wonasworoba~ unda iyos daculi.<br />

sistemis dacvis meqanizmebi ki kargad dakompleqtebul formis<br />

Semqmnel ZiriTad kriteriumebSi unda iqnas Cadebuli.<br />

rogoricaa:<br />

kompoziciuri naxazi, romelic umeteswilad mohyveba<br />

nawarmoebs, misi struqturis swored aRqmisTvis.<br />

faza (forma) [vertikaluri dayofa]<br />

nawarmoebis struqturuli msxvili nawilebi.<br />

astronomiuli dro [vertikaluri dayofa]<br />

nawarmoebis struqturuli msxvili da mcire nawilebis<br />

realur droSi gadanawileba.<br />

sivrculi Sefardebebi [horizontaluri dayofa]<br />

samoZrao baza musikaluri masalis ganlagebisTvis<br />

damoukidebel fsiqodroebSi da maTi daSrevebis meSveobiT<br />

sivrculi polifoniisTvis warmoeba.<br />

fsiqodroebis sibrtyeebi sivrceebTan mimarTebaSi<br />

[dinamika-agogika, ritmi-tempi]<br />

atom-birTvuli done (bgeriTi safuZveli) [melodia,<br />

harmonia]<br />

melodia da harmonia _ modificirebulia, miiReba bgeriTi<br />

materiis Seqmnisas gamsuyebuli tonis farglebSi.<br />

akustikuri bade da Sreebi [faqtura, instrumentaria]<br />

bgeris moZraobis plastika, akustikuri winaRoba, bgeris<br />

virtualuri kedeli.<br />

a r a m J R e r i k at e g o r i e b i s gamoyeneba musikalur<br />

kompoziciaSi. romelic organulad erwymis formis Semqmnel<br />

sxva elementebs.<br />

Sedegad vaRwevT akustikur uwonadobas, SegrZneba,<br />

romelic msmenels eqmneba gaJRerebuli nawarmoebis bgeriTi<br />

velis arealSi yofnisas.<br />

atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnikis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

musikaluri Tvisebebi:<br />

1.sakuTari notaciis Camoyalibeba, determinirebuli an<br />

aradeterminirebuli;<br />

2.axali musikaluri formisa da hibriduli Janrebis<br />

warmoqmna;<br />

318 319

eka WabaSvili<br />

3.musikalur bgeraTa kategoriaSi uaxlesi damokidebulebebis<br />

Seqmna da maTi akustikuri ganlageba drosa da sivrceSi<br />

(gamsuyebuli toni da difuziis meSveobiT sxvadasxva atombirTvul<br />

doneze miRebuli bgeriTi materia).<br />

4.harmoniis mimarT gansakuTrebuli midgoma (virtualuri<br />

harmoniis cneba, romelic akustikuri plastikis meSveobiT<br />

warmoiSveba mikrotonebis meSveobiT, aqve Cndeba virtualuri<br />

akustikuri kedelic feris dadebiTa da Suqis meSveobiT.<br />

Suqis moZraobiT SesaZloa iluziuri JReradobis<br />

provocirebac).<br />

5.ritmis roli (fsiqodroebi Semqmneli ZiriTadi elementi).<br />

6.originaluri faqturis da grafikuli Caweris teqnika<br />

(feradi partitura, akustikuri da Suqis bade).<br />

7.gaorkestrebis meTodika da tembris palitra da misi<br />

gamoyenebis akustikuri plastika, akustikuri winaRoba,<br />

rac niSnavs erT sivrcul mdgomarebaSi gatarebul tembrul<br />

ferTa Seuzaveblobas sxvasTan erTdrouli JReradobis<br />

pirobebSic.<br />

8.saSemsruleblo damokidebulebis siaxleebi (sruli<br />

ko nce ntracia , m edit aci uri ganwyoba, d i r i J o r i s<br />

kompiuteruli teqnikiT aRWurva da sxva.)<br />

nimuSi 7. pulti da sasignalo brZanebebi `diriJoris<br />

partitura~.<br />

mzadyofna erTdrouli brZanebisTvis:<br />

Sesvla; gamosvla; Sewyveta; ataka;<br />

tonebi ferTa gamaSi:<br />

(kubi) wiTeli Sre; (el. musikis masala) yviTeli Sre; iisferi Sre; iasamnisferi<br />

Sre; Sindisferi Sre; mewamuriferis Sre; vardisferi Sre; Sabiamnisferi Sre;<br />

cisferi Sre; lurji Sre; agurisferi Sre.<br />

xmamaRloba:<br />

maRali done; saSualo done; dabali done<br />

eqo; gadaZaxili; aqcenti<br />

gadavdivarT sferos reJimze; Sedis kubis reJimi; kubis rotacia, pozicia ....<br />

iwyeba jvris danawevrebis reJimi; bgeriTi rezervuari da a.S.<br />

atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnika<br />

Tu zemoT CamoTvlil mxatvrul gamomsaxvelobiT xerxebs<br />

SevinarCunebT, rac `sistemur wonasworobas~ daicavs, SesaZloa,<br />

aqamde cnobili musikaluri sistemebisTvis da sakompozicio<br />

teqnikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis gamoyenebiT amave<br />

teqnikaSi SevqmnaT nawarmoebi. amis saSualebas iZleva difuziis<br />

unari, romelic am sakompozicio teqnikas axasiaTebs.<br />

aRmoCenili kanonzomierebebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda<br />

atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

erTgvari dogmaturi wesrigic. Tumca mxatvruli nimuSis<br />

Seqmnisas sasurvelia es wesrigi Tavisuflad davarRvioT,<br />

vidre mis tyveobaSi moveqceT.<br />

vfiqrob, es meqanizmi, rac am sakompozicio teqnikas sZens<br />

TviTmyofadobasa da ganumeoreblobis SesaZleblobas, adgils<br />

daumkvidrebs mas saerTo musikalur informaciul velSi.<br />

SesaZloa, igi XXI saukunis musikis erT-erT sawyis etapadac<br />

CaiTvalos.<br />

1<br />

1. gamTlianebuli azrovneba niSnavs intuitiuri azrovnebis<br />

intersifikacias, e. i., intuitiuri azrovnebis subdominanturobidan<br />

gamosvlas, racionaluris Tanabrad dominanturad qcevas da aseTnairad<br />

racionalurisa da intuitiuris gawonasworebas. (`noosfero~, irina<br />

kalandaZe, gamomcemloba `universali~, Tbilisi-2007, gv. 70).<br />

2. sadisertacio naSromi xelovn. kand. xarisxis mosapoveblad `karlhain<br />

Stokhauzenis safortepiano Semoqmedeba da pianistis saSemsruleblo<br />

SesaZleblobebis speqtris gafarToebis problema axal musikaSi~, Tb.,<br />

2006, nino Jvania, Sesavali, gv. 3.<br />

3. saleqcio kursidan `mistikuri anatomia~, n. mamisaSvili.<br />

4. miuxedavad imisa, rom termini didi xania damkvidrda<br />

musikismcodneobaSi, Cven saWirod miviCnevT, ramdenime sityviT SevexoT<br />

mas. cneba axali musika jer kidev XX saukunis 20-ian ww. gamoiyena<br />

paul bekerma, magram sabolood igi II msoflio omis Semdeg damkvidrda,<br />

raSic did roli iTamaSa T. adornom. farTo gagebiT, cneba aerTianebs<br />

XX saukunis im kompozitorTa Semoqmedebas, romelTa musika `axlad~<br />

aRiqva sazogadoebam (Sonbergi, bartoki, hindemiti, stravinski, veberni...).<br />

mogvianebiT man moicva 1945 wlis Semdeg Camoyalibebuli serializmi.<br />

dRes am aRniSvnis aseTi pluralizmis winaaRmdeg bevri musikismcodne<br />

gamodis. misi Semofargvlis mizniT, k. blumroderi gamoyofs cnebis<br />

320 321

eka WabaSvili<br />

or umniSvnelovanes konstantas _ omis Semdgom avangardsa da 1950<br />

wlis Semdeg Seqmnil e q s p e ri me n t u l m u si k a s . amJa mad<br />

dasavleTevropul musikismcodneobaSi axali musika ZiriTadad am<br />

mimdinareobebis mimarTebiT gamoiyeneba.<br />

5. nukleonis mJavebis molekulaSi memkvidruli informaciis daSifvris<br />

sistema. cxovelebSi, mcenareebSi, baqteriebsa da virusebSi igi<br />

nukleoditebis TanmimdevrobiT gamoixateba da cilis molekulaSi<br />

aminomJavaTa Tanmimdevrobas gansazRvravs.<br />

6. `virtualur SesaZleblobaTa fazobrioba, sadac sivrciT ganzomilebaTa<br />

monacvleoba qmnis gamTlianebuli drois efeqts~- nodar mamisaSvilis<br />

ganmarteba.<br />

7. sityva `meditacia~ Cvens droSi mravali mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba,<br />

Tumca yvela maTgani gulisxmobs Sinagan CaRrmavebas, gare<br />

STabeWdilebebisgan gaTavisuflebas, modunebas, Wvretas sulierebaSi<br />

da simSvides.<br />

8. nodar mamisaSvilis termini.<br />

9. ianis qsenakisi XX saukunis berZeni kompozitori da arqiteqtori.<br />

1947 wlidan cxovrobda parizSi, iyo le korpuzias moswavle.<br />

maTematikuri da meqanikuri musikis profesori aSS-s universitetSi.<br />

Tavis SemoqmedebaSi xSirad iyenebs uaxlesi saxis sakompozitoro<br />

teqnikas, maT Soris maTematikursac. dawerili aqvs statiebi da<br />

wignebi eqsperimentul musikaze.<br />

10. Г. И. Супонева, «Проблемы нотации в музыке XX века», gv. .23.<br />

11. eka WabaSvili, qarTveli kompozitori, atomalur-birTvuli<br />

sakompozicio teqnikiT da musikaluri genetikiT dainteresda 2006<br />

wlidan. es teqnika gamoyenebuli aqvs bolo nawarmoebebSi, Tumca<br />

Tvlis rom sxvadasxva doziT vlindeboda yovelTvis.<br />

12. bgeris gadaadgilebis traeqtoria, romelic naTlad igrZnoba da<br />

vizualurad xedvadi xdeba Suqis mimarTvis SemTxvevaSi, ra Tqma unda<br />

es procesi iluziuri, radgan realur droSi bgeris da Suqis moZraobis<br />

danaxva SeuZlebelia.<br />

13. nodar mamisaSvilis kvlevebi holofoniaze.<br />

14. socialuri fsiqologiis dargi, romelic Seiswavlis<br />

pirovnebaTaSoris urTierTobebs, j. morenos azriT, sociometriuli<br />

revolucia ufro harmoniuls gaxdida sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs.<br />

atomalur-birTvuli sakompozicio teqnika<br />

• klaini b., `ZiebaSi fizikosebi da kvanturi Teoria~, gamomcemloba<br />

`sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi 1984<br />

• mamisaSvilis n., leqciebi `mistikur anatomia~.<br />

• Jvania n., `karlhain Stokhauzenis safortepiano Semoqmedeba da<br />

pianistis saSemsruleblo SesaZleblobebis speqtris gafarToebis<br />

problema axal musikaSi~, sadisertacio naSromi xelovn. kand. xarisxis<br />

mosapoveblad. Tb., 2006<br />

• qomeTiani p. `zogadi bioqimiis kursi~ Tbilisis universitetis<br />

gamomcemloba, 1971<br />

•Michael Talbot – The Holographic Universe, http://www.tobyjohnson.com/<br />

michaeltalbot.html<br />

• Д. В. Житомикский, О. Т. Леонтьева, Л. Г. Мяло, «Западный музыкальный<br />

АВАНГАРД после второй мировой войны», Москва, издателство<br />

«Музыка», 1989.<br />

• Цтирад Когоутек, «Техника композиции в музыке XX века», издателство<br />

«Музыка», Москва, 1976.<br />

• В. Варунц, «Музыкальный неоклассицизм», издателство «Музыка»,<br />

Москва, 1988.<br />

• Г. И. Супонева, «Проблемы нотации в музыке XX века», gv. 23.<br />

• Любимов А. «Портрет художника в запредельности» К 60-летию<br />

Владимира Мартыновa, Журнал «Музыкальная академия», 01 апреля 2006<br />

• vaSaymaZe v., `fizika~, `ganaTleba~, Tbilisi 1985w.<br />

• kalandaZe i., `noosfero _ momavlis mecnierebis saTaveeebTan~,<br />

gamomcemloba `universali~, Tbilisi - 2007<br />

322 323

Faculty of Humanitarian Studies Social<br />

Sciences, Business and Management<br />

THEATRE STUDIES<br />

CONTEMPORARY EUROPEAN THEATRE STUDY<br />

PhD Program<br />

First Year Ph D. Student Irakli Gogia<br />

Supervisor: Full Professor Levan Khetaguri Ph D.<br />

SHOTA RUSTAVELI THEATRE AND FILM UNIVERSITY’S<br />

FACULTY OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES<br />

Summary<br />

“The importance of teaching rhythm in the process of actor’s formation”<br />

Irakli Gogia’s refers to the problem caused by the traditional system acting<br />

trainings in Georgia. In author’s opinion it is essential to implement European<br />

way of teaching drama. In his view, experiments of the first half of the twentieth<br />

century pretty much shaped the future of theatre art. He brings examples of<br />

Rudolf Laban’s, Isadora Duncan’s and Jerzy Grotowsky’s experiments. The<br />

author makes a special emphasis on the importance of Rhythm Institute of<br />

Emile Jaques-Dalcroze and its systematic teaching approach. His answer to<br />

what is the main factor for out of date theatre is the actor whose formation<br />

process does not respond to a rhythm of that given time period. Along with<br />

the foreign examples, the author brings examples from Georgian theatre history<br />

as well. In his viewpoint it is important to determine the inner Georgian rhythm.<br />

He points at the components that Georgian actors lack in the development<br />

process. Author thinks, that actor’s rhythmic formation will make Georgian<br />

theatre much more interesting. He assumes that it is absolutely necessary<br />

(based on the example of Dalcroze’s lessons) to formulate methods of teaching<br />

Georgian rhythm and form an actor with outstanding successive thinking and<br />

acting.<br />

First Year Ph D. Student Mikheil Mestvirishvili<br />

Supervisor: Full Professor Levan Khetaguri Ph D.<br />

THEATRE IN CYBER-UNIVERSE<br />

Summary<br />

On the being of the ends of the centuries theatre had promised its past’s<br />

self experience and such future, which had all changed or refused whole<br />

culture study. Modern theatres new discover memories scientist begin to<br />

study, such as theatre begin to study scientists. On one sight, this branch of<br />

the art take more different face and whole other positions put down in the<br />

every day life of the modern universe. “New Medias’” had born whole change<br />

humans idea. Modern world’s fast education always goes at the art’s all branch<br />

fast development, which is always in search and look for it, it demands to look<br />

at it.<br />

For to day many thinks, which theatre had lost it’s really face, but I think,<br />

that this simple choose is very far from realness, because Schiller said, too<br />

“Der Mensch ist nur da ganz Mensch, wo er spielt” (“Man is a whole there,<br />

where he is playing”). If we think in Schiller’s idea, than we would sure, to day<br />

modern multimedia performance have a long tradition for performance’s made<br />

space.<br />

“Web dance’s” best examples are Sara Morrison’s “Leaping into the net!”,<br />

New-York’s “Cassandra project” and Laura Nott’s “World wide simultaneous<br />

dance”<br />

I think, that these three projects can three different structures<br />

demonstration, because to show us different internet performances<br />

stenographic particularity.<br />

324 325

First Year Ph D. Student Lasha Chkhartishvili<br />

Supervisor: Full Professor Levan Khetaguri Ph D.<br />

NEW INTERPRETATION OF SHAKESPEARE IN THE SECOND HALF<br />

OF THE XX CENTURY<br />

(based on “King Lear” by Mikheil Tumanishvili)<br />

Summary<br />

The work by Lasha Chkhartishvili “New interpretation of Shakespeare<br />

in the second half of the XX century” (based on “King Lear” by Mikheil<br />

Tumanishvili) examines Mikheil Tumanishvili’s staging of “King Lear”.<br />

The author makes a historical overview of the performance and tries to<br />

determine its place in history of Georgian staging of Shakespeare. The<br />

author talks about the positive and negative sides of the performance.<br />

The summary makes it clear that modernization of Shakespeare in Georgia<br />

began with Mikheil Tumanishvili’s different stage interpretations of<br />

Shakespeare among those that of “King Lear” is of utmost importance.<br />

The staging of “King Lear” during the sixties of the XX century was of<br />

a particular importance in life of Rustaveli Theatre. The rivalry between<br />

the “traditionalists” and the ones supportive of novelties was still hot.<br />

Debate took on a radical form and often the precious discoveries and<br />

novel findings that new theatre aesthetics was accompanied by were left<br />

out of attention. The first efforts of Tumanishvili to stage Shakespeare on<br />

Georgian stage were actually the first efforts in the direction of its<br />

modernization.<br />

Despite this controversial performance and the fact that there were a<br />

lot of things that were reinterpreted in a whole new way, characters were<br />

not fully outlined and performance lacked a single unified ensemble.<br />

A lot of things in Tumanishvili’s staging of “King Lear” were later<br />

used by the following generation of directors in stage interpretations of<br />

the very same tragedy. This is the reason for this unsuccessful performance<br />

to be of a crucial importance not only in history of Georgian stage<br />

interpretations of Shakespeare but in entire history of Georgian Theatre.<br />

First Year Ph D. Student Tamar Tsagareli<br />

Supervisor: Full Professor Levan Khetaguri Ph D.<br />

CHURCH SHOW IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE AND IN GEORGIA<br />

(Based on Theatre Antropology Method)<br />

Summary<br />

Performance study has tended to prioritise theories and utopian ideas,<br />

neglecting the empirical approach. Theatre Anthropology directs its attention<br />

to this empirical territory in order to trace a path between the different<br />

techniques, aesthetics, genres and specialisations that deal with stage practice.<br />

It does not seek to fuse, accumulate or catalogue acting techniques. It seeks<br />

the elementary: the technique of techniques.<br />

The remarkable fact that the revival of the drama in Medieval Europe and<br />

in Georgia was due to the Christian Church has been abundantly proved and<br />

illustrated. At first, certain parts of the church ritual were expanded in action,<br />

and especially at the great religious festivals of Christmas and Easter attempts<br />

were made to exhibit vividly before the faithful what the service was intended<br />

to commemorate. The Wise Men from the East, who had been guided by a<br />

miraculous star, worshipped and presented their gifts before the cradle of the<br />

Divine babe; the Virgin Mother was represented by a girl with a child in her<br />

arms; the Resurrection was suggested by a priest rising from a mimic sepulcher.<br />

Later the action was extended, and dialogues were added. These were, of<br />

course, in Latin, the universal language of the Church. Gradually scenes from<br />

other Scripture stories were combined with those strictly belonging to the<br />

service. These church dramas may have been inartistic, but they were<br />

characterized by strict simplicity and earnest devotion.<br />

Characterized in itself by a simple dignity befitting the treatment of such<br />

themes, it was acted with all the pomp and circumstances associated with<br />

Roman Catholic worship; and nowhere shall we find a grander or more<br />

impressive spectacle than a Mystery of the Passion, as performed in one of<br />

these grand old Gothic piles. Banners hung above the fretted arches; the odor<br />

of incense filled the air; tapers shone brightly in the dim light from storied and<br />

diversely-colored windows; elaborate processions wound their way through<br />

the aisle to the strains of solemn music; the figures of the priest-players stood<br />

out in clear relief against the splendor of the altar, as, facing thousands of rapt<br />

spectators, they gravely declaimed, with appropriate gestures, the dialogue<br />

intended to set forth the events which led up to the Crucifixion.<br />

326 327

FILM STUDIES<br />

MA Program<br />

WORLD FILM HISTORY<br />

Second Year MA Student Olga Eliashvili<br />

Supervisor: Zviad Dolidze Ph D.<br />

THE GANGSTER FILM<br />

Summary<br />

time. Sometimes it presented political symbols and metaphors for directors<br />

and authors film wise. For a long time it was experimental, political and<br />

intellectual. Unfortunately lot of spectators thinks so. The theme of this article<br />

isn’t a history of this genre. It is about its shortcomings, positive sides and<br />

major peculiarities of film-fantasy.<br />

CONTEMPORARY FILM TEORIES AND CRITICISM<br />

MA Program<br />

Second Year MA Student Rusudan Papunashvili<br />

Supervisor: Manana Lekborashvili Ph D.<br />

“Gang” is English word and means “a group of villains”. The gangster<br />

film as an independent cinema genre established in the end of twenties in the<br />

USA and had developed in the other capitalist countries. These genre’s films<br />

narrate about organized crime world and professional outlaws. Firstly those<br />

films got the criticized position from press and society. The press declared<br />

this film production in propaganda of gangsters’ life and in creating the romantic<br />

style of negative heroes. After that there were made new films, the main<br />

characters of those were policemen and these heroes fought against organized<br />

crime. Thus there was appeared the new direction of genres – the criminal<br />

dramas in film.<br />

In 1903 it was shot one of the first gangster films – Edwin Porter’s “The<br />

Great Train Robbery”. They say that this film had founded two film genres –<br />

the gangster film and the western simultaneously. Since World War II new<br />

direction appeared in the gangster films – the biographies of well-known<br />

gangsters. Today the gangster film is one of the popular film genres, on base<br />

of which there were shot many interesting films.<br />

Second Year MA Student Sofio Tsulaia<br />

Supervisor: Zviad Dolidze Ph D.<br />

EVOLUTION PROCESS OF SCIENCE FICTION FILM<br />

Summary<br />

Film-fantasy is one of the most popular and interesting genres in cinema.<br />

This article wants to show, that film-fantasy isn’t only for exhibition of special<br />

effects. It is one of the most difficult genres, and was changing from time to<br />

REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN THE SPANISH FILM OF THE<br />

FRANCO PERIOD<br />

Summary<br />

In the history of Spain cinematography considerable period includes post<br />

civil war (1936-1939) films. Film production of the mentioned period, held by<br />

the CIFESA state patronage has sharply expressed propagandistic functions.<br />

CIFESA was founded in 1932 in Valencia and its goal is to “make Spain” 30<br />

years film, to strengthen feeling of racial distinguish and to deep feeling of<br />

patriotisms. Politically it subordinates ideological interest of conservators<br />

and right wing. During the Spain republican years cinematographic production<br />

entirely included comedy and country drama that without exception are united<br />

with the following elements: religion, historical idyll among the classes and<br />

those archaic moral norms such as dignity (traditionally the bearer is a woman).<br />

Spanish is inspired in the city, it embodiments traditions visually, nation unity<br />

and racial holiness. Frankist social system protects “family expansion” as<br />

Sanchez Lopez called ant that is established “Woman’s belonging toward the<br />

state (mother, family, nation)”; creation of “charter of women’s public unity”<br />

that is impossible to reject it should be “get and feel”. Transmitter of national<br />

mentality is a chief hero - mother, who is obliged transmitter of the national<br />

mentality. The discussed films; “Morena Clara”, “Dolores”, “Orosia”, “Raza”<br />

give information about woman representation in Franco’s Spain that isn’t an<br />

example of holiness, beauty, dignity, ethics and tradition protector. It must<br />

protect future of the nation and must be a transmitter of national selfconsciousness.<br />

328 329

CULTURE MANAGEMENT<br />

CULTURAL POLICY<br />

MA Program<br />

CONTEMPORARY MANAGEMENT IN<br />

ARTS AND CULTURE<br />

Second Year MA Student Elene Babakishvili<br />

Supervisor: Iuri Mgebrishvili Ph D.<br />

THE ROLE OF SPONSORSHIP IN THE POLICY OF CULTURAL<br />

ORGANIZATION<br />

Summary<br />

Sponsorship activity supports establishing of favorable relationships between<br />

the society and the organization. Companies supporting public initiatives win<br />

the recognition of consumers who are socially and politically active.<br />

To finance certain events and projects cultural organizations apply to various<br />

companies. The sponsorship application should be drawn up diligently and<br />

professionally to awake the sponsor’s interest in the proposal of organization.<br />

First of all such application should be in compliance with the purposes and<br />

criteria being substantial to certain company. Sponsorship application should<br />

meet the company’s requirements. It is crucial as well to form a profitable<br />

alliance with the sponsor which is not achievable by the alternative means.<br />

Based on the aforesaid, the policy of cultural organization highly depends on<br />

the sponsor. Cultural organization should work up certain criteria with respect<br />

to the sponsor which will support determination of rights and obligations of<br />

the sponsor and cultural organization.<br />

Noncommercial cultural organizations in the whole world, including Georgia,<br />

are in a rather complicated situation from the perspective of finance. The State<br />

reduces financial support of the similar institutions from year to year. The<br />

above organizations differ from other organizations in diversification of sources<br />

of financing. In such circumstances cultural organizations try to attract sums<br />

from alternative sources, such as charity as well as sponsorship resources,<br />

grants from funds, membership fees, etc.<br />

For normal functioning and development of own activity cultural organizations<br />

in increasing frequency build their actions upon economic calculations. This<br />

is a better way to realize and popularize cultural product. Promotion of the<br />

latter is planned in the same manner as of the classical marketing product.<br />

They work out a strategy for attracting both their own returns and external<br />

sources of financing for conducting expensive advertising and PR campaigns.<br />

Amounts derived from sponsorship arrangement form a solid part of the budget<br />

of cultural organizations. Sponsorship is a widespread and reasonable form<br />

among the sources of financing attracted.<br />

In the contemporary market conditions more and more companies switch from<br />

philanthropy to sponsorship activity to carry out their marketing purposes.<br />

Sponsorship differs from charity with its marketing and commercial purposes.<br />

Sponsorship is an economic arrangement targeting at exchange of funds,<br />

production, service, advertising funds, PR campaigns and events.<br />

Such attitude will support to elaborate sponsorship activity in Georgia.<br />

Sponsors will find their valuable partner in cultural organizations and the<br />

amount invested in this sector will enable them to develop their activity.<br />

Fulfillment of these two factors will secure establishing of firm alliance between<br />

the culture and business sectors.<br />

Second Year MA Student: Ia Gabunia<br />

Supervisor: Iuri Mgebrishvili Ph D.<br />

THE ADVERTISING POLICY AND MAIN POINT OF THE<br />

ADVERTISEMENT<br />

(Film fest `Sesily’)<br />

Summary<br />

The mission of a film fest `Sesili’ is to look for new talents, popularization,<br />

introduce new foreign movies to Georgian spectators and to develop new<br />

cinema traditions and relations. The aim of the film fest is to display talented<br />

youth and promote to become skilful masters.<br />

The film fest received comparatively high financing in 2005, in 2006 the<br />

financiering slightly decreased to 6000 GEL, in 2007 the financing amount<br />

equaled to – 5000 GEL and in 2008 remained unchained. Without organizers’<br />

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enthusiasm, holding festival with such minimal financing would become<br />

impossible.<br />

Without possessed funds the management of the festival faces different<br />

troubles.<br />

Reasoning from low financiering, what basically depends on lack of sponsors,<br />

the festival does not manage to succeed. The proper advertising campaign<br />

should be held to attract resources and raise sponsors’ interest in the festival<br />

business.<br />

The advertising campaign demands vast of means. E.g. settling advertisements<br />

on `Rustavi 2’ costs as follows: from 07:40 to 18:00 prices vary between $ 40-<br />

400, evening and night tariffs differ from $ 400-1300. Prices at `Print-Georgia’<br />

Ltd. also could be represented: e.g. designing of advertising-polygraph<br />

production cost $ 40-300.<br />

Advertising state in Georgia is following: the most expensive advertising<br />

service is TV. The Georgian art organizations enter the market without having<br />

any financial support.<br />

To overcome financiering problems, I think it is necessary to look for means<br />

for correct advertising campaign, possible via making sponsors become<br />

interested in the festival. Due to interest potential sponsors in the festival,<br />

convenient and advantageous offer should be produced. The film fest’s<br />

management should work out a strategy, to show the importance and<br />

concernment of the festival to potential sponsors. Sponsoring is the<br />

strategically planned effort, serving to increase sells and promotion.<br />

Advertisement is the best way. As a result, thank advertisements the public<br />

get informed about the festival and sponsors.<br />

Second Year MA Student: Sofio Komladze<br />

Supervisor: Iuri Mgebrishvili Ph D.<br />

responsibility when it comes to “wrapping” a book as a product and making it<br />

attractive to a maximum number of readers. Although before the publisher<br />

decides to publish a book, he/she should definitely find out the reader’s<br />

opinion first, find out which book the market is really in need of, what the cost<br />

of the book should be, what the quantity of the book should be and etc.<br />

Research of a customer market is of an essential importance in marketing<br />

theory. There are several research models based on practical experience. Any<br />

of the publishing houses may choose one of them and work out a strategy<br />

according to that specific research model or create a brand new plan - one<br />

suitable for its organization and its characteristics.<br />

Market research as determination of customer’s needs is quite an<br />

interesting process. In a big organization research may be conducted by a<br />

marketing department, research committee, agency or a department. Whatever<br />

the research team is it should definitely consist of professionals. In a small<br />

publishing house research can easily be done by a manager and several<br />

assistants.<br />

In my conference work I have offered you a mini strategy of publishing<br />

organization’s market research, on basis of which an organization’s<br />

administration may conduct a marketing research. After the research is done,<br />

results should be put together and analyzed. Outcome should be handed over<br />

to the organization’s administration or a marketing team in order to create a<br />

new product by the requirements of the customer.<br />

It should also be said, that customer market research for publishing houses<br />

is not only important for update of products. Through market research these<br />

types of organizations are able to determine the average price for the desired<br />

book among the customers. Last but not least they can determine the level of<br />

competition, place and status on the market and set forth a suitable plan for<br />

becoming or just maintaining a steady place and outstanding leadership<br />

in publishing business.<br />

“SEVERAL ISSUES ON PUBLISHING MARKET RESEARCH”<br />

Summary<br />

For culture organization marketing is essential and a rather necessary<br />

direction. It is an aiding tool which we can wisely use in order to attract<br />

maximum number of people towards our product may it be theatre, Opera,<br />

Library, Gallery, Publishing house and etc. A correct research of customer<br />

market is an essential part of marketing. Especially when talking about an art<br />

product - an intellectual product - a book. Publishing houses carry a big<br />

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Second Year MA Student Natalia Murjikneli<br />

Supervisor: Iuri Mgebrishvili Ph D.<br />

STRESS IN ORGANIZATION AND STRATEGIES OF ITS<br />

MANAGEMENT<br />

Summary<br />

According to one of the rules of Japanese management, efficiency of an<br />

organization depends upon the way the manager handles the stress of the<br />

coworkers and transforms it into the energy for success. What is stress?<br />

Majority of people think that stress is just another term for tension. Stress<br />

was first scientifically founded by a famous Canadian biologist Hans Selie.<br />

According to him, stress is a peculiar reaction of the body towards any<br />

requirement set forth to it.<br />

Stress is an inseparable part of contemporary business and influences<br />

every coworker of a company. For instance: A regular coworker is stressed for<br />

working long hours with a low salary, has lots of responsibilities but just a few<br />

rights.<br />

People working under stress are generally not efficient and make wrong<br />

decisions most of the time. Stress accounts for the loss of staff which itself<br />

results in company’s low work efficiency, decrease in productivity and increase<br />

in cost (for instance hiring new workers and their training).<br />

In most cases stress is caused by several complex reasons requiring an<br />

adequate strategy to overcome it. These strategies are as follows:<br />

-Self perception;<br />

-Harmony with oneself and high self-esteem;<br />

-Reasonable selfishness;<br />

-Risk;<br />

-Being moderate;<br />

-Emotional and behavioral responsibility;<br />

-Flexibility;<br />

-Acceptance of reality;<br />

Standards of stress management account for six basic aspects:<br />

-Requirements;<br />

-Control;<br />

-Support;<br />

-Relationships;<br />

-Role;<br />

-Change;<br />

Improving work conditions also supports stress prevention and<br />

reduction. For instance good lighting, room conditioning and ventilation,<br />

convenient work place, walls painted in calm colors, maximum reduction of<br />

noise. In companies where these conditions are not neglected, productivity<br />

remains high.<br />

Symptoms of Stress<br />

-First of all people start to feel that they are not able to deal with obstacles;<br />

-They are in a constant hurry and are always short of time;<br />

-They cannot concentrate on work;<br />

-They are constantly complaining of being tired;<br />

-They are unable to rest at home and switch from work to relaxation;<br />

-In sever cases they may develop fear of going to work;<br />

Causes of stress and ways of its reduction<br />

-Problems associated with work;<br />

-Additional office hours;<br />

-Style of management;<br />

-Lack of communication;<br />

-Family problems;<br />

-Management stress;<br />

Second Year MA Student Tsatsa Jorjiashvili<br />

Supervisor: Iuri Mgebrishvili Ph D.<br />

PR (PUBLIC RELATIONS) ROLE IN CULTURAL TOURISM<br />

DEVELOPMENT<br />

Summary<br />

In the term of significance of the resource potential Georgia is one of the<br />

distinguished countries the interest towards which has existed since olden<br />

times, and the legend of Argonauts speaks of it.<br />

During the last years cultural tourism is becoming especially important<br />

that is the best opportunity for acquainting with the other cultures.<br />

Cultural Tourism covers all these directions connected to the<br />

popularization of history, culture, ethnography, the spiritual and material cultural<br />

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heritage of the nation. This direction of Tourism enables tourists to make<br />

acquaintance with the historical and cultural heritage, our country is very rich<br />

of which.<br />

The maximal operation of the existing resources in Georgia is necessary<br />

for cultural tourism development.<br />

It is important that our country will launch the world-wide international<br />

PR Campaign aiming at popularization of cultural tourism direction that will be<br />

placed in the world leading television-channels and printing media with highquality<br />

advertising films and materials.<br />

With the aim of the inner tourism development it is necessary to create<br />

such TV broadcast or radio broadcast program that will provide the permanent<br />

promotion to the different tourism places of Georgia.<br />

It is significant to prepare advertisement materials, especially to print<br />

travelling maps, lists of the resorts of Georgia as brochures, guidelines of<br />

Hotels and Houses and etc. Therefore the informational web page is needed<br />

to be prepared.<br />

Much more active involvement of the governmental structures will support<br />

the development of cultural tourism in Georgia. Government is to play the<br />

leading role as politics has a great impact on the whole country and its society.<br />

Role of PR (Public Relations) in the development of cultural tourism is of<br />

great importance as without a vigorous involvement of the society tourism<br />

development will be impossible. And this is a prerogative of PR.<br />

For cultural tourism and tourism development in general PR aims:<br />

1) Awareness of Society,<br />

- Providing the information on the tourism products;<br />

- Formation of Travelling Companies and Product image.<br />

2) Persuasion,<br />

- Attracting to purchase a tour product;<br />

And changing the attitude towards it;<br />

Introduction of better reputation compared with the competitive product.<br />

3) Pressure on memory,<br />

- Permanent existence of the company and its product on the tourism<br />

market and what’s important maintaining its positive image.<br />

Diversity of Georgian nature and richness of the cultural-historical heritage<br />

give us an opportunity to make conclusion that Georgia has got a great potential<br />

to become an immense centre of cultural tourism in the world, though the<br />

implementation of it will be impossible without taking the interests of the<br />

society into account. PR (Public Relations) acquires greater and greater<br />

importance in this field and plays a particular role in the development of<br />

cultural tourism.<br />

Second Year MA Student: Tamar Pirosmanashvili<br />

Supervisor: Iuri Mgebrishvili Ph D.<br />

ART MARKET IN GEORGIAN GALLERIES<br />

Summary<br />

All creators must introduce their masterpieces to public for real<br />

appreciation. They need to keep their real names in art and became well known<br />

for society. They try to show their crafts using art galleries.<br />

Though only exhibitions can’t get the sources of existence, if art samples<br />

are not sold and art markets are not supported. Just for that it is the main to<br />

manage the activity of galleries and this management must be right.<br />

Nowadays political, economical and legislative problems in Georgia do<br />

not give the real possibilities to lots of private galleries to incarnate their<br />

whole plans.<br />

Generally, gallery important activity is exhibited service collaboration with<br />

painters, sculptures, making popularization of creators and their works.<br />

Unfortunately, our art markets can not give opportunity to galleries because<br />

of their low income which hardly improves their international standard<br />

installation. That’s why the galleries must investigate various sources of<br />

finance using sponsorship, benevolence, charity, state support (partly<br />

financing) or private capital.<br />

Commonly, all private gallery owners try to find out proper sponsors or<br />

supporters. They attempt to have competent, qualified personnel for having<br />

good relationship with creators and society members, making their works<br />

popular. They also try to advertise the masterpieces showing them on<br />

exhibitions or on sale. They must have good cooperation with mass media<br />

avoiding low quality exhibition arrangement.<br />

Georgian culture laws can not support art business development in<br />

Georgia. Unfortunately, art samples are not free of charge and they are taxed<br />

like any agricultural product. The state must have such laws to help the<br />

businessmen and all businessmen must be interested in art transferring<br />

investments in art business.<br />

Galleries must support all kind of art business exhibitions, commercial,<br />

advertising or charity business. Also they must have good collaboration with<br />

foreign courtiers to introduce them own culture and creation. One main step is<br />

made – participation in the International art market “Art Caucasus”.<br />

All in all, Creators’ work must be seen at first like art samples and than<br />

commercial investments.<br />

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Second Year MA Student Nino Kurashvili<br />

Supervisor: Iuri Mgebrishvili Ph D.<br />

RESEARCH OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ADVERTISMENT<br />

Summary<br />

Second Year MA Student Lika Kuparadze<br />

Supervisor: Iuri Mgebrishvili Ph D<br />

PR- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CINEMA FESTIVAL ,,SESILY”<br />

Summary<br />

The effective advertisment imply of the group art. Without the group,<br />

without the recource of the man the advertisemen t won’t become. The first<br />

thing what is advertisement company has to remember is the client, because<br />

the advertisment is made for clients and definitely the main subject is clients.<br />

The base of the advertisemnet estimation is to study and understand the<br />

behavoir of the clients. Which main goal is to study the essense and interests<br />

of the clients. If you don’t have enough information abour the behavoir of the<br />

clients there is possibility that you will face the great risk. Before making the<br />

advertisment the most importatnt information you have to know is: who is<br />

your clietn. which sources the one is using most often to receive the information,<br />

what is ones life style, how you can get one’s attention, and motivation for<br />

purchasing the product. Generally the main idea of the advertisment is to offer<br />

the client not only the product, but also the style of the life and the thinking,<br />

which is acctually define the purchase. With this the client is belongs or try to<br />

belong of the distinct social statum, seeks to such life style, of which the one<br />

was dreaming. The authors of the advertisment companies’ offer to client the<br />

some kind of values, the thoughts and have the influence on the choices. So<br />

they are participating to change the behavior of the society and from this<br />

taking part to form the modern culture. Presumably if the advertisemnt group<br />

will take in consideration all this and set this his main goal, do his best in<br />

experience and professionalizm, in this case the cultural life will be more various,<br />

valuable, dynamic, interesting and rich. Nowadays in the developed countries<br />

the advertisment is considered as an art and sience unity. For today we can<br />

suppose for sure that in a very near future the effectiveness of the advertisment<br />

will be the standart concept for Georgia and as it is considered in developed<br />

countries and it’s using won’t have any doubt.<br />

Generally the priority of the advertisement is its laconism and and fast<br />

result.<br />

The advertisemnt specialist has very difficult mission, he has to put lot of<br />

stuff in the advertisment’s little frame. Creativity is helping the specialist to do<br />

all this on a proffesional level. Creativity – is such a talent. such a ability,<br />

which the new or original idieas and thought are unite. It is proved that<br />

spectator perceive, remembers and understand the information better which<br />

is offere to them creativetly.<br />

Role of festivals is very significant for propagation and strengthening of<br />

cultural values. Festival Movement, appeared at the beginning of XX century,<br />

became very popular and now it attracts high attention of specialists and<br />

admirer in this field of art.<br />

The festival ,,Sesily’’ held in Tbilisi supports integration of different cultures<br />

and development of international relationships. Producers from different<br />

countries are able to familiarize with others, to share their experience and<br />

opinions. That is very important particularly for developing countries like<br />

Georgia; it is a good opportunity to develop our cinematography, to introduce<br />

Georgia to the whole world and vice versa.<br />

For implementation the mission and aims of the festival ,,Sesily’’ it is necessary<br />

to conduct appropriate PR campaign. It is clear that any PR campaign needs<br />

financial resources but at the same time successful PR campaign is guarantee<br />

for popularization of ,,Sesily’’ on the local and international market, for its<br />

development and growth.<br />

PR campaign of the festival ,,Sesily’’ should be implemented according the<br />

following scheme:<br />

Situation Assessment; Primary and secondary marketing research;<br />

Situational Analyse;<br />

Demography. Choosing the target market and determining of its major<br />

characteristics;<br />

Psychology. Environment Analyse (potential contractors and<br />

opponents) and formulation of tactics;<br />

Formation of purpose (what can be reached factually);<br />

Knowledge; relationship; behaviour; formulation of general strategy;<br />

Determining the possible results and forming the detailed plan;<br />

Formulation a massage for society and selection of communication<br />

channels;<br />

Testing the selected massage (focus-groups, interviews);<br />

Implementation of campaign;<br />

Estimation of campaign’s effectiveness.<br />

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PR companies or individual PR specialists existing today usually follow<br />

their personal ethic code that can be justified in some cases, but sometimes<br />

personal values oppose international values. That is why all PR companies<br />

and specialists should take in consideration European (Lisbon) code of<br />

professional behaviour in PR.<br />

Second Year MA Student Nino Sharmiashvili<br />

Supervisor: Iuri Mgebrishvili Ph D.<br />

AUDIENCE AT TENDANCE PROBLEM IN ACADEMIC THEATRES<br />

Summary<br />

Georgian theatre has a special, unique history. However, the aim of my research<br />

is not to learn the history of Georgian theatre but to focus on one particular<br />

problem. This problem is attendance problem in modern Georgian academic<br />

theatres.<br />

To find out what kind of viewers attend shows in a particular theatre, their<br />

personal taste and what kind of performance they prefer and attend the most<br />

inquiries among viewers must be made in this theatre. It is also important that<br />

the manager of the theatre must be a professional cultural manager. The<br />

manager should come up with the company strategy and review the internal<br />

documentation quite often.<br />

A manager can use data received from the box-office or the documentation<br />

presented by the clients. It is also important that the Public Relations manager<br />

is a professional too. Public Relations manager is in charge of information<br />

exchange and communication with the public. The success of the theatre<br />

depends on this person. This manager should manage a PR campaign so that<br />

all of the viewers are interested and the performance is not aimed only at a<br />

certain part of an audience.<br />

Internal organization structure is also very important for the theatrical<br />

management as it is a very complex link in the chain. Creative sector plays a<br />

key role in the management along with the technical and general administrative<br />

sectors. Creative sector is in fact the core of the theatre as it defines the main<br />

principle of the theatre, its repertoire, actors and creative control. Technical<br />

sector is in charge of the technical part of the performance (e.g. lighting,<br />

props, sound editing etc.). As for the administrative sector, it involves<br />

accounting and commercial services.<br />

The theatre goes a long way to prepare each show. This is called Theatrical<br />

Production Cycle and involves multiple stages (e.g. choosing a theme of the<br />

play, preparation of the play, performance preparation, joining aspects,<br />

marketing plan, premiere and post premiere data analysis).<br />

Theoretical and practical marketing and management skills are needed for the<br />

success of the theatre. The most important thing in theatrical management is<br />

dealing with internal organizational issues. In case of the correct theatrical<br />

management structure, the manager of the organization controls every link of<br />

the management chain and actions undertaken by any one of these links are<br />

helping the success of the whole company.<br />

Georgian theatre is in need of a large audience. The audience needs a good<br />

performance which in turn involves an interesting play, a professional team<br />

and a lot of work. All of this in my opinion will eventually eliminate the lack of<br />

viewers in the academic theatres of Georgia and every performance will be<br />

sold out.<br />

Second Year MA Student Mariam Tschumburidze<br />

Supervisor: Iuri Mgebrishvili Ph D.<br />

SEVERAL PROBLEMS OF MANAGEMENT IN MODERN ART<br />

Summary<br />

The presented work discusses particular management problems of culture<br />

and art branch in modern society.<br />

The shocking changes in social-political, economic, ecological and cultural<br />

branch of our epoch, changes priorities and ways of their realization. Pragmatic<br />

ideas are opening new ways of achieving one’s aims, among which penetrating<br />

spheres of influence, obtaining power, and achieving material well-being have<br />

become preferable.<br />

Goals of modern culture and art, the ways for achieving them, the system<br />

of management and so on have changed.<br />

It’s impossible to discuss modern management independently from<br />

successful management.<br />

340 3<strong>41</strong>

Culture and its non-profitable sector in which theatre and art in general is<br />

meant can not be discussed among commercial field.<br />

It’s difficult to speak about any system and organization of theatres today<br />

because of not having state policy of art. A range of subjects can’t be solved<br />

without the support of the government.<br />

It’s desirable for the manager to have all the qualities of the leader for the<br />

successful management of the theatre, creating proper organizational<br />

environment that will naturally stipulate normal functioning of the theatre that<br />

depends on the ability of the manager to make proper decision in every particular<br />

case, foresee the direction of the organization, make the right organizational<br />

plan, motivation and human recourses management, financial management is<br />

also related to him.<br />

In State theaters financed by the Ministry of Culture finances are<br />

distributed on concrete projects and utilitarian necessities as keeping the<br />

building, light and so on. As a result very small sum is remained for staging<br />

new performances. Solving the problem depends on skillful management and<br />

marketing. By finding a specific permanent sponsor. Arranging this will be<br />

obviously reflected in the quality of staged performances.<br />

Attention of the managers of the theatre should be paid to altering ways<br />

of attracting audience, taking their wishes into consideration. To achieve<br />

these goals questionnaires can be used, investigation of the interests of modern<br />

audience and planning the repertoire accordingly.<br />

In the discussed context, problems of theatre, modern Georgian<br />

cinematography, imitative arts and so on are also of great importance.<br />

It would be desirable for Georgian culture and art often to take part in<br />

international contests, exhibitions, and so on for its popularization.<br />

Because the existing static environment in Georgia and economic crisis<br />

threatens cultural organizations and the development of art and culture in<br />

general, it is important to change the whole system, elaborate state policy of<br />

supporting culture and art and do high level management of art and marketing.<br />

Second Year MA Student Nino Khutsishvili<br />

Supervisor: Iuri Mgebrishvili Ph D.<br />

INTERNET-TECHNOLOGIES IN MARKETING<br />

Summary<br />

Information-Communication Global technologies developing process is<br />

very dynamic, and its potential is dimensionally growing. Internet, the world<br />

global net, is a useful tool to develop any kind of business. The advantages<br />

are: easily reachable, fast, confidential, and cheap. It is obligatory to use in<br />

practical work in nowadays. It gives us opportunity to find information easily<br />

and quickly.<br />

The aims of marketing in culture is oriented on, first of all, identifying a<br />

market, the studying it, and finally, growing the marketing manager, first of all,<br />

is the advertisement in the internet which less expensive, plus it helps to<br />

present a new product.<br />

Nowadays, in the internet, there is much information on different<br />

organizations, analytical, financial, and economic, etc. The results of marketing<br />

survey, conducted through internet, show that the organization quite fast.<br />

Thus, the organization’s website, and its visual design are crucial; the design<br />

should be simple and understandable and the most important – easily<br />

perceptible by the consumer.<br />

The internet is a global communication tool for providing the exchange of<br />

textual, graphical, audio/video information. It is an effective survey tool -<br />

development of the internet altered management approach in business and<br />

marketing.<br />

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PhD Program connect cultural differences and organize great arts festivals etc. Arts<br />

managers explain that it is possible to identify, manage and benefit from<br />

cultural differences. Perhaps a common culture can lead the way to greater<br />

shared values and political unity.<br />

First Year Ph D. Student Nino Azmaiparashvili<br />

Supervisor: Iuri Mgebrishvili Ph D.<br />

THE MANAGEMENT OF CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION<br />

Summary<br />

The world civilizations interchange and transformation, during the being<br />

continual current processes of mankind, is passing in activity by the local<br />

civilization. Globalization is result of the long historical processes. Today the<br />

unprecedented development of communication, transportation and computer<br />

technologies gives processes new stimulation.<br />

The improvement of sciences and technique what provokes fast growth of<br />

communications, increased processes of integration between communities.<br />

After as a result there was a globalization their various of typical habits,<br />

culture, lifestyles and other elements.<br />

Globalization is cultural phenomenon what includes in the redistribution of<br />

ideas, value systems, histories by the spread information in the all earth.<br />

In the world market are shown new united consumer spaces where local<br />

cultures and identities were lost roots and will be changed from product and<br />

advertisement of multinational corporations. The Internet, satellites and TV<br />

are sweeping away cultural boundaries.<br />

The workforce has become more multicultural as a result of globalization. As<br />

a result of communication simplification and technical improved are formed<br />

multicultural society and spread values, norms, and culture tends to promote<br />

Western ideals of capitalism. Perhaps local cultures inevitably will be fall<br />

victim to this global “consumer” culture. But there is a fear perhaps<br />

globalisation will be the end of cultural diversity.<br />

George Ritzer most known in the globalization theory offers possible results<br />

of cultural development in the processes of globalization: Cultural<br />

differentialism, Cultural convergence, and Cultural hybridization.<br />

To not lose the roots of local cultures and identities, globalization demands<br />

culture management necessity.<br />

Arts managers today Cannot deny processes of globalization. They can<br />

moves more quickly and spread the information about cultural products, to<br />

As a result of right management cultural differences will be help to the<br />

building of a global village. Perhaps global culture can preserves the unique<br />

and necessity and will rise the influence on social groups. Globalization<br />

make managing culture a must and Cultural management will enables art and<br />

culture.<br />

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TRADITIONAL ARTS<br />

MA Program<br />

GEORGIAN CHOREOGRAPHY STUDIES<br />

ETHNO-COREOLOGIST<br />

Second Year MA Student Aleko Gelashvili<br />

Supervisor: Anano Samsonadze Ph D.<br />

E<br />

ENTREPRENEURS OF BALL DANCES IN GEORGIA<br />

(Tengiz and Larisa Gachechiladze)<br />

Summary<br />

Ball and Sports Dances are 10 best dances chosen out of the modern ball<br />

choreography program, with 5 of them as European dances (`Slow waltz’,<br />

`Tango’, `Waltz’, `Foxtrot’, `Quickstep’) and 5 as Latin-American dances<br />

(`Samba’, `Cha-cha-cha’, `Rumba’, Pasadobl’, `Jive’).<br />

The principal feature distinguishing these dances from others is that they<br />

are subject to sports competitions with a judge’s institution.<br />

In Georgia, the sports competition in ball dances was laid a foundation to<br />

in 1976. Before that (after the I Republican Competition in 1972), the school of<br />

these dances was divided into two groups: `Ball-and-domestic’ dances headed<br />

by Mikheil Kapiev and `ball-and-sports’ dances headed by Tengiz<br />

Gachechiladze.<br />

A greatest contribution to the spread and propagation of the ball dances<br />

was made by Tengiz Gachechiladze, the president of the National Federation<br />

of Sports Dances of Georgia and Head of the company `Tela’, a choreographer<br />

and international judge.<br />

The aim of the work is to tell a reader about Mr. Tengiz Gachechiladze, his<br />

wife Larisa Gachechiladze, their family and business as far as possible’.<br />

We say `as far as possible’ because this work is the first step in the<br />

investigation of the given topic in Georgia. Therefore, we ask a reader many<br />

apologies because of possible scarcity or inaccuracy of the information.<br />

Readers’ views and notes are welcomed!<br />

Second Year MA Student Eka Geliashvili<br />

Supervisor: Anano Samsonadze Ph D.<br />

E<br />

SYMBOLISM OF “MULTI STORY” PERKHULI DANCE<br />

Summary<br />

Constructed around the multi story principle and having a unique form a<br />

circular Perkhuli was widespread in most part of Georgia.<br />

Research material makes it clear that these Perkhuli dances are constructed<br />

by men only and have a form of two or three story construction. Number of<br />

participants is not limited. Judging from the complex structure of Perkhuli leg<br />

movement of its participants is quite primitive. Its song has two voices in it.<br />

Perkhuli ends with the motion of a circle and this is done with singing. The<br />

above mentioned Perkhuli dances have an identical form despite their<br />

differences in content.<br />

Symbolic content of a multi story Perkhuli dance has generated a lot of<br />

debate among scientists. Some of them view the dance as having a war spirit,<br />

others view it as a symbol of fertility and connect it with star symbolism.<br />

Based on material, historic and literary sources we can conclude that,<br />

every multi story circular Perkhuli is directly connected with the origins of<br />

fertility – the Sun, which manifests itself in the structural form of the dance, its<br />

title and remaining signs in text materials.<br />

As for the different interpretation of a unifying symbol, which itself<br />

amounts to different contents of Perkhuli dances, we can explain this in a<br />

following way: Supposedly, the original content of the symbol has lost its<br />

importance and has acquired a war spirit over time having eventually transformed<br />

into a common form of entertainment. The form itself has remained unchanged,<br />

which is not surprising judging from the character of the symbol itself.<br />

The spatial configuration of the circular Perkhuli is closely linked with<br />

Georgian cosmic world outlook. Supposedly, the upper and lower stories of<br />

Perkhuli represent the sky and the earth. The same can be applied in case of a<br />

three story Perkhuli: The sky, the earth and the underworld. We suppose that<br />

the multi story Perkhuli represents the model of the universe, a unique model<br />

of the universe as perceived by Georgian people. It was kind of a<br />

communication, connection place for the upper and lower worlds represented<br />

in Georgian mythology by the sacred tree, “Dedabodzi” and others. It is a<br />

ladder for the Gods and maybe even a representation of their earthly dwelling<br />

place. The Sun itself is a divinity, mother of all living.<br />

At the end I would like to state, that decoding symbolism of multi story<br />

Perkhuli in the way of perceiving it as a model of universe is not mentioned in<br />

any of the works by Georgian choreographers.<br />

346 347

Second Year MA Student Tamar Munjishvili<br />

(Currently First Year Ph D. Student)<br />

Supervisor: Oleg Alavidze Ph D.<br />

ON CHILDREN’S PROGRAMS IN CHOREOGRAPHY<br />

Summary<br />

Discussing the problems of the children’s choreography takes us to the<br />

conclusion that there are too many problems to be solved in that sphere. They<br />

must be solved successively with the ideas of the competent specialists. All<br />

in these must be interfered not only the choreographers but the specialists of<br />

pedagogic, psychologists, physiologists, ethnographers and so on.<br />

That’s why I think that there must be planed and conducted the trainings for<br />

the children’s choreographs. After that the results and the interesting<br />

experiences must be described and published as a book as there is very little<br />

methodic literature about the children’s choreography. There are only<br />

“Recommendations for the Working of the School Children’s choreography”<br />

by Roman Chokhonelidze, “Folk Choreographic Art in the Matter of the pupil’s<br />

upbringing” by Revaz Chanishvili, “Thinking about Georgian Choreography”<br />

and “Letters about the Choreography” by the same author. There is spoken in<br />

these works about the specific of the working with children, the meaning of<br />

the right compiling of the repertoire and the different methods of the teaching.<br />

The new books will help to be solved many problems in this matter. There<br />

must be created and improved the repertoire for the children which must be<br />

based on the games, tales, legends and the stories already being in Georgian<br />

existence. I think that their treatment for the stage will create interesting and<br />

easy to access choreographic patterns for children. To do these patterns will<br />

be more funny, cognitive and easy to overcome for children. To do such kind<br />

of repertoire will not cause psychological and physiological problems which<br />

are during the doing of the adults repertoire by children.<br />

Drama Faculty<br />

MA Program<br />

CREATIVE TEACHING<br />

First Year MA Student Tamar Pirosmanashvili<br />

Supervisor: David Kobaxidze Ph D.<br />

IMPORTANCE OF CHOREOGRAPHY IN THEATRE<br />

The aim of my article is to deeply study the role of choreography in the<br />

theatre, it’s history and developmental levels, which was influenced by the<br />

way of live, style, habits, manners and etc. Certainly, the main aim of this<br />

article is not only historical review. Base of searched material, we try to show<br />

the clear role and ability of choreography in the performance. The<br />

choreography of the play should consider the main idea of the performance,<br />

personage’s character and conflict. The choreography must obey the idea of<br />

performance. Naturally, the examples of effective choreography are described<br />

in the work for much illustration, where the dance is used not only as the<br />

show, but as the continuation of the scenic act, which is described by plastic<br />

language. We try to introduce only one chapter of our future work, where we<br />

will describe the examples of effective choreography in films and plays.<br />

I think that there are much more research problems in the children’s<br />

choreography than it appears at one sight. There is hope that in the future will<br />

be not only one specialist who will be interested in that problem and will<br />

seriously think to solve them.<br />

348 349

THE VANO SARAJISHVILI TBILISI<br />

STATE CONSERVATORY<br />

MUSIC STUDIES<br />

First Year MA Student of Music Studies Tamar Mikadze<br />

Supervisor: Associated Professor Marina Kavtaradze<br />

ISSUES OF INTERRELATIONSHIP<br />

BETWEEN JAZZ AND CLASSICAL MUSIC<br />

Summary<br />

The given article concerns research of relations between jazz and classical<br />

music. Our objective is to define the tendencies, in which the process of this<br />

relation is distinctly revealed influencing jazz and academic music; the report<br />

considers what common and distinguishing features they have. On one hand,<br />

such jazz currencies originated as a result of interaction defined as “jazzing”,<br />

“Jazzing the Classics” and “Baroque Jazz”, and on the other hand, works of<br />

academic music of the XX century, originated as a result of this relation. Jazz<br />

was enriched with classics, symphonic, chamber music. Such examples are as<br />

follows: works of Gershwin, Stravinsky, Ravelli, Milhaud, Polyanskiy, Cowell,<br />

Villa-Lobos, Schnittke, Kvernadze, Kancheli, V. Kakhidze, Bardanashvili and<br />

others works. As a result of merging of jazz and classics the verges between<br />

classical and jazz players are broken down.<br />

First Year MA Student Ms. Maia Sigua<br />

Supervisor: Assistant Professor Ketevan Bolashvili, Ph.D.<br />

THE ANTIQUE TRAGEDY IN XX CENTURY MUSICAL AND STAGE<br />

WORKS ISSUES OF GENRE INTERPRETATION<br />

Summary<br />

In the history of mankind the cultural inheritance of ancient Greece, one<br />

of the first high-developed civilizations, has many times become the source of<br />

inspiration for the greatest artists of various nations. The birth of Opera at<br />

bound of XVI-XVII centuries is just connected with an attempt to restore the<br />

ancient music. The greatest interest to the ancient music that begun four<br />

hundred years ago has several times improved itself, especially last century.<br />

In our topic we shall try to refer our attention to the opuses, having the<br />

characteristic science of Opera, that are based on the works of the greatest<br />

Greek Tragedy writers. We shall discuss how the most actual themes of all<br />

time are interpreted in modern time and space. In this respect we shall also pay<br />

attention to “Oedipus Rex” By Igor Stravinsky; “Antigone” by Arthur<br />

Honegger ; “Antigone” by Carl Orff and also”Oresteia”by Iannis Xenakis.<br />

First Year Ph D. student Ms. Ketevan Chitadze<br />

Supervisor: Associate Professor Ketevan Bolashvili, Ph.D.<br />

SEARCH FOR NEW GENRE MODELS IN THE 20TH CENTURY MUSIC<br />

Summary<br />

The present paper explores some issues related to the drastic<br />

transformation of the genre category in the 20th century music. As a matter of<br />

fact, the 20th century music, like other field of art, was subject to the series of<br />

processes that led to defragmentation of thraditional ganre models. The paper<br />

aims at identifing the replacement of existing, century-old paradigm and any<br />

newly created genres.<br />

The paper reviews the following musical pieces whose’s titles are not<br />

genre oriented and bear abstract character: Hyperprism by Edgard Varèse,<br />

Notationen by Pierre Boulez, Kreuzspiel by Karlheinz Stokhausen, Match by<br />

Mauricio Kagel and Rioanji by John Cage. The pieces that had been selected<br />

for analysis are oriented on most general principles. We purposefully avoided<br />

those pieces whose titles would indicated their link to specific program.<br />

The analysis has revealed within the context of total individualism there<br />

are number of common characteristics and reasonability as well as links between<br />

titles of musical pieces and thris structure, dramatic development and the<br />

language of music. Therefore, in the musical pieces similar to those above<br />

listed, the title generally determines the form, content, dramatic development<br />

and that is the reason it equals to genre definition.<br />

350 351

First Year Ph D. student Ms. Eka Tchabashvili<br />

Supervisor: Associate Professor Nodar Mamisashvili<br />

ATOMIC-NUCLEAR COMPOSITION TECHNIQUE<br />

Summary<br />

The XX century offered a significant amount of scientific innovations, which<br />

influenced the world culture including music. As a result a large number of<br />

science oriented composers appeared in the world of art, as well as hybrid<br />

artists. These and similar events prepare the mankind for so called “United<br />

Thinking”.<br />

In the epoch of Genetics and Atomic Physics the musical thinking reflects the<br />

most important achievements of these spheres. The Paper reviews a hypothesis<br />

on the musical genes and genetic codes. The author describes different arts<br />

of musical genes - Phonogene, Intragene (including Euphony), Hologene -<br />

and classifies the musical codes enciphered in the Overtones’ series.<br />

The Paper aims at analyzing the new “atomic-nuclear composition technique”,<br />

which emerged in the heart of Meditative Music. The Meditative Music<br />

represents the art of composition, where the musical materials with the different<br />

“psycho-times” are disposed in the different space layers.<br />

The basic structural and mental principles of the “atomic-nuclear composition<br />

technique” are metaphorically connected with the rules of the nuclear Physics.<br />

The paper describes the so called “Enriched Tone” (f. e. A flat – B sharp), the<br />

expressive methods of the “atomic-nuclear music” and the characteristics of<br />

these composition techniques.<br />

352

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