soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisoxumis saxelmwifo universitetisS r o m e b iIXekonomikur mecnierebaTa seriagamomcemloba `meridiani”Tbilisi — 2011

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebis IX tomSi (ekonomikurmecnierebaTa seria) warmodgenilia universitetis TanamSromelTasamecniero Sromebi ekonomikuri mecnierebis sxvadasxva mimar-Tulebebisa da biznesis administrirebis aqtualur problemebze.krebuli gankuTvnilia rogorc Sesabamisi dargebis specialistebisada studentebisaTvis, ise farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis.soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisSromebismTavari saredaqcio sabWo: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,profesori joni afaqiZe (Tavmjdomare); fizika-maTematikismecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori malxaz aSordia; istoriisdoqtori, asocirebuli profesori lia axalaZe; samarTlisdoqtori, asocirebuli profesori vefxvia gvaramia; istoriismecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori zurab papasqiri (Tavmjdomarismoadgile); qimiis doqtori, profesori zurab faCulia;filosofiis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori elguja qavTaraZe;filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori leda qobalia;ekonomikis doqtori, profesori daviT jalaRonia.ekonomikur mecnierebaTa seriissaredaqcio kolegia: ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,profesori revaz xarebava (mTavari redaqtori); ekonomikurmecnierebaTa doqtori, asoc. profesori revaz basaria;ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori giorgi berulava;asoc. profesori madona gelaSvili (pasuxismgebeli mdivani);asoc. profesori larisa TakalanZe; ekonomikur mecnierebaTadoqtori, profesori zurab lipartia; asoc. profesori deviSonia, asoc. profesori daviT jalaRonia.© soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti — 2011

SOKHUMI STATE UNIVERSITYPROCEEDINGS OF SOKHUMI STATEUNIVERSITYIXS e r i e s o f E c o n o m i c a l S c i e n c e sPublishing House “Meridiani”Tbilisi – 2011

The IX volume of “PROCEEDINGS OF SOKHUMI STATE UNIVER-SITY” (Economical Sciences Series) represents the researches Sokhumi StateUniversities emploee’s on the topical issues about actual problems of developmenteconomics of country.The edition is intended for the specialists, students, and general readers.CHIEF EDITORIAL COUNCIL OF “PROCEEDINGS OFSOKHUMI STATE UNIVERSITY”:Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Joni Apakidze (Head of theCouncil); PhD in History, Associate Professor Lia Akhaladze; Doctor ofPhysico-Mathematical Sciences, Professor Malkhaz Ashordia; PhD inLaw, Associate Professor Vepkhvia Gvaramia, PhD in Philosophy, AssociateProfessor Elguja Kavtaradze, Doctor of Philological Sciences,Professor Leda Kobalia; PhD in Economics, Professor David Jalagonia;PhD in Chemistry, Professor Zurab Pachulia; Doctor of Historical Sciences,Professor Zurab Papaskiri (Deputy head of Council).EDITORIAL BOARD OF ECONOMICALSCIENCES SERIESDoctor of Economical Sciences, Professor Revaz Kharebava (Editor-in-Chief),Doctor of Economical Sciences, Associate Professor RevazBasaria; Doctor of Economical Sciences, Professor George Berulava;PhD in Economics, Associate Professor Madona Gelashvili, PhD inEconomics, Associate Professor Davit Jalagonia; Doctor of EconomicalSciences, Professor Zurab Lipartia PhD in Economics, Associate ProfessorDevi Shonia; PhD in Economics, Associate Professor Larisa Takalandze.© Sokhumi State University – 2011

S i n a a r s ie k o n o m i k a: T e o r i a d a p r a q t i k arevaz xarebava. agraruli warmoebis aRorZinebissafuZveli kooperatiuli da integrirebuliorganizaciuli formirebebis ganviTarebaa ......................... 9revaz basaria. gadasaxadis arsis da mniSvnelobissworad gagebisaTvis ...................................................................... 28madona gelaSvili. SromiTi bazris formirebis ZiriTadiaspeqtebi ............................................................................................ 34zurab lipartia, maia gelaSvili, roin TaTeSvili.regionis konkurentunarianobis strategiulianalizi da Sefasebis indeqsebi .................................................. 40murman kvaracxelia. ilia WavWavaZisa da niko nikolaZisekonomikuri Sexedulebani da saqarTvelos erovnuliekonomikis sakiTxebi ...................................................................... 45irma molaSxia. sasursaTo usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofasaqarTveloSi ................................................................................... 51biznesis administrirebadaviT jalaRonia. obligaciebis aRricxva .............................. 59devi Sonia. klientebTan urTierTobebis marTvisTanamedrove (CRM) sistemada misi roliTanamedrove biznesSi .................................................................... 65emzar kakulia. biznesis Rirebulebis Sefasebismidgomebi da standartebi ........................................................... 73irma dixaminjia. strategiuli cvlilebebi da menejmenti. 82jandri zarandia. sameurneo meqanizmi — rogorcekonomikuri urTierTobebis sistema ....................................... 88larisa TakalanZe. menejmenti rogorckonkurentunarianobiszrdis wyaro ......................................... 95marina tabataZe. ganviTarebis strategiis finansurielementebi TviTmmarTvel erTeulebSi .................................. 99marine xubua. komerciul bankebSi finansuri analizisCatarebis organizaciis srulyofis sakiTxebi ..................... 105nana kacitaZe. sawarmoo organizaciebis sareklamosaqmianobis efeqtianoba ............................................................... 111nino xarebava. sawarmoo firmis finansuri strategiulimiznebis formirebis algoriTmi ............................................... 1185

Teimuraz Sengelia. globalizacia da saerTaSorisobiznesis marTva CineTSi ................................................................ 125zurab lipartia, eliso lanCava. ekonomikuriorganizaciis (sawarmos) marTvis srulyofis sakiTxebipeter drukeris efeqtiani menejmentis principebiskonteqstSi ........................................................................................ 135kvali naTelilorik marSania ................................................................................... 150revaz xarebava. mcire mogoneba kolegaze da megobarze.lorik marSania ................................................................................ 154avtorebi .............................................................................................. 161avtorebi (inglisur enaze) ............................................................. 1626

C O N T E N T SEconomics: Theory and PracticeRevaz Kharebava. The Development of Cooperat and IntegratedOrganizations is the Base of the Agricultural Revival .............................. 9Revaz Basaria. For the Correctly Understanding of the TaxationEssence ...................................................................................................... 28Madona Gelashvili. Aspects of Labor Market Formation ......................... 34Zurab Lipartia, Maia Gelashvili, Roin Tateshvili. Strategic Analysisand Estimation Index of the Regions Competitiveness ............................. 40Murman Kvaratskhelia. Economical Views Of Ilia Chavchavadzeand Niko Nikoladze and Georgian National Economic Issues ................. 45Irma Molashkhia. Food Security in Georgia .........................................… 51Business AdministrationDavid Jalagonia. Accounting of the Bonds …............................................ 59Devi Shonia. The Customer Relationship Management System (CRM)and its Impact on the Profitability of Companies ...................................... 65Emzar Kakulia. Business Value of Assessment Approaches andStandards ................................................................................................... 73Irma Dikhaminjia. Strategic Changes and Management ........................... 82Jandri Zarandia. Economic Mechanism – as the System of EconomicRelations .................................................................................................... 88Larisa Takalandze. Management as a Source of Competition Growth .... 95Marina Tabatadze. Financial Elements of Self-Governments’Development Strategy ............................................................................... 99Marine Khubua. Issues of Improvement of Financial Analysisat the Commercial Banks .......................................................................... 105Nana Katsitadze. Advertising Effectiveness of Enterpriseson Georgian Market .................................................................................. 111Nino Kharebava. The Algorithm of Formation of Strategic Goalsof Organization .......................................................................................... 118Teimuraz Shengelia. Globalizacion and Management of InternationalBusiness in China ...................................................................................... 125Zurab Lipartia, Eliso Lanchava. Some Practical ConsiderationsOn Strategic Management Of Corporations In The ContextOf Peter Drucker Effective Management Principles ................................. 1357

Blessed MemoryLorik Marshania ........................................................................................ 150Revaz Kharebava. Short Memory about My Colleguae and Friend.Lorik Marshania ....................................................................................... 154Authors (In Georgian) ................................................................................ 161Authors ....................................................................................................... 1628

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. IX. 2010ekonomikur mecnierebaTa seriae k o n o m i k a: T e o r i a d a p r a q t i k arevaz xarebavaagraruli warmoebis aRorZinebis safuZvelikooperatiuli da integrirebuli organizaciuliformirebebis ganviTarebaaqveynis agraruli warmoebis aRorZinebis problemebis ganxilvismTels periodSi mogvixda mravali, urTierTgamomricxavi,zedapiruli programebis, winadadebebisa da komentarebismosmena. Tanac gakvirveba gamoiwvia im garemoebam, rom arc erTprofesional ekonomists, romelic ki garkveulia soflisa dasoflis meurneobis warmoebis anatomiaSi, Sesabamisad, problemebSida gaTviTcnobierebuli aqvs maTi gadawyvetis mimarTulebebi,am procesSi monawileoba ar miuRia.problemis aqtualurobidan gamomdinare, dagvianebiT, magrammainc CavTvaleT saWirod, rom gamogveTqva Cveni mosazreba(sakuTari praqtikuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT) sasoflo-sameurneowarmoebis aRorZinebis safuZvelTa safuZvlisSesaxeb. saubaria ganviTarebul qveynebSi aprobirebul agraruliwarmoebis organizaciuli formebis saqarTvelos soflismeurneobaSi danergvis aucileblobaze, rac adre Tugvian gardauvalia. yoveli dagvianebuli dRe qveynis soflismeurneobas aSorebs aRorZinebis realuri perspeqtivebidan.aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia soflis meurneobis saministromSeimuSaos moqmedebis gegma am mimarTulebiT. miTumetes,rom aRmosavleT evropis postsocialistur qveynebSi aqtiuradinergeba mowinave qveynebSi aprobirebuli agraruliwarmoebis organizaciuli formebi.didi xnispraqtikuli gamocdilebis analizidan gamomdinarearasworad migvaCnia imis mtkiceba, rom SeuZlebelia qveynissoflis meurneobis aRorZineba SevZloT mxolod ojaxuri(fermeruli) meurneobebis bazaze. imitom, rom erTis mxriv,ojaxuri (fermeruli) interesebi nakarnaxevia misi bunebiT damimarTulia sakuTari keTildReobis (materialuri moTxovnebisda Tavisufali drois) zrdaze da ara sasursaTo bazris gajerebaze.meore — meurneobriobis am formiT arc erT ganviTarebulqveyanaSi soflis meurneobis warmoebis ganviTarebasdRevandel donemde ar miuRwevia. mesame — miuxedavad pirveliori Tezisisa, ojaxur (fermerul) meurneobas ukavia sakmaod9

didi adgili yvela qveynis soflis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisprocesSi. igi asaqmebs mosaxleobis did nawils, unar-Cunebs qveyanas erovnul TviTmyofadobas, tradiciebs, kulturasda aseve Seaqvs garkveuli wvlili qveynis mosaxleobis sursaTiTdakmayofilebis saqmeSi. swored, amiT aris gamowveuliqveynebis zrunva mTlianad soflis ganviTarebaze, romlis Semadgenelinawili aris ojaxuri meurneobebi. rasakvirveliaaseT midgomas saWiroebs qarTuli soflis ganviTarebac.magram es sul sxva problemaa, vidre sursaTis bazris formireba.amitom strategiul Secdomad migvaCnia dRes qarTulsinamdvileSi sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis ojaxuri (fermerul)meurneobisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba. qveynis statistikisdepartamentis erTi monacemiT saqarTvelos soflis meurneobaSifunqcionirebs 600 aTasi ojaxuri fermeruli meurneoba,1 meore monacemiT 800 aTasi da mesame — 726 aTasi. 2 miuxedavadcifrebis aseTi gansxvavebulobisa es niSnavs imas, romsoflad mcxovrebi yoveli ojaxi mikuTvnebulia meurneobriobisojaxur (fermerul) formas, rac SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rogorcTanamedrove moTxovnebis araadekvatur movlenad. 3evrokavSiris qveynebSi miRebulia ojaxuri (fermeruli)meurneobis erTiani ekonomikuri zoma (90-iani wlebis meorenaxevris monacemebiT is Seadgenda 1200 evros), romlis mixedvi-Tac xorcieldeba ojaxisaTvis fermeruli meurneobis statusismikuTvneba. aSS-Si aseve miRebulia maCvenebelTa sistema,romelic gansazRvravs meurneobriobis fermeruli formis mikuTvnebiswess (fermaSi daxarjuli Sroma ar unda iyos saerTodaxarjuli Sromis 50%-ze naklebi da realizebuli produqciaaranakleb 1000 aSS dolaris moculobiT. rasac misi dadgenismomentSi Seesabameboda ori msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis, an 4heqtarze warmoebuli xorblis, an 1 heqtarze warmoebuli simindisRirebuleba). ruseTSi glexuri (fermeruli) meurneobebigamijnulia piradi damxmare sawarmoebis cnebidan, ris SedegadacqveyanaSi, romelsac gaaCnia 230 mln heqtari savarguli,1statistikuri weliwdeuli 2008. saqarTvelos statistikuri departamenti.Tb., 2009, gv. 179.2saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba. statistikuri publikacia 2009. Tb.,2010. gv. 22.3 sxva monacemebiT 1992 w. 772,5 aT. soflad mcxovrebi komls gadaeca763 aT. sasoflo-sameurneo savarguli, saSualod komlze — 0,89 ha,xolo 1996 w. monacemebiT 40, 2 aT. moijares gadaeca sargeblobaSi 471aT. sasoflo-sameurneo savarguli (saSualod 1 moijareze 11,8 ha). 4,2aT. iuridiul pirs ijaraSi gadaeca 432 aT. ha, saSualod 102,9 ha. (ix.: g.doRonaZe. miwis reorma saqarTveloSi: mimdinareoba da Sedegebi. —saqarTvelos ekonomikur-mecnierebaTa akademiis Sromebi, VIII. Tb.,2010, gv. 297-298).10

fermerTa raodenoba ar aRemateba 300 aTas erTeuls. 1 msgavsadzemoT moyvanili magaliTebisa aucilebelia, saqarTveloSicmoxdes fermeruli meurneobisa da ojaxuri piradi meurneobebiserTmaneTisagan gamijvna. rasakvirvelia, es forma darCebamoZravi sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo, radgan adgili eqneba erTikategoriis meurneobis gadasvlas meore kategoriaSi. mTavariais, rom Cven yovelTvis gvecodineba ra procesebi mimdinareobssoflis meurneobaSi da rogori struqturiT aris is warmodgeniliqveynis sursaTis bazris formirebis procesSi. dRes saqar-TveloSi ojaxur-fermerul meurneobebSi produqciis saxeebismixedviT iwarmoeba produqciis 92-dan 100%-mde. 2 amavdroulad,Camoyalibebulia myari tendencia aRniSnuli formis wilis wlidanwlamde sul ufro zrdis. es momenti mTlianobaSi ganviTarebulqveynebSi mimdinare analogiuri procesebis sawinaaRmdegoa.Cveni xedviT is Zalisxmeva, romelsac qarTuli saxelmwifoavlens soflis meurneobis kvlavwarmoebis aRorZinebisaTvisZiriTadad asaxavs agraruli politikis swor veqtorebs. Tumcadargis arsebuli mdgomareobis analizidan irkveva problema,romelic warmoadgens qarTuli agraruli warmoebis aRorZinebissafuZvelTa safuZvels, ratomRac rCeba yuradRebis miRma.saubaria agrarul warmoebaSi farTod gavrcelebul arafinansursameurneo meqanizmze-kooperatiul da integraciul-organizaciulformebze, romelTa efeqtianobis xarisxi arc erTqveyanaSi ar badebs eWvs, Tundac imitom, rom dRes ganviTarebulqveynebSi problemaa ara sursaTis bazris gajereba, aramedxSir SemTxvevaSi Warbwarmoebis Tavidan acileba saxelmwifosCarevis safuZvelze, rac metyvelebs dasaxelebuli organizaciuliformebis maRal efeqtianobaze.Tu Cven gvsurs saxelmwifos xelSemwyobi Zalisxmeva, pirvelrigSi misma finansurma da fasismierma RonisZiebebma maT-Tvis dakisrebuli Sedegebi mogvces, dadebiTad unda gadawydesmeurneobriobis mravalferovnebis damkvidreba, rac aucilebladuzrunvelyofs safinanso-sakredito da fasismieri meqanizmebisefeqtianad gamoyenebas.bunebrivia, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mier agraruli warmoebisaRorZinebaze mimarTul Zalisxmevas sWirdeba Semxvedriiniciativebi adgilebidan, sxva SemTxvevaSi, rogorc amas ganvi-Tarebuli qveynebis praqtika gviCvenebs, SeuZlebeli iqneba sasurveliSedegebis miRweva.soflis ganviTarebisa da soflis meurneobis warmoebisaRorZinebisadmi midgomis siswore mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gar-1 М. Трейси. Сельское хозяйство и продовольствие в экономике развитых стран.Пер. с англ. СПб., 1999.2saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba 2009. gv. 17.11

damaval periodSi saxelmwifo Tavis Tavze iRebs bevr sabazrofunqcias, romelsac rogorc wesi, unda asrulebdnen TviT sasoflo-sameurneosawarmoebis sxvadasxva organizaciuli formebida tipebi. dRevandel situaciaSi misi ganxorcieleba uwevssaxelmwifos. mTavari mizezi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom qveyanaSijer-jerobiT araa Camoyalibebuli msxvili sawarmoebi, romlebic,rogorc wesi, iqmneba kooperirebis, vertikaluri da horizontaluriintegrirebisa da sxvadsxva saxis dargobrivi kavSirebisformirebis safuZvelze. mxolod aseT gaerTianebebs SeswevTunari, rom TviTonve gadawyviton sursaTis warmoebasTandakavSirebuli iseTi problemebi, rogoricaa: fermeruli meurneobisnawilobrivi dafinanseba, materialur-teqnikuri da warmoebissxva saSualebebiT momarageba, warmoebuli produqciisrealizacia da a.S. amasTan, msxvil sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebsgaaCniaT mTeli rigi upiratesobebi ojaxur (fermerul) meurneobebTanSedarebiT.aseTi saxis sawarmoebi rogorc wesi, floben didi moculobissakuTar finansebs, gaaCniaT sabanko kreditebis da sxvawyaroebidan investiciebis mozidvis saSualeba. isini qmnian sakuTarsawarmoo da socialur infrastruqturas, romliTacsargeblobs mTlianad soflis mosaxleoba. am saxis formebiefuZneba sawarmoo operaciebis meqanizacias, inovaciuri teqnologiebisgamoyenebas, axali seleqciuri jiSebis danergvasmemcenareobasa da mecxoveleobaSi, qmnian sakuTar Sesanax dagadammuSavebel sawarmoebs, uSveben produqcias didi moculobiTda SedarebiT dabali danaxarjebiT. yovelive amis Sedegadizrdeba moTxovnileba kvalificiur kadrebze, rac uzrunvelyofsmaTi konkurentunarianobis zrdas rogorc qveynis SigniT,aseve mis gareT.ganviTarebul qveynebSi miuxedavad fermeruli meurneobissiWarbisa, paralelurad funqcionireben kooperatiulifermebi, arasaojaxo tipis msxvili komerciuli sasoflo-sameurneosawarmoebi da sxva. TviT saojaxo fermebi TavianTiformebiT, moculobiT, organizaciuli struqturiT da a. S sakmaodmravalferovania.sayuradReboa is faqti, rom sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebicvalebadi ekonomikuri garemosadmi adaptaciis proces-Si imyofebian mudmivad ganviTarebad mdgomareobaSi. amitom Tanamedrovesoflis meurneobaSi Znelia saubari sasoflo-sameurneounificirebul tipebze da formebze, miTumetes, saqarTvelossinamdvileSi.yvelaze martivia sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis dayofanaturalur da sasaqonlo meurneobad. meurneobis saqonlianobaganisazRvreba mis mier warmoebuli produqciis im nawiliT,romelic bazarze iyideba am dasaxelebis produqciis saerTo12

aodenobidan. bunebrivia samecniero-teqnikuri progresis pirobebSisasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis saqonlianobis xarisxiganicdis mudmiv zrdas. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom TanamedroveganviTarebul samyaroSi srulad naturaluri soflis meurneobisarseboba SeuZlebeblia, ramdenadac igi moixmars samrewvelowarmoSobis mravali saxis saqonels, warmoebis saSualebebs, informacias,mecnierul-teqnikur miRwevebs da a. S., rac imas niSnavs,rom maT unda gayidon warmoebuli produqciis nawili, risSedegadac droTa ganmavlobaSi izrdeba soflis meurneobis damokidebulebawarmoebis saSualebebis bazarze da Sesabamisad izrdebasasoflo-sameurneo sawarmos saqonlianobis done.cnobilia, rom agraruli warmoebis sferos gansxvavebulobaekonomikis sxva dargebis sawarmoebisagan ganpirobebuliaimiT, rom igi erTis mxriv, moicavs biologiur procesebs, meoresmxriv, ki ekonomikuri elementebis erTobliobas. masSi, rogorcbiologiur-ekonomikuri sistema ganmsazRvreli adgiliukavia adamians, mis meurneobriobis kulturas, erovnul tradiciebs,niWs, unar-Cvevebs, romlebzedac bevradaa damokidebulidargSi mimdinare biologiuri da ekonomikuri procesebisracionaluri Sejereba da sasurveli Sedegebis miReba. aseT simbiozurbiologo-ekonomikuri sistemis gadamwyvet elementswarmoadgens Sedegebze orientirebuli organizaciuli faqtorebi,kerZod ganviTarebuli qveynebis sasoflo-sameurneowarmoebaSi aprobirebuli meurneobriobis formebi da tipebi.Cveni Rrma rwmeniT mxolod aqedan unda daiwyos soflismeurneobis warmoebis aRorZinebasTan dakavSirebuli Ronis-Ziebebis gatareba, (rac ar gamoricxavs paralelurad teqnikur,teqnologiur da sxva procesebs). saxelmwifo regulirebissxva berketebi, gansakuTrebiT fasismieri da finansuri iqnebanaklebad efeqtiani optimaluri ekonomikuri sistemebis(sawarmoebis) ar arsebobis pirobebSi. saubaria imaze, rom erovnulagrarul seqtorSi msgavsad ganviTarebuli qveynebisa, undaCamoyalibdes saxelmwifo regulirebis sasoflo-sameurneosubieqtebi — sworad da efeqtianad organizebuli agraruli sawarmoebistipebi da formebi, romlebic SeZleben miiRon da optimaluradgamoiyenon saxelmwifo xelSemwyobi RonisZiebebida pirvel rigSi finansuri da fasismieri meTodebis meSveobiT.zemoT Camoyalibebuli Tezisidan gamomdinare agraruliseqtoris efeqtiani funqcionirebis safuZvlad migvaCnia misimarTvis aprobirebuli da rentabelurad momuSave organizaciuliformebis (tipebis) Camoyalibeba. rac uzrunvelyofswarmoebis organizaciuli formebis Sesabamisobas ekonomikuriganviTarebis garemos ganuxrel cvlilebebTan. sxva SemTxvevaSi,rogorc amas praqtika gviCvenebs qveynis soflis meurneobissaqmianoba warmatebuli ar iqneba.13

ganviTarebul qveynebSi Tanamedrove sasoflo-sameurneosawarmoebs, maTi organizaciuli-sawarmoo formebis mixedviTyofen sam jgufad: saojaxo, koleqtiuri da samewarmeo (antrepeneruli).rogorc cnobilia pirveli miekuTvneba iseTiformis sawarmos, romlis marTva xorcieldeba upiratesad er-Ti ojaxis mier. meurneobriobis aseT tips ewodeba ojaxuri sasoflo-sameurneosawarmo. meore formas, romelmac farTogamoyeneba hpova praqtikaSi, miekuTvneba koleqtiuri sasoflo-sameurneosawarmo. igi gulisxmobs muSakebis mier warmoebissaSualebebis erTobliv flobas da meurneobis erToblivmarTvas da mesame forma-samewarmeo (antrepeneruli) meurneobriobawarmoadgens msxvil sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmos, romlismesakuTreebi uSualod ar monawileoben warmoebis proces-Si, magram marTaven sawarmoo procesebs da iyeneben daqiravebulSromas.miuxedavad aq motanili sami tipis sasoflo-sameurneowarmoebis formebis gansxvavebulobisa, maT Soris sazRvrebiaris Zalian moqnili. (cxrili — 1).ojaxuri meurneoba samewarmeo meurneobisagan gansxvavebiTTavisi saqmianobiT ar miiswrafvis mogebis maqsimizaciisaken,aramed misi amocanaa sargeblianobis funqciis zrda. aqvear SeiZleba ar avRniSnoT, rom sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmosorganizaciuli formis zemoT moyvanili sami tipidan yvelazeufro mdgradia meurneobriobis ojaxuri forma misi saqmianobisSedegebis mixedviT (Tu mas ar moaqvs fuladi Semosavali,(mepatrone ar iSorebs miwas), radgan is xedavs ufro sxva arafinansursargeblobas Tavisi fermis saqmianobidan.funqcionirebismizanimogebisganawilebawarmoebismoculobamarTvacxrili — 1 1ojaxuri koleqtiuri samewarmeoojaxiskoleqtivismogebakeTildReoba keTildReobaSida ojaxuri Sromis an wilis mogeba damoxmarebamixedviTxelfasiTviTeqsploataciavaldebulebebisojaxuriganawilebaganawilebadasaqmebisuzrunvelyofasaerTo krebasaWiromaqsimalurimogebis sididedaqiravebulimmarTveli,arCeviTi gamgeobaanalogiurad, koleqtiur meurneobebs SeuZliaT gaagr-Zelon funqcionireba maSinac ki, roca adgili aqvs maTi saqmia-1Е. В. Серова. Аграрная экономика. М., 2002, gv. 55-62.14

nobis ekonomikur araefeqtianobas (zarals), Tundac imisaTvis,rom SeinarCunon minimaluri donis dasaqmeba da Tavisi wevrebisminimaluri Semosavali.samewarmeo (antrepeneruli) forma ki valdebulia mesakuTresmoutanos mogebis saSualo norma, winaaRmdeg SemTxveva-Si ferma gakotrdeba da gaiyideba. amitom samewarmeo fermacdilobs, ara marto SeinarCunos sursaTis bazris wili, aramedSesaZleblobis farglebSi gazardos igi, radgan orientirebuliamogebis miRebaze.evropisa da amerikis kontinentis qveynebis sasoflo-sameurneosaqmianobis organizaciis sxvadsxva tipebis xangrZlivperiodSi funqcionirebis SedarebiTi analizi uCvenebs, romojaxuri ferma ufro mdgradi formaa. imis gamo, rom mas SeuZliaSekvecos Sida saojaxo moTxovnebi da amiT Seamsubuqosekonomikuri koniunqturis ryeva. garkveuli xarisxiT amis gake-Teba SesaZlebelia meurneobriobis koleqtiuri formis drosac,magram absoluturad miuRebelia antrepeneruli (samewarmeo)tipis meurneobriobis pirobebSi. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSimewarme valdebulia gasces xelfasi daqiravebul muSebze. amitomTu fermis Semosavlianoba moTxovnis Semcirebis Sedegadecema, aseTi fermis mesakuTre Rebulobs Semcirebul mogebas,rac sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi iwvevs kapitalis gadinebassxva sferoebSi.amasTan, sasoflo-sameurneo produqciaze moTxovnis SemcirebisSemTxvevaSi warmoebis organizaciis samewarmeo (antrepeneruli)forma iZleva imis saSualebas, rom Semcirdes dasaqmebulebisraodenoba da am gziT Semcirdes produqciis miwodeba.es ki SeuZlebelia koleqtiuri meurneobriobis pirobebSi,radgan warmoiqmneba problemebi koleqtivis yvela wevrisdasaqmebaSi.ojaxur meurneobaSi ojaxi TviTon wyvets Tu ra xarisxiTgauwios eqsploatacia Tavis erTobliv ojaxur Sromas. sxvadasxvatipis sawarmoebSi gamoiyeneba marTvis gansxvavebuli formebi.ojaxur fermaSi es wydeba martivad, movaleobis bunebriviganawilebiT ojaxis wevrebs Soris. koleqtiur sawarmoebSimarTva agebulia demokratiul principebze da saerTo krebismier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze, xelmZRvanelobis arCevisas.samewarmeo meurneobebi SeiZleba mowyobili iyos sxvadasxvanairad.ferma SeiZleba ekuTvnodes erT ojaxs, amavdrouladaucilebeli araa fermeris, an iyos aqcionerebis sakuTreba,magram orive SemTxvevaSi warmoebis operatiuli marTva xorcieldebadaqiravebuli mmarTvelis mier, romelTac gaaCnia garkveulidamoukidebloba sameurneo gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi.fermeruli meurneoba rCeba ra Tavisi ekonomikuri arsiTojaxur meurneobad, Tanamedrove industrialur qveynebSi mas15

SeiZleba gaaCndes sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi statusi. magali-Tad, aSS-Si fermeruli meurneoba SeiZleba iyos wminda ojaxuriindividualuri, romelsac miekuTvneba fermeris absoluturiumravlesoba. SeiZleba iyos partnioruli, anu egreTwodebulisruli amxanagoba, romelSic Sedis erTmaneTTan naTesauradurTierTdakavSirebuli ori-sami ojaxuri ferma. gansakuTrebiTojaxuri fermis mesame saxe, romelic gavrcelebulia aSS-Si, arisojaxuri kooperativebi, anu Cveulebrivi saaqcio sazogadoebebi(rogorc wesi daxuruli tipis). amerikis soflis meurneoba-Si korporaciuli fermebis umetesi nawili (fermebis saerTo raodenobis90%) miekuTvneba swored ojaxuri tipis fermebs. 1ojaxuri meurneoba. rogorc ukve avRniSneT, ganviTarebulqveynebSi sasofli-sameurneo sawarmos ZiriTad formas warmoadgensojaxuri fermeruli meurneoba, ganviTarebad qveynebSiki upiratesad gavrcelebulia glexuri meurneobebi. ojaxurimeurneobebis am or saxes Soris arsebobs didi gansxvaveba, magrames ufro socialuri antropologiis TvalsazrisiT. am ukanasknelissaxis meurneobebi warmoadgenen danawevrebul, izolirebulsocialur fenas. maTi sameurneo funqcionireba efu-Zneba naklebad ganviTarebul, arasrulyofil sasoflo-sameurneowarmoebis sabazro faqtorebs. miuxedavad amisa specialurkvlevebSi, romlebic eZRvneba am problemas, glexur da fermerulmeurneobas miakuTvneben ojaxuri tipis sasoflo-sameurneosawarmos nairsaxeobas. 2 Cveni azriT zemoT CamoTvlili yvelaTviseba, romliTac xasiaTdeba ganviTarebad qveynebSi fermerulisaqmianobis organizaciuli tipi, Seesabameba saqarTvelosTanamedrove soflis meurneobaSi Camoyalibebul ojaxurfermerul meurneobebs. zogadad, am poziciidan gamomdinare,agraruli ekonomikis marTvis formebis kvlevis erT-erT mimarTulebaswarmoadgens maTi ekonomikuri qcevis saerTo niSnisdadgena, romelic gamomdinareobs warmoebis organizaciisojaxuri wesidan, xolo maTi gansxvavebuloba meurneobriobissxva tipebidan vlindeba ojaxur sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmossam ipostaciaSi: pirveli — agraruli firma, romelic orientirebuliaproduqciis warmoebaze; meore — SromiTi meurneoba,romelic qmnis keTildReobas (sikeTes) ojaxis samuSao ZalisgamoyenebiT; mesame — samomxmareblo sawarmo, romelic avlensmoTxovnilebebs samomxmareblo saqonelze (momsaxurebaze),miiswrafvis maTi dakmayofilebisaken.swored, ojaxuri meurneobis aseTi mravalfunqciuri meurneobriobaaniWebs maT ekonomikur qcevas gansakuTrebulobas.magram yoveli ojaxuri meurneoba, romelic arsebobs ze-1 В. Назаренко. Рынок продовольствия на западе. М., 2008, gv. 64.2 Г. И. Шмелев. Аграрная Полика и Аграрные Отношения. М., 2000, gv. 83.16

moT CamoTvlil sam ipostaciaSi, ar gamoixateba yovel maTganSical-calke. rogorc ojaxuri ferma, aseve ojaxuri sawarmo asrulebssawarmoo funqcias. pirveli maTgani moixmars warmoebuliproduqciis sakmaod did raodenobas sakuTari samomxmareblosaWiroebisaTvis, maSin roca, agraruli ferma zogadadar moixmars mis mier warmoebuli produqciis udides nawils.garda amisa ojaxuri ferma, rogorc wesi warmoebaSi gamoiyenebsojaxis Sromas, xolo agraruli ferma daqiravebuli muSakisSromas. da bolos, rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, ojaxurifermis mizania ojaxis keTildReoba, xolo agraruli firmis —mogebis maqsimizacia.ojaxuri ferma, rogorc yoveli SromiTi meurneoba da yoveliojaxi, romelic cxovrobs sakuTari samuSao Zalis gacemisxarjze iRebs Semosavals ojaxis samuSao Zalis qiraod gacemisxarjze. orive ekonomikuri erTeuli iwvevs sargeblianobisfunqciis maqsimizacias, romelSiac Sroma gamodis rogorc damoukidebelicvalebadis xarisxSi (TvisebaSi). magram ojaxurmeurneobas gaaCnia Sereuli Semosavali, romelic Sedgeba SromisanazRaurebisagan da meurneobis funqcionirebis SedegadmiRebuli mogebisagan. amitom ojaxur fermaSi warmoebisstruqturis organizaciis problema uSualod dakavSirebuliaojaxis Semosavalze. yoveli saxis sxva ojaxuri meurneoba, romeliccxovrobs SromiTi SemosavliT Rebulobs xelfass da miswinaSe ar dgas arCevanis problema, ra, rogor da visTvis awarmoosSemosavlis maqsimizacia.iseve, rogorc yoveli momxmarebeli ojaxuri ferma miiswrafvissakuTari keTildReobis amaRlebisaken. sargeblianobisfunqciaSi, romlis maqsimizaciisaken miiswrafvis orive ekonomikurierTeuli. mocemul SemTxvevaSi damoukidebeli cvladebisrolSi gamodis moxmarebuli saqoneli da momsaxurebis raodenoba.magram ojaxur fermasa da sxva saxis samomxmareblo meurneobebsSoris sxvaoba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom ojaxuri fermidangansxvavebiT martivi samomxmareblo meurneoba ar aris CarTuliwarmoebaSi da amitom aseTi ojaxis Sroma ar Sedis misi sargeblianobisfunqciaSi. ojaxur fermas ar SeuZlia ar iswrafvodes Tavisufalidrois zrdisaken, romelic warmoadgens samuSao droissididis sapirispiro maCvenebels. ojaxuri fermis es Taviseburebaganapirobebs misi ekonomikuri qcevis specifikas.amrigad, ojaxuri ferma, rogorc yoveli ekonomikuri er-Teuli, miiswrafvis sargeblianobis funqciis maqsimizaciisaken,anu sakuTari keTildReobis zrdisaken. rogorc ukve av-RniSneT, es keTildReoba Sedgeba ori elementisagan — fuladiSemosavlisa da Tavisufali droisagan. ojaxis fuladi Semosavalimocemul SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens moxmarebuli saqonlisada momsaxurebis sazoms. amasTan, sargeblianobis funqciis2. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi17

es orive komponenti imyofeba urTierT winaaRmdegobaSi: racmets muSaobs ojaxi, miT naklebi Tavisufali dro rCeba mas sxvaTanabar pirobebSi — metia misi Semosavali, da piriqiT. keTildReobisyoveli done SeiZleba miRweul iqnes Tavisufali droisada Semosavlis sxvadasxva Tanafardobis SemTxvevaSi.zemoT moyvanili analiziT irkveva, rom ojaxuri fermissazrunavia piradi keTildReobis warmoeba da ara sazogadoebiskvebis produqtebiT uzrunvelyofa, sursaTis bazrisgajereba. swored amiT aris gamowveuli is faqti, rom miuxedavadojaxuri fermebis siWarbisa, yvela ganviTarebul qveyanaSimaTi xvedriTi wona sasaqonlo sursaTis warmoebaSi araRemateba 20-30% da xasiaTdeba klebadi tendenciiT. 1koleqtiuri sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmo. koleqtiurisawarmo warmoadgens specifikur, organizaciul-sawarmoo formas.wminda saxiT es aris sawarmo, romelic mTlianad miekuTvnebamis muSakebs. sameurneo saqmianobis marTva xorcieldeba arCevi-Ti organoebis mier, ZiriTadi sakiTxebis gadawyvetis xmis uflebagaaCnia mis yvela wevrs toluflebianobis uzrunvelyofiT,miuxedavad maT mier odesRac sawarmoSi Setanili wilis sididisa,muSaobis staJisa da sxva pirobebisa. aseT sawarmoSi miRebuliSemosavali vlindeba Sromis anazRaurebisa da sawarmos mogebissaxiT. Sesabamisad koleqtiuri sawarmos yoveli muSaki erTdrouladaris fermis TanamesakuTre da amavdroulad am fermis daqiravebulimuSaki. amrigad saojaxo meurneobis analogiiT koleqtiuriferma atarebs ori saxis funqcias: rogorc samewarmeoferma, romelic qiraobs muSaks da rogorc SromiTi koleqtivi,romelic cxovrobs sakuTari samuSao Zalis gayidvis gziT.meurneobriobis mocemuli formis es gansakuTrebuloba gansazRvravsagreTve misi ekonomikuri qcevis specifikurobas.erTi SexedviT koleqtiuri meurneobriobis sargeblianobisfunqcia saojaxo meurneobriobis funqciis analogiuria daSedgeba fuladi Semosavlebisa da SromiTi koleqtivis erTobliviTavisufali droisagan. sinamdvileSi aseTi meurneobis koleqtiurimuSaki dainteresebulia saerTo fuladi SemosavliszrdaSi, radgan es situacia pirdapir aisaxeba misi individualuradmoxmarebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis zrdaze. amas-Tan, roca igi meurneobaSi muSaobs, dainteresebulia Tavisufalidrois raodenobis zrdaSi, rac garkveuli xarisxiT upirispirdebamis survils, rom gazardos sakuTari materialuri ke-TildReoba.rodesac Cven vixilavdiT ojaxur meurneobas, vgulisxmobdiT,rom ojaxis yvela wevris interesi erTmimarTulia da maTiqceva nakarnaxevia erTidaigive interesebiT. SromiT koleqtiv-1А. Г. Папцов. Экономика аграрного сектора развитых стран. – М., 2009, gv. 104.18

Si aseTi varaudi ukve SeuZlebelia (calkeuli SemTxvevebis gamonaklisiT).koleqtivis yoveli wevri erTdroulad aris mesakuTreda daqiravebuli muSaki. misi interesebis materialurgamoxatulebas warmoadgens sawarmos Semosavlis is nawili, romelsacigi iRebs Sromis anazRaurebis saxiT, anu misi interesiaimaSi, rom gaizardos Semosavlis is nawili, romelic nawildebakoleqtivis wevrebis mier biznesSi Cadebuli Sromis proporciulad.aq adgili aqvs urTierT gamomricxav interess — rac metsuxdis sawarmo muSaks Sromis mixedviT miT naklebi Semosavlisnawili rCeba biznesis gasafarToeblad, investiciebisaTvisda piriqiT.koleqtiur meurneobaSi warmoiqmneba kidev erTi problema,rac ar dgas ojaxuri meurneobis winaSe: koleqtivis wevrebsSoris Semosavlebis diferenciacia. ojaxur meurneobaSi, rocagamoiyeneba gaTanabrebiTi ganawilebis principi es problemasaerTod ar dgas. miuxedavad amisa praqtikaSi gaTanabrebiTi ganawilebagamoiyeneba Zalian iSviaTad, radganac sxva Tanabar pirobebSi,is iwvevs SromiTi motivaciis Semcirebas da warmoebisefeqtianobis dacemas. koleqtiuri meurneobisaTvis (ferma) damaxasiaTebeliaSemdegi Tvisebebi: 11. warmoebuli produqciis mTliani moculoba iyidebabazarze (sabazro fasebiT), amitom realizaciidan mi-Rebuli amonagebi tolia SromiTi koleqtivis fuladiSemosavlebis;2. koleqtiuri Semosavali iyofa or nawilad, SemosavliserTi nawili xmardeba sawarmos TiToeuli wevris mierdaxarjuli Sromis anazRaurebas (Sromis raodenobisada xarisxis mixedviT), meore nawili iyofa muSakebismier koleqtiur meurneobaSi qonebrivi Senatanis proporciulad,an koleqtivis wevrebis mixedviT gaTanabrebiTiprincipis safuZvelze;3. koleqtivis yovel wevrs gaaCnia Semosavlis mxolod er-Ti wyaro — koleqtiuri warmoeba. sawarmo valdebuliamisces yvela mis wevrs warmoebaSi monawileobis uflebada ar daiqiraos damatebiTi samuSao Zala garedan;4. sawarmoo funqcia damokidebulia warmoebis mxoloderT faqtorze — Sromaze. maSasadame ar aris sawarmoodanaxarjebi da fuladi amonagebi emTxveva sawarmossaerTo fulad Semosavlebs;5. warmoebas ar gaaCnia sezonuri xasiaTi;6. ar aris gafarToebuli kvlavwarmoeba. sawarmos mTlianiSemosavali gamoiyeneba moxmarebaze.1 Сельскохозяйственная кооперация: Теория, методология, мировой опыт. Минск,2000.19

ogorc cnobilia, soflis meurneobaSi sxva dargebisagangansxvavebiT Sromis gansazogadoebis procesi mimdinareobdagansxvavebul formebSi. soflis meurneoba naxevrad naturaluriyofidan gamosvlis procesSi erwymoda kapitalistur samyaros.igi pirvel rigSi eqceoda savaWro kapitalis batonobisqveS, Semdeg ki finansur da samrewvelo kapitalis daqvemdebarebaSi.am procesis pirveladi formebi warmoadgenda produqciisSesyidvebs. Semsyidveli erTdroulad imyofeboda myidvelTanuSualo kontaqtSi, romlis drosac igi erTdrouladgadacemda uSualo mwarmoebels mza produqciis momxmareblebissurvilebs (xarisxi, raodenoba, dro da a.S). sasoflo-sameurneoproduqciis mwarmoebelsa da maT saboloo momxmareblebs SorisdroTa ganmavlobaSi Cndeba uamravi Suamavlebi, rac iwvevs egreTwodebulifasismieri jaWvis warmoqmnas da am jaWvSi sasoflo-sameurneoproduqciis mwarmoeblis fasis xvedriTi wilisSemcirebas moxmarebis saboloo fasis struqturaSi. es tendenciamudmiv ganviTarebaSia. rac ufro metad izrdeba SuamavalTaraodenoba `mindori — maRazia~, miT ufro mcirdeba fermeris fasisxvedriTi wona saboloo produqciis RirebulebaSi.mocemul SemTxvevaSi glexuri meurneoba rCeba iuridiuladda meurneobrivad damoukidebeli, magram amavdrouladerTveba integraciul procesebSi, agreTve xdeba am procesebzeekonomikurad srulad damokidebuli resursebismoxmarebisa da produqciis gasaRebis sakiTxebSi, teqnologiebis,seleqciis, informaciis da a.S sameurneo saqmianobazegavlenis mraval mimarTulebebze.amrigad, istoriulad da logikurad agraruli seqtorisganzogadoebis pirvel formad mogvevlina soflis meurneobisintegracia monaTesave dargebTan.radgan kapitalis mTavari mizani aris mogeba, xolo am miznismsxverpli xdeba pirvel rigSi glexobis interesebi, integraciuliprocesebis ganviTarebis pirobebSi wvril glexur meurneobasar SeeZlo da arc axla SeuZlia konkurencia gauwiosmsxvil sawarmoebs sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis gadamuSavebisada gasaRebis sferoSi da amitom igi iZulebulia daeTanxmosam procesSi monawile sxva jgufebis pirobebs da maTTan integrirebismeSveobiT miiRos misi sasurveli Sedegebi.sasoflo-sameurneo kooperacia. sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebisganzogadoebis meore formas, romelic warmoiSva msxvilikapitalisturi sawarmoebis zewolis sawinaaRmdegod warmoadgenssasoflo-sameurneo kooperacia.glexoba Tavisi saqmianobis kooperirebis procesSi daamavdroulad Tavisi ojaxuri meurneobis SenarCunebiT qmnissawarmos, romelsac Tavisi zomis mixedviT savsebiT SeuZliaiyos konkurentunariani.20

agraruli warmoebis vertikaluri integraciis zemoTganxiluli formebi erTidaigive Sedegs iZleva. glexuri meurneobidangamoiyofa calkeuli funqciebi da yalibdeba mocemulimomentisaTvis optimaluri masStabis warmoeba. amasTan,glexuri ojaxuri meurneoba, inarCunebs sawarmoo erTeulisfunqcias, Tumca modificirebuli saxiT.miuxedavad amisa soflis meurneobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeliawarmoebis ganzogadebis samrewvelo forma da am gziT iqmnebaTanamedrove sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebi, romlebSic dasaqmebuliamomuSaveTa SedarebiT didi raodenoba, iwarmoebaproduqciis didi moculoba. aseTi saxis sawarmoebi miekuTvnebianantreperenalurs (samewarmeos), an koleqtiuri tipis sawarmos.agrosamrewvelo integracia. rogorc ukve iTqva, mwarmoebelsada bazars Soris Tanamedrove soflis meurneobis warmoebisproduqciis moZraobis procesSi monawileobs specializirebulifirmebis mTeli industria (specializirebuli struqturebi,produqciis Segroveba, gadamuSaveba, daxarisxeba, SefuTvada Senaxva, transportireba, sursaTiT vaWroba). mocemulsituaciaSi kvebis produqtebis uSualo mwarmoebels (fermers)aranairi kontaqti ar aqvs mis saboloo momxmarebelTan,rac aZlierebs sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis uSualo mwarmoebelze,fermerze, garedan zemoqmedebas. radganac es procesiaris obieqturi da iTxovs am procesebis marTvis permanentulsrulyofas, iqmneba integrirebuli firmebi, romlebicTavis Tavze iReben soflis meurneobaSi warmoebuli produqciismoZraobis mTel jaWvze kontrolis pasuxismgeblobas. anu,soflis meurneobaSi warmoebuli produqciis mindvridan saboloomomxmareblamde mitanis procesis uzrunvelyofas. aseTikontroli SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ramodenime formiT da atarebdesvertikaluri integraciis saerTo maxasiaTeblebs.amrigad, vertikaluri integracia sxva araferia Tu araerTi firmis (integratoris) kontroli warmoebisa da gasa-Rebis ori an ramodenime Tanmimdevrul stadiaze. warmoebisada gasaRebis qveS igulisxmeba yovelgvari procesi, romlis mimdinareobisdros produqciis Tavdapirveli Rirebuleba izrdebamis winwawevaze gaweuli danaxarjebis proporciulad.agrosamrewvelo seqtorSi aseTi integratorebis rolSiCveulebrivad gamodian gadammuSavebeli an savaWro firmebi,romlebic bazris moTxovnebisadmi sruli Sesabamisobis mizniTsakuTar kontrols uqvemdebareben sasoflo-sameurneo produqciismwaroebel firmebs. integratori firma aformebsgrZelvadian xelSekrulebas soflis meurneobis produqciisuSualo mwarmoebelTan, an pirvelad dilerebTan. kontraqtSimkacrad xdeba produqciaze moTxovnebis parametrebis gawera,21

misi warmoebis teqnologia, miwodebis vadebi da fasebi. zogSemTxvevaSi kontraqtebSi aisaxeba mwarmoeblisaTvis resursebismiwodebis pirobebi. mocemul situaciaSi fermeri kargavskontrols sakuTar produqciaze, an misi warmoebisa da gasaRebisprocesebze. mas ar SeuZlia Secvalos teqnologia, warmoebissaSualebebis SeZenis wyaroebi da myidvelebi.sawarmoo koncentracia yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuliaaxali da dakonservebuli xilis, kartofilis, Teslebisa daxorcis warmoebaSi. Zneli misaxvedri ar unda iyos, rom ganxilulitipis integracia damaxasiaTebelia im sasoflo-sameurneoseqtorebisaTvis, romlebSic produqtiulobaSi da produqciisxarisxSi didi mniSvneloba gaaCnia seleqcias.magaliTad, evropisa da amerikis kontinentis ganviTarebulqveynebSi kartofilis gadammuSavebeli sawarmo Cveulebrivadakontraqtebs garkveuli naTesi farTobis mTelproduqcias. am SemTxvevaSi warmoebs sabiTumo fasis dadgena,romelic SemdgomSi SeiZleba iyos konkretizirebulikartofilis xarisxis mixedviT. gadamamuSavebeli sawarmokontraqtSi Cveulebrivad afiqsirebs kartofilis xarisxsda misi moyvanis agroteqnikas (irigacia, Teslbrunva). imisaTvis,rom miRebul iqnas sasureveli xarisxis kartofili,kontraqtori uwevs fermerebs teqnikur daxmarebas, awvdisfermerebs warmoebis saSualebebs. kartofilis gadamamuSavebelisawarmoebi kontraqts deben pirvel rigSi kartofilismsxvil mwarmoeblebTan, rac bunebrivia, ganapirobebssoflis meurneobis am dargSi warmoebis koncentraciis procesisgaZlierebas. 1vertikaluri integraciis meore saxe — sakuTrebis integracia,zogjer mas aseve uwodeben kooperaciul integracias.sakuTrebis integracia niSnavs mesakuTreobis samarTlisgavrcelebas warmoebisa da gasaRebis or an ufro met stadiaze.es saxe aris integraciis ufro Rrma varianti, romlisdrosac integratori firma integrirebiT aqtivebis did nawilsRebulobs sakuTrebaSi.amasTan, integratori firma fermasTan erTad SeiZlebaflobdes sasursaTo jaWvis sxva sawarmoebs: magaliTad, kombinirebulisakvebis warmoebis qarxanas, gadammuSavebel an satransportosawarmos. ganviTarebul qveynebSi integraciis orivedasaxelebuli tipebis gavrceleba araerTgvarovania qveynebisada dargebis mixedviT. magaliTad, aSS-Si mebostneobaSiwarmoebis kooperaciul gaerTianebebSi moqceulia 25%, sakuTrebisintegraciis mixedviT 40%, kartofili Sesabamisad 55-1В. Назаренко. Рынок продовольствия на западе. М., 2008, gv. 64.22

40%, mecxoveleobaSi 11-30%, kvercxis warmoebaSi 45-70%, qaTmisxorcis warmoebaSi 80%. 1CamoTvlili da sxva tipis sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebisCamoyalibeba xels uwyobs axali seleqciuri jiSebis, teqnikisada teqnologiebis danergvas warmoebaSi. sabolood am mimarTulebiTsasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis ganviTareba iwvevs Sromisefeqtianobis amaRlebas da sxva progresul movlenebs qveynisagrarul seqtorSi. korporatiuli da sawarmoo koncentraciasaSualebas iZleva ganxorcieldes fermerebis dainteresebisamaRleba teqnologiuri siaxleebis danergvaSi.arsebobs kargad cnobili meore jgufis faqtorebi, romlebicganapirobeben agrarul seqtorSi vertikaluri integraciisganviTarebas. es procesi dakavSirebulia agraruli warmoebisspecifikasTan: warmoebis grZelvadiani cikli, bunebrivipirobebi, moTxovnisa da miwodebis dabali elastiuroba, dabandebulikapitalis SedarebiT dabali rentabeloba da gamosyidvisxangrZlivi periodi, warmoebuli produqciisgrZelvadiani Senaxvis SedarebiTi SeuZlebloba, gamyidvelebisdidi raodenoba teqnikur-teqnologiuri, organizaciul-marTvelobiTisiaxleebisadmi dabali reaqcia da a.S.yvelaferi es xdis soflis meurneobis produqciis warmoebassakmaod sariskos da araprognozirebads. vertikaluri integracia,rogorc organizaciuli forma gansakuTrebiT sawarmooprocesebis kontraqtirebis saxe, saSualebas iZleva sasoflo--sameurneo warmoebis riskebis nawilis gadatanas fermerebidanintegrator firmebze. radgan am SemTxvevaSi izrdeba gasaRebisgarantia winaswar dadgenili fasebiT. amrigad, vertikaluriintegracia gansazRvruli moculobiT xelsayreliasasoflo-sameurneo produqciis mwarmoeblebisaTvis.amasTan, vertikaluri integracia agrosawarmoo seqtorSiiwvevs dadebiT socialur movlenebs. misi ganviTarebiT tradiciulifermeruli meurneoba radikalurad icvleba. fermeriTandaTanobiT kargaven kontrols sakuTari produqciis warmoebaze,radgan integratori firmebi mniSvnelovani xarisxiTiReben sakuTar Tavze produqciis fasis cvlilebis risks. maSasadamefermeri Rebulobs mis mier moweuli produqciis Rirebulebas.integraciis procesSi myofi fermeris ojaxis tradiciuladSesasrulebeli mravali funqcia gadadis koordinatorze.amavdroulad fermeri nel-nela kargavs mcire mewarmisTvisebas da sul ufro iZens daqiravebuli muSakis formas. zemoTCamoyalibebuli procesis Sedegi aris is, rom izrdeba sasoflo-sameurneowarmoebis koncentracia da Sesabamisad qveyanaSimcirdeba fermeruli meurneobis raodenoba (amavdrou-1М.Трейси. Сельское хозяйство и продовольствие.., gv. 219.23

lad SenarCunebulia ojaxuri meurneobebi). fermeri, romelicekuTvnis msxvil integrirebul erTeuls mniSvnelovani naklebixarisxiT xdeba damokidebuli adgilobriv TviTmarTvelobaze,rac iwvevs tradiciuli soflis meurneobis wyobis rRvevas dasoflad TviTmarTvelobis gavlenis Semcirebas fermerul meurneobebissaqmianobis Carevis TvalsazrisiT.kacobriobis ganviTarebis istoriis mTel periodSi glexurmameurneobam uCvena Tavisi struqturis gamoyofis SesaZleblobaufro msxvili maStabebiT sxva glexur meurneobebTangaerTianebisaTvis. amis Sedegad istoriulad Camoyalibda glexurikooperativebi. amavdroulad TviT glexuri meurneobapraqtikulad rCeba damoukidebel ekonomikur erTeulad, yvelaam formisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli TvisebebiT. kooperatiulisawarmo ki inarCunebs kavSirs glexur meurneobebTan da inarCunebsglexuri saojaxo warmoebis yvela Taviseburebas, maT Sorismdgradobas. rogorc ukve avRniSneT, kooperativis mizaniar aris gamoyenebul kapitalze mogebis miReba, aramed kooperativSiSesuli glexuri meurneobis sameurneo interesebis momsaxurebaa.kooperatiuli sawarmos sidide aseve ganisazRvrebaara sabazro koniuqturiT, aramed misi wevrebis moTxovnilebebiT.sxva sityvebiT, glexuri kooperacia warmoadgensglexuri fermeruli meurneobis ganviTarebul formas, ansaojaxo meurneobis koleqtiurad organizebul nawils.kooperaciuli moZraobis ganviTarebis praqtikam SeimuSavasasoflo-sameurneo kooperativis saqmianobis mTeli rigiprincipebi, romelTa formulireba SeiZleba Semdegnairad:1. ekonomikur interesebze dafuZnebuli nebayofloba,subieqtis mier gaerTianebis mizanSewonilobis gaziareba;2. kooperativis saqmeebze kontroli, mmarTvelobiTiorganoebis arCeviToba, gadawyvetilebis miReba principismixedviT, `erTi wevri-erTi xma~;3. funqcionireba sakuTari safrTxeebiTa da riskebiT,monawileobis materialuri pasuxismgebloba;4. aramomgebiani funqcionireba. kooperativis mTavarimizania ara mogebis miReba, aramed masSi monawileobidangarkveuli sargeblis miReba (Semosavlis zrda, andanaxarjebis Semcireba, sameurneo saqmianobis pirobebisgaumjobeseba). magram, mocemuli principi ar niSnavsimas, rom kooperaciuli formiT organizebulwarmoebaSi adgili ara aqvs Semosavlis danaxarjebzegadaWarbebas. anu, imas, rasac firmaSi uwodeben mogebas,xolo kooperativSi — wminda Semosavals; aramomgebianobisprincipi niSnavs, rom mTlianad wminda Semosavaliubrundeba kooperativis monawileebs pro-24

porciulad. Semosavlis aseT dabrunebas kooperativiswevrebisaTvis ewodeba kooperatiuli anazRaureba;5. kooperativis wevrebis uSualo monawileoba mis oparicebSi,kooperativis Semosavlis monawileTa proporciuladganawileba da ara masSi Cadebuli kapitalismixedviT. es principi Tavdapirvelad gamoiyureba,rogorc arademokratiuli, usamarTlo (magaliTad,kooperativSi Cadebuli kapitalis mixedviT), magramTu gavixsenebT, rom kooperativis mizani aris ara mogebismiReba kapitalze, aramed calkeuli saojaxofermis funqcionirebis gagrZeleba, monawileebis optimalurifunqcionireba, maSin es principi xdeba ufrogasagebi. 1kooperativis saxeebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom sawarmoo kooperativiaris warmoebis organizaciis naklebad moZravi forma(xasiaTdeba cvalebadi bazris mimarT dabali reaqciiT), is sa-Sualebas aZlevs fermerebs (romlebic Tavidan warmoadgendnenbazris izolirebul calkeul erTeulebs), rom CaerTon saerToekonomikur sistemaSi.droTa ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva qveynebSi iqmneboda kooperativebi,romlebic asrulebdnen fermerebisaTvis sxvadasxvasaxis momsaxurebas. istoriulad pirveli da dRes yvelaze gavrcelebulikooperativis formas warmoadgens gasaRebis kooperativi,romelic uzrunvelyofs fermeruli produqciis koleqtiurgasaRebas. msxvil sabiTumo gamyidvels dRes bazarzegaaCnia aSkara upiratesoba, radgan igi qmnis sasoflo-sameurneoproduqciis msxvil da daxarisxebul partias, awarmoebs dafasoebasda SefuTvas, Senaxvas, iyenebs savaWro markas, reklamas daa.S. am SemTxvevaSi ojaxur meurneobebs kooperativebSi gaerTianebisSemTxvevaSi eZlevaT SesaZlebloba konkurencia gauwionmsxvil Suamavlebs sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis bazrebze.kooperaciis meore forma, romelic specializebulia fermerebisresursebiT momaragebaze, ewodebaT mommaragebeli kooperativebi.aseTi formis kooperativis ZiriTadi funqciaamiawodos fermerebs warmoebis saSualebebi.mesame saxis kooperativebs ewodebaT momsaxurebis (servisuli)kooperativi, romelic awvdis fermerul meurneobas sxvadasxvasaxis momsaxurebas. magaliTad, irigacia, zooveterinalurida agronomiuli momsaxureba, energoresursebis miwodeba,kavSirebi da a.S.kooperativebi, romlebic uSualod aerTianeben fermerebs,atareben pirveladi an lokaluri adgilobrivi ferme-1 Р. П. Харебава. Становление рыночных отношений в аграрном секторе. Волгоград,2002, gv. 179‐180.25

is saxels. isini ZiriTadad ganlagdebian SedarebiT patara teritoriebzeda aerTianeben erTi an ramodenime soflismosaxleobas.mTlianad qveynis maStabiT yalibdeba kooperativebis er-Tiani sistema, romelic moicavs pirvelad kooperativebs.pirveladi kooperativebi erTiandebian zonalurSi. zonalurebiregionul gaerTianebebSi, asociaciebSi, xolo regionuliasociaciebi qmnian nacionalur kooperatiul kavSirebs,romlebic SeiZleba iyos dargobrivi (xorcis warmoeba, rZiswarmoeba, xilis warmoeba, yurZnisa da Rvinis warmoeba da a.S).dargobrivi kavSirebi, rogorc wesi iReben uflebamosilebaspirveladi kooperativebisagan, rom Seasrulon maTi komerciulifunqciebi, maT Soris saeqsporto saqmianobaSic. gansakuTrebiT,rac mniSvnelovania aseTnairad Camoyalibebuliorganizaciuli struqturebi ufro swrafad erkvevian fermerulda sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebis problemebSi da operatiuladRebuloben Sesabamis RonisZiebebs, lobireben fermerebisinteresebs qveynis parlamentSi, mTavrobasTan dasoflis meurneobis saministrosTan. Sesabamisad soflis meurneobissaministro Tavisufldeba misTvis ardamaxasiaTebelifunqciebis Sesrulebidan, rac aZlevs saSualebas am ukanasknelsTavis saqmianobis mTeli simZimis centri gadaitanosdargis ganviTarebis strategiul problemebze.qveynis sasoflo-samuerneo warmoebisa da mTlianad soflisswraf ganviTarebaze, didi gavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos sakreditokooperativebis Camoyalibebam. aseTi saxis kooperativebsmniSvnelovani adgili ukavia fermeruli meurneobebismoTxovnilebebis finansuri saxsrebiT uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi.fermeruli meurneobebis dakreditebis am formas ar sWirdebadidi reklama, radgan man praqtikaSi daamtkica Tavisi efeqtianoba.amitomaa, rom igi swrafad vrceldeba ruseTSi, ukrainaSida sxva postsocialistur qveynebSi. magram, es calke Temaa dais saWiroebs ufro Rrma analizs, Seswavlas, ganzogadebas imisaTvis,rom sakredito kooperativebis gamoyeneba gaiTavisosaramarto glexobam, aramed qveynis agraruli seqtoris marTvisSesabamisma organoebma da izrunon misi praqtikaSi danergvaze,radgan kreditis miwodebis aseTi forma mniSvnelovnad amcirebssabiujeto resursebis gamoyenebis aucileblobas.26

REVAZ KHAREBAVATHE DEVELOPMENT OF COOPERAT ANDINTEGRATED ORGANIZATIONS IS THE BASEOF THE AGRICULTURAL REVIVALThe author of this article provides with the estimations with regardto the development of Agricultural sector of Georgia and various pointsof view for accomplishing these ideas. He expresses dissatisfaction withthe incompetence and lack of knowledge in order to resolve the problem.Besides, he proposes to introduce organizational forms of administrationof the agricultural sector of the developed countries to the Georgian ruralsector, namely development of cooperative movement and other integrativeforms. The article provides grounded reason, considering the natureof the family farming, for the impossibility of the development of the ruralsector of the country. The author discusses all forms of organizationof agricultural enterprise: family farming, collective farming, entrepreneurialfarming and underlines the significance of the last two ones, as theyare the most appropriate forms that are able to drive the country out ofstagnation condition and supply market with all products. In his opinion,involvement of Ministry of Agriculture and local government institutionsin this process is also very important.27

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. IX. 2010ekonomikur mecnierebaTa seriarevaz basariagadasaxadis arsis da mniSvnelobissworad gagebisaTvisgadasaxadis arsebobas xangrZlivi, mravalaTaseuli wlebisistoria aqvs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gadasaxadi da saxelmwifo(ufro sworad, saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmni, da ara saxelmwifodRevandeli gagebiT) erTi xnisa arian. adamianis, rogorcsazogadoebrivi arsebis warmoSoba Tavidanve gulisxmobda misimoTxovnilebebis ZiriTadad Segnebuli sameurneo saqmianobiT(SromiT) dakmayofilebas. amis Sedegad iqmneboda da iqmneba misicxovrebis SenarCunebis da gvarovnebis gagrZelebisaTvis saWiromaterialuri dovlaTi, sikeTe. amasTan droTa ganmavlobaSiTviT adamianebis erTobliobisa da ekonomikis ganviTarebam,Sromis danawilebis warmoSobam da misi mwarmoeblurobis gazrdam,amis kvalobaze ki sasaqonlo meurneobis da kerZo sakuTrebiswarmoqmnam da sxva movlenebma ganapiroba rogorc adamianebisCveulebrivi moTxovnilebebis mkveTrad gafarToeba. iseTvisebrivad axali, gansxvavebuli moTxovnilebebis da maTidakmayofilebisaTvis saWiro saqonel-momsaxurebis warmoebisaucilebloba.es `Tvisebrivad axali momsaxureba~ aris pirvel rigSi adamianTaerTobliobis (jgufis, Temis, sazogadoebis) wevrebisnormaluri Tanaarsebobis da Tanacxovrebis uzrunvelyofa,aseTi Tanasaqmianobis wesebis SemuSaveba da dacva, agreTve sxvaerTobliobebTan urTierTobis mogvareba (maTgan Tavis dacvaan maTi damorCileba). aseTi saerTo saqmianobis mowyoba-mogvarebaCveulebriv sasaqonlo urTierTobebze dayrdnobiT (saqonlisindividualuri yidva-moxmareba) ver xerxdeba. amitomsazogadoeba iZulebuli gaxda gamoeyo Tavisi SemadgenlobidanSesabamisi resursebiT aRWurvil pirovnebaTa jgufi, romelicikisrebda (romelsac daekisreboda) am ukve principulad, TvisebrivadSecvlil pirobebSi sazogadoebis wevrTa Tanaarsebobisproblemebis regulireba-marTva.aseTi saqmianoba da masze adamianebis daspecializeba faqtobrivadukve profesiuli saxelmwifo saqmianobaa, saxelmwifoCinovnikebis, armiis, policiis da sxv. sazogadoebrivad sasargeblomomsaxurebis, sikeTis, dovlaTis, erToblivi erovnuliproduqtis (erovnuli Semosavlis) warmoebaa; aseTi fase-28

ulobebis Seqmnas ki anazRaureba sWirdeba da swored es anazRaurebaagadasaxadi (begara). 1amasTan es gadaxda, TviT momsaxurebis (sikeTis) Tvisebrivigansxvavebuloba-specifikobis gamo, ganapirobebs daZalebisgamoyenebis aucileblobas. saqme is aris, rom aseTi momsaxurebarom miiRon da moixmaron, adamianebma Sesabamisi sazRauri undagaiRon saxelmwifos Sesanaxad, dafaron misi xarjebi. magram saxelmwifoqveynis mosaxleobas mTlianad da erTnairad emsaxureba,ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ramdeni gadaixada misma wevrma dagadaixada Tu ara saerTod. policiis mier sazogadoebis ama Tuim wevris (individis) dacva (e.i mis mier moxmarebuli sikeTis moculoba)ar aris damokidebuli, imaze, aanazRaurebs Tu ara individiam momsaxurebas. am movlenas literaturaSi gamoricxvisSeuZleblobas uwodeben: Cveulebrivi saqonlis (vTqvaT, fexsacmlis)adamianis mier moxmareba gamoricxavs sxva individebsimave saqonliT sargeblobisgan; saxelmwifo momsaxurebis erTiindividis Tu individebis jgufebis mier moxmarebisas sxvebisgamoricxva ar xdeba.es imas niSnavs, rom aseTi saqonel-momsaxurebis (sazogadoebrivisikeTis) moxmarebas da anazRaurebas Soris pirdapirikavSiri ar arsebobs: sikeTe SeiZleba moixmaro misi RirebulebisanazRaurebis gareSe. amas isic emateba, rom sazogadoebismier aseTi momsaxurebis SekveTa-SeZena xdeba koleqtiurad, xoloanazRaureba individualurad; sazogadoeba (mis mier arCeuliorganoebi) wyvets mTlianobaSi saxelmwifos Senaxvis xarjebis(saxelmwifo momsaxurebis) moculobis sakiTxs, am ` moculobis`anazRaureba ki ekisreba sazogadoebis wevrebs, Tanacsxvadasxva zomiT. amitom aris, rom sazogadoebis TvalSi (dazogjer ki mecnierebis mosazrebaSic) gadasaxadi warmoCindebarogorc Rirebulebis erTi mimarTulebiT, anu unacvalgebod,gadaadgileba.Cveni azriT, mcdari debulebaa gatarebuli saqarTvelossagadasaxado kodeqsSi, sadac vkiTxulobT, rom gadasaxadi arisbiujetsa da sxva saxelmwifo fondebSi `savaldebulo upiroboSenatani, romelsac ixdis gadasaxdis gadamxdeli, gadaxdis au-1`gadasaxadis~ da `begaris~ sinonimebad xmarebis marTlzomierebis sakiTxida mosazreba, rom nebismieri gadasaxadi begaraa gadamxdelisaTvis,damuSavebul-dasabuTebuli iqna Tavis droze finansebis samecnierokvleviT institutSi: ix.: i. mesxia, r. basaria. saqarTvelos sagadasaxadosistemis srulyofis sakiTxebi. Tb., 2001; r. basaria. sagadasaxadosistemis da ekonomikis begariT datvirTvis Camoyalibeba damoukidebelsaqarTveloSi da misi Sefaseba. — kreb.: `gardamavali periodissafinanso-ekonomikuri problemebi~, t. VI. Tb., 2002, gv. 92-108; v. basaria,r. basaria. gadasaxadi sikeTe da ukeTureba? Tb., 2003.29

cilebeli, araekvivalenturi da usasyidlo xasiaTidan gamomdinare~.1 garda imisa, rom enobrivi TvalsazrisiT miuRebeliaerT ase mokle winadadebaSi erTfuZiani oTxi sityvis xmareba,Sinaarsobrivadac masSi metad seriozuli Secdomaa daSvebuli.sworia ueWvelad profesori g. malaSxia, rodesac miuTiTebs,rom gadasaxadis rogorc saxsrebis araekvivalenturi, usasyidlogadaadgilebis gageba miuRebelia, rom mas SecdomaSi Sehyavs`ara marto Teoriuli azrovneba, aramed gadasaxadis gadamxdelTauzarmazari armia~. 2sazogadoebrivi sikeTis anazRaurebis specifikuroba, romelzedacgvqonda saubari, arTulebs misi moqmedebis da safasurisadekvaturobis dadgenas, maSin rodesac Cveulebrivi saqonlismimarT amas Tavisufali bazari advilad axerxebs moTxovna-miwodebisgawonasworebis safuZvelze. es da sxva zemoTaRniSnuli mizezebi ganapirobebs sazogadoebaSi begaris gadaxdisganTavis aridebis ganwyobas, sazogadoebrivi sikeTis naklebianazRaurebiT (an saerTod aunazRaureblad) miTviseba--moxmarebis survils.gadasaxadisadmi aseT, misi arsidan gamomdinare imanenturdamokidebulebas kidev ufro ganamtkicebs is movlena, rom saxelmwifo,gansakuTrebiT despoturi mmarTvelobis pirobebSi,sazogadoebisaTvis aucilebeli Tavisi momsaxurebis safasurssul ufro aRiqvams misTvis, rogorc Zlierisa da gansakuTrebulisTvis,damsaxurebuli saukeTeso pirobebis Seqmnis wyaro--saSualebas. esec rom ara, nebismieri saxelmwifo warmonaqmns,rogorc marTvis Teoria amtkicebs, TviTzrdis, Tavisi saqmianobismoculobisa da mniSvnelobis (faseulebis) gazviadeba--gazrda axasiaTebs; amas emateba agreTve isic, rom xelisuflebayovelTvis racionalurad rodi gamoiyenebs ekonomikidan amo-Rebul gadasaxads.ase rom qveyanaSi saerTo gadasaxadis moculoba pirdapirdakavSirebulia xelisuflebis profesiuloba-pasuxismgeblobasTan,mis demokratiulobasTan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, rac ufroarademokratiulia saxelmwifo, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, rogorcwesi, miT ufro araoptimaluri, nametnavad konfiskaciurida sazianoa xelisuflebis Careva ekonomikis funqcionireba-Si, rac upirvelesad sagadasaxado politikaSi poulobs asaxvas.saqme isaa, rom aseTi saxelmwifos zemoqmedeba biznesze, misgankanonierad Tu ukanonod amoRebuli begara, Tavisufeli sasamarTlosda sajaroobis (maT Soris, gansakuTrebiT saxelmwifo1saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi. Tb., 2008, xazgasma Cemia — r.b.2 g. malaSxia. gadasaxadebis obieqturobis da efeqtianobis problema.— kreb.: `gardamavali periodis safinanso-ekonomikuri problemebi~,t. III. Tb., 1999, gv.96.30

iujetis xarjebis gawevaSi) ararsebobis da xSirad saxelisuflostruqturebis, partiebis da klanuri Zalebis mier Zalauflebisborotad gamoyenebis gamo, am ukanasknelTa korporaciulida piradi interesebis dakmayofilebisaTvis gamoiyeneba.amasTan aseT pirobebSi ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos realuri CarevisgaangariSeba-gaTvla garTulebuli da SeuZlebelic kia.es ki imas niSnavs, rom muxruWdeba investireba ekonomikaSi,ferxdeba misi ganviTareba, da es exeba ara marto samamulo investiciebs.ucxoel investorebs ara aqvT aseT pirobebSi zustiinformacia, rom realurad gaerkvnen imaSi, Tu ramdenad Sedegianida usafrTxo iqneba investiciebis Cadeba aseTi qveynisekonomikaSi. aq veravin getyviT danamdvilebiT, Tu rogoria sagadasaxadotvirTi (wnexi), vinaidan gadaxdebis nawili saxelmwiforeketis gamo biujetSi ver xvdeba, xolo erTobliv Sina produqtSibiujetis sagadasaxado Semosavlis kuTri wonis maCvenebeli(romliTac Cveulebrivad zomaven am wnexs) arafrismTqmeliinformaciaa.yvelaferi zemoTqmuli (da sxva mizezebi) ganapirobebs saxelmwifos(misi Senaxvis xarjebis, anu gadasaxadebis) moculobissworad gansazRvris sirTules, imas, rom Zalze Znelia qveyanaSigadasaxadis optimaluri odenobis migneba; amitom ekonomikissagadasaxado ganakveTiT datvirTva xSirad saWiro-sasargeblozemetia.zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom gadasaxadiaris sazogadoebisa da misi wevrebis normalurad funqcionirebisaTvissaWiro wesebis dammuSavebeli da gamtarebelispecialuri organos (saxelmwifos) Senaxvisa da saqmianobisxarjebis specifikuri (iZulebiTi, savaldebulo-kanonmdeblobiTi)anazRaureba, romelic saWiroa am organos mier sazogadoebisaTvisgaweuli polotikur-administraciuli, ekonomikurida socialuri momsaxurebis dasafaravad, agreTve kerZo sakuTrebismoculobaze kontrolisaTvis. aqve isic unda daematos(da es gadasaxadis arsis gansazRvris gagrZelebaa faqtobrivad),rom ekonomikidan realurad amoRebuli gadasaxadis mTlianimoculoba praqtikulad arasdros ar aris optimaluri; amitomis yovelTvis oradi xasiaTisaa, orWofulia: erTdrouladsikeTec aris da ukeTurebac. es ganmarteba mTlianobaSi ar gamoirCevagansakuTrebuli originalobiT, is mniSvnelovanwiladinterpretaciaa cnebisa: `taxation~, rac ucxour literaturaSigvxvdeba. 1 amasTan mkiTxveli advilad SeniSnavs, rom Cven gansakuTrebiTaRvniSnavT, rom gadasaxadis moculoba oradi xasia-1 mag,: Финансы. Оксфордский толковый словарь. Англо-русский. Изд-во. Весь Мир,.М., 1997, gv. 413; Словарь современной экономической теории Мак-Милана. М.1997, gv. 485.31

Tisaa da, rogorc wesi, ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: erTi sazogadoebisaTvisaucilebeli saqonel-momsaxurebaa (es sasargebloda gardauvalia, erToblivi Sina produqtis Seqmnaa); meore kikerZo seqtoridan gadametebulad amoRebuli an araracionaluradgamoyenebuli begaraa (es ki zedmeti da araaucilebeli tvirTia,maSasadame, sazianoa ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis, mTlianadsazogadoebisaTvis).gadasaxadis arisis aseTi gageba, begarisadmi aseTi midgomanaTlad migvaniSnebs, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba aqvs qveynis ekonomikuriganviTarebisaTvis sagadasaxado politikis sworadgansazRvra-gatarebas, ekonomikis gadasaxadiT optimaluraddatvirTvis mignebas, ramdenad aqtualuri da aucilebelia amsaqmis gadamwyveti adamianebis da mTlianad struqturebis ma-Ralprofesiuloba, perspeqtivisaken mimarTuli saxelmwifoebriviazrovnebis unari. sagadasaxado datvirTvis orive mxares(naklebisaken Tu zedmetisaken) gadaxra sazianoa ekonomikisaTvis,mTlianad sazogadoebisaTvis: pirvel SemTxvevaSi, rodesacekonomikidan amoiReba imaze naklebi gadasaxadi, vidre es saWiroasazogadoebrivi sikeTis (saxelmwifo momsaxurebis) aucilebelimoculobis warmoebisaRvis, es imas niSnavs, rom saxelmwifosaWiro doneze ver Seasrulebs Tavis ZiriTad funqciebs;meore SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxelmwifo ekonomikidan amoiRebsimaze met gadasaxads, vidre es aucilebelia sazogadoebis normalurifunqciebisaTvis (amaSi Sedis moziduli saxsrebis araracionaluradgamoyenebac), faqtobrivad es iqneba im saxsrebisganiaveba, romlebsac biznesi maRalSedegianad gamoiyenebda.sagadasaxado politikis koncefciurad gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT,Cveulebrivad ufro aqtualuria im amocanis gadawyveta,rom ekonomikidan ar iqnes amoRebuli zedmeti begara. naklebsavaraudoa, rom saxelmwifo (xelisufleba), romelic Tvi-Ton awesebs qveyanaSi gadasaxadebs (Tavisi Tavis Senaxvis xarjebs),Tu raime saswauli ar moxda, daizaralebs Tavis Tavs daoptimalurze nakleb saxsrebs amoiRebs ekonomikidan. amitomZiriTadi amocana swori sagadasaxado politikis SemuSavebisaTvisimaSi gamoixateba, Cveni azriT, rom qveynis xelisuflebaSidamkvidrdes da cxovrebaSi gatardes ekonomikaSi sagadasaxadodatvirTis SesaZleblad Semcirebis (`minimizaciis~ ) sargeblobisganwyoba. ekonomikis mdgradi ganviTarebis uzrunvelsayofadaseve aucilebelia, rom saxelmwifo biujetis xarjvasaxasiaTebdes maqsimaluri gamWvirvaloba da sajarooba.32

REVAZ BASARIAFOR THE CORRECTLY UNDERSTANDINGOF THE TAXATION ESSENCEThe payment of a fee the usual goods in comparison with, the taxationis qualitative new, State service compensation, during the (service)rule of exclusion is not valid, therefore, there is no direct connection betweenthe consumption and compensation. But it's not the cost of movementin one direction. Herewith, withdrawn from the economics taxationsize often is more than necessary (the real value of service); Plus also thewithdrawn part of the funds to use non- optimum by the authority. Thesefactors are conditioned by a double character of the taxation: One part ofits (a moderate loading of the economics and correctly use of withdrawn)is kindness, and the second part (over-withdrawn and non- optimum utilized)– is unkindness.3. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi33

34soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. VIII, 2010ekonomikur mecnierebaTa seriamadona gelaSviliSromiTi bazris formirebisZiriTadi aspeqtebiSromis bazris Seswavla aucilebelia dasaqmebis donis gansazRvrisaTvis.Sromaze moTxovna da miwodeba axdens SromiTibazris formirebas, xolo wonasworoba SromiT bazarze gansazRvravssruli dasaqmebis dones, wonasworobis darRveva — anarasrul dasaqmebas (umuSevrobas) an Warb dasaqmebas. gansxvavebuliekonomikuri skolebi araerTgvarovnad xsnian SromiTibazris problemebs. kerZod ki, moTxovnisa da miwodebis urTierTsawinaaRmdegozemoqmedebas Sromaze sxvadasxva ekonomikurrealobidan gamomdinare.Sromis bazari — warmoebis faqtorTa sistemis, ekonomikurizrdis pirobebis umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli nawilia. rogorcsazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri cxovrebis ganuyofelisfero, Sromis bazari asrulebs mravalmxriv funqcias:swored Sromis bazarze ganisazRvreba xelfasis sidide, misiformebi da momuSaveTa daqiravebis pirobebi, maTi dasaqmeba dastruqtura, umuSevrobis dinamika, samuSao Zalis mobiluroba,momuSaveTa SesaZleblobebi da a. S.Sromis bazari — sabazro urTierTobaTa gansakuTrebulirgolia, romelSic xorcieldeba saqonlis — `samuSao Zalis~ _SeZena. igi gulisxmobs adamianis sakuTrebas Tavis samuSao Zalaze,romelic saqoneli xdeba bazarze da Semdgom realizdebaSromiT saqmianobaSi. saxelmwifos zemoqmedeba Sromis bazarzeXX saukunis damdegs ZiriTadad calkeul RonisZiebebze daiyvaneboda,romelic mimarTuli iyo umuSevrobis Semcirebisaken.SemdgomSi, gansakuTrebiT didi depresiis da Semdgom periodSigaZlierda Sromis bazris saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba, romelmacxeli Seuwyo samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis zrdas, samuSaoadgilebis Seqmnas da umuSevrobis Semcirebas.XXs. 70-iani wlebis SuaxanebisaTvis aRmoCnda, rom Sromisbazris regulirebis keinsianuri meTodebi ekonomikuri zrdisSenelebis pirobebSi xels uwyobda inflacias da CamoyalibdaSromis bazris regulirebis axali modeli, romlis safuZveligaxda monetaristuli koncefciebi. 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSiCamoyalibda Sromis bazris regulirebis axali praqtika _ aqtiuripolitika Sromis bazarze. misi arsi maRali dasaqmebisaTvisufro xelsayreli sabazro SesaZleblobebis Seqmnaa, rac

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens Tanamedrove periodSi, rodesacumuSevroba masobrivi da mudmivi gaxda.Sromis Tanamedrove bazarze mZlavr zegavlenas axdensmecnierul-teqnikuri revolucia da sainformacio sazogadoebazegadasvla. amasTan dakavSirebuli raodenobrivi da Tviseobrivicvlilebebi Sromis bazarze, uwinares yovlisa, TavsiCens mis struqturaSi. izrdeba momuSaveTa zogadsaganmanaTlebloda profesiuli momzadebis done, mkveTrad maRldeba in-Jiner-teqnikur da mecnier-muSakTa, menejerTa da aseve momsaxurebissferos kvalificiur momuSaveTa xvedriTi wili.TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba Sromis qarTuli bazari. jerkidev ekonomikur reformebamde samuSao Zala ar ganixilebodarogorc saqoneli. dRevandeli Sromis bazari uaRresad daubalansebeli,xolo xelfasebi sakmaod dabalia. ekonomikuri krizisdaZlevis, ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofis, konkurenciisda warmoebis racionalizaciis gaZlierebis kvalobaze aucilebladunda moxdes umuSevrobis Semcireba, momuSaveTa Semadgenlobisada raodenobis optimizacia, xelfasis donis amaRleba.sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi, saqarTvelos-Tvis iseve rogorc sxva postkomunisturi qveynisTvis, damaxasiaTebeligaxda mosaxleobis dabali Semosavlebi, SezRudulifiskaluri resursebi da ganuviTarebeli sabazro institutebi.politikurma arastabilurobam, ekonomikis dargobrivma krizisebmada mouwyobelma sagareo urTierTobebma eqstremaluriviTareba Seqmna saqarTveloSi da Zalze gaamwvava socialur-ekonomikuriproblemebi. yovelive es ki refleqsurad aisaxaSromis bazris ganviTarebaSi: mkveTrad Semcirda dasaqmeba, warmoiSvaregionuli da genderuli disproporciebi da umuSevrobam,gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdobaSi, xangrZlivi xasiaTi miiRo.dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi Sromis bazris arsebuli struqturaZiriTadad dafuZnebelia demografiuli, socialur-ekonomikurida institucionaluri faqtorebis zemoqmedebaze. daqiravebiTdasaqmebulebi dRemde ver gaxda ekonomikis warmar-Tveli ZiriTadi Zala, romelsac SeuZlia qveyanaSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobiszrda uzrunvelyos.`vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg mkveTrad Seicvala xelisuflebisdamokidebuleba Sromis bazrisadmi, daiwyo aqtiuriinstitucionaluri politikis ganxorcieleba. reforma iTvaliswinebdadasaqmebis saxelmwifo institutebis reorganizacias,dasaqmebis droebiTi programebis ganxorcielebas da radikalurcvlilebebs sagadasaxado da Sromis kanonmdeblobaSi.2003-2007wlebSi samuSao Zalis monawileobis koeficientistabilur wliur klebas avlenda. 2008 wlis pirvel naxevarSi kies tendecia Seicvala. 2007 wlis pirvel naxevarTan SedarebiTaRniSnuli maCvenebeli, saSualod, 5 procentuli punqtiT gai-35

zarda da Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis 64,7 procenti Seadgina.2004 wlis Semdeg mas aseTi maRali donisTvis ar miuRwevia.aRiniSneboda samuSao Zalis monawileobis koeficientiskvartaluri zrdac, Tumca es sezonuri faqtoris xarjze xdebidada meore kvartalSi pirvelTan SedarebiT 4,5 procentulipunqti Seadgina. 1mTliani dasaqmebis wili mTlian samuSao ZalaSi 2008 wlispirvel naxevarSi, wina wlis Sesabamis periodTan SedarebiT 2,5procentuli punqtiT gaizarda da saSualod 86,5 procenti Seadgina.zrda iyo 2008 wlis meore kvartalSic da wina kvartal-Tan SedarebiT 1,1 procentuli punqtiT gaizarda da 87 procentiSeadgina. mTlianma dasaqmebam 2008wlis pirvel naxevarSi, absoluturgamosaxulebaSic moimata, rogorc wliur, ise kvartalurWrilSi. 2008 wlis pirvel or kvartalSi mTliani dasaqmebismaCvenebelma 2004 wlis dones gadaaWarba da 2003 wlis donesmiuaxlovda, rodesac es maCveneblebi ufro maRali iyo.samwuxarod es tendecia Semcirebisken wavida ukve 2008 meoTxekvartlidan da Sesabamisad sagrZnoblad Semcirda saerTodasaqmebis done. 2 marTalia, 2008 wlis pirvel naxevarSi mTlianidasaqmeba wliur gamoxatulebaSi gaizarda, magram es ganxorcieldaZiriTadad TviTdasaqmebis xarjze. daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTawili amave periodSi 1,9 procentuli punqtiT Semcirdada saSualod 35,4 procenti Seadgina. meore kvartalSi es maCvenebelipirvel kvartalTan SedarebiT 2,6 procentuli punqtiTSemcirda da 34,2 procentiT ganisazRvra.amdenad, 2008 wlis pirvel naxevarSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebisSesaZleblobebi CamorCeboda TviTdasaqmebis SesaZleblobebs.Semcirda agreTve Sromisunariani asakis mqone mosaxleobismaCvenebelic, riTac aixsneba samuSao Zalis monawileobiskoeficientis mniSvnelovani zrda. dasaqmebis maCvenebelma saanalizoperiodSi 5,8 procentuli punqtiT wliuri zrda aCvena.TviTdasaqmebis wili gaizarda, xolo daqiravebiT dasaqmebul-Ta wili Semcirda. aseTive dinamika arsebobda absolutur gamoxatulebaSic.31 n. WiTanava, l. TakalanZe. socialuri ekonomika. Tb., 2008, gv. 201.2saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendenciebi. kvartaluri mimoxilva. Tb.,2008, gv. 48.3saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendenciebi. kvartaluri mimoxilva, gv. 54.36

cxrili #1. umuSevrobis done (aTasi kaci). 1wlebi15 wlis daufrosi asakismosaxleobaumuSevrobasulumuSevrobis done(%)umuSevrobisdone (%)Sromisunarianiasakismosaxleobawlebiaraaqtiurimosaxleoba15-70 wlisasakSisul2000 3148,1 212,2 10,3 12,2 2000 3148,1 212,22001 3191,1 235,6 11,1 13,4 2001 3191,1 235,62002 3239,5 265,0 12,6 14,9 2002 3239,5 265,02003 3104,9 235,9 11,5 13,4 2003 3104,9 235,92004 3151,1 257,6 12,6 14,9 2004 3151,1 257,62005 3162,3 279,3 13,8 16,3 2005 3162,3 279,32006 3249,5 274,5 13,6 16,4 2006 3249,5 274,52007 3350,8 261,0 13.3 15,8 2007 3350,8 261,0Sromis sarTaSoriso organizaciis meTodologiiT gaangariSebuliumuSevroba 2008 wlis pirvel naxevarSi wina wlis analogiurperiodTan SedarebiT 1,5 procentuli punqtiT Semcirdada eqvs TveSi saSualod 13,6 procenti Seadgina. 2008 wlis meorekvartalSi es maCvenebeli 1,1 procentuli punqtiT naklebiiyo pirveli kvartlis Sesabamis maCvenebelze, rac SeiZleba sezonuridasaqmebis SesaZleblobis amsaxveli iyos.saqarTvelos Sromis bazari jerac Camoyalibebis proces-Sia da naklebad efeqtiania. igi segmenturia: naklebad dinamikurdargebSi dasaqmebis maRali wili qveyanaSi Sromis dabalmwarmoeblurobas gansazRvravs. ekonomikuri zrdis miuxedavad,mis dargobriv struqturaSi zrdis maRali tempebi, rogorcwesi, im sferoebze modioda, romlebsac samuSao adgilebisSezRuduli odenobiT zrdis SesaZlebloba hqondaT. mcireda saSualo biznesis ganuviTareblobis Sedegad daqiravebiTdasaqmeba ver gaizarda da TviTdasaqmebam farTo xasiaTi miiRo.1saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros statistikisdepartamenti. Tb., 2008, gv. 67.37

Sromis bazris ganviTareba adamianis SromiTi potencialisaqtivizacias unda emyarebodes, rac mcire da saSualo biznesisstimulirebiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes. yoveli sakanonmdebloda institucionaluri RonisZieba, romelic mcire da saSualosawarmoebis xelSewyobaze iqneba orientirebuli, sagadasaxadotvirTis Semsubuqeba iqneba es, Tu sabanko kreditisa da axaliteqnologiebis xelmisawvdomobis gazrda, an kidev profesiuliganaTlebis sistemis gaumjobeseba, Sromis mwarmoeblurobismatebisa da Sromis bazris racionalizaciis mniSvnelovan berketadSeiZleba gadaiqces.qveyanaSi dRes arsebuli Sromis bazris struqtura mniSvnelovanwiladganaTlebis arsebuli sistemis mdgomareobiTaris ganpirobebuli. umaRlesi ganaTlebis reformasTan erTadmaRalkvalificiuri specialistebis momzadebisTvis aucilebeliadangreuli profesiul-teqnikuri ganaTlebis sistemis reabilitaciaSromis bazris Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.profesiuli momzadebisa da gadamzadebis programebis realizaciabolo 10-15 wlis manZilze faqtobrivad TviTdinebazeiyo miSvebuli. umuSevarTa gadamzadebis axali qmediTi institutebisCamoyalibeba xels Seuwyobs dasaqmebis zrdas. pirvelrigSi, axalgazrdebs Soris, romelTa ekonomikurad aqtiurikontingenti yvelaze sustadaa gamoyenebuli.aRmasrulebuli xelisufleba uSualod Tavis Tavze ar undaiRebdes mosaxleobis SromiT mowyobas; misi zemoqmedeba dasaqmebiszrdaze gamarTuli sakanonmdeblo bazisa da xelsayrelibiznes-garemos SeqmniT unda Semoifarglos, rac stimulsaZlevs kerZo mewarmeebs Seqmnan axali samuSao adgilebi. amas-Tan, saxelmwifom dasaqmebis politikis SemuSavebaSi farTodunda gamoiyenos misi SekveTiT (Sesabamisad, dafinansebiT) ker-Zo institutebis mier ganxorcielebuli kvlevebi, daskvnebi darekomendaciebi. am mizniT mizanSewonilia momzadebisa da gadamzadebisorganizebaze tenderebis Catareba kerZo institutebismonawileobiT.specialur yuradRebas moiTxovs xandazmulTa Sromis bazaric.sagadasaxado kodeqsSi Setanili cvlilebebi jerjerobiTver uzrunvelyos msxvil sawarmoebSi gadamxdelTa socialuriSenatanebis mniSvnelovan zrdas da soliduri sapensiosistemis efeqtianobas. pensionerTa socialuri uzrunvelyofakvlav rTul mdgomareobaSi rCeba, xolo dasaqmebis asakobrivistruqtura `daberebuli~. yvelaze swrafad ganviTarebad dargebSi(safinanso Suamavloba, kavSirgabmuloba, transporti,mSenebloba da sxv.) samuSao adgilebis raodenoba sakmaod SezRudulia.amitom saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa da pensionerTaraodenobis Sefardebis gaumjobeseba uaxloes momavalSidamokidebuli iqneba ara imdenad zemoxsenebul dargebSi38

dasaqmebis zrdaze, aramed sxva darebSi (pirvel rigSi, mrewvelobaSi,soflis meurneobasa da vaWrobaSi) dasaqmebis struqturisarsebiT gaumjobesebaze, TviTdasaqmebulobis daqiravebulobiTmasobriv Canacvlebaze. aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifovaldebulia daiwyos mravalsqemiani sapensio sistemis danergva.unificirebul erovnul pensias TandaTanobiT unda Caenacvlosdiferencirebuli pensiebi, rac SeuZlebelia personificirebulisistemebis danergvis gareSe. sapensio sistemis reformebmaxeli unda Seuwyos Sromis bazris `gaaxalgazrdavebas~da Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdas.da bolos, saqarTveloSi daiwyo faqtobrivad socialuripolitikis axali etapi, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia socialuridacvis universaluri sistemidan siRatakeze orientirebuladresul daxmarebaze gadasvla. am instituciur cvlilebebTanerTad saxelmwifom socialuri dacvisa da uzrunvelyofisprogramebis ganxorcielebisas sabaziso kriteriumad undaaiRos Sromis bazris efeqtianoba da dasaqmebis zrda. mxolo aqtiurisocialuri politikis ganxorcielebiT iqneba SesaZlebeliumuSevrobis da `axali Raribebis~ kontingentis zrdis procesisSeCereba.MADONA GELASHVILIASPECTS OF LABOR MARKET FORMATIONHuman resource market has one of the most important roles in economicdevelopment. Human resource is a part of social-economic development,its main functions are – human resource market is terminatingminimal wages, also it has important influence on creating structure ofthis market. Today Georgian human resource market is influenced by demographic,social-economic and institutional factors. This article will tryto analyze above mentioned issues.39

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. IX. 2010ekonomikur mecnierebaTa seriazurab lipartia, maia gelaSvili, roin TaTeSviliregionis konkurentunarianobis strategiulianalizi da Sefasebis indeqsebiregionuli ekonomikuri politikis msoflio gamocdilebisanalizidan gamomdinare vaskvniT, rom erTiani, mkacradformirebuli, tipiuri meTodologia da meTodika regionulipolitikis formirebisa ara aris SemuSavebuli. Sesabamisad, Ti-Toeuli qveyana Tavisi ganviTarebis saxelmwifoebrivi strategiidanda resursuli potencialis gaTvaliswinebiT, amuSavebssakuTar regionul ekonomikur politikas.Tanamedrove etapze saqarTvelos strategiul miznadqveynis ekonomikuri, safinanso, komunikaciuri, kulturuli,civilizebuli mimarTulebebiT evropuli da aziuri regionisdamakavSirebel rgolad gadaqceva gvevlineba. Sesabamisad, gansakuTrebulmniSvnelobas iZens qveynis regionuli ekonomikuriganviTarebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebisa da prioritetebisgansazRvra-realizeba, raSic mniSvnelovani roli regionulmravalferovnebas, calkeuli regionebis konkurentunarianobisgansazRvra-gamoyenebas eniWeba. swavluli ekonomistebis miergamoTqmuli mosazrebidan gamomdinareobs, rom `calkeuli qveynismidgoma konkurentunarianobis mimarT damokidebulia imaze,Tu ra meTodebsa da saSualebas iyenebs esa Tu is qveyana axal pirobebSiriskis Semcirebisa da arsebuli SesaZleblobebis maqsimaluradgamoyenebis dros. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWebasaxelmwifos ekonomikuri da politikuri interesebis Sesabamisaderovnuli usafrTxoebis miznebis ganxorcielebas~. 1rogorc cnobilia, konkurentunarianobis Sefasebis meTodikisformirebis aqcenti misTvis prognozirebadi xasiaTis miniWebazegakeTebuli. amasTanave yvelaze ufro aRiarebuli h.amstrongis mier SemuSavebuli konkurenciis kriteriumTa ganxilvasazogadoebis progresis uzrunvelyofis mimarTulebiTqveynis masStabebs warmoadgens. xolo regioni, ganixileba rogorcfirmaTa konkurenciis formirebisaTvis mniSvnelovanigaremo. 2 aqve mogvyavs cnobili mecnieris m. porteris xedva,romlis erovnul rombSi regioni warmodgenilia adgilobrivi1 e. baraTaSvili, j. zarandia. saqarTvelos regionuli ganviTarebisekonomika. Tb., 2007, gv. 41.2 H. Amstrong, J. Taylor. Regional Economics and policy. New York: Wheatsheaf,1993, p. 218.40

pirobebis erTobliobiT: momTxovni momxmareblebi, Zlierikonkurentebi, resursebis Zlieri mimwodeblebi da mZlavridamxmare dargebis kompleqsi (`samrewvelo klasteri~). 1konkurencia rogorc Siga, aseve msoflios bazarze ubiZgebserovnul mwarmoeblebs gadavidnen, axal sawarmoo teqnologiebze,gazardon gamoSvebuli produqciis xarisxobrivimaCveneblebi da asortimenti, meti yuradReba dauTmon mecnierul-teqnologiuriprogresis danergvas da amiT xeli Seuwyonekonomikuri zrdisa da efeqtianobis ufro maRali maCveneblebismiRwevas. amave dros, Tavisufali vaWroba momgebiania momxmareblisaTvisac,vinaidan misaReb fasebSi produqciis ufrofarTo asortimentis SeZenis saSualebas aZlevs mas.regionis konkurentunarianobaze moqmedi faqtorebisklasifikaciidan (ix. nax. 1) gamomdinareobs, rom konkurentunarobazezemoqmedebis faqtorebi ajgufeben: a) pozitiur da b)negatiuri zemoqmedebis faqtorebad:regionis konkurentunarianobisformirebis faqtorebipozitiuri zemoqmedebisfaqtorebi— regionis sawarmoTa zrda— investiciebis Semodineba— teqnikuri progresisaTviseba— regionuli ekonomikisstruqturis Sesabamisobateqnikuri progresisdonesTan— regionuli ekonomikisorganizacia da misi marTvisxarisxi— regionis produqciazeSida moTxovna— regionis produqciazesagareo moTxovnanegatiuri zemoqmedebisfaqtorebi— arakeTilsindisierikonkurenciis gaZlierebaregionSi— regionis negatiuri imiji— privatizaciisa da fasebisliberalizaciazedanaxarjebi— regionul meurneobriobissferoebSi kriminalizaciismaRali done— dotaciaze myofiregionebismravalricxovnobanax. 1 regionebis konkurentunarianobis formirebisfaqtorebis klasifikacia1 М. Портер. Международная конкуренция. Изд. «Международные отношения»,М., 1993, gv. 296.41

globalizaciisa da lokalizaciis Tanamedrove tendenciebisfonze, regionuli ganviTarebis regulirebis procesebigansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, saqarTvelosdamoukideblobis mopovebisa da sazogadoebrivi urTier-Tobebis radikaluri transformaciis pirobebSi, rodesac qveynisaTvisaucilebelia msoflio meurneobaSi Tavisi erovnuliinteresebis gaTvaliswinebiT sakuTari adgilis damkvidrebisaTvisSesabamisi meqanizmebis SemuSaveba da realizacia.praqtika uCvenebs, rom konkurentunarianobis SefasebisamJamad arsebul meTodikaTa umravlesoba gaTvaliswinebuliamTlianad qveynis masStabze, xolo regionis konkurentunarianobiskvlevisadmi ori ZiriTadi midgoma dominirebs:pirveli midgomiT regions ganixilaven, rogorc firmiskonkurentunarianobaze zemoqmed garemos;meore midgomiT TviT regioni ganixileba, rogorc konkurenciiskonkurentunarianobis subieqti.regionuli konkurentunarianobis Sefasebis meTodika,romelic moicavs maCveneblebis SerCevis, monacemTa Segrovebis,monacemTa skalirebisa da kompleqsuri indeqsis safuZvelzeregionis konkurentunarianobis Sefasebis etapebs, uzrunvelyofsSesabamisi im monacemTa bazis Seqmnas, romlis saSualebiTacSesaZlebeli iqneba konkurentunarianobaze moqmedifaqtorebis raodenobrivi Sefaseba. agreTve im maCvenebelTagaTvla, romelic ar aris oficialur statistikaSi.monacemTa skalireba xorcieldeba konkretuli regionismaCveneblisa da regionebs Soris minimaluri maCveneblebissxvaobasTan regionebSi amave maCveneblebis maqsimaluri da minimalurimniSvnelobebis sxvaobis SefardebiT.aij aminj(1)a aanmax jmax jmin jaij aminj1 (2)a amin jmiRebuli SerCeva warmoadgens yvela regionisTvis TiToeuliarCeuli maCveneblis mixedviT mikroindeqsTa erTobas, romelTamniSvneloba 0-sa da 1-s Sorisaa. am dros 1 saukeTeso maCvenebelia,0 — yvelaze uaresi.regionis konkurentunarianobis indeqsis gamoTvlasaxorcieleben Semdegi formulis gamoyenebiT:42

Icompixxij xmin j x1 max j min j(3)Sesabamisad, regionis konkurentunarianoba Sefasebuliiqneba Semdegi maCveneblebiT:1) regionis konkurentuli upiratesobismaCveneblebi:a) regionis faqtoruli (resursuli) upiratesoba;b) regionis investiciuri upiratesoba;g) regionis infrastruqturuli upiratesoba;d) regionis inovaciuri upiratesoba;e) regionis instituciuri upiratesoba;v) regionis dargobrivi struqturis progresuloba.2) regionis konkurentunarianobis saSedegomaCveneblebi:a) mTliani regionuli produqtis moculoba mosaxleobiserT sulze;b) mTlian regionul produqtSi eqsportis wili;g) mTliani regionuli produqtis zrdis tempi.Sesabamisad, regionis faqtoruli upiratesobis SefasebisTvisgamoyenebul iqneba kerZo maCveneblebi: Sromis nayofiereba,regionis SefardebiTi upiratesoba, ZiriTadi fondebisukugeba. kerZod: ZiriTadi fondebis ukugebis indeqsi regionis mosaxleobiserT sulze ZiriTadi fondebis moculobasaxasiaTebs; regionis investiciuri upiratesobis maCvenebladregionis mosaxleobis erT sulze investiciebis moculobagamoiyeneba; regionis infrastruqturuli upiratesobis maCvenebladgamoyene-buli iqneba saavtomobilo gzebissimWidrove 1 kv.km-ze; regionis inovaciuri upiratesobis Sefaseba analogiuradxdeba, maCveneblad ki regionSi kvlevebisa damaTi damuSavebis sferoSi dasaqmebulTa xvedriTi wiliiqneba gamoyenebuli; regionis informaciuli upiratesobis maCvenebeladregionSi mTlianad dasaqmebulebSi informaciisdamuSavebis sferoSi dasaqmebulTa xvedriTi wili gamoiyeneba. regionis instituciuri upiratesobis maCveneblad43

aRebulia: regionSi sabazro institutebis ganviTarebamosaxleobis maCvenebelze mcire sawarmoTaricxovnebis Sefardeba; regionis mTavrobis pozicia regionTaSoris konkurenciaSi(regionis biujetis Semosavlebis doneerT sulze) zemoT warmodgenili meTodiT SesaZlebeliaTiToeulis maCveneblis gansazRvra.analogiurad gamoiTvleba regionis konkurentuli upiratesobissaSedego maCveneblebis (mTliani regionuli produqtimosaxleobis erT sulze, mTlian regionul produqtSieqsportis wili, mTliani regionuli produqtis zrdis tempi)indeqsebi.amrigad, saqarTveloSi efeqtiani regionuli ekonomikuristrategiis SemuSavebisa da realizaciis procesSi prioritetulmniSvnelobas iZens qveynis regionebis bunebriv-resursulipotencialis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswineba, romelic didzegavlenas axdens mis sabazro specializaciasa da Sromis teritoriuldanawilebaze, regionis socialur-ekonomikur kompleqsSiracionaluri da dabalansebuli efeqtiani meqanizmebisgamoyeneba-damkvidrebaze qveynis biznes praqtikaSi.Tanamedrove etapze qveynis mdgradi da usafrTxo ganviTarebisuzrunvelsayofad aucilebelia winmswrebi strategiisganxorcieleba, romelic iqneba aqtiuri, profilaqtikuri, ra-Ta Tavidan aviciloT ekonomikuri safrTxis Sedegebi, destabilizaciisfaqtorebi. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelom unda monaxosTavisi adgili msoflio ganviTarebasa da usafrTxoebaSi, SromissaerTaSoriso danawilebaSi.44ZURAB LIPARTIA, MAIA GELASHVILI, ROIN TATESHVILISTRATEGIC ANALYSIS AND ESTIMATION INDEXOF THE REGIONS COMPETITIVENESSThe Strategic Analysis of Region Competition and the Estimationof Indexes in the Context of Safe development of Economic. In the previousscientific article we have represented the intelligence of the foreigncountries experiences in the regulation of the economical politics and thetheories about the regional development of the country, The strategicanalyse of regional competition. In conclusion we have represented that itwill be possible to achieve the complex development of each region inthe country with the help of using the effective system of control we havealso mentioned the advantages of Region competition.

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. IX. 2010ekonomikur mecnierebaTa seriamurman kvaracxeliailia WavWavaZisa da niko nikolaZis ekonomikuriSexedulebani da saqarTvelos erovnuliekonomikis sakiTxebidialeqtikuri WeSmaritebaa — TaobaTa cvlis garduvaloba.mas bunebrivad Tan sdevs adamianTa cxovrebis materialurida sulieri yofis metamorfoza, da rac mTavaria, xSirad Seum-Cnevlad magram mainc gardaiqmneba eric da qveyanac. Cveni qveynisekonomikuri cxovrebac am qartexilebSi gamovlili da gamowrTobilididi saidumloebiT moculi fenomenia, romelic gansakuTrebulikataklizmebiT gamoirCeoda XIX-XX saukuneebSi.saqarTvelos istoria omis, aneqsiisa da okupaciis TanmdeviprocesebiT iyo mudam gajerebuli. Tu Tvals gadavavlebT amorasi wlis istorias, vnaxavT, rom Cveni wina Taobebi TaviseburadibrZoda sxvadasxva da gansakuTrebiT, ruseTis imperiis koloniuriuRlis winaaRmdeg. istoriaSi cnobili ajanyebebi(mTiuleTis — 1802-1804 ww, kaxeTis —1812-1813 ww, imereTis —1819-1820 ww.) rusulma saokupacio reJimma sisxlSi CaaxSo.momavalma qarTvelma Taobebma igrZnes, rom ruseTTan aseTipirdapiri SeiaraRebuli brZoliT mizans ver miaRwevdnen. saWiroiyo imperiasTan brZolis meTodebis Secvla.saqarTvelos istoria imasac gvaswavlis, rom momdevnoaxali Taobebis brZola ufro Sedegiani aRmoCnda. maT `Tergdaleulebi~,anu `pirveli dasi~ uwodes. ilia WavWavaZem, akaki wereTelma,niko nikolaZem, iakob gogebaSvilma, vaJa-fSavelam daam dasis (igive `partiis~) warmomadgenlebma ajanyebebis nacvladerovnuli brZolis mTavar iaraRad da meTodad mSvidobianibrZola airCies. aseTi brZolis mTavari asparezi ganaTleba,kultura da social-ekonomikuri ganviTareba gaxda.`pirveli dasis~ moRvaweTagan qarTuli ekonomikuri azrisistoriaSi gansakuTrebul figuras warmoadgens ilia WavWavaZeda niko nikolaZe. istoriuli wyaroebi adastureben, rom nikonikolaZem ilia WavWavaZesTan erTad ara marto Seqmna `saerToniadagis~ Teoria, aramed praqtikuladac scada am Teoriisprincipebis ganxorcieleba. am principebidan ki, mTavaria rogorcniko nikolaZe werda, — `yvela sazogadoebriv ZalTa erTkvalSi Cayeneba da am erTiani ZaliT erisa da qveynis winsvla—ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa~. vfiqrobT, rom dRevandel saqar-TveloSi mTavari swored is aris, rom yvelam erTad SevZloTCvens winaSe mdgomi miznebis ganxorcieleba mSvidobiani gziT45

da amasTan, socialur-ekonomikuri progresis saSualebiT.am miznebidan, upirveles yovlisa, mTavari da ZiriTadia —erovnuli damoukidebloba, romelic warmoudgenelia erovnuliekonomikis ganviTarebiis gareSe. magram ilia WavWavaZesa daniko nikolaZes kargad esmodaT, rom erovnuli damoukideblobaSeuZlebelia ganxorcieldes qveynis socialur-ekonomikuriganviTarebis gareSe. aqedan gamomdinare maT miznad daisaxesqarTuli kapitalizmis Taviseburi modelis Seqmna. Cvenma Taobebmaunda Seiswavlon ilias da niko nikolaZis memkvidreoba misikargad gagebisa da praqtikaSi ganxorcielebisaTvis. CveninaSromis mizanic swored esaa.am did moazrovneebs sworad hqondaT gacnobierebulierovnuli ekonomikis momavlis gzakvali. pirveli, rasac nikonikolaZe moiTxovda, iyo is, rom saqarTvelom gamoiyenos Tavisixelsayreli bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebi da geopolitikurimdgomareoba imisaTvis, rom Seqmnas Zlieri erovnuli ekonomika.amave dros misi didi damsaxureba isic aris, rom man wamoiwyobevri praqtikuli proeqtis ganxorcielebac am mizniT.maTgan sayuradReboa foTis portis mSenebloba da energetika.foTis pirveli meris postze muSaobisas man gansazRvra amSavizRvispira qalaqis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi. igi werda,rom foTis mTavari funqcia unda gaxdes evropasa da azias SorissavaWro-ekonomikuri kavSirebis ganviTareba. 1 dRevandelpirobebSi es funqcia kidev ufro izrdeba, magram saWiroa, romamisaTvis TviTon foTisa da misi portis srulyofa da ganviTarebaiqnas uzrunvelyofili. es dRevandeli gadasaxedidan sworadda obieqturad danaxuli perspeqtiva iyo.rac Seexeba niko nikolaZis memkvidreobidan saqarTvelosenergetikuli ganviTarebis sakiTxs, unda iTqvas, rom man aqacdidi samomavlo mniSvnelobis amocana dagvitova XXI saukunis Taobebs.mas kargad hqonda gaazrebuli Cveni qveynis hidroresursebispotenciuri SesaZleblobebi, magram amasTan garkveul na-Tel perspeqtivas xedavda eleqtroenergiis gamomuSavebaSi qarisada mzis energiis aTvisebis didi potenciuri SesaZleblobebisTvalsazrisiT. dResac didi jixaiSis mis saxlmuzeumSi inaxebamis mier Seqmnili qaris pirveli generatori saqarTveloSi.magram CvenTvis dRes mTavaria saukunis problema — rogorisaqarTvelo unda SevqmnaT XXI saukuneSi da am mxvriv ra SeiZlebagamoviyenoT rogorc erovnuli, ise saerTaSoriso gamocdilebidan.cxadia, rom orive aucilebeli faqtoria Cveni qveynissamomavlo ganviTarebisaTvis. am TvalsazrisiT, garkveulipolitikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri analiziT SevecdebiTvaCvenoT demokratiuli procesebis Taviseburebani gardamava-1niko nikolaZe. Txzulebani. t. III:1872-1873. Tb., 1963, gv. 65.46

li periodis saqarTveloSi, romlebic saerTo SexedulebiTqarTuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis safuZvels warmoadgens postkomunisturitransformaciis saqarTvelos dRevandel gardamavalperiodSi.cnobilia, rom ilia WavWavaZem, romlis mier daarsebulierovnuli banki XIX-XX saukuneebis saqarTveloSi yvela mniSvnelovaniwamowyebis iniciatori iyo, safuZveli Cauyara parlamentarizmistradicias. aRniSnuli `bankis krebebi~ qarTulidemokratiis nimuSad aris miCneuli maSindel saqarTveloSi.amitom mimaCnia, rom saqarTveloSi demokratiis ganviTarebisproblemebis kvleva SeuZlebelia ilia WavWavaZis `saerTo niadagis~Teoriis gareSe. im Teoriisa, romlis ekonomikuri mxareilias mkvlelobis Semdeg win wamoswia niko nikolaZem.ilia WavWavaZes, niko nikolaZes da maT Tanamoazreebs kargadesmodaT, rom erovnuli ekonomikis gareSe arc erovnulisaxelmwifo SeiZleba arsebobdes da amitom didi dro da energiaSealies erovnuli ekonomikis strategiis Seqmnas. maSinac dadResac am strategiis swor gaazrebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobaaqvs Cveni momavali ganviTarebisaTvis. kapitalizmi es,upirveles yovlisa, integraciuli da globalisturi procesebiserTobliobaa da aq Cven Tu ar movZebneT Cveni adgili da roli,maSin momavalic ar gveqneba.`qarTuli kapitalizmis modeli~ — es `saerTo niadagis~Teoriis umTavresi monapovaria. msoflios yvela xalxi da maTiekonomikebi kapitalizmis principebze viTardeba, magram yvelamaTgans Tavisi erovnuli Taviseburebani gaaCnia. sxva aris kapitalizmida Sesabamisad, erovnuli ekonomika iaponiaSi da sxvainglisSi, germaniaSi, norvegiaSi Tu israelSi. rogori undaiyos qarTuli kapitalizmi da masze dafuZnebuli Cveni erovnuliekonomika — ai, problema, romlis gadawyvetac Cveni qveyniserT-erTi upirvelesi amocanaa.ilia WavWavaZes da niko nikolaZes kargad esmodaT, romerovnuli ekonomika es aris regionul ekonomikaTa ganviTarebisproduqti da maTi Taviseburi maTematikuri jami. saqarTvelosmTa-bari sxvadasxva regionul Taviseburebebs Seicavs dayvelafers amas gaTvaliswineba sWirdeba qveynis ekonomikuristrategiisa da misi Sesatyvisi ekonomikuri politikis SemuSavebasada ganxorcielebaSi. yvelaze zogadi gaazrebiT Cveni qveyanaTavisi bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiTori didi regionisgan Sedgeba — dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi.ilia WavWavaZem da niko nikolaZem Taviseburad gadainawilesfunqciebi da pirvelma maTganma qarTl-kaxeTis da saerTod, aRmosavleTsaqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebiskonceptualuri principebi daamuSava, xolo meorem, dasavleTsaqarTvelosi.47

amasTan dakavSirebiT, jer kidev XXs. 90-ian wlebSi `ilialogTaklubis~ iniciativiT Seiqmna mecnier-mkvlevarTa klubiregionul ekonomikaTa koncefciis SesamuSaveblad. TbilisisuniversitetSi gaimarTa diskusia, amasTan monawileoba miviReTpoloneTis qalaq lublinSi gamarTul saerTaSoriso konferenciaze,sadac es sakiTxebi iqna wamoweuli da mecnierTa yuradRebadaimsaxura. erTi sityviT, Teoriul aspeqtSi axlo warsulisCveni didi moRvaweebis memkvidreoba damuSavebulia. axlamTavaria, rom Teoriidan praqtikaze gadavideT. sxvanairad xom,rogorc ilia ityoda, `mecniereba uqmi Wkvis uqmi varjiSia~. 1aRniSnuli diskusiebis dros SemuSavda da ivane javaxiSvilissaxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetma gamosca samecnierokrebuli — `qarTuli saxelmwifo~ 2 . misi ZiriTadi nawilimiZRvnilia qarTuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis socialurekonomikuriproblemebisadmi. aq minda davayeno afxazeTTan dadasavleT saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli rigi sakiTxebi:pirvel rigSi unda xazgasmiT iTqvas, rom afxazeTi da mTelidasavleT saqarTvelo istoriulad yovelTvis erTiani politikurida socialur-ekonomikuri regioni iyo. `qarTliscxovrebis~ araerTi matiane cneba `afxazeTs~ ganixilavs rogorcdasavleT saqarTvelos aRmniSvnel sityvas. gavixsenoTTundac daviT aRmaSenebeblis samefo regalia — `mefe afxazTa,qarTlTa, ranTa da kaxTa...~, sadac `afxazeTi~ mTeli dasavleTsaqarTvelos gamaerTianebeli politikuri regaliaa. tradiciiTes TviT XIX saukuneSic gadmovida da igi ilia WavWavaZisa daniko nikolaZis publicistikaSic aisaxa.kerZod, maT SeimuSaves idea, rom kapitalizmis ganviTarebasdasavleT saqarTveloSi, maT Soris afxazeTSi, erTiani korporaciulisistemis Seqmna unda daedos safuZvlad. am mizniTkolxeTis dablobze, rionis qvemo dinebasa da foTis mimdebareteritoriaze unda Seqmniliyo didi savaWro-samrewvelo da sasoflo-sameurneodasaxleba — `kolxida~, romliTac moxdebodaproduqciis gatana Savi zRvisa da xmelTaSua zRvis regionebSi. 3sxvaTaSoris unda aRiniSnos, rom am ideis ganxorcieleba scadalavrenti beriam, Sesrulda garkveuli saproeqto samuuSaoebic,magram meore msoflio omis dawyebam SeaCera es procesi.XXs. samocian wlebSi am proeqtiT seriozulad dainteresdacnobili amerikeli diplomati da Semdeg ki, metad warmatebulibiznesmeni averel harimani. igi pirobas iZleoda, rom mTel amregions `evraziis Sveicariad~ gadaaqcevda, magram kremlis ma-Sindelma xelmZRvanelobam proeqti `kolxida~ CaSala da afxa-1 ilia WavWavaZe. Txzulebani. t. ? Tb., 1989, gv. 570.2qarTuli saxelmwifo . Tb., 2003.3 niko nikolaZe. Txzulebani. t. 3,1872-1873, gv.125.48

zeTi antiqarTuli politikis placdarmad aqcia, romlis mizanidRes yvelasTvis naTelia: `gaTiSe da ibatones~ imperiuli politikiTkremlis Tanamedrove mesveurebi cdiloben moaxdinonafxazeTis iseTive aneqsia da asimilacia, rogorc es gaakeTesasi wlis win jiqeTsa da CerqezeTSi.`iliologTa klubma~ am ramdenime wlis win moiZia da gaaxlazemoTxsenebuli `kolxidasa~ da agreTve e.w. `harimanis~proeqtebi da igi daukavSira evrokavSiris `konfliqtebis mSvidobianidaregulirebis~ ideas. kerZod, Cven vayenebT ideas, romSeiqmnas ori didi korporaciuli sameurneo dasaxleba saqarTveloSi:zemoTxsenebuli `kolxida~ da agreTve, `iliawminda~aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi (ivrispireTSi, daviT garejsa da daliswyalsacavs Soris). kargi iqneba Tu investori dainteresdebaaRniSnuli proeqtebiT, rac vfiqrobT, mniSvnelovan wvlilsSeitans rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTvelos regionulekonomikaTa ganviTarebaSi.amis dasasabuTeblad ramdenime argumenti SeiZleba movitanoT.esenia:1. pirveli: Tavis droze, kerZod, ferganis tragediis Semdeg,evrokavSirma meore msoflio omis dros Sua aziaSigadasaxlebul mahmadiani mesxebis (e.w. `Turqi mesxebis~)reabilitaciis programa miiRo. am mizniT gamoiyo mniSvnelovanifinansuri saxsrebi — 100 milionamde evro. saqarTvelosmTavrobas ki mosTxoves Sesabamisi samar-Tlebrivi bazis Seqmna (saqarTvelos parlamentma 2008wels miiRo repatriaciis kanoni), magram dRemde arcerT xelisuflebas seriozulad ar ufiqria maT ganxorcielebazeda `iliawmindas~ mSeneblobac dRes faqtobrivaddakonservebulia. rac Seexeba proeqt `kolxidas~,igi dRes saerTod miviwyebulia, maSin roca aWaridan,raWa-leCxumidan da svaneTidan eko-migrantTa CasaxlebisTvisaseve mniSvnelovani saxsrebia gaTvaliswinebuli.2. Tavis droze israelis saxelmwifo Seiqmna Zveli `kibucuri~sameurneo dasaxlebebis safuZvelze da dRevandeliisraelis ekonomikaSi maT rogorc ityvian, lomiswili aqvT. ilia WavWavaZe da niko nikolaZe moiTxovdnen,rom aseTive `xodabunuri~ tipis sameurneo korporaciebiSeqmniliyo saqarTveloSic. Seiqmna kidec ramdenimeebrauli `kibucis~ msgavsi qarTuli `xodabuni~, magram,samwuxarod, am procesma ganviTareba ver hpova. dadgadro, Cvens erovnul ekonomikaSi `xodabunebis~ sasoflosameurneokorporaciebs farTo gza mivceT. Cven mzadgvaqvs maTi socialur-ekonomikuri dasabuTebac, rac SeiZlebaganxorcieldes lizinguri investiciebis mozid-4. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi49

viT, romelic SedarebiT nakleb saxsrebs Txoulobs. amgziTac SeiZleba mobilizebuli iqnas mniSvnelovani finansurida materialur-teqnikuri saxsrebi `kolxidasa~da `iliawmindas~ proeqtebis realizaciisTvis, rac Tavismxriv aTasobiT adamians daasaqmebs. es sakiTxi saxelmwifopolitikis rangSi unda iqnas ayvanili. sworeddasaqmebis problemis gadawyveta warmoadgens CvensmTavar arguments zemoaRniSnuli proeqtebis ganxorcielebisTvis,romelsac didi biZgi misces XIX saukunisekonomikuri azris iseTma titanebma, rogorebic iyvnenilia WavWavaZe da niko nikolaZe.MURMAN KVARATSKHELIAECONOMICAL VIEWS OF ILIA CHAVCHAVADZEAND NIKO NIKOLADZE AND GEORGIANNATIONAL ECONOMIC ISSUESSome aspects of 19 th century Economic views in Ilia Chavchavadzeand Niko Nikoladze creativity are discussed in the article. Their particularmethod of approach about the country arrangement is emphasized.“Kolkhida” and “Iliatsminda” projects are accentuated and also their importancenowadays.50

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. IX, 2010ekonomikur mecnierebaTa seriairma molaSxiasasursaTo usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofasaqarTveloSimsoflios sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebSi qveynis erovnuliusafrTxoebis mniSvnelovan `struqturul bloks~ sasursaTousafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad kompleqsuri RonisZiebebisgatareba warmoadgens.sasursaTo usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa niSnavs qveyanaSisakmao resursebis arsebobas, janmrTeli cxovrebisaTvis aucilebeliraodenobis usafrTxo sakvebis SeZenis TvalsazrisiT.sursaTis sakmarisobis da xelmisawvdomobis ganmsazRvrelifaqtorebia: Semosavali, sursaTis TviTwarmoeba da transfertebi,agreTve sursaTis fasebi.saqarTvelos mosaxleobis moxmarebaSi sursaTs didi xvedriTiwili uWiravs. 2009 wlis monacemebis mixedviT, mosaxleobissasursaTo xarjebis wili mTlian samomxmareblo xarjebSi2005 welTan SedarebiT Semcirda 62%-dan 53%-mde. klebadi tendenciiTxasiaTdeba mosaxleobis mier sakvebi energiis medianurimoxmareba (kkal./dReSi sulze) bolo wlebSi Sesabamisad:2005 wels — 2390 kkaloriis dRiuri moxmareba 2009 wlisaTvis2150 kkaloriamde Semcirda, 1 rac Cveni mosaxleobis arasrulyofilisicocxlisunarianobis maCvenebelia. rogorc viciT,optimaluri sicocxlisunarianoba 2500-3500 kkaloriis dRiurimoxmarebis pirobebSi miiRweva. 2007-2009 ww. erT sulze kvebisproduqtebis wliuri moxmarebis rekomendirebuli fiziologiurinormebisa da faqtiuri moxmarebis oficialuri monacemebissafuZvelze dgindeba, rom maT Soris mTeli rigi produqtebismixedviT arasasurveli disproporciebia. (cxrili 1). rogorc2009 wlis oficialuri monacemebidan Cans, moxmarebis rekomendirebulifiziologiuri normisgan CamorCeniT xasiaTdebarZisa da rZis produqtebis (2.4-jer), xorcisa da xorcis produqtebis(2.2-jer), bostneulis (1.9-jer), kartofilis (1.1-jer),kvercxis (1.7-jer), yurZnis (1.8-jer) moxmarebis parametrebi.fiziologiur normas aWarbebs Saqris (2.8-jer), zeTis da cximis(1.2-jer), purisa da purproduqtebis (1.1-jer) moxmarebis maCveneblebi.21saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. saqarTvelos soflismeurneoba, statistikuri publikacia 2009. Tb., 2010.2saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. saqarTvelos soflis51

sursaTis wliuri moxmarebis rekomendirebulifiziologiuri norma da faqtiuri moxmarebasaqarTveloSi 1cxrili 1.52dasaxelebamoxmarebisrekomend.fiziol.normawliuri moxmareba erT sulze(kg)2007 2008 2009puri da purproduqtebi 130 141 150 138rZe da rZis produqtebi 315 155 162 131xorci da xorc produqtebi 55 28 27 25.5bostneuli 100 58 59 53kartofili 50 47 48 44kvercxi 150 85 91 90zeTi da cximi 6 8 7 _Saqari 15 40 42 _xili, yurZeni 65 37 35 36rogorc vxedavT, adgili aqvs kvebis fiziologiuri normebismoTxovnebis darRvevas anu arasrulfasovan kvebas. mosaxleobiskvebis racionSi ZiriTadi wili modis purze, Saqarze dazeTze, risi mizezic mosaxleobis Zalze dabali msyidvelobiTiunari SeiZleba iyos. magaliTad, 2008 wlisaTvis erT sulze sa-Sualo Tviurma Semosavlebma 126.7 lari, xarjebma ki — 128.8 lariSeadgina. 2 es tendencia, samwuxarod, dRevandel pirobebSicgrZeldeba. saqarTveloSi inflaciis donem 12.3%-s miaRwia, racgansakuTrebiT sasursaTo produqciis fasebze aisaxeba. 2011wlis ianvris monacemebiT fasebi sursaTze da ualkoholo sasmelebze25.2 procentiT gaizarda, 3 rac gare faqtorebiT, sursaTzemaRali saerTaSoriso fasebiTaa ganpirobebuli, kerZodki, 2010 wlis ganmavlobaSi msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi momxdaribunebrivi stiqiuri movlenebisa da mTeli rigi qveynebismier sasursaTo produqciis eqsportis SezRudviTaa gamowveuli.amiT aixsneba fasebis mateba saqarTveloSic, purisa da purproduqtebisjgufze — 20.0%-iT, Saqarsa da sakonditro nawarmze— 166%-iT, zeTsa da cximze — 35.5%-iT, bostneulsa da baRCeulze— 50.8%-iT, xilsa da yurZenze — 38.3%-iT. 4 gaerTianebulierebis organizaciis sursaTisa da soflis meurneobis organizameurneoba,statistikuri publikacia 2009. Tb., 2010, gv. 83-92.1saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri.., gv. 83-92.2saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis saministro, statistikis departamenti.statistikuri weliwadeuli 2009, Tb., 2010, gv. 57; 60.3 www.geostat.ge.4www.geostat.ge.

ciis (FAO) monacemebiT, sasursaTo saqonlis indeqsi mniSvnelovnadaagazrdili msoflio masStabiTac. magaliTad, aSS-Si niuiorkisbirJaze Saqris fasma bolo 30 wlis maqsimums miaRwia.inflaciaze gavlena iqonia iseTma subieqturma faqtormac,rogoricaa aSS federaluri sarezervo bankis mier fulismasis gazrda, kerZod, fulis beWdvis gadawyvetileba 600 mlrd.aSS dolaris odenobiT. saqarTvelos erovnuli banki fulzemoTxovnis gazrdas saprocento ganakveTebis SemcirebiT axorcielebs.sursaTis globaluri deficitis pirobebSi qveynanaSi prioritetadrCeba agrobiznesis ganviTareba. imisaTvis, rom amaRldesxorbaliT TviTuzrunvelyofis koeficienti, romelic2009 wlis monacemebiT 8%-s Seadgens, saWiroa sxva qveynebis mowinavemeurneobebis gamocdilebis gaziareba, saTesle meurneobisgaumjobeseba da soflis meurneobis kvalificiuri kadrebiT,maT Soris swavluli agronomebiT uzrunvelyofa. magali-Tad, xorblis mosavlianobis 3-jer gazrdis mizniT, yvarelSiSemotanil iqna amerikuli saTesle xorbali, Catarda seminarebifermerebisaTvis, ramac momavalSi unda gaaumjobesos xorbliswarmoeba Cvens qveyanaSi. dabali TviTuzrunvelyofis koeficientebi(Tuk) aRiniSneba ZiriTadi kvebis produqtebis, ker-Zod, xorcis Tuk-i _ 47%, bostneulis _ 76%, mcenareuli ze-Tis _ 20%, Saqris _ 0%, es ukanaskneli 2008 wlis Saqris warmoebisSewyvetiT aixsneba, es maCvenebeli wina wlebSi, kerZod, 2003wels 51%-s, xolo 2007 wels — 42% Seadgenda, qveyanas dReisaTvisSaqris maragis saxiT sakmao raodenobis resursi gaaCnia.2009 wlis monacemebiT, qveyanaSi SedarebiT pozitiuri maCveneblebigvaqvs simindiT (92%), kartofiliT (93%), kvercxiT (101%),rZe da rZis produqtebiT (92%), yurZniT (118%) TviTuzrunvelyofismxriv. 1 imedia momavalSi fermerTa saSualo fenis Camoyalibeba,agromewarmeTa dafinansebis efeqtiani programebisa daproeqtebis ganxorcieleba donorebTan TanamSromlobiT, gazrdisadgilobrivi sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoebas.qveyanaSi agraruli seqtoris ganviTarebisaTvis xelSewyobismizniT xorcieldeba mikro agro sesxebis gacema 1000-15000 laramde,3-24 Tvemde vadiT, klebadi saprocento ganakveTiT —2.7%-dan TveSi, rac finansurad daexmareba agrobiznesiT dainteresebulpirebs.aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom saqarTveloSi aSS saerTaSorisosaagentos (USAID) mier dafinansebuli proeqti `Agvantage~2007 wlidan aqtiur finansur mxardaWeras uwevs kvebis produqcismwarmoebel adgilobriv kompaniebs, raTa maT SeZlon warmoebaSiprogresuli teqnologiebis danergvis gziT umaRlesi xa-1www.geostat.ge.53

isxis qarTuli produqciis warmoeba. ase, magaliTad, `Agvantage~-sproeqtis mxardaWeriT moxda imereTis raionSi `Ternal-Cais~ fabrikis teqnikuri gadaiaraReba. fabrikaSi damontaJdaTanamedrove danadgari, romelic axmobs, grexs da axarisxebsCais. aseTi danadgarebis saSualebiT `Ternal-Cais~ fabrika yovelwliuradafasoebs saukeTeso xarisxis mwvane elitarul Cais100 gramian paketebSi, 10 tona weliwadSi. momavalSi Sps `Ternal-Cais~warmoeba erTiorad gaizrdeba da igi SeZlebs sauke-Teso xarisxis mwvane elitaruli Cais gatanas, rogorc adgilobriv,ise ucxour bazarze — ukrainaSi. 1ukanasknel wlebSi saqarTvelos agrarul seqtorSi ganxorcieldebulmapirdapirma ucxourma investiciebma 2007 wlis monacemebiT— 15.5 mln. lari, 2008 wels — 7.8 mln. lari, 2009 wels —22.3 mln. lari, xolo 2010 wlis I-III kvartlis monacemebis mixedviT— 5.8 mln. lari Seadgina. rogorc xedavT, es investiciebi metismetadmcirea da sruliad arasakmarisia dargis ganviTarebaSiseriozuli nabijebisaTvis. rac Seexeba kvebis mrewvelobaSi ganxorcielebulinvesticiebs, misi moculoba wlebis mixedviT Semdegnairadwarmogvidgeba: 2007 wels — 172.3 mln. lari, 2008 wels— 105.6 mln. lari, 2009 wels — 95.6 mln. lari. 2adgilobrivi da ucxouri investiciebis Sedegad saqarTveloSiamuSavda da sarekonstruqcio da teqnologiuri gadaiaraRebissamuSaoebi Catarda uamrav sawarmoSi, romlebic umaRlesixarisxis kvebis produqcias awarmoeben. dReisaTvis saqar-TveloSi da mis farglebs gareT cnobilia araerTi kerZo kompania,romlis mier gamoSvebuli produqcia Seesabameba saerTaSorisostandartebs. ase, magaliTad, saqarTveloSi naturaluriwvenebis, aseve rZisa da rZis produqtebis lideria — mravalprofiliani`ji-em-Ti~ jgufis wevri `sante ji-em-Ti produqtebi~,aseve warmatebiT sargeblobs bazrebze Sps `aromaproduqtis~mier warmoebuli naturaluri wvenebi, jemebi, murabebi.dReisaTvis yvelaze cnobili qarTuli Rvinis mwarmoebeli kompaniebia:`badagoni~, `GWS~, `Teliani veli~, `TbilRvino~, `bagrationi~,`alaverdi~, `aleqsandreuli~, `mildiani~. 2007 welsmsoflioSi yvelaze premialur saerTaSoriso konkursze londonSi`TbilRvinos~ mier wardgenili xuTive saxeobis Rvino (saferavi,winandali, xvanWkara, mukuzani, qinZmarauli) medlebiTdabrunda, xolo s/s `daviT sarajiSvili da eniselis~ koniakebssaerTaSoriso gamofenebsa da konkursebze 17 granpri, 109 oqros,44 vercxlis da 11 brinjaos medali aqvT mopovebuli, anu eskompania msoflios im saukeTeso sawarmoTa ricxvSia Sesuli, romelTaproduqciac warmoebis umaRlesi xarisxiT gamoirCeva. 31 http://georgia.usaid.gov.2 www.geostat.ge.3www.gws.ge.54

miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyanaSi arsebobs sxvadasxva saxisekologiurad sufTa sasoflo-sameurneo kvebis produqciiswarmoebis SesaZlebloba, kvebis nawarmis didi nawili mzaddebaimportuli resursebiT an saerTod mza saxiT Semodis importiorikompaniebis daxmarebiT. amitomac qveynis sasursaTo bazarzesursaTis deficiti jer-jerobiT ar SeiniSneba, Tumca, rogorczemoT aRvniSneT, produqciis siuxve miRweulia ara qveynisSigniT warmoebuli produqciiT, aramed importis xarjze.amaze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom bolo wlebSi (2006-2009 ww.)soflis meurneobis xvedriTi wili mTlian Sida produqtisstruqturaSi yovelwliurad klebulobs, kerZod, 11.2%-dan8.3%-mde daeca, Tumca zogierTi saxis produqciis warmoeba2009 wels wina welTan SedarebiT gaizarda. magaliTad, kartofilis— 11.1%-iT, bostneulis — 3.0%-iT, msxvilfexa rqosanipirutyvis xorcis — 14.04%-iT. 1Cveni azriT, saqarTvelos ekonomika upiratesad orientirebuliunda iyos sursaTis TviTdakmayofilebaze. Cvens qveyanasgaaCnia xelsayreli bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebi sasoflosameurneoproduqciis warmoebisaTvis. misi efeqtianobis asamaRleblad,saWiroa saxelmwifos Careva. am mxriv dadebiT movlenadSeiZleba CaiTvalos saqarTvelos mTavrobis 50 Tvianiprogramis mixedviT 2009-2012 wlebisaTvis 200-ze meti sasoflo-sameurneoproduqciis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmos Seqmna,mTavrobis mier sarwyavi arxebis reabilitaciisaTvis finansurisaxsrebis gamoyofa, eqsportis waxaliseba, soflis meurneobaSidasaqmebuli glexebisa da fermerebisaTvis xelSemwyobi pirobebisSeqmna — agrobiznesis ganviTarebisaTvis SeRavaTiani kreditebisgacema, lizingis praqtikis danergva, rac gulisxmobskomerciul bankebTan SedarebiT dabalprocentiani sesxebis gacemassoflis meurneobisa da kvebis mrewvelobis dargebis ganviTarebisaTvissaWiro teqnikis SesaZenad. sagulisxmoa saxelmwifosiniciativa — Seqmnas xorblis sakuTari maragebi da ganaxorcielosmaTi dazRveva sxvadasxa saxis riskebisagan. sadazRvevokompania `aidi jgufi~ gamoexmaura am iniciativas da daviTgarejis dedaTa monastris aRorZinebis fondis xorbali uamindobisada sxva riskebisagan daazRvia. aseve aRsaniSnavia is faqti,rom momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis mizniT Seqmnili axalisavaWro qselis (80 savaWro obieqtis `nugeSis~ gaxsna, romlisjixurebSi 100-ze meti dasaxelebis umaRlesi xarisxis, rogorcadgilobrivi wamyvani mwarmoeblebis kvebis produqtebi,aseve importirebuli produqcia, romelzec saqarTveloSimoTxovna gansakuTrebiT maRalia SedarebiT dabal fasebSi gai-1saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri ., statistikuri publikacia2009.., gv. 83, 84, 87.55

yideba, rac mosaxleobisaTvis damatebiT 6-15%-ian danazogsgulisxmobs.mosaxleobis sasursaTo usafrTxoebis dacvisa da xarisxianisursaTiT uzrunvelyofis mizniT, mTavrobis iniciativiT2010 wels soflis meurneobis saministrom moamzada kanonproeqti`sursaTis uvneblobis saagentos~ Seqmnis da amasTan `vazisada Rvinis Sesaxeb~ kanonSi teqnikuri cvlilebebis ganxorcielebisSesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmadac saxelmwifos funqciaa zedamxedvelobagauwios sursaTis warmoebas, Senaxvisa da realizaciispirobebs.sursaTis warmoebis problema mWidro kavSirSia ekologiuriusafrTxoebis sakiTxebTan. iseve, rogorc mTel msoflio-Si, saqarTveloSic ekologiuri situaciis gauareseba (miwis mosavlianobisSemcireba, wylebis dabinZureba radiaciuli da qimiurinarCenebiT, bunebrivi resursebis degradacia, rac dakav-Sirebulia iseT bunebriv movlenebTan, rogoricaa: gvalva,wyaldidoba, setyva, xanZari da a.S.) aferxebs mecxoveleobisa damemcenareobis dargebis ganviTarebas. mosaxleobas surs sufTa,bunebrivi nedleulisagan da bunebrivi meTodebiT warmoebulisursaTi moixmaros da daculi iyos dabinZurebuli da falsificirebuli,genmodificirebuli produqciisagan. momavalSi agrobiowarmoebayvelaze swrafad mzardi seqtori unda gaxdessaqarTveloSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom 2006 wels saqarTvelos paralmentmadaamtkica `saqarTvelos kanoni agrobiowarmoebis Sesaxeb~,romelic Seiqmna evrogaerTianebis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT.imisaTvis, rom evrokavSirSi saqarTveloSi warmoebulproduqciis Setanaze aranairi SezRudva ar arsebobdes, saWiroamaT mier saqarTvelos sasursaTo uvneblobisa da serTificirebissistemebis aRiareba. amiT aixsneba axlo xanebSi produqciisstandartebis (nimuSebis) Semqmneli fizioqimiuri laboratoriisgaxsna, romlis aRWurva 400 aTasi evro dajda, igi ZiriTadadmimarTulia axali kvlevebis Casatareblad, sizustis dasadgenadda produqcviis xarisxisadmi ndobis asamaRleblad.miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyanaSi xorcieldeba saxelmwifossasursaTo potencialis mkveTr zrdasTan dakavSirebuli RonisZiebebi,romlebmac unda uzrunvelyos momavalSi mosaxleobissursaTiT stabiluri momarageba sakuTari warmoebis xarjze,sasursaTo krizisis daZlevisa da mosaxleobis sursaTiTmomaragebis saqmeSi jer kidev arsebobs problemebi, romlebicmoiTxovs daisaxos maTi gadawyvetis gzebi.qveynis mosaxleobis sasursaTo usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofadsaWiroa gaizardos adgilobrivi agrarul-samrewveloda sasursaTo produqciis wili mSp imis gamo, rom soflis meurneobawarmoadgendes saqarTvelos ekonomikis wamyvan dargs, aucilebeliamisi reabilitaciisaTvis saWiro raodenobis inves-56

ticiebis mozidva, sasoflo-sameurneo produqciisa da sursa-Tis warmoeba-realizaciaSi saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis gaziareba,dargis kvalificiuri kadrebiT dakompleqteba, kvebismrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis sawarmoebis modernizaciamaTi Tanamedrove teqnikiT aRWurva, teqnologiuri procesissrulyofa; agrobiznesis mxardaWera saxelmwifos mxridan, ker-Zod, warmodgenili biznes-gegmis mixedviT saukeTeso proeqtis`iafi kreditis~ programis dafinansebis gagrZeleba: adgilobriviwarmoebis produqciis sareklamo qselis gaumojbeseba,romelic mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs falsificirebul produqciasTanbrZolaSi; sasursaTo saeqsporto produqciis warmoebisada realizaciis xelSemwyobi pirobebis Seqmna, sursaTisimportze naklebi damokidebulebisaken swrafva; ZiriTadi saxeobiskvebis produqtebis maragis Seqmna; sasoflo-sameurneosaqmianobis dazRvevis sistemis amoqmedeba; saxelmwifos mieragromecnierebis ganviTarebisaTvis finansuri mxardaWera(grantebis gamoyofa).amrigad, samamulo warmoebis sasursaTo produqciazeqveynis mosaxleobis moTxovnilebis srulad dakmayofilebabevrad aris damokidebuli zemoT CamoTvlili mimarTulebebiswarmatebiT ganxorcielebaze. sasursaTo usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaki qveynis ekonomikuri da politikuri damoukideblobisgarantiis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani pirobaa.57

IRMA MOLASHKHIAFOOD SECURITY IN GEORGIAState national security major “Structural Block” is implementationof complex events in country’s food safety sphere. Sufficiency and availabilityof safety food for healthy life determining factors are: Income,self-production, supports, also food prices. Herewith, medial ~caloriesconsumption~ appear as a food security indicator. In 2007-2009 per personof population daily ~calories consumption~ is characterized withdecreasing tendency. Accordingly, it is reduced from 2390 to 2150 kilocalories,that is the indicator of imperfect viability of population. This isexplained by the fact that in 2011 prices on food and soft drinks increasedwith 25.2% which in the different countries of world was caused bynatural disaster and export restriction of food products by whole rangesof countries. In condition of food global shortage, development of agrobusinessin the country in the priority. For full satisfaction of populationdemand on food, it is necessary to increase local food production, ownreserves of food, to have active trade and fiscal balance. We also thinkthat sharing of international experience for agricultural product and foodproduction realization is required; improvement of domestic product advertisingnetwork which plays an important role in the fight against counterfeitproducts. Staffed with qualified personnel of agriculture and foodproduction sector, retraining of employees at the level of modern standards,requirement of necessary investment for agricultural rehabilitation,agricultural activity and insurance system implementation, support of agrobusinessby the government, which is expressed by financing of “CheapLoans” program and creation of leasing companies. We think that itwill facilitate our country's population food self-ensure.58

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. IX. 2010ekonomikur mecnierebaTa seriadaviT jalaRoniaobligaciebis aRricxvaTanamedrove pirobebSi investirebuli kapitalis damadasturebelifasiani qaRaldis gavrcelebul formas warmoadgensobligacia. obligacia, esaa emitentis savalo valdebuleba fasianiqaRaldis saxiT. igi adasturebs investoris (obligaciismflobelis) uflebas miiRos obligaciis nominaluri Rirebulebawinaswar dadgenil droSi da ekonomikuri sargebeli procentissaxiT. obligaciis emitenti SeiZleba iyos saxelmwifo,municipaluri mmarTvelobis organo an sxva iuridiuli piri.rogorc wesi, emitentis mier fasiani qaRaldis gayidva warmoebsfasiani qaRaldebis bazarze. amasTan, Tu ki fasiani qaRaldibazarze iyideba pirveli mflobelis mier, mas pirveladi bazariewodeba. momdevno mflobelis mier misi gayidvis SemTxvevaSi ki,meoradi bazari.sainvesticio bazarze arsebuli praqtika adasturebs, rompotenciuri investorebis mier obligaciebis SeZena SeiZlebamoxdes safondo birJebze, sainvesticio bankebis meSveobiT, ankidev pirdapir, sainvesticio bankebis gareSe. sainvesticio bankebiobligaciebis Tavdapirvel SeZenas axorcieleben SedarebiTdabal fasad da garkveuli riskebis xarjze, aseTi obligaciebisgayidvas awarmoeben SedarebiT maRal fasad. sxvaoba Se-Zenili obligaciebis Rirebulebasa da maTi gayidviT miRebulfass Soris warmoadgens sainvesticio bankis ekonomikur sargebelsmogebis saxiT. fasiani qaRaldebis gayidvasTan mimarTeba-Si riskebis arsebobas ganapirobebs sainvesticio bankebis mierSeZenili obligaciebis Semdgom gayidvasTan da ekonomikurisargeblis miRebisTan dakavSirebul sabazro sirTuleebi. 1buRaltruli aRricxvis TvalsazrisiT aucilebelia ganisazRvrosobligaciebis sabalanso Rirebuleba. im SemTxvevaSi,rodesac obligaciebis SeZena xdeba moklevadiani sainvesticioperiodiT, saerTaSoriso standartebiT obligaciebis Sefasebaxdeba TviTRirebulebasa da neto sarealizacio RirebulebasSoris umciresi TanxiT. amasTan, investiciebis TviTRirebulebamoicavs obligaciebis SeZenasTan dakavSirebul iseT danaxarjebs,rogoricaa: brokeris anazRaureba, baJi, sakomisio gadasaxadebi,sabanko momsaxurebis danaxarjebi.1 Учет ценных бумаг. Под редакцией профессора Д. А. Ендовицкого. М., 2010,gv. 99-100.59

investiciis Sefasebisas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eni-Weba obligaciebis nominaluri Rirebulebis mimarT winaswar gamocxadebulida bazarze realurad arsebuli saprocento ganakveTebisTanafardobas. amasTan, sabazro saprocento ganakve-Ti SeiZleba emTxveodes, ufro maRali an kidev, ufro dabaliiyos gasayidi obligaciebis nominaluri Rirebulebis mimarTgamocxadebul saprocento ganakveTze. 1maSasadame, migvaCnia rom obligaciebis yidva-gayidvisas,buRaltruli aRricxvis TvalsazrisiT ganxiluli unda iqnassami SesaZlo SemTxveva, rodesac: gamocxadebuli da sabazro saprocento ganakveTebiemTxveva erTmaneTs; gamocxadebuli saprocento ganakveTi dabalia sabazrosaprocento ganakveTze; gamocxadebuli saprocento ganakveTi maRalia sabazrosaprocento ganakveTze.rodesac gamocxadebuli da sabazro saprocento ganakve-Tebi emTxveva erTmaneTs, maSin obligaciis mimdinare Rirebuleba,anu moqmedi sabazro saprocento ganakveTiT diskontirebuliZiriTadi valisa da masze daricxuli saprocento Semosavlismimdinare Rirebuleba tolia maTi nominaluri Rirebulebisa.im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gamocxadebuli saprocento ganakveTidabalia sabazro saprocento ganakveTze, obligaciis sabazroRirebuleba nominalur Rirebulebaze dabla ecema da investorseqmneba SesaZlebloba Sesyiduli obligaciiT miiRosimdeni Semosavali, ramdensac is miiRebda sabazro saprocentoganakveTis pirobebSi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gamocxadebulTanSedarebiT maRali sabazro saprocento ganakveTis pirobebSiobligaciebi iyideba fasdaTmobiT. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesacgamocxadebuli saprocento ganakveTi ufro maRalia,vidre sabazro saprocento ganakveTi, obligaciebi iyideba fasnamatiT,anu premiiT.rogorc Cans, samive SemTxvevaSi obligaciis faqtobrivimyidveli, anu investori, momavalSi miiRebs ori saxis Semosavals: investirebuli kapitalis (ZiriTadi Tanxis) Rirebulebas; saprocento Semosavals.Tavis mxriv, gasayidi obligaciebis fasi bazarze warmoadgensam ori fuladi Semosavlis mimdinare Rirebulebas, diskontirebulsrealuri sabazro saprocento ganakveTiT. saerTaSorisostandartebis gaTvaliswinebiT, swored mimdinare Rirebu-1В. В. Качалин. Финансовый учет и отчетность. М., 1996, gv. 289-293.60

lebiT xorcieldeba obligaciebis buRaltruli aRricxva. obligaciismimdinare (sabazro) Rirebulebis cvlilebidan gamomdionareicvleba gadasaxdeli da/an misaRebi saprocento xarjisada saprocento Semosavlis moculoba.imisaTvis, rom obligaciis saboloo ganaRdebis momentisaTvismisi sabazro da nominaluri Rirebulebebi gautoldeserTmaneTs, aucilebelia fasnamatiT an fasdaklebiT warmoSobilisxvaobis Tanxebis amortizacia. buRaltruli aRricxvissaerTaSoriso standartebiT gamoiyeneba amortizaciis daricxviswrfivi meTodi. amortizaciis daricxva xdeba investiciismTels periodSi, proporciuli wiliT.obligaciis fasdaTmobiT gayidvisas fasdaTmobis TanxiTsawarmo movales (obligaciis gamyidveli) ezrdeba saprocentoxarji, sawarmo investors (obligaciis myidveli, mflobeli) ki,saprocento Semosavali. obligaciis fasnamatiT gayidvisas sawarmomovales (obligaciis gamyidveli) umcirdeba saprocentoxarji, sawarmo investors (obligaciis myidveli, mflobeli) ki,igive TanxiT saprocento Semosavali.obligaciebis yidva-gayidvasTan dakavSirebuli operaciebispraqtikui aspeqtebis gansaxilvelad ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTebi:I. gamocxadebuli da sabazro saprocento ganakve-Tebi emTxveva erTmaneTs.magaliTi 1. sawarmom 70000 laris nominaluri Rirebulebisobligacia gayida 5 wlis (periodi) vadiT. gamocxadebulida bazarze arsebuli saprocento ganakveTebi daemTxvaerTmaneTs da Seadgina 10 procenti.am monacemebis safuZvelze obligaciis mimdinare (sabazro)Rirebuleba, anu moqmedi sabazro saprocento ganakveTiTdiskontirebuli ZiriTadi valisa da masze daricxuli saprocentoSemosavlis mimdinare Rirebuleba toli iqneba maTi nominaluriRirebulebisa. gveqneba:70000X(VI,10%,5)+70000X10%(V,10%,5) =70000X0,62092+7000 X 3,79079=70000PV1 — obligaciis mimdinare Rirebuleba;PVA — procentis Tanxis anuiteti.obligaciis yidva-gayidvasTan dakavSirebul sameurneooperaciebze iqneba Semdegi buRaltruli gatarebebi: sawarmo movale (obligaciis gamyidveli)debeti fuladi saSualebebi — 70000 lari;krediti gasanaRdebeli obligaciebi — 70000 lari.sawarmo investori (obligaciis myidveli)debeti investiciebi — 70000 lari;krediti fuladi saSualebebi — 70000 lari.periodebis mixedviT saprocento Tanxis: 7000 lari(70000X10%), gadaxdaze da miRebaze iqneba Semdegi buRaltruligatarebebi:61

62 sawarmo movale (obligaciis gamyidveli).debeti saprocento xarjebi — 7000 lari;krediti fuladi saSualebebi — 7000 lari. sawarmo investori (obligaciis myidveli)debeti fuladi saSualebebi — 7000 lari;krediti saprocento Semosavlebi — 7000 lari.obligaciis (ZiriTadi Tanxis) ganaRdebaze iqneba SemdegibuRaltruli gatarebebi:sawarmo movale (obligaciis gamyidveli)debeti gasanaRdebeli obligaciebi — 70000 lari;krediti fuladi saSualebebi — 70000 lari.sawarmo investori sawarmo (obligaciis myidveli)debeti fuladi saSualebebi — 70000 lari;krediti investiciebi — 70000 lari.II. gamocxadebuli saprocento ganakveTi dabalia sabazrosaprocento ganakveTze.magaliTi 2. sawarmom 70000 laris nominaluri Rirebulebisobligacia gayida 5 wlis (periodi) vadiT. gamocxadebulisaprocento ganakveTi Seadgens 10 procents, sabazrosaprocento ganakveTi ki, 12 procents.obligaciis sabazro Rirebuleba toli iqneba:70000X(V1,12%,5) +70000X10%(V,12%,5)=70000X0,56743+7000X3,60478=64953,6rogorc Cans, obligaciaze fasdaTmobis Tanxam Seadgina:5046,4 lari (70000-64953,6).swored, fasdaTmobis TanxiT izrdeba gadasaxdeli procentisxarji: obligaciis nominaluri Rirebuleba: 70000 lari; gadasaxdeli procentis Tanxa: (7000 X 5 periodi)35000 lari; obligaciaze gadasaxdeli mTliani Tanxa: (70000 +35000) 105000 lari; obligaciis sabazro Rirebuleba: 64953,6 lari; saprocento xarji: (35000 + 5046,4) 40046,4 lari.fasdaTmobiT obligaciebis yidva-gayidvisas iqneba SemdegibuRaltruli gatarebebi: sawarmo movale (obligaciis gamyidveli)debeti fuladi saSualebebi — 64953,6 lari;debeti fasdamToba obligaciaze — 5046,4 lari;krediti gasanaRdebeli obligaciebi — 70000 lari. sawarmo investori (obligaciis myidveli)debeti investiciebi — 64953,6 lari;krediti fuladi saSualebebi — 4953,6 lari.rogorc avRniSneT, unda moxdes fasdaTmobis mTliani Tanxisyovelwliuri amortizacia periodebis mixedviT. saamorti-

zacio TanxasTan, saprocento xarjebTan da SemosavlebTan dakavSirebulisameurneo operaciebis buRaltrul aRricxvazeiqneba Semdegi buRaltruli gatarebebi: sawarmo movale (obligaciis gamyidveli)debeti saprocento xarjebi (40064,5 : 5) 8009,0 lari;krediti fasdamToba obligaciaze (5046,4 : 5) 1009,0lari;krediti fuladi saSualebebi (35000 : 5) 7000,0 lari.sawarmo investori (obligaciis myidveli)debeti fuladi saSualebebi 7000,0 lari;debeti investiciebi 1009,0 lari;krediti saprocento Semosavlebi 8009,0 lari.III. gamocxadebuli saprocento ganakveTi maRalia sabazrosaprocento ganakveTze.magaliTi 3. sawarmom, 70000 laris nominaluri Rirebulebisobligacia gayida 5 (xuTi) wlis vadiT. gamocxadebulisaprocento ganakveTi Seadgens 10 procents, sabazro saprocentoganakveTi ki, 8 procents.obligaciis sabazro Rirebuleba toli iqneba:70000X(V1,8%,5)+70000X10%X(V,8%,5)=70000X0,68058+7000X3,99271=75586rogorc Cans, obligaciaze fasnamatis Tanxam Seadgina:5586 lari (70000 — 75586)swored, fasnamatis anu premiis TanxiT mcirdeba gadasaxdeliprocentis xarji:obligaciis nominaluri Rirebuleba: 70000 lari;gadasaxdeli procentis Tanxa (7000 X 5) 35000 lari;obligaciaze gadasaxdeli mTliani Tanxa: (70000+35000)105000 lari.obligaciis sabazro Rirebuleba 75586 lari;saprocento xarji (35000 - 5586) 29414 lari.fasnamatiT obligaciebis yidva-gayidvisas iqneba SemdegibuRaltruli gatarebebi: sawarmo movale (obligaciis gamyidveli).debeti fuladi saSualebebi 75586 lari;krediti gasanaRdebeli obligaciebi 70000 lari;krediti premia obligaciaze 5586 lari. sawarmo investori (obligaciis mflobeli)debeti investiciebi 75586 lari;krediti fuladi saSualebebi 75586 lari.rogorc avRniSneT, unda moxdes fasnamatis mTliani Tanxisyovelwliuri amortizacia periodebis mixedviT.saamortizacio TanxasTan, saprocento xarjebTan da saprocentoSemosavlebTan dakavSirebuli sameurneo operaciebisbuRaltrul aRricxvaze iqneba Semdegi buRaltruli gatarebebi:63

sawarmo movale (obligaciis gamyidveli)debeti saprocento xarjebi (29414 : 5) 5882,8 lari;debeti premia obligaciaze ( 5586 : 5) 1117,2 lari;krediti fuladi saSualebebi (35000 : 5) 7000,0 lari. sawarmo investori (obligaciis mflobeli)debeti fuladi saSualebebi7000,0 lari;krediti saprocento Semosavlebi 5882,8 lari.krediti investiciebi1117,2 lari;amrigad, obligaciebis aRricxvisas, investiciebis Ziri-Tad TanxasTan erTad, mniSvnelovania saprocento Semosavleb-Tan da saprocento xarjebTan dakavSirebuli sameurneo operaciebisbuRaltrul aRricxvasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebisganxilva da Seswavla.DAVID JALAGONIAACCOUNTING OF THE BONDSArticle offers discussion of the issues related to determination ofthe book value of securities evidencing investments. In this respect, theemphasis is made on significance of correlation between declared interestrate and actual interest rate at market on the par value of the securities.There is mentioned that market interest rate may be equal, higher or lowerthan declared interest rate on par value of the bonds subject to sale.Hence, attention is concentrated on the factors impacting change of interestcosts and interest incomes and their recording.64

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. IX. 2010ekonomikur mecnierebaTa seriadevi SoniaklientebTan urTierTobebis marTvis Tanamedrove (CRМ)sistemada misi roli Tanamedrove biznesSiCRM (Customer Relationship Management) – es aris myidveleb-Tan proaqtiuri urTierTobebis marTvis koncefcia. es aris mu-Saobis sistema, romelic orientirebulia klientebis moTxovnebze,klientebTan proaqtiur muSaobaze. sxva sistemebisagangansxvavebiT es sistema gamiznulia gayidvebis srulyofilebisken.CRM aris koncefcia, strategia da ideologia, romlis safuZvelsacklientze orientirebuli biznesi warmoadgens. igimomxmareblebTan urTierTqmedebis modulia, romlis drosackomunikaciis yvela xerxi da saSualeba, maTi moTxovnilebebisdakmayofilebasTan erTad, klientebis molodinebis, gadawyvetilebebisada upiratesobebis winaswar ganWvretaze muSaobs.mis mTavar amocanas kompaniisa da misi produqtebis mimarT momxmareblisloialurobis amaRleba warmoadgens.CRM-is (Customer Relationship Management) cneba gansakuTrebiTaqtualuri XXs. 90-ian wlebSi gaxda. SemdgomSi misi daniSnulebaTandaTan kidev ufro gafarTovda da amJamad nebismierikompaniis biznesis efeqturad warmarTvisTvis mas udidesimniSvneloba eniWeba. CRM sistemebze mTels msoflioSi maRalimoTxovnaa. mZafri konkurenciis pirobebSi klientebTan ur-TierToba gansakuTrebul datvirTvas iZens. ucxourma kompaniebmamsgavsi sainformacio sistemis danegva sakmaod didi xniswin daiwyes. ra aris CRM? ratom aris igi aucilebeli biznesisefeqturad warmarTvisTvis? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema udavodsaintereso iqneba yvela dainteresebuli pirisaTvis.Tavdapirvelad unda aRiniSnos is, rom sistemuri midgomabiznesSi ar warmoadgens sruliad axals. Zalian bevri kompaniadidi xania rac mas iyenebs Tavis praqtikaSi da amyarebs pirdapirda Rrma urTierTobebs TavianT myidvelebTan. aseTi piradiurTierTobebis damyarebis stili, masobrivi moTxovnis saqonlisgamoCenis dros, industriul epoqaSi gandevnil iqna standartuliservisis Sedegad manam, sanam arsebobda saqonlisa damomsaxureobis ukmarisoba, konkurenciis done iyo dabali, xologasaRebis bazrebi ki izrdeboda saqonlisa da momsaxureobismiwodebasTan erTad.dRes civilizaciis progresma, Seqmna iseTi garemoeba, rompostindustrialur epoqaSi, produqtebis martivi miwodeba, ga-5. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi65

daxdisunariani myidvelebis siWarbis drosac ki ver iZleva misisasurveli gasaRebis SesaZleblobas. dabali fasebi, aqtiurireklama da tradiciuli marketingi ver iZleva warmatebuli gayidvebisgarantias. es imas niSnavs, rom biznesSi dadga Semobrunebisdro cnobili, magram daviwyebuli meTodebisaken - piradi,personificirebuli gayidvebisaken.specialistebis azriT, dRes msoflioSi ukve ar arsebobsgayidvadi keTildReobisa da momsaxureobis deficiti. arsebobskeTildReobis momxmareblebis, myidvelebis deficiti. kompaniebierTmaneTs konkurencias uweven momxmareblebis fulze. momxmarebeliki, romelic daiRala saqonlisa da sareklamo lozungebismravalferovnebiT (romlebic TiTqmis mxolod dasaxelebebiTada SefuTviT gansxvavdebian), ukve ar reagirebs masobrivsareklamo kampaniebze. firmebi gasaRebis gaaqtiurebisaTvis,saqonlis nacvlad — saqonel-brendis, saqonlis moxmarebisaganutilitaruli sargeblis nacvlad — brend-nivTis dauflebiTminiWebuli siamovnebis gayidvas iwyeben. dRes axalibrendebis dasatrialeblad ixarjeba udidesi Tanxebi, magramaRiarebulia isic, rom TviTon es Tanxebic TiTqos arafris garantiasar iZlevian.swored amitom ubrundebian dRevandeli firmebi, kompaniebida korporaciebi mTels msoflioSi personificirebul gayidvebs.avtomatizirebuli sainformacio sistemebis, call-centrebisada analitikuri monacemTa bazebis (mb) gamoyenebiT. ma-Ti gamoyenebiT SesaZlebeli da rentabeluri xdeba muSaoba yovelklientTan ise, rom TiTqos is iyos erTaderTi.gayidvebSi warmatebisaTvis, metad mniSvnelovania myidvelzevicodeT yvelaferi: ra hqvia mas da ramdeni wlisaa is,sad cxovrobs, hyavs Tu ara ojaxi, risi yidva uyvars, rogoridasveneba moswons, sad da rogor akeTebs is amas da a. S.sinamdvileSi, adamians uyvars yuradReba misi personisadmi.is Riziandeba `civi~ miRebiT bankSi, uyuradRebobiT maRaziaSi,rigSi dgomiT poliklinikaSi. amitomac misi saWiroebebisadminebismier yuradRebas miesalmeba da imaxsovrebs. is kompania,romelic yoveli misi momxmareblisadmi avlens did yuradrebas,xdeba sayvareli da pativcemuli misi klientebisagan.klienti mimarTavs mis momsaxureobas isev da isev, riTac zrdiskompaniis gayidvebis moculobas, mis mier produqtis winsvlazezedmeti xarjebis gareSe. statistikis mixedviT, dakmayofilebuliklienti warmatebul yidvaze uambobs mis xuT nacnobs,romlebic aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, didi albaTobiT mimar-Taven imave firmas.aqedan gamomdinare, Tanamedrove kompania ukve warmoudgeneliabiznes-programuli uzrunvelyofis gareSe. rac ufro66

mwvavea konkurancia, miT ufro aucilebeli xdeba biznes-procesebisavtomatizireba. msoflio praqtikaSi ukve gamocdiliada gamoiyeneba biznes-sistemebi, romlebic organizaciis saqmianobisyvela sferos moicaven — finansuri aRricxva-analizidandawyebuli, warmoebis procesiTa da personalis marTviT dam-Tavrebuli. es sistemebi cnobilia ERP — korporaciuli resursebismarTvisa da dagegmvis sistemebis (Enterprise Resourse Planning),CRM — klientebTan urTierTobis marTvis sistemebis (CustomerRelationship Management) da sxva saxelebiT.CRM — sistema klientze orientirebuli sainformacio sistemaa,romelic erTis mxriv klientebis dakmayofilebasa da maTSenarCunebas emsaxureba, xolo meores mxriv, uzrunvelyofskompaniis saqmianobis optimizacias.arsebobs mravalferovani literatura da masala, romeliceZRvneba klientebTan urTierTobis marTvis sistemas. 1 maT-Si CRM -is ganmaretebebi sam ZiriTad aspeqtSi erTiandeba: teqnologiebSi; klientis sasicocxlo ciklSi; strategiebSi.teqnologiurad CRM sistema gayidvebisa da klientebTanmuSaobis mTlian cikls emsaxureba. momxmareblis sasicocxlocikls CRM oTx fazaSi ganixilavs: mozidva, garigebebis dadeba,momsaxureba da mxardaWera, gafarToveba. CRM-is strategia kimimarTulia kompaniis konkurentuli upitratesobis Seqmnazeda misi Rirebulebis zrdaze. 2efeqturi, Rirebulebaze orientirebuli CRM — sistemisstrategiul amocanebs miekuTvneba: kompaniis reorganizacia kadrebTan, menejmentTan, infrastruqturasTanda procesebTan mimarTebaSi; gayidvebis, Semosavlebis zrda; samomxmareblo gamocdilebis gaumjobeseba; momxmareblebze monacemTa bazis SenarCuneba da misigafarToveba; momxmarebelTa loialurobis donis gazrda; produqtuli inovaciis gaumjobeseba; gayidvebis aRricxvis gaumjobeseba;1 Vince Kellen. CRM Measurement Framevorks. march, 2002, gv. 3, eleqtron.versia: http://www.performance-measurement.net/assets/bluewolf/Article_0403.pdf.Lawrence Ang, Francis A. Buttle. ROI on CRM: A customer-journey approach, gv. 2,eleqtron. versia: http://www.impgroup.org/uploads/papers/4225.pdf2 CRM Internation across Marketing. Sales, and Servise. December, 2002, gv.15. —www.siebel.com.67

saqmiani riskis Semcireba.klientebTan urTierTobebis marTvis CRM — sistemebis er-T-erTi umsxvilesi momwodebeli firma – Siebel, momxmareblebTanmimarTebaSi sami funqciisaTvis (marketingi, gayidvebi, servisi)gamoyofs Semdeg CRM – procesebs: marketingi — momxmarebelTa segmentacia, kompaniebismarTva, marketingis Sinaarsis marTva, momxmareblebisada garigebebis marTva; gayidvebi — prognozirebis da gayidvebSi monawilekadrebis marTva, klientebis SesaZleblobebisa da SekveTebismarTva; servisi — momsaxurebis gaweva, SekveTebisa da momsaxurebisanalizi, momxmarebelTa dakmayofilebis mar-Tva. 1klientebTan urTierTobebis marTvis sistemebis saSualebiT,kompaniebi ageben SedarebiT myar da momgebian urTierTkav-Sirebs momxmareblebTan. amcireben operaciul xarjebs. am mxrivmetad sainteresoa firma McKinsey & Company-s monacemebi: TuklientebTan urTierTobis marTvis sistemaSi momxmareblis SenarCunebisxarjebsaviRebT, rogorc 1-s, maSin axali momxmareblis mozidvazexarjebi unda gaizardos 5-10 jer, xolo adre dakarguli momxmareblisSemobrunebis xarjebi ki — 50-100 jer. 2 xazs usvams raklientebis loialurobis finansur mniSvnelobas, frederikreixeldi aRniSnavs, rom: `kompaniebs SeuZliaT TiTqmis 100%gazardon mogeba, Tu isini TavianT klientebs 5% - iT ufro metadSeakaveben (gaxdian loialurebs)~. 3momxmarebelTa loialuroba, rogorc erT-erTi mTavarimarketinguli aqtivi, pirdapir ukavSirdeba momxmarebelTa dakmayofilebisdones. dakmayofilebuli momxmareblebi dadebiTzegavlenas axdenen marketinguli investiciebis rentabelobaze,xolo daukmayofilebeli momxmareblebi ki — negatiurs.sakosultacio firmis — The Boston Consulting Group-is monacemebiT,2001 wels, internetiT sacalo samomxmareblo saqonlisevropelma `Zalian dakmayofilebulma~ momxmareblebma daxarjesmeti saSualebebi (saSualod 1074 evro weliwadSi), vidre`daukmayofilebelma~ momxmareblebma (saSualod — 628 evro weliwadSi);isini ufro xSirad yidulobdnen (saSualod weliwad-1 CRM Internation across Marketing. Sales, and Servise. December, 2002, gv.15. —www.siebel.com.2 Vince Kellen. CRM Measurement Framevorks. march, 2002, gv. 3, eleqtron.versia: http://www.performance-measurement.net/assets/bluewolf/Article_0403.pdf.3 Frederick E. Reichheld W. Earl Sasser Jr. Zero defections: Quality comes to services.– Harvard Business Reviev. September-October, 1990, gv.105.68

Si — 15,0 transaqcia), vidre `daukmayofilebeli~ myidvelebi (sa-Sualod 6,2 transaqcia weliwadSi); isini erT transaqciaze iZendnendid kalaTas saqonlebisa (saSualod weliwadSi — saqonel-Ta 5 kategoriaze mets yidulobda `Zalian dakmayofilebul~momxmarebelTa 50%, xolo `daukmayofilebeli~ momxmareblebis— 19%). momxmarebelTa dakmayofilebis maRali done zrdis xelmeoreSesyidvebis raodenobas da rekomendaciebsac Sesyidvebze,rac TavisTavad uzrunvelyofs gayidvebisa da Sesabamisadmogebis zrdas. 1klientebTan urTierTobebis marTvis (CRM) sistemaSi investiciebisCadeba, momxmarebelTa loialurobis — rogorcmarketinguli aqtivis mTavari maxasiaTeblis gazrdas niSnavs.aqedan gamomdinare, samomxmareblo loialurobis SesaqmneladklientebTan urTierTobebis marTvis CRM sistemebma dReisaTvisfarTo gavrceleba hpova mTels msoflioSi. CRM sistemebSiinvesticiebis msoflio bazari 2005 wels Sefasda 148 miliardidolariT. amave wlis monacemebiT,klientebTan urTierTobebismarTvis CRM sistemebSi investiciebis wliuri zrdis tempma aS-S-Si Seadgina 9%, evropis qveynebSi — 25%. 2firma IDC Research -is kvlevebis Tanaxmad, kompaniebis xarjebimomxmarebelTa eleqtronul momsaxurebaze 2005 wels Seadgenda76 miliard dolarze mets. 3 aRiarebulia, rom klientebTanurTierTobebis marTvis sistemis efeqturi muSaoba uzrunvelyofsrentabelobis zrdas weliwadSi 1-2%-iT. sxva marketingulida gasaRebiTi xarjebis ekonomia ki, klientebis miznobrivisegmentis SedarebiT zustad gansazRvris xarjze -10%-s uaxlovdeba, drois efeqtianobis Sedegad, TiToeul menejerzeSemosavali weliwadSi izrdeba 10-12%-iT. klientebisdakmayofilebis amaRlebis saSualo done weliwadSi daaxloebiT3%-ia. 4CRM sistemis SerCeva da dargSi misi efeqtianobis Sefasebametad problematuri sakiTxia, ramdenadac dReisaTvis msoflioSiarsebobs 1000-ze meti gadawyvetileba, romlebic miekuTvnebaCRM klass.klientebTan urTierTobebSi CRM midgomebs Zalian didimomavali aqvs biznesSi. odesRac reklama iTvleboda vaWrobis1 S. Rasch. The Multichannel Consummer. Report. 2001, July. The Boston ConsultingGroup. – www.bcg.com. gv. 27, 29.2 Lawrence Ang, Francis A. Buttle. ROI on CRM: A customer-journey approach, gv.1, eleqtron. versia: http://www.impgroup.org/uploads/papers/4225.pdf .3 Defying the Limits, CRM: The Key to Superior Business Performance. 2005. gv. 2. —www.crmproject.com.4Бизнес-Форум IT. №3, 2004, gv. 14.69

mamoZraveblad, xolo mwarmoeblebi cdilobdnen ewarmoebinaTrac SeiZleba meti analogiuri moxmarebis produqtebi. dReisaTviski ar aris sakmarisi marto produqtis warmoeba, saWiroamisi konkretuli individis saWiroebebisadmi misadageba. marketingiiwyeba produqtis warmoebis ideis formirebisagan, warmoebaewyoba SemkveTisadmi rac SeiZleba metad adaptirebulinawarmis gamoSvebaze, reklama uzrunvelyofs informirebulobasproduqtze, xolo CRM ki uzrunvelyofs mTeli am ciklisSekvras klientebTan `marTali~ muSaobis gziT.dReisaTvis kompania, romelic SesZlebs CRM-is teqnologiebisdauflebas — SesZlebs konkurentebTan mimarTebaSi mniSvnelovandawinaurebas. CRM iZleva potenciur da moqmed klientebTanformalizebuli biznes-procesebis muSaobis warmar-Tvis SesaZleblobas, amasTan procesis algoriTmi damokidebuliamocemuli klientis parametrebis erTobliobaze, kerZod:(klientis tipi, klientis Semosavlianoba. iuridiuli pirebisaTvis:wliuri brunva, kompaniis sidide, momsaxureobis forma).CRM — sistemaSi SeiZleba avtomatizirebuli iqnas kompaniisdokumentbrunvis mniSvnelovani nawili: registracia, xelSekrulebebisada sxva dokumentebis vizireba.kompaniebSi CRM sistemis danergva maT miscems SesaZleblobas:Seqmnan erTiani monacemTa baza kompaniis produqtebis,momsaxurebisa da fasebis Sesaxeb; moipovon informacia bazarsada konkurentebze (Knowledge management); Seqmnan saqmianobis dagegmarebissistema (Scheduling and Resource reservation), Seqmnan kontaqtebismarTvis modulebi (Contact management), awarmoon klientebTanoperatiuli urTierTqmedebis marTva (Activity management),dasrulebuli garigebebisa (Progect management) da potenciurigarigebebis (Opportunity management) marTva. garda amisa,CRM uzrunvelyofs komerciuli winadadebebis avtomatur momzadebas,iZleva saSualebas ganxorcieldes miznobrivi auditoriisanalizi da segmentacia, Sedges potenciuri klientebis siada daiyos isini maTi warmodgenebisa da moTxovnilebebis mixedviT,daigegmos marketinguli kampaniebisa da kvlevebis Catareba,gaanalizdes maTi Sedegebi.aRsaniSnavia isic, rom zogierTi specialistis azriT idealuriCRM — sistema ar arsebobs, CRM — sistemis danergvisasprocesi mxolod nawilobriv xorcieldeba. CamoTvlili mimar-Tulebebidan kompania mxolod misTvis sasurvel nakrebs ir-Cevs. saqarTveloSi praqtikulad ar arsebobs kompaniebSi integrirebuliCRM — sistema. ar arsebobs kompania, romelsacaRniSnuli sistema srulyofilad aaqvs danergili. zogierTkompaniaSi danergilia CRM-is garkveuli elementebi. Tumca70

srulyofili sistemis saxe jer-jerobiT arcerT maTgans araaqvs. specialistebis azriT CRM-is danergvas sWirdeba SesabamisisamuSao struqtura, Sesabamisad awyobili saqmis warmoebada rac mTavaria kompaniis mTavar faseulobas unda warmoadgendesklientis momsaxureba, mas unda hqondes CamoyalibebuliklientTan urTierTobis kultura. zogierTi wamyvani specialistisazriT, saqarTveloSi bazari imdenad ganviTarebulicar aris, rom CRM-is gareSe muSaoba SeuZlebeli iyos, Tumca momavalSimisi danergvis aucileblobazec saubroben.CRM — sistemis praqtikaSi danergvasTan dakavirebul sir-Tuleebze Zalian bevri specialisti amaxvilebs yuradebas. isiniaRniSnaven, rom Sesabamisi programuli uzruvelyofis SerCevisada misi kompaniaze individualurad morgebis gareSe, CRM — sistemisefeqturi funqcionireba yvelanairad gamoricxulia. amitom,isini kompaniebs, romlebsac surT sistemis danergva, garkveulrCevebs sTavazoben. kerZod: sawyis etapze unda Camoyalibdesis amocanebi, romlebic kompanias aqvs gadasaWreli, amisSemdeg ki maT garkveuli moTxovnebis Sesruleba mouwevT. kompaniamzad unda iyos biznes-procesebSi da TanamSromelTa saqmianobaSicvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad, rac ganpirobebuliaimiT, rom sistemis danergva, procesis yvela monawilisaganrTul, xangrZliv samuSaos moiTxovs da droisa da saxsrebis seriozuldanaxarjsac iTvaliswinebs.msoflo lideri koppaniebis mier warmoebuli CRM — sistemebiwarmoadgenen iseT instrumentebs, romelTa danergvis drosmTavaria swori biznes da teqnologiuri gadawyvetilebebis mi-Reba. isini maqsimalurad unda iTvaliswinebdnen damkveTis individualurspecifikas. aseTi kompaniebis mizans unda warmoadgendesSemkveTi firmis specifikaze da mis individualobazemorgebuli biznes-gadawyvetilebis SemuSaveba, Sesabamisi specialistebismxridan ki sistemis danergvisa da mxardaWeris uzrunvelyofa.kompaniebs ra Tqma unda surT, rom miiRon imis absoluturigarantia, rom es danaxarjebi maT seriozul sargebels moutans,Tumca amgvari garantiis miReba gamoricxulia. CRM — sistemiswarmatebuli danergva pirvel rigSi kompaniis mzaobaze, sistemissworad SerCevasa da arsebuli amocanebis mkafiod Camoyalibebazeadamokidebuli. yovelive amis gauvaliswinebloba ki saboloodsistemis araefeqturobasa da ararealizebulobas iwvevs.71

DEVI SHONIATHE CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENTSYSTEM (CRM) AND ITS IMPACTON THE PROFITABILITY OF COMPANIESIn Georgia and in the Black Sea resorts on the whole the touristbusiness is developing very fast. The competition for securing consumersin certain directions of the tourist business has heightened. The companiesare no longer able to curtail their tariffs to draw the clients. It only remainsfor them to join in the competition by qualitative indices, i.e by improvingthe work with the clients and the service level. All this is the sphere ofCRM, i.e. of the Customer Relationship Management. CRM is an overview,a strategy and an ideology the basis of which is a client – orientedbusiness.Its introduction will enable the company to retain and increase itsown “Gold Fund” - the loyal clients. It serves, on the one hand, the purposeof satisfying and maintaining the clients and, on the other hand, it ensuresthe optimization of the company activity. Making investments in theCRM system implies the increase of the loyalty of the clients as the marketingactive. At present to engender the consumer’s loyalty CRM systemshave been widely used in the whole world. The effective,value-orientedstrategic tasks of the CRM system activity are as follows: the reorganizationof the company in relation to the personnel, the management, the infrastructureand the market processes; the raise of the revenues; the improvementof the consumer’s experience; Maintaining the informationbase of the consumers’ and its expansion; the growth of the level of theconsumers’s loyalty; the advance of the product innovation; the improvementof the selling accountability; the decrease of a business risk. Thereare different methods of estimation of the Customer Relationship Managementsystem effectiveness. The selection of the CRM sy and the estinntionob its effectiveness stem in the given field is at present very actual. InGeorgia,in fact,there doesn’t exist a CRM system wholly integrated in thecompanies.In some companies theme are inculcated certain elements ofCRM. But none of them can be considered perfect yet. A successful inculcationof a CRM system depends, birst of all, on the readiness of the company,thecorrect choice of the system and on the clear formulation of thegiven task. Not taking into account all the aspects mentioned above leadseventually to the ineffectiveness and irrealizability.72

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. IX, 2010ekonomikur mecnierebaTa seriaemzar kakuliabiznesis Rirebulebis Sefasebismidgomebi da standartebibiznesis Sefasebis midgomidan gamomdinareobs, rom nebismieriSefaseba unda gakeTdes kompaniis Rirebulebis gansazRvrisTavidanve miTiTebuli principebis safuZvelze, kerZod:a) kompaniis Sefaseba rogorc moqmedis;b) kompaniis sautilizacio (salikvidacio) RirebulebisSefseba.kompania rogorc moqmedi unda Sefasdes Semosavlianobismidgomis farglebSi, romelic gulisxmobs, rom biznesis sabazroRirebuleba ganisazRvreba momavali SemosavlianobiT, romelicmiiReba biznesis gagrZelebiT.aseve Semosavlianobis mixedviT kompaniis (firmis) Sefasebaxdeba Semosavlebis kapitalizaciis da wminda fulis Semosavlebisdiskontirebis meTodiT. roca mosalodnelia kompaniis(firmis) momavali Semosavlebis mimdinaresTan gatoleba daroca prognozirebadia misi zrdis tempebi — gamoiyeneba Semosavlebiskapitalizaciis meTodi, romlis koeficienti ganisazRvrebakompaniis wminda Semosavlis SefardebiT kompaniisqonebis RirebulebasTan. aRniSnuli koeficienti gviCvenebskavSirs kompaniis qonebis Rirebulebasa da yovelwliurad mi-Rebul Semosavlebs Soris, romelic sami saxisaa:1. sakuTari saxsrebis Semosavlis kapitalizaciis ganakveTi— asaxavs Semosavlis kapitalizaciis donessakuTari saxsrebidan;2. kapitalizaciis saerTo ganakveTi — asaxavs mTlianadkompaniis qonebis Semosavlis kapitalizaciis dones;3. nasesxi saxsrebis Semosavlis kapitalizaciis ganakveTi— asaxavs nasesxi saxsrebis Semosavlebis kapitalizaciisdones.amasTan, kompaniis sabazro Rirebulebaze gavlena ar undaiqonios im qonebis Rirebulebam, romelic gaaCnia kompanias, magramaucileblad saWiroa biznesis gasagrZeleblad. radganacaseTi qonebis gayidvis SemTxvevaSi biznesis gagrZeleba, romeliceyrdnoba am qonebas, gaxdeba SeuZlebeli da gamoricxavskompaniis, rogorc moqmedis Sefasebis winadadebas. kompaniisSefaseba rogorc moqmedis, aseve xorcieldeba sabazro midgo-73

mis farglebSi. 1 misi arsi mdgomareobs SemdegSi — daxurulikompaniis sabazro Rirebulebis (an iseTi kompaniis romelsacganTavsebuli ara aqavs Ria kompaniis aqciebi safondo bazarze)SefasebisaTvis, pouloben analog kompanias Ria likviduri aqciebismflobel kompaniebs Soris (imave dargSi, imave sididis,imave sabuRaltro aRricxvis sistemiT da sxv.), romelsac afasebsTviTon safondo bazari da Sesabamisi koreqtirebiT es SefasebagadaaqvT gansaxilvel kompaniaze.kompaniis salikvidacio Rirebulebis Sefaseba upiratesadxdeba qonebrivi (xarjviTi) midgomiT, romlis arsic mdgomareobsgadasaxadebidan Tavisufali, kompaniis qonebis sabazroRirebulebis SefasebaSi. bunebrivi midgomaa kompaniis SefasebisaTvis,romelic ixureba da romlis qoneba iyideba sabazroRirebulebiT kompaniis valis dafarvasTan erTad miuxedavadmaTi vadebis gasvlisa. amasTanave, aRniSnuli midgoma ufromkacrad xorcieldeba maSin, roca kompaniis sabazro RirebulebaganisazRvreba ara ubralod rogorc jami misi yvela saxis qonebissabazro Rirebulebisa, aramed kompaniis qonebis sabazroRirebulebis SefasebiT, romelic gansazRvrulia saswrafo gayidvazegaTvliT.biznesis Sefasebis praqtikidan gamomdinareobs, rom arsebobskompaniis Sefasebis Semdegi midgomebi: Semosavlianobismidgoma, sabazro midgoma da qonebrivi (xarjviTi) midgoma.amasTanave, sagulisxmoa, rom biznesis Sefasebisas uxeS SecdomadiTvleba araadekvaturi midgomis gamoyeneba RirebulebisgansazRvrisas, gamomdinare konkretulad arsebuli socialurekonomikurisituaciidan gansaxilveli kompaniis.Sesabamisad, qonebrivi (xarjviTi) midgoma SeiZleba iyosadekvaturi moqmedi kompaniis Rirebulebis gansazRvrisa, rogorcmoqmedis mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Sesafasebeli kompania: ganekuTvneba finansuri kategoriis kompaniebs metwiladfinansuri aqtivebiT, romelTa sabazro RirebulebaganisazRvreba safondo bazris mier (roca finansuriaqtivi aris likviduri) an specialurad fasdebagamomdinare finansuri aqtivebis (fasiani qa-Raldebis) mosalodneli SemosavlebiT; aqvs maRali wili aramaterialuri aqtivebis, romlebicRirebulia mxolod maSin, roca isini gamoyeneba-Sia, anu roca kompania moqmedia.aseve kompaniis (biznesis) Rirebulebis gansazRvrisaTvisgamoiyeneba kvlavwarmoebiTi (danaxarjebis) meTodi, romelic1 T. Copeland, T. Koller, J. Murrin. Valuation: Measuring and Managing the Value ofompanies. McKinsey @ compan.Third edition, Inc., 2000, gv. 35-38.74

saSualebas iZleva davadginoT, Tu ramdeni eRireba analogiurikompaniis Seqmna dRes. am SemTxvevaSi kompaniis Sefasebisas gamoiyenebaaqtivebis dagrovebis da Warbi mogebis meTodi. 1 aqtivebisdagrovebis meTodis gamoyenebiT materialuri (Senobanagebobada a.S) da aramaterialuri (licenzia, kontraqti daa.S.) aqtivebis Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba cal-calke.Warbi mogebis meTodi gamoiyeneba aramaterialuri aqtivebisRirebulebis dasadgenad. kompaniis (firmis) gansazRvrulirentabelobis saSualo done mravldeba kompaniis (firmis)materialuri aqtivebis sabazro Rirebulebaze, romliTac ganisazRvrebakompaniis (firmis) mogebis sidide, miRebuls misi materialuriaqtivebidan. mas zeviT miRebuli mogeba ki aris Warbimogeba, romelsac aramaterialuri aqtivebi iZlevian.Warbi mogebaaramaterialuri aqtivebis = ------------------------------ 1.sabazro Rirebulebakapitalizaciiskoeficientzematerialuri da aramaterialuri aqtivebis Rirebulebisjami aris kompaniis mTeli kapitalis (aqtivebis Rirebulebaromlis nawili aris vali) Rirebuleba da romelic investirebuliakompaniaSi Sesafaseblad. vinaidan myidveli kompaniis valdebulebebSifuls ar gadaixdis, amitom misi sabazro RirebulebaSemcirdeba arsebuli valdebulebis TanxiT. darCeniliTanxa aris kompaniis sakuTari kapitalis sabazro Rirebuleba,anu misi sabazro fasi.sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi arsebobs biznesis Sefasebisori maCvenebeli:1. kompaniis (firmis) Sefaseba, romlis safuZveli SeiZlebaiyos (da ara aucilebeli) firmis qonebis Sefaseba;2. biznes saqmianobis saxeebis Sefaseba, rogorc erTobliviqonebrivi ufleba, teqnologiebze, aqtivebze,romlebic uzrunvelyofen mosalodnel momaval Semosavlebs.principSi, Sefasebis orive maCvenebeli erTmaneTis alternatiuliada imavdroulad erTmaneTsac avseben. Tumca, sabazroekonomikis pirobebSi, sadac gadamwyveti aris gqondes momgebianisaqmianoba da ara ubralod firma, biznesis Sefaseba, rogorcSefaseba biznes saqmianobisa, mniSvnelovani da upiratesia.1 j. v. horni, j. m. vahoviCi, umcrosi (me-12 gamocema). Targmnili inglisuridan.Tb., 2008, gv. 215-219.75

msoflio praqtikaSi, biznesis Sefaseba upiratesad emsaxurebaSemdeg miznebs: Semowmdes, Tu ramdenad obieqturia (damoukidebladSemTxveviTi da droebiTi faqtorebisa) likviduri aqciebismflobeli kompaniis aqciebis mimdinare sabazrokvotireba da bazarze masSi mimdinare cvlilebebisdakvirveba. rac strategiul investorebs aZlevs saSualebasmiiRon dasabuTebuli gadawyvetileba aqciebissakontrolo paketis yidvaze an gayidvaze; aralikviduri aqciebis mflobelidaxuruli kompaniebis(firmebis) sabazro Rirebulebaze dakvirveba, vinaidansxvanairad maTze sruli informaciis miRebaSeuZlebelia. aralikviduri aqciebis mflobeli kompaniebis (firmebis)yidva — gayidvaze winadadebebis momzadeba.kompaniis (firmis) yvela saxis auditis gamoyeneba imisaTvis,rom maT mflobelebs (bazris yvela monawiles) qondes sruliinformacia kompaniis namdvil finansur mdgomareobaze damis perspeqtivaze.sayovelTaod cnobili meTodebiT biznesis Sefaseba, warmoadgenskompaniis (firmis) sakuTari (sawesdebo) kapitalisiseT Sefasebas, romelic xSirad ar emTxveva buRaltrul balansSiasaxul misi sakuTari (sawesdebo) kapitalis Rirebulebas. esganpirobebulia imiT, rom buRaltrul balanSi asaxul informaciazezegavlenas axdens iseTi monacemebi, rogoricaa moqmedisaamortizacio normebi (romlebic mag., SeiZleba CamorCnenZiriTadi fondebis ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri cveTis SesabamissiCqareebs), saamortizacio aqtivebis balansze ayvanis periodida firmis mier arCeuli amortizaciis normebi, rasac pirdapirikavSiri ara aqvs kompaniis sakuTari kapitalis namdvilRirebulebasTan. amitom ganasxvaveben kompaniis namdvil sabazroRirebulebas sabalanso Rirebulebisagan da mas samarTlianRirebulebas (fire value) uwodeben.kerZo sakuTrebaze dafuZnebuli sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSibiznesis mflobels ainteresebs misi firmis qonebissabazro Rirebuleba, romelic (iseve rogorc yvela danarCeniqoneba) yidva-gayidvis obieqtia. 1 erTi da igive kompanias (firmis)Rirebuleba SesaZlebelia iyos sxvadasxva, misi SefasebisdaniSnulebidan gamomdinare. Sesabamisad kompaniis (firmis) RirebulebaTaSoris mniSvnelovans warmoadgens: sabazro Rirebuleba — kompaniis (firmis) sabazro1 С. В. Валдайцев. Оценка бизнеса. Учебик, 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. М., 2008, gv.132-133.76

fasi, romelzec gamyidveli Tanaxmaa gayidos, xolomyidveli — iyidos; sabalanso Rirebuleba — kompaniis (firmis) balansSiasaxuli sakuTar ZiriTad saSualebaTa danaxarjebi; sawyisi Rirebuleba — eqspluataciaSi gadacemis momentisaTviskompaniis (firmis) ZiriTad saSualebaTaRirebuleba; narCeni Rirebuleba — kompaniis (firmis) sabalansoRirebulebas gamoklebuli ZiriTadi fondebis gacve-Tili da Camosaweri nawili; investiciuri Rirebuleba — investor(eb)isaTvis kompaniis(firmis) Rirebuleba, romelic sxvadasxva investor(eb)isaTvissxvadasxvaa, gansxvavebuli riskisada dabandebul kapitalze gansxvavebuli moTxovnebidangamomdinare; sadazRvevo Rirebuleba — kompaniis (firmis) TavidanaRdgenis Rirebuleba gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxvevisdadgomisas (mag., stiqiuri ubedureba — wyaldidoba,xanZari da sxva); sautilizacio (salikvidacio) Rirebuleba _ kompaniis(firmis) ZiriTadi saSualebebis sruli gacve-Tis Semdeg darCenili materialuri aqtivebis Rirebuleba.biznes praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba kompaniis (firmis) RirebulebisgansazRvris Semdegi principebi:1. sargeblianobis, cvlilebis da molodinis;2. sabazro garemo — moTxovna-miwodeba, konkurencia;3. qonebis eqspluatacia —warmoebis faqtorebi, dabalansebuloba.1. sargeblianobis principis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, Turamdenad akmayofilebs garkveul sivrceSi da droSi mesakuTrismoTxovnilebebs mis xelT arsebuli qoneba. cvlilebisprincipSi gamoixateba droTa ganmavlobaSi qonebrivi obieqtiscvlileba, rac Sesabamisad cvlis mesakuTris moTxovnilebebisdones misTvis mosalodnel Semosavlis moculobasTan erTad.investori debs investiciebs ama Tu im kompaniaSi (firmaSi), momavalSiSemosavlis, fuladi nakad(eb)is molodinis mizniT —rac molodinis princips niSnavs.2. sabazro garemo — bazarze kompaniis (firmis) fasi icvlebamasze moTxovnis Sesabamisad, anu moTxovna-miwodebis Tanafardobidangamomdinare. moTxovnis zrdasTan erTad izrdebaRirebuleba, da piriqiT, miwodebis zrdasTan erTad mcirdeba.moTxovna-miwodebis sruli Tanafardobis pirobebSi bazarzefasi stabiluria da ar meryeobs. sabazro garemos Semadgeneli77

nawilia konkurenciis principi, rac mdgomareobs SemdegSi:uZravi qonebis bazarze identuri da funqciebiT analogiurikompaniebi erTmaneTs uweven konkurencias mogebis mizniT. warmoebisfaqtorebis danaxarjTa (kapitali, samuSao Zala da sxv.)dafarvis Semdeg rCeba wminda Semosavlis is nawili, romliTacganisazRvreba mogeba. konkurencia mwvavdeba maSin, roca mogebaaWarbebs, warmoebis faqtorebis danaxarjebis dafarvisaTvissaWiro dones da iwvevs wminda Semosavlebis Semcirebas.3. qonebis eqspluataciis mniSvnelovani principebia: warmoebisfaqtorebi da dabalansebuloba. warmoebis faqtorebia— Sroma, kapitali, miwa, biznesis unari. kompaniis (firmis) SefasebisasyuradReba eqceva imas, Tu ra wili uWiravs TiToeulfaqtors wminda Semosavlebis formirebaSi. kompanis (firmis)sabazro Rirebuleba maqsimaluria maSin, roca ekonomikuraddabalansebulia misi warmoebis oTxive faqtori.kompaniis (firmis) Rirebulebis SefasebisaTvis gamoiyenebaasev msoflio praqtikaSi miRebuli Semdegi faqtorebi: socialur-ekonomikur faqtorebia _ mosaxleobisganaTlebis, dasaqmebis, daberebis da cxovrebis done.sakredito resursebi, sasesxo kapitalis procentisda gadasaxdelis sidide, fasebi da a.S.; politikur faqtorebia _ fiskaluri politika, usafrTxoeba,qveynis politikuri stabiluroba da sxv.; fizikur faqtorebia _ bunebrivi faqtorebi, sasicocxlocikli, cveTis done da sxva.rogorc moqmedi, aseve SeCerebuli kompaniis (firmis) Rirebulebazezegavlenas axdens misi sargeblianoba, samomxmarebloRirebuleba, anu firmis mier misi mesakuTrisaTvis momgebianobismotana. Tu firmas Seswevs unari konkurentunariani produqciiswarmoebis, is sargebliania mesakuTrisaTvis da mimzidvelimyidvelisaTvis. vinaidankompaniis yidvaze gaweuli danaxarjebidanmosalodneli mogebis miRebis (ukugebis) sidide winaswarver iqneba cnobili, misi myidveli riskavs da SesaZloadazaraldes kidevac, Tu kompaniis momavali Semosavlis mimdinareRirebuleba (misi sabazro fasis zeda zRvari) naklebi aRmoCndebayidvaze gaweul danaxarjebze.aseve mniSvnelovania sasicocxlo ciklis Tu romel stadiazeimyofeba kompania (dabadeba, zrda, simwife, dacema). magali-Tad, Tu Sesafasebeli kompanis mier warmoebul produqciaze araris moTxovna da finansurad uWirs, es mis dacemis stadiaze dauperspeqtivobaze miuTiTebs, Sesabamisad kompaniis Rirebulebisdabal fasze.finansurad Zlierikompanis (firmis) sabazro Rirebulebisdasadgenad saWiroa ara marto misi aqtivebis sabazro fasisgansazRvra, aramed misi biznesis momavali Semosavlianoba, ro-78

melic unda Caidos da gaTvaliswinebul iqnes kompaniis sabolooRirebulebaSi. Tu kompania (firma) da misi biznes saqmianobauperspeqtivoa da gakotrebis winaSe aRmoCnda, misi gayidvaaqtivebis sautilizacio (salikvidacio) RirebulebiT xdeba.ganasxvaveben biznesis Rirebulebis Sefasebis oTx Ziri-Tad standarts:1. dasabuTebuli sabazro Rirebuleba;2. dasabuTebuli Rirebuleba;3. investiciuri Rirebuleba;4. Sida (fundamentaluri) Rirebuleba.ZiriTadi gansxvavebebi zemoT CamoTvlil standartebs Sorismdgomareobs SemdegSi:1. dasabuTebuli sabazro Rirebulebis standarti gulisxmobs,rom biznesis (sainvesticio proeqtis) Sefasebaxdeba informaciis (qonebis, nedleulze bazarzearsebuli mimdinare da prognozirebadi fasebida a.S) safuZvelze, romelic erTnairad xelmisawvdomiarogorc potenciuri myidvelisaTvis, aseve biznesisgamyidvelisTvis da investor(eb)isTvis.2. dasabuTebuli Rirebulebis standarti, gulisxmobsbiznesis Sefasebas konkretuli myidvelisTvisac dabiznesis gamyidvelisTvisac miTiTebuli informaciisTanabari misawvdomobis safuZvelze. maTi saqmianiSesaZleblobebic igulisxmeba rogorc erTnairi.3. investiciuri Rirebulebis standarti gulisxmobsbiznesis (sainvesticio proeqtis) Sefasebas, mxolodkonkretuli investoris informirebulobisa da saqmianiSesaZleblobebis safuZvelze (Sesabamisad, Tanaxmadam standartisa, erTi da igive proeqtis Sefasebasxvadasxva potenciuri investor(eb)isaTvis iqnebasxvadasxva).4. Sida (fundamentaluri) Rirebulebis standarti gulisxmobsbiznesis (proeqtis) Sefasebas gare, damoukidebeliSemfaseblisgan mis xelT arsebuli piradi informaciisada investor(eb)is saqmian SesaZleblobebzewarmodgenis safuZvelze (rac ar gamoricxavs SemfaseblisTvissaWiro informaciis miwodebas moTxovnisSemTxvevaSi, romelsac is gaukeTebs koreqtirebas).metnaklebad obieqturad iTvleba biznesis (proeqtis) Sefaseba(imis miuxedavad vin unda moaxdinos proeqtis realizacia),dsabuTebuli Rirebulebis standartis Sesabamisad. amavedros ufro praqtikulad iTvleba investiciuri Rirebulebisstandarti, romelSic gaTvaliswinebulia proeqtis Sefaseba darealizaciis ganuyofeloba, romelsac flobs konkretuli investori.79

iznesis Sefasebis zemoT aRniSnuli standartebi moqmedebsproeqtis fuladi nakadebis (Semosavlebis da danaxarjebis)prognozirebaze. maTi gavlena diskontis ganakveTis gansazRvrisnawilSi ukavSirdeba imas, Tu ramdenad xelmisawvdomiaproeqtis komerciuli da finansuri informacia sxvadasxvasubieqtebisaTvis, gansaxilveli investiciebidan Semosavlebisdonisa da meryeobis Sesaxeb.miuxedavad imisa, rom rac ar unda Teoriuli mogveCvenosdasabuTebuli sabazro Rirebulebis standarti, igi ukve gamoiyenebaZalian bevr qveyanaSi (upiratesad, anglosaqsur qveynebSi),dasabegri qonebis gadasaxadis gansazRvrisaTvis kompaniisfinansuri aqtivebis nawilSi.dasabuTebuli Rirebulebis standarti ufro metad gamoiyenebadasavleTis praqtikaSi maSin, roca kontragentebi (umciresobaSimyofi aqcionerebi) aprotesteben da sasamarTloSi CivianmaTgan aqciebis gamosyidvas amave kompaniis msxvili aqcionerebisagan,radganac adanaSauleben maT aqciebis yidva-gayidvissaxelSekrulebo fasis momzadebisas aRniSnuli standartisdarRvevaSi. saqme imaSia, rom umravlesobaSi myofi aqcionerebiar awvdian kontragentebs (umciresobaSi myof aqcionerebs) iminformacias, romelic asaxavs kompaniis samomavlo sabazroperspeqtivas da misi qonebis namdvil Rirebulebas, saidanac TavadgansazRvraven firmis aqciebze maqsimalur dasaSveb fass.aRniSnuli infarmociis dadasturebis da damtkicebis SemTxvevaSi,xelSekruleba SesaZlebelia anulirebul iqnes.investiciuri Rirebulebis standartis mixedviT, biznesisSefaseba xorcieldeba kompaniis qonebisa da bazarze (gasaRebisada resursulis) perspeqtivebis Sesaxeb investoris (myidvelisganan gamyidvelisgan) informaciis safuZvelze. mniSvnelovaniakonkretuli investoris saqmiani SesaZloblobebi da misigamocdileba kompaniis aqtivebis yidva-gayidvis sferoSi, romelicSesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes biznesis momavali ganvi-TarebisaTvis.kompaniis investiciur Rirebulebas, romelic gansazRvruliagare investoris (myidvelis) mier — kompaniis gare Rirebulebahqvia, xolo romelic gansazRvrulia misi moqmedi menejerebismier — kompaniis Rirebuleba `rogorc aris~.kompaniis Sida (fundamentaluri) Rirebulebis standartimoiTxovs, rom biznesis Sefaseba ganxorcieldes ara ubraloddamoukidebeli analitikosis informaciis safuZvelze(romelmac unda gaiTvaliswinos Sefasebaze moqmedi yvela faqtori),aramed imis gaTvaliswinebiTac, rom aRniSnuli analitikosi(Semfasebeli) ar aris iZulebuli gamoiTxovos informaciaSefasebaSi dainteresebuli erT-erTi mxarisgan (kompaniis gamyidvelisganan myidvelisgan), rac mis damoukideblobas daaye-80

nebda eWvqveS. Sesabamisad, damoukidebel analitikoss (Semfasebels)unda hqondes sakuTari gamocdileba aRniSnul sakiTxebSida sakuTari damoukidebeli informacia, raTa srulfasovanadSeafasos kompaniis (firmis) realuri Rirebuleba.EMZAR KAKULIABUSINESS VALUE OF ASSESSMENT APPROACHESAND STANDARDSThe article presents the analysis of Business Solutions revenue basedon market and intellectual approach. Capitalization ratio reveals theprofitability of property union of the company union and annual incomewhich are of three types: own funds of income capitalization rate, the totalcapitalization rate, the income capitalization, borrowed funds rate.The active reveals two main indicators of the particular business of thecompany and its assessment which may be a firm basis for valuation ofthe property and business activities as joint property rights, technologies,assets that are expected in future profits. The following principles are usedby the business company: benefits, changes and expectations, the marketenvironment, demand_supply, competition and balanced state of productionfactors as well. The article also presents and discusees business valueassessment of four main standart of reasonable market, investment and alsointernal value. Knowledge of these issuas is important not only for thecompany market to determine phase, but also its management.6. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi81

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. IX, 2010ekonomikur mecnierebaTa seriairma dixaminjiastrategiuli cvlilebebi da menejmentiyoveli organizacia funqcionirebs gansazRvrul garemo-Si, romlis komponentebi masTan mWidro urTierTkavSirSi arian.amasTan, organizaciis menejments ar SeuZlia garemos faqtor-Ta zemoqmedebis ugulvebelyofa. garemo ar gamoirCeva mdgradobiT:cvalebadoba da ganusazRvreloba arTulebs adeqvaturizomebis gatarebas da amcirebs Sinagani stabilizaciis SesaZleblobebs.rogorc aRniSnavs cnobili mecnieri elvar elbingi,`organizaciis garemo sul ufro iqceva Tanamedrove menejerebisaTvisproblemebis wyarod... msoflioSi mimdinare bolomovlenebis zegavlenis gamo menejerebi iZulebuli arian yuradRebagaamaxvilon swrafad cvalebad garemoze da mis zemoqmedebazeorganizaciaze~. 1 menejerTa saqmianobaSi metad mniSvnelovaniagaremos sirTulis gansazRvra, misi zemoqmedebiszustad Sefaseba, klientebTan da aqcionerebTan urTierTobebisSeswavla, organizaciis SesaZleblobebis gaazreba. Sedegad,SesaZlebeli iqneba pasuxebis gacema strategiuli menejmentisamocanebze (saiT miviswrafviT? rogor mivaRwioT amas? ra undagakeTdes amisaTvis?).menejerebisaTvis Seswavlis sakiTxs yovelTvis warmoadgendaorganizaciis makrogaremo da masSi mimdinare cvlilebebi.makrogaremos faqtorebi (industriuli garemos faqtorebisagangansxvavebiT) araregularulad da arapirdapir zemoqmedebenorganizaciaze, Tumca, didia makrogaremos gavlenis xarisxirogorc organizaciis saqmianobis sferoze, aseve organizaciulisistemis Sinagan potencialze. makrogaremoSi mimdinarecvlilebebze drouli reaqcia, mis mier gamowveuli danaxarjebisminimumamde dayvana yoveli menejeris upirvelesi amocanaa.cnobilia, rom menejerebi TavianTi organizaciis Zliermxareebs ufro amCneven, vidre mis sisusteebs. am faqtoris ugulebelyofamSeiZleba Seamciros firmis konkurentunarianobagrZelvadian perspeqtivaSi. organizaciis Zlier mxared iTvlebamisi unari Seqmnas inovaciuri produqti, aseve konkurentebisagangansxvavebiT awarmoos produqcia dabali danaxarjebiT.firmis sust mxared miiCneva uxarisxo produqciis warmoeba,arasakmarisi sawarmoo simZlavreebi, materialur-teqnikuri ba-1М. Мескон, М. Альберт, Ф. Хедоури. Основы менеджмента. М., 1995, gv. 283.82

zis uqonloba, muSakTa dabali kvalifikacia da a.S. firmis SesaZleblobebisada safrTxeebis Sesafaseblad, swrafad cvalebadibazrisa da ekonomikis pirobebSi firmis sicocxlisunarianobisSesanarCuneblad menejerebma unda awarmoon garemos uwyveti monitoringiswori da drois Sesatyvisi strategiis SemuSavebis safuZvelze.organizaciis strategiis SemuSaveba niSnavs grZelvadianikonkurentuli upiratesobebis da sxva korporaciuli miznebismisaRwevad saWiro zogadi mimarTulebebis gansazRvras.ekonomikur literaturaSi strategia ganixileba, rogorc yovelmxrivdetaluri kompleqsuri gegma, romelic mimarTuliaorganizaciis mier Tavisi misiisa da miznis maqsimalurad efeqtianiganxorcielebisaken. 1 aseTi gegmis umTavresi amocanaa — adaptaciagaremos cvlilebebTan da inovaciebis danergva. cvlilebebisada codnis gafarToebis Tanamedrove tempi imdenad swrafia,rom menejerebisaTvis momavali problemebisa da SesaZleblobebisformaluri prognozirebis erTaderT saSualebad SeiZlebaCaiTvalos strategiuli dagegmvis ganxorcieleba.strategiuli RonisZiebebis kompleqsis damuSavebis procesSi,romelic orientirebulia konkurentul bazarze myarimdgomareobis misaRwevad, firmis pirvel nabijs warmoadgensstrategiuli analizis Catareba. strategiuli analizi moicavsori ZiriTadi aspeqtis — bazris mimzidvelobisa da firmis konkurentunarianobisSeswavlas. analizis mizans, erTi mxriv, warmoadgensbazarze arsebuli situaciis, pirobebisa da tendenciebisSeswavla, romlebmac firmas SesaZloa Seuqmnan saSiSroeba anmisTvis Seqmnan mimzidveli SesaZleblobebi. meores mxriv, analiziiTvaliswinebs firmis Zlieri da susti mxareebis Seswavlas,romlis formalur midgomas warmoadgens e.w. modeli SWOT. esmodeli warmaodgens dagegmvis ganxorcielebis process, romlisdrosac menejerebi gansazRvraven organizaciis Zlier (strength-S)da sust mxareebs (weakness-W), garemoSi arsebul SesaZleblobebs(opportunities-O) da mosalodnel saSiSroebebs (threats-T). SWOT analizzedayrdnobiT organizaciis sxvadasxva doneze myofi menejerebiirCeven korporaciis, biznesis da funqcionaluri donisstrategiebs, raTa organizacias ukeTesi mdgomareoba SeuqmnanTavisi misiisa da miznebis gansaxorcieleblad.nebismieri organizacia moqmedebs makrogaremoSi, sadacmravali faqtori arsebobs, romelic zegavlenas axdens am garemoSimoqmed firmebze, esenia: politikuri, ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri,socialuri Zalebi. makrogaremos aRniSnuli yvelafaqtorebi unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli top-menejerebis mier.1 Международный менеджмент. Учебник для вузов. Под ред. С. Э. Пивоварова.СПб., 2001, gv. 257.83

kompaniis biznes-modelis arCevisas vercerTi kompania ver axdensgavlenas makrogaremos faqtorebze, maT mudmivad unda Seiswavlones faqtorebi, gaiTvaliswinon garemoSi mimdinarecvlilebebi da Sesabamisad, moaxdinon strategiis koreqtireba.menejmentis gadawyvetilebebze Zlier moqmedebs politikurgaremoSi mimdinare procesebi. politikuri garemo moicavskanonebs, samTavrobo saagentoebs, gavlenian jgufebs, romlebiczemoqmedeben da zRudaven sxvadasxva organizacias da pirovnebasgansazRvrul sazogadoebaSi.sakanonmdeblo baza, romelic mTel msoflioSi bizneszeaxdens zegavlenas, wlebis ganmavlobaSi TandaTan viTardeba dasazogadoebis interesebis gamomxatveli xdeba. magaliTad, aSS-Si arsebuli kanonebi moicaven iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa konkurencia,samarTliani vaWroba, garemos dacva, produqtisusafrTxoeba. evrokomisia aqtiurad qmnis kanonebs, romelicexeba produqtis standartebs, mwarmoeblis valdebulebebsa dakomerciul garigebebs evrokavSiris qveynebisTvis. Tavisufalbiznes-organizaciebs aqvT mravali susti mxareebi.XXs. damdegs mravali socialuri problemebis gamo, rogoricaamuSaobis usafrTxo pirobebi, dabali xelfasebi, mcirewlovanTaSroma da monopolisturi konkurencia, momxmarebelzearasaTanado zrunva, macdunebeli reklamebi da arasaimedoproduqcia, imaze metyvelebs, rom garkveulwilad mTavrobasbiznesi unda gaekontrolebina. amitom saxelmwifom maregulirebeliwesebis SemoRebiT erTgvarad SezRuda biznesis zogier-Ti `arakeTilsindisieri qmedebebi~ (garemos dabinZureba, produqciisaraekologiuroba, uxarisxo produqcia, maRali fasebi,arakeTilsindisieri reklama da misT.). magaliTad, Tambaqosda spirtiani sasmelebis mwarmoeblebs kanonmdebloba aiZulebsgarkveviT miuTiTon sakuTar produqciaze im zianis Sesaxeb, rasacmoaqvs maTi moxmareba. korporacia `Manville~, romelic aTeuliwlebis manZilze axdenda monacemTa blokirebas imis Sesaxeb,rom azbestis mtveri sasikvdilod zemoqmedebda firmis mu-SakTa janmrTelobaze, niu-jersis Statis sasamarTlom daakisrajarimis saxiT sakuTari aqciebis 80%-is gadaricxva dazaralebulTafondSi. 1 amdenad am situaciaSi ar arsebobs gamarjvebuli,erTnairad zaraldeba sazogadoebac da mewarmeebic. kanonmdeblobada iuridiuli cvlilebebi mimarTulia ara mxolod sazogadoebisaken,aramed biznesis ganviTarebisa da winsvlisaken.Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis yvelaze liberaluri damcvelebicki eTanxmebian mosazrebas, rom sistema ukeT muSaobsgarkveuli regulirebis qveS. kargad gaTvlil regulirebas SeuZliastimuli misces konkurencias da uzrunvelyos saqonlisa1М. Мескон, М. Альберт, Ф. Хедоури. Основы менеджмента. М., 1995, gv. 150.84

da momsaxurebis SeZena. mTavrobebi aviTareben sazogadoebrivpolitikas, raTa marTon komercia, anu amuSaveben kanonebisa dawesebis kompleqss, romelic bizness garkveulwilad zRudavssazogadoebis keTildReobis mizniT. politika biznesis garemoserT-erTi ZiriTadi da mniSvnelovani nawilia, romlis zegavlenasamewarmeo garemoze mniSvnelovania. erTis mxriv, biznesimoqmedebs politikaze, gansakuTrebiT, ekonomikur politikaze,xolo meores mxriv _ politika gansazRvravs biznesisqcevis wesebs.biznesis ekonomikuri garemo axasiaTebs misi organizaciis,funqcionirebisa da efeqtianobis pirobebs. es moicavs yvelaekonomikur aspeqts, stimulsa da berkets, kerZod, erovnuliproduqtis zrdas, moTxovnis zrdas an Semcirebas, inflacias,sawarmoo potencials, Semosavlebisa da mogebis dones da, Sesabamisad,msyidvelunarianobas, fasebs, fulad-sakredito sistemasada valutis gacvliTi kursis cvalebadobas. menejerebi gamudmebiTunda swavlobdnen ekonomikuri garemos mdgomareobisparametrebs da gansazRvravdnen organizaciis operaciebzecvlilebebis SesaZlo zegavlenas. ekonomikuri garemos dadebi-Ti gavlena iwvevs biznesmenTa saqmiani aqtivobis gaZlierebas,rac ekonomikur zrdas ganapirobebs. ekonomikuri garemo Sedgebafaqtorebisagan, romelic momxmareblis msyidvelobiTunarsa da xarjviT tendenciebze axdens zegavlenas. qveynebierTmaneTisagan Zalian gansxvavdebian Semosavlis donisa da Semosavlisganawilebis principiT. zogierT qveyanas gaaCnia e.w.saarsebo ekonomika, aseve arsebobs qveynebi, sadac industriuliekonomikaa, es qveynebi warmoadgenen mimzidvel bazrebssxvadasxva kompaniebisaTvis. am bazrebze specifikuri strategiiTSedian kompaniebi.mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi gansazRvravs biznesis ganviTarebistemps, masStabebs, mimarTulebebs. biznesis ganviTarebaperspeqtivaSi damokidebulia mecnierebatevadi produqciisdamuSaveba-realizaciaze. mecnierul ganviTarebas Tanmosdevs teqnologiuri cvlilebebi, romelic aZlevs biznesssxvadasxva saxis SesaZleblobebs an uqmnis saSiSroebebs. mxolodmecnierul-teqnikuri progresis maRali tempebis pirobeb-Sia SesaZlebeli mravalferovani saqonlis warmoebis zrda, momxmarebelTagazrdili moTxovnilibebis dakmayofileba. teqnologiuricvlilebebi mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens firmismenejmentze, mis produqciaze da momsaxurebaze. teqnologiurmaganviTarebam moitana iseTi saocrebebi, rogoricaa antibiotikebi,plastmasebi, kompiuteri, organoebis gadanergva,fiWuri kavSirgabmuloba, amasTanave uaRresad saSiSi saSualebebi:atomuri bombi, qimiuri da biologiuri iaraRi da sxv. teqnologiurigaremo swrafad cvalebadia, amitom nebismier fir-85

mas Tu kompanias unda SeeZlos masTan adaptireba Tavisive sicocxlisunarianobisSesanarCuneblad. teqnologiuri cvlilebebispobs da nergavs axal teqnologiebs. magaliTad, sabeWdimanqana Caanacvla personalurma kompiuterma, saangariSe kalkulatormada a.S. amdenad, menejerebi, romlebic teqnologiurcvlilebebs ar misdeven, male dadgebian im faqtis winaSe, rommaTi produqtebi moZvelda, xolo axali SesaZleblobebi xelidanaagaSvebuli, es ki uaryofiTad imoqmedebs maT konkurentunarianobaze.makrogaremos kidev erTi mniSvnelovani elementia socialurigaremo, sadac igulisxmeba sazogadoebis tradiciebi, Rirebulebebi,sazogadoebrivi tendenciebi, momxmareblis fsiqologia,misi mentaliteti, Sexedulebebi. es garemoc menejerebisyuradRebis centrSi unda imyofebodes, radgan mas SeuZliaarsebiTi gavlenis moxdena kompaniis saqmianobaze. magaliTad,`Cambel Soup~ 8 mln. dolariT izarala, roca braziliis bazarzeSevida sakuTari cnobili produqciiT — xsnadi supebi. mocemulibazris Sesaxeb damatebiTi informaciis moZiebiT cnobiligaxda, rom brazilieli diasaxlisebi upiratesobas ar aniWeben15 wuTSi sadilis momzadebas. 1 msoflios yvela qveyanas aqvs sakuTaritradiciebi da Sexedulebebi, romelic grZeldeba saukuneebismanZilze, rac biznesis aucilebeli Seswavlis saganiunda iyos mudam. mas ar SeuZlia sazogadoebis interesebisugulvebelyofa, romelTanac sakuTari interesebi unda Sea-Tanxmos. (magaliTad, sazogadoebis damokidebuleba biznesissocialur pasuxismgeblobaze, bunebisa da cxovelTa dacvazeda misT.) amJamad sul ufro Zlierdeba saqmianobis internacionalizaciismasStabebi, ris gamoc aucilebelia saerTaSorisobiznesSi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi damkvidrebuli socialur-kulturulitradiciebis gaTvaliswineba. kulturuli faseulobebigamoxatulebas pouloben adamianebis damokidebulebaSi er-TmaneTTan, sazogadoebasTan, bunebasa da msoflmxedvelobas-Tan. amgvarad, socialur-kulturuli garemos faqtoris gaTvaliswinebasul ufro da ufro aucilebeli xdeba biznesis saer-To sistemaSi, rogorc misi mamoZravebeli kriteriumi.da bolos, rogor SeuZliaT menejerebs winaswar gansazRvronTu ra safrTxe emuqreba maT firmebs cvalebad garemoSi?idealuri organizaciebi da uSecdomo menejmenti ar arsebobs,arsebobs efeqtiani marTva da cvlilebebze da ganviTarebazeorientirebuli organizaciebi. efeqtiani organizaciebimudmivad cdiloben ganWvriton momavali; Seiswavlon garemofaqtorebi, maTi zegavlena organizaciaze; obieqturad SeafasonsakuTari susti da Zlieri mxareebi, Camoayalibon saukeTe-1Международный менеджмент, gv. 129.86

so strategiuli gegma. menejeri unda azrovnebdes strategiulad,inovaciurad. msoflioSi arsebuli axali teqnologiebiszegavlenis, moTxovnebSi cvlilebebis, konkurentebis qmedebebis,perspeqtiuli bazrebis SesaZleblobebis SefasebiT da SeswavliTmenejeri ayalibebs samomavlo gegmebs. amrigad, menejeripirvel rigSi afasebs dargze moqmed Zalebs, maT wyaroebs damxolod amis Semdeg avlens kompaniis sust da Zlier mxareebs,bolos amuSavebs SeteviT RonisZiebebs, anu strategias. strategiamenejerebs exmareba moqmedebis yvelaze Sesaferisi gzebisdazustebaSi; zrdis organizaciis SesaZleblobebs, amcirebsgare samyaros Sesaxeb mcdari an arasaimedo informaciisgamo araswori gadawyvetilebebis miRebis risks..IRMA DIKHAMINJIASTRATEGIC CHANGES AND MANAGEMENTWorking out, introduction and strategy realization – these are priorproblems of management, therefore always is demand for the managerscapable actively to form the future of the company. Managers developstrategy and are responsible for a choice of model of business of the company.Strategy creates reference points of productivity, representationabout competitive advantages, a plan of action for satisfaction of buyersand high efficiency achievement. Managers should supervise internal andexternal environment of the company. Without carefully formulated strategyorganization, activity loses meaning, loses competitiveness, conductsto internal stagnation and deterioration of results. Firm strategyshould be adapted for changing factors of environment.87

88soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. IX. 2010ekonomikur mecnierebaTa seriajandri zarandiasameurneo meqanizmi _ rogorc ekonomikuriurTierTobebis sistemasabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla, obieqturad moiTxovs ekonomikurizrdis iseTi faqtorebis gamovlenasa da aqtiur gamoyenebas,romlebic xels Seuwyoben SedarebiT mcire danaxarjebiTmaRali sameurneo Sedegebis miRwevas. am amocanis warmatebiTgadawyveta mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli sabazro meqanizmissrulyofis xarisxze, rac uSualo gavlenas axdens yvelasaxis resursebis gamoyenebaze, drois ekonomiaze, sabazro ekonomikurisistemis qcevis xasiaTze.bazris sameurneo meqanizmis Seswavla yovelTvis aqtualurisakiTxi iyo da dResac yuradRebiT Seswavlis obieqtia,xolo ekonomikuri eqsperimentebi erTeuli RonisZiebebidanaxali meTodebis Ziebis, midgomebisa da sazogadoebrivi ekonomikisamocanebis gadawyvetis mecnierul safuZvlebze damyarebulsaSualebad gardaiqmnebian. aseTi mizanmimarTuli muSaobiswarmarTvis saqmeSi garkveuli sargebeli SeiZleba moitanossistemurma midgomam, romelic saSualebas mogvcems davadginoTmocemuli sistemis Semadgenel elementebs Soris arsebulimizez — Sedegobrivi kavSirebi da movaxdinoT am amocanebis realizaciisTeoriuli optimizacia.sistemuri marTvis arsSi ukeT garkvevisaTvis mokled ganvixiloT`sistemebis Teoria~ romelic saSualebas iZleva gavacnobieroTsistemuri midgomis principi, rac praqtikulad,yvela movlenaSi — bunebaSi, sazogadoebaSi, Tu calke aRebuladamianSi vlindeba. sistemaSi ise, rogorc adamianis organizmSicalkeuli organoebi mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli.gansazRvravs ra mTlianis Semadgeneli elementebis Sinaarssada specifikas, sistemuri midgoma efuZneba sakvlevi obieqtismoRvaweobis erTian xedvas da warmoadgens analizis universalurmeTods. 1Tu trdiciul midgomebSi azri moZraobs martividan rTulisaken,nawilidan mTlianisaken, elementidan sistemisaken,sistemur midgomaSi, piriqiT, moZraoba xdeba mTlianidan Semadgenelinawilisaken, rTulidan martivisaken. viwro, kerZo analiziSeiZleba iyos kvlevis mniSvnelovani elementi, magram un-1 И. В. Франгишвили. Системный подход и общесистемные закономерности. М.,2000, gv. 528.

da Caeweros sistemuri paradigmis CarCoebSi, Tu rogoraa dakavSirebulikerZo problema saerTosTan.maSasadame, sistemuri midgoma warmoadgens meTodebisa dasaSualebebis erTobliobas, romelic saSualebas iZleva mTlianobaSigamovikvlioT obieqtis struqtura da funqciebi, urTierTkavSirSimyofi movlenebi da procesebi. sistemuri Teoriaver daiyvaneba romelime kerZo disciplinaze (ekonomika, politologia,sociologia da a. S.), igi unda ganvixiloT, rogorcsazogadoebrivi mecnierebis kompleqsi. rogorc mecnierulimimarTuleba, aRniSnuli Teoria efuZneba iseT disciplinebsrogoricaa: kibernetika, ekonomika, fsiqologia, sociologia,biologia, lingvistika, politologia, eTika, samarTali, filosofia,informatika, marTvis Teoria da a. S.sistemur Teorias gamokvlevebi miuZRvnes cnobilma mecnierebma,rogoricaa i. Sumpeteri, m. veberi, v. oikeni, v. afanasevi,i. blaubergi, a. bogdanovi , a. bertlanski, i. egorovi, g. setrui,i. Sraideri i. urmancevi, i. frangiSvili da a. S 1sistemuri midgomis mixedviT, sakvlevi obieqti unda xasiaTdebodesoTxi ZiriTadi niSniT:1. obieqtis Semadgeneli elementebis erTianoba _ erTimxriv, sistema mTliania, meore mxriv, mkafiod undaimijnebodes Semadgeneli nawilebi;2. sistemis elementebs Soris mdgradi kavSirebis arseboba;3. elementebs Soris integraluri kavSiris arseboba.bunebaSi4. arsebobs mravali kavSiri, magram sistemur midgomaSiganmsazRvrelia ara yvela, aramed integraluri (arsebiTi)kavSiri, igi gansazRvravs sistemis funqcionirebisxasiaTs (Sinaarss); ganviTarebadi sistemebisaTvisdamaxasiaTebelia organizebuloba (Sida mowesrigebuloba).2arsebobs sistemis klasifikaciisadmi mravali midgoma.substanciuri niSniT, gamoyofen sistemebis Semdeg klasebs: xelovnuri sistemebi, esaa adamianis mier Seqmnilisistemebi. maTi realizaciis diapazoni Zalzed far-Toa, dawyebuli martivi meqanizmebidan, damTavrebuliurTules samrewvelo kompleqsamde. meqanikurikvanZi, samecniero laboratoria, instituti, samxedroqvedanayofi, da a. S.; bunebrivi sistemebi — bunebasa da sazogadoebaSi, bu-1 amis Sesaxeb ix.: В. Г. Афанасьев. Системность и общество. М., 1980, gv. 371.2Ю. Л. Егоров. Исследование систем управления. М., 1997, gv. 256.89

nebrivad arsebuli sistemebi: atomi, molekula, ujredi,cocxali organizmi, sazogadoeba, samyaro da a. S.;konceptualuri da virtualuri sistemebi — warmoadgensadamianis azrobrivi fantaziis nayofs, realoba-Si aseTi sistemebi ar arsebobs;arsebobs agreTve Ria (xdeba informaciis gacvla) da Caketili(funqcionirebs konfidencialur viTarebaSi), martivi darTuli, da a. S. sistemebi;sicocxlisunarianobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis aucilebelia,rom sistema TviTorganizaciisa da marTvis unariT xasiaTdebodes.marTva SeiZleba xdebodes rogorc Signidan, ise garedan.sistemis marTvis funqciebia: dagegmva, organizacia, sakadrofunqcia, operatiuli marTva, koordinireba da kontroli.menejmentis mniSvnelovani principia mmarTvelobiTi amocanebisgadawyvetisadmi sistemuri midgomis principi. menejmentSi`sistema~ gulisxmobs urTierTdakavSirebul, organizaciuladmowesrigebul, SedarebiT damoukidebeli elementebiserTobliobas, an maT kombinacias.sistemur midgomaSi mTavaria _ sistemebis mTlianobis Sesaxebwarmodgenebis SemuSaveba da gamoyeneba. mTlianis SecnobaniSnavs gaxsna misi arsi da specifika; elementebis Semadgenloba,raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi maxasiaTeblebi; struqtura;elementebis funqciebi da maTi gavlena mTlianobis funqciaze;sistemis mTlianobis uzrunvelmyofi integraciuli faqtorebi;sistemur midgomas safuZvlad udevs sistemuri analizi, romelicTavis TavSi moicavs sistemis funqcionirebis miznisformulirebas, masSi Semavali elementebis raodenobrivi da xarisxobriviSemadgenlobis gansazRvras. 1sistemuri midgomis ZiriTadi principebi SemdegSi mdgomareobs:mTlianobis principi miiCnevs sistemis Tvisebebisarajamobriobas, misi Semadgeneli Tvisebebis jamisadmida am ukanasknelisagan mTlianobis Tvisebebisgamovlinebas;struqturuli midgomis principi warmoadgens sistemisaRweris SesaZleblobas misi struqturis dadgenisSemdeg;sistemisa da misi wris (garemos) urTierTkavSirisprincipi. am principis Sesabamisad igulisxmeba, romsistema Tavisi Tvisebebis formirebas da am Tvisebebisgamovlenas axdens mis wresTan, mis garemosTan1 e. baraTaSvili, l. TakalanZe, a. abralava. menejmenti da administrireba.Tb., 2007, gv. 146.90

urTierTqmedebis procesSi; ierarqiuli principi gulisxmobs, rom sistemis Ti-Toeuli komponenti, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba ganxiluliiqnas, rogorc ufro dabali donis sistema;sistemuri midgomis poziciebidan mizanSewonili iqnebayovelTvis sabazro-sameurneo meqanizmi daxasiaTdes, rogorcanalizis obieqti. rigi specialistebisa gvTavazoben sabazromeqanizmis gansazRvras, rogorc ekonomikis organizaciulistruqturebis erTianobas, maTi marTvis formebsa da meTodebs,romlebic ekonomikuri kanonebis safuZvelze Segnebulad arisSemuSavebuli da gamoyenebuli sazogadoebis mier konkretuladCamoyalibebuli mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, sxvaTa azriT,sabazro-sameurneo meqanizmi miCneulia, rogorc ekonomikuri,samarTlebrivi da organizaciul urTierTobaTa mecnieruladreglamentirebuli Tavmoyra, romelic gansazRvravs samewarmeoprocesSi yvela wevris monawileobas. Cven migvaCnia,rom es bolo mosazreba ufro axlosaa Tvalsazrisis met-naklebadgaziarebasTan.ibadeba logikuri kiTxva, ZiriTadad rogori niSnebiTxasiaTdeba sabazro-sameurneo meqanizmi, misi srulyofisakenmimarTuli sistemuri midgoma?anu saubaria ekonomikis ganviTarebis saboloo miznebiszust formulirebaze. sabazro-sameurneo meqanizmis srulyofismimarTulebiT intensiuri kvlevebi mimdinareobs. aseTiamocanebis sworad SerCevaze bevradaa damokidebuli kvleviswarmatebuli Sedegebi. am SemTxvevaSi agreTve igulisxmeba sabazro-sameurneomeqanizmis swori orientaciac, sazogadoebisaTvissaWiro saboloo Sedegebis misaRwevad.dRes, rodesac saqarTvelo imyofeba sabazro urTierTobebzegardamaval periodSi, am process Seuqcevadi xasiaTi aqvs.bevr sameurneo muSaks kargad ara aqvs gaTvicnobierebuli misiwvlili sazogadoebis strategiul miznebis miRwevaSi, rasacarc Tu iSviaTad adastureben maTi Sexedulebebi, mosazrebebida codna warmoebis efeqtianobis arsisa da gagebis Sesaxeb. maTipasuxi warmoebis efeqtianobis amaRlebis Sinaarsis mimarT amoiwurebaproduqciis TviTRirebulebis Semcirebis saWiroebiT,mogebisa da rentabelobis amaRlebis aucileblobiT, fondukugebisada Sromis nayofierebis zrdiT da sxva.qveynis ekonomikuri zrdis poziciebidan gamomdinare ufroswori da zusti pasuxi iqneboda Tu, TiToeul sameurneo er-TeulsaTvis (sawarmo, firma) strategiul miznad qveynis SidaproduqtSi mocemuli SromiTi koleqtivis wvlilis maqsimizaciamoxdeboda minimaluri danaxarjebiT.ekonomikis nebismier sferoSi sameurneo meqanizmis srulyofisadmisistemuri midgomis mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebel Tvi-91

sebas warmoadgens misi mWidrod dakavSireba ekonomikis sameurneocvlilebaTa saerTo principebTan da mimarTulebebTan. sabazroekonomikis pirobebSi aSkaraa, rom sawarmo, firma sameurneomeqanizmi ZiriTadad orientirebuli unda iyos sameurneo--safinanso saqmianobis saboloo Sedegze — saqonlis realizaciasada mogebaze.rac Seexeba sameurneo meqanizmis zogad-perspeqtiul ganviTarebas,migvaCnia, rom kanonzomieri iqneboda sawarmoo kooperirebis,Sida dagegmvis, saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaTa gaRrmavebis,agreTve zogadi menejmentis, muSakebis stimulirebis,mewarmeobis sakanonmdeblo uzrunvelyofis ganviTarebisaTvisxelis Sewyoba da a. S.zemoT CamoTvlili mimarTulebebi mTlianad orientirebuliunda iyos sameurneo meqanizmis srulyofaze: RonisZiebaTa iseTi sistemis SemuSaveba (organizaciuli,ekonomikuri, samarTlebrivi, socialuri da sxva.),romelic dasaxuli miznis warmatebiT miRwevissaSualebas iZleva; am proceseebSi, rogorc wesi, iTvaliswineben TeoriuladdasabuTebuli da praqtikulad realizebadiRonisZiebaTa kompleqss, romelSic ekonomikuri Sedegebiwinaswar aris gansazRvruli. garda amisa mniSvnelovaniadireqtiuli dokumentebis momzadebissistemuri Seswavla, romelic calkeuli gadawyvetilebebisada debulebebis xarvezianobis gamovlenissaSualebas iZleva. aranakleb mniSvnelovania Sefasdes, erTis mxriv, dasaxulRonisZiebaTa sakmarisoba maTi struqturis mixedviT,meores mxriv ki unda ganvsazRvroT am Ronis-ZiebaTa utyuaroba da realoba, aseve maTi daxmarebiTdasaxuli miznebis miRwevis SesaZlebloba: ekonomikur sferoSi sameurneo meqanizmis eqsperimentebisSemuSavebis da maTi cxovrebaSi gatarebismecnierulad dasabuTebuli organizaciuli uzrunvelyofa,rac gulisxmobs sawyisi mdgomareobis fiqsacias,anu imis zust dafiqsirebas, Tu ra iyo eqsperimentisdawyebamde. aRniSnulis gauTvaliswineblobisSedegi SeiZleba iyos seriozuli siZneleebis warmoqmnaeqsperimentis Sedegebis SejamebaSi; eqsperimentebis Catarebis sameurneo da sxva gareganipirobebis naTlad reglamentacias (materialur-teqnikuruzrunvelyofas, simZlavreebisa da programebisdabalansebas da sxv.). es imitom aris aucilebeli,raTa eqsperimentebis msvlelobisas da maTi Sedege-92

is analizisas naTlad warmovidginoT, Tu ramdenadiyo daculi gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebi da rogorimoqmeda saboloo Sedegebze maTgan gadaxvevam; eqsperimentis msvlelobisadmi sistemur dakvirvebasada misi Sedegebis mecnierul analizs (gaTvaliswinebulipirobebis dacvis da saqmianobis Sefasebiskriteriumebis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT). Cveni azriTsameurneo meqanizmis srulyofisaTvis gamiznul RonisZiebaTawarmateba bevrad aris damokidebuli imaze,Tu ra miznebi, amocanebi, stimulebi da sanqciebiagaTvaliswinebuli SromiTi koleqtivTan mimarTebaSimisi TiToeuli wevris mier. calkeul sawarmoebs(firmebs, organizaciebs) Soris urTierTobani SeiZlebaiyos rTuli, ukiduresad rTulic, magram sameurneomeqanizmis is nawili, romelic pirovnebas exeba,unda iyos yvelasaTvis gasagebi da gamWirvale. a-masTan dakavSirebiT dgeba sameurneo meqanizmis elementebisgamartivebis sakiTxi. sabazro meurneobis gardamaval periodSi, konkretulad,mis calkeul etapze arsebobs mocemuli monakve-TisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ganviTarebis strategiulimimarTulebani, romlebmac asaxva undahpovon sameurneomeqanizmSi; sasurvelia moqnili sameurneo meqanizmis Seqmna, racekonomikurad waaqezebs teritoriuli sawarmoebisada sawarmoo gaerTianebebis formirebas, sameurneokooperirebisa da adamianuri resursebis mobilobisprocesebs; sameurneo meqanizmis srulyofa — mowesrigebis saqme-Si sakmaod seriozuli adgili eTmoba ekonomikurnormebsa da normativebs;ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapi, ekonomikis yvela sferoSi,xasiaTdeba marTvis ekonomikuri da organizaciuli meTodebisgamoyenebis gaZlierebiT. Tanamedrove menejmenti marTvis me-Todebidan upiratesad wina planze ayenebs marTvis ekonomikurmeTodebs. sazogadoebrivi warmoebis yvela doneze mmarTvelobiTiamocanebis gadawyvetaSi mniSvnelovania sistemuri marTvismeTodebis gamoyeneba, radgan sistemuri kanonzomierebebi SezRuduliresursebis pirobebSi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis racionalurigzebis povnas aadvilebs. es aris is orientirebi, rolebicekonomikuri, socialuri, saorganizacio da sxva sistemebismarTvisas intensiuri ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas iZleva.93

JANDRI ZARANDIAECONOMIC MECHANISM – AS THE SYSTEMOF ECONOMIC RELATIONSTransition to the market economy objectively requires identificationand active use of such factors of economic growth, which would facilitatehigh economic results with relatively small costs. Successful solutionof this objective depends greatly on the degree of improvement of themarket mechanism, having direct impact on use of all types of resources,time saving, “behavior” of the market economic system. In performingsuch targeted work, certain benefits could be derived from systemic approach.In systemic approach, first of all, the market-economic mechanism,as object of analysis should be described.Logical question is: what are the key characteristics of systemapproach directed towards improvement of market-economic mechanism?For economic development of the country it would be significant ifeach economic unit stated as its strategical goal maximization of the contributionof given labor collective in GDP with minimal costs. In any sphere of economics significant characteristic of systemicapproach to improvement of the economic mechanism isits close linking with the general principles and directions ofeconomic changes;Development of the system of measures allowing successfulachievement of the stated goal.Current stage of development, in all spheres of economy, is characterizedwith improvement of application of economic governance methods.For dealing with the management objectives application of systemicmanagement methods is of great significance as systemic laws, in theconditions of limited resources facilitate identification of the reasonableways for the development of society. These are the reference points allowingextensive development in governance of economic, social, organizationaland other systems.94

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. IX. 2010ekonomikur mecnierebaTa serialarisa TakalanZemenejmenti rogorc konkurentunarianobiszrdis wyarosamewarmeo struqturebis konkurentuli upiratesobisSenarCunebis umniSvnelovanesi pirobaa warmoebisa da sxva saxissamewarmeo saqmianobis uwyveti modernizacia. upiratesobis SesanarCunebladaucilebelia maTi wyaroebis gafarToeba, uwyvetisrulyofa, ufro maRali rigis upiratesobebze gadasvla,rogoricaa strategiuli inovaciebi, `gamrRvevi~ teqnologiebida maTi uzrunvelmyofi manqanaTa sistemebi, mowyobilobebi, ma-Ti Sesatyvisi Sromis, warmoebis, marketinguli momsaxurebis daa.S. organizaciis wesebi da a.S. saboloo jamSi, aucilebeliainovaciur-samewarmeo tipis dinamikurad mdgradi kvlavwarmoebisuzrunvelyofa. amgvari strategia airCia iaponiam omisSemdgomperiodSi, rodesac uprecendento gadasvla ganaxorcielafaqtoruli konkurenciis stadiidan inovaciuri konkurenciisstadiaze. ase moiqcnen firmebi, romlebic saqmianoben iaponuriekonomikis sakvanZo dargebSi. kerZod, iaponuri manqanaTsamSeneblofirmebi Tavdapirvelad msoflio bazarze gamovidnenmcire partiis arcTu ise Zviri sakmaod maRali klasis saqonliT.avtomanqanaze SedarebiT dabali fasebi uzrunvelyofiliiyo iafi muSaxelis xarjze. magram ukve imavdroulad isinistrategiis srulyofas Seudgnen. daiwyo Tanamedrove teqnikuriaRWurvilobis mqone msxvili saavtomobilo qarxnebis mSenebloba,romlebic sargebels iZlevian masStabis efeqtisgan, axaliteqnologiebis Zieba, romelic warmatebiT dasrulda `zustaddroSi~ sistemis da efeqtianobisa da xarisxis amaRlebisrigi meTodis danergviT. amrigad, iaponelma avtomewarmeebmauzrunvelyves gamarjveba ucxour firmebTan konkurenciaSi,moipoves myidveli, daakmayofiles maTi moTxovnileba avtomobilisfasiTa da xarisxiT. 1germania mZlavri industriuli qveyana XIX saukunis bolosxdeba, rodesac misma samewarmeo struqturebma rig sakvanZodargebSi SeZles mecnierebasa da teqnikaSi msoflio donis miRwevebisgamoyenebiT inovaciur kvlavwarmoebaze gadasvla. masSemdeg germaniis ekonomika inovaciur xasiaTs atarebs.amerikuli ekonomikis mraval sferoSi firmebi samewarmeo1 Конкурентоспособность в системе мирового хозяйства: пространственный анализ.Под ред. Н. С. Мироненко. М., 2002, gv. 362.95

saqmianobis strategias ageben teqnologiis, teqnikis, mTlianadkvlavwarmoebis procesebis uwyvet srulyofaze, ganaxlebaze.amave dros qveynebi, dargebi, firmebi kargavdnen TavianT konkurentulupiratesobas, Tuki ar misdevdnen kvlavwarmoebis,misi umniSvnelovanesi blokebis — sawarmoo ZalTa da warmoebiTurTierTobaTa kvlavwarmoebis, uwyveti ganaxlebis strategias.amasTan mniSvnelovania Semdegi momentebis xazgasma: samewarmeostruqturebis konkurentunarianoba damokidebulia axalSemonaRebTarealizaciis siCqareze, konkurenti firmebis siaxleebzefirmebis reaqciis siCqareze, inovaciebis prognozirebaze.konkurentul upiratesobebs inarCuneben is firmebi, romlebicsamewarmeo saqmianobaSi risks ki ar arideben Tavs, aramed dasabuTebuladiyeneben mas samewarmeo Semosavlis misaRebad.SegviZlia aRvniSnoT warmatebuli firmebis safuZvlianianalizi r. xizriCisa da m. pitersis wignSi `mewarmeoba an rogorwamoviwyoT sakuTari saqme da mivaRwioT warmatebas~. 1 am naSroms,upirveles yovlisa, praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs. analizis safuZvelzegakeTebulia Semdegi daskvna: XX saukunis naxevarSi Camoyalibdamewarmis, rogorc novatoris, Tanamedrove gageba.analizi gviCvenebs, rom ganviTarebul qveynebSi mcire mewarmeobaxasiaTdeba, pirvel rigSi, Tavisi inovaciurobiT dariskiani saqmianobiT. mcire firmebi am qveynebSi garkveulrols asruleben mecnierebatevadi maRalteqnologiuri warmoebisganviTarebaSi, siaxleebis swraf aTvisebaSi. 70-ian wlebSigamoikveTa mcire samewarmeo struqturis xvedriTi wilis amaRlebistendencia, romelic bevrad aixsneba principuli cvlilebebiTTanamedrove mecnierul-teqnikuri progresSi. 2 samewarmeotipis msxvili korporaciuli struqturebi aseve ewevianmewarmeobas riskian, inovaciur safuZvelze. maT, mcire sawarmoebisagangansxvavebiT, gaaCniaT sabazo, strategiuli siaxleebis:teqnologiebis, teqnikis, kvlavwarmoebis axali meTodebisda a.S. aTvisebis materialuri da finansuri SesaZlebloba. aSS-Si Catarebulma SerCeviTma gamokvlevam aCvena, rom `riskiani kapitalis~rentabelobis gasaSualoebuli maCvenebeli aqciebSiCveulebriv kapitaldabandebebze 3-jer ufro maRalia. 3amrigad, mewarmeobis praqtikis analizi adasturebs mewarmeobisganviTarebis Sesaxeb mecnierTa ZiriTad debulebebsimis Sesaxeb, rom igi xorcieldeba inovaciuri riskis safuZvelze.mewarmeoba — specifikur riskian da inovaciur saqmianobazedafuZnebuli meurneobriobis gansakuTrebuli sistemaa, romelsacSeuZlia moicvas kvlavwarmoeba mTlianobaSi, an warmoe-1 r. xizriCi, m. pitersi. mewarmeoba an rogor wamoviwyoT sakuTarisaqme da mivaRwioT warmatebas. Tb., 1994, gv. 92.2 Л. Н. Качалина. Конкурентноспособный менеджмент. М., 2006, gv. 106.3r. xizriCi, m. pitersi. mewarmeoba an rogor wamoviwyoT.., gv. 101.96

is, gacvlis, ganawilebis, moxmarebis romelime calkeuli momentisamewarmeo Semosavlis miRebis mizniT. 1dReisaTvis nebismier organizacias (sakuTrebis formebis,saqmianobis miznebisa da sferoebis miuxedavad), mudmivad cvalebadda winaaRmdegobriv garemoSi uwevs funqcionireba. amSemTxvevaSi organizaciisTvis mTavaria bazari da misi regulirebissakiTxebi. amitom, organizaciis saqmianoba ZiriTadad undaganxorcieldes marTvis ekonomikuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT.mmarTvelobiTi saqmianoba Tanamedrove pirobebSi — nebismieriorganizaciis maRalefeqturi funqcionirebis umniSvnelovanesipirobaa. amaze Cven adrec vamaxvilebdiT yuradRebas. 2Cven agreTve araerTgzis aRgviniSnavs, rom amJamad nebismieriorganizacia axali tipis specialistebze akeTebs ganacxads;muSakebi, romlebic maRali profesionaluri maxasiaTeblebisparalelurad floben iseT Tvisebebsac, rogoricaa mmar-TvelobiTi da samewarmeo saqmianobis unari, kompetenturoba,uaRresad didi da farTo inteleqti, kulturis maRali done,individualuri Semoqmedebisadmi midrekileba, unari — icxovrosda imuSaos axal sainformacio epoqaSi, globaluri informaciisqselSi. adamianma rom moaxerxos aseT garemosa da samyaroSiorientireba da SeinarCunos konkurentunarianoba, saWiroxdeba specialuri codna, garkveuli pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebisada qceviTi Cvevebis gamoSveba.am kuTxiT arcTu ise saxarbielo mdgomareobaa saqarTveloSi,romelic pirvel nabijebs dgams sabazro ekonomikis formirebisaTvis.2009 wels saqarTvelos statistikis erovnulisamsaxuris mier ganxorcielda sociologiuri gamokvleva samewarmeoseqtorSi, romlis Sedegebma gamoaSkaraves organizaciisxelmZRvanelTa sabazro pirobebSi saqmianobis gamoucdelobada ususuroba. maTi mxolod 20% srulyofilad icnobs qveyanaSimoqmed sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobas da mxolod 22% sargeblobskreditiT; uaxloesi erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi biznesisgafarToebas ar gegmavs 75%; xelmZRvanelTa mxolod 2,3%-saqvs uSualo urTierToba sagareo bazarTan. menejerTa daaxloebiT70%-ma swored ver ganmarta Sps-s arsi. 3 maT garkveul nawilsar ZaluZs biznesis marTva Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT,1А. А. Дынкин. Контуры инновационного развития мировой экономики: Прогнозна 2000-2015гг. М., 2000, gv. 142.2 e. baraTaSvili, l. TakalanZe, a. abralava. menejmenti da administrireba,Tb., 2007, gv. 6-7.3mcire da saSualo biznesi saqarTveloSi 2009 — saqarTvelos statistikiserovnuli samsaxuri, specialuri gamokvleva. Tb., 2010, gv. 31; s.vardiSvili. Tanamedrove menejmenti da qarTuli realoba. — ekonomikada biznesi, 4, 2010, gv. 139.7. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi97

ar gaaCnia ucxo kulturul garemosTan urTierTobis codna dagamocdileba. saqarTveloSi xelmZRvanelTa umetesoba zedapiruladicnobs menejments, maT ar gaaCniaT siRrmiseuli codnafinansur menejmentze, cudad icnoben marketingis marTvis TanamedrovemeTodebs. qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebas da biznesisgonivrulad warmarTvas ki esaWiroeba profesionalizmibiznesis menejmentisa da administrirebis sferoSi.amrigad, umTavresi amocana mdgomareobs konkurentulsamyaroSi organizaciis menejmentis srulyofis ZiriTadi Teoriulida meTodologiuri principebis gamomuSavebasa da sameurneocxovrebaSi danergvaSi. biznesis konkurentunarianobis,menejmentisa da administrirebis safuZvliani Seswavla mewarmeebsmraval cxovrebiseul situaciaSi garkvevis, misi rekomendaciebisgamoyenebisa da warmatebuli ekonomikuri qmedebis SesaZleblobasmiscems. aqedan gamomdinare, aseve aucilebeliabiznesis konkurentunarianobisa da administrirebis mdidariucxouri gamocdilebis ganzogadeba da gaanalizeba, misi adaptirebasaqarTvelos realobasTan da sakuTari gamokvlevebiTada winadadebebiT Sevseba.LARISA TAKALANDZEMANAGEMENT AS A SOURCE OF COMPETITION GROWTHToday any organization has to operate in a constantly changing andconflicting environment. In this case, the market and its regulation issuesare important for organization. Therefore, organization activities shouldbe mainly carried out through using economic management methods.Management activities in the modern conditions are the most importantconditions for high effective operating of any organization. So, the conclusionmade in the article indicates that the main task in the concreteworld is to output the main theoretical and methodological principles ofimproving the management of the organization and implant them in economiclife. A thorough study of competitive business, management andadministration will give an opportunity to business owners for successfuleconomic action. Therefore, it is necessary to generalize and analyze richexperience of foreign competitive business and administration as well, toadapt it to the reality of Georgia and supplement it with own researchesand proposals.98

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. IX. 2010ekonomikur mecnierebaTa seriamarina tabataZeganviTarebis strategiis finansuri elementebiTviTmmarTvel erTeulebSiregionebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da mosaxleobiscxovrebis donis amaRlebaSi arsebiTi roli socialur-ekonomikuriganviTarebis saxelmwifo da municipalur programebseniWebaT, maTi mizania konkurentuli garemosaTvis samarTlebrivida instituciuri safuZvlebis Seqmna, rac ganviTarebuliTviTmmarTvelobis pirobebSi ekonomikur da sainvesticio saqmianobasuwyobs xels.TviTmmarTvel subieqtebs sakuTar uflebamosilebaTagansaxorcieleblad finansuri resursebi sWirdebaT, evropuliqartia `adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb~ aRiarebs, romadgilobrivi erTeulebis finansuri wyaroebi SesabamisobaSiunda iyos konstituciiT gansazRvrul maT uflebamosilebeb-Tan. adgilobrivi biujeti administraciuli erTeulis ekonomikurida socialuri ganviTarebis aucilebeli meqanizmia,romlis formirebaSi gadasaxadebsa da mosakreblebTan erTad,maT mier gaweuli momsaxurebis anazRaureba da sakuTari qonebidanmiRebuli Semosavali Sedis, am fuladi Semosavlebis gankargvaadgilobrivi xelisuflebis prerogativaa, rac ganapirobebsmaT motivirebas adgilobrivi warmoebis ganviTarebas-Tan mimarTebaSi.finansuri decentralizaciis umTavresi pirobaa adgilobrivorganoebs hqondeT gadasaxadebis dawesebis da administrirebisufleba. biujetis wyaro gadasaxadebis garda adgilobriviTviTmmarTvelobis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebidanmiRebuli Semosavalia, es municipaluri sakuTreba aRiarebulida daculi unda iyos saxelmwifos mier, misi sargeblobisa dagankargvis uflebamosilebas ki adgilobrivi organoebi undaaxorcielebdnen. sakuTar SemosavlebTan erTad, adgilobrivibiujetis formirebis wyaro saxelmwifo transferebia grantebis,subsidiebis da sesxebis saxiT, amasTan, subsidireba ar undazRudavdes adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis mierganviTarebis strategiuli gegmis damoukideblad ganxorcielebas,rac Seexeba sesxis aRebas, gamarTlebulia misi gamoyenebamxolod kapitaluri da ara mimdinare xarjebis dasafinanseblad.decentralizebuli finansuri sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeliaadgilobrivi xelisuflebis finansuri avtonomia da anga-99

iSvaldebuleba sakuTari mosaxleobis winaSe, centraluri xelisuflebissusti kontroli sazogadoebriv xarjebze da asevesusti moqniloba finansuri resursebis gadanawilebaSi. ramdenadacteritoriul erTeulebs socialur-ekonomikuri ganvi-Tarebis gansxvavebuli pirobebi axasiaTebT, saxelmwifo valdebuliaizrunos maTTvis finansuri daxmarebis gawevis gziT, amsxvaobaTa nivelirebisa da doneTa gamoTanabrebisaTvis, amdenad,metad mniSvnelovania satransfero politikis optimizaciada masSi subieqtivizmis elementebis srulad gamoricxva, saWiroaSedarebiT maRalSemosavlian municipalitetebs, swored,gamoTanabrebiTi transferebis gamoyenebiT daubalansdes SemosavlebisbiujetTaSorisi gadanawilebiT warmoqmnili deficiti,risTvisac mizanSewonilia e.w. mxardaWeris koeficientebisdiferencirebuli gamoyeneba aseTi regionebis mimarT. biujetTaSorisiurTierTobebis ganviTareba satransfero politikissrulyofis ZiriTadi faqtoria. racionaluri sabiujetopolitikis gatarebis aucilebeli winapirobaa sabiujeto uflebemosilebaTagamijvna da yvela donis biujetis miznobrivprogramuldafinansebaze gadasvla, man unda asaxos realuriurTierTkavSiri ekonomikur ganviTarebasa da sabiujeto mowyobasSoris, rac zrdis pasuxismgeblobas finansuri nakadebismarTvaze da efeqtian gamoyenebaze.satransfero politika unda iTvaliswinebdes saxelmwifosprioritetebs, uzrunvelyofdes adgilobrivi warmoebisganviTarebisaTvis sasurveli garemos formirebas da misTvissaWiro resursebiT momaragebas. saxelmwifo biujetidan regionebisaTvispirdapiri finansuri daxmarebis praqtika, mizanSewonilia,maTTvis aucilebeli programebis centridan dafinansebiTSeicvalos. aseTi midgoma emsaxureba rogorc, zogadad,regionebis ganviTarebas, ise centrze maTi damokidebulebis xarisxisSesustebas. transferis moculobis zustad gansazRvrisaTvisunda daixvewos TviT teritoriuli erTeulebis biujetisSemosavlebis administrirebis meqanizmebi da gamokvleuliiyos maTi mobilizebis mimarTulebebi. adgilobrivi warmoebisganviTarebis stimulirebiT unda Semcirdes saxelmwifo biujetzeteritoriuli erTeulebis finansuri damokidebuleba,rac xels Seuwyobs maT avtonomiur funqcionirebas.sabiujeto sistemasTan uSualo kavSirSia regionebis ganviTarebiskanonzomierebaTa gansazRvra, rac maTi specializaciisda regionTaSorisi integraciis procesebs ganapirobebs.es sakiTxi safuZvlad edeba ekonomikis sivrcobrivi proporciebisCamoyalibebas da maTi ganviTarebis prognozirebas. miznobriviprogramebi aucilebelia investiciebis mozidvisaTvis,regionTaSorisi socialuri infrastruqturis ganviTarebisa100

da ekologiuri wonasworobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis. miznobrivprogramebSi daculi unda iyos maqsimalur mogebaze orientirebuliekonomikuri subieqtebis interesebi da saxelmwifosregionuli miznebic, kerZod is, rom xelisuflebis regionuldoneze funqcionireba unda emsaxurebodes investiciebis mozidvisaTvisoptimaluri pirobebis Seqmnas, problemuri regionebisupiratesi ganviTarebisaTvis xelSewyobas, socialuri da-Zabulobis Senelebas, socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis miznebisdargobriv da teritoriul ranJirebas, saxelmwifo programebSiregionuli ganviTarebis interesebis maqsimalur gaTvaliswinebas,ekonomikur Tavisuflebas da Semosavlebis samar-Tliani ganawilebis uzrunvelyofas. miznobrivi programebi undamoicavdes TviTmmarTveli erTeulis socialur-ekonomikuriganviTarebis arsebuli donis analizs, ZiriTadi prioritetebisgansazRvras da am prioritetebis mixedviT Sesabamisidargebis konkretuli samoqmedo gegmebis SemuSavebas resursulidasabuTebiT.municipaluri warmonaqmnisaTvis tipiuria sxvadasxva dargobriviprofilis unitaruli sawarmoebis arseboba, rac regionebisganviTarebaSi klasteruli midgomis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobasiZleva, aseTi struqturizebuli sistema iTvaliswinebserTiani strategiuli miznebiT gaerTianebuli sxvadasxvasferoSi funqcionirebadi subieqtebis urTierTkoordinirebulsaqmianobas. maTi partnioruli TanamSromloba ekonomikuriprocesebis stabilizacias, sawarmoo da socialuri infrastruqturisganviTarebas, axali sasaqonlo jgufebis aTvisebas,kadrebis gadanawilebas da maT swor menejments uzrunvelyofs.municipaluri klasterebis funqcionirebas komerciuli struqturebisagangansxvavebiT, mkveTrad gamoxatuli socialuri ni-Sani axasiaTebT da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulebis sazogadoebrivifunqciis realizebas emsaxureba. klasteri amaRlebsmunicipaluri subieqtis sainvesticio mimzidvelobas, ramdenadacmiuTiTebs mocemul teritoriaze biznesis gafarToebisdamatebiT gzebze, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dasaqmebis zrdasada maTi Semosavlebis investiciebSi CarTvis SesaZleblobebze.ramdenadac mravalferovania regionuli da municipaluriganviTarebis faqtorebi, imdenad gansxvavebulia maTi ganviTarebisprogramebis SemuSavebisaTvis saWiro sainformacio-analitikurida meToduri samuSaoebi, kerZod, regionis socialur-ekonomikuriganviTarebis donisa da samewarmeo potencialisSefasebisaTvis gamoiyeneba aSS regionuli statistikurikvlevis centris, avstriis bankis da moskovis saxelmwifo universitetismeTodika, municipalitetis socialur-ekonomikuristrategiis SefasebisaTvis ki — msoflio bankis, urbanuli ganvi-101

Tarebis jgufis da moskovis leontievis saxelobis centris me-Todebi. 1 aRniSnuli meTodika emsaxureba ganviTarebis strategiisgansazRvras, risTvisac gamoiyeneba svot-matrica, sabazro--xarisxobrivi da porteris biznesis donis strategiuli matricebi.pirveli instrumenti gamoiyeneba strategiis miznis Camoyalibebamdewarmoebis Zlieri da susti mxareebis, SesaZleblobebisda safrTxeebis SefasebisaTvis, meore matricis saSualebiTxdeba problemebis ranJireba da prioritetebis gansazRvra,porteris strategia emsaxureba biznesis menejments, igi ayalibebsadgilobrivi subieqtis satrategiul upiratesobebs damkveTrad gamijnavs maT kerZo da saxelmwifo seqtorisaTvis. 2adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis problematikis gadaWraaucileblad moiTxovs samoqalaqo aqtiobis amaRlebas, amisaTvissaWiroa adgilobrivi moqalaqeebis moTxovnebis da molodinebisgaTvaliswineba xelisuflebis mier gansazRvrul politikaSida miznobriv programebSi. Tavis mxriv, samoqalaqo sazogadoebisCarTuloba marTvis yvela doneze sWirdeba TviT xelisuflebassamarTlebrivi, ekonomikuri da socialuri garemosganviTarebisaTvis, samuSao adgilebis Seqmnisa da SemosavlebiszrdisaTvis, ramdenadac, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aris socialururTierTobaTa sistema xelisuflebasa da sazogadoebasSoris, is aerTianebs Sinameurneobebs, sxvadasxva sferos subieqtebsda avtonomiis Tu Zalauflebis xarisxiT gansxvavebulinstituciur rgolebs. samoqalaqo aqtiuroba amaRlebs sazogadoebiscnobierebas da pasuxismgeblobas saxelmwifo politikisSemuSavebis sakiTxSi, rac gamoixateba ganviTarebis prioritetebisgansazRvris, maTi ganxorcielebis da instituciurireformebis Sefasebis procesebSi moqalaqeTa monawileobaSi.adgilobriv mmarTvelobaSi sazogadoebis CarTva sxvadasxvaformiT xdeba,_koleqtiuri saqmianoba, konsultaciebi, winadadebebisSeTavazeba, informireba, partnioroba, komunikaciebisqseli da sxv. TanamSromlobis es meqanizmebi xels uwyobserToblivi pasuxismgeblobis Camoyalibebas saxelmwifo politikisSemuSavebasa da gatarebaSi.socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis procesSi sazogadoebisaqtiuroba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania teritoriulimarTvis administraciuli struqturebis organizebisaTvis, ra-Sic Sedis saxelmwifo da municipaluri marTvis, funqcionaluriregulirebis, konkretuli dargis marTvis organoebi da ad-1adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis subieqtebis socialur-ekonomikuriganviTarebis strategia. saqarTvelos erovnuli samecniero fondissagranto proeqti, I etapi. Tb., 2007.2 p. sviainieviCi, s. navrodski, m. jibuti, m. ToqmaziSvili. saxelmZRvaneloTviTmmarTvelobis organos moxeleTaTvis. Tb., 2006. gv. 8-12.102

ministraciul-organizaciuli qvesistemebi. am institutebismeSveobiT yalibdeba regionuli ganviTarebis ideologia, racgansazRvravs pirovnebis qcevas, socialur orientacias da sazogadoebisaqtiurobis SesaZleblobebs. municipaluri organoebissaqmianoba mosaxleobisadmi misi momsaxurebis unariTganisazRvreba, samewarmeo da socialuri garemos gaumjobesebaTviTmmarTveli erTeulis funqcionirebis mizania, is yvelazeaqtiurad uwyobs xels TviT am subieqtebis damoukideblobisxarisxis da efeqtianobis zrdas. Tavisi misiis gansaxorcielebladadgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba finansur damoukideblobassaWiroebs, radganac am SemTxvevaSi moqalaqeebs meti SesaZleblobaaqvT zegavlena moaxdinon centraluri xelisuflebisregionul gadawyvetilebebze, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli subieqtebisganviTarebis problematikis diagnostirebasa da saprognozowinadadebebis SemuSavebaze.warmoebis ganviTareba da, Sesabamisad, mosaxleobis keTildReobazezrunva adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ZiriTadi amocanaa,misTvis saWiro biujetis formireba ki, upirveles yovlisa,adgilobriv resursebze momuSave, upiratesad, mcire sawarmoebiTaris ganpirobebuli. amdenad, finansuri resursebis mobilobaadgilobrivi samewarmeo garemos aqtivizaciiT ganisazRvreba.TviTdafinansebis realuri SesaZleblobis gamosavlenadaucilebelia regionis finansuri mdgomareobis mudmivi monitoringi,sabiujeto saxsrebis ganawilebis dros ki dargobrivi dateritoriuli aspeqtebis optimaluri SeTanawyoba, regionulisainvesticio prioritetebis gansazRvra, yvela regionisaTvisfinansuri resursebis formirebisa da gamoyenebisaTvis Tanabaripirobebis Seqmna. am miznebis realizebas emsaxureba klasterulistruqturebis amoqmedeba da ganviTarebis miZnobriv daprogramebazegadasvla, raSic aqtiuri rolis Sesruleba SeuZliaavtonomiurad funqcionirebad TviTmmarTvel erTeulebs.103

104MARINA TABATADZEFINANCIAL ELEMENTS OF SELF-GOVERNMENTS’DEVELOPMENT STRATEGYThe State and municipal programs play significant role in the developmentof regional economics. The aim of these programs is to createjuridical and institutional basis for competitive business environment andto help the local authorities in autonomous performance. Local authoritiesare generally characterized by a weak control on public expenses fromthe central government and also little flexibility in distributing financialresources. As they are also characterized by different conditions of social-economicdevelopment, the State is responsible for leveling these differencesby correct financial support. An important issue for this is to optimizemoney transfer policies. It is necessary to balance the deficit betweendifferent municipalities - provoked by transferring incomes betweenbudgets - by using equivalence transfers controlled by the central government.To achieve this, governments use so called “supporting individualcoefficient”. The main factor for fulfill the transfer policies it to developdifferentiated inter-budgetary relation. As for establishing rationalfiscal policies, it is necessary to mark off budget authorities and pass onpurposed-programmed financing for all level budgets. This should reflectreal connection between the country’s economic development and thebudget planning. This will increase the responsibility of each element inmanaging financial flows and using them efficiently. Transfer policiesshould take into account the State’s priorities, ensure necessary environmentfor developing local business and provide them by essential recourses.It is advisable to replace the practice of supporting the regions by financialaids directly from the State budget, by sponsoring the essentialprograms of management. This approach serves in developing regions ingeneral, and decreasing their dependence on the central government, atthe same time. Nevertheless, to determine the correct amount of transfers,it is necessary to improve, first, the tools of administrating incomes in localbudgets and second – study the directions of their mobilization. Stimulatingthe development of local businesses should decrease the dependenceof local authorities on the State budget. This will help in their autonomousoperation.Budget systems include determining regional development regulations,establishing spatial proportions of economies and forecasting the directionsof their development. These are reflected in purposed programsthat are responsible for protecting the interest of economic elements, orientedon revenue, and protecting the State’s regional goals.

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. IX. 2010ekonomikur mecnierebaTa seriamarine xubuakomerciul bankebSi finansuri analizis Catarebisorganizaciis srulyofis sakiTxebikomerciul bankebSi finansuri analizis ZiriTadi amocanebisrealizacia SeuZlebelia misi organizaciis Sesabamisi donis,analizis miznebis formirebis, analitikuri amocanebis dasaxvis,maTi praqtikuli amoxsnis saSualebebis gansazRvris gareSe.finansuri analizi praqtikulad warmoadgens marTviselements, mis Semadgenel nawils. amasTan, nebismieri obieqtisfinansebis marTvaSi igulisxmeba `misi saqmianobis sawarmoo dafinansuri mimarTulebis Sefaseba mis irgvliv garemos konteqstSi,saxsrebis wyaroebis Zieba da mobilizeba am saqmianobis uzrunvelsayofadda finansuri gaangariSebebi yvela kontragentTan,romelTac gaaCniaT interesi mocemuli obieqtis mimarT(saxelmwifo, mesakuTreebi, investorebi, kreditorebi da sxva)~. 1finansuri analizis sxvadasxva saxeebi moiTxoven misi Catarebisorganizacias. ase mag: perspeqtiuli analizis organizaciagansxvavdeba mimdinare da operatiulisagan, kompleqsurisa-Tematurisaganda a. S. 2 amave dros, yvela saxis organizacia,rogorc wesi unda Seicavdes rig standartul proceduras (etaps),saxeldobr: analizis obieqtisa da subieqtis gansazRvras; analizis Catarebis organizaciuli formebis SerCevas; analizis calkeul subieqtebs Soris valdebulebebisganawilebas; analitikuri samuSaoebis meTodur da informaciuluzrunvelyofas; sameurneo erTeulebis saqmianobis monacemebis analitikurdamuSavebas; analizis Sedegebis gaformebasa da Seswavlas; analizis Sedegebis mixedviT winadadebebis realizacias.analitikuri saqmianobis organizaciaze bankSi uamravifaqtori moqmedebs, romelTa Sorisac ufro arsebiTia: bankis1 В. В. Koвалев. Управление финансами. Учебное пособие. М., 1998, gv. 16.2 m. jiqia, r. CeCelaSvili, f. burduli. ekonomikuri analizi. Tb.,2009, gv. 12.105

mier SerCeuli saqmianobis strategia, kapitalisa da aqtivebismoculoba, personalis ricxvi, dawesebulebaSi kompiuteruliqselis arseboba, personalis kvalifikaciis done, gansakuTrebiTmenejerebisa da a. S.sakredito organizaciebSi analitikuri funqciebis realizaciaunda xdebodes Sesabamisi struqturuli qvedanayofismeSveobiT (ZiriTadi struqturuli erTeulis statusiT, departamentis,sammarTvelos da sxva. an ZiriTadi struqturulierTeulebis SemadgenlobaSi) xSirad, bankebSi analitikuri samuSaosorganizacia xdeba Sereuli principiT, anu iqmneba specialuristruqturebi analizis Casatareblad da rig struqturulqvedanayofSi gamoiyofa ganyofileba da specialistTajgufi, romelTa valdebulebacaa analitikuri funqciebis Sesruleba,amasTan analitikuri samuSaos specializirebuli SesrulebismaRali done anu specialuri analitikuri qvedanayofisSeqmna, udavoa mniSvnelovnad aamaRlebs analizis dones.im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac analizis Casatareblad ar aris gamoyofilicalke struqturuli qvedanayofi, analitikuri saqmianobisorganizaciaSi wamyvani roli unda mivakuTvnoT sagegmo-ekonomikurdepartaments. man unda ganaxorcielos bankisyvela qvedanayofebis analitikuri samuSaoebis koordinacia,agreTve maT mier Catarebuli analizis Sedegebis ganzogadoeba.saWiroa, rom am departamentis muSakebi flobdnen bankSi finansurianalizis Catarebis sferos meTodologias da organizacias.erkveodnen misi sakiTxebis mTel kompleqsSi, ramdenadac isinipiradad arian dakavebulni bankis strategiisa da taqtikis SemuSavebiT,biznes-dagegmviT, misi realizaciis kontroliT, bankisyvela qvedanayofis analizis Sedegebis ganzogadebiT.bankis saqmianobis analizis ganyofilebis amocanaSi undaSevides bankis Sedegiani finansuri maCveneblebis analizis Catareba,pirvel rigSi kapitalze mogebis norma; (sakuTari da nasesxebi);Semosavlebis norma;procentuli marJa; aqtivebis Semosavlianoba;gacemul kreditebze gadavadebuli davalianebisdone; sabanko xarjebis saerTo TanxaSi sammarTvelo danaxarjebiswili (operaciuli da araoperaciuli); rentabeloba da sxvamaCveneblebi, agreTve bankis saqmianobis ufro Semosavliani mimarTulebebisgamovlena. pasivebis, aqtivebis da likvidurobismarTvis mixedviT analizi unda Cautardes bankis likvidurobisaucilebeli donis SenarCunebis sakiTxebs (mimdinare, saSualovadiani,grZelvadiani), bankis aqtivebisa da pasivebis racionaluristruqturebis Camoyalibebas, maTi struqturebis optimizaciiswinadadebebis momzadebas, sakredito riskis donis Sefasebas,aqtivebis sxvadasxva jgufebis Semosavlianobas, bankTaSorisokreditebis mozidvisa da gamoyenebis efeqturobas.aqtivebis marTvis xarisxis analizi unda ganxorcieldes106

ufro kvalificiuri specialistebis jgufis mier, vinaidan, aqtivebismarTvisa da misi realizaciis meTodis SerCevazea damokidebulimTlianad sabanko dawesebulebis muSaobis stabiluroba.analizis Catarebis regularoba unda ganisazRvros im moculobebiTada vadebiT, romliTac gacemulia kreditebi.anabrebisa da gasacemi kreditebis doneSi mosalodnelimeryeobis moculobis gamovlena ufro TvalsaCinod SeiZlebaganxorcieldes grafikuli da analitikuri cxrilis daxmarebiT.pasivebis, aqtivebis da likvidurobis marTvis analiziserT-erTi mniSvnelovani amocanaa likvidurobis mimdinare maCveneblebisregularuli Sedareba da Sefaseba normativebTan,romelic dadgenilia saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mier.investicia da komerciuli kreditebis departamentismier ganxorcielebuli analitikuri saqmianoba mimarTuli undaiyos sabanko riskebis maqsimalurad Semcirebisaken. analizisZiriTad amocanaTa ricxvs unda mivakuTvnoT: sesxebis Sefasebiskriteriumebis SerCeva, romlebic Seadgenen bankis sakreditoportfels, am kriteriumebis safuZvelze sesxebis Sefasebissistemis SemuSaveba; sakredito portfelis struqturis Seswavlaklasificirebuli sesxebis jgufebis WrilSi; yoveli CamoTvlilijgufis saprocento riskis sididis Sefaseba, sesxebisgamo mosalodneli danakargebisaTvis rezervis sakmarisobisgansazRvra; sakredito portfelis xarisxis gazrdis da sakmarisirezervis Sesaqmneli RonisZiebebis SemuSaveba.am qvedanayofis analizis organizaciis dros saWiroa gaTvaliswinebuliqnes misi muSaobis SeTanxmebulobis xarisxi-saqarTveloserovnuli bankis fulad sakredito politikis Ziri-Tad mimarTulebasTan, komerciuli bankebis sakredito politikaSimimdinare procesebis aRricxvis operatiulobasTan.dakreditebis procesSi yoveli etapis analizi unda moxdes:sakredito xelSekrulebebis momzadebisa da dadebis dros,maTi gamoyenebis Tvalyuris devnisa da kontrolis dros, kreditebzeprocentis gadaxdisa da ganaRdebis dros. gansakuTrebiTmniSvnelovania analizi msesxeblebTan sakredito xelSekrulebebismomzadebisa da dadebisas, radgan maszea damokidebulidakreditebis mTeli Semdgomi procesi da Sedegebi. kreditebisdaubruneblobis albaTobis maqsimaluri SemcirebisaTvissaWiroa, rom sakredito ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelobamanalizis Camtarebeli muSakebi uzrunvelyos naTlad CamoyalibebulimoTxovnebiT msesxeblis finansuri mdgomareobis gansazRvrisada riskis xarisxis SefasebisaTvis.mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs ekonomikuri analizi fasianiqaRaldebis departamentis muSaobaSi, amasTan fasiani qaRaldebisoperaciis analizis Catarebis iseTi perioduloba undadawesdes, romelic finansur bazarze mimdinare cvlilebebze107

operatiulad reagirebis SesaZleblobas mogvcems. amitom analitikurisamuSaos organizacia unda iTvaliswinebdes SemdegiZiriTadi sakiTxebis dasmasa da Seswavlas, rogoricaa: fasianiqaRaldebis struqtura da saxeebi, romliTac muSaobs banki;rogoria bankis mdgomareoba, rogorc fasiani qaRaldebis bazrismonawilesi; rogor fasian qaRaldebs uSvebs igi da rogorsyidulobs; rogoria bankis sakredito portfelSi saxelmwifofasiani qaRaldebis wili da maTTan muSaobis teqnika; rogoriafinansuri riskis moculoba da maTi fasiani qaRaldebis momavaliRirebulebis prognozirebis gamoyenebuli meTodebi. aRniSnulidangamomdinare saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebis samuSao-Ti dakavebul qvedanayofSi analizis ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgensfinansuri instrumentebis xarisxis Seswavla, Semosavlianobis(auqcionidan Semosavlianoba, Semosavlianoba anazRaurebisagan,diskontis sidide), likvidurobis da riskis poziciidan.informatikis departamentis mier ganxorcielebuli analiziwarmoadgens axali sabanko teqnologiis danergvis samuSaosmniSvnelovan Semadgenel nawils. avtomatizaciis sakiTxebzegadawyvetilebebis miReba SeuZlebelia bazarze Tavsayreladarsebuli programebis, produqtebisa da teqnikis Rrma da yovelmxriviSeswavlis gareSe, maTi SeZenis danaxarjebisa da maTigamoyenebisagan gaTvliswinebuli Semosavlis, sxva upiratesobebisada naklovanebebis Sepirispirebis gareSe.finansuri angariSgebis da ekonomikuri analizis Semu-Savebis avtomatizaciis ganyofilebaSi bankis finansuri angariSgebissaxeebisa da formebis, sagadasaxado inspeqciaSi wardgenisvadebis, masSi Semavali da misi maformirebuli sainformacionakadebis gamovlenis gaTvaliswinebiT, e.i programistebisada analitikosebis mier unda yalibdebodes bankis finansuriangariSgebis Sedgenis amocanebi, romelic xels unda uwyobdesbankSi iseTi avtomatizirebuli sistemis Camoyalibebas,romelic ZiriTadi iqneboda bankis ara marto mimdinare mdgomareobisanalizis CatarebisaTvis, aramed prognozirebis, mTelisammarTvelo sistemis sayrdeni. Tanac TviT analitikuri samuSaosda analizis Sedegebis gaformebis moxerxebulobisaTvis,am sistemaSi unda Sediodes aucileblobis Sesabamisad yovelgvarigrafikebis, cxrilebis, diagramebis, dokumentebisada registrebis unificirebuli formebi.sabuRaltro aRricxvisa da angariSsworebis departamentiunda axorcielebdes komerciuli bankis finansuri saqmianobisekonomikuri analizis regularulad Catarebas Tavisifunqcionaluri valdebulebebis gamo. garda amisa, is amzadebssainformcio bazas sxva struqturul qvedanayofebSi analizisCasatareblad. sabuRaltro aRricxvis monacemebidan bankisxarjebis, Semosavlebis da mogebis Tanxis gamovlenis safuZvel-108

ze xdeba bankis balansis optimaluri marTva.usafrTxoebis marTvis specialistebma, romlebic awarmoebenbankis qvedanayofis saqmianobis efeqturobis analizs,unda miaqcion yuradReba bankisa da mis garSemo operatiulmdgomareobas, droulad gamoavlinon da moaxdinon Sinagani dagare safrTxis likvidacia. Tavdacvis saxeebis da formis SerCevisanalizi, dRevandeli arsebuli teqnikuri saSualebebis Rirebulebisada saimedobis TvalsazrisiT, unda myardebodes SesaZlosafrTxisa da riskis, agreTve saSualebebis prioritetulobisprincipebze, romlebic uzrunvelyofen bankis personalisda klientebis sicocxlis dacvas, maTi gamoyenebis legalurobasada kanonzomierebas.bankis sainformacio usafrTToebis problemebis Seswavlisasanalizs unda eqvemdebarebodes maTSi gamoyenebuli damuSavebuliavtomatizirebuli informaciis dacvis uzrunvelyofismeTodebi da teqnologiebi, bankTaSorisi eleqtronuligadaricxvebi da sabuTebi, sakredito baraTebis, eleqtruli Cekebissistemebi.dakreditebis riskis Sefasebis sakiTxebs, garantiebisa daTavdebobis gacemas, partniorebisa da klientebis saimedobasda kreditunarianobis Sesaxeb wyaroebis Ziebisa da anlizis sakiTxebsdamoukidebeli mniSvneloba gaaCniaT. saerTaSoriso angariSsworebisRrma finansuri analizis gareSe ar SeiZleba gadaiWrassavaluto operaciebis sabanko momsaxurebis sferos ganvi-Tarebis da srulyofis problemebi. savaluto momsaxurebis axalisaxeebis Zieba da danergva. ucxour bankebTan TanamSromlobisganviTareba, gafarToeba da sruyofa bankis klientebis saer-TaSoriso angariSsworebis ganxorcielebis moTxovnilebebisdakmayofilebis mizniT mimdinareobs.auditis analizis obieqts warmoadgens filialebi, struqturulida funqcionaluri qvedanayofebi, romlebic emsaxurebianbankis sameurneo qvedanayofebs. amasTan analizis organizaciadamokidebelia auditoruli Semowmebis mizansa da amocanebze.yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare finansuri analiziSeiswavlis finansur urTierTobebs, gamoxatuls finansurkategoriebSi da finansur maCveneblebSi. amasTan misi roli komerciulibankis marTvaSi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi warmoadgens:mmarTvelobis damoukidebel funqcias; finansuri marTvelobisinstruments da misi Sefasebis meTods.109

MARINE KHUBUAISSUES OF IMPROVEMENT OF FINANCIAL ANALYSISAT THE COMMERCIAL BANKSFinancial analysis could not be conducted at the commercial banks,without its adequate organization, formulation of the goals of analysis,stating of the analytical objectives, identification of the ways of theirpractical solution. On the basis of study and generalization of the practiceand experience of the methodologies of the countries with the developedmarket economies the systemic approach to the issues of organizationand methodology of implementation of the financial analysis at the commercialbanks is developed. The role of financial analysis in the management,not only as the management element but also means for evaluationof the management quality is explained.110

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. IX. 2010ekonomikur mecnierebaTa serianana kacitaZesawarmoo organizaciebis sareklamosaqmianobis efeqtianobaTanamedrove adamiani yoveldRiurad didi raodenobissareklamo informaciis agresiis qveS eqceva. reklamateleviziaSi, reklama gazeTSi, reklama quCaSi... reklamayvelgan! mokled, reklamas ukve versad daemalebiT.dRevandel msoflioSi TiTqmis yvela kompania mimar-Tavs Tavisi brendis reklamirebas da misi meSveobiT kompaniisaRmavlobis gzaze dayenebas cdilobs, Tumca zedmetiaqtiuroba upirobod rodi niSnavs warmatebas. organizaciebiyovelwliurad uzarmazar Tanxebs xarjaven reklamaSida imedovneben, rom yvelaferi kargad iqneba. magram,xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac Sedegi ar amarTlebs molodinsda marketingis biujetis sakmaod soliduri nawili`wyalSi iyreba~. efeqturi sareklamo kampaniis dagegmva daganxorcieleba am sferoSi codnasa da gamocdilebas moiTxovs.xolo qarTuli bazarze marketinguli da sareklamosaqmianobis mcire xnis istoria am sakiTxs adgilobrivisawarmoebisaTvis kidev ufro aqtualurs xdis.#1 cxrilSi mocemulia 2006-2009 wlebSi sawarmoTa(pirveli oceuli) sareklamo xarjebi saqarTvelos bazarze.cxrilSi moyvanili cifrebis sidide sakmaod soliduriada Sesabamisad reklamis damkveTisawarmoo organizaciebimoelian maqsimalur Sedegs, rac reklamis efeqtianobasgulisxmobs. sareklamo saqmianobis warmatebis misaRwevadsaWiro biujetTan erTad saWiroa sareklamo kampaniisdagegmvisa da ganxorcielebisas misi miznebisa daprincipebis reklamis damkveTis saerTo marketingul miznebsada strategiasTan drouli SeTanxmeba. daSvebulmaSecdomebma SeiZleba avnos ara marto sareklamo RonisZiebas,aramed firmis mTel saqmianobasac.reklamis damkveTni, miiswrafian ra reklamaSi Cadebuliinvesticiebidan miiRon maqsimaluri mogeba, TavianTmmarTvelobiT struqturebSi qmnian marketingisa da reklamisqvedanayofebs. bolo xuTi wlia saqarTvelos bazarzedidi da saSualo firmebSi intensiurad iqmneba marke-111

tingis, reklamis an sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis ganyofilebebi,xolo patara firmebSi am funqciebs asrulebenmenejerebi an sxva specialsitebi. msxvili reklamis damkveTebisareklamo procesSi erTvebian sakuTari sareklamoganyofilebis an Sidasafirmo saagentos meSveobiT. sareklamosaqmianobaze pasuxismgebloba ekisreba reklamismenejers, reklamis direqtors an sareklamo ganyofilebisufross. tipiur kompaniaSi, romelic awarmoebs sxvadasxvasaxis iseT saqonels, romlebic erTiandebian jgufebadsavaWro markebis mixedviT, yovel aseT jgufs mar-Tavs savaWro markis menejeri, romelic aseve pasuxismgebeliakonkretuli markis reklamirebasa da saerTod mis gasaRebisstimulirebis yvela mimarTulebaze.sareklamo saqmianobis xelmZRvaneli, reklamis menejeriayalibebs sareklamo ganyofilebas, akompleqtebs mspecialistebiT, irCevs sareklamo saagentos, axorcielebskoordinacias kompaniis sxvadasxva ganyofilebebsada momijnave organizaciis samsaxurebTan, axorcielebssareklamo saqmianobis kontrolsac. amowmebs ramdenadswored aris SerCeuli dro, adgili da sivrce reklamisaTvis,eteva Tu ara sareklamo saqmianoba gamoyofil biujetSida bolos, emsaxureba Tu ara reklama dasaxuli miznebisada amocanebis Sesrulebas.kompaniebi, romelTac esaWiroebaT gansakuTrebulikontroli reklamaze, qmnian sakuTar Sida safirmo sareklamosaagentoebs. zogjer msxvili kompaniebi miiCneven,rom Tu TviTon damoukideblad Seqmnian reklamas, maT miecemTSesaZlebloba Seamciron xarjebi da operatiuladSeamowmon Sesrulebis vadebi. firmis sakuTari sareklamosaagentoebi asruleben damoukidebeli saagentos umravles,xolo zogjer yvela funqcias Tavidan bolomde. amSemTxvevaSi firma gansazRvravs sareklamo saagentos organizaciulstruqturasac, romelic SeiZleba iyos sasaqonlo,sabazro an funqcionaluri.cxrili #1. sawarmoTa sreklamo xarjebi saqarTvelosbazarze 2006-2009ww. (pirveli oceuli)reklamisdamkveTni/wlebi2006 2007 2008 2009PROCTER & GAMBLE 2,698,293 $ 2,390,951 $ 10,431,518$112

MAGTI GSM 3,253,105 $ 2,632,406 $ 5,710,289 $ 5,254,072 $GEOCELL 2,775,663 $ 2,290,620 $ 3,273,797 $ 3,508,872 $AVERSI 1,220,931 $ 1,955,571 $ 2,507,449 $ 2,339,333 $PSP 934,356 $ 1,771,325 $ 1,357,141 $ 1,920,126 $GPC 13,283 $ 96,922 $ 557,505 $ 1,908,206 $LUDSAKHARSHINATAKHTARI786,362 $ 1,619,855 $ 1,765,984 $ 1,856,831 $COLGATE PALMOLIVE 5,041,879 $ 1,748,527 $ 922,405 $ 1,754,635 $COCA COLA 1,247459 $ 1,884,015 $ 94,660 $ 317,931 $MARS 1,117,888 $ 1,153,422 $ 2,359,070 $ 1,546,410 $TBC BANK 612,913 $ 768,057 $ 1,385,144 $ 1,468,838 $PROCREDIT BANK 522,717 $ 587,883 $ 833,537 $ 579,353 $BEKO 927,359 $ 388,682 $ 515,493 $ 479,675 $ELIT ELECTRONICSmaRaziaTa qseli1,710,446 $ 1,291,129 $ 995,081 $ 468,414 $POPULI 21,054 $ 134,579 $ 75,448 $ 409,608 $BANK REPUBLIKCSociete Generale Group94,455 $ 427,692 $ 481,351 $ 395,632 $WISSOL PETROLIUMGEORGIA39,950 $ 523,155 $ 326,756 $ 366,957 $MC DONALDS 51,272 $ 111,570 $ 224,587 $ 366,277 $DANIURI SAKHLI 320,647 $ 267,995 $ 561,366 $ 361,442 $VESTEL 230,899 $ 239,764 $ 25,883 $ 343,365 $wyaro: TV MR GE AGB Nielsen Georgia IPM Georgia„Ti-bi-si studia“ `Ti-bi-si~ bankis sakuTari sareklamosaagentoa, rogorc kompaniis erT-erTi struqturulierTeuli, misi Semadgeneli nawilia, mTlianad mas ekuTvnisda asrulebs sareklamo momsaxurebis srul cikls, racgulisxmobs, marketingul kvlevebs, sareklamo produqtisSeqmnas da mis ganTavseba da bolos, mis efeqtianobis kvlevasac.aseTi sruqturis formireba mflobels saSualebasaZlevs miiRos ramodenime saxis upiratesoba: reklamis damkveTs SesaZleblobaeZleva dazogossaxsrebi romelsac is uxdida sareklamo saagentosreklamis ganTavsebisaTvis, e.i. dazogos sakomisio15 % da damatebiTi xarjebisaTvis kidev25 % sareklamo produqciis Rirebulebidan. reklamis damkveTs sruli imedi aqvs, rom Tavisisareklamo saagentodan eqneba maqsimaluri yuradReba.8. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi113

Sida safirmo saagento ufro ukeTesad erkvevaTavisi kompaniis saqonlisa da bazris specifika-Si. ufro gamartivebuli da gaadvilebulia kontrolisareklamo produqciis Seqmnaze.miuxedavad am upiratesobebisa unda aRiniSnos, romSida safirmo sareklamo saagentoebs gaaCniaT naklovanebebic.upirveles yovlisa isini arian subieqturni, vinaidanmaT ar SeuZliaT gverdidan dainaxon da Seafason situacia.ar arian sakmarisad moqnilni, Zalian arian damokidebulnikompaniis mflobelis Sexedulebebsa da gemovnebazeda sxva.amrigad, reklamaSi efeqtianobis sakiTxi mTavaria. vinaidanreklamireba mniSvnelovan Tanxebs iTxovs (ix. cxrili#1),xolo sareklamo kampaniis Sedegebi aisaxeba kompaniebissameurneo saqmianobis finansur maCveneblebSi (produqciisrealizacia, brunvisa da mogebis zrda da sxva).aqedan gamomdinare, yoveli firma am mizniT gaweulixarjebis SedegebiT sisxlxorceulad unda iyos dainteresebuli.saqarTvelos sawarmoTa sareklamo saqmianobisSeswavlis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom saqarTvelos bazarzemaT mier ganxorcielebuli sareklamo saqmianobis efeqturobiTfaqtobrivad mxolod sawarmoTa 80% interesdeba.aqedan naxevari reklamis xarisxobrivi (komunikaciur),xolo 10-15% reklamis raodenobrivi(ekonomikur) efeqtianobasikvlevs. es ki imas niSnavs, rom adgilobrivi firmebismier reklama bazris analizisaTvis, rogorc erT-erTimniSvnelovani saSualeba (sareklamo gancxadebebis Seswavla-SepirispirebiTdargSi SesaZlebelia liderebis dauaxloesi konkurentebis gamovlena), savaWro markis winsvlis,firmis krizisidan gamoyvanis da, rac mTavaria, rogorcSedegi biznesSi warmatebisaTvis ar gamoiyeneba.is faqti rom sawarmoTa sareklamo saqmianobasa dazogadad reklamis xasiaTSi Zalian swrafad da adekvaturadaisaxeba qveynis stabiluroba da ekonomikuri ganviTarebisdone. kargad Cans #2 cxrilis monacemebiT. 2008wlamde yvela dargSi reklamaze investiciebis zrda aSkaraa.krizisamde yvelaze aqtiur sferoebs bazarze moRvawe`sabanko~ da `samSeneblo~ brendebi warmoadgendnen, dReisaTvises pozicia mobilur operatorebs uWiravT. developerulikompaniebis aqtiuroba praqtikulad nuls114

utoldeba. sabanko sferos aqtivobac 2010 wlis gazafxulamdesakmaod Semcirebuli iyo. media aqtivobiT mxolodori sabanko brendi, `saqarTvelos banki~ da `Tibisi banki~gamoirCeodnen. naTelia, rom kompania `bilaini~ misi arsebobisistiriaSi uprecedento aqtivobis niSnuls uaxlovdeba.rogorc ekve avRniSneT Seicvala sareklamo mimar-Tvebis Sinaarsi da momxmareblis fasze mgrZnobelobisprincipidan gamomdinare damkveTebi reklamas ZiriTadadfasdaklebebis gamocxadebisTvis ukveTaven. sayuradReboais faqtic, rom bolo periodSi saqarTveloSi ganviTarebulmovlenebamde masobriv mediaSic gaCnda reklamafufunebis sagnebze. es imaze metyvelebda, rom Cvens qveyanaSiukve arsebobda aseTi saqonlis momxmarebelis arc Tuise patara segmenti.cxrili #2. 2005-2009 ww. danaxarjebi reklmaze 10 seqtorismixedviTseqtori/wlebi 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009komunikaciebi 15% 15% 11% 17% 12%mSenebloba da remonti 2% 5% 8% 9% 2%wamlebi 5% 6% 9% 9% 8%finansebi 3% 4% 8% 9% 5%sakonditro nawarmi 4% 4% 6% 8% 5%gasarTobi RonisZiebebi 17% 12% 6% 7% 7%vaWroba 3% 5% 6% 6% 3%higiena 18% 16% 9% 5% 14%medicina 2% 2% 2% 4% 6%alkoholuri sasmelebi 4% 4% 6% 3% 3%sxva danarCeni 26% 27% 28% 25% 35%wyaro: TV MR GE AGB Nielsen Georgia IPM Georgia115

ogorc zemoT avRniSneT Seicvala, rogorc reklamisSinaarsi aseve sareklamo saSualebebze simZimis centrmasxva saSualebebze gadainacvla. Tanamedrove periodSiyuradReba eqceva Semdegi parametrebis cvlilebebs:axali myidvelebis raodenoba, yvela myidvelis raodenoba,gayidvebis moculoba. agreTve iseTi parametrebi, rogoricaasxvadasxva sareklamo RonisZiebebiT moziduliaxali klientebi. saqarTveloSi sawarmoTa sareklamo strategiaSicaseTive tendencia SeimCneva. bolo periodSikonkurenti firmebis mxridan momxmareblis dainteresebisada gadmobirebas sargeblani momsaxurebis produtis,fasebis, xarisxis da saqonlis samomxmareblo TvisebebisSeTavazebiT, bevri sawarmo warmatebiT axircielebs. asemagaliTad, „Ti bi si bankma“ „smarT klubi“ Camoayaliba, misimTavari daniSnuleba bankis erTguli momxmareblis erTsivrceSi gaerTianebaa, rac qarTuli sabanko seqtorisTvisinovaciuri ideaa. klubis wevrebi zedmeti Zalisxmevis gareSe,bankis momsaxurebiT sargeblobis Sedegad „smarT qulebs“daagroveben, rasac Semdeg bankis partnior obieqtebSisasurvel saCuqrebze gadacvlian.SemdgomSi sasaCuqre barTebis aqtiurad gamoyenebamsxvadasxva dargebSi firmebis erTguli momxmareblis CamoyalibebasSeuwyo xeli. momxmareblisTvis kargadaa cnobilifarmacevtuli firmis `aversis~ `mtredi~, GPC-`zRarbi~,`populis~ popul baraTebi. amave dros es baraTebifirmisTvis momxmareblTa monacemTa bazis Seqmnis kargisaSualeba da aseve momxmarebelze informaciis mniSvnelovaniwyaroa.rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelos bazarze sawarmoo organizaciebissareklamo saqmianobis zrda aSkarad saxezea.magram, saqarTvelos bazarze sawarmoebi, Tu, ra maqsimaluriefeqtianobiT gamoiyeneben reklamis biujets, am kiTxvazepasuxi Zalian Znelia. sirTule ZiriTadad gamomdinareobsaramarto reklamis efeqtianobaze moqmedi mravalifaqtoridan, aramed, reklamis Sedegianobis mimarT damkve-Ti organizaciebis araswori damokidebulebiT. isini reklamisefeqtianobas ganixilaven sareklamo saSualebis miererTi momxmareblis mocvis xarjiT da ara gayidvebis moculobiszrdiT. Zalian xSirad mwarmoeblebs sareklamo organizaciebismimarT TavianTi firmis gayidvebis statistikisgamJRavneba uWirT. es monacemebi ki saWiroa marketin-116

guli komunikaciebis monitoringisaTvis, angariSebis mosamzadebladda analitikuri SefasebisaTvi, is Zalze mniSvnelovaniastrategiaSi Semdgomi koreqtirebis Sesatanad.amrigad, sawarmoo organizaciebis mier sareklamokampania unda ganixilebodes, rogorc proeqti, romelsacaqvs mkafio da gazomvadi amocana da, romlis misaRwevadacaseve mkafiod daTvladi resursebi gamoiyeneba.NANA KATSITADZEADVERTISING EFFECTIVENESS OF ENTERPRISESON GEORGIAN MARKETThis work presents the advertising activities of enterprises. Recently,(2005-2008) Georgian market research shows, that after the Augustevents advertising market growth significantly reduced, and one advertisingopportunity was replaced by another much more effective opportunities.This work also includes advertising attitude. 80% of enterprisesexplore effectiveness of advertising quality, and 10-15% exploresthem by the quantitative effectiveness of advertising campaigns. An approachinglike this to the results of Advertising indicates that Georgianproducers do not see advertising as an important factor in business. Inthis work, author offers to Advertising clients, AD effectiveness of acomprehensive evaluation method.117

118soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. IX. 2010ekonomikur mecnierebaTa serianino xarebavasawarmoo firmis finansuri strategiulimiznebis formirebis algoriTmisawarmoo firmis saqmianobis strategiuli finansuri miznebiwarmoadgens formulirebuli saxiT aRwerili misi saboloostrategiuli poziciebis sasurvel parametrebs. am parametrebissaSualebiT, momavalSi SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldessameurneo saqmianobis marTva grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi damoxdes Sedegebis Sefaseba. problemis aqtualobidan gamomdinare,samewarmeo saqmianobis praqtikaSi firmis finansuri saqmianobisstrategiuli miznebis formireba iTxovs maT winaswarklasifikacias garkveuli maxasiaTeblebiT. finansuri menejmentisfundamentaluri moTxovnaa, rom strategiuli miznebisklasifikacia moxdes garkveuli niSnebis mixedviT, kerZod, gamoyofenZiriTad maTgans:mosalodneli efeqtis saxeebis mixedviT, sawarmos finansurisaqmianobis miznebi iyofa ekonomikur da araekonomikursaxeebad. ekonomikuri pirdapir dakavSirebulia sawarmos RirebulebiszrdasTan an gansaxilvel perspeqtivaSi finansurisaqmianobis sxva ekonomikuri Sedegebis miRwevasTan. finansuristrategiis araekonomikuri miznebi dakavSirebulia socialuriamocanebis gadawyvetasTan, ekologiuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofasTan,sawarmos statusisa da reputaciis amaRlebasTan.Tumca am strategiuli miznebis realizacia ar aris pirdapirdakavSirebuli firmis Rirebulebis zrdasTan, magram am Rirebulebisformirebaze maTi iribi gavlena SeiZleba iyos sakmaodmniSvnelovani.prioritetuli mniSvnelobiT firmis finansuri saqmianobisstrategiuli miznebi moicavs Semdeg elementebs: finansuri saqmianobis mTavari strategiuli mizani,romelic rogorc wesi emTxveva finansuri mar-Tvis mTavar mizans. amasTanave misi formulireba SeiZlebaatarebdes ufro gaSlil xasiaTs, konkretulisawarmos finansuri saqmianobis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. finansuri saqmianobis ZiriTadi strategiuli miznebi,am jgufSi Sedis yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovanistrategiuli miznebi, romlebic uSualod mimarTuliafirmis finansuri saqmianobis mTavari miznis miRwevisaken.

finansuri saqmianobis damxmare strategiuli miznebi,moicaven sawarmos finansuri saqmianobis yvelasxva ekonomikuri da araekonomikuri miznebi.finansuri ganviTarebis dominanturi mimarTulebis(sferoebis) mixedviT strategiuli miznebis klasifikaciaSi gamoyofiliaoTxi qvejgufi: finansuri resursebis formirebis potencialiszrdis miznebi, moicavs miznebis sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofssakuTari finansuri resursebis formirebispotencialis gafarToebas Sinagani wyaroebidan,agreTve igi zrdis sawarmos dafinansebis SesaZleblobebsgare wyaroebidan. finansuri resursebis gamoyenebis efeqturobisamaRlebis miznebi. es miznebi dakavSirebulia finansuriresursebis sameurneo saqmianobis sferoebisa dastrategiuli sameurneo erTeulis mixedviT ganawilebisoptimizaciasTan, romelsac safuZvlad udevs firmisRirebulebis kriteriumi da agreTve SesaZlebeliasxva ekonomikuri kriteriumebis gaTvaliswineba, romlebicuzrunvelyofen firmis Rirebulebis zrdas. sawarmos finansuri usafrTxoebis donis amaRlebismiznebi — axasiaTebs mizanTa kompleqs, romelicmimarTulia sawarmos finansuri wonasworobis uzrunvelyofaze,misi strategiuli ganviTarebisa dagakotrebis safrTxis Tavidan acilebaze. finansuri saqmianobis marTvis amaRlebis miznebi —mimarTulia finansuri saqmianobis yvela aspeqtebismixedviT marTvis xarisxobrivi parametrebis amaRlebisaken:Sedegianoba, komunikabeluroba, progresuloba,saimedovnoba, adapturoba da a.S.moqmedebebis mimarTulebis mixedviT ayalibeben strategiulifinansuri miznebis jgufs Semdeg WrilSi: ganviTarebistendenciebis mxardamWeri miznebi, romlebic Tavismxriv mimar-Tulia finansuri saqmianobis ganviTarebis tendenciebis mxardasaWerad.saubaria firmis maRali Sida finansuri potencialisada zrdis xelsayrel gare SesaZleblobebze, romelTa gamovlenaxdeba sawarmos finansuri strategiuli analizis proces-Si. kerZod: miznebi, romlebic mimarTulia gare safrTxeebisgadalaxvaze. aseTi miznebis amocanas warmoadgens garefinansuri garemos calkeuli faqtorebis ganviTarebismosalodneli negatiuri Sedegebis neitralizaciisuzrunvelyofa. sawarmos susti Sida poziciebis gadalaxvaze mimar-119

Tuli miznebi. aseTi miznebis sistema mowodebulia,rom gaaZlieros finansuri saqmianobis calkeuli aspeqtebi,romlebic identificirebulia sawarmos strategiulifinansuri poziciis mier, rogorc sustebi.strategiuli marTvis obieqtebis mixedviT miznebi jgufdebaSemdegnairad: saerTo korporaciuli finansuri miznebi, romlebicTamaSoben garkveul rols da ukaviaT, rogorcwesi gadamwyveti adgili finansur saqmianobaSi. sameurneo saqmianobis calkeuli mimarTulebebisfinansuri miznebi. mocemuli jgufebis finansurimiznebi dakavSirebulia sameurneo saqmianobis struqturaSigamoyofili mimarTulebebis formirebas-Tan, ganviTarebasTan da efeqturi saqmianobis uzrunvelyofasTan.finansuri miznebi sawarmos sxva funqcionaluristrategiebis mimarT asruleben ZiriTadmxardamWer rols. calkeuli sameurneo strategiuli erTeulebis finansurimiznebi. aseTi miznebi dakavSirebulia sxvadsxvatipis `pasuxismgeblobis centrebis~ formirebisda ganviTarebis finansur mxardaWerasTan da uSualokavSirSi arian maT strategiul miznebTan.mosalodnel Sedegebze gavlenis xasiaTis mixedviT gamoyofenSemdeg finansur strategiebs: pirdapiri strategiuli miznebi, romlebic uSualoddakavSirebulni arian finansuri saqmianobis sabolooSedegebTan; mxardamWeri strategiuli miznebi, romelTa erTianobamimarTulia finansuri saqmianobis procesSipirdapiri strategiuli miznebis realizaciisaken. amjgufis miznebs SeiZleba miekuTvnos axali finansuriteqnologiebis gamoyeneba. finansuri saqmianobismarTvis axal organizaciul struqturaze gadasvla,finansuri menejerebis organizaciuli kulturisformireba da a.S. sxvadasxva avtorebi strategiulimiznebis kvalifikaciis dros gamodian sakmaod gansxvavebuliprincipebidan. amitom strategiuli miznebiszemoT Camoyalibebuli klasifikacia SeiZlebaatarebdes garkveuli doziT pirobiT xasiaTs imis Sedegad,rom finansuri saqmianobis mTavari strategiulimiznis mimarT finansuri saqmianobis yvela sxvamiznebi SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc mxardamWerimiznebi.sawarmos finansuri saqmianobis strategiuli miznebis ze-120

moT ganxiluli klasifikaciis principebis safuZvelze, xorcieldebafinansuri strategiuli miznebis formirebis procesisorganizacia. is mimdinareobs Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT:pirveli — formulirdeba sawarmos finansuri filosofia.finansuri saqmianobis strategiuli miznebis formirebaefuZneba konkretuli sawarmos finasnur filosofias. finansurifilosofia axasiaTebs konkretuli sawarmos finansuri saqmianobisganxorcielebis fuZemdebluri principebis sistemas, romelicganisazRvreba misi misiiT, ganviTarebis saerTo filosofiiT,misi damfuZneblebisa da mTavari menejerebis finansurimentalitetiT. sawarmos finansuri filosofia asaxavs faseulobebsada rwmenas, romelTa safuZvelze xorcieldeba finansurisaqmianobis organizaciis procesi. is moicavs aramartoekonomikur, aramed finansuri menejerebis qceviT poziciebs.mkveTrad gamoxatuli finansuri filosofia asrulebsefeqturi zemoqmedebis instrumentis funqcias da amaRlebs finasnurisaqmianobis xarisxs yvela finasnur qvedanayofSi damTlianad sawarmos masStabiT. amitom misi gamoyeneba strategiulida taqtikuri finansuri marTvis procesSi asrulebs sakvanZoberketis rols. garda amisa igi xels uwyobs garkveul wiladsawarmos imijis amaRlebas da firmis finansuri urTier-Tobis yvela subieqtebis Sesaxeb naTel warmodgenas.meore — sawarmos sasurveli strategiuli ganviTarebismiRwevis obieqturi SezRudvebis gaTvaliswineba. dasawyisSifinansuri strategiuli miznebis formirebas safuZvlad udevsidealuri warmodgena, an firmis momavali strategiuli finasnuripoziciis sasurveli garemo. magram sawarmo savsebiT araaTavisufali Tavisi finansuri miznebis arCevaSi, romelic Seesabamebamis idealur strategiul finansur pozicias. mas SeuZliaTavisuflad airCios finansuri filosofia da finansuri ganvi-Tarebis mTavari strategiuli mizani, agreTve finansuri saqmianobisaraekonomikuri ZiriTadi miznebi. rac Seexeba firmis sawarmoosaqmianobis ZiriTad ekonomikur strategiuli miznebissistemas, is ganisazRvreba obieqturi SezRudvebis gaTvaliswinebiT,romlebsac ver akontroleben sawarmos finansuri menejerebi.magaliTad, sawarmoo organizaciis erT-erTi obieqturadSemzRudavi faqtori SeiZleba iyos misi sidide, rac ganapirobebsfuladi resursebis sakmarisobas da finansuri strategiismiznebis masStaburobas. meore SemTxveva, roca obieqtiradizRudeba sasurveli strategiuli finansuri poziciis miRweva,gamowveuli gare da Sida faqtorebis gamovlenis xarisxiT. gansakuTrebiTmaSin, roca sawarmo imyofeba “sisuste da safrTxeebis”kvadratSi da mesame SemTxveva, roca obieqturad izRudebasawarmos finansuri saqmianobis strategiuli miznebis miRweva— aris misi sasicocxlo ciklis stadia (romelic gansazR-121

vravs, ara marto SesaZleblobebs, aramed finansuri ganviTarebismoTxovnebsac).mesame — sawarmos finansuri saqmianobis mTavari strategiulimiznis formulireba. am etapze xdeba adre ganxilulifinansuri menejmentis mTavari miznis dakonkreteba garkveulmaCveneblebSi. rasakvirvelia es mTavari mizani unda asaxavdessawarmoo firmis sabazro Rirebulebis zrdas strategiulperiodSi (ara Sida, aramed misi Sefasebis gare maCveneblebi).imis gamo, rom roca fasiani qaRaldebis likviduroba bazarzearis dabali firmis aseTi Sefaseba mniSvnelovnad igvianebs. amitom,sabazro ekonomikis praqtikidan gamomdinare, sawarmos finansuriganviTarebis mTavar strategiul miznad irCeven erTaqciaze mogebis grZelvadiani zrdis maCvenebels. am maCveneblismdgradi zrdis tempi warmoadgens, firmis grZelvadian periodSisabazro Rirebulebis matebis safuZvels.meoTxe — finansuri saqmianobis ZiriTadi strategiulimiznebis sistemis formireba, romelic uzrunvelyofs sawarmosmTavari miznis miRwevas. aseT sistemas Cveulebrivadayalibeben sawarmos strategiuli finansuri ganviTarebis dominanturisferoebis WrilSi.dominantur sferos struqturaSi, romelic axasiaTebsfinasnuri resursebis formirebis potencials SemoTavazebulia,rom strategiuli miznis SerCevis dros upiratesoba mieniWossawarmos wminda fuladi nakadis zrdis maqsimizacias. 1strategiuli miznis SerCevis dros upiratesoba eniWeba sawarmossakuTari kapitalis rentabelobis maqsimizacias. es dominanturisfero axasiaTebs sawarmos finansuri usafrTxoebisdones. ZiriTadad strategiuli mizani aris firmis kapitalis(sakuTari da nasesxi saxeebis Tanafardoba) struqturis optimizacia.dominantur sferoSi, romelic axasiaTebs sawarmosfinansuri saqmianobis marTvis xarisxs, rekomendirebulia, romZiriTadi strategiuli miznis arCevis dros upiratesoba mieni-Wos finansuri saqmianobis marTvis efeqtur organizaciulistruqturis formirebas.es gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom organizaciuli struqturisformireba moicavs calkeuli qvedanayofebis finansuri menejerebiskvalifikaciisadmi maRal moTxovnebs, mmarTvelobi-Ti gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisi donis informaciis mopovebas,menejerebis Sesabamisi teqnikuri saSualebebiT uzrunvelyofas,gamoyenebuli finansuri teqnologiebisa da instrumentebisdonis amaRlebas da a.S.mexuTe — sawarmos finansur strategiaSi Semavali damxmareda mxardamWeri miznebis formireba. aseTi miznebis sis-1 И. А. Бланк. Финансовое управление в корпорации. Киев-СПб., 2009, გვ. 124.122

tema mimarTulia finansuri saqmianobis ZiriTadi strategiulimiznebis realizaciis uzrunvelyofisaken. sawarmos finansuri saqmianobis strategiuli miznobrivinormativebis SemuSaveba. am etapze xdeba raodenobrivigarkveulobis moTxovnebis realizacia,romelsac ayalibebs yvela donis strategiuli miznebi.am etapis procesSi strategiuli finansebis miznebisyvela saxe unda iyos gamosaxuli raodenobriv maCveneblebSi.(jami, dinamikis tempebi, struqturuliproporcia, realizaciis vadebi da a.S.). sawarmos finansurisaqmianobis miznobrivi strategiuli miznebisSemuSavebis procesSi uzrunvelyofili unda iyosgarkveuli urTierTkavSirebi ZiriTadi da damxmarestrategiul miznebs Soris, erTis mxriv maTi dakonkretebisuzrunvelyofis strategiul normativebsSoris da meores mxriv aseTi kavSiri unda iyos damyarebulisawarmos strategiuli finansuri ganviTarebisdominanturi sferoebis WrilSi. finansuri strategiuli miznebis formirebis algoriTmisbolo etaps warmoadgens yvela strategiulimiznebis saboloo individualizacia. am daskvniTetapze xdeba firmis calkeuli finansuri miznebisformirebis koreqtulobis Sefaseba, maTi dakonkretebastrategiuli periodis calkeuli intervalebismixedviT. strategiuli miznebis dakonkretebis procesSimiiRweva finansuri saqmianobis miznobrivistrategiuli normativebis sistemis miwodebis dinamiuroba,agreTve maTi gare da Sida sinqronizaciadroSi. gare sinqronizacia gulisxmobs, finansurisaqmianobis miznobrivi maCveneblebis SeTanxmebaskorporatiuli, funqcionaluri da sawarmos ganviTarebisbiznes-strategiebis maCveneblebTan droSi. Sidasinqronizacia ki gulisxmobs, finansuri saqmianobisyvela miznobrivi strategiuli normativebis Se-Tanxmebas, rogorc droSi, aseve erTmaneTTan.123

NINO KHAREBAVATHE ALGORITHM OF FORMATION OF STRATEGICGOALS OF ORGANIZATIONThe article describes the process of formation of firm’s strategicgoals. Classification of different parameters is shown in the context ofcertain characteristics. The process of formation of strategic goals of organizationis determined by “financial” mentality of its founders and chiefexecutives. The author emphasizes that realization of direct strategicgoals depends on unity of supporting strategic goals, such as introductionof new technology, transition to new organizational structure, formationof organizational culture of financial managers and etc.124

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. IX. 2010ekonomikur mecnierebaTa seriaTeimuraz Sengeliaglobalizacia da saerTaSoriso biznesismarTva CineTSi1978 wlidan CineTSi dawyebuli ekonomikuri reformebisada ganviTarebis gasaanalizeblad, Cvens winaSe mdgomi problemismimarT, SesaZloa gamovyoT ori, mWidrod urTierTdakavSirebulisaSinao da saerTaSoriso aspeqti. saerTaSoriso aspeqtisSeswavlis mizniT ganvixiloT CineTis monawileoba msofliosekonomikuri globalizaciis procesSi, rac warmoadgensdRevandeli msoflio istoriis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes maxasiaTebels.CineTis lideri, den siaopini, iyo im ekonomikuri reformisfuZemdebeli, romelic gulisxmobda sagegmodan sabazroekonomikaze gadasvlas. mas kargad esmoda globalizaciismniSvneloba da ekonomikuri reformis mTavar nawils `Ria karispolitika~ uwoda. 1globalizacia gulisxmobs kapitalis, samuSao Zalis, produqciis,informaciis, teqnologiis mier erovnuli sazRvrebisgadalaxvas. istoriul WrilSi CineTis globalizaciis praqtikauZvelesia da is iwyeba hanis dinastiis periodSi (Zv.w. 206 — ax.w.220), rodesac abreSumis gzis gavliT vaWroba mimdinareobda hanisCinelebsa da maT Crdilo-dasavleTel mezoblebs Soris.tangis dinastiis periodSi (618-901 wlebSi) vaWroba kidev ufroganviTarda, xolo abreSumis gza gafarTovda, rac motivirebuliiyo imiT, rom Cinelebma daamyares savaWro urTierTobaniromaelebTan. qingis dinastiis periodSi den siaopinis `Ria karispolitika~-mde CineTma scada daeketa Tavisi ekonomikurikaribWe da amiT winaaRmdegoba gaewia globalizaciisaTvis. 2 winamdebaregamokvlevaSi ganvixilavT globalizaciis Sedegebsda zegavlenas CineTis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze da SesabamisadsaerTaSoriso biznesis gonivruli marTvis im ekonomikur pirobebs,romelic gaxda CineTis esoden swrafi winsvlis mizezi. gamokvlevisprocesSi yuradRebis koncentrirebas movaxdenT saerTaSorisobiznesis iseT umniSvnelovanes Semadgenlebze rogoricaa:sagareo vaWrobis, ucxouri pirdapiri investiciebis,sagareo gacvliTi bazris, samuSao Zalis migraciis proce-1 Franklin Allen. China’s Economic transformation. Mechanism, and Consequences.University of Pensilvania,Wharton School, mimeo, 2005, gv. 214-215.2 Gregory C. Chow. China’s Economic Trannsformation. Oxford: Blekvell PublishingCompany, 2002, gv. 67-68.125

sebis marTva da zegavlena CineTis ekonomikaze.sagareo vaWroba. cnobilia, rom sagareo vaWrobis Sedegadproduqciisa da momsaxurebis nakadi kveTs saxelmwifosazRvars. 1978 wlidan CineTma waaxalisa Tavisufali vaWroba daetapobrivad gaauqma savaWro barierebi. CineTis sagareo vaWrobissaministros saSualebiT, mTavrobam, adgilobrivi xelisuflebisaTvisufro meti avtonomiis miniWebiT Secvala sagareovaWrobis marTvis politika. ramac adgilobrivi mmarTvelobisorganoebs misca sagareo vaWrobaSi maTi Sexedulebisamebr Car-Tvis SesaZlebloba. 1978 wels sagareo vaWrobis saerTo moculobam,(eqsportisa da importis saerTo moculoba) Seadgina20.64 miliardi amerikuli dolari, 2008 wels ki 820.8 miliardi,rac Seadgenda mTliani Sida produqtis 65 procents, yovelwliurizrdis maCvenebeli ganisazRvra 35 procentiT. 2010wels vaWrobis moculobam miaRwia 1.1 trilion amerikul dolarsda zrdis maCvenebelma 30 procenti Seadgina. 1 CineTi gaxdamsoflioSi mesame umsxvilesi savaWro qveyana amerikis SeerTebuliStatebisa da germaniis Semdeg.dReisaTvis CineTidan eqsportirebuli produqcia warmodgeniliamTels msoflioSi. CineTis am saeqsporto politikascalkeuli qveynebisaTvis aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTiSedegebi. ase magaliTad, aSS-CineTis ekonomikuri urTierTobebisTvalsazrisiT CineTis eqsportisagan bevri amerikeliiRebs sargeblobas, radgan, es qveyana uzrunvelyofs maT ma-Ral xarisxiani da dabali fasis saqonliT, magram amavdrouladyovelive es axdens zogierTi amerikeli mwarmoeblisa da muSisaRSfoTebasa da winaaRmdegobas, radganac CineTidan eqsportisgafarToeba zRudavs im amerikel biznesmenebs, romelebic awarmoebenidentur produqcias. garda amisa, amerikeli muSebi,romlebic dasaqmebulni arian msgavs industriaSi ganicadiandroebiT zarals, magram grZelvadian periodSi Sromis bazarsSeuZlia adaptireba moaxdinos axal ganviTarebul industrieb-Tan da daiqiraos gadaadgilebuli muSaxeli. saboloo jamSi, amerikaSiucxouri saqonlis importi mTliani umuSevrobis xarisxzemniSvnelovan zegavlenas ar axdens. aRsaniSnavia, rom CineTidanganxorcielebuli eqsportis 60% warmoebulia ucxoeli investorebismier da maTi umetesoba Tavad amerikuli kompaniebia.amerikelTa aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia samuSao adgilebis gadanawilebamac,rodesac kompaniebi axdenen aziuri warmoSobis specialistebisdaqiravebas (rendgenologebis, `qol centris~ operatorebisda sxva). es procesi ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT rom ganvixiloT,sxva araferia Tu ara igive, rac CineTidan momsaxurebis1 Gregori C. Chow and Yan Shen. Demand for education in China. – Princeton University.Center for Economic Policy Studies, Discussion Paper, 2011, gv. 96.126

importirebis Sedegad miRebuli efeqti. momsaxurebis importimomgebiania rogorc Cinuri, aseve amerikuli kompaniebisaTvis.rogorc importiori qveyana, CineTi uzrunvelyofs uzarmazarbazars ucxoeli mwarmoeblebisaTvis, rac aisaxeba misekonomikur ZlierebaSi. Tavis mxriv, CineTis moTxovna importzeastimulirebs msoflios sxva qveynebis ekonomikur ganvi-Tarebas. saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi CineTma Tavdapirvelad upiratesobamianiWa merkantilizms, rac gamoixata importis SezRudvebSi,magram SemdgomSi, eqsportis swrafma zrdam, misi saer-TaSoriso vaWrobis statistika msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebismsgavsad Secvala.2001 wels CineTi SeuerTda msoflio vaWrobis organizacias.am organizaciaSi wevroba mas avaldebulebs daawesos dabalitarifebi mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis produqciaze.tarifebis Semcireba xels uwyobs Cineli mewarmeebisa da fermerebiskonkurenciis gafarToebas, rac aiafebs produqcias.sagareo vaWrobis swori marTva CineTis ekonomikur ganvi-Tarebas sami aspeqtiT exmareba. pirveli, Rrmavdeba saerTaSorisospecializacia, romelsac adgili aqvs TiToeul qveyanaSi,romelic awarmoebs im saqonelsa da momsaxurebas, romlis SeqmnaSicmas gaaCnia SefardebiTi upiratesoba. yovelive es ki qveyanasaZlevs saSualebas awarmoos ufro meti produqcia da momsaxureba,vidre amas SeZlebda mxolod Sida warmoebiT. meore, eqsportiaris erToblivi moTxovnis nawili da erToblivi moTxovniszrda Tavis mxriv xels uwyobs qveynis erovnul produqtiulobas.mesame, sagareo vaWrobasa da ucxouri investiciebs Tanaxlavs Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa da menejmentis meTodebisaTviseba, romlebic erTad zrdian CineTis produqtiulobas.ucxouri investiciebi. fizikuri kapitalis nakadi, romelsacaqvs ucxouri pirdapiri investiciebis saxe, aris Cine-Tis ekonomikuri zrdis erT-erTi xelSemwyobi faqtori. 1978wels CineTSi dawyebulma ekonomikurma reformam, 180 gradusiTSecvla ucxouri investiciebis mimarT saxelmwifo politika.2008, 2009, 2010 wlebSi pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebidan mi-Rebuli Tanxa Seadgenda Sesabamisad 49.7, 55.0 da 56.1 miliardamerikul dolars. 1 ucxourma investiciebma uzrunvelyo fizikuri,finansuri kapitalis, teqnologiebis, menejeruli codnisada gamocdilebis intensiuri Semodineba CineTSi. Tumca ucxouripirdapiri investiciebi ar aris CineTis swrafi ekonomurizrdis ZiriTadi ekonomikuri faqtori. arsebobs amis sxva samifundamenturi mizezebi, romelTa Soris mniSvnelovania:‣ maRali xarisxis adamianuri kapitalis siWarbe, romlicmoicavs mcodne, Sromismoyvare muSakebsa da re-1 Gregori C. Chow and Yan Shen. Demand for education in China, gv. 32.127

sursebis mflobel mewarmeebs;‣ kargad funqcionirebadi sabazro institutebi;‣ `bazarze gvian Sesulis~ pozicia, romelsac SeuZliamiiRos Tanamedrove teqnologiebi.am samma ZiriTadma mizezma misca CineTs ucxouri kapitalismozidvis saSualeba. amJamad CineTi axdens kapitalis eqsportsara mxolod naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi, aramedSeerTebul StatebSic. Cinuri investireba daexmara calkeuliaziuri da afrikuli qveynebis ekonomikur ganviTarebas. Cinurikapitalis SeerTebul StatebSi investirebis magaliTia 2005wlis gazafxulze Cinuri kompania Cnoe-s mier amerikuli kompanianocal-is yidva. 1 es procesi asaxavs kapitalis Tavisufali dinebispozitiur Sedegs msoflioSi. aSS-dan CineTSi kapitaliseqsportis Sedegad xdeba klivlendidan SanxaiSi amerikuli qarxanisgadatana, rasac bunebrivia axlavs samuSao Zalis migracia.qarxana gadadis SanxaiSi imis gamo, rom isargeblos naklebadZviri, magram xarisxiani samuSao ZaliT CineTSi. 2 saerTaSorisobiznesSi samuSao Zalis migracia gansxvavdeba saqonlisa da momsaxurebisgadaadgilebisagan, romlis Sesaxeb aRiniSna zemoT,radgan es aris ucxouri inteleqtualuri Zalis investirebisda ara vaWrobis forma, am SemTxvevaSi adamianiseuli kapitalimiedineba CineTSi, xolo wina SemTxveva moicavda mxolod saerTa-Soriso vaWrobas. aseTi investireba kargia SeerTebuli StatebisTvisac,radgan is zrdis aSS-is mTlian erovnul produqts.amis mizezi aris is, rom am konkretul SemTxvevaSi investirebulkapitals SeuZlia awarmoos CineTSi imaze meti da iafi produqciada momsaxureba, vidre mas SeeZlo ewarmoebina SeerTebulStatebSi. sxva SemTxvevaSi qarxana ar gadavidoda CineTSi. amitom,kapitalis aseTi gadaadgileba zrdis aSS-s mTlian nayofierebas,romelsac ekonomistebi mTlian erovnul produqts uwodeben.Tumca am gadasvlas aqvs uaryofiTi Sedegic klivlendisim muSebisTvis, romlebic kargaven samuSao adgilebs. CineTidanimportis zrdis gamo, zogierT industriaSi xdeba samuSao adgilebisdakargva xanmokle periodSi, rac ar axdens zegavlenasgrZelvadian periodSi mosaxleobis mTlian dasaqmebaze.globalizaciis erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli aris is, romRrmavdeba erebs Soris resursebis gadaadgilebis dinamiuriprocesi. aseTi Tavisufali gadaadgileba TiToeuli erisTvispozitiuri Sedegis matarebelia, magram xanmokle periodSi masSeiZleba gaaCndes saziano efeqti. igive SeiZleba iTqvas ekonomikuriresursebis gadaadgilebaze erTi qveynis sxvadasxva regio-1 Gregori C. Chow and Yan Shen. Demand for education in China, gv. 87.2 Gregori C. Chow and Yan Shen. Demand for education in China, gv.107.128

nebSi. magaliTad, SeerTebuli StatebSi safeiqro qarxnebis gadaadgilebasaxali inglisidan samxreTSi ufro iafi samuSao ZaliTgamoyenebis mizniT, dadebiTi Sedegis matarebelia, is pozitiuradaisaxeba, rogorc axali inglisis, aseve qveynis samxreTisekonomikur ganviTarebaze. axal inglisSi zogierTma muSam dakargakapitalismigraciis Sedegad samuSao adgili, magram ganvi-Tarda sxva samrewvelo dargebi, xalxi kvlav dasaqmda, ar momxdaraumuSevrobis donis zrda regionSi. am procesis erT-erTi uaryofiTimxare unda veZeboT globalizaciis Sedegad garemos dabinZurebisproblemaSi, romlebic warmoiqmneba axali qarxnebismSeneblobisa da maTi simZlavreebis aTvisebis proceSi.CineTis mTavroba did yuradRebas aqcevs garemos dacvas.ekonomistebi cdiloben daabalanson garemosTvis miyenebuliSesaZlo zarali da meti produqtis warmoebiT miRebuli mogeba.zogadad, ufro Raribi qveynebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebisdros mzad arian garemos degradaciisTvis, meti produqtis sanacvlod,magram maT unda gaacnobieron ix ziani, romelic SeiZlebaaRmoCndes xangrZliv periodze orientirebuli.rac Seexeba finansur investirebas, finansuri kapitalisTavisufali dineba aris finansuri bazris ganviTarebis erT-er-Ti mizani. CineTi xels uwyobs ucxoel investorebs, rom maT daabandonkapitali misi saaqcio kapitalis bazrebze SenJenSi, Sanxaisada honkongSi, agreTve xelisufleba astimulirebs Cinelmewarmeebs, rom maT daabandos TavianTi kapitali sazRvargareT.finansuri kapitalis moZraoba, aris resursebis Tavisufalidinebis erT-erTi aspeqti. mas moaqvs ara marto maRali Semosavali,aramed zrdis mTlian msoflio produqts. amasTan, sayuradReboais faqti, rom am procesis saintereso interpretaciawarmodgenilia didi Cineli istorikosis, hanebis dinastiisTvalsaCino warmomadgenlis sima qianmas SromebSi. Tavisi wignis„istoriuli Canawerebi“ 69-e TavSi „fulis bazrebis biografia“,is werda: „unda arsebobdnen fermerebi, vinc awarmoebs sakvebs,adamianebi, romlebic amoiReben mTebis da Waobebis simdidres,xelosnebi vinc awarmoeben am sagnebs da vaWrebi vincdaiTvlian maT. ar aris saWiro daelodo mTavrobis brZanebas,TiToeuli adamiani asrulebs Tavis rols, akeTebs rac mis Zala-Sia, raTa miiRos is rac surs. amrigad iafi saqoneli wava iq, sadacis metad momgebiania, xolo ZviradRirebuli saqoneli aiZulebsadamians moZebnos ufro iafi. rodesac yvela siamovnebiTSeasrulebs Tavis saqmes, ise rogorc wyali Camoedineba mTidanSeuwyvetliv dRe da Rame, nivTebi gaCndeba moTxovnis gareSe daxalxi awarmoebs maT Txovnis gareSe. ufro gasagebad es Seesabamebarwmenas da TanxmobaSia bunebasTan~. 1 rasac sima qianma bune-1 Gregory C. Chow. Knowing China. Singapore: World Scientific publishing Compa-9. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi129

as uwodebs, Cven vuwodebT ekonomikur kanonebs.finansuri kapitalis Tavisufali dinebis uaryofiTi mxareaisaxeba imaSi, rom mis safuZvelze SeiZleba warmoiqmnas finansurikrizisis pirobebi. ase moxda 1997-1998 wlebSi aziurifinansuri krizisis dros. am krizisma ar moaxdina didi gavlenaCineTze, radgan mTavrobas hqonda saerTaSoriso finansuri reformebiszomieri tempiT gatarebis gonieri politika, rac aisaxafinansuri bazrebis TandaTanobiT gaxsnisa Tu saerTaSorisofinansuri kapitalis qveynis SigniT SemodinebaSi. cnobilia,rom globalizacia sasargebloa sabanko da finansuri institutebisreformirebisaTvis, ucxouri konkurencia aCqarebs reformasam sferoSi. ucxouri konkurenciis gamoyeneba ekonomikurireformis daCqarebisTvis iyo imis ZiriTadi mizezi, rom CineTisyofili premier ministri zu ronji TviTon Caudga saTave-Si msoflio vaWrobis organizaciaSi CineTis Sesvlis process.amasTan, CineTis sabanko sistemis da saxelmwifo sawarmoebisreformis gatarebaSi, Sida institutebis ekonomikuri reformebisdasaCqareblad, ucxouri konkurenciis gamoyenebisstrategias aqvs SezRudvebi ori mizezis gamo. pirveli, im drosrodesac CineTis mTvarobis Cinovnikebi ekonomikuri reformebisZiriTad nawilSi gamoirCeodnen pragmatizmiT, maT axasia-TebdaT konservatizmi ucxouri bankebisTvis Sida bazarze Semosvlisuflebis micemis sakiTxSi. meore, CineTSi bankebi dazogierTi sawarmoebi arian saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi da SesabamisadmaT akontroleben adgilobrivi biurokratebi, romlebicsargebloben didZali ekonomikuri ZalauflebiT, rac warmoqmnisekonomikuri reformebisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebismTavari dabrkolebis — korufciis nayofier niadags. CineTisfinansuri reformebi, romelebic gamoiyeneba korufciis winaaRmdegaRwerilia gregori Cous naSromSi: `korufcia da ekonomikurireformebi XXI saukunemde~. 1valutis gacvliTi kursi. bazrisa da ucxouri investiciebismniSvnelovan determinants warmoadgens valutis gacvli-Ti kursi. dabali Rirebulebis Cinurma valutam, eqsporti iafida saeqsporto investiciebi ufro mimzidveli gaxada. msofliosbevr qveynebSi, maT Soris evrokavSirSi, iaponiasa da taivanSimoqmedebda valutis moqnili gacvliTi kursis sistema, maSinroca 2005 wlis ivlisSi CineTma miiRo fiqsirebuli gacvliTikursi. Tumca mTavrobam 1980-ian wlebSi da 1990 wlis dasawyisSifiqsirebuli kursi aSS dolarTan mimarTebiT ramdenjerme Secny,2004, gv. 416.1 Gregory C. Chow. Corruption and Economic Reform in Early 21 st Century. – PrncetonUniversity. CEPS (Center for Economic Policy Studies), Working Paper No. 116,October, 2005, gv.16.130

vala. bolo wlebSi CineTis mTavrobam miiRo mcuravi savalutokursi. fiqsirebul da mcurav savaluto kursebs Tavisi dadebi-Ti da uaryofiTi mxareebi aqvT. fiqsirebuli gacvliTi kursigansazRvravs monetaruli da fiskaluri politikis marTvis sakiTxisadmixelisuflebis midgomas. is zRudavs mTavrobis iseTdiskreciul Zalauflebas mis monetarul da fiskalur politikaSi,romelsac mivyavarT gadaWarbebul inflaciamde an deflaciamde.fulis miwodebis zrdis politikas mivyavarT inflaciasada erovnuli valutis gaufasurebisken. amgvarad, valutisfiqsirebuli gacvliTi kursis sistema SeiZleba kargi iyos ganviTarebadiqveynisTvis, romlis monetaruli da fiskaluri politikagarkveul siZneleebTan aris dakavSirebuli. am procesismeore mxare aris is finansuri Zalaufleba, romelsac qveyanaTmobs da izrdeba misi damokidebuleba aSS-is monetarulipolitikaze maSin, Tu gacvliTi kursi aris fiqsirebuli aSS dolarTanmimarTebiT.aRniSnul problemasTan mimarTebiT ganvixiloT ori sakiTxi:pirveli — rogori gacvliTi kursi unda miiRos CineTma?da meore — sasurvelia Tu ara mocemuli mimdinare kursis revalvacia?mas Semdeg, rac CineTis mTavrobam miiRo gadawyvetilebamoqnili savaluto gacvliTi kursis miRebis Sesaxeb, zedmetiapirvel kiTxvaze komentaris gakeTeba. SeiZleba imis aRniSvna,rom Sesaferisi gacvliTi kursis sistemis miRebiT Cine-Tis mTavroba praqtikaSi iyenebs misi ekonomikuri isntitutebisreformis nacad da damtkicebul meTodebs, kerZod, gradualizmsada eqsperiments.rac Seexeba meore SekiTxvas, bevri ucxouri mTavroba, maTSoris aSS-is, meti mogebis misaRebad, aiZulebs CineTs aamaRlosvalutis Rirebuleba. amerikelma ekonomistma alan grinspanmaaRniSna, rom `CineTis savaluto kursi amerikis ekonomikaze sakmaodSezRudulad moqmedebs. CineTis ekonomikis efeqtTan dakavSirebiT,vfiqrob, rom maTi gacvliTi savaluto kursi jerkidev gaufasurebulia da revalvacia CineTis ekonomikisTviskargi iqneba~. 1 Cven viyaviT mowme Cinuri valutis gaufasurebisada dolaris Rirebulebis zrdis, rac gamowveuli iyo dolarisWarbi miwodebiT CineTis ucxouri valutis gacvlis bazarze ma-Rali fasebis gamo. CineTSi 700 miliardi dolaris odenobisakumulacia xdeboda, rac 2004 welTan SedarebiT 200 miliardiTgaizarda. erovnuli valutis gaufasurebis mizezi iyo CineTSiucxouri investiciebis Warbi moculoba, rac dakavSirebuliiyo didi raodenobiT ucxoeuri valutis rezervebis SemodinebasTan.2010 wels ucxouri valutis Semodinebam gamoiwvia fulismiwodebis swrafi zrda. fulis miwodebis zrdam Tavis mxriv1 Gregori C. Chow and Yan Shen. Demand for education in China, gv. 54-55.131

gamoiwvia investiciebisa da mwarmoeblurobis mniSvnelovanigadideba 2005-2010 wlebSi, xolo fasebis zrda. 2005-2010 wlebSidabali Rirebulebis erovnuli valuta gadatvirTuli Cinuriekonomikis mTavari mizezi iyo. CineTis mTvarobam scada amproblemis gadaWra administraciuli saSualebebiT, kerZod,bankebis kreditebis kontroliTa da samSeneblo proeqtebis raodenobisSezRudviT. Tu bankebs ar eqnebodaT damatebiTi Tanxebisesxebis gasacemad, maSin sabanko kreditebis kontrolissaWiroeba ar warmoiqmneboda, agreTve ar iqneboda aucileblobasamSeneblo proeqtebis investirebis SezRudvisa, romlebicswored am kreditebiT iyo dafinansebuli. amitom, erovnuli valutaaris mTavari `damnaSave~ Cinuri ekonomikis gadatvirTva-Si. potenciuri problemis gadasaWrelad da mosalodneli inflaciisprevenciisaTvis CineTis xelisuflebas sWirdebaerovnuli valutis arsebiTi gamagreba. erovnuli valutis revalvaciiskidev erTi mizezi aris is, rom misi maRali RirebulebaCineTs saSualebas miscems ganaxorcielos meti importi,raTa gaizardos moxmareba, rac Tavis mxriv xels Seuwyobs ekonomikisganviTarebas.informaciisa da teqnologiis transferi. saqonlis nakadida kapitali erTad pirdapir kavSirSia informaciisa da teqnologiisgadacemasTan. CineTma isargebla teqnologiuri ganaxlebiT.Tavidan CineTi ZiriTadad teqnologiebis importiTiyo dakavebuli, Tumca male teqnologiebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesieqsportiori gaxda. is axorcielebs teqnologiebiseqsports zogierT naklebad ganviTarebul qveyanaSi. bolowlebSi CineTis mTavrobam didi investicia ganaxorciela umaRlesganaTlebaSi, rac daexmara mas gamxdariyo erT-erTi mowinaveqveyana teqnologiebSi.CineTi investiciebis ganxorcielebis kuTxiT ukve daexmarabevr ganviTarebad qveyanas aziasa da afrikaSi. is dResac ganagrZobsmaT daxmarebas, agreTve maT teqnologiur da zogadadekonomikur ganviTarebasac uywobs xels. am kuTxiT CineTi asrulebspozitiur rols regionSi, radganac xels uwyobs Cine-Tis mezoblad ganTavsebuli Raribi qveynebis ganviTarebas. CineTisdiplomatia dafuZnebulia urTierTpativiscemaze, ismaspinZlobs patara qveynebs, rogorc Tanaswors da cdilobsdaexmaros maT problemebis mogvarebaSi. CineTis mTavrobis Zalisxmeva,daexmaros megobar ganviTarebad qveynebs diplomatiuripoziciebis gamyarebaSi, zrdis mis ekonomikur Zalauflebasda gavlenas msoflio arenaze. rogorc viciT teqnologiisimporti aSS-dan CineTSi kargia CineTisaTvis, magram kargia ki isamerikis SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis? პasuxi am kiTxvaze arisdadebiTi oRond is ara aris calsaxa. StatebisTvis am SemTxvevaSidadebiT moments kapitalis Semodineba warmoadgens, es ki132

zrdis aSS-is mTlian erovnul produqts, rac cxadia dadebiTiaamerikisTvis. grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi teqnologiebis transferierTi mxriv SeiZleba cudi aRmoCndes amerikisTvis.teqnologiuri siaxleebis gadacemis gamo 1950 da 1960 ww.-Si SeerTebulma Statebma dakarga upiratesoba avtomobilebiswarmoebaSi. erT argumentad SesaZlebelia moviyvanoT is, romSeerTebuli Statebidan iaponiis avtomobilebis warmobaSi teqnologiebisgadacemam uaryofiTi Sedegebis matarebeli aRmoCndaSeerTebuli StatebisTvis. rogorc aRniSnavs p. samuelsoni,rodesac teqnologiuri gacvla xdeba, es aumjobesebs qveynisteqnologias (CineTSi), warmoebis teqnologiuri gaumjobesebaiwvevs ekonomikur ganviTarebas da aisaxeba qveynis keTildReobaSi(SeerTebuli Statebis), Tu es ori qveyana Cabmulia saerTa-Soriso vaWrobaSi. 1amdenad is argumenti, rom SeerTebulma Statebma SesaZlebeliamoigos ekonomiurad, CineTisTvis teqnologiis gadacemiT,moiTxovs individualur midgomas, rameTu samxedro muqarisSemTxvevaSi is SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas aSS-is erovnuliinteresebis winaaRmdeg. samxedro muqaris SiSi SesaZlebelia,amarTlebdes samxedro teqnologiis gadacemis SezRudvas Cine-TisTvis.samuSao Zalis migracia. Cineli emigrantebi gvxvdebianmsoflios bevr qveyanaSi, isini gadaadgildebian im mizniT, romipovon samuSao, dasaxldnen an miiRon Sesaferisi ganaTleba.maT aqvT xelSewyoba im qveynebSi, sadac isini saxldebian an romlebsacstumroben. migraciis garda CineTs aqvs kidev erTiprobleba, romelsac ewodeba tvinis gadineba. es problema umniSvnelovanesiaCineTisaTvis da is gaxda seriozuli diskusiissagani taivanSi 1970 wels gamarTuli migraciis msoflio forumze.amasTan, gasaziarebelia is mosazrebac, rom maSin, rodesacCinelebi cxovroben sazRvargareT, isini exmarebian CineTsmokle-vadiani vizitebiT, rogorc leqtorebi, specialistebian mrCevelebi. umravlesoba Cinelebisa, romlebic arian sazRvargareT,brundebian samSobloSi, rogorc ki umjobesdeba maTimaterialuri mdgomareoba. bolo wlebSi es procesi mzardi dinamikiTgamoirCeva. xalxi gadaadgildeba, imitom rom materialuripirobebis Seqmnis Semdeg dabrundnen da imuSaon CineTSida amiT maT sargebloba moaqvs am qveynisaTvis. isini gviCveneben,Tu rogor aumjobeseben Cinelebi maTi cxovrebis stilsimiT, rom cxovroben sazRvargareT da exmarebian Cinel xalxs,rom gaumjobeson ekonomikuri sistema da samarTlisadmi damo-1 Paul A. Samuelson. Where Ricardo and Mill Rebut and Confirm Arguments of MainstreamEconomists Supporting Globalization. – Economic Perspectives. Sammer, 2004,gv. 135-136.133

kidebuleba. xalxis Tavisufal gadaadgilebas moaqvs ufro metisargebeli vidre ziani. sima qsianis gancxadeba `iafi saqoneliwava iq, sadac ufro meti winsvla eqneba, maSin rodesac ZviradRirebulisaqoneli adamianebs aZebninebs iafians~. 1 gamoiyenebaara mxolod saqonlis Tavisufali gadaadgilebisTvis, aramedkapitalisa da samuSao Zalis migraciisaTvis. CineTis ekonomikurglobalizaciaSi Cabmis erTi-erTi aspeqti samuSao Zalisgadaadgilebaa, romelic mniSvnelovania da unikaluria. is warmoadgensadamianiseuli kapitalis xelSewyobis mniSvnelovankomponents da aisaxeba CineTis ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi. amproblemis marTvis TvalsazrisiT israels gaaCnia msgavsi strategiada pozitiuri gamocdileba.TEIMURAZ SHENGELIAGLOBALIZACION AND MANAGEMENT OF INTERNATIONALBUSINESS IN CHINAAfter examining the facts of globalization for China we can all recognizethat the open-door policy first advanced by Deng Xioping whenChina had a very different ideology has been a great success in helping tomodernize China. The dream of the Chinese people for over one hundredsixty years since the Opium War of 1840 to modernize China has beenfinally realized. A main contribution to the modernization process is theopen-door policy which allows globalization to take place. in this essaywe have surveyed the four important aspect of globalization in China’seconomic reform and development since 1978. Understanding the natureand historical development of China’s open-door policy for the purposeof modernization will enable us to appreciate the forces at work that thatwill propel China’s economic growth in the future and the role of Chinain the world economic and business community.1 Gregory C. Chow. Knowing China. Singapore, gv. 42.134

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. IX. 2010ekonomikur mecnierebaTa seriazurab lipartia, eliso lanCavaekonomikuri organizaciis (sawarmos) marTvis srulyofissakiTxebi peter drukeris efeqtiani menejmentisprincipebis konteqstSisayovelTaod cnobilia rom, Tanamedrove menejments argaaCnia marTvis erTiani da sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebisnakrebi. praqtikulad yovel mkvlevars, romelic swavlobsmarTvis problemebs, am sferoSi Tavisi midgoma gaaCnia.marTvis principebi zogadad SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorcmarTvis procesis mimarT amosavali normebi, wesebi da kanonzomierebebi,romelTa dacva xels uwyobs sazogadoebis winaSemdgari miznebis miRwevasa da amocanebis gadawyvetas.Tanamedrove pirobebSi marTvis principebis klasifikaciisadmiramdenime gansxvavebuli midgoma arsebobs. kerZod, erTerTimaTgani iTvaliswinebs mmarTvelobiTi principebis dayofasoTx ZiriTad jgufad:a) marTvis zogadi principebi;b) principebi, romlebic exeba marTvis sistemis yvelakomponents;g) konkretuli warmoebisTvis damaxasiaTebelispecifikuri principebi;d) principebi, romlebic exeba marTvis sistemis calkeulnawilebs.Cveni azriT, Tanamedrove etapze marTvis zogadi principebissistemaSi ZiriTadi adgili uWiravs marTvis mecnierulidasabuTebis, mmarTvelobiTi amocanebis gadawyvetisadmi sistemurimidgomis, marTvis optimalurobis, moqnilobisa da demokratizaciisprincipebs. administrirebis TvalsazrisiT SeiZlebagamovyoT marTvis reglamentaciisa da formalizaciisprincipebi, xolo organizaciis (sawarmos) marTvis principebissistemaSi gamovyofT sam ZiriTad jgufs, rogorebicaa:1) investirebis;2) teqnologiebis marTvis;3) warmoebis efeqtiani marTvis struqturebisSeqmnis principebi.maTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelebia:1) investirebis marTvis principi, romelic mimarTulianebismieri sawarmoos saqmianobis efeqtianobis amaRlebisakenunda ganxorcieldes Semdegi midgomebis safuZvelze: orientaciagrZelvadian perspeqtivebze; safondo bazris mimdinare135

mdgomareobisa da misi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebis informaciisSefasebaze; sainvesticio garemoSi cvlilebebze adekvaturida drouli reagirebis politikis formirebaze da sxv;2) teqnologiebis marTvis principebi orientirebulia ZiriTadisawarmoo fondebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis amaRlebazeda teqnologiuri procesebis optimizaciaze sawarmoo ciklisSemcirebis, resursebis ekonomiisa da materialuri danaxarjebisSemcirebis mizniT. amis garda, aucilebelia aRiniSnos,rom teqnologiuri procesebis srulyofa ara marto warmoebisefeqtianobis mniSvnelovnad amaRlebis saSualebas iZleva, aramedagreTve uzrunvelyofs warmoebuli produqciis xarisxisdonis amaRlebas, rac mas ufro metad konkurentunarians xdis.3) marTvis efeqturi organizaciuli struqturebis Seqmnisprincipebs ganekuTvnebian: organizaciis prioritetuliorientacia bazris moTxovnebze; iseTi struqturuli qvedanayofebisfarTod gamoyeneba, romlebic Seqmnili arian miznobrivida ara funqcionaluri niSnis mixedviT; marTvis doneebisminimalurad aucilebeli raodenoba; organizaciis muSakebisaTvismastimulirebeli iniciativebis gamovlinebisaTvis aucilebelipirobebis Seqmna.Sesabamisad, sawarmoTa marTvis sistemis meqanizmebissrulyofiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba ekonomikuri subieqtis orientaciagrZelvadian konkurenciul upiratesobaTa miRwevaze,marketinguli gamokvlevebis ganxorcielebaze, inovaciur saqmianobaze,rac mimarTulia warmoebis diversifikaciaze, personalisracionalizatoruli saqmianobis stimulirebaze.ekonomikuri subieqtis menejmentis ekonomikuri meqanizmiSeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc urTierTdamokidebulebaekonomikur amocanaTa, funqciebsa da gadawyvetilebebs Sorisix. cxrilSi 1.cxrili 1. menejmentis amocanebs, menejeris funqciebsada gadawyvetilebebs Soris urTierTkavSirismaxasiaTeblebimenejmentisamocanebi1. warmoebisa damisi calkeulinawilebis(sawarmoTa,saamqroebis,brigadebis,jgufebisganviTarebisperspeqtiuli da136menejeris funqciebiwarmoebisganviTarebisekonomikurpolitikisa dastrategiis SemuSavebagadawyvetilebebiwarmoebisrentabelobis, Sromiswarmoeblurobis da sxvaZiriTadekonomikur maCveneblTadamtkiceba

mimdinare(operatiuli)gegmebisdasauTeba.2. SemsrulebelTaSromiswaxalisebisorganizacia(xelfasebi,premiebida a. S.)3. masalebiTmomaragebisa daproduqciisrealizaciiskontragentebTan angariSsworeba4. warmoebissafinansomeurneobisgaZRola5. materialuri dafinansuriresursebisgamoyenebisaRricxvisa daangariSebisuzrunvelyofaSromis normireba daanazRaurebakomerciulisaqmianobawarmoebis dafinansebasabuRaltrosaqmianobawaxalisebisa dajildoebis nomirebisada formirebisdamtkicebamommaragebelTan damomxmareblebTanangariSsworebis gegmisSedgenaangariSsworebaTa,angariSebisa dakreditebis dadgenabalansebis, da sxvasafinanso dokumentebisdamtkicebamenejeruli gadawyvetileba gulisxmobs miznebis gansazRvrasada konkretul sawarmoo situaciaSi misi ganxorcielebismeTodebis SerCevas. marTva uwyveti procesia, romlis SinaarsobrivsafuZvels warmoadgens gadawyvetilebaTa momzadebis,miRebis, Sesrulebisa da koreqtirebis procesi. igi, romelicmoiTxovs menejerisagan marTvis mecnierebisa da praqtikiscodnis sinTezs, romelic warmoadgens mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobiskulminaciur moments da eyrdnoba warmoebis teqnologiis,teqnikis, ekonomikur urTierTobaTa dialeqtikis, SemoqmedebiTianalizis unars, moiTxovs praqtikul-logikur azrovnebas,fantazias, kargad gaTvlili riskis elementebs, amitommmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetileba menejeris muSaobis xarisxis ZiriTadimaCvenebelia.mmarTvelobiT gadawyvetilebaTa formirebis procesi dakavSirebuliamarTvis procesis ciklurobasTan, romelicmarTvis funqciebis klasifikaciis mixedviT sami stadiisaganSedgeba: 1) miznis dasaxva-dagegmva; 2) samarTavi sistemis momzadebadasaxuli miznis gansaxorcieleblad; 3) aRricxva, kontro-137

li, moqmedebis koreqtireba-regulireba da koordinacia. rogorcukve aRiniSna, ramdenadac gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesiaris SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba, msjeloba, amitom igi mimdinareobsrogorc deduqciis (zogadidan kerZosaken), aseve induqciis(kerZodan zogadisaken) formiT. farTod gamoiyenebaanalogiis meTodi — ucnobi movlenis, an procesis gagebisaTvismsjeloba sxva, misi msgavsi movlenis mixedviT, romlis Sesaxebgarkveuli codna ukve gaaCniaT. aseve, rTuli sakiTxebis gadawyvetisasxSirad muSavdeba hipoTezebi, romelebic emyarebaarsebuli faqtebis analizsa da ganzogadebas, romlis dasabu--TebisaTvis gamoiyeneba Seqmnili mdgomareobis yovelmxrivi analizida damatebiTi faqtorebi, rac xSirad normatiul informaciebSiaTavmoyrili.menejeruli gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi moicavsSemdeg etapebs: 1) sawarmoo situaciis analizi da problemis gamovlena;2) problemis gadawyvetis miznebis dasaxva; 3) gadawyvetilebisinformaciuli uzrunvelyofa; 4) gadawyvetilebis alternatiulianu SesaZlebeli variantis SemuSaveba; 5) gadawyvetilebaTavariantebis analizi da Sefaseba; 6) problemis optimalurigadawyvetis gzebis SerCeva. mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebismomzadebis, miRebisa da realizaciis procesi, misi Semadgenelielementebis logikuri Tanmimdevrobis algoriTmiwarmodgenilia naxatSi 1.menejmentis mecnierebis erTerTi TvalsaCino warmomadgenlispeter drukeris (Peter Ferdinand Drucker, 1909-2005) mier gamovleniliafundamenturi cvlileba — organizaciebSi adrearsebuli ierarqiuli damokidebuleba ufrosebsa da xelqvei-Tebs Soris icvleba TanamSromlobiTi damokidebulebiT. codnisepoqaSi icvleba informaciuli nakadebis intensiuroba damimarTulebebi, Sesabamisad unda Seicvalos organizaciis struqtura.peter drukeris naSromis `The Practice of Management~ (`menejmentispraqtika~) 1 — marTvis efeqturi organizaciuli struqturisSeqmnis principidan gamomdinareobs, rom organizaciisstruqtura unda iyos maqsimalurad horizontaluri, xologadawyvetilebebi unda miiRebodes maqsimalurad dabal doneze.nacvlad terminisa `orgstruqtura~, is iyenebs terminebs`decentralizacia~, `funqcionaluri decentralizacia~ da a.S.p. drukeri wignSi “Management Challenges for the 21 st Century”(`menejmentis amocanebi XXI saukuneSi~) ganmartavs, rom aucilebelixdeba axali mewarmeTa sazogadoebis Seqmna. Sesabamisad,sazogadoebis cxovrebis wesi unda daefuZnos menejerTa inova-1 P. F. Drucker. The Practice of Management.Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007 - Business& Economics – p. 155.138

ciuri saqmianobis principebs. kerZod, organizaciam unda uzrunvelyossami inovaciuri principis dacva: 1. produqciismudmivi srulyofa, 2. Tanamedrove codnis gamoyeneba da 3. sistemuriinovaciuri saqmianoba. amasTan inovacia mis mier ganixilebarogorc ara mxolod teqnikuri saqmianoba, aramed rogorcSida safirmo da socialuri mewarmeoba. 1nax. 1. mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebis momzadebisa darealizaciis algoriTmi.1P. F. Drucker. Management Challenges for the 21 st Century. 1999, p.145.139

p. drukeris azriT, iaponiis warmateba mewarmoebriv saqmianobaSiganpirobebuli iyo swored socialuri inovacis principebisdamkvidrebiT. kerZod, iseTi institutebis ganviTarebiT,rogoric aris umaRlesi da saSualo ganaTleba, SromiTixelSekrulebebi.menejeri, romelic flobs inovaciis xelovnebas xdeba `menejeri-mewarme~,romelsac ZaluZs moaxdinos `revolucia mar-TvaSi~ — es aris kidev erTi axali movlena codnis ekonomikaSi--biznesis xarisxobrivi, naxtomisebri cvlileba, oRond istoriulirevoluciebisagan gansxvavebiT es aris revolucia ngrevisgareSe. 1sagulisxmoa, rom, Tavis droze, 30-iani wlebis Sua period-Si drukerma, maSin warmatebulma sainvesticio bankirma, datovabanki da gadavida biznesis sruliad axal-marTvis konsaltingissferoSi. am cvlilebebis motivacia gaxldaT bankSi muSaobis Seusabamobamis cxovrebiseul RirebulebebTan — `Cemi faseulobaaris adamiani, azrs ver vxedavdi imaSi, rom vyofiliyavi yvelazemdidari adamiani sasaflaoze~. 2Sesabamisad, ekonomikuri organizaciis marTvis srulyofismizniT peter drukeris mier Camoyalibebulia menejmentisprincipebi, romlebic miuTiTeben, rom: menejmenti aris iseTi integrirebuli disciplina,romelic moicavs zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebs daadamianTa qcevebs, sazogadoebriv wyobas da inteleqtualurmoTxovnebs, romelsac kvebavs ekonomika,fsiqologia, maTematika, politikuri Teoria, istoriada filosofia. menejmenti gacilebiT ufro metia,vidre wodebisa da privilegiis gamoyeneba. igi exebaadamianebsa da maT cxovrebas. uvargisia menejmenti, Tu korporaciaSi gadamwyvetixma ekuTvnis menejers, romelic aravis winaSe ar arispasuxismgebeli da romelsac aravin akontrolebs.aseTi mmarTveloba aris usamarTlo, ukontrolo daupasuxismgeblo (romelic aucileblad kraxiT dam-Tavrdeba). menejeris amocana aris gaxados adamianebi efeqtianebi,xolo maTi sisuste — umniSvnelo. es mTlianadexeba rogorc menejeris boss (bosi — boss , aSS-Si patroni,mepatrone, mewarme, mflobeli, ufrosi), ise mis1 P. F. Drucker. Management Challenges for the 21 st Century. 1999, p.146.2 g. baRaTuria, o. baRaTuria. efeqturi menejmentis principebi peterdrukeris mixedviT — Jurn.: `xelisufleba da sazogadoeba~ (istoria,Teoria, praqtika). #4. Tb., 2008, gv. 54.140

xelqveiTebs. xelmZRvaneli, romelic aqcents ufro TanamSromelTasust mxareebze amaxvilebs da ara maT Zliermxareebze, arasodes ar unda dainiSnos menejeris Tanamdebobaze. menejeri ayalibebs miznebs, asabuTebs da urTier-Tobs, saTanado kriteriumebis CamoyalibebiT afasebssituaciebs, menejeri organizacias ukeTebs daanviTarebs adamianebs. top-menejments esaWiroeba iseTi adamianebi, rogoricaa`fiqris adamiani~, `moqmedebis adamiani~, `xalxisadamiani~, `mowinave adamiani~ . es oTxive TvisebaTiTqmis arasodes ar xvdeba erT pirovnebaSi. erTadamianze damokidebuli top-menejmenti aris biznesisganuviTareblobis mTavari mizezi. TanamSromelTa pativiscemis principidan gamomdinarekompaniis muSakebi warmoadgenen mis aqtivebs daara pasivebs. drukeris azriT, mcodne TanamSromlebiTanamedrove kompaniebis arsebiTi ingredientebia. kompaniis upirvelesi pasuxismgebloba aris klientebisSeqmna da misi momsaxureba. mogeba aris ara mTavarimizani, aramed, ufro, mniSvnelovani piroba kompaniisxangrZlivi arsebobisaTvis. decentralizacia da gamartiveba. brZanebebisa dakontrolis sistema drukers uvargisad miaCnda. misiazriT, kompania yvelaze ukeT maSin muSaobs, rodesacis decentralizebulia. drukeris mixedviT korporaciebsaxasiaTebT tendencia awarmoon metismetad didiraodenobis produqcia, daiqiravon TanamSromlebi,romlebic maT ar sWirdebaT (maSin, rodesac uke-Tesi uqneboda autsorsingi anu ama Tu im saqmis sxvakompaniebTan partniorobiT gakeTeba), ganaxorcieloneqspansia ekonomikur seqtorSi, rac Tavidan undaiqnas acilebuli. arasworia biznesis marTva mravali moTxovnisa damiznis gaTvaliswinebiT, imis magier, rom daumorCilokompinia erTaderT Rirebulebas. nebismieri marcxis mizezi aris daufiqrebeli moqmedeba. Secdomebis daSveba. ramdenadac kargia muSaki, imdenadmet Secdomas dauSvebs im axal saqmeebSi, romelTaSesrulebasac Seecdeba. me arasdros ar davawinaurebdikacs maRal Tanamdebobaze visac arasdros dauSvia141

Secdomebi, maT Soris didi Secdomebi, vinaidan igi sa-Sualo donis aris. pasuxismgebloba. mniSvneloba ara aqvs TanamSromlissurvils aiRos Tu ara pasuxismgebloba...., organizaciamunda moiTxovos misgan pasuxismgeblobisaReba. ideebi erTgvarad axalSobilebs hgavs. isini ibadebianpatarebi, umwifarni, uformoebi. isini ufro dapirebebswarmoadgenen, vidre dasrulebul mosazrebas(proeqts). inovaciur kompaniaSi ufrosi ar ityvis`es aris wyeuli, suleluri idea~. amis magivrad isikiTxavs `ra unda gakeTdes imisaTvis, rom es embrionaluri,nedli, suleluri idea gardaiqmnas raRaciseTsSi, rac Cven axal SesaZleblobebs mogvcems?~. riski da inovacia. nebismieri ekonomikuri saqmianobaSeicavs `did risks~. magram guSindelis SenarCuneba,inovaciebis gareSe, ufro did risks Seicavs, vidrexvalindeli dRis Seqmna. `dagegmili uaris~ moTxovnileba. kompaniebsa damTavrobebs aqvT bunebrivi adamianuri tendecia CaebRauWon`guSindel warmatebebs~ imis magivrad,romdainaxon — isini ukve usargebloa. Sromis nayofierebisa da efeqtianobis mTavaristimuli ufro metad aris ara finansuri, aramed socialurida moraluri xasiaTis. Tavisufali mewarmeoba ar unda ganisazRvros rogorckargi saqme biznesisTvis, igi kargi unda iyos sazogadoebisTvis. sulieri Rirebulebebi. adamianebs sWirdebaT sulieriRirebulebebis dabruneba, radganac maTi gadar-Cena Tanamedrove viTarebaSi SesaZlebelia mxolodimis dadasturebiT, rom adamiani ara mxolod biologiurian fsiqologiuri arsebaa, aramed, agreTve, sulieriarseba, romelic Seiqmna da arsebobs misi SemqnelismiznebisTvis da mas (ufals) ekuTvnis. 1amrigad, p. drukeris menejmentis principebis gaazrebisada Tanamedrove menejmentis moTxovnebidan gamomdinareSeiZleba CamovayaliboT organizaciis (sawarmos) efeqtianimarTvis wesebi:1. efeqtiani xelmZRvaneli fiqrobs da ayalibebs mizan-amocanebssawarmos interesebis misaRwevad.1 P. F. Drucker. The Practice of Management.Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007 - Business& Economics – p. 162.142

2. efeqtiani xelmZRvaneli amzadebs moqmedebis dawvrilebiTgegmas.3. efeqtiani xelmZRvaneli pasuxismgeblobas iRebsmiRebul gadawyvetilebebze.4. efeqtiani xelmZRvaneli pasuxismgeblobas iRebskomunikaciis uzrunvelyofaze.5. efeqtiani xelmZRvanelis Zalisxmeva mimarTuliaSesaZleblobebze da ara problemebze. igi undagrZnobdes, rom Zalaufleba mas mxolod manamdeaqvs, sanam organizacia endoba mas.6. efeqtiani xelmZRvaneli nayofier Sexvedrebs mar-Tavs.7. efeqtiani xelmZRvaneli fiqrobs da ambobs `Cven~da ara `me~.8. efeqtiani xelmZRvaneli jer ismens da Semdeg laparakobs.amrigad, ekonomikuri da mmarTvelobiTi marTvis procesigansazRvrul kanonzomierebebs emorCileba, romlebic axasia-Teben marTvis organoTa sistemasa da struqturas, adamianuriresursebis menejments, menejeris funqciebisa da Semsrulebelzezemoqmedebis meTodebs. Sesabamisad arsebobs warmoebisgaZRolis menejmentis efeqturi organizaciis rigi specifikurikanonzomierebisa da maTi moqmedebis principebis, wesebis er-Toblioba, romelTa dacviTa da praqtikaSi gatarebiT miiRwevawarmatebuli menejmenti.situaciuri midgomis Teoriisa da marTvis sistemis organizaciispraqtikidan gamomdinare menejerebis mier organizaciulistruqturis tipis Tu organizebis meTodis SerCevasganapirobebs Semdegi oTxi faqtoris arseboba:1) organizaciuli garemo;2) organizaciis strategiis tipi;3) organizaciis mier gamoyenebuli teqnologia;4) organizaciis adamianuri resursebis Taviseburebani.(ix. nax. 2).nax. 2. faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdens organizaciulstruqturaze.143

1. organizaciuli garemos analizi. sameurneo praqtikamowmobs, rom Tanamedrove sabazro urTierTobebSi cvlilebebisakmaod swrafad xdeba da adgilobrivsa da ucxour bazrebzezrdadi konkurencia mniSv-nelovan gavlenas axdens menjerebze,rogorc momxmareblebis mozidvis, aseve racionalurobisa daefeqturobis gazrdis TvalsazrisiT. Sedegad arsebiTia interesiorganizaciuli struqturis Camoyalibebisadmi, raTa adamianebsda biznes-ganyofilebebs mieceT moqnili moqmedebis sa-Sualeba.2. strategia. cnobilia, rom rodesac menejerebi iRebenstrategiasTan dakavSirebul gadawyvetilebas, isini arCeven misiganxorcielebisaTvis Sesaferis saSualebebs. Sesabamisad,gansxvavebuli strategiebi gansxvavebuli organizaciulistruqturebis gamoyenebas saWiroebs. praqtika mowmobs, romdiferenciaciis strategia warmatebulia moqnili struqturispirobebSi, xolo dabali fasis strategia, romelic mimar-Tulia yvela funqciis farglebSi xarjebis Semcirebaze, Ziri-Tadad ufro formaluri struqturis pirobebSia warmatebuli,romelic meneje-rebs aZlevs danaxarjebsa da organizaciissxvadasxva departamentebis moqmedebebze kontrolis gacilebiTufro Zlier berketebs.3. teqnologia. cnobilia, rom teqnologia — unar-Cvevebis,codnis, instrumentebis, manqanebis, kompiuterebisa da mowyobilobiserTobliobaa, romelsac menejerebi iyeneben saqonlisada momsaxurebis dizainis, warmoebisa da distribuciisdros. rac ufro rTulia teqnologia, miT ufro didia moqnilistruqturis arsebobis aucilebloba, raTa gaZlierdes gauTvaliswinebelsituaciebze menejerebis reagirebis SesaZleblobada maT SeZlon problemebis mogvarebis axali meTodebis SemuSaveba.rac ufro rutinulia teqnologia, miT ufro Sesaferisiaformaluri struqtura, radgan davalebebi ufro martivia dasaqonlisa da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad aucilebeli nabijebiwinaswar aris gansazRvruli.saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaSi gamoyenebuli teqnologiakompleqsuria, romelic mniSnelovnad aris damokidebuliunar-Cvevebze, codnasa da adamianebis gunduri muSaobis unarzeda ara avtomatizebul, winaswar daprogramebul manqanebze.4. adamianuri resursebi. rac ufro maRalkvalificiuriaorgani-zaciis samuSao Zala, rac ufro met adamians moeTxovebajgufebSi an gundebad muSaoba davalebebis Sesasruleblad, miTufro metia imis albaToba, rom organizaciam gamoiyenos moqnili,decentralizebuli struqtura. moqnili struqturebiukeT Seesabameba maRalkvalificiuri adamianebis saWiroebebs.144

amdenad, organizaciuli struqturis Camoyali-bebisas, menejerebmagansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda miaqcion rogorc samu-Sao Zalas, aseve Tavad samuSaos.amrigad, organizaciuli garemo, strategia, teqnologiada adamianuri resursebi warmoadgenen faqtorebs, romlebicmenejerebma unda gaiTvaliswinon organizaciisaTvis saukeTesostruqturis Camosayalibeblad, struqturis dizainis asagebad.mewarmeobis praqtika mowmobs, rom organizaciulma gardaqmnamSeiZleba gavlena iqonios organizaciuli funqcionirebispraqtikulad yvela aspeqtze, rogoricaa: organizaciulistruqturis, kulturis, strategiebis, kontrolis sistemebis,jgufebisa da gundebis da adamianuri resursis marTvis sistemisCaTvliT. aseve, organizaciul procesebze, rogorebicaa:komunikacia, motivacia da xelmZRvaneloba da iseTi kritikuliamocanebis warmarTvis meTodebSi, rogoricaa: dagegmva, organizeba,xelmZRvaneloba, kontroli.organizaciuli cvlilebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis miRebarTuli sakiTxia, ramdenadac gardaqmna cvlis statuskvos daSeicavs safrTxes, is ubiZgebs TanamSromlebs, win aRudgnen samuSaourTierTobebisa da procedurebis cvlilebis mcdelobebs.organizaciuli swavlebis meSveobiT menejerebi cdiloben,gaafarToon organizaciis wevrebis unarebi cvladi pirobebisgagebisa da Sesaferisi reagirebisaTvis, ramac SeiZleba,mniSvnelovani biZgi misces cvlilebebis aRqmas da daexmarosorganizaciis yvela wevrs, menejerebis CaTvliT, miiRon efeqturigadawyvetilebebi aucilebeli gardaqmnebisaTvis, romel-Ta Sefaseba moiTxovs or mniSvnelovan qcevas. kerZod: a) problemisaRiarebas da b) misi wyaros dadgenas.Sesabamisad, organizaciuli gardaqmnis procesis yvela safexurze,menejeris qcevam unda uzrunvelyos: 1) cvlilebisaucileblobis Sefaseba; 2)problemis arsebobis gacnobiereba;3)problemis saTavis dadgena; 4)gasatarebeli cvlilebebis dadgena;5)organizaciis idealuri samomavlo mdgomareobis gan-Wvreta; 6) cvlilebebis xelisSemSleli faqtorebis dadgena; 7)cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba; 8) cvlilebebis mimarTulebisdadgena; 9) cvlilebebis gatareba da marTva; 10) cvlilebebisSefaseba; 11) cvlilebamde da cvlilebis Semdgomi mwarmoeblurobisSedareba. Sesabamisad, gasatarebeli cvlilebis dadgenisSemdeg menejerebi iReben gadawyvetilebas, Tu rogor warmoudgeniaTorganizaciis idealuri samomavlo mdgomareoba; ra saxissaqonelsa da momsaxurebas unda awarmoebdes is; rogori undaiyos misi biznesis donis strategia; rogor unda Seicvalosorganizaciuli struqtura da Tu rogor unda miaRwion organizaciisidealur samomavlo mdgomareobas.10. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi145

amrigad, kvlevis Sedegebidan gamomdinare vaskvniT, romekonomikuri organizaciis ganviTarebis marTvis srulyofa didsirTuleebs ukavSirdeba. strategiuli arCevanis gakeTeba damarTvis stilis Secvla korporaciis saqmianobis mmarTvelobiTprocesSi SesaZlebelia Tu davicavT maRalganviTarebuli qveynebissamewarmeo praqtikaSi aprobirebul qvemoT moyvanileqvs `oqros wess~, kerZod:oqros wesi #1 - gaarkvieT, risi miRweva gsurT da ratom?Tu organizacia pasuxs gascems Semdeg sam kiTxvas, mas gzagaxsnili eqneba warmatebuli strategiis ganxorcielebaSi.1. risi miRweva surs organizacias, saiT midis?es kiTxva gansazRvravs strategiis ganxorcielebisa dacvlilebis konteqsts. pasuxi naTlad unda Camoyalibdes da ecnobosorganizaciis yvela rgols.2. ratom surs amis miRweva?Tu am kiTxvas ver upasuxebs organizacia, mas problemaSeeqmneba da gauWirdeba organizaciis TanamSromelTa darwmunebadaeTanxmon SeTavazebul cvlilebebs.3. ras miscems es maT TanamSromlebs?mesame kiTxva Zalian mniSvnelovania, magram organizaciebimas xSirad ugulebelyofen. adamianebi bunebiT egoistebi arian.Cven gvWirdeba imis danaxva, rogor imoqmedebs es cvlilebebipiradad Cvenze. organizaciam cvlilebebi unda daukavSirosmis personals, rogorc damoukidebel pirovnebebs.oqros wesi #2 — gaiTvaliswineT warmatebis miRwevis aucilebelifaqtorebi:1. strategiuli ganviTarebis damajerebeli variantisdamuSaveba;2. naTeli xedva — koncefciis gamWvirvaloba;3. cvlilebebi marTvis stilsa da angariSvaldebulebebismoTxovnebSi;4. cvlilebebis Sesaferisi komunikacia;5. organizaciis resursebis SesaZleblobebis Secvla;6. integrirebuli Semsrulebeli gundebis formireba;7. dainteresebul mxareTa mosazrebebis gamokvleva;8. organizaciis saqmianobis Sedegebisa da kulturis dakavSirebastrategiul procesebTan.oqros wesi #3 — efeqtianad dagegmeT da marTeT strategiisganxorciebis procesigarda imisa, rom aucilebelia warmatebis gadamwyvetifaqtorebis gaTvaliswineba, aucilebelia, ganisazRvros strategiuligegmis ganxorcielebis procesis CarCoebi. amisaTvissaWiroa, rom proeqti saTanadod iyos dagegmili da strategiis146

ganxorcielebebis oTxive etapze saTanadod xdebodes proeqtismarTva.1-li etapi — risi miRweva surs organizacias?am etapze xdeba yvelafris dadgena, rac strategiasTanaris dakavSirebuli: ganisazRvreba saerTo cvlilebebis monaxazi,liderebi (xelmZRvanelebi) da TanamSromelTa arsebulfunqciebSi Sesatani cvlilebebi.me-2 etapi — rogor miaRwevs organizacia dasaxul miznebs?am etapze, organizaciam unda gaanalizos, ra gziT aris SesaZlebelimisi resursebis yvelaze ufro efeqtiani gamoyeneba.me-3 etapi — rogor ganaxorcielebs organizacia proeqtspraqtikaSi?mocebul etapze ganisazRvreba konkretuli gzebi — rogorunda moxdes strategiuli miznebis praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba.kerZod, ganisazRvreba yvela amocana, Sedegi, urTier-TkavSiri da a.S. rac aucilebelia strategiuli gegmis gansaxorcieleblad.me-4 etapi — rogor Seuwyobs xels organizacia proeqtispraqtikaSi ganxorcielebas?am etapze organizaciam unda ganixilos, ra RonisZiebebisgatarebaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom TanamSromlebi ar daubrundnenZvel gzas; am stadiaze, organizaciam aseve unda aRiarosda daajildoos is pirebi, romlebic dasaxul cvlilebebs axorcieleben.oqros wesi #4 — uyuradRebod ar datovoT TanamSromelTapirovnuli aspeqtebi (daintereseba)rogorc aRvniSneT, efeqturi strategiuli kursis ganxorcielebaadvilia, Tu organizacia upasuxebs sam ZiriTadkiTxvas. mesame da yvelaze mniSvnelovani kiTxva aris “ras miscemses strategia organizaciis TanamSromlebs?” es is adamianebiarian, anu is kvalificiuri kadri, romelmac praqtikaSi undaganaxorcielos strategiulo gegma.SeuZlebelia adamianTa faqtoris mTlianad ignorireba dayuradReba unda daeTmos TanamSromelTa funqciebs, pasuxismgeblobebsda samuSao procesebs, Tu organizacias surs, romgardaqmna warmatebis momtani iyos.oqros wesi #5 — mTlad warmoidgineT, ris Secvla arissaWiro da cvlilebis gansacorcieleblad gamoiyeneT Sesaferisimoqmedebis stiliaucilebelia, rom organizacias naTlad hqondes warmodgenili,risi Secvla da risi miRweva surs, radgan ra meTodebida midgomebic ar unda gamoiyenos, aucilebeli iqneba am konkretuliSedegebis formulireba. organizaciis cvlilebis mas-Stabebi da tipi gansazRvravs gardaqmnis Sesaferisi midgomis147

SerCevas. aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia, ra droSi surs organizaciasamis miRweva.yovelive amis Semdeg, organizacia SeZlebs gardaqmnis ancvlilebis Sesaferisi midgomis an stilis SerCevas. cvlilebisganxorcielebis stili unda Seesabamebodes organizaciis mierdasaxuli cvlilebis bunebas.oqros wesi #6 — organizaciam unda Seiswavlos, ratomewinaaRmdegebian cvlilebebs da gaataros saTanado RonisZiebebiorganizaciam kargad unda gaicnobieros, rom SeTavazebulcvlilebebs xSirad ewinaaRmdegebian TanamSromlebi. arsebobsoTxi mTavari mizezi, ris gamoc zogierTi pirovneba ewinaaRmdegebaorganizaciis gardaqmnas: viwro piradi angareba; cvlilebis arsis araswori gageba; ubralod, cudad egueba cvlilebebs; situaciis gansxvavebuli Sefasebebi.organizaciam kargad unda Seiswavlos da daadginos is mizezebi,ris gamocTanamSromlebi SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodnen gardaqmnasda SeimuSaos saTanado RinisZiebebis gegma konfliqtebis mosagvareblad.Sesabamisad, ekonomikuri organizaciis warmatebuli mar-Tva SesaZlebeli iqneba, Tu dasabuTebuli mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebismiRebiT sworad ganisazRvreba misi ganviTarebisstrategia, SemuSavdeba argumentirebuli biznes-gegma (proeqti),Seicvleba organizaciis struqtura da moxdeba menejerisfunqciis sistematuri monitoringi organizaciis strategiulimiznebis gansaxorcieleblad.148

ZURAB LIPARTIA, ELISO LANCAVASOME PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON STRATEGICMANAGEMENT OF CORPORATIONS IN THE CONTEXTOF PETER DRUCKER EFFECTIVEMANAGEMENT PRINCIPLESIn the article some practical considerations in a context of PeterDrucker’s “Effective Management Principles” are presented.There are some quotes from Drucker in the work: “In fact, that management has a need for advanced education –as well as for systematic manager development – means onlythat management today has institution of our society”. “The best way to predict the future is to created it”. “Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the rightthings”. “What’s measured improves; “Company cultures are like country cultures. Never try tochange one. Try, instead, to work with what you’ve got”. “Efficiency is doing better what is already being done.” “Follow effective action with quiet reflection. From the quiet reflectionwill come even more effective action”. “People who don’t take risk generally make about two big mistakesa year. People who do take risks generally make about twobig mistakes a year”. “The most important thing in communication is hearing whatisn’t said”. “The purpose of business is to create and keep a customer”. “There is nothing to useless as doing efficiently that whichshould not be done at all.” “When a subject becomes totally obsolete we make it a requiredcourse.”“Rank does not confer privilege or give power. It imposes responsibility”.Successful strategic management of corporation is possible in conditionsof correctly chosen strategy, well-reasoned business plan (project),changes in structure of the organisation and regular monitoring of functionof the Manager for the purpose of achievement of strategic goals.149

150soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. IX. 2010ekonomikur mecnierebaTa seriak v a l i n a T e l ilorik marSaniasruliad saqarTvelom, afxazma da qarTvelma xalxma umZimesidanaklisi ganicada. 77 wlis asakSi tragikulad daiRupalorik besarionis Ze marSania — TvalsaCino politikuri da sazogadomoRvawe, cnobili xelmZRvaneli muSaki, WeSmariti mamuliSvili,ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, mecnierebisdamsaxurebuli moRvawe, saqarTvelos agraruli akademiisakademikosi, afxazeTis mecnierebaTa akademiis da mTelirigi mecnierebaTa akademiis namdvili wevri, romelmac mTeliTavisi Rirseuli cxovrebis Segnebuli nawili miuZRvna ` ... afxazebisada qarTvelebis, rogorc istoriuli da ekonomiuriTanacxovrebiT, saerTo samSobloTi, religiiT, tradiciebiT,zne — CveulebebiT, sisxlnaTesaobiT yvelaze axlobeli xalxebisurTierTgagebisa da erTianobis problemebs~.batoni lorik marSania wlebis manZilze nayofierad moRvaweobdasaqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis d. gulias saxelobiskvleviT instituSi, saqarTvelos suptropikuli meurneobisinstitutSi — proreqtorad samecniero dargSi, afxazeTisavtonomiuri respublikis ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris moadgiled,xelmZRvanelobda saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWosTanarsebuli saxalxo meurneobis marTvis instituts, hqonda saqarTvelosda afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis centralurstruqturebSi xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebze muSaobis udidesigamocdileba. afxazeTisTvis urTules periodSi (1992-93 ww.) isgaxldaT afxazeTis mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris pirveli moadgileda amavdroulad xelmZRvanelobda afxazeTis gadarCenis komitets.amave Tanamdebobaze batoni lorik marSania muSaobda TbilisSi1996 wlamde. 1996-2002 wlebSi muSaobda ruseTis federaciaSisaqarTvelos elCis mrCevlad. 2002-2004 wlebSi gaxldaTsaqarTvelos prezidentis rwmunebuli saxalxo diplomatiissakiTxebSi. 2005 wlidan sicocxlis bolomde muSaobda afxaze-Tis avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sabWoSi mrCevlad.batoni lorik marSania gaxldaT orasze meti samecnieroSromis, maT Soris monografiebis, broSurebis, werilebis avtori.gansakuTrebiT yuradRebas imsaxurebs misi publicisturiwerilebi, romlebic exeboda saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs afxazeTSi.konfliqtis mSvidobiani politikuri gzebiT mogvarebas.swored am problemebs exeba misi wignebi `afxazeTi mSvido-

isa da aRorZinebis gzebi~, `afxazeTi (guSin, dRes, xval),~, gamosacemadgamzadebuli axali wigni `jvarcmuli afxazeTi~,romlis bolo koreqtura man gaakeTa, misTvis sabediwero a.w. 12agvistos.dauRalavi sazogaodoebriv-politikuri moRvaweobisa da1980-1995 wlebSi gamoqveynebuli publicisturi SromebisaTvis,romelic exeboda erTaSoris problemebs, afxazi da qarTvelixalxebis urTierTgagebas, Serigebasa da erTobas, mSvidobasa daTanxmobas yvela xalxs Soris 1996 wels baton lorik marSaniasmieniWa afxazeTis gamoCenili sazogado moRvawis, mwerlisa dapoetis giorgi SarvaSiZis saxelobis premia. batoni lorik mar-Sania Tavisi samsaxureobrivi, sazogadoebriv-politikuri dasamecniero moRvaweobis yvela etapze, rogorc adamiani, romelsacgamaxvilebuli hqonda samarTlianobis grZnoba, yovel-Tvis amJRavnebda Seudrekel principulobas da TanmimdevrulobaspolitikaSi, umaRles profesionalizms mecnierebaSi, ma-Ral moqalaqeobriv pozicias da kompetenturobas, saxelmwifoebrivazrovnebas, gambedaobas da vaJkacobas, rogorc patiosnebis,sindisisa da Rirsebis adamiani, matarebeli misi winaprebisada sagvareulos tradiciebisaTvis.misi politikuri azrovnebis siRrme da urTierTobebiskultura gamowrTobili iyo mis mier ganvlili cxovrebis ur-Tulesi gziT.batoni lorik marSania miekuTvneboda me-20 saukunis 80-ianiwlebis im politikuri xelmZRvanelebis mcire gamonaklisTaricxvs, romlebmac Riad gailaSqres da gabedulad daupirispirdnenseparatistul gamovlinebebs afxazeTSi.batonma lorik marSaniam jer kidev 30 wlis win iwinaswarmetyvelaseparatizmis Sedegad mosalodneli tragikuli Sedegebi,rac Cvenda saubedurod kidev gamarTlda. rTul viTareba-Si baton lorik marSanias araerTxel gamouvlenia TavganwirvaTavisi xalxis gadarCenisa da qarTvel xalxTan mWidro kavSirebisSesanarCuneblad. sazogadoebas kargad axsovs baton lorikmarSanias brwyinvale gamosvlebi samoqalaqo diplomatiis saerTaSorisoforumebze moskovSi, niu-iorkSi, venaSi, haagaSi,parizSi, JenevaSi, sankt-peterburgSi, TbilisSi, ntv-s eTerSida a. S. swored sakuTari xalxisa da mSobliuri kuTxis momavliswinaSe mdgari realuri saSiSroebiT SeSfoTebulma mimarTa man1992 wlis 7 seqtembers afxazeTis vtonomiuri respublikisumaRlesi sabWos afxazuri fraqciis deputatebs, afxaz xalxsda piradad vladislav arZinbas — xma aRemaRlebinaT Tanxmobisada mSvidobis dasacavad. raTa Tavi aeridebinaT mosalodnelikatastrofisagan. baton lorik marSanias cxovrebiseuli kredonaTlad Cans mis sityvebSi ~Cvenma RmerTma da bedma gangviwesa,rom erTad vicxovroT erTi cis qveS mSvidobianad, megobru-151

lad, naTesauri siyvaruliT~.batoni lorik marSania gaxldaT adamianuri urTierTobisis xuroTmoZRvari. romelic mTeli Tavisi cxovreba dawyebulipiradi ojaxuri magaliTidan, rudunebiT qmnida, agrovebda daTvalis CiniviT ufrTxildeboda qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobebisunikalur magaliTebs, romlebsac efuZneboda qarTvelebisada afxazebis saukunovani istoriuli, naTesauri da megobruliTanaarseboba. am TvalsazrisiT igi warmoadgenda afxazixalxis udidesi warmomadgenlis giorgi SarvaSiZis saqmisbrwyinvale gamgrZelebels, romelmac mTeli Tavisi sicocxleSeswira Cveni xalxebis megobrobis ganmtkicebis, urTierTobebsda erTobis saqmes.batoni lorik marSania sicocxlis bolomde darCa Tavisiprincipebis erTguli. is bolomde emsaxura Serigebisa da orimonaTesave xalxebis — afxazebisa da qarTvelwebis erTobis idealebs.is iyo Seurigebel opoziciaSi nebismieri saxis politikuravanturistebTan. gamoirCeoda maRali profesionalizmiT,udidesi SromisunarianobiT, obieqturobiT da principulobiT.politikosis, sazogado moRvawisa da xelmZRvaneli muSakis esTvisebebi masSi harmoniulad iyo Serwymuli maRali zneobis,afxazi xalxis saukeTeso Tvisebebis, tradiciebisa da adaT-wesebTan,udides Sinagan pasuxismgeblobasTan, rac gansakuTrebulxibls, damajereblobas da ndobas matebda masTan urTier-Tobas da iwvevda uRrmesi pativiscemis grZnobas mis mimarT.samSoblos winaSe gansakuTrebuli damsaxurebisaTvis, er-Ta erTobis, urTierT gagebisa da konfliqtis mSvidobiani gziTgadawyvetis saqmeSi Setanili wvlilisaTvis batoni lorik mar-Sania dajildovebuli iyo vaxtan gorgaslis pirveli xarisxisordeniT. is aqtiurad uWerda mxars samoqalaqo (saxalxo) diplomatiisganviTarebas, rogorc arasamTavrobo moZraobis~mSvidoba da fxazeTis aRorZineba~-s koordinatori aqtiuradmonawileobda JenevaSi mimdinare SexvedrebSi afxazeTSi konfliqtisdaregulirebasTan dakavSirebiT.baton lorik marSnias Tavisi politikuri mrwamsiT da poziciiT,cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT, konfliqtis daregulirebismiseuli xedviT gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava afxazeTSikonfliqtis daregulirebis saxelmwifo strategiaSi, radgan isiyo uSualo TviTmxilveli da obieqturi Semfasebeli im politikuriprocesebisa, romlebic win uswrebda saomari moqmedebisinspirirebas afxazeTSi. ~samecniero Tu sazogadoebriv-politikurimoRvaweobisas me yovelTvis vgrZnobdi im xalxis guliscemasromelsac vekuTvni, rogorc afxazeTis uZvelesi sagvareuloswarmomadgeneli~, - werda batoni loriki. ~bolosdabolosdroa yvelam gavaanalizoT da gavigoT, Tu ra dagvemar-Ta rogor moxda, rom Cven guSindeli naTesavebi (mosaxleobis152

40% xom Sereuli afxazur-qarTuli ojaxebia), megobrebi, mezoblebi,klaselebi, kurselebi, TanamSromlebi 2000 weli er-Tad mcxovrebni erT miwaze, erTi cis qveS, naTesaur siyvarulsada megobrobaSi erT wamSi gadaviqeciT mtrebad da erTmaneTssasikvdilod mivuSvireT iaraRi, romelic xelSi Cagvido muxanaTurmamesame Zalam~. batoni lorik marSanias es brZnuli mowodebaerTdroulad yuradsaRebi gafrTxilebacaa momavaliTaobebisaTvis, raTa ar dauSvan msgavsi fataluri Secdomebi ardauSvan tragediis gameoreba. batoni lorik marSanias saxiT afxazeTisproblemis mogvarebis mTavarma Stabma dakarga Tavisixalxisa da samSoblos momavalze, qarTul-afxazuri urTier-Tobis Catexili xidis aRdgenisaTvis aqtiurad mebrZoli dagulwrfelad mofiqrali, udidesi gamocdilebisa da fasdaudebelisargeblobis momtani, WeSmariti raindi, afxazeTis tragediisWirisufalT gamoakldaT kidev erTi sayrdeni burji saku-Tar kar-midamoSi dabrunebis auxdeneli ocnebiT guldaferfliliafxazi xalxis rCeuli Svili, romelsac Tan gahyva qar-Tul-afxazuri urTierTobebis mougvarebeli tragediis simZime.ojaxma dakarga winamZRoli, Svilebma Rirseuli mama, SviliSvilebmasaTayvanebeli babua, marSaniebis sagvareulom — TvalsaCinowarmomadgeneli, axlo sanaTesaom, samegobrom da kolegebmaerTguli, saimedo da sando pirovneba, afxazeTis devnilmasazogadoebam — maT problemebze mofiqrali da aqtiuri mebrZoliTanamemamule.Znelia dRes srulyofilad, bolomde Seafaso batoni lorikmarSanias moRvaweobis mniSvneloba konfliqtis daregulirebaSi,misi politikuri nabijebis siRrme da SorsmWvreteloba,is udidesi moqalaqeobrivi pozicia da adamianuri Tavganwirva,romelic mxolod rCeulTa xvedria, rogorc TviTon batoniloriki werda: ~darwmunebuli var RvTis neba da xalxis samsjavroyvelafers Tavis adgils miuCens, yvela miiRebs Tavisas —samsoblos bedisadmi Cveni pasuxismgeblobis, Tu Cveni danaSaulebriviqmedebebis mixedviT ramac afxazeTi da misi xalxi tragediamdemiiyvana~.msubuqi iyos misTvis qarTuli miwa.saxelmwifo damkrZalavi komisiis wevrebi: nika gilauri,giorgi baramia, elguja gvazava, Temur iakobaSvili, koba subeliani,daviT alaviZe, svetlana qecba, giorgi anCabaZe, zuraberqvania, givi anCabaZe, zurab Ciqovani, oTar Jordania.gazeTi : ` saqarTvelos respublika~, 18.08.2010.153

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebit. IX. 2010ekonomikur mecnierebaTa seriarevaz xarebavamcire mogoneba kolegaze da megobarzelorik marSanialorik marSania 1963 wels, sruliad SemTxveviT, moskovissaxelmwifo ekonomikuri institutis mcire sakonferenciodarbazSi gavicani, sadac sadisertacio sabWos sxdoma tardeboda.rogorc avRniSne, Sexvedra da gacnobac SemTxveviT Sedga.me mesame kursis studenti viyavi, amitomac, amgvari sxdomebi,Cemi da Cemi TanakurselebisaTvis, jer kidev saintereso ar iyo.daviT SaviSvili, imJamad aspirantma (romelic dResac, ruseTisfederaciis mecnierebaTa akademiis ekonomikis institutis mTavarimecnier-muSaki gaxlavT), SemomTavaza erTad davswebodiTsadisertacio sabWos sxdomas, sadac, samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad,disertacias icavda Cveni Tanamemamule lorik marSania.miuxedavad amisa, rom orive soxumeli viyaviT, me mas ar vicnobdi.Tumca misi gvari CemTvis cnobili iyo TanaklaselebismuSni da raif marSaniebisagan, vifiqre, SeiZleba naTesavebicarianmeTqi. daviT SaviSvilma da me darbazis bolo rigis adgilebidavikaveT. swavlulma mdivanma auditorias disertantisbiografia gaacno, gavige, rom lorik marSania erovnebiT afxaziiyo. es arc gamkvirvebia, vicodi, rom misi mogvare Cemi TanaklaselebiqarTvelobdnen, Tumca xSirad aRniSnaven, warmoSobiTafxazebi varTo.ramdenadac maxsovs, misi sakandidato disertaciis Tema —`subtropikuli meurneobis ekonomikuri efeqtianobis amaRlebisproblemebi~ iyo. disertantma lorik marSaniam Cinebuladwarmoadgina Tavisi naSromi, daasabuTa masTan dakavSirebuliTeoriuli aspeqtebi, aseve mokled mimoixila arsebuli mdgomareobada daskvniT nawilSi Camoayaliba sakuTari rekomendaciebi,romlis realizeba, avtoris mtkicebiT, garkveulwilad xelsSeuwyobda am dargis ganviTarebis ekonomikuri efeqtianobisamaRlebas.maxsovs isic, rom oponentebma sakmaod isaubres disertaciaSidasmuli sakiTxebis aqtualobaze, gamoTqves TavianTi mosazrebebi.me msurs, yuradReba gavamaxvilo or aspeqtze: pirveli— is, rom disertanti icavda pozicias, romlis mixedviT, socializmispirobebSi, radganac ar arsebobs miwaze kerZo sakuTrebada misi erTpirovnuli mflobelia saxelmwifo, ar SeiZleba154

arsebobdes diferencialuri renta. rasakvirvelia, disertantiamtkicebda, rom meurneobriobis socialistur sistemaSi sawarmoobrunvaSi moqceulia kargi, saSualo da cudi xarisxis miwebi.magram es ar aris jer kidev sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom vamtkicoT,soflis meurneobis warmoebis produqciis Rirebuleba ganisazRvroscudi xarisxis miwebze gaweuli danaxarjebiT. amdiskusiaSi, romelic mimdinareobda disertantsa da oponentebsSoris, mTavari is iyo, rom avtori asabuTebda — socializmispirobebSi diferencialuri renta Rebulobs diferenciaruliSemosavlis formas, romelic Tvisobrivad gansxvavdeba kapitalisturimiwadmoqmedebis procesSi warmoqmnili rentisagan.CemTvis es problema metnaklebad gasagebi iyo, radganac Cven,mesame kursis studentebs, TiTqmis Seswavlili gvqonda politikuriekonomiis orive nawili — `kapitalizmis politikuriekonomia~ da `socializmis politikuri ekonomia~.miuxedavad imisa, rom am saxelmZRvaneloebSi da damatebiTwyaroebSic, romelTa gacnoba CvenTan aucilebeli iyo, diferencirebulirentis arsebobis Sesaxeb informirebuli viyaviTda kargadac vicodiT. maxsendeba erT-erTi leqcia, roca seminarisxelmZRvaneli, im dros docenti, leonid abalkini (SemdgomSiruseTis federaciis mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi,mecnierebaTa akademiis ekonomikuri kvlevis institutis direqtori)Seexo am problemas, garkveviT mogvaxsena, jerjerobiTes Tema (problema) TqvenTvis aqtualuri ar ariso... sxdomazeki sakiTxis garSemo paeqroba imiT damTavrda, rom erT-erTmaoponentma brZana: radgan am problemas ekonomikur TeoriaSiarsebobis ufleba aqvs, Cven disertaciis avtors ver avukrZalavTdaicvas Tavisi pozicia. miTumetes, igi mas ganixilavs immizniT, rom Camoayalibos meTodologiuri safuZvlebi subtropikulimeurneobis zonaSi diferencirebuli fasebis gamoyenebisada srulyofis Sesaxeb. meore oponenti, disertaciisSefasebisas dadebiTi daskvnis warmodgenis Semdeg, aRniSnavda,rom subtropikuli meurneoba, TavisTavad, Cvens qveyanaSi arismonopoliuri dargi, amitom masSi ar arsebobs ekonomikuriefeqturobis amaRlebis seriozuli problemebi. am nawilSi masdamcvelebic gamouCndnen. paeqrobisas sityviT gamosulebma,aseve disertaciis xelmZRvanelma, institutis direqtormaprofesorma buzulukovma aRniSna, rom realobaSi ar arsebobssoflis meurneobis dargi, romelic ar saWiroebs warmoebisekonomikuri efeqturobis amaRlebis RonisZiebaTa sistemas, iqnebaes organizaciuli, Tu ekonomikuri. sabolood, lorik mar-Saniam warmatebiT daicva disertacia, naSromma maRali Sefasebadaimsaxura. sadisertacio sabWos wevrebma, da sxva gamomsvlelebmac,erTxmad gamoTqves mosazreba, rom igi imsaxurebda ekonomikurmecnierebaTa kandidatis wodebas, rac kenWisyris Se-155

degmac daadastura.lorik marSanias da Cemi Semdegi Sexvedra soxumSi Sedga,1964 wlis agvistos TveSi. visaubreT bevr rameze, gavixseneT institutisTanamSromlebi, pedagogebi, zogierTTan mokiTxvacdamabara. aqve is dainteresda Cemi momavali gegmebiT, ras vapirebdiinstitutis damTavrebis Semdeg, vrCebodi ruseTSi, Tuvbrundebodi afxazeTSi. me vupasuxe: `Cemi ojaxuri pirobebisgamo, ar maqvs moraluri ufleba davrCe iq, unda vecado, Tu esSevZeli, gamanawilon afxazeTSi, romelime organizaciaSi, romSevZlo ojaxis daxmareba~. man damaimeda: `nu ganicdi, me amas movagvareb,wlis bolosTvis, ufro ianvris TveSi, naaxalwlevs damikavSirdi,Tavi Semaxsene da yvelaferi kargad iqneba~. mar-Tlac ase moxda. winasadiplomo praqtikis gasavlelad soxumSigamamweses. me visargeble batoni lorikis dapirebiT da telefoniTdavukavSirdi. im dros loriki iyo saqarTvelos subtropikulimeurneobis institutis ekonomika-organizaciis kaTedrisdocenti. meore dResve daminiSna institutSi Sexvedra, gamacnokaTedris wevrebi. aranairi saubari iq ar yofila, Cemiproblemis Sesaxeb. mogvianebiT, roca marto davrCiT, miTxra,rom Seni soxumSi ganawilebis Sesaxeb vesaubre afxazeTis ministrTasabWosTan arsebuli sagegmo komitetis Tavmjdomares daSegiZlia dResve mixvide masTan, is yvelafers mogigvarebso.roca gamovcxaddi TavmjdomaresTan — l. nazaZesTan, man daibaraerT-erTi organizaciis direqtori da moaxsena: `ai, am axalgazrdasmieciT werili institutis direqtoris saxelze, rommas viTxovT Cvens sistemaSi samuSaod~. direqtorma Tavi Seikava,Cafiqrda ...Semdeg sagegmo komitetis Tavmjdomares ganucxada,rom mas vakanturi adgili ar hqonda. l. nazaZe gacxarda: `meTqven gibrZanebT, rom gasceT aseTi Sinaarsis werili da, rocais aq Camova samuSaod, albaT Tqven SegcvliT, Tundac imitom,rom am axalgazrdas miRebuli aqvs Sesabamisi specialuri ganaTleba~.direqtorma momibodiSa, naxevar saaTSi werili gamzadebuliiyo.institutis damTavrebis Semdeg, es iyo agvisto — 1965 weli,isev Sevxvdi lorik marSanias, madloba gadavuxade CemTvisgaweuli SuamdgomlobisaTvis. movikiTxeT ojaxebi da, rogorc,Cveulebisamebr, miRebulia, visaubreT rig Temebze. man, sruliadmoulodneli, saubris konteqstidan amovardnili, kiTxva damisva— xom ar visurvebdi institutTan TanamSromlobas?! CemSiifeTqa dabneulobis, madlierebis mozRvavebulma grZnobam damas garkveuli, saTanado pasuxi ver gaveci. gamomSvidobebisasmiTxra, — erT kviraSi gamomiareo. SeTanxmebisamebr, jer davureke,davTqviT Sexvedra da mivedi institutSi, ekonomikisa daorganizaciis kaTedraze. Camkida xeli, wamodio miTxra, mimiyvanapirvel proreqtorTan da gaacno Cemi Tavi, Tanac dasZina, ba-156

tono roman, Cven ukve visaubreT am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, axlaCemi axalgazrda kolega ager dgas Tqven winaSe. proreqtorma,profesorma r. doRonaZem aiRo telefoni da daureka kaTedrisgamges, sTxova igi Camosuliyo masTan. iq, im kabinetSi, gadawydamTeli Cemi momavali moRvaweobis bedi. proreqtori dakaTedris gamge SeTanxmdnen, rom me daviwyebdi TanamSromlobaskaTedrasTan, jer saaTobriv sawyisebze da momavali saswavlowlidan ki, Tu iqneboda ormxrivi survili, gadmovidodi maswavleblisTanamdebobis srul Statze. asec moxda, 1966 wlis pirvelseqtembers safuZveli Caeyara Cems pedagogiur moRvaweobasumaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemaSi.daaxloebiT ori wlis Semdeg, lorik marSania dainiSna saqarTvelossubtropikuli meurneobis institutis proreqtorad,samecniero nawilSi. mTeli am drois ganmavlobaSi Cvengvixdeboda, garda pirovnuli urTierTobisa, TanamSromlobasamecniero kvlevis problematikis saerTo interesebidan gamomdinare.batoni loriki iyo gulisxmieri, uangaro megobari. Tanadgomisgasaocari grZnobiT dajildoebuli adamiani, rasac mudmivadvgrZnobdi Cemi aspiranturaSi swavlis dros da Semdgomac,mTeli urTierTobis manZilze. 1973 wels lorik marSania,CvenTvis moulodnelad, dainiSna afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikisministrTa sabWos pirvel moadgiled. im periodSi iSviaTadvxvdebodiT erTmaneTs. mas, rogorc saxelmwifo moxeles,ar hqonda normirebuli samuSao dRe da Zalian cota drorCeboda megobruli urTierTobebisaTvis, samecniero kvlevebisaTvis.SemdgomSi mec momiwia gadasvla sakavSiro mecniereba-Ta akademiis Soreuli aRmosavleTis samecniero centris ekonomikurinstitutSi — ufrosi mecnieris Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad,ramac ufro metad dagvaSora (rasakvirvelia, mxolodfizikur daSorebazea saubari, mudmivi satelefono urTierTobaarc gagviwyvetia). mxolod 1983 wlidan, Cemi afxazeTSi dabrunebisSemdeg, aRdga Cveni mravalmxrivi urTierToba, miuxedavadimisa, rom lorik marSania ukve muSaobda saqarTvelos komunisturipartiis centraluri komitetis agraruli ganyofilebisgamgis moadgiled, xolo 1985 wlidan saqarTvelos ministrTasabWosTan arsebuli saxalxo meurneobis marTvis institutisreqtorad. am periodidan ufro intensiuri xasiaTi mii-Ro Cvenma samecniero da adamianurma urTierTobebma. lorikmarSaniasa da Cemi samecniero kvlevis interesebs moicavda agraruliekonomikis problemebi, amitomac Cven gvixdeboda mWidroTanamSromloba. me viyavi misi sadoqtoro disertaciis erTerTioponenti, monografiebis samecniero redaqtori da ramdenimestatiis Tanaavtori.Rrmad var darwmunebuli, rom lorik marSania iqneboda157

ufro produqtiuli, nayofieri mecnier-ekonomisti, rom hqonodameti dro mecnieruli kvlevebisaTvis (amis gamo xSiradwuxda kidec). kidev erTi xelisSemSleli faqtori, romelsaclorik marSania did dros uTmobda, iyo is, rom 60-iani wlebisSua periodidan, igi aqtiurad CaerTo qarTul-afxazuri, perioduladfeTqebad, konfliqtur urTierTobebSi. sawinaaRmdegointeresebis, SexedulebaTa, miswrafebaTa Sejaxebisas, mas yovelTvisgamokveTilad principuli pozicia gamoarCevda: Riad,daufaravad ebrZoda rogorc separatizmis gamovlinebebs, aseveSovinizms. akritikebda araswor da, xSir SemTxvevebSi, araprincipulqmedebebs saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mxridan. lorikmarSanias amgvar qmedebas sazogadoebis erTi nawili dadebiTadafasebda, uwodebda moqalaqeobriv pozicias, xolo meoremxare, romelic separatizms emxroboda, gmobda mas da miiCnevdamoRalated, xalxis mtrad. maSin, roca vixseneb da vaanalizebqarTul-afxazuri urTierTobis ganmtkicebis, mogvarebisl. marSaniaseul xedvas, vrwmundebi, rom mTeli misi ZalisxmevamimarTuli iyo or moZme ers Soris gaugebrobis, gaucxoebisTavidan acilebisaken. is yovelTvis Riad gamoTqvamda, afiqsirebda,mouwodebda (yvela xelT arsebuli sainformacio sa-SualebiT, aseve mosaxleobasTan Sexvedrebis dros, pirad saubrebSiqarTvelebTan, afxazebTan) yvelas qarTul-afxazuri mravalsaukunovanimegobrobis, naTesaobis, Tanadgomis SenarCunebisada ganmtkicebisaken.miuxedavad zogad problemebSi CarTulobisa, lorik mar-Saniam, mecnieruli kvlevebiT, Rirseulad atara ekonomikurmecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxi da profesoris wodeba. mas mieniWamecnierebis damsaxurebuli moRvawis wodeba, arCeuli iyosaqarTvelos mecnierebaTa agraruli akademiis akademikosad.lorik marSaniam, samecniero moRvaweobis periodSi, gamoaqveynasaqarTvelos soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis problemebTandakavSirebuli 200-mde statia da publicisturi werili, monografiebi.man, Tavisi publikaciebiT, didi wvlili Seitana erovnebaTaSorisurTierTobebisa da konfliqtebis mSvidobiani, politikurigzebis mecnierulad gaazrebaSi. swored am problemebsmiuZRvna erT-erTi gamorCeuli Tavisi wigni, saxelwodebiT— `afxazeTi: gza mSvidobisa da aRorZinebisaken~. erovnebaTaSoriskonfliqtebis daregulirebisa da mogvarebis sakiTxebiTiyo gajerebuli misi gamosvlebi sxvadsxva saerTaSoriso forumebze,radio, satelevizio eTerSi da a.S. lorik marSaniamudmivad aRniSnavda qarTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris arsebulimdgomareobis arabunebriobas, orive mxares sTavazobda Cixidangamosvlis swor, argumentirebul xedva. igi dauRalavi energii-Ta da SesaSuri TanmimdevrobiT atarebda afxazebsa da qarTvelebsSoris Serigebis politikas samoqalaqo diplomatiis gaaq-158

tiurebis gziT, romlis koordinatori Tavad iyo. aseTi proncipebiserTgul adamians, lorik marSanias separatistebma dauxvritesaxlo naTesavebis erTi ojaxis xuTi wevri. is bolomdedarCa afxazeTSi. 27 seqtembers, soxumis dacemis dRes, saqarTvelosxelisuflebis umaRlesi warmomadgenlebisagan gansxvavebiT,qarTvel bavSvebTan da moxucebTan erTad datova mSobliurimxare. miuxedavad imisa, rom mouSuSebel tkivils atarebda,igi mainc darCa (tragikulad daRupvis bolo wuTebamde)Tavisi principebis damcveli, romelsac mTeli sicocxlis man-Zilze erTgulobda da ganuxorcielebel ocnebad Cayva `did saqarTveloSidavanebuls~.dauviwyaria Cveni bolo Sexvedra, gardacvalebamde cotaxniTadre, veris parkTan. Tbilad movikiTxeT erTmaneTi, sa-WesTan Tavad ijda, saxlamde mimiyvana. bevri visaubreT, gulistkiviliTSemomCivla: `rezo, albaT, ver moveswrebiT Cvens sicocxleSiafxazeTSi dabrunebas, magram mTavaria, rom me da Senam ideiT vcxovrobT da gvwams, rom davbrundebiT aucileblad...Cveni Svilebis dabruneba igivea, rac Cveni dabruneba~. man moulodnelad,Sewyvita saubari da Tavisi wigni gamomiwoda, Tan das-Zina: `amaSi rac weria, es aris erTgvari anderZi da mimarTva afxazebisada qarTvelebisadmi ... mokled, Sen amas waikiTxav da mixvdebi,Tu raSi mdgomareobs mimarTvis ars~. amoiRo avtokalamida wigns waawera: `rezo xarebavas, Cveni megobrobisa da urTier-Tobis Sesaxeb moskovSi, soxumSi da TbilisSi, samaxsovrod. mSobliurafxazeTSi Cqara dabrunebis imediT. l. marSania~. vadastureb,wignma Cemze waruSleli STabeWdileba moaxdina, vkiTxulobdida yurSi Camesmoda lorikis sityvebi — `anderZi Taobas~...aqve minda SemogTavazoT mcire amonaridi wignidan, qar-Tvelebisa da afxazebisadmi mimarTva: `bolos da bolos droa,rom yvelam gavaanalizoT da gavigoT, Tu ra dagvemarTa. rogormoxda, rom Cven guSindeli naTesavebi (mosaxleobis 40% xom Sereuliafxazur-qarTuli ojaxebia), megobrebi, mezoblebi, klaselebi,kurselebi, TanamSromlebi, 2000 weli erTad mcxovrebni,erT miwaze, erTi cis qveS, naTesaur siyvarulsa da megobrobaSi,erT wamSi gadaviqeciT mtrebad da erTmaneTs sasikvdilodmivuSvireT iaraRi, romelic xelSi Cagvigdo muxanaTurma mesameZalam!!!simarTle afxazeTis Sesaxeb, upirveles yovlisa, saWiroamomavali TaobebisaTvis — analizisa da gaazrebisaTvis, raTa ardauSvan msgavsi fataluri Secdomebi, ar dauSvan tragediisganmeoreba.xolo nanatri Suqi gvirabis bolos, es aris imedi yvela imsikeTis da siwmindis, axali xarisxiT dabrunebis Sesaxeb, rac saukuneebisganmavlobaSi avsebda Cvens yofas. es mtkiced arisgancxadebuli ubralo adamianebis, afxazebsa da qarTvelebs159

Soris urTierTdaxmarebisa da Semweobis aseulobiTa da aTaseulobiTfaqtiT, rasac adgili hqonda konfliqtis TviT yvelazeufro Sav-bnel momentebSi.Cven RmerTma da bedma gangviwesa, rom vicxovroT erTad,erT miwaze, erTi cis qveS, mSvidobianad, megobrobaSi, siyvarulSi.darwmunebuli var, RvTis neba da xalxis samsjavro, yvelafersTavis adgils miuCens, yvela miiRebs Tavisas — samSoblosbedisadmi Cveni pasuxismgeblobis, Tu Cveni danaSaulebriviqmedebebis mixedviT, ramac afxazeTi da misi xalxi tragediamdemiiyvana...~.160

a v t o r e b irevaz xarebava — ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumissaxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori;revaz basaria — ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumissaxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori;madona gelaSvili — ekonomikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori;zurab lipartia — ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumissaxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori;maia gelaSvili — saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetisdoqtoranti;roin TaTeSvili — saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetisdoqtoranti;murman kvaracxelia — ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori;irma molaSxia — ekonomikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversiteti;daviT jalaRonia — ekonomikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis sruli profesori;devi Sonia — ekonomikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisasocirebuli profesori;emzar kakulia — ekonomikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversiteti;irma dixaminjia — ekonomikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori;jandri zarandia — ekonomikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori;larisa TakalanZe — ekonomikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori;marina tabataZe — ekonomikis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilissaxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis asistentprofesori;marine xubua — ekonomikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori;nana kacitaZe — ekonomikis doqtori, saqarTvelos daviTaRmaSeneblis saxelobis universitetis asocirebuli profesori;nino xarebava — ekonomikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori;Teimuraz Sengelia — ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivanejavaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetissruli profesori;11. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi161

eliso lanCava — ekonomikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asistent-profesori.A U T H O R SRevaz Kharebava – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor of SokhumiState University;Revaz Basaria – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor ofSokhumi State University;Madona Gelashvili – PhD in Economics, Associate Professor of SokhumiState University;Zurab Lipartia – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor of SokhumiState University;Maia Gelashvili – Post-Graduate Student of Georgian Technical University;Roin Tateshvili – Post-Graduate Student of Georgian Technical University;Murman Kvaratskhelia – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Associate Professorof Sokhumi State University;Irma Molashkhia – PhD in Economics, Sokhumi State University;Davit Jalagonia – PhD in Economics, Associate Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity;Devi Shonia – PhD in Economics, Associate Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity;Emzar Kakulia – PhD in Economics, Sokhumi State University;Irma Dikhaminjia – PhD in Economics, Associate Professor of SokhumiState University;Jandri Zarandia – PhD in Economics, Associate Professor of SokhumiState University;Larisa Takalandze – PhD in Economics, Associate Professor of SokhumiState University;Marina Tabatadze – PhD in Economics, Assistant-Professor of Ivane JavakhishviliTbilisi State University;Marine Khubua – PhD in Economics, Associate Professor of SokhumiState University;Nana Katsitadze – PhD in Economics, Associate Professor of David AghmashenebeliUniversity of Georgia;Nino Kharebava – PhD in Economics, Associate Professor of SokhumiState University;Teimuraz Shengelia – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor of IvaneJavakhishvili Tbilisi State University;Eliso Lanchava – PhD in Economics, Assistant-Professor of SokhumiState University.162

avtorebisaTvissoxumis saxelmwifo universitetis SromebSi (ekonomikurmecnierebaTa seria) gamosaqveyneblad motanilian gamogzavnili masala unda iyos akrefili fontiT Acad-Nusx (zoma — 12, intervali — 1,5). sqolio unda iyos aseveAcadNusx-Si (zoma — 10, intervali — 1,5). ucxo enebze akrefiliteqsti unda iyos akrefili Times New Roman-Si, Ziri-Tadi teqstis an sqolios Sesabamisi zomebiT. statias Tanunda axldes reziume (1000 aso-niSani, naxevari gverdidanerT gverdamde) qarTul da inglisur enebze. sqolios dakabadonebiswesebis Sesaxeb ix. `Sromebi~ (ekonomikur mecnierebaTaseria), t. III. Tb., 2008, veb-gverdze:http://sou.edu.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=170gamoyenebuli literaturis siis darTva saWiro ar aris.redaqciis misamarTi:soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti,q. Tbilisi, 0186,jiqias q. 9,tel.: 254-14-12E-mail: zpapaskiri@gmail.comWeb-site: http://www.sou.edu.ge

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisSromebi. IXekonomikur mecnierebaTa seriaPROCEEDINGS OF SOKHUMI STATEUNIVERSITY. IXSeries of Economical SciencestiraJi: 100 egzemplari.daibeWda gamomcemlobaSi `meridiani~.misamarTi: q. Tbilisi, al. yazbegis, 47;tel.: 239-15-22E-mail: info@meridianpub.comPrinted in Publishing House “MERIDIANI”Address: 47, Al. Kazbegi Av., Tbilisi, Georgia.Tel.: +995-32-239-15-22E-mail: info@meridianpub.com