S r o m e b i

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetiS r o m e b iVhumanitarul da socialur-politikurmecnierebaTa seriasoxumis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemlobaTbilisi _ 2008

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebis V tomSi(humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria) warmodgeniliasamecniero gamokvlevebi enaTmecnierebis, literaturaTmcodneobis,istoriis, arqeologiis, politologiis, sociologiis,samarTalmcodneobis, pedagogikisa da fsiqologiis aqtualur problemebze.krebuli gankuTvnilia rogorc Sesabamisi dargebis specialistebisaTvisda studentebisaTvis, ise farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis.SromebismTavari saredaqcio sabWo: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,profesori joni afaqiZe (Tavmjdomare), filologiis mecnierebaTadoqtori, profesori diana alania, ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori,profesori revaz xarebava, fizika-maTematikis mecnierebaTa doqtori,profesori vladimer kircxalia, biologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,profesori zurab lomTaTiZe, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,profesori mariam miresaSvili, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,profesori oTar miqiaSvili, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,profesori zurab papasqiri (Tavmjdomaris moadgile), fizika-maTematikismecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori Teimuraz CilaCava, filosofiismecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori leonide jaxaia, pedagogikismecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori jemal jinjixaZe, iuridiulmecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori zaur jinjolavamTavari saredaqcio sabWos pasuxismgebeli mdivani: fizikisdoqtori, asocirebuli profesori roin beriamTavari saredaqcio sabWos mdivani: biologiis doqtori,asistent-profesori eka esebuahumanitarul da socialur-politikurmecnierebaTa seriissaredaqcio kolegia: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, prof.zurab papasqiri (mTavari redaqtori), filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,prof. diana alania, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, prof.joni afaqiZe, doqtori, prof. marine bokuCava, doqtori, prof. emakilanava, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, prof. mariam miresa-Svili, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, prof. oTar miqiaSvili,filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, prof. olRa petriaSvili, filologiismecnierebaTa doqtori, prof. luara sordia, iuridiulmecnierebaTa doqtori, prof. giorgi xubua, filosofiis mecniereba-Ta doqtori, prof. leonide jaxaia, pedagogikis mecnierebaTa doqtori,prof. jemal jinjixaZe, iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori,prof. zaur jinjolava© soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti, 2008

SOKHUMI STATE UNIVERSITYPROCEEDINGSVHumanities, Social and Political SciencesSeriesSokhumi State University Publishing HouseTbilisi – 2008

The V volume of “PROCEEDINGS” (Humanities, Social and PoliticalSciences Series) represents the researches on the topical issues in linguistics,literary studies, history, archaeology, political sciences, social sciences, law, pedagogicsand psychology. The authors are professors of the newly establishedSokhumi University.The edition is intended for the specialists, students, and general readers.CHIEF EDITORIAL COUNCIL OF “PROCEEDINGS”:Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor John Apakidze (Head of theCouncil), Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor Diana Alania, Doctor ofPhysico-Mathematical Sciences, Professor Teimuraz Chilachava, Doctor ofPhilosophical Sciences, Professor Leonid Djakhaia, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences,Professor Jemal Jinjikhadze, Doctor of Juridical Sciences, ProfessorZaur Jinjolava, Doctor of Economical Sciences, Professor Revaz Kharebava,Doctor of Physico-Mathematical Sciences, Professor Vladimer Kirtskhalia,Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor Zurab Lomtatidze, Doctor of PhilologicalSciences, Professor Mariam Miresashvili, Doctor of Philological Sciences,Professor Otar Mikiashvili, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor ZurabPapaskiri (Deputy head of Council)Executive Secretary of the Chief Editorial Council: Doctor ofPhysics, Associate Professor Roin BeriaSecretary of the Chief Editorial Council: Doctor of Biology,Assistant Professor Eka EsebuaEDITORIAL BOARD OF HUMANITIES, SOCIALAND POLITICAL SCIENCES SERIESDoctor of Historical Sciences, Prof. Zurab Papaskiri (Editor-in-Chief),Doctor of Philological Sciences, Prof. Diana Alania, Doctor of Historical Sciences,Prof. John Apakidze, Ph.D. in Philology, Prof. Marine Bokuchava,Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Prof. Leonid Djakhaia, Doctor of PedagogicalSciences, Prof. Jemal Jinjikhadze, Doctor of Juridical Sciences, Prof. ZaurJinjolava, Doctor of Juridical Sciences, Prof. Giorgi Khubua, Ph.D. in Philology,Prof. Ema Kilanava, Doctor of Philological Sciences, Prof. Mariam Miresashvili,Doctor of Philological Sciences, Prof. Otar Mikiashvili, Doctor ofPhilological Sciences, Prof. Olga Petriashvili, Doctor of Philological Sciences,Prof. Luara Sordia© Sokhumi State University – 2008

S i n a a r s ie n a T m e c n i e r e b aTamila zviadaZe. nekresis erTi warweris gamo ............................................. 13biZina lemonjava. c-T alomorfTa zogierTi funqciisaTvisqarTulsa da zanurSi ................................................................................................. 19inga sanikiZe. istoria da etimologia ramdenime qarTuli sityvisa.saistorio masalaze dayrdnobiT .......................................................................... 28irine CaCaniZe. lingvisturi aqsiologia sociolingvistikisTvalsazrisiT ................................................................................................................... 33levan faCulia. `teqstisa~ da `diskursis~ cnebaTa diferenciaciissakiTxisaTvis .................................................................................................................... 42manana bukia. JorJ diumezili _ lazuris mkvlevari ................................ 47marine kakaCia, qeTevan margiani, marine jRarkava. biverbaluri daparonomaziuli Semasmeneli qarTvelurSi ...................................................... 52Tamar giTolendia. qarTvelur gvarsaxelTa xelaxali gaformebismagaliTebi muhajirTa 1867 wlis siis mixedviT ....................................... 60xatia kakava. xmovnis reduqcia rogorc TanxmovanTSejris erT-erTipiroba afxazurSi .......................................................................................................... 66ema kilanava. egreT wodebuli rTuli qvemdebare Tanamedroveinglisur enaSi ................................................................................................................ 70irina yruaSvili. sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciis konotacia daeqspresiuloba .................................................................................................................. 78lali ratiani. antonimiis tipologizaciis cdebi TanamedrovelingvistikaSi. antonimiur mimarTebaTa tipebi ........................................... 85leda qobalia. publicisturi JanrisTvis damaxasiaTebelifunqciur-azrobrivi metyvelebis tipebi ......................................................... 93maia daraselia, nana axobaZe. graisiseuli pragmatikis Teoria .......... 97manana Selia, qeTi galoberi. motivis da interesis rolistudentTa SemecnebiTi aqtivobis ganviTarebaSi ..................................... 103Tamar jojua. ucxoenobrivi gramatikuli movlenis funqciuriswavlebisaTvis .............................................................................................................. 109Tamar bakuraZe. gramatikuli transformaciebis TeoriulisafuZvlebi ....................................................................................................................... 116maka kaWarava. rusuli leqsikis inglisur enaSi Semosvlisistoriis sakiTxisaTvis .......................................................................................... 121nana ediSeraSvili. „saeWvoobis SemTxvevebi~ germanul enaSi(germanul enaze) .......................................................................................................... 128nino bakuraZe, Tamar bakuraZe. ucxo enis leqsikis SeswavlissakiTxisaTvis (inglisur enaze) ........................................................................ 145diana alania, giorgi wibaxaSvili. rusuli anbani pragmatuliTvalsazrisiT (rusul enaze) ............................................................................. 1515

irma gulordava. emocia, rogorc verbaluri moqmedebismaorganizebeli procesi (rusul enaze) ....................................................... 158indira Zagania. èqspresiuli faqtis garemocvis~ cnebis Sesaxeb(inglisur enaze) ......................................................................................................... 163l i t e r a t u r a T m c o d n e o b atite mosia. `balavariani~, rogorc literaturuli wyaro .............. 169nana Sengelia. akademikos korneli kekeliZisa da pavle ingoroyvassamecniero paeqrobis Sesaxeb ............................................................................... 178lado Wania. `da rogorc erTi urCi miuridi~ ........................................... 186nana araxamia. harmoniuli adamianis problema XIXs. qarTulmwerlobaSi. `gandegili~, òTaraanT qvrivi~ ............................................ 191nino vaxania. `suliko~ _ RvTis sagalobeli .............................................. 201joni marRania. mxatvruli damajerebloba akaki wereTlis,,baSi-aCukSi~ ................................................................................................................... 208fiqria CxartiSvili. giorgi SarvaSiZe qarTul literaturulkritikaSi ......................................................................................................................... 216kote Todua. XIX saukunemdeli evropuli literaturis zogadidaxasiaTeba realizmis TvalTaxedviT ............................................................ 231merab naWyebia. qarTuli kulturis kvali uskudarSi ........................... 247dariko fifia. zogierTi aspeqti terenti granelissazogadoebriv-politikuri Sexedulebebidan ............................................ 255luara sordia. apokalifsuri saxeebi mixeil javaxiSvilisSemoqmedebaSi .................................................................................................................. 260ciala mesxia. XXs. 20-30-iani wlebis saqarTvelos istoriulirealoba konstantine gamsaxurdias SemoqmedebaSi.`mTvaris motacebis~ mixedviT ............................................................................. 273inga milorava. modernistuli msoflmxedvelobis sayrdeniorientirebis (zmaneba, cxadi) transformacia mxatvrul teqstSi ... 287indira gadilia. mirza gelovanis frontuli lirika ............................ 302mariam miresaSvili, nana gafrindaSvili. siuJeti da fabularogorc mxatvruli formis kategoriebi .................................................... 311lela mircxulava. postmodernistuli tendenciebi jemalqarCxaZis SemoqmedebaSi ............................................................................................ 318salome kapanaZe. `Zegli yvelasaTvis~ _ eris dramatuli dilema ......... 338marine turava. `maluli fiqris~ mesaidumle daZmuri siyvarulisparadigma literaturaSi ........................................................................................ 346Tamar kiRuraZe. franc kafkas naratiuli modeli: ìozefinemomRerali anda Tagvi xalxi~ ............................................................................. 357xaTuna wiklauri. asociaciuri teqnika da mxatvruli dro marselprustis nawarmoebSi `svanis mxares~ ............................................................. 3626

nana kucia. àsi uZvelesi iaponuri leqsis~ irma ratianiseuliTargmanis gamo ............................................................................................................... 371alton beselia. `Cveva zecidan gvewyalobeba~ (rusul enaze) .......... 385olRa petriaSvili. ivane buninis mxatvruli prozis ena(rusul enaze) ............................................................................................................... 395nino eTeria. komizmis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb vasili SukSinisprozaSi (rusul enaze) .......................................................................................... 404i s t o r i a , a r q e o l o g i akaxaber fifia. iberia-romis urTierToba IIs. 20-30-ian wlebSi.imperatori adriane da farsman II .................................................................... 411nodar berulava, revaz Tolordava. Caxaris naqalaqari damisimianelTa antibizantiuri ajanyebis (555-556ww.) zogierTiaspeqti ............................................................................................................................... 427zurab papasqiri. kidev erTxel saqarTvelos sagareo-politikurimdgomareobis Sesaxeb VIII saukuneSi .............................................................. 436kaxa kvaSilava. rodis gaxda md. enguri odiS-afxazeTis sazRvari ........ 461avTandil kilasonia. dakargva-gardaxvewa~ da Zveli qarTulisamarTali (XVIIIs.) ................................................................................................... 488beJan xorava. ruseTis damkvidreba Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTsanapiroze XIXs. 30-40-ian wlebSi ................................................................. 496boris kvaracxelia. afxazeTSi carizmis diskriminaciuli enobrivipolitikis sakiTxisaTvis ....................................................................................... 530jambul anCabaZe. agraruli reforma saqarTvelos demokratiulrespublikaSi .................................................................................................................. 546zaza wurwumia. osmaluri desanti afxazeTSi 1918 wels .................. 564dazmir jojua. saqarTvelos istoriis RerZuli problema ............... 577meri gabedava. ruseTis SeiaraRebuli intervencia saqarTveloSi2008 wlis agvistoSi ............................................................................................... 589nodar darsania. exnatonisa da nefertitis cxovrebis dramatulidasasruli ....................................................................................................................... 601daviT Citaia. erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis istoriidanukrainaSi. XIX saukunis pirveli naxevari ................................................. 611estate (Tengiz) anTelava. mTielTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelibrZola bolSevikuri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg said-SamilisxelmZRvanelobiT ......................................................................................................... 617Teimuraz papasqiri. fineTis sakiTxi germania-sabWoTa kavSirisurTierTobebSi 1940w. noemberSi ...................................................................... 631giorgi anTelava. germanul kulturul sivrceSi Turq imigrantTaintegraciis erTi religiuri aspeqti ........................................................... 646vaxtang jafariZe. mTiani afxazeTis (md. kodoris Sua welis)arqeologiuri Zeglebis Seswavlis sakiTxisaTvis ................................. 6507

manana kuprava. dasavleT TurqeTis antikuri da bizantiuri xanisqalaqebi. asosi da hierapolisi ......................................................................... 662revaz xvistani. md. kodoris zemo welis (dalis xeoba) saZieboarqeologiurieqspediciis 2007-2008 wlebis muSaobis Sedegebi ....... 669Temur Todua, zviad kviciani. antikuri xanis samarxis stelebikolxeTidan ..................................................................................................................... 6848p o l i t o l o g i a , s o c i o l o g i aaleqsandre wurwumia. saqarTvelo da globaluri interesebi ........ 697koba noniaSvili. socialuri da sociologiuri gamokvlevebi ......... 703givi rogava. istoriuli aucileblobisa da adamianTa miznebisurTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis ..................................................................... 712meri Wanturia. pirovnebaTa interesebisa da maTi socialuriaqtiurobis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis ......................................... 718nestan lomaia. genderuli politika da masmedia ..................................... 724s a m a r T a l ibadri kvaracxelia. boqaulTuxucesis saxelo samegrelos (odiSis)samTavroSi ....................................................................................................................... 730mixeil mamniaSvili. sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobissrulyofis zogierTi aspeqti ............................................................................. 737Tamar zarandia. sakuTrebis cneba da misi eqskluziuri xasiaTi.SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi kvleva qarTuli da frangulisamarTlis mixedviT ................................................................................................... 750vefxvia gvaramia. eqstradiciis cnebis sakiTxisaTvis ............................. 761sofio gvaramia. TanaavtorTa samarTlebrivi mdgomareobasaqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mixedviT .......................................................... 776avTandil xazalia. marTvis formebi da meTodebi (rusul enaze) ........... 783p e d a g o g i k a , f s i q o l o g i ajemal jinjixaZe, levan jinjixaZe. folkloruli kvlevis erTiamocanis Sesaxeb ........................................................................................................... 792lia axalaZe. blumis taqsonomia da misi gamoyeneba istoriisswavlebis procesSi ................................................................................................... 802rusudan fifia. moswavleTa kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebadawyebiTi klasebis mSobliuri enisa da literaturisgakveTilebze .................................................................................................................. 809gabunia guranda. ekologia da moswavleTa ekologiuri ganaTleba ....... 815kaxi kopaliani, irma Somaxia. ufrosklaselTa statusis gavlenaagresiul qcevaze saqmian da pirad urTierTobebSi (rusul enaze) .... 825avtorebi .............................................................................................................................. 832avtorebi (inglisur enaze) ..................................................................................... 837

C O N T E N T SL i n g u i s t i c sTamila Zviadadze. On a Nekresi Inscription ................................................. 13Bidzina Lemonjava. On Some Functions of “ts” Allomorphs in Georgianand Zan .......................................................................................................... 19Inga Sanikidze. The History and Etymology of Several Georgian Words.On the Basis of the Historical Material ........................................................ 28Irine Chachanidze. Linguistic Axiology from the Standpointof Sociolinguistics ......................................................................................... 33Levan Pachulia. On the Issue of Differentiation of the Notions ‘Text’ and‘discourse’ ..................................................................................................... 42Manana Bukia. Georges Dumézil – the Researcher of the Laz Language .... 47Marine Kakachia, Ketevan Margiani, Marine Jgharkava. Biverbaland Paronomazial Predicate in Georgian ....................................................... 52Tamar Gitolendia. Examples of the Repeated Formation of the KartvelianNames and Surnames According to the Muhajirs List of 1867 ..................... 60Khatia Kakava. Reduction of Vowels as One of the Conditions ofTruncation of Consonants in Abkhazian ....................................................... 66Emma Kilanava. On the So-called Complex Subject in Modern English ..... 70Irina Kruashvili. Connotation and Expressiveness of Word-buildingConstructions ................................................................................................. 78Lali Ratiani. On the Typological Classification of Antonyms in ModernLinguistics. Types of Antonyms ..................................................................... 85Leda Kobalia. Publicistic Functional-Semantic Types of Speech ................. 93Maya Daraselia, Nana Akhobadze. Theory of Gricean Pragmatics ............. 97Manana Shelia, Keti Galoberi. The Role of Motive and Interest in theDevelopment of Students’ Cognitive Activity ............................................ 103Tamar Jojua. For the Functional Teaching of the Foreign LanguageGrammatical Phenomenon .......................................................................... 109Tamar Bakuradze. Theoretical Principles of GrammaticalTransformations ........................................................................................... 116Maka Kacharava. On the History of Penetration of the RussianVocabulary into the English Language ....................................................... 121Nana Edisherashvili. “Ambiguous Cases” in German (in German) ........... 128Nino Bakuradze, Tamar Bakuradze. Learning Vocabulary in a ForeignLanguage ..................................................................................................... 145Diana Alania, Georgi Tsibachashvili. Russian Script from the PragmaticView-point (in Russian) .............................................................................. 151Irma Gulordava. An Emotion as a Process Organizing Verbal Actions(in Russian) .................................................................................................. 158Indira Dzagania. On the Concept “Expressive Facts Environment” ........... 1639

L i t e r a r y S t u d i e sTite Mosia.“Balavariani” as a Literary Source ........................................... 169Nana Shengelia. About the Scientific Debate between AcademicianKorneli Kekelidze and Pavle Ingorokva ...................................................... 178Lado Chania. “As One Wilful Murid” ......................................................... 186Nana Arakhamia. The Problem of a Harmonious Person in the GeorgianLiterature of the 19th Century.“The Hermit”, “The Widow of theHouse of Otar” ............................................................................................ 191Nino Vakhania. “Suliko”, a Divine Canticle ............................................... 201Joni Margania. Artistic Credibility in “Bashi-Achuki” by AkakiTsereteli ....................................................................................................... 208Pikria Chkhartishvili. Giorgi Shervashidze in the Georgian LiteraryCritique ........................................................................................................ 216Kote Todua. General Characterisation of the pre-19th Century EuropeanLiterature from the View-point of the Realism ........................................... 231Merab Nachkebia. The Evidences of the Georgian Culture in Uskudar ..... 247Dariko Pipia. On Some Aspects of Social and Political Views ofTerenti Graneli ............................................................................................ 255Luara Sordia. Apocaliptic Images in the Works of Mikheil Javakhisvili ... 260Tsiala Meskhia. Georgia’s Historical Reality in the 1920-1930’s inKonstantine Gamsakhurdia’s Creative Work. According to“Abduction of the Moon” ............................................................................ 273Inga Milorava. The Transformaton of the Modernistic World OutlookSupporting Gauges (Fantasy, Reality) in a Fictional Text .......................... 287Indira Gadilia. Mirza Gelovani’s Frontal Lyric Poetry ............................... 302Mariam Miresashvili, Nana Gaprindashvili. Subject and Plot as theCategories of Belles-Lettres’ Form ............................................................. 311Lela Mirtskhulava. Postmodernist Tendencies in Jemal Karchkhadze’sProse ............................................................................................................ 318Salome Kapanadze. “A Monument for Everyone” – the Nation’sDramatic Dilemma ...................................................................................... 338Marine Turava. The Paradigm of a Brother and Sister Love inLiterature ..................................................................................................... 346Tamar Kiguradze. Franz Kafka’s Story “Josefine, Die Sängerin OderDas Volk Der Mäuse” as a Narrative Model ............................................... 357Khatuna Tsiklauri. The Associative Technique and the Artistic Time inMarcel Proust’s “Swann’s Way” ................................................................. 362Nana Kutsia. About “The Hundred Oldest Japanese Verses” Translatedfrom Japanese by Irma Ratiani .................................................................... 371Alton Beselia. Habits Are Sent from Heaven (in Russian) ........................... 385Olga Petriashvili. The Language of Ivan Bunin’s Belletristic Prose(in Russian) .................................................................................................. 39510

Nino Eteria. On the Peculiarities of the Comical in Vasili Shukshin’sNovels (in Russian) ..................................................................................... 404H i s t o r y , A r c h a e o l o g yKakhaber Pipia. Iberia-Rome Relations in 120-130’s A.D.Emperor Adrian and Parsman I .................................................................. 411Nodar Berulava, Revaz Tolordava. The Site of Chakhar and SomeAspects of the Anti-Byzantine Armed Revolt (A.D. 555-556) ................... 427Zurab Papaskiri. Once Again about the Foreign Political Situationof Georgia in the 8th Century ...................................................................... 436Kakha Kvashilava. When Did the Enguri River BecomeOdishi-Abkhazia’s Frontier ......................................................................... 461Avtandil Kilasonia. “The Loss and Banishment” and theOld Georgian Law in the 18th Century ....................................................... 488Bezhan Khorava. Strengthening of Russia on the North-East Shore of theBlack Sea in 1830-1840’s ............................................................................ 496Boris Kvaratskhelia. Tsarism’s Discriminatory Language Policyin Abkhazia .................................................................................................. 530Jambul Anchabadze. An Agrarian Reform in the Georgian DemocraticRepublic ....................................................................................................... 546Zaza Tsurtsumia. The Ottoman Military Raid on Abkhazia in 1918 .......... 564Dazmir Jojua. The Axial Problem of the Georgian History ........................ 577Meri Gabedava. Russian Military Intervention in Georgiaon August 2008 ........................................................................................... 589Nodar Darsania. The Last Dramatic Days of Akhenaten and Nefertiti ....... 601David Chitaia. From the History of the National Liberation Movementin the Ukraine in the First Half of the 19th Century .................................... 611Estate (Tengiz) Antelava. The National Liberation Struggle of theMountain-Dwellers against the Bolshevik Power under Said-Shamil ........ 617Teimuraz Papaskiri. The Issue of Finland in the German-Soviet Relationsin November of 1940 ................................................................................... 631George Antelava. On One Religions Aspect of Turk Immigrants’Integration into the German Cultural World ............................................... 646Vakhtang Japaridze. On the Problem of Exploration of the MountainousAbkhazia’s Archaeological Monuments. the Middle Reaches of theKodori River ................................................................................................ 650Manana Kuprava. Antique and Byzantine Cities in Western Turkey.Assos and Hierapolis ................................................................................... 662Revaz Khvistani. The Results of the Archaeological Excavations in theUpper Reaches of the Kodori River (Dali Mountain Gorge)in 2007-2008 ................................................................................................ 669Temur Todua, Zviad Kvitsiani. Antique Period Tomb Stelesfrom Colchis ................................................................................................ 68411

P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e s , S o c i o l o g yAlexandre Tsurtsumia. Georgia and Global Interests ................................. 697Koba Noniashvili. Social and Sociological Investigations .......................... 703Givi Rogava. On The Problem of Historical Necessity and the Dialecticsof Human Beings’ Aims .............................................................................. 712Meri Chanturia. A Person's Interests, Aims and Social Activity ................ 718Nestan Lomaia. Gender Policy and Mass Media ......................................... 724L a w S t u d i e sBadri Kvaratskhelia. The Title of “Bocauli” in Samegrelo (Odishi)Region ......................................................................................................... 730Mikheil Mamniashvili. Some Aspects of the Perfection of the GeorgianTrial Proceedings ......................................................................................... 737Tamar Zarandia. Concept of Property and Its Exclusive Nature.Comparative Law Analysis According to Georgian and French Laws ....... 750Vepkhvia Gvaramia. On the Issue of Extradition Concept ......................... 761Sophio Gvaramia. The Co-Authors Legal Status According to theGeorgian Legislation ................................................................................... 776Avtandil Khazalia. The Forms and the Methods of Government(in Russian) .................................................................................................. 783P e d a g o g i c s , P s y c h o l o g yJemal Jinjikhadze, Levan Jinjikhadze. About One Problem ofFolk Research .............................................................................................. 792Lia Akhaladze. Bloom’s Taxonomy and Its Application in the Process ofHistory Teaching ......................................................................................... 802Rusudan Pipia. The Development of Pupils’ Critical Thinking at theNative Language and Literature Lessons of Primary Schools ..................... 809Guranda Gabunia. Ecology and the Pupil’s Ecological Education ............ 815Kakhi Kopaliani, Irma Shomakhia. The Impact of the Senior Pupils’Status on the Aggressive Behaviour in Business and Private Relations(in Russian) .................................................................................................. 825Authors (in Georgian) .................................................................................. 832Authors ......................................................................................................... 83712

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008e n a T m e c n i e r e b aTamila zviadaZenekresis erTi warweris gamonekresis warwerebis Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuliametad saintereso mosazrebebi (vgulisxmobT l. WilaSvilis,o. kaxaZis, z. WumburiZis, J. feiqriSvilisa da sxvaTanaSromebs). 1 miCneulia, rom nekresis naqalaqarSi napovni lapidaruliwarwerebi erT-erTi yvelaze Zvelia aqamde aRmoCenilwerilobiT Zeglebs Soris.nekresis naqalaqari kaxeTSi, yvarlis raionSi mdebareobs.misi dafuZneba ukavSirdeba mefe farnajomis saxels (Zv.w. IIs.).leonti mrovelis cnobiT: àman farnajom – mefeman umata yovelTacixe-qalaqTa Seneba da amarTa zadensa da iwyo SenebadkaxeTs qalaqsa nelqarissa, romel ars nekresi”. 2 nekresi warmoadgendaistoriuli hereTisa da Semdgom kaxeTis erT-erT sayuradRebopolitikur, ekonomikur, kulturul da religiurcentrs. nekresi cnobilia agreTve agiografiuli literaturisadreuli ZegliT _ `moqalaqeobaYda wamebaY wmidisa abibos nekreselebiskoposisa~. abibos nekreseli im aTcamet asurel mama-Ta erT-erTi warmomadgeneli iyo, romlebic saqarTveloSi VIsaukuneSi moRvaweobdnen.1 l. WilaSvili. nekresis uZvelesi qarTuli warwerebi da qarTulidamwerlobis istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2004, gv. 29-35; l. Wila-Svili. nekresis arqeologiis dasawyisi. _ kreb.: `daviT aRmaSenebeli~.Tb., 1990, gv. 134-135; l. WilaSvili. naqalaqari urbnisi. Tb.,1964, gv. 115; z. WumburiZe. nekresis warwerebis gamo. _ mwignobari,Tb., 2001, gv. 120-128; o. kaxaZe. nekresis warwera – mxolod TavsatexiTu?: gaz.: `ganaTleba~, #7, 1995; J. feiqriSvili. nekresis warwerismniSvneloba qarTul werilobiT tradiciaSi. _ etimologiuri Ziebani.quTaisi, 2005, gv. 79-85;2 leonti mroveli. cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa... _ qarTlis cxovreba.teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilismier. t. I. Tb., 1955, gv. 29;13

1986-2003 wlebSi nekresSi Catarda saqarTvelos saxelmwifomuzeumis arqeologiuri eqspedicia l. WilaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT.gamoikveTa gansxvavebuli daniSnulebisa da xasiaTisSemcveli sami fena: pirveli _qveda fena, rogorc mecnierebivaraudoben, unda yofiliyo kerpTmsaxurebis droindeli samlocvelosamsxverplo samarxebiT. es fena TariRdeba Zv. w. IV-II saukuneebiT. meore fena aris mazneanTa samlocvelo, romelicZv. w. II saukunidan axali welTaRricxvis II-III saukuneebamdefunqcionirebda. mesame – zeda fena ufro gviandelia, axaliwelTaRricxvis IV-V saukuneebs ganekuTvneba da warmodgeniliamcire zomis marnisa da darRveuli samarxebis saxiT. swored aqaris napovni warweriani qvebi.nekresis naqalaqarze dadasturebuli warwerebi Tavsdebasakmaod vrcel qronologiur CarCoSi _ ax.w. IV-VIss. sul aRmoCeniliaaTi warwera, romelTagan erTi amokawrulia qvevrispirze. igi SedarebiT gviandelia da TariRdeba ax.w. VI saukuniT,marnis teritoriaze gaTxra mimdinareobda 1986-1987 wlebSiTavdapirvelad da Semdgom ukve 1996 wels. aRmoCnda kidev erTinatexi, romelic aRdga adre napovn warwerian fragmentTan. asoebiamokawrulia svel Tixaze gamowvamde. maTi simaRle 1,5-2,00santimetria, or rigadaa ganlagebuli da ase ikiTxeba _ `m ~ b eseWuri me... davrge~warawera iwyeba ori daqaragmebuli asoTi (m ~ b). `me~-s Semdegkidev aris erTi asoniSnis qveda rkali, danarCeni motexilia.rogorc l. WilaSvili varaudobs, aq igulisxmeba damwerissaxeli. meore rigis sityva `davrge~ moqmedebas gamoxatavs. warwera,albaT, aq ar mTavrdeboda. mosalodnelia, aRiSnuli yofiliyo,ra mizniT dargo Wuri. 1rogorc cnobilia, epigrafikuli Zeglebis Seswavlis drosupirvelesad yuradReba eqceva arqeologiur monacemebs, aso-ni-SanTa maCvenebel paleografiul niSnebs da, ra Tqma unda, enobrivTaviseburebebs. nekresis es warwerac sainteresoa enaTmecnieruliTvalazrisiT, sayuradReboa leqsikur-semantikurad.l. WilaSvili SeniSnavs, rom Wuri, rogorc saRvine Wur-Weli, kaxeTSi miwaSi dafluli Rvinis WurWlis saxelad dResar ixmareba, gavrcelebulia `qvevri~. Zv. werilobiT ZeglebSi(`SuSanikis wameba~, àbibos nekreselis wameba~, bibliis qarTu-1 l. WilaSvili. nekresis uZvelesi qarTuli warwerebi.., gv. 29.14

li Targmanebi) vxvdebiT `WurWels~ da ara Wurs.aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Wuri, rogorc qvevris sinonimi,dRes, marTlac, ar gamoiyeneba, magram, rogorc GCans, sxva viTarebaiyo Zvel saqarTveloSi. sulxan-saba orbelianis mixedviT: WurWeli _ zogadi saxeli ars yovelTa WurWelTa,xolo ese WurWeli ganiyofebian: iaraRad, gvardakad,lankanad, jamad, saRvined, wedad ... Wurad. Wurnica dawedanica saRvined iTqmis~. 1 Wuri-qvevri: Wuri ewodebis tybilis sacavsa, xolotybili da tkbili maxlobel arian. tybili ewodebiswvensa yurZnisa, xolo tkbili TaflTa da yovelTamisTanaTa gemoanTa. xolo ese Wuri, sacavi tybilisa,ganiyofebian, rameTu didTa ewodebis qvevri da mis Sedegsa_ yvibari da mis umcrossa – qoco, aramed yoveliveWuri ars~. 2 sabaze dayrdnobiT ganmartavs sityvasn. GCubinaSvilic. `Wuri sakuTriv ewodebis RvinisGasasxmels, romel arian: qvevri, qoco, xalani,dergi, lagvini, lagvinari da Txierica~. 3Wuris ramdenime mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs i. abulaZe: Wuri – iaraRi, WurWeli, qvevri, mokazmuloba. 4rogorc Cans, Wuri moculobiT yvelaze didi saRvine Wur-Weli iyo. am mniSvnelobiT ixmareba igi Zvel werilobiT wyaroeb-Si: àsua Wursa Sina didsa~. 5 `zogjer tkbilisa Wurisaebr guliauduRdeboda~. 6 savaraudod `Wuri~ ikiTxeba urbnisis naqalaqarisgaTxrebisas aRmoCenil warweraSi (VI s.). aq sami qar-Tuli asoa gamosaxuli: ` q W e~ - qristes Wuri ese. 7eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviTac Rvinis Sesanax didizomis Tixis WurWels Wuri ewodeba. qvevra _ qvevri ki mciretevadobis Wuria, romelic Sig Gausvlelad, zevidan irecxebasarcxiT. 8 Wuri didi qvevria, ormoc fuTze meti tevadobis. misigarecxva Sig GCausvlelad ar xerxdeba, amitom Zvelad Wurs1 sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli, t. II. Tb., 1993, gv. 409.2 sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli, t. II, gv. 408.3 n. CubinaSvili. qarTuli leqsikoni. Tb., 1961, gv. 460.4 il. abulaZe. Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni. Tb., 1973, gv. 559.5 mamaTa cxovreba. II. Tb., 1995, gv. 220.6 visramiani. _ qarTuli mwerloba. t. III. Tb., 1988, gv. 21.7 l. WilaSvili. naqalaqari urbnisi. Tb., 1954, gv. 115.8 q. ZoweniZe. zemoimeruli leqsikoni. Tb., 1974, gv. 403.15

`Casavalsac~ uwodebdnen. 1 e. i. qvevri iyo patara Wuri, xoloWuri _ didi qvevri. es rom asea, adasturebs cnobili idiomaturigamoTqmac: `WurSi (da ara qvevrSi) zis~, anu mowyvetiliasazogadoebas, araferi esmis, araferi gaegeba qveynisa, ar icisis, rac unda iyos misTvis cnobili, uvicia. 2savaraudebelia, rom qarTulSi miwaSi GCafluli saRvineWurWlis aRsaniSnavad Tavdapirvelad swored `Wuri~ gamoiyeneboda,xolo qvevri, rogorc didi Wuri, mogvianebiT damkvidrdaaRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod, kaxeTSi. rac Seexeba meoresityvas _ `davrge~, moqmedebis aRmniSvnelia da Tanamedrove qar-TulSi ukavSirdeba mcenaris (Cveulebriv fesvebiani ZiriT) miwa-Si Cafvlas, Cayras. gamoTqma `Wuri davrge~ bunebrivi ar aris,Cveulebriv amboben: `qvevri GCavdgi~, `qvevri GCavagde~. ZveliqarTuli enis leqsikonebSic `dargva~, `rgva~ mxolod mcenaresukavSirdeba: darguli-danerguli balaxi: dargi ars odes sayanursada venaxsa vaxsenebdeT, vityviT: qveiT dargi, zeiT dargi,aqeT-iqiT da misTanani. 3 dargva-danergva: `xE zedaYszeda aRmofxura dargviTaZirTa ver ganigebs~. 4 dargva-darguli: `moqmedeba maTda ars ara dargvaY xisa,aramed aRmofxuraYkeTilad dargulisaY~ _ pavl.epist. Targm. 5rac Seexeba dialeqtis monacemebs, dasavlur kiloebSi,kerZod, qvemoimerulSi `dargva~ SeiZleba sxva konteqstSicSegvxvdes. mag.: `xo CargeT, biWebo kargaT, aRar amua xo zeiT?!~6 (ukavSirdeba micvalebulis damarxvas, dakrZalvas).qarTulSi arsebobs idiomaturi gamoTqma: `gulSi Cainerga~,rac `gulSi daimarxas~ sinonimuri variantia. danergva da dargvacsinonimebia Zv. qarTulSi: danergavs (danergva, daunergavs)_ 1. Zv. dargavs, Gayris (gasaxareblad), gaaSenebs (xeebs): àviSenesaxlebi, davnerge venaxebi (ilia) _ figur.: [nikos] Tvalwinhyavda... is patara mowafeebi.., romelTa gulSi swavla da mecni-1 c. kakabaZe. SroSuli keramika. Tb., 1982, gv. 63.2 n. gamrekeli, e. mgalobliSvili. qarTul-rusuli frazeologiurileqsikoni. Tb., 1966, gv. 548.3 sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli, t. I. Tb., 1991, gv. 198.4 il. abulaZe. Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni. Tb., 1973, gv. 120.5 z. sarjvelaZe. Zv. qarTuli enis leqsikoni. Tb., 1995, gv. 64.6 Cawerilia wyaltubos raionis sofel GCuneSSi.16

ereba unda daenerga~. 1 Camarxva, GCafvla, GCargva rom msgavsmniSvnelobis sityvebia, amas adasturebs svanurisa da zanurismonacemebic. svanurSi mcenaris miwaSi GCafvlas damarxvasac uwodeben:`qarTofil _ qarTuebil leliunTd xoSas skodi faTqisgaoSduR~ (kartofili sazamTrod Rrma ormoSi davmarxe).zanurSi Wurs lagvans uwodeben. sabas ganmartebiT, lagvaniaris `patara Wuri (pirfarTo sarwyuli, qoco, didi qila)~. 2leqsikonSi damowmebulia markozis saxarebis erT-erTi Tavi, sadacikiTxeba: `lagBniTa wyali ze edga mKarTa~ (mark. 14.13);lagvani araerTxel gvxveba Zveli qarTuli enis ZeglebSic:`davdgi lagvnebi, savsE RBniTa (ieremia, 35, 5J).`lagvani, savsE zedaSiTa: (sin-11, 318 r); 3es sityva mcire fonetikuri cvlilebebiT (lagina) dRemdedaculia gurul dialeqtSi. 4 aRniSnavs patara doqs: `bareRam RvinocamoiRe gvedis Wuridan, moqafuli Rvino romaa. waiRe, ageraalaginai~. 5 samegrelosa da svaneTSi ar amboben `lagvani Cavdgi~,`lagvani GCavagde~. moqmedebis aRmniSvneli sityva aq aris damarxva:`lagvani divTxoriT~ / `kec òSduR~ _ Wuri davmarxeT.rogorc Cans, `dargva~ Zvel qarTulSi zogadad risame miwaSidafvlas niSnavda da ar iyo dakavSirebuli mxolod mcenaresTan,rogorc es gvaqvs dRes. dafvla, damarxva, dargva kimsgavsi mniSvnelobis sityvebi gaxldaT, amitomac nekresis warweraSigamoyenebuli fraza: `Wuri davrge~ savsebiT bunebriviunda yofiliyo im periodis qarTuli enisaTvis.1 qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. III. Tb., 1953, gv. 603.2 sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, t. I, Tb., 1991, gv. 403.3 il. abulaZe. Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, gv. 207.4 e. nikolaiSvili. arqauli leqsikis kvali gurulSi _ qarTvelurimemkvidreoba, II. quTaisi, 1998, gv. 204.5 qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. IV. Tb., 1955, gv. 1459.2. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi17

TAMILA ZVIADADZEON A NEKRESI INSCRIPTIONThe archaeological excavations of 1986-2003 in Nekresi exposedthree strata of different functions and character. The oldest stratum is thethird one which belongs to the 4-6th centuries and represents a smallwine cellar and ruined graves. It was the very place where the stones withinscriptions were found. In all there were discovered ten inscriptions oneof which is carved on a wine-jar. It is comparatively late and dates A.D.6th century. This Nekresi inscription is interesting from the scientificpoint of view. The inscription reads as follows: “M-B I have planted thischuri (= this wine jar)”. The phrase “I have planted this churi” is worthyof attention because it is not typical of Modern Georgian. The articlegives a lexico-semantic analysis of the words constituting the phrase. InModern Georgian the words “quevri” and “churi” are synonyms. “Quevri”is used in Kakheti, Eastern Georgia, whereas “churi” is preferable inWestern Georgia. The actional verb “to plant” is used in reference toplants meaning “to bury with the roots in the ground”. According to thematerials of Old Georgian, the Kartvelian languages and the dialects“churi” and “quevri” are not absolute synonyms. “Churi” is of a largervolume than “quevri”, and “to plant” has the same meaning as “to bury”,“to inter” or “to sink”. Thus, the phrase used in the inscription is quitenormal for the Old Georgian Language.18

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008biZina lemonjavac-T alomorfTa zogierTi funqciisaTvisqarTulsa da zanurSiqarTuli aglutinaciuri bunebis enaa. (aseve qarTvelurienebi). lingvisturad aglutinacia aris afiqsebis meqanikuri SeerTebaZirTan an fuZesTan, ise rom maTi gamoyofa advilia. miuxedavadCveni enis aseTi bunebisa, dRes Zalze iSviaTad, magrammainc erTi afiqsi ori funqciiT gvevlineba. amasTan dakavSirebiT,arn. Ciqobava aRniSnavda, rom qarTulSi aglutinaciis principsemyareba sityvaTa agebuleba. sadac es principi darRveulia,meoreul movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme; roca es principi darRveulia,aq ori ramaa SesaZlebeli: 1) afiqsi erTia, funqcia er-Tze meti. 2) afiqsi oria, funqcia erTi.P0F1P pirveli SemTxvevis magaliTebia:Ta-niani mravlobiTi saxelebSi, wign-T-a aq –T brunvasacaRniSnavs da mravlobiT ricxvsac. meore SemTxvevis magaliTebiqarTulSi ufro xSiria me-nav-e, sa-qaTm-e, sa-klas-o. (m.s prefiqsebi klas-kategoriis niSnebi unda yofiliyo).P1F2Pamjerad Cveni dakvirvebis mizania c da T fonemaTa afiqsurifunqciis variantebi da Sesabamisoba qarTulsa da zanurSi,am morfemaTa distribuciuli analizi, e. i. dadgena imisa, Tu raalomorfebisagan Sedgeba TiToeuli morfema, ra SemTxvevebSiawarmodgenili am morfemaTa TiToeuli alomorfi da rogoraris Sepirobebuli maTi gamovlena. erTi da imave fonemuri Sedgenilobismorfebi, romlebic sxvadasxva mniSvnelobas gamoxatavencalke aRebul qarTulSi an zanurSi sxvadasxva semantikurigansxvavebulobiT gamoirCevian da amitom sxvadasxva morfemebsganekuTvnebian, homofonuri (berZn. Homos “erTnairi” phone “bgera”)morfebia.paradigmatikaSi neitralizacia gvaqvs homofonuri morfebisSemTxvevaSi. Tu es morfebi erTi da imave gramatikuli kategori-1 arn. Ciqobava. enaTmecnierebis Sesavali. Tb., 1952, gv. 61.2 arn. Ciqobava. saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba qarTvelur eneb-Si. Tb., 1942, gv. 127.19

is sxvadasxva gramemas gamoxataven.P2F1P garkveul morfologiur ni-SanTa iseTi gaerTianebebi, sadac TiToeuli diferencialuri ni-Sani monawileobs Tavisi dadebiTi an uaryofiTi mniSvnelobiT,qmnis ufro rTul erTeulebs, romlebsac gramemebi ewodeba.P3F2Pmorfsa da gramemas Soris ar aris urTierTcalsaxa Sesatyvisoba:erTi morfi SeiZleba ramdenime gramemas gamoxatavdes.T elementi qarTulSi warmoadgens moqmedebiT brunvis –iTniSnis nairsaxeobas.P4F3P xmovanze fuZedaboloebul ukvecel saxeldobian.wyaro-T, bu-T, Cai-T. Cveulebriv am SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba–Ti sufiqsi, rac moqmedebiTi brunvis –iT niSnis nairsaxeobaswarmoadgens. fuZeukvecel saxelebTan wyaro-Ti, elene-Ti, nunu-Ti, rac Sedgeba brunvis niSniseuli-T (iT) da emfatikurad miCneuli–i sufiqsebisagan. qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi T-i dasturdeba,kerZod, (mTiulurSi, fSaurSi). gvxvdeba vaJa-fSavelasTxzulebebSic; roca daerTvis zmnas da gamoxatavs mravlobiTricxvs (zmnaSi aRniSnavs subieqtis an obieqtis mravlobiTobas):“vTqvaT sibraluli kargia xe-qva-balax-T-i, cxovel-T-i”.T-i daboloeba Cveulebrivia gvarovnul saxelebSi (upiratesadaRmosavleT saqarTveloSi): oTaraan-T-i amir-T-i, qavTara-T-i. dialeqtebSi, kerZod, mTiulurSi T-i daerTvis agreTve mravlobiTobis–en sufiqsiT garTulebul “Cveni”, “Tqveni” kuTvnilebiTnacvalsaxelebs: Cveneb-T-i, Tqveneb-T-i Cvenianebis, TqvenianebismniSvnelobiT. T- morfema gvxvdeba viTarebiTi brunvisniSnis fonetikur nairsaxeobad: xe-T (xe-d), wyaro-T (wyaro-d)gavrcelebulia dialeqtebsa da zepir metyvelebaSic.T (T-a) sufiqsi daerTvis saxels da gamoxatavs mravlobiTricxvs: kac-T-(a) Cveulebriv gamoiyeneba a-emfitikur xmovanTanerTad. mravlobiTobis funqcias gamoxatavs sakuTriv –T; -T-asufiqsiani formebi semantikurad fardia moTxrobiTi, micemiTida naTesaobiTi brunvebisa. Tanamedrove qarTulSi –T-a ZiriTadadgamoiyeneba naTesaobiTi brunvis funqciiT, upiratesadgvxvdeba myar SesityvebebSi. qalTa dRe, geografiuli punqtebissaxelwodebebSi: ciburTa, gogolaurTa warmoSobiT –T-a sufiq-1 enaTmecnierebis Sesavlis sakiTxebi. g. axvledianis redaqciiT. Tb.,1972, gv. 205.. 115-120; Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis kursi. Tb., 2003, gv.224; Ю. С. Степанов. Основы языкознания. М., 1966, gv. 115-120.2 Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis kursi, gv. 223.3 b. jorbenaZe, m. kobaiZe, m. beriZe. qarTuli enis morfemebisa da modalurielementebis leqsikoni. Tb., 1988, gv. 182.20

sani forma am SemTxvevaSic marTuli msazRvrelia, oRond sazRvrul-gauCinarebuli,P5F1Pgvxvdeba a formantis gareSec.axal qarTulSic –T-a upiratesad stilisturi daniSnulebiTgamoiyeneba aRmatebiTobis semantikis gamomxatvel myar Sesityvebebsada komapozitebSi: ca-T-a swori, mefe-T-a-mefe, mze-Ta-mze,magram ramdenime SemTxvevaSi misi gamoyeneba stilisturadneitraluria. -T sufiqsi daerTvis zmnasac da gamoxatavs mravlobiTricxvs (zmnaSi aRniSnavs subieqtis an obieqtis mravlobiTobas)mniSvnelobiTac da masalobrivadac ukavSirdeba saxelebSidadasturebul –T sufiqss.1. –T sufiqsi gamoxatavs I da II subieqturi pirebis mravlobiTobasyvela tipis (dinamikuri da statikuri, moqmedebiTida vnebiTi gvaris) zmnis I da II seriebis yvelanakvTSi: vwer-T, vwerdi-T, vwerde-T, davwero-T... viwerebi-T,viwerebode-T... vCivi-T, v-Ci-od-i-T... da sxva.1. –T sifiqsiT gamoixateba II da III iribobieqturi pirebismravlobiToba (III pirisa inversiul zmnebSi): isTqven gwer-T werils, man Tqven mogwera-T werili...Sdr. Tqven giyvar-T, uyvar-T, dagiweria-T...2. –T gamoxatavs II pirdapirobieqturi piris mravlobiTobas:man Tqven dagxata-T (Sdr. man Tqven suraTi dagixata-Tsadac –T ukve iribobieqturi piris mravlobiTobasaRniSnavs).3. SesaZloa –T sufiqsi daerTos zmna-Semasmenlis funqciiTgamoyenebul sxva wevrsac: gamarjoba-T, ariqa-T,Tqveni Wirime-T... rac CamovTvaleT, –T sufiqsis gamoyenebisarealis mxolod nawilia, rogorc saliteraturoenaSi, ise dialeqtebsa da cocxal metyvelebaSi.n. marma monografiaSi “Wanuri (lazuri) enis gramatika”saxelTa mravlobiTi ricxvis mwarmoeblad gamoyo –fe sufiqsi,romlis win mdgomi –e saxelobiTis brunvis niSnad miiCnia. iqvemiuTiTa, rom WanurSi SemorCenilia mravlobiTis meore mawarmoebelic–n, romelic xan –ne, xan –ni-s saxiT gvxvdeba. aq igulisxmebanacvalsaxeluri formebi. kerZod, aTinurSi dadasturebuliIII piris nacvalsaxelebi mravlobiTSi: hani “eseni”, “hi-1 v. Tofuria. geografiul saxelTa –Ta sufiqsisaTvis qarTulSi. _Cveni mecniereba, # 11-12, Tb., 1924, gv. 65; saxelis brunvebis istoriisaTvisqarTvelur enebSi. I, Tb., 1956, gv. 75.21

ni” “isini” nacvalsaxeli nami-ne-fi “romlebi”.P6F1P n. maris SexedulebiT,WanurSi SemorCenilia mesame sufiqsic –Te, aseve nacvalsaxelebSimu-Te-fe, am-Te-fe, nam-Te-fe. safiqrebelia, rom ammarcvalSi Semonaxulia mravlobiTi ricxvis sufiqsi qarTuli –T-s ekvivalenti `... и во всех таких случаях мы имеем дело опятьтак и с двумя показателями множественного числа, Te и fe~.P7F2Psainteresoa rom Wanuri xefefe “xelebi” msgavsad megrul-Sic gvxvdeba ormagi sufiqsaciis mqone forma kaTefenq ikiTxes,muliri kaTefenq.P8F3P kaTefenq (xalx-eb-eb-ma) formis amosavali fu-Zea kaTa “xalxi”. specialur literaturaSi kaTa sityvis dakav-Sireba ucdiaT “kaci” megr. “koC” sityvis arqauli mravlobiTobis–Ta sufiqsiT gaformebul fuZesTan.P9F4P magram i. yifSiZem esdakavSireba miuReblad CaTvala.P10F5Parn. Ciqobavam rogorc megrulSi, aseve WanurSi miuTiTa munacvalsaxelur fuZeze da aRniSna: “mravlobiTSi Wanuri fuZecganicdis cvlilebas da megrulic: WanurSi –T daerTvis. megrulSi–n”. es elementebi erTi da imave Rirebulebis morfologiuriodenoba unda iyos, oRond sxvadasxva enobrivi fenidan.maTi morfologiuri funqcia da sadauroba garkvevas saWiroebs,radganac T- elementi jerjerobiT ganmartoebiT dgas.qarTveluri enebis sinamdvileSi mas megrulsa da WanurSi aqvsadgili da ucxo garemodan SeTvisebulis STabeWdilebas tovebs.P1F6PmxedvelobaSi gvaqvs T-ena “man”, T-ina “is” agreTve aTe-naes, ai es, eTina is, ai is: msazRvrulad xmarebisas CvenebiT nacvalsaxels–na ekveceba: e koCi, Te koCi, aTe koCi es kaci: i ko-Ci, Ti koCi, eTi koCi is kaci. WanurSi saintereso viTarebaa,rogorc arn. Ciqobava SeniSnavda, haTefe formaSi “eseni” SeiZlebaCavardes ricxvis formantiseuli Tanxmovani –ef-e da movi-RoT haTe forma: haTee igzales eseni gaemgzavrnen.P12F7P -T megrul-1 l. ezugbaia. gramatikuli ricxvis gamoxatvis sistema zanurSi. sakandidatodisertaciis xelnaweri. Tb., 1999, gv. 8.2 Н. Я. Марр, Грамматика чанского (лазского) языка. С-Пет., 1910, gv. 30.3 l. ezugbaia. gramatikuli ricxvis gamoxatvis sistema.., gv. 26.4 l. ezugbaia. gramatikuli ricxvis gamoxatvis sistema.., gv. 5.5 И. Кипшидзе. Грамматика Мингрельского (иверского) языка, съ хрестоматиеюи словаремъ, С-П, 1914, gv. 49-50.6 arn. Ciqobava. Wanuris gramatikuli analizi (teqstebiTurT.) Tb.,1936, gv. 74.7 arn. Ciqobava. Wanuris gramatikuli analizi, gv. 82.22

WanurSi ramdenime brunvasTan:1) rogorc brunvebis paradigmebidan Cans, WanurSi brunvaTaricxvi naklebia megrulTan SedarebiT. megrulSi metiadaniSnulebiTi (koCiSo-T) da vnebiTi anu gardaqceviTi(koCo). saliteraturo qarTuli xmarobs “kacisaTvis,ZmisaTvis. xevsurulSi ixmareba: kacisad, Zmisad. amgvariwarmoebis zusti fonetikuri da morfologiuri ekvivalentiamegruli daniSnulebiTi koCiSo-(T), jimaSo-(T),daniSnulebiTi brunva amgvarad qarTulSiac moipoveba,oRond saliteraturo qarTulSi ara gvaqvs.P13F12) moqmedebiTi brunvis niSania megrulSi –(i) T (i) Wanur-Si –(i) Te (n) –i- ikargeba winamavali xmovnis zegavleniT,iT saerToa qarTulTan: cxen-iT miS. cxeniT midioda.Cqim-iT, sqan-iT _ CemiT, SeniT Tqvan-iT _ Tqven-iT,Tqvan-iT _ TqveniT.3) –T vnebiTis niSnad: vnebiTis anu gardaqceviTi brunvisniSani megrulSi aris –T xmovanze daboloebul fuZeeb-Tan: mayare-T, koto-T, jima-T.vnebiTis –T megrulSi dayruebuli da gafSvinvierebuliqarTuli d-ia. TviT qarTulSi amJamad dasavlur kiloebSi mxolod–T-ia vnebiTis daboloeba. saliteraturo qarTulSi es –Tarc Tu iSviaTia. jer kidev meTvramete saukunidan.vnebiTis warmoebis mxriv megruli mxolod erTi SexedviTgansxvavdeba qarTulisagan.P14F2P -T aRniSnavs mravlobiTobas rogorcqarTulSi ise zanurSi I da II savaldebulo pirebSi: mag. v-ore-T “varT” ore-T re-T “xarT”. b-ore-T Wan. p-WarNn-T “vwerT”,WarNn-T “werT”. amdenad pirvel da meore savaldebulo pirTamravlobiToba qarTulsa da megrul-WanurSi gamoxatavs –T, xolosvanurSi –d. amasTan dakavSirebiT v. Tofuriam jer kidev1931w. SesaZleblad miiCnia amosavali mdgomareoba daculi iyossvanurSi e. i. -d iyo pirvelad, xolo qarTulsa da megrul-WanurSimomxdariyo am -d dayrueba auslautSi.P15F3P yuradRebas iqcevs–T sufiqsis gamoyeneba “Cven”, “Tqven” obieqtebis aRsaniSnavad,roca subieqtadaa “Sen”, “me”. sxva SemTxvevebSi mravlobi-Toba obieqtisa Wanursa da megrulSi gadmoicema subieqtis mesa-1 arn. Ciqobava. Wanuris gramatikuli analizi, gv. 54.2 arn. Ciqobava. Wanuris gramatikuli analizi, gv. 55.3 v. Tofuria. svanuri ena. zmna _ Sromebi, I. 1967, Tb., gv. 16.23

me piris mravlobiTobis maCvenebeli sufiqsebiT (an-es).P16F1zumums pirdapiri wyobis zmnaa, inversiuli wyobis zmnebSiam –T- sufiqsiT aRniSnuli iqneba “Cven”, “Tqven” subieqtebi, romlebicrealur obieqtebs gadmogvcemen.P17F2P T- nawilakis funqciiT(ca) im nawilakebidan, romlebic qarTulSi saxelebs daerTvis (-me, -ve, -Ra, -ca) Wanurs mxolod –ca nawilaki gaaCnia –T(i) juma-T-i(Zmac) oxori-Ti (saxlic) megrulSic mxolod es –T(i) nawilakigvaqvs –T(i) da c(a) erTmaneTTan iseTs mimarTebaSi undaiyvnen, rogorc qarTuli Tikani da cikani, qarT. zarmaci da megr.zarmaTi. am nawilakebis igiveoba naTelia.P18F3P brunebisas –T(i) nawilakiqarTulis msgavsad WanurSic daerTvis brunvis sruls formas(aseve megrulSic koC-Ti (kacic) koCiq-Ti (kacmac) koCis-Tikacsac, koCiSi-Ti kacisac, koCiTe-Ti kaciTac, da sxva. funqciuradnawilaki mravalferovania zog maTgans erTi funqcia aqvs,zogs ki erTdroulad ori an meti. c kiTxviT nacvalsaxels mimarTebiTobasaniWebs (vinc da agreTve gvxvdeba gaZlierebiTi nawilakisfunqciiTac (Svilic wavida).P19F4P c- morfemoidi kiTxviTinacvalsaxelisa da zmnisarTisagan awarmoebs:1. mimarTebiT nacvalsaxelsa da zmnisarTs. vin-c, ra-c,romeli-c, sada-c, iqa-c, aqa-c.2. aZlierebs sityvis mniSvnelobas (yuradRebas amaxvilebsim sityvaze, romelsac axlavs): miipatiJa estatemstumrebi da esenic dalagdnen (vaJa-fSavela).3. gamoxatavs damatebiTobas, imaves rasac “agreTve”forma ese-c movida, Sen-c gaakeTe.Zv. qarTulSi dasturdeba zmnasTanac “brmaY igi da yruYityoda da xedvidaca”. gvxvdeboda tmesis saxiTac: “mo-ca-miZulesmeca da mamaTca Cemi”. xSirad Zlierdeba mtkicebiTi “ki”nawilaki-morfemodiT: isi-c ki movida (Sdr. isi-c movida). cgvxvdeba mxolobiTi ricxvis III subieqturi piris niSnis fonetikurnairsaxeobad qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi (gurulSi, qvemoimerulSi).Cveulebriv s-a xdeba sonantis, upiratesad l-s momdevnod:sul-c “suls” qal-c “qals”.P20F5P Tu ca nawilaki marto daer-1 arn. Ciqobava. Wanuris gramatikuli analizi, gv. 165.2 arn. Ciqobava. Wanuris gramatikuli analizi, gv. 164.3 arn. Ciqobava. Wanuris gramatikuli analizi, gv. 67.4 J. feiqriSvili. qarTuli enis morfologia. quTaisi, 1992, gv. 269.5 b. jorbenaZe, m. kobaiZe, m. beriZe. qarTuli enis.., gv. 454.24

To saxels, ar Seezrdeba mas, SeiZleba mxolod bolokidurixmovani dakargos: vin-c(a), visa-c, visgana-c, ra-c(a), rama-c, rasac,sada-c, romeli-c. samagierod, es c- saxelisagan moiTxovsxmovniT gaTavebul formebs: dedama-c, kldema-c, dedasa-c, TaviseburebasmaSin qmnis, roca nacvalsaxelzea darTuli –Ra nawilak-Tan erTad (Ra-ca, raRa-c(a) rogoriRa-c, ramdeniRa-c da misT.am SemTxvevaSi brunvis niSani SeiZleba sityvas hqondes: a)nawilakamde, b) pirveli nawilakis Semdeg, g) sul bolos, e. i.SeiZleba rom: a) orive nawili Seuzrdeli iyos, b) Sezrdiliiyos pirveli maTgani, g) orive Sezrdili iyos. amaTgan pirveliSemTxveva iSviaTad gvxvdeba, meorec TandaTan gamodis xmarebidan,mesame ki Cveulebrivia. ca nawilakis bolokiduri a SeiZlebaSeikvecos, SeiZleba ara. SeiZleba agreTve, rom nawilakebiSeqceulad daerTos jer-ca, vincxa, Tumca es formebi saliteraturoenaSi ar ixmareba.P21F1-c gvxvdeba micemiTi brunvis niSnad megrulSi, Tumca undaiTqvas micemiTi brunvis niSani –s Wanursac da megrulsac qar-TulTan saerTo aqvs. amjerad –s alomorfTan dakavSirebiT SevexebiTmxolod micemiTi brunvis niSnad misi gamoyenebis moments.Tumca unda iTqvas, rom –s sufiqsis funqciebi qarTulsaliteraturo enasa da dialeqtebSi sakmaod farToa: saxeleb-Si, masdarSi, mimReobaSi, zmnebSi. rac SeiZleba diferenciamdelisaerTo monacemic iyos. micemiTi brunva erT-erTi uZvelesTagania.P2F2Prac Seexeba c-s is –s-s bgerinacvalia, rac bunebrivia, meoreulimovlenaa. risi Tqmis saSualebasac iZleva qarTulisa daWanuris monacemebi, sadac msgavsi movlena ar dasturdeba. megruliszugdidur-samurzayanul kilokavSi III subieqturi piris-s morfebis nacvlad sakmaod xSirad –c gvaqvs.am movlenas Seexo i. yifSiZe Tavis wignSi.P23F3P paradigmaSi motaniliamagaliTebi dvan-s/c, Wun-s/c, Warun-s Warun-c Qviluns/c.rodis da ra SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba –c alomorfi i. yifSiZeam sakiTxs ar Sexebia, mis mier motanili masalidan ki Cans romis daerTvis n da r Tanxmovnebze dasrulebul fuZeebs: dvanc“debs”, Wun-c “wvavs”, ibirc “mReris”, ingarc “tiris”.1 ak. SaniZe. qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi. Tb., 1953, gv. 106.2 arn. Ciqobava. Wanuris gramatikuli analizi, gv. 53.3 И. Кипшидзе. Грамматика Мингрельского (иверского) языка.., gv. 56.25

-cigive sakiTxs Seexnen g. maWavariani,P24F1P al. oniani,P25F2P orive avtoriiziarebs da eyrdnoba i. yifSiZis naSroms. am sakiTxTandakavSirebiT a. lomTaZe Tavis wignSi wersP26F3P alomorfi megrulSigvaqvs mxolod da mxolod awmyosa da myofadis mwkrivebSi,roca mosalodneli –s sufiqsi xSul (kerZod, sonor)TanxmovanTa mezoblobaSi imyofeba. es Tanxmovni an sufiqsiseulia(Resp. Temis niSniseuli), an fuZiseuli. Cveulebriv awmyosfuZe awmyos mwkrivis niSnebiT aris nawarmoebi. es sufiqsebia –an, -en, -un, -in iSviaTad –on, -in da raki es sufiqsebi yovelTvisn Tanxmovanzea dasrulebuli sub. III piris –c alomorfi n-s mezoblad gvaqvs (nc), rac Seexeba martiv uTemisniSno zmnebs,aq gvxvdeba sonori Tanxmovnebi, Cveulebriv n da r. –c alomorficmaT mezoblobaSi gamovlindeba (nc, rc) erTaderT SemTxvevaSi–s l-sTan mezoblobaSic gvaqvs srul-c “surs”.(ix. zemoT).micemiTisa da III subieqturi piris morfemebSi s>c fonetikuriprocesis igiveoba eWvs ar unda iwvevdes, miuxedavadimisa rom III sub. pirSi –c alomorfi n, r, l, TanxmovnebTanmezoblobaSi gvaqvs, xolo micemiTisa sonorebs garda f, d, T,t, C TanxmovnebTanac.s da c rogorc aRiniSna, Tavisuflad rodi monacvleoben,isini erTmaneTis mimarT damatebiTi distribuciis damokidebulebaSiarian. rogorc wesi –c maSin iWers –s-s adgils roca miswin xSuli Tanxmovania. micemiTi brunvisas da zmnis III subieqturipiris formisas, sadac auslautSi gvaqvs aseTi Tanmimdevroba.P27F41 g. maWavariani. zmnis ZiriTadi morfologiuri kategoriebi qarTvelurenebSi sakandidato disertaciis xelnaweri. Tb., Tb., 1953, gv. 70.2 al. oniani. qarTvelur enaTa istoriuli morfologiis sakiTxebi.Tb., 1978, gv. 73.3 a. lomTaZe. spirantebisa da afrikatebis fonetikuri saxecvlilebaniqarTvelur enebSi. Tb., 1999, gv. 149.4 a. lomTaZe. spirantebisa da afrikatebis fonetikuri.., gv. 27.26

BIDZINA LEMONJAVAON SOME FUNCTIONS OF “TS” ALLOMORPHS INGEORGIAN AND ZANThe work presents the attempt to analyse the variants of affix functionsof “ts” and “t” phonemes and their correlation in Georgian and Zan,the analysis of allomorphs of each morpheme and their development anddisplay.There are considered some cases of distribution of “t” and “ts” allomorphsin the work.The element “t” in the Georgian literary languageand dialects may be the markers of a grammatical case, a plural number orsubjective or objective forms of the verb. “T” is used as the marker of somecases (active, passive forms) and plural number of verbs as well as themarker of the construction “together with” (the particle “ts”). As for “ts”allomorph, it is used as a particle in Georgian, but in Zan (Mengrelian) it isreplaced by “s”, that is the secondary event, of course, because in Georgianand Chan this fact is not confirmed. The analysis of the material confirmsthe immediate proximity of morphological, grammatical and content andsubstantial data of the Kartvelian languages.27

28soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008inga sanikiZeistoria da etimologia ramdenimeqarTuli sityvisasaistorio masalaze dayrdnobiTleqsikur erTeulTa istoriuli analizi, romelic, erTimxriv, semantikuri gadaazrebisa da, meore mxriv, maTsave struqturuliagebulebis Seswavlas gulisxmobs, vfiqrobT, rom ena-Tmecnieruli Ziebis erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso ubania. winamdebarenaSromis mizans garkveuli sityvebis Sinaarsisa daformis ganviTarebis kvleva warmoadgens, amitom CvenTvis upirvelesadmniSvnelovani Zveli qarTuli enis maalaa, ZiriTadad,saistorio xasiaTisa, radgan sityvebi: isari, srola da srvayvelaze xSirad swored amgvar TxzulebaTa enaSi gvxvdeba.sulxan-saba orbeliani Tavis leqsikonSi SeniSnavs: isari _“zogadi saxeli ars yovelTa isarTaO. xolo ganiyofvian sxva dasxva saxelebiTa: frTe-dabali da pir-wvrili, romelsa yivCaynida Turqni iqoneben. ars sayalno; zomieri isari, frTe-mobrtye,da pirmobrtye ars sarCa” da sxv. 1xolo “qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi” vkiTxulobT:ìsari _ mSvildiT satyorcni maxvilwveriani wvrili joxi (boloSi,Cveulebriv, patara frTa aqvs)”. 2 sayuradReboa, rom dasaxelebulisityvis arc forma da arc ZiriTadi mniSvneloba ZveliqarTulidan dRemde ar Secvlila. igi sabrZolo iaraRis _mSvild-isris erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili iyo da sakmaod gavrcelebulsaomar (sanadiro) saSualebas warmoadgenda: “xoloixiles ra yovlad wmidaTa maT dafarulni igi manqaneba mterisada isarni misni ganPurvilni, romliTa-igi iswrafda sisrad wmidaTaqalwulTa, iurvodes, rameTu Wuri risxBsa ipoves mefe, vi-Tarca gueli, romel samoTxesa msaxBrel eqmna”; 3 an: “... spani igi1 sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli, t. I. Tb., 1991, gv. 335.2 qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni (Semdgom: qegl) t. IV, Tb.,1955, sveti. 802.3 leonti mroveli. cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa... _ qarTlis cxov-

waremarTnes ganmzadebulni, cxenTorosanni da jaWu-Cabalaxosanni,wina kerZo da maT ukana queiTni da queiTTa ukana simravle mPedarTa,da esreT mimarTes ovsTa, xolo ovsni warmodges qarafsazeda da daasxes isari, viTarca wvima mZlavri”; 1 an: `maSin Seiqmnasimravle isrisaO, viTarca setyuaO PSiri da fucvides RmerTsa,romel quemoOT nasrolman isarman fari da jaWBani kaci gaiarosda miwasa naxevrad daesvas”. 2Cven yuradReba gvinda gavamaxviloT isris, rogorc materialuriiaraRis, formaze. sulxan-saba orbelianze dayrdnobiTacnaTelia, rom qarTuli sabrZolo xelovneba amgvari iaraRis araerT saxeobas icnobda: frTebdabalsa da pirwvrils, frTebmobrtyosada frTebmaRals, “pir-ganpebuls”, anu pirgaWrils, wvermrgvalsada upiro isars, anu gezs da sxv., magram mTavari is aris,rom TiToeuli maTganis dasamzadeblad xis swori toti gamoiyeneboda,e.w. sari. es ukanaskneli ki sulxan-sabasTan ganmartebulia,rogorc “vazis mana, vazisa da misTanaTa asakravi”. 3sari rom swori, gamarTuli joxia da Zvel qarTulSi igivemniSvneloba aqvs, rac dRes, amas Zveli samarTlis Zeglebic mowmobs;magaliTad, erTgan vkiTxulobT: “gors unda miitanon sakomlo;kidev gors unda miitanon goris zvris sariT sakomlo; sakomlozesari kona”; 4 an: “begara rac dauZaxon, unda wavidnen, samidRe zvari unda imuSaon; Tavze TviTo kona sari aZesT. Tu qurdobaSeaCndes visme, sazRauri batonisa aris, aTisTavi mouravisa”. 5dasaxelebul magaliTebSi sari sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebisnivTia; sarebiT zvrebs amagreben da konebad kraven isereba.teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilismier. t. I. Tb., 1955, gv. 81.1 juanSer juanSeriani. cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa, _ qarTliscxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviTs. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. I. Tb., 1955, gv. 156.2 Zegli erisTavTa. _ wgn. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi teqstebi gamoscada SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. doliZem, t. II.Tb., 1965, gv. 109.3 sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli, t. II. Tb., 1993, gv. 51.4 urbnisis rus gamoRebisa. _ wgn. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. teqstebigamosca da SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. doli-Zem, t. II. Tb., 1965, gv. 275-276.5 aRekisa da misis moÃeleebisa. _ wgn. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi.teqstebi gamosca da SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i.doliZem, t. II. Tb., 1965, gv. 301.29

ve, rogorc isrebs. ra Tqma unda, logikuria, rom saguldaguloddamuSavebuli sarebi Seadgenen sabrZolo iaraRis _ isris_ ZiriTad nawils _ iaraRis tans. amrigad, isari sxva araferia,Tu ara sarisagan (swori xisagan) damzadebuli specialuri sagani,romelsac piri SeiZleba mravalgvari hqondes. cxadia, romisris piri iaraRis erTi mniSvnelovani detalia. “vefxistyaosanSi”tarieli daWrili fridonis Sesaxeb ambobs:“erTi mona dastaqari myva da wylulni Seuxvivna,isris pirni amouxvna, dakodilni ar atkivna”. 1zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, ismis kiTxva: xom ar aris sityvaisari sar fuZeze i- mawarmoeblis darTviT miRebuli sityva,an ra aris i- xmovani sar fuZis TavSi? vidre dasmul SekiTxvasgavcemdeT pasuxs, gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom fuze sar qarTuli enisaTvisbunebrivi fonematuri agbulebiT xasiaTdeba da iseTiveerTmarcvliani fuZea, rogorebicaa: qar-i, tar-i, bar-i da misTanani.rac Seexeba i-s, igi, savaraudod, determinanti prefiqsia daistoriulad erTi jgufis saxelebs unda awarmoebdes; magaliTad,fuZe rema-dan, romelic jogs niSnavs, unda iyos miRebuli i-remi.amave rigisad moCans leqsikuri erTeuli i-fqli’c (saSemodgomoxorbali), romelic fqvavs znidan unda miRebuliyo.ak. SaniZe “qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebSi” wers: “sawyisihqvia zmnis uuRlebel formas, romelic zmnis leqsikurimniSvnelobis matarebelia, uRlebis kategoriaTagan ganyebulad(pirisa, droisa, kilosi da sxva)” 2 da iqve dasZens, rom: “zogierTzmnas fuZesa da sawyisis a-s Soris aqvs ol. eseni Cveulebrivgardauvali zmnebia: brZola (vibrZvi, vibrZodi), TrTola(vTrTi, vTrTodi), qrola( qris, qroda)” 3 da sxv.-ol sufiqsian sawyisTa Sorisaa CvenTvis saintereso formac_ srola. es ukanaskneli rogorc semantikurad, ise formobrivadsar fuZesTan dakavSirebuli moCans: sar-ol-a> sr-ol-a da misi Sesabamisipiriani formebi – isvris, esvris qarTuli enis uZvelesetapze, savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom aRniSnavda Sor manZilze isris Setyorcnas,isriT mizanSi srolas: “bayaTar...uwyo srolad isriTa”; 41 SoTa rusTveli. vefxistyaosani. Tb., 2003, gv. 1782 ak. SaniZe. qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi. _ Txzulebebi. t.III, Tb., 1980, gv. 558.3 ak. SaniZe. qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, gv. 561.4 juanSer juanSeriani. cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa, gv. 155.30

SedarebiT gvian ki srolam zogadad gadagdebis, tyorcnis mniSvnelobamiiRo. sulxan-sabas epoqaSic da ufro adrec srolaaris “tyorcna”. 1srola rom isris tyorcnis Sesatyvisi forma unda yofiliyo,amaze miuTiTebs kidev erTi Zalian saintereso leqsikurierTeuli qarTulSi, romelic mxolod isris msrolels niSnavda.esaa moisari (sari> i-sari> mo-i-sari). magaliTad, “gobroniswamebaSi” vkiTxulobT: “da sabelni igi karvebisa maTisaniganerTxa urTierTas, rameTu ese iyo CueulebaO dadgromisa ma-TisaO naTesavTa maT saZagelTa, ficxlad moisarTaO, romelniSWamdes ZaRlTa, Tagusa, kacsa da yovelsa ara-wmidasa”. 2aqedan gamomdinare, sawyisis _ srvis mniSvnelobac isriTgaJletas, isriT moxocvas unda ukavSirdebodes da ara _ ubralodxocva-Jletas, an vinmes, rames ganadgurebas; Tumca ukveZvel qarTulSi srvas Tavdapirveli semantikuri datvirTva dakarguliaqvs da Tavisi piriani formebiT (Semusravs, moisravs,mosravs da sxv.) ubralod, mospobas gulisxmobs. magaliTad:“...xolo Semo-raO-vida qarTlad, Semusra yovelive Senebulida simagreni saqarTveloOsani da gardavida imereTad”, 3 an:“da maTca raodeni Zal-edva daiwyes xocad da srvad, aramed simravlemanara daaklda, rameTu msgavs iyvnes furcelTa xisa-Ta”, 4 “da kvalad SemqcevelTa ixiles simravle srvilisa damosrvilisa, PelmwifeTa da didebulTa, aznaurTa, lomTa da monaTa,simravle karavTa da sara-fardaTa”. 5 aqve davZenT, rom sar-Tan / isar-Tan dakavSirebul formobriv-semantikur erTeulad SeiZlebamiviCnioT kidev erTi, warsuli droisa da vnebiTi gvaris–il sufiqsiani mimReoba _ [da]-svr-il-i

tav-s: xatv-a da misT.)”. 1dasvrili//mosvrili, savaraudod, bgeraTa gadasmis SedegadmiRebuli formaa da Tumca dasvra dRes niSnavs zogadad “gasvras,gaWuWyianebas, daTxupnas”, 2 istoriulad igi albaT isriTdaWris Sedegad sisxliT dasvras gulisxmobda.amrigad, qarTul enaSi farTod gavrcelebuli ramdenime forma– sari, isari, dasvrili, svra (

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008irine CaCaniZelingvisturi aqsiologia sociolingvistikisTvalsazrisiTenobrivi situaciis Seswavla, klasificireba da adekvaturimodelebis dadgena sociolingvistikis erT-erTi umTavresiamocanaa. rogorc mdidari specialuri literaturidan Cans, esamocana sakmaod rTulia, risi mizezic TviT Sesaswavli fenomenia,rTuli da mravalwaxnagovani, da amis gamoa, rom arsebobsmravali midgoma, rac zemoxsenebuli sirTuleebis dasaZlevadaaSeqmnili. “enobrivi situacia aris mocemul administraciul-teritoriulerTeulSi gavrcelebuli da moxmarebaSi myofi enebis,qveenebis, enis arsebobis formebisa da misTanaTa erToblioba.sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, enobrivi situacia sazogadoebisenobrivi portretia; ufro metic, ara marto portreti, aramedmisi anatomiacaa. amitomaa, rom sazogadoebis yvela seriozulisatkivari ama Tu im saxiT enasTanaa dakavSirebuli”. 1enobrivi situacia, rogorc sazogadoebis enobrivi portretisZalian TvalSisacemi Strixebis sawyao da sociolingvistikiserT-erTi umTavresi cneba da Seswavlis sagani, SeiZlebauaRresad gansxvavebul suraTs gvaZlevdes sxvadasxva sociumSimaTi istoriuli ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze. amis mizeziisaa, rom igi, rogorc wesi, mravalaspeqtiani da mravalganzomilebianimovlenaa. bunebrivia, rom misi Seswavlisa da, miT umetes,tipologiuri modelebis Camoyalibebis dros unda moxdesswored misTvis damaxasiaTebeli mravali da mravalgvari aspeqtisgaTvaliswineba da, maSasadame, yuradRebis miRma ar undadarCes arc erTi kriteriumi, romelic mas Seesabameba. XXs. sociolingvistikurgamokvlevebSi, romlebic enobrivi situaciisproblemebs exeba, SeiZleba davafiqsiroT am mniSvnelovani feno-1 z. kikviZe. enobriv-politikuri konfliqtologiis zogierTi sakiTxipostsabWouri periodis saqarTvelos enobriv situaciasTan mimarTebaSi._ Jurn. `bedia~, #6-7. Tb., 2000, gv. 93.3. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi33

menis aRwerisas gamoyenebuli sami saxis midgoma:1. raodenobrivi (kvantitatiuri);2. SefasebiTi (estimaciuri);3. Tvisebrivi (kvalitatiuri).winamdebare statiis Tema erT-erTi maTgania: SefasebiTi anuestimaciuri midgoma. igi gulisxmobs im niSan-TvisebaTa gamovlena-warmoCenas,romlebic idiomTa Sinagani da garegani Sefasebidangamomdinareobs. ena fasdeba Tavisi ZirZveli momxmareblebisada sxva enebze molaparakeebis mier misi sakomunikacio gamosadegobisTvalsazrisiT, esTetikuri, kulturuli, politikuriprestiJulobis WrilSi da a. S. Sinagan SefasebaTa erTobliobissaSualebiT SeiZleba dadgindes mocemuli enobrivi er-Tobis e.w. “enobrivi loialobis” xarisxi, anu sakuTari dedaenismimarT erTgulebis done.radganac aRniSnuli midgoma garkveul Sefasebebs gulisxmobs,es imas niSnavs, rom mocemuli Sefaseba saSualebas mogvcems,davinaxoT Semfaseblis damokidebuleba Sesafasebeli enobrivimonacemis mimarT. sityva `damokidebuleba~ tyuilad argvixsenebia; swored ase iTargmneba qarTulad is termini, romli-Tac inglisurenovan samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnaven CvenTvissaintereso aspeqts; esaa (language) attitude (qarTul fsiqologiurliteraturaSi msgavsi mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba terminiatitudi). saerTod, rodesac ama Tu im enis Sesaxeb vsaubrobT,xSirad gviwevs sxvadasxva saxis Sefasebebis keTeba; fasdeba sityvebi,gamonaTqvamebi, teqstebi, aseve idioleqtebi, dialeqtebida mTlianad enebic ki. aseTi ram gvxvdeba ara marto romelimesametyvelo koleqtivis wevrTa mxridan arsebul damokidebulebaSiama Tu im idiomis mimarT, aramed saenaTmecniero literaturaSic.xsenebul sakiTxTa kompleqsur Seswavlas lingvisturiaqsiologia ewodeba. enaTa Sefasebas yvelaze xSirad maSinaqvs adgili, rodesac maTs Sedareba-Sepirispirebas mimarTaven.amitomac, aqsiologiuri monacemebi mravali disciplinisaTvisaasaWiroc da sasargebloc; aseTebia: enaTa tipologia, TargmanTmcodneoba,lingvodidaqtika, fsiqolingvistika, lingvokulturologia,pragmatika da, ra Tqma unda, sociolingvistika. rac Seexebaam ukanasknels, misTvis gansakuTrebiT faseulia amgvari monacemebienobrivi situaciis Seswavlisas.literaturaSi (maT Soris, enaTmecnierulSic) sakmaod xSi-34

ad vxvdebiT SefasebiT gamonaTqvamebs. erTi mxriv, romelimeenis apologia usazRvro xotbaSi gadadis, xolo, meore mxriv,gvxvdeba saCoTiro gamonaTqvamebiT gajerebuli gakicxvebic. TviTes faqtic ki adasturebs iseTi problemis aqtualobas, romelicsociolingvistis yuradRebas uTuod imsaxurebs. araiSvia-Tia iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac erTi da igive ena principuladgansxvavebulad fasdeba, zogjer polarulad gansxvavebuladacki. “vulgaruli aqsiologia ubralod SeniSnavs xolme romelimearaarsebiT niSan-Tvisebas da axdens mis hipertrofirebas. bunebrivia,rom yvela ena ar gvaZlevs erTnair struqturul-fonetikursuraTs, praqtikuli stilistikis erTnair saxes”. 1 enaTmecnierebisistoriaSi mravlad gvxvdeba enaTa SefasebiTi SedarebismagaliTebi; es is SemTxvevebia, romelTa drosac mkvlevari TiTqoserTmaneTs ajibrebs or an met enas. miuxedavad imisa, romamgvar wiaRsvlaTa umravlesobas arakoreqtuli Sedegi hqonda,es imas ar unda niSnavdes, rom “problemis sirTulis winaSe kapitulaciagamovacxadoT”. 2arsebobs Tu ara kriteriumebi enaTa Sesafaseblad? Tu, arsebobs,ramdenad obieqturi SeiZleba iyos isini? sxvaTa Soris,am mxriv TviT enaTmecnierTa naSromebSic ki ZiriTadad mxolodsubieqturi Sefasebebi gvxvdeba da es savsebiT gasagebicaa. TugadavxedavT specialur literaturas, Cveni yuradReba SeiZlebaSevaCeroT germaneli fsiqologis (ufro sworad, enis fsiqologis)f. kaincis mier warmodgenil ramdenime aTeul kriteriumze,romlebsac qvemoT ufro kompaqturi saxiT gTavazobT:1. mwyobri, araZneli artikulacia da fonikuri mxarisadvilad aRqma;2. enobriv saSualebaTa keTilxmovaneba, Tanabarzomiereba,ekonomiuroba;3. leqsikuri maragis simdidre;4. enobrivi aRniSvnis advilad misaRwevi calsaxa mniSvneloba;5. logikuroba;6. morfologiuri sistemis harmoniuloba, gamonaklisebisararseboba;1 Н. Г. Комлев. Лингвистическая аксиология. Постановка проблемы. – wgn.: Теоретическиепроблемы социальной лингвистики. М., 1981, gv. 96.2 Н. Г. Комлев. Лингвистическая аксиология. Постановка проблем, gv. 99.35

7. etimologiuri sicxade;8. racionaluroba da regularuloba;9. mniSvnelobadakarguli istoriuli reliqtebis ararseboba;10. morfologiuri da sintaqsuri sistemebis mWidro kav-Siri;11. moqniloba, mxatvruloba da produqtiuloba gamoxatulebisaxali saSualebebis Sesaqmnelad;12. vargisianoba yvela praqtikul-komunikaciuri, samecniero-Teoriulida esTetikur-mxatvruli miznisaTvis;13. advilad aTviseba. 1Cveni azriT, “RirsebaTa” am CamonaTvalSi ar SeimCneva TviTavtoris mier moxmobili regularulobis principi; amasTanave,albaT, dasazustebelia, ras niSnavs “araZneli artikulacia”, “logikuroba”,“racionaluroba” da misTanebi. subieqturobis wilissiWarbe enaTa Sefasebisas, rogorc aRvniSneT, savsebiT bunebrivimovlenaa rogorc enaTmecnierTa naSromebSi, aseve sazogadoebissxva wevrebTanac. bunebrivia imitom, rom amgvari Sefasebebi faqtiuriasaxvaa maTi damokidebulebisa ama Tu im enisa Tu enobriviwarmonaqmnis mimarT. cxadia, rom amgvari damokidebulebebixSirad gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs mocemuli enobrivi situaciisCamoyalibebis procesSi. SefasebiTi damokidebulebebis SeswavlissaqmeSi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ori Tvalsazrisi: mentalisturida bihevioristuli. rodesac romelime enis an enaTa mimarTarsebul damokidebulebebs Seiswavlian, ufro Warbobs mentalisturiTvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac damokidebuleba (atitudi)mzaobis mdgomareobaa; igi warmoadgens gamaSualebelcvlads pirovnebaze moqmed stimulsa da am pirovnebis reaqciasSoris. 2 es imas niSnavs, rom pirovnebis damokidebuleba amzadebsmas imisaTvis, rom mocemul stimulze swored garkveuli saxisreagireba unda moaxdinos. tradiciuli mentalisturi ganmartebaki SemdegSi mdgomareobs: “damokidebuleba warmoadgens Sinaganmdgomareobas, romelic gamowveulia garkveuli saxis stimuli-1 F. Kainz. Psychologie der Sprache. Bd. V. Suttgart, 1967, gv. 549.2 R. Agheyisi & J. Fishman. Language attitude studies: a brief survey of methodologicalapproaches. – Anthropological Linguistics, 12 (5), 1970, gv. 138; R. Cooper & J.Fishman. The study of language attitudes. – International Journal of the Sociology ofLanguage, 3, 1974, gv. 7.36

ebiT da romelmac SeiZleba ganapirobos pirovnebis Semdgomi reaqcia”.1 Tu am midgomas avirCevT, maSin kvlevis procesSi aucilebladunda mivmarToT eqsperimentul meTodebs, radganac, TukiSefasebiTi damokidebuleba mzaobis Sinagani mdgomareobaa da araTvalsaCino reaqcia, maSin unda daveyrdnoT pirovnebis pasuxebsTavisive damokidebulebis Sesaxeb an gamovicnoT misi damokidebulebaqcevis tipebis mixedviT. sagulisxmoa, rom am gziT mopovebulimonacemebis sandooba xSirad saeWvoa. amitomac, specialurliteraturaSi gvxvdeba araerTi cda ara marto mravalgvari eqsperimentulimeTodebis Seqmnisa, aramed maTi srulyofisac.rogorc ukve vTqviT, meore Tvalsazrisi bihevioristulia.am Teoriis mixedviT, informacia damokidebulebebis Sesaxeb undamiviRoT im reaqciis mixedviT, romlebsac avlenen adamianebi socialurisituaciebis mimarT. amgvarad warmarTuli kvleva ufroadvilad gansaxorcielebelia, radgan ar aris saWiro cdispirebismier gakeTebuli Sefasebebi, xolo daskvnebi ar miiReba iribigziT. aucilebelia mxolod xilul qcevaze dakvirveba, monacemebisCaniSvna da maTi analizi. am gziT mopovebuli informaciaSefasebiTi damokidebulebebis Sesaxeb, rasakvirvelia, veriqneba mTlad ise saintereso, rogorc es SeiZleba iyos mentalisturimidgomis SemTxvevaSi, radganac igi ar iZleva sxvaqcevis winaswari gamocnobis saSualebas. 2SefasebiTi damokidebulebebis kvlevisas aseve dgeba sakiTximaTSi erTgvari subkomponentebis dafiqsireba-gamoyofis Sesaxeb.saerTod, socialuri fsiqologiis specialistebi, romlebicbihevioristul midgomas emxrobian, damokidebulebebs calkeul,mTlian erTeulebad ganixilaven; mentalistebi ki Tvlian,rom damokidebulebebSi gamoiyofa qvenawilebi, rogorebicaa kognitiuri(codna), afeqtiuri (grZnoba), da konatiuri (qmedeba)komponentebi. 3 xazi unda gavusvaT im garemoebas, rom Cveni interesissferoSi, ra Tqma unda, mxolod enis mimarT arsebuli daSesaZlo damokidebulebebi Sedis. aRniSnuli sakiTxebisadmi miZ-Rvnil zogierT gamokvlevaSi informantebisagan pirvel rigSi1 F. Williams. The identification of linguistic attitudes. – International Journal of theSociology of Language, 3, 1974, gv. 21.2 R. Agheyisi, J. Fishman. Language attitude studies.., gv. 138.3 R. Agheyisi, J. Fishman. Language attitude studies.., gv. 139; R. Cooper, J. Fishman.The study of language attitudes, gv. 7.37

imis garkvevas cdiloben, aris Tu ara, maTi azriT, mocemuliena `mdidari~, `Raribi~, `lamazi”, ùlamazo~, `keTilxmovani”,ùxeSi” da a. S. Zalian xSirad isec xdeba, rom enis mimarT arsebuldamokidebulebas avsebs am enaze molaparake adamianebismimarT arsebuli damokidebuleba.iqedan gamomdinare, Tu rogori saxis Teoriebi upirispirdebaerTmaneTs am sakiTxSi, enis mimarT damokidebulebis kvlevisorgvari gza arsebobs: pirdapiri da iribi. pirdapiri meTodiTavidan bolomde gulisxmobs kiTxvarebsa da interviuebs, romelTaSemadgenlobaSi Semaval kiTxvebze gacemul pasuxebSi undagamoCndes gamokiTxulTa Tvalsazrisi ama Tu im enis Sesaxeb.iribi, arapirdapiri meTodis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi gamokiTxulmaar unda icodes, rom mkvlevars ainteresebs misi damokidebulebamocemuli enis an misi romelime variantis Sesaxeb.amgvari midgomis erT-erTi TvalsaCino magaliTi aRwerilia r.kuperisa da j. fiSmanis mier. maT ganzraxuli hqondaT, SeemowmebinaTgavrcelebuli Sexedulebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom israelSiebrauli ena miiCneva ufro efeqturad samecniero moxmarebisaTvis,xolo arabuli tradiciuli islamuri Sexedulebebis gadmosacemad.aRniSnulSi gasarkvevad eqsperimentSi monawileobisaTvismaT cdispirebad SearCies zrdasrul, orenovan (arabulebrauli)muslimTa jgufi da sTxoves maT, moesminaT oTxi, Ti-TowuTiani Canaweri orive enaze. erT-erT CanawerSi saubari iyoTambaqos mavneblobis Sesaxeb da moyvanili iyo samecniero argumentebiam poziciis mxardasaWerad. es Canaweri orive enaze iyogakeTebuli. meore CanawerSi (aseve orive enaze) dafiqsirebuliiyo uaryofiTi damokidebuleba alkoholuri sasmelebis miRebismimarT da moxmobili iyo tradiciuli islamuri argumentebi ampoziciis dasacavad. respondentebi dayofili iyvnen or jgufad;pirvelSi Sediodnen isini, visac moasmenines Canawerebi TambaqosSesaxeb ebraulad da alkoholis Sesaxeb arabulad, xolo meoreSi_ piriqiT. amis Sedeg maT hkiTxes, dauWerdnen Tu ara isinimxars gadasaxadebis gazrdas Tambaqosa da alkoholur sasmelebzeimisaTvis, rom SezRuduliyo maTi moxmareba. gamokiTxvisSedegebSi dafiqsirebuli gansxvavebebis dramatuloba maTs SinaarsebSimdgomareobs: im respondentebma, romlebmac ebrauladmoismines Canaweri Tambaqos Sesaxeb, orjer metad dauWires mxariTambaqoze gadasaxadis gazrdas, vidre maT, vinc imave Sinaar-38

sis teqsti arabulad moismina. ukuproporciuli Sedegebi dafiqsirdaalkoholis Sesaxeb teqstis SemTxvevaSi: maT Soris, vinces Canaweri arabulad moismina, aseve orjer ufro metma respondentmadauWira mxari, vidre es ebrauli teqstis mosmenis Sem-TxvevaSi iyo. rogorc Sedegebidan Cans, Sesamowmebeli hipoTezadadasturda, Tumca, unda SevniSnoT, rom cdispirebma, ra Tqmaunda, ar icodnen, rom mecnierebi ikvlevdnen maTs enobriv damokidebulebebs(atitudebs); amitomac, maTi yuradReba gadataniliiyo Tambaqosa da alkoholis mavneblobaze. 1rogorc aRvniSneT, es erT-erTi (da ara erTaderTi) eqsperimentia,rogoric gamoiyeneba da gamoiyeneboda msgavsi sakiTxebiskvlevisas, Tumca, isic marTalia, rom maT Soris sworedzemoaRwerilis tipisa yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba. sxvebTan erTad,zogjer mimarTaven semantikuri diferencialis dadgenis xerxs,romelic Tavdapirvelad lingvisturi semantikis sakiTxebis sakvlevadSemuSavda. 2 es meTodi gulisxmobs Skalas, romlis Tavsada boloSi moTavsebulia Sefasebis erTmaneTisagan polaruladdapirispirebuli punqtebi (magaliTad, `dadebiTi~ da ùaryofi-Ti~); respondenti, amis mixedviT, Sesabamis qulas uwers SesafasebelerTeuls (Tavis droze es xerxi xmabaZviT sityvaTa semantikuridatvirTvis `gasazomad~ gamoiyena n. mamiseiSvilma. 3 miuxedavadamgvari Tavdapirveli daniSnulebisa, semantikuri diferencialisdadgenis xerxi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba enaTa da maTqvesistemaTa mimarT arsebuli damokidebulebebis dasadgenad mocemulsametyvelo erTobaSi.dasaxelebuli da sxva saxis meTodebiT, iqneba es pirdapiriTu iribi, mopovebuli masala raodenobrivi xasiaTisaa; imisaTvis,rom es masala statistikur monacemebad aqcion, mimarTavensxvadasxva saxis gamoTvlebs.saerTod, ama Tu im enis funqciuri datvirTva uSualodaadakavSirebuli aqsiologiur faqtorebTan, anu imasTan, Tu radamokidebulebas amJRavneben mocemuli enis mimarT mocemuli sociumiswevrebi, rogorc isini, vinc flobs am enas, aseve isini,1 R. Cooper, J. Fishman. The study of language attitudes, gv. 16-17.2 C. Osgood, C. Suci, P. Tannenbaum. The Measurement of Meaning. Urbana: Universityof Illinois Press, 1957.3 n. mamiseiSvili. xmabaZviT sityvaTa struqtura, semantika da pragmatika.sakandidato disertaciis avtoreferati. Tb., 2001.39

vinc ar flobs. magaliTad, sabWoTa kavSirSi aqsiologiuri faqtorebigamorCeulad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen (samwuxarod,ufro xSirad uaryofiTs) mravali enis SenarCunebis, funqcionirebisada Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis. SeiZleba mivuTiToTim siZneleebze, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo erovnuli enebisswavlebasTan qveynis sxvadasxva regionSi, rac gamowveuli iyoimiT, rom Camosaxlebul mosaxleobas ar ainteresebda misi Seswavla,isini yvelanairad cdilobdnen TviT yofiT situaciebSiesargeblaT ara im eniT, romelic maTs regionSi iyo gavrcelebuliodiTganve, aramed sxva eniT, romelsac meti socialurida politikuri prestiJi hqonda. cnobilia savalalo Sedegebi,romlebic miviReT am faqtorebis gaaqtiurebiT gamowveuli procesebisSemdeg.rasakvirvelia, sametyvelo erTobis wevrTa damokidebulebebisgarkveva mniSvnelovani faqtoria enobrivi situaciis kvlevissaqmeSi, radganac enas adamianebi moixmaren da maTs pozicias angariSiunda gaewios rogorc Teoriuli, aseve praqtikuli sociolingvisturiproblemebis gadaWrisas, Tumca, mainc Zneli saTqmelia,rom SefasebiTi (estimaciuri) midgoma mTavari da gadamwyvetiaenobrivi situaciis arsis, tipisa Tu mis farglebSi arsebulimimarTebebis dasadgenad da asaxsnelad; Cveni azriT, Sefasebi-Ti midgomiT kvlevis Sedegebis gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia ararogorc alternativa sxva midgomebis mimarT, aramed rogorc erTerTisakmaod Rirebuli komponentisa enobrivi situaciis rTulida mravalwaxnagovani struqturis garkvevis procesSi40

IRINE CHACHANIDZELINGUISTIC AXIOLOGY FROM THE STANDPOINTOF SOCIOLINGUISTICSLanguage situation, as a phenomenon, is of complex character; itimplies that it is not straightforwad, its characteristic features cannot alwaysbe placed on one direct line, it cannot always be measured by meansof one and the same criteria. Therefore, in order to get to its essencewe must not reject the numerous and diverse approaches addressing thisproblem, and neither can we disregard the data received by way of theirapplication. The estimative approach is one of them. It is aimed at manifesttingthe features resulting from the inner and outer evaluation of idioms.Language can be evaluated one the part of its native speakers and ofspeakers of other languages according to its communicative viability, inthe framework of its aesthetic, cultural, political prestige, etc. By meansof inner evaluations, the degree of language loyalty of a given languagecommunity can be established. As far as the said approach is based onevaluations, it follows that a given evaluation will enable us to view anevaluator’s attitude to a language to be evaluated. (Language) Attitude isa special term to designate what these evaluations mean. Whenever a languageis concerned, we frequently display our attitudes; words, utterances,texts, idiolects, dialects, and even the whole languages have beenevaluated. This occurs not only on the part of some members of a specificcommunity, but also in speciali literature. The complex study of thesaid issues has been referred to as linguistic axiology. Languages aremost frequently evaluated whenever they are compared and/or contrasted.Therefore, axiologic data are both helpful and necessary for manydisciplines, and for sociolinguistics among them.41

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008levan faCulia`teqstisa~ da `diskursis~ cnebaTadiferenciaciis sakiTxisaTvis`teqsti~ (laT. textus – Seneba, SeerTeba, dawvna) teqstislingvistikis centraluri cneba da Seswavlis ZiriTadi obieqtia,magram igi erTaderTi termini ar aris _ mis sinonimad sagrZnobladxSirad gvxvdeba aRniSvna `diskursi~. t. a. van deikma`teqsti~ ganmarta rogorc gabmuli `diskursi~. 1 es sityva nasesxebiafranguli enidan (discourse), sadac igi aRniSnavs `metyvelebas~.lingvistikur mimoqcevaSi ki axali sityvis gamoCena bunebrivadiwvevs miswrafebas misTvis terminologiuri xasiaTis miniWebisada, aqedan gamomdinare, `teqstisa~ da `diskursis~ cnebebisdiferenciaciisa.winamdebare naSromSi mocemulia cda `teqstisa~ da `diskursis~cnebebis gamijvnisa am terminebis definiciebisa da imganmasxvavebeli niSnebis safuZvelze, romelTa saSualebiTac agebuliamaTi ganmartebani.specialur literaturaSi teqstad gagebulia: nebismieriTanmimdevroba winadadebebisa, romlebic drosa da sivrceSi imgvaradaaorganizebuli, rom gulisxmobs mTlians. 2 es termini(teqsti _ l.f.) or rames aRniSnavs: jer erTi, gamoyenebis gavrcelebulobisSesabamisad (viwro gagebiT - l.f.) _ metyvelebiswerilobiT fiqsacias; meorec, ufro farTo gagebiT _ enobrivsaSualebaTa gaerTianebas, romlebic gamoiyeneba metyvelebaSi,uzrunvelyofs maTs Tanmimdevrobasa da jamuri azrisadmi damokidebulebas.3 aRsaniSnavia, rom gauzenblazi iyenebs termins `sametyvelowarmonaqmni~, romelic mas esmis, rogorc mowesrigebu-1 Т. А. Ван Дейк. Язык. Познание. Коммуникация. М., 1989, gv. 3.2 В. А. Кох. Предварительный набросок дискурсивного анализа семантическоготипа. – Новое в зарубежной лингвистике (Semdgom _ НЗЛ), вып. VIII. Лингвистикатекста. М. 1978, gv. 162.3 К. Гаузенблаз. О характеристике и классификации речевых произведении. –НЗЛ, вып. VIII. М., 1978, gv. 63-67.42

li kompleqti enobrivi saSualebebisa, romlebic gamoiyeneba komunikaciiserTeul aqtSi. 11. teqsti metyvelebis nebismieri sasruli monakveTia,romelic warmoadgens raRac erTianobas SinaarsisTvalsazrisiT, gadaicema meoradi sakomunikacio miznebiTda aqvs am miznebis Sesabamisi Sinagani organizacia;amasTan, dakavSirebulia sxva kulturul faqtorebTanvidre isini, romlebic sakuTriv enas ganekuTvneba.22. teqsti morfemaTa mowesrigebuli Tanmimdevrobaa, romelicminimalurad Sedgeba ori morfemisgan, xolomaqsimaluri Semadgenloba ar aris gansazRvruli. 33. teqsti mravali gamonaTqvamia maTs funqciaSi da, Sesabamisad,teqstualobis sociosakomunikacio realizaciaa.44. teqsti, rogorc enis erTeuli, SeiZleba ganmartebuliqnas, rogorc is saerTo ram, rac udevs safuZvladcalkeul konkretul teqstebs, e.i. sqemebi an teqstisàgebis formulebi~. 55. teqsti raRac (dasrulebuli) Tanmimdevrobaa winadadebebisa,romlebic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia azrobrivadavtoris Canafiqris farglebSi. 66. teqsti umaRlesi donis enobrivi erTeulia, romelsacaqvs sakuTari Tema, grafikuli saxe, struqturulida semantikuri mTlianoba, azrobrivi damTavrebulobada sakomunikacio daniSnuleba 7 .amdenad, niSnebi, romelTa saSualebiTac agebulia teqstismoyvanili ganmartebebi, metad mravalmxrivia: sufTa formaluriniSnebidan dawyebuli (morfemaTa Tanmimdevroba), mTlianad Sina-1 К. Гаузенблаз. О характеристике и классификации.., gv. 62.2 Р. Барт. Лингвистика текста. – НЗЛ, вып. VIII. М., 1978, gv. 443-444.3 Х. Вайнрих. Текстовая функция французского артикля. – НЗЛ, вып. VIII. М.,1978, gv. 373.4 3. Шмидт. "Текст" и "история" как базовые категории. – НЗЛ, вып. VIII. М.,1978, gv. 18.5 Л. С. Бархударов. Текст как единица языка и единица перевода. Лингвистикатекста. М., 1974, ч. I. gv. 40.6 Т. М. Николаева. Лингвистика текста. – НЗЛ, вып. VIII. М., 1978, gv. 6.7 v. sergia. teqstis lingvistika. Tb., 1989, gv. 51.43

arsobriv niSnebamde (azris dasrulebuloba); farTo gagebidan(sametyvelo warmonaqmni) viwro gagebamde (dafiqsirebuli metyveleba);teqstis, rogorc sametyvelo warmonaqmnis gagebidan,misi enis erTeulisadmi mikuTvnebamde; da bolos, rogorc saer-To abstraqtuli sqema (formula) nebismieri teqstis asagebad.am niSnebidan yvelaze zogadi niSnebia miznobrioba da gabmuloba.termin `teqstis~ momijnave cnebaa `diskursi~, romelic antikuriritorikidan amodis. gvaqvs misi ramdenime ganmarteba,romelTa mixedviTac:_ diskursi gabmuli teqstia eqstralingvisturi (pragmatuli,sociokulturuli, fsiqologiuri da sxva) faqtorebiserTobliobiT; teqsti aRebuli yofiT aspeqtSi; metyveleba, ganxiluli,rogorc mizanmimarTuli socialuri qmedeba, rogorckomponenti, romelic monawileobs adamianTa urTierTobasa damaTi Segnebis meqanizmSi (kognitiur procesebSi). diskursi`cxovrebaSi Cafluli metyvelebaa~, amitom termini diskursi,termin teqstisagan gansxvavebiT, ar gamoiyeneba uZvelesi dasxva teqstebis mimarT, romelTa kavSiric cxovrebasTan uSualodar aRdgeba 1 ._ diskursi ènaa enaSi~, magram warmodgenilia gansakuTrebulisocialuri mocemulobis saxiT, diskursi realurad arsebobsTavisi `gramatikisa da leqsikis~ saxiT, rogorc ena ubralod.diskursi, pirvel yovlisa, ZiriTadad arsebobs teqstebSi,magram iseTebSi, romelTa ukanac dgas gansakuTrebuli gramatika,leqsika, sityvaTgamoyenebisa da sintaqsis gansakuTrebuli wesebi,gansakuTrebuli semantika, xolo saboloo jamSi _ gansakuTrebulisamyaro. yovelgvari diskursis samyaroSi moqmedebs sinonimuriSenacvlebis Tavisi wesebi, sakuTari wesebi WeSmaritebisa.esaa `SesaZlo (alternatiuli) samyaro~ logikur-filosofiuriterminis sruli gagebiT. yoveli diskursi, misi SesaZlebloba,aris dasabuTeba Tezisisa èna sulis saxlia~ da garkveulwiladTezisisa èna yofierebis saxlia~. 2_ diskursi teqstia, magram iseTi, romelic Sedgeba enissakomunikacio erTeulebisagan _ winadadebebisa da maTi gaerTianebebisaganufro msxvil mTlianobaSi. es winadadebebi uwyvet1 Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь. М., 1990, gv. 136-137.2 Ю. С. Степанов. Альтернативный мир. Дискурс, Факт и принцип причинности– Язык и наука, XX в. М., 1995, gv. 44-45.44

azrobriv kavSirSi imyofeba erTmaneTTan, rac iZleva saSualebasmisi, rogorc mTliani warmonaqmnis aRqmisa. 1diskursis lingvosakomunikacio aspeqti warmodgenilia sxvamkvlevarTa SromebSic. maTSi diskursi ganxilulia, rogorc metyvelebiskategoria, romelic materializirebulia zepiri anwerilobiTi warmonaqmnis saxiT, SedarebiT dasrulebulia struqturuliurTierTobis TvalsazrisiT da romlis sigrZec potenciuradvariantulia: gamonaTqvamis (winadadebis) sintagmurijaWvidan Sinaarsobrivad mTlian warmonaqmnamde (Txroba, saubari,instruqcia, leqcia da a. S.). 2diskursis Sinaarsoblivi aspeqti gaTvaliswinebulia v. koxisganmartebaSi, romlis mixedviTac, `nebismieri teqsti (anteqstis nawilebi), romelic Seicavs erTi da imave konkretulimotivis gamovlinebas, CaiTvleba diskursiul teqstad~, 3 racsxva mkvlevrebis mier iwodeba diskursad. motivis qveS am Sem-TxvevaSi gaigeba Setyobinebis (teqstis) umartivesi dinamiuri,Sinaarsoblivi elementi da teqstis gaSlili, mdgradi Tema,problema, idea. irena belerti, rogorc bevri sxva mkvlevari,diskursad Tvlis gabmul teqsts. 4amrigad, diskursad gagebulia:1. gabmuli teqsti;2. teqstis zepir-sasaubro forma;3. dialogi;4. gamomaTqvamTa jgufi, romelic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuliaazrobrivad;5. sametyvelo warmonaqmni, rogorc werilobiTi an zepirimocemuloba.teqstisa da diskursis ganmartebebidan ikveTeba is saerTo,zogadi niSnebi, romlebiTac isini xasiaTdebian (dasrulebuloba,miznobrioba, gabmuloba...), magram es cnebebi ver faraven erTmaneTs,radgan diskursis gansazRvrisas xazgasmulia enis dinamiuri,SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTi. aqedan gamomdinare, diskursi teqstisagangansxvavdeba imiT, rom igi enas warmoadgens rogorc pro-1 В. Г. Борботько. Элементы теории дискурса. Грозный, 1981, gv. 8.2 Г. А. Орлов. Современная английская речь. М., Высшая школа, 1978, gv. 14.3 В . А. Кох. Предварительный набросок дискурсивного анализа.., gv. 149-171.4 И. Беллерт. Об одном условии связности текста. – НЗЛ, вып. VIII. М., 1978,gv. 172.45

cess, romelic iTvaliswinebs eqstralingvisturi faqtorebisgavlenas komunikaciis aqtze. yoveli teqsti ar warmoadgensdiskurss, magram diskursi yovelTvisaa teqsti; amdenad, teqstiufri farTo cnebaa, vidre diskursi.diskursi Sualeduri movlenaa, erTi mxriv, metyvelebas,urTierTobas, sametyvelo qcevasa da, meore mxriv, dafiqsirebulteqsts Soris. amitom terminebi `teqsti~ da `diskursi~ sinonimebadver gaigeba da am cnebaTa diferenciacia lingvistikurianalizis dros aucilebelia.LEVAN PACHULIAON THE ISSUE OF DIFFERENTIATION OFTHE NOTIONS 'TEXT' AND 'DISCOURSE'In contemporary text linguistics, the notion ‘discourse’ occurs sideby side with the term 'text'. The differentiation of the above-mentionedconcepts should necessarily be made with a view to their definitions andto those common and distinctive features, based on which their definitionshave been constructed. Irrespective of the fact that a text and a discoursehave a number of features in common (for instance, completeness,purposefulness, consecutiveness, etc.), these notions do not cover eachother, as far as “discourse” has been associated with the dynamic, creativeaspect of language, and comprises the extralinguistic factors influencingthe communication process. Not each text is a discourse, while adiscourse is always a text. Therefore, a text is a wider concept than a discourse.It is an intermediary phenomenon between, on the one hand, speech,communication, speech behaviour, and a written text, on the other.46

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008manana bukiaJorJ diumezili _ lazuris mkvlevariALcnobil frang filolog-komparativists, enaTmecniers, kavkasiologs,religiis istoriis, eposisa da SedarebiTi miTologiismkvlevars JorJ diumezils (4.03.1898 _ 11.10.1986) mniSvnelovanigamokvlevebi aqvs iberiul-kavkasiur enaTmecnierebaSi.stambolis universitetSi muSaobis periodSi J. diumezilidainteresda kavkasiuri enebiT, Caiwera kvdomis gzaze mdgari ubixurienis masalebi, aseve afxazuri, Cerqezuli, lazuri teqstebi,romelic Semdgom 5 tomad gamosca `kavkasiis enaTa da tradiciaTaanatoliuri dokumentebis~ seriiT. is aris avtori monografiebisa:`SedarebiTi narkvevebi Crdilo-dasavlur kavkasiurenaTa Sesaxeb. morfologia~ (1932); `SedarebiTi Ziebani kavkasiurizmnis Sesaxeb~ (1933); ùbixuri zmna~ (1975)...JorJ diumezilma didi wvlili Seitana qarTvelologiurimecnierebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. mis mier ramdenime nawilad gamocemulilazuri teqstebi dRemde Seucvleli da umniSvnelovanesisakvlevi masalaa qarTvelologebisaTvis. 1937w. parizis universitetiseTnologiuri institutis naSromebisa da memuarebis XXVIItomad gamocemuli `lazuri zRaprebi~ 1 J. diumezils 1930-1931wlebSi Cauweria arqabeSi gazrdili baTumeli lazisgan, 20 wlisniaz banisagan. krebuli Sedgeba zRaprebis, eTnografiuli xasia-Tis teqstebis, leqsisa da enis gasatexisagan. teqstebs axlavszedmiwevniTi da literaturuli Targmani frangul enaze.pirveli zRapris: `devefiS mpilafu~ _ `devebis mkvleli~yvela zmnuri forma ganmartebulia. ganmartebisas J. diumezilixSirad imowmebs n. mars, romelsac Semdgom didi madlierebiTmoixseniebs da miuTiTebs, rom didi xnis manZilze misi `Wanuri(lazuri) enis gramatika qrestomaTiiT da leqsikoniT~ erTader-Ti gzamkvlevi iyo lazuris Seswavlis saqmeSi. 2 mkvlevari eWvqveS1 Contes Lazes. Paris, 1937.2 G. Dumézil. Récits lazes (Dialecte d΄Arhavi). – Documents Anatoliens sur les langueset les traditions du Caucase, IV. Paris, 1967, gv. III.47

ayenebs zogierTi zRapris lazur warmomavlobas, magram CvenTvismniSvnelovania ara teqstebis warmomavloba, aramed maTi ena. sakmaodvrcel SesavalSi J. diumezili ganixilavs mis mier Caweriliteqstebis enobriv bunebas, ZiriTadad fonetikur procesebs dazmnur formebs; Turqulis gavrcelebis areals. is moicavs aramartoleqsikas, aramed Tavs iCens morfologiasa da sintaqsSi.1967w. gamocemuli `kavkasiis enaTa da tradiciaTa anatoliuridokumentebis~ seriiT gamoica J. diumezilis `lazurimoTxrobebi~. 1 teqstebi Cawerilia 1960-1964 wlebSi stambolSiarqabis axlos mdebare sofel SenqouSi mcxovrebi muhsin erolisagan.`moTxrobebi~ Seicavs 56 arqabul teqsts, romelic 4ciklSia gaerTianebuli (zRaprebi, anegdotebi, orWuli istoriebi,Tavgadasavlebi). masalas uZRvis Sesavali da vrceli `gramatikulieskizi~, romelic 45 paragrafisagan Sedgeba. èskizSi~zedmiwevniT aris ganxiluli lazuris fonetika, fonetikuriprocesebi, morfologiis sakiTxebi. zogierTi ram J. diumezilisdaskvnebidan sakamaToa, magram naSroms uzomod didi mecnieruliRirebuleba aqvs. mag., mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom yvela lazuri saxelibolovdeba xmovanze (saxelobiTi brunvis -i niSans fuZiseuladganixilavs). misi azriT, TanxmovanfuZian nasesxeb sityvebsemateba i: fadiSa(h)+i; mravlobiTi ricxvis niSnad -fe sufiqssmiiCnevs da sityvebs aseT segmentebad hyofs: nja-le-fe `xeebi~,didi-le-fe `didebi, ufrosebi~. 2 Tumca teqstis morfemebad dayofilsityvebs ase warmogvidgens: vezir-efe-q `vezirebma~, kaplan-efe-S`vefxvebis~. 3teqstebs leqsikoni ar axlavs, magram misi arqonis kompensaciasaxdens zedmiwevniTi franguli Targmani da leqsikur-gramatikulikomentari. TiToeul teqsts axlavs ankaris universitetisprofesoris pertev naili boratavis remarkebi, romelicganixilavs maT Turqul folklorTan mimarTebaSi. ramdenimeteqstis bolos J. diumezili miuTiTebs, rom misi varianti ukvegvxvdeba arn. Ciqobavas lazuri teqstebis korpusSi.`lazuri moTxrobebis~ ena mravalmxrivaa saintereso. pirvelizRapari àrslaniS sqiri~ (`lomis Svili~) J. diumezils1 G. Dumézil. Récits lazes (Dialecte d΄Arhavi). – Documents Anatoliens sur les langueset les traditions du Caucase, IV. Paris, 1967.2 G. Dumézil. Récits lazes, gv. 5.3 G. Dumézil. Récits lazes, gv. 21.48

1930w. Cauweria niaz banisagan. m. erols teqsti Seumowmebia daredaqtireba gaukeTebia. rogorc mkvlevari aRniSnavs, informatorsauslautSi aRudgenia yvela a, o, u, TiTqmis yvela i. samagierod,dautovebia intervokaluri r, romelsac Tavad cocxalmetyvelebaSi an Á-d aqcevda, an saerTod ar warmoTqvamda.sxva teqstebSi (60-ian wlebSi CawerilSi) r dakargulia, an O-sgvaZlevs (dicxiri > dicxiOi `sisxli~, Tofuri > TofuÁ `Tafli~,masari > masaÁ `meseri~, mqveri > mqveO `fqvili~, Rureri> RureO `mkvdari~, oxori > oxoO / oxo `saxli~, axiri >axiOi `Tavla~, baraberi > baabeO èrTad~, sari > saO `yviTeli~...).es movlena gvavaraudebinebs, rom arqabulSi 60-ian wleb-Si r-s iotizaciis procesi dasrulebulia.Zalze susti Cans hae anlautsa da intervokalur pozicia-Si. xSir SemTxvevaSi dakargulia, an warmodgenilia variantebissaxiT: andRa // handRa `dRes~, anTefe // hanTefe èseni~, anwo //hanwo `wels~, aOa // haOa ès~, eko // heko ìmdeni~, fadiSai //fadiSahi, daa // daha `kidev ufro~... bunebrivad gvxvdeba megrullazurisTvisdamaxasiaTebeli sonoris ganviTarebis SemTxvevebi(gale // ngale `gareT~, gOari // ngOari `saWmeli, puri~, daZi //ndaZi èkali~, dixa // ndixa `miwa~, Taro // nTaro `karada~, kera// nkera `keria~...). xSirad es formebi gverdi-gverdiTaa warmodgenili.pirveli teqstis (30-ian wlebSi Cawerili) 83 winadadebamkvlevars segmentirebuli aqvs morfologiur elementebad. garkveulSemTxvevaSi es dayofa CvenTvis miuRebelia, mag., ar gamoyofssaxelobiTi brunvis niSans (ix. zemoT), agreTve saeWvodmigvaCnia d-a-njir-u-doren `dasZinebia~, d-a-Wkond-u-doren `daRlila~,g-o-nwk-af-u `gaaRebina~... segmentacia.aseve araerTgvarovnad aris segmentirebuli -kule / -qulezmnisarTiani formebi: Rurutu-Squle `rom kvdeboda~, amaxtu-Squle `rom avida~, kiTxu-Squle `rom hkiTxa~... meore mxriv,idaT-S-qule `rom waxvideT~, iEu-S-qule `rom iyo~... arqabulidialeqtis fonetikur sistemaSi Tvals xvdeba lazurisTvis ucxodifTongTa simravle zmnur formebSi: gOènkolu `daketa~,gOèlumju `dauRamda~, gOèxunu `dasva~, qogOèWkes `daiwyes~,qogOèdu `daarqva~, gOOsu `gausva~, WOOfu ùyida~,... F Tanxmovanibunebrivad gvxvdeba nasesxeb sityvebSi: etra Fi ìrgvliv,garSemo~, zamFara `sayvareli, meqalTane~, zaiFi `gamxdari,mWle~, TuFeRi `Tofi~, marFeTi `marifaTi, Sno~, musaFiri `stu-4. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi49

mari~, Fukara `Raribi~, Forka `kaba~. sainteresoa, rom qarTvelurisTvisucxo F aseve daCndeba Zireul leqsikaSi: imcqFetu`trabaxobda~, qomoTFu `gadaefara~, eTFaleri `gadafarebuli~,moTFaleri `daxuruli, dafaruli~, mTFiOi `Tovli~, soF-Saqis`sanamde~,... xSirad nasesxebi sityvebi (da aramarto nasesxebi)fonetikuri variantebis saxiT aris gadmocemuli, mag.: dunOa/dénOa`qveyana~, duqOan / déqOan `duqani~, saati/saaTi `saaTi~,Fukara/fukara `Raribi~, arkadaSi/arqadaSi àmxanagi~, Tercine/TersineùkuRma~... `moTxrobebSi~ Zalze sainteresod aris warmodgenilimorfologiis da sintaqsis mTeli rigi sakiTxebi.J. diumezilis daintereseba lazuriT am naSromebiT ar amoiwureba.qarTvelologiuri krebulis `bedi qarTlisas~ XXIX-XXX-Si (parizi, 1972) gamoqveynebulia àrdeSenuli lazuri teqstebi~.1 1930 da 1931 wlebSi diumezils Cauweria ramdenime teqsti3 moxucisgan. maTgan erTi arTaSneli iyo, sxvebi ki mezobelisoflebidan. `bedi qarTlisaSi~ gamoqveynebuli teqstebi ar-TaSneli osman Senalisaganaa Cawerili, maT axlavs arqabuli daxofuri variantebi. TiToeul teqsts axlavs komentarebi _ zmnebisegmentirebulia da ganxilulia gramatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT.mkvlevari gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs leqsikas _Turqulidan da berZnulidan nasesxebi sityvebi warmodgeniliakursiviT. aseve sainteresoa `ferdinand de sosiuris rveulebis~# 41 (Jeneva, 1987) gamoqveynebuli J. diumezilis `lazuri (xofa)teqstis zmnuri formebis analizi~. 2 am statiaSi warmodgeniliateqsti, romelic mkvlevars 1964 wels Cauweria singereli(xofasTan axlos mdebare sofeli) tahsin Cebisagan.teqstis enobrivi buneba ganxilulia `lazuri moTxrobebis~`gramatikul eskizSi~ warmodgenil mosazrebebTan mimarTebaSi.fonetikaSi SeimCneva Tavkidura h-s sruli gaqroba, finalurian intervokaluri r-s dakargva, an O-Si gadasvla. igiveprocesi mimdinareobs nasesxeb formebSic. brunebis sistema iseveawarmodgenili, rogorc arqabulSi. bolo publikaciaSi J.diumezili gansakuTrebul yuradRebas miaqcevs zmniswinian formebs.J. diumezilis mier Caweril lazur teqstebs Semounaxavs1 G. Dumézil. Textes en Laze d΄Ardeşen. – Bedi Kartlisa. Revue de Kartvelologie, vol.XXIX-XXX, Paris, 1972.2 G. Dumézil. Analyse des forms verbales d΄un texte Laze (Hopa) – Cahiers Ferdinandde Saussure, 41, Genève, 1987.50

araerTi sityva, rogorc qarTveluri warmoSobis, aseve Turqizmebida berZnizmebi, romlebic sxva lazur leqsikonebSi ar gvxvdeba.teqstebi am mxrivac did interess iwvevs.am teqstebis Semdgomi mecnieruli kvleva araerT sainteresofaqts warmoaCens lazuri fonetikis, morfologiis, leqsikiskvlevis saqmeSi.MANANA BUKIAGEORGES DUMÉZIL – THE RESEARCHEROF THE LAZ LANGUAGEThe prominent French scientist Georges Dumézil made a greatcontribution to the development of Kartvelology (Kartvelian studies).He recorded and published several editions of Laz texts: “Contes Lazes”(Laz Tales) – in 1937, “Récits lazes en dialecte d’Arhavi” (LazStories in Arhavi dialect), within the series “Documents anatoliens surles langues et les traditions du Caucase” – in 1967, “Textes en lazesd'Ardeşen“ (Laz texts from Ardashen), in volumes XXIX-XXX of “BediKartlisa” – in 1972, “Analyse des formes verbales d'un texte laze(Hopa)” (The Analysis of the Verbal Forms from Laz Texts (Hopa)), in“Cahiers Ferdinadn de Saussure” – published in 1987 (after the deathof G. Dumézil). “Laz Tales” and “Laz Stories” were recorded from anarrator in Arhavi dialect of Laz language with 30 years interval andthey distinctly reveal the changes in the Laz language during this period.The texts are preceded by the “grammar sketches” of G. Dumézil,dealing with specific issues of Laz phonetics, grammar and lexicology.1967 “Stories” include comments by P. N. Boratav, professor of folkloreat Ankara University, comparing the stories with Turkish folklore. Inthe phonetic system of Arhavi dialect there is a remarkably great numberof diphthongs in verbal forms; f consonant naturally occurs in “borrowed”words, being present as well in the basic vocabulary: imcqfetu“boasted”, gomotfu “covered”, etfaler “covering”...; r is disappeared inthe intervocalic position or > y (oxori > oxoy > oxo – “house”, baraberi> baabey “together”...). H consonant often disappears (heko // eko“this”, hangda // andga “today”, daha // daa “again”...). G. Duméziltexts preserved many words, which do not occur in Laz dictionaries.51

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008marine kakaCia, qeTevan margiani,marine jRarkavabiverbaluri da paronomaziuli SemasmeneliqarTvelurSieZRvneba nikandribasilaias xsovnasbiverbaluri da paronomaziuli Semasmeneli orive orkomponentiani,magram erTi cnebis gamomxatveli konstruqciaa. rogorcsaxelwodebidanac Cans, biverbaluri Sedgeba ori zmnisagan(qarT. ,,gadawyvita gaekeTebina”, ,,ecada moeswro” svan. CEas--kibxalyEabel@sxE ,,daadgines Sekrebiliyvnen”, @nmMde J@nkaC@n //@nmMde JilikCe ,,SeiZlo wamoweuliyo //aRmarTuliyo”, @nunduneaTBernPn ,,moindoma gahyoloda”, megr. mokona varCiaT ,,gvindagavarCioT” miTxu qomiwue ,,gTxov miTxra”…...) da masSi meorekomponenti infinitivis tolfasia, uwodeben kidevac mas infinitiurkonstruqcias, Tumca specialur literaturaSi igi biverbalurissaxeliTaa cnobili 1 .paronomaziis arsic erTi verbali cnebis ori formiT (orisityviT) gadmocemaSi mdgomareobs. es sityvebi ki erTi da imavezmnidanaa nawarmoebi, rodesac ama Tu im zmnis piriani formisada misive sawyisis moqmedebiTi brunvis kombinaciaa warmodgenili(qarT. kiTxviT kiTxulobs, WamiT Wams, liRrPlSE iRrPl,,simReriT mReris”, liTxEi@rSE iTxEi@r ,,nadirobiT ki nadirobs,”megr. RuraT va Rure ,,sikvdiliT ar momkvdara,” ragadiTqiCiasie ,,laparakiT ilaparakoso”.,,sintaqsurad paronomazia erTi mTliania: igi winadadebaSiSemasmenels warmoadgens.. paronomaziidan arc erTi sityvis calkesintaqsur erTeulad gamoyofa ar SeiZleba, winaaRmdeg Sem-TxvevaSi paronomazia kargavs Tavis specifikas da mocemuli mravalsityvaobagaugebari xdeba. amaSia paronomaziis Tavisebureba.1 l. geguCaZe, e. w. frazeologiuri Semasmenlis Sesaxeb qarTulSi,saenaTmecniero Ziebani, IV, Tb., 1995, gv. 97-99.52

amdenadve qarTuli paronomaziis calkeul wevrTa sintaqsur raobazesaubari SeuZlebelia. 1 specialur literaturaSi aRniSnuliaZvel qarTulSi paronomaziis farTod gavrcelebuloba(tanja tanjviTa.. xedvida xedviTa..), da igi berZnuliT gaSualebulsemitur (ebraul) movlenadaa miCneuli. 2qarTuli paronomazia araerTi mkvlevris yuradRebis centr-Si moqceula (k. wereTeli, 3 a. SaniZe, 4 a. kiziria, 5 iv. imnaiSvili, 6g. kartozia, 7 n. basilaia, 8 l. kvantaliani, 9 r. CxeiZe, 10 l. gegu-CaZe 11 da a.S.). sakiTxi Seswavlilia monografiuladac. paronomaziis,rogorc orkomponentiani formis erT sintaqsur erTeuladkvalifikacirebis sakiTxze gamoTqmulia gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisebi,xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdegoc _ (a. SaniZe, 12 k. wereTeli13 ), Tumca mkvlevarni Tanxmdebian sakiTxze, rom paronomaziaqarTuli movlenaa da ara mxolod semitur enaTa gavlenis Sedegi.,,paronomaziuli formebi dasturdeba megrulsa da svanur-Sic.. paronomazia qarTveluri enebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli undaiyos uZvelesi droidanve”. 14 qarTvelur enaTa Sedarebis safuZvelzesakiTxis Seswavlis aucileblobaze miuTiTebs a. kiziriac. 15swored amiT aris ganpirobebuli Cveni daintereseba megrul-Wanursada svanurSi biverbaluri da paronomaziuli sityvaTSena-1 k. wereTeli. paronomazia qarTulSi. _ iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba(Semdgom: ike), t. VI. Tb., 1954, gv. 476.2 z. sarjvelaZe. Zveli qaruli ena. Tb., 1997, gv. 179.3 k. wereTeli. paronomazia qarTulSi. _ ike, t. VI. Tb., 1954, gv. 476.4 a. SaniZe. qarTuli enis gramatika, II, sintaqsi. Tb., 1948, gv. 44.5 a. kiziria. martivi winadadebis Sedgeniloba qarTvelur enebSi.Tb., 1982, gv. 180.6 iv. imnaiSvili. saxelTa bruneba da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qar-TulSi. Tb., 1957, gv. 236.7 g. kartozia. rusTveluri paronomazia. _ kreb. ,,vefxistyaosnis teqstissakiTxebi~, Tb., 1975, gv. 15-16.8 n. basilaia. Semasmeneli da Semasmenluri damokidebuli winadadeba.Tb., 1974, gv. 78.9 l. kvantaliani. qarTuli zepirsityvierebis sintaqsi. Tb., 1990, gv. 112.10 r. CxeiZe. paronomaziis sakiTxisaTvis qarTulSi. _ wgn.: ,,bilikebi~.Tb., 1990, gv. 37.11 l. geguCaZe. paronomaziuli gamoTqmis sintaqsuri kvalifikaciisaTvisqarTulSi (xelnaweri) gv. 3-5.12 a. SaniZe. qarTuli enis gramatika, II, gv. 44.13 k. wereTeli. paronomazia qarTulSi, gv. 476.14 J. feiqriSvili. qarTuli enis sintaqsi. quTaisi, 1997, gv. 112.15 a. kiziria. martivi winadadebis Sedgeniloba.., gv. 180.53

erTebis SeswavliT.saanalizo masaliT imTaviTve gamoikveTa kvlevis Semdegiaspeqtebi: msgavsad saliteraturo qarTulisa gvxvdeba Tu arapredikatuli mniSvnelobiT orkomponentiani formaTSexamebani(biverbaluri da paronomaziuli) svanursa da zanurSi. rogoriamaTi gamoyenebis sixSire cocxali metyvelebis monacemebisa daTiTqmis saukunis win Sekrebil da gamocemul svanur da zanurteqstebSi dafiqsirebul formaTa Sedarebis TvalsazrisiT. biverbalurSinebismieri saxis zmna-SemasmenelTa kombinaciaa SesaZlebeli,Tu mxolod erTi romelime tipisa. ra SemTxvevaSi arisSesaZlebeli misi meore komponentis masdariT Canacvleba da raSemTxvevaSi ara. paronomaziis saxeebidan _ Zireuli da semasiologiuri_ romeli Warbobs da romlis gamoyenebis areali arisufro SezRuduli.dabolos, qarTul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi arsebulTvalsazrisTagan aRniSnuli tipis sityvaTSenaerTebis sintaqsurikvalificirebis sakiTxSi qarTvelur enaTa monacemebi romelsumagrebs safuZvels da uWers mxars.qarTvelur enebze dakvirvebam cxadyo, rom biverbaluri daparonomaziuli sityvaTSenaerTebi zanursa da svanurSi sakmaodfarTod aris gavrcelebuli. SedarebiT iSviaTia semasiologiuri,magram TiTqos mis sakompensaciod, xSiria Zireuli paronomazia,romelic ufro dialogebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, vidregabmuli metyvelebisa da TxrobisaTvis.paronomaziuli Semasmeneli _ megruli:RuraT va Rure, mara aureSe ekula muTunc veSulebH umexvarebuo.1 (sikvdiliT ar momkvdara, magram aqedan amosvla aravisSeuZlia duxmareblad.)ragadiT mardH fTqvin, mara muSo goko sqani didasoren giCqHdasa, iSa si muTa gaRole. 2 (TqmiT me vTqvi, magramrad ginda, dedaSeni sad aris icode, imas Sen verafriT daexmarebi.)irkos gukvirdH: Wvili daduli do mumulq muWooko geTelas do ragadiT qiCiasie. 3 (yvelas gaukvirda: Semwvaridedali da mamali rogor unda gacocxldes da laparakiT1 m xubua. megruli teqstebi. Tb., 1937, gv. 97.2 m xubua. megruli teqstebi, gv. 98.3 m xubua. megruli teqstebi, gv. 63.54

alaparakdeso.)svanuri:labaBQS ibPfi, mare TxUims Ral deS igWe iibHrcPn~Ll 1 _ ,,bijebiT ki abijebs, magram Tavs ver iWers dabarbacebs.”_ ala, naRJur hPdur mam iWUdPni mo? _ ,,es ymawvili,rogor, saerTod ar kiTxulobs”?_ laWEdKnoSE iWEdPni, imJi mama, mare TxumTLsgamamgEeS Ral esNzi. _ ,,kiTxviT kiTxulobs, rogor ara, magramTavSi araferi Sesdis”legmerde laxEKntoS Ral adu, ixEPnti, mare dagradoE uqadE xKd (eqsped. masalebi) _ ,,avadmyofi sunTqviT kisunTqavs, magram sikvdili, albaT ar ascdeba.”limcuqEilSE adu, imcuqliLlx, hLmJi moS lagas aTgennexmine lHbKnZRe gEeSs. _ ,,SuamavlobiT ki Suamavloben,Tuki rogorme moagvares da gadawyvites es CaxlarTuli saqme...”amave tipisaa:lanyaEoSE inyPE _ ,,garTobiT erToba”; liBedSE Bedni_ ,,mosvliT mova”lim@rjEiESE qa xomurji _ ,,daxmarebiT daexmareba;lambEoSE qKnKmbEe _ ,,mbobiT//TxrobiT iambo”biverbaluri Semasmeneli _ megruli:maRolen do vamaRolen, ina Cqimi saqme ren do sqandamiTxu qomiwue, Suro muTuni qogiCqHnda. 2 _ (SevZlebTu ver SevZleb, es Cemi saqmea da Sen gTxov miTxra, Tu rameici.)ma moko ogurafuSa ula, aTe do aTe saxenwifoSagomiteva. 3 _ (me minda wavide saswavleblad, ama da am saxelmwifoSigamiSvio.)mus Txulena Tinefin, Tina mokona varCiaT, mara mu-Tunnero duTq vegmadginesia... 4 _ (ras iTxoven isini, imasgvinda mivxvdeT, magram verafriT Tavi ver dagvidgamso.)1 2007-2008ww. Tsu qarTuli enis institutis qarTveluri enaTmecnierebismagistrantTa eqspediciisa da savele praqtikis masalebi,(xelnaweri).2 m xubua. megruli teqstebi, gv. 98.3 m xubua. megruli teqstebi, gv. 884 m xubua. megruli teqstebi, gv. 87.55

imendi re si vamiwyinenq Cqimi CilaTas do imendire qomiwinqie _ muqurd gigasizmarH baRanobasie? 1 _ ìmediaar miwyen Cems Secdomas da imedia metyvi _ ra dagesizmrabavSvobaSio~.xazna Gofuna abragebs gHnataxa do qimMRes orqodo qHdPrRves oxvames, _ dirTan oko fara. 2 _ `xazinahqoniaT avazakebs gaqurduli da moitanes oqro da vercxli saydarSi,_ gaiyon unda fuli~.svanuri:xekE@dx CEalsyLl@sxE//(xekE@dx lisyPl, mare mHsminexordax xEP~ i eji@r aS i aS gar xokEilcx@ldax. (eqspediciismasalebi). _ ,,undodaT Serigebuliyvnen//undodaT Serigeba,magram damsmeni hyavdaT bevri da isini ufro da ufro unTebdnencecxls.”@nREli qamMqELns, mare xoCamd i deS xEiSydune _,,vgoneb meTqvas, magram kargadac ver vixseneb”mabJa CE@drgELns al gEeS, laxe CMs gES axLrax. _,,vfiqrob mogvardes es saqme, Tuki yvela guliT miudgeba”.@nundunex @mCedLl@sxE l@TxEiarTe, mare gun imedRuliS i ligeWiS deS xKdx. _ ,,moindomes wasuliyvnen sanadirod,magram imedi Zal-Ronisa da gaZlebisa ar hqondaT.”askibx oxsyPnx// askibx lisyLne, mare muJEme xoSilxeyPndax, vidre Simi mHsyene i mumurji. _ ,,gadawyvites gaekeTebinaT//gadawyvites gakeTeba, magram ufro meti hyavdaT xelisSemSleli,vidre xelSemwyobi da damxmare.lHmTiPl CoTSguranPn//lHmTiPl liSgurKnes, mareukEe lumqEnaEPl i mamgEeS Ral moS oxCMSa. _ ,,Turmecdilobda daerigebina//cdilobda darigebas (//anderZis datovebas),magram ukve agoniaSi iyo da veraferi ver moaswro.”rogorc dakvirvebam cxadyo, biverbaluri sityvaSexamebebiTsakmaod mwiri aRmoCnda zanur-svanuri teqstebi cocxal metyvelebasTanSedarebiT. lazurSi ki am tipis gamoTqmebs jerjerobiTver mivakvlieT. sainteresoa axsna, riT SeiZleba iyos esganpirobebuli: garemocviT, gavleniT, sametyvelo CveulebiT...vfiqrobT, mizezi is unda iyos, rom lazurSi ,,unon”(unda) zmnakavSirebiTis formas daerTvis, rogorc meSveli zmna xofur ki-1 m xubua. megruli teqstebi, gv. 58.2 m xubua. megruli teqstebi, gv. 73.56

lokavSi, viwur-arqabulsa da aTinur-arTaSenulSi mis adgilasgvxvdeba ere(n)//ore(n)//re(n)//e(n)(=aris).xofur-CxalurSi gamoyofen myofadis warmoebis 2 tips:Cxalurs da araCxalurs. Cxalur (Seuxorcebel) myofadSi Ziri-Tadi zmna icvleba pirisa da ricxvis mixedviT, meSveli zmna kiucvlelad (mx. r. III p. formiT) daerTvis orive ricxvis samivepirs. mag.: ,,va unon gogoWkondas” 1 _ ,,ar unda dagaviwydes”.araCxaluri (Sexorcebuli) myofadis yalibi ki aseTia: ZiriTadizmna icvleba mxolod piris mixedviT, meSveli zmna ki _ pirisada ricxvis mixedviT. 2 giwvaminon (giTxra minda) 3borjiSe mendra iyvaunon (valisgan Sors unda iyo). 4Cqini qomolefe moxTasunon do loya do kai g~ àiguxvenaTminonania. 5 ,,Cveni qmrebi movlen (= unda movidnen) dakarg saWmels gavukeTebTo (==gavukeToTuna).yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare am etapze qarTvelurenebSi biverbaluri sityvaSenaerTis sintaqsuri kvalificirebissakiTxis gadawyvetisagan Tavs SevikavebT da amas SesaZleblad Cav-TvliT mxolod Semdgomi kvleva-Ziebis Catarebisa da saTanadopraqtikuli masalis mopovebis Semdgom. rac Seexeba paronomaziulformebs, qarTulSi mis sintaqsur kvalificirebasTan dakavSirebiTZiriTadi Tvalsazrisebi Semdeg saxes iRebs: paronomaziuligamoTqma erTi wevria da winadadebaSi Sedgenil Semasmenelswarmoadgens, 6 paronomaziis komponentebi damoukidebeli wevrebia:moqmedebiT brunvaSi mdgari da zmna-SemasmenelTan dakavSirebulisawyisi ubralo damatebaa, 7 garemoebaa 8 , moqmedebiT brunvaSi mdgarisityva Tavis msazRvrelTan erTad aris ubralo damateba an garemoeba,9 paronomaziis moqmedebiT brunviani komponenti mxolod aqtualizatoriada ara aqvs damoukidebeli wevris funqcia. 10qarTvelur enaTa Sesabamisi tipis formebze dakvirvebisa1 g. kartozia. lazuri teqstebi. Tb., 1993, gv. 30; g. kartozia. lazuriena da misi adgili qarTvelur enaTa sistemaSi. Tb., 2005, gv. 113.2 g. kartozia. lazuri ena da misi adgili.., gv. 113.3 g. kartozia. lazuri ena da misi adgili.., gv. 114.4 arn. Ciqobava. Wanuri teqstebi. I, xofuri kilokavi. Tb., 1929, gv. 31.5 g. kartozia. lazuri teqstebi, gv. 83.6 k. wereTeli. paronomazia.., gv. 476; n. basilaia. Semasmeneli.., gv. 78.7 a. SaniZe. qarTuli enis gramatika, II, sintaqsi, gv. 44.8 ak. daviTiani. qarTuli enis sintaqsi. Tb., 1973, gv. 126.9 l. kvaWaZe. Tanamedrove qarTuli enis sintaqsi. Tb., 1977, gv. 125.10 l. kvantaliani. qarTuli zepirsityvierebis sintaqsi. Tb., 1990, gv. 114.57

da Seswavlis Sedegad Cven viziarebT im Tvalsazriss, rom qar-Tul-megrul-svanurSi paronomaziad miCneuli formebi erTgvarovaniar aris da misi sintaqsuri kvalifikacia diferencirebuliunda iyos. aRniSnuli kuTxiT qarTvelur enebze dakvirvebas samomavlodacvgegmavT, amjerad ki Cvens xelT arsebuli masalisSedegad SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom paronomaziuli gamoTqmebi zanurisada svanurisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT cocxali metyvelebisaTvis,savsebiT bunebrivia da damaxasiaTebeli. SedarebiT naklebad,magram mainc gvxvdeba aRniSnuli tipis sityvaTSexamebani adregamocemul svanur da megrul teqstebSi.qarTvelurisaTvis metwilad damaxasiaTebelia Zireuli paronomazia,TiTqmis ar Segvxvedria semasiologiuri paronomaziisSemTxvevebi. qarTvelurSi _ svan. laWEdanoSE iWEdPni _,,kiTxviT kiTxulobs”, limzirSE imzir _ ,,locviT loculobs”.megr. RuraT va Rure ,,sikvdiliT ar momkvdara” _ tipissityvaTSenaerTebi erTi cnebis gamomxatvelia da erT wevrad_ paronomaziul Semamenlad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, romelSic moqmedebiTbrunviansityvas aqvs, marTlac, aqtualizatoris funqcia,1 romliTac zmnis mniSvnelobis xazgasma xdeba da mas damouukidebelwevrad ver miviCnevT.1 l. kvantaliani. qarTuli zepirsityvierebis sintaqsi, gv. 114.58

MARINE KAKACHIA, KETEVAN MARGIANI,MARINE JGHARKAVABIVERBAL AND PARONOMAZIAL PREDICATEIN GEORGIANA two-verbal construction (one component of which is an infinitive)(“decided to do” type) is known as “biverbal predicate” (N. Kotinov)or as “an infinitive construction” (L. Geguchadze). The paronomazialpredicate consists of two parts as well (the finite form of the verb and theinfinitive of the same verb)(active form) (K. Tsereteli, N. Basilaia). Thereare a lot of publications dedicated to this type of predicate. There areexpressed different opinions (sometimes contrary ones) especially aboutits syntactical meaning. The issue is absolutely unstudied in Mengrelian-Chan and Svan. The main aim of the publication is studying biverbal andparonomazial constructions. As it has been discerned, constructions ofthis type are widespread and widely distributed in common speech aswell as in Svan-Chan-Mengrelian texts published a hundred years ago.As for the issue of syntactical qualification of biverbal and paronomazialconstructions they must be qualified as a one member sentence – the predicate(by the data of Georgian language as well).59

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008Tamar giTolendiaqarTvelur gvarsaxelTa xelaxali gaformebismagaliTebi muhajirTa 1867 wlissiis mixedviT1867 wels Sedgenili afxaz muhajirTa sia uaRresad sainteresoamravali TvalsazrisiT. siis qarTuli Targmani 2004wels gamosca b. xoravam. 1 Cven masSi yuradReba mivaqcieT da saanalizodgamovyaviT qarTvelur gvarsaxelTa xelaxali gaformebismagaliTebi.muhajirTa siaSi dadasturebul –ia daboloebis mqone gvarebSiyuradRebas iqcevs ori forma: burdRubaia da rostobaia.gvarebi ormagi sufiqsaciiTaa nawarmoebi. saxelis fuZes erTvisjer afxazuri gvarebis mawarmoebeli –ba sufiqsi, Semdeg qarTuli,kerZod, megruli gvarebis mawarmoebeli –ia sufiqsi. ganvixiloTTiToeuli maTgani: gvari burdRubaia gvxvdeba sof. WloussiaSi. gvars safuZvlad udevs qarTuli pirsaxeli burdRu. gvariburdRubaia da arc masTan miaxloebuli forma dRes qarTulSi argvxvdeba. sof. jgerdaSi damowmebulia gvari rostobaia. aRniSnuligvari dResac gvxvdeba samegreloSi. p. cxadaia wers: ,,rostobaiaafxazur-megruli gvaria. gavrcelebulia samurzayanoSi dagadmonacvlebulia enguris marcxena mxares”. 2 amosavali fuZea mamakacispirsaxel rostomis Semoklebuli varianti rosto.muhajirTa siaSi warmodgenilia afxazuri –ifa (,,misi (mamakacis)Ze~), _ba sufiqsebiT daboloebuli megrulidan momdinaregvarebi. T. gvancelaZe asabuTebs, rom ,,-ifa//-iba//-ba daboloebianigvarsaxelebi unda Seqmniliyo mxolod afxazur-abazuri er-Tobis daSlisa da afxazTa amJamindeli afxazeTis teritoriazeCamosaxlebis Semdeg (XVIs. Semdeg) -Ze daboloebian qarTulgvarsaxelTa analogiiT~. 3 es imiT ixsneba, rom sufiqsiani gvare-1 b. xorava. afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba. Tb., 2004;2 p. cxadaia. gvarebi da gvarTa dasaxelebani samegreloSi. Tb., 2000,gv. 123.3 T. gvancelaZe. afxazur gvarsaxelTa modelebisa da maTi Camoya-60

i ar aris damaxasiaTebeli abazuri enisaTvis. ,,gvarsaxelTa sufiqsaciisprocesi, rogorc Cans, jer –ifa daboloebian gvarsaxelebSidasrulebula, xolo –iba da –ba daboloebian gvarsaxelTaSeqmnis procesi 1867 wlisaTvis jer kidev ar unda yofiliyodamTavrebuli~. 1gvari baRir-ifa warmodgenilia sof. iaSTxvaSi. baRir-ifaudris baRiris Zes. gvarisaTvis amosavalia beRura sityvis Sesabamisimegrul-Wanuri sityva baRire. aRniSnuli sityva afxazur-Sic aris Sesuli abaRreÁ formiT. baRiri samegreloSi, xolobaRuri svaneTSi gavrcelebuli pirsaxelebia. baRir varianti muhajirTasiaSic gvxvdeba rogorc pirsaxeli. kerZod, sof. WlousmonacemebSi moxseniebulni arian baRir kacba da baRir vou.baRir sityvisagan nawarmoebi gvari qarTulSi ar gvxvdeba. p.cxadaias azriT, gvarebSi baRuaSvili, baRuSvili, baRuaSi, baRva-Si gamoiyofa baRi/baRu elementi, romelic megruli baRiris Semoklebulformad moCans. 2muhajirTa 1867w. siis mixedviT sof. genwviSSi warmodgeniliagvari gabal-ifa, romlisTvisac amosavalia svaneTsa da samegreloSiZvelad gavrcelebuli pirsaxeli gabel. misi fonetikurivariantebia gabil, gabi, gaba, gabe. CamoTvlili saxelebisTvisZireuli SeiZleba iyos pirsaxeli gabrieli. gabal-ifaformis amosavali saxeobebia sof. gufSi gavrcelebuli gabelia,gablia formebi. gabal-ifa kalkirebulia qarTuli gabeliZe formisgan.amosavali gabel fuZis e xmovani afxazurSi Cveulebrivgadmocemulia a xmovniT. sof. jampalSi erTmaneTis gverdiT dasturdebamorfologiuri variantebi gabra-ifa da gabri-ifa. Sdr.gabrava, gabriaZe. amosavali fuZeebia pirsaxel gabrielis kninobi-Ti variantebi gabra, gabri. sof. xofSi dasturdeba gvari guarifa.Sdr. qarTuli gvariSvili, romlis matarebelTa raodenoba1997 wels Seadgenda 341 suls. (gavrcelebulia baTumSi, qobuleTsada qedaSi); gvaraZe. 3 istoriul wyaroebSi dasturdeba gvariZesaxeobac. kerZod, 1671 wlis sabuTSi moxseniebulia niCbiss(amJamindeli mcxeTis raionSi) mcxovrebi gvariZe guguna, romelibebisdrois sakiTxisaTvis muhajirTa 1867 wlis siis mixedviT.Tb., 2006, gv. 19;1 T. gvancelaZe. afxazur gvarsaxelTa modelebisa da maTi.., gv. 19.2 p. cxadaia. gvarebi da gvarTa dasaxelebani samegreloSi, gv. 57.3 a. silagaZe, a. ToTaZe. gvar-saxelebi saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1997, gv. 58.61

lic yofila mowme imeda faniaSvilis mier anuka cicisSvilisaTvismicemuli venaxis nasyidobis wignisa. 1sof. kelasurSi dasturdeba gvari iasa-ifa. qarTulad niSnavsieses Zes. saanalizo formisaTvis amosavalia pirsaxeliiese, romlis pirveli e (a, xolo ukanaskneli e afxazurSi gadmocemuliaa xmovniT. sof. fsircxis monacemebSi mravaljergvxvdeba gvari kuaC-ifa (zusti transkrifciiT kоaC-ifa) da misidaboloebamokvecili varianti kuaC. kuaC-ifa formis qarTulivariantia kvaCiZe, romelic mcirericxovania da gavrcelebuliaimereTSi (vanis raionSi).sof. jampalSi dasturdeba gvari lazar-ifa. misi variantiasof. gufSi gavrcelebuli lazaria, romelic miviReT Semdegnairad:lazare (lazarea (lazaria. saanalizo formebisTvis amosavalifuZea pirsaxeli lazare. sof. fsircxaSi warmodgeniliagvari laz-ifa. kelasursa da jampalSi gvxvdeba laz-ifa formisgauformebeli varianti laz: ariC laz (sof. jampali), cgu laz(sof. kelasuri). laz mamakacTa saxelia afxazTa Soris da ukav-Sirdeba satomo saxels, romelic aRniSnavs Wans.sof. merxeulSi gvxvdeba gvari maxarebel-ifa. Sdr. qarTulimaxarobliZe. qarTul gvarsaxelTa cnobaris mixedviT maxarobliZeebiamJamad samegreloSi ar cxovroben. gvari gavrcelebuliaTbilisSi, borjomsa da cagerSi. 2 Zvel samarTlebriv dokumentebSixSirad gvxvdeba pirsaxeli maxarobeli. kerZod,,,afxazeTis sakaTalikoso davTarSi” (1621w.) moxseniebulia sof.naguazauSi mcxovrebi vinme maxarobeli naWyebia, romelsac emar-Ta begrad 1 Zroxa, 1 Rori, 1 amokiruli Zira Romi, 6 kokaRvino... 3 imave sabuTis mixedviT sof. jimaStaros monacemebSi _maxarobeli, zurabais Svili. 4 saanalizo maxarebel-ifa formassafuZvlad udevs pirsaxeli maxarebeli (da ara maxarobeli). maxarebelforma rom namdvilad arsebobda amas adasturebs ,,sacaiSlodavTarSi” (1616-1621ww) daculi cnoba: ,,marTebs maxarebelsaaguserias maTaursa erTi Rori, misi Romi da Rvino”; 51628 wlis biWvinTis sabuTSi moxseniebulia wyaliZgas mcxovre-1 pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, I. Tb., 1991, gv. 632.2 a. silagaZe, a. ToTaZe. gvar-saxelebi saqarTveloSi, gv. 135.3 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III, Tb., 1970, gv. 413.4 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III, gv. 405.5 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III, gv. 443.62

i maxarebeli gerozia, romelic foTs SeuwiravT meTevzed. 1 maxarebeliafxazurs didi xnis nasesxebi ar unda hqondes, radgancafxazurSi, swored, is formaa Sesuli, rac qarTul saliteraturoenaSi gvaqvs. maxarobeli dialeqturi variantia maxarebeliformisa.sof. abgiZiraSi warmodgenilia gvari rafa-ifa. amosavalifuZea pirsaxel rafielis Semoklebuli qarTuli varianti rafa.Sdr. rafava. am gvaris warmomadgenelTa ZiriTadi sacxovrisiazugdidis rainis soflebi: korcxeli, axalkaxaTi, ruxi, Wkadua-Si. 2 sof. xofSi dasturdeba gvari Cal-ifa. mis morfologiurCalia variants vxvdebiT sof. genwviSis siaSi. saanalizo formebiwarmoqmnilia Cala sityvisgan, rac niSnavs glaxaks, gonebaClungs,sulels, CerCets; laCars. 3 sazogado saxeli Cala metsaxeladadvilad iqceoda. qarTulSi gvxvdeba gvari CalaZe.sof. amWaraSi warmodgenilia gvari Cikura-ifa. gvarSi daculiaamoavli qarTveluri Cikura fuZe. qarTulSi gvxvdebagvarebi Cikoraia, Cikoria. Sdr. CekuriSvili, CekuraSvili. esukanaskneli damowmebuli aris 1616 wlis domenti kaTalikoziswyalobis wignSi mcxeTisSvili ziarasadmi: ,,...vismineT aja damoxseneba Tqueni da SegiwyaleT da mogiboZeT biwmens... CekuraSvilinadira maTis mamuliTa...” 4 zemoT CamoTvlil qarTul gvarebSigamoiyofa Cikor/Cekur, Cikora/Cekura amosavali fuZeebi. p.cxadaias cnobiT, Cikori tanmciresa da gamxdarsac aRniSnavs. 5sof. unTfirSi dasturdeba gvari Cux-ifa. amosavalia pirsaxeliCuxu. Sdr. megruli Cuxua. sof. auSTaSi warmodgeniliagvari Cxap-ifa. niSnavs Cxapis Zes. Cxap elements Seicavs megruligvari Cxapelia. p. cxadaias cnobiT, Cxapelia formas moepovebaiSviaTi sapasporto varianti Cxabelia. misive TvalsazrisiT,Cxapelia formisaTvis amosavali SeiZleba iyos metsaxeladqceuli ,,Cxapeli”, rac niSnavs morwyuls, gawuwuls, SemTvralebuls.6 afxazuri Cxap megruli Cxapel formis marcvalmokvecilivariantia: Cxapel-ifa (Cxap-ifa).muhajirTa siaSi drandis olqis monacemebSi damowmebulia1 dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, I. Tb., 1921, gv. 41.2 a. silagaZe, a. ToTaZe. gvar-saxelebi saqarTveloSi, gv. 166.3 o. qajaia. megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni, t III. Tb., 2002 gv. 289.4 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III, gv. 388.5 p. cxadaia. gvarebi da gvarTa dasaxelebani samegreloSi, gv. 151.6 p. cxadaia. gvarebi da gvarTa dasaxelebani samegreloSi, gv. 153;63

gvari Cxu-ifa, romelic udris Cxus Zes. aq Cxu eponimis metsaxeladmoCans. ix. amave siaSi gvarsaxelebi Cxunguria, Cxulgiria,Cxonguria formebi.sof. fsircxis siaSi damowmebuli aris gvari xuaC-ifa.amosavali unda iyos megruli xviCia/xviCava an istoriuli xva-Cia. maT Soris xvaCia formas meti upiratesoba aqvs. xvaCiaforma damowmebulia istoriuli wyaroebiTac. kerZod, ,,sacaiSlodavTarSi” (1616-1621 ww) moxseniebulia saeklesio glexiqomiSkela xvaCia: ,,marTebs qomiSkelasa xvaCias 1 saklavi, 1 qa-Tami... 1 imave sabuTSi xvaCia formis gverdiT dasturdeba xviCiaformac (iqve). qarTulSi xviCia formis morfologiuri xviCavaformac gvxvdeba. Tu xvaCia beWdvis Secdoma ar aris, maSin xva-Cia (megr.) (xоaC-ifa (afxaz.) ufro sarwmuno Cans, vidre _ xvi-Cia (xоaC-ifa. am varauds mxars uWers qarTul sakuTar saxelTasaZieblis monacemebi, saidanac Cans, rom xvaCi svaneTSi, xoloxvaCia _ samegreloSi gavrcelebuli pirsaxelebia. 2sof. gumaSi dasturdeba gvari xut-ifa. misi qarTuli SesatyvisiaxutiZe, romelic gavrcelebulia axmetaSi, Tbilissada TelavSi. 3 gvxvdeba aseve xutiaSvili formac. amosavalia pirsaxelixuti, 4 Sdr. xuta.amrigad, gaanalizebuli masala adasturebs, rom 1867 wlamdeafxazTa Soris gavrcelebuli yofila qarTveluri warmoSobispirsaxelebica da gvarsaxelebic, romlebic am saxelTa matareblebisgaafxazebis Semdeg safuZvlad dasdebia axlad warmoqmnilafxazur gvarebs, romelTa didi nawili dRes aRar dasturdebaafxazTa Soris. muhajirTa 1867w. siaSi zogi iseTi qaTuligvaricaa SemorCenili, romelic dRes qarTulSic gamqralia.1 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III, gv. 445;2 a. Rlonti. qarTveluri sakuTari saxelebi. Tb., 1967, gv. 158.3 a. silagaZe, a. ToTaZe. gvar-saxelebi saqarTveloSi, gv. 293;4 a. Rlonti. qarTveluri sakuTari saxelebi, gv. 158;64

TAMAR GITOLENDIAEXAMPLES OF THE REPEATED FORMATION OF THEKARTVELIAN NAMES AND SURNAMESACCORDING TO THE MUHAJIRS LIST OF 1867In the Abkhaz-Muhajirs’ list of 1867 among the corroborated surnameswith an-ia ending worthy of special attention are two forms: Burdgubaiaand Rostobaia which are built by a double suffixation. In theMuhajirs’ list there is an Abkhazian – ipa (his) in the names of Kartvelianorigin ending in the suffixes: Bagir-ipa, Gabal-ipa, Gaabra-ipa, Guaripa,Makharebel-ipa, Laz-ipa, Chkhap-ipa... The analyzed material testifies tothe fact that until 1867 among the Abkhazians there were spread theChristian names and surnames which after the Abkhazification of the bearersof these names became a basis of newly-created Abkhazian surnamesthe greater part of which are no longer confirmed among the Abkhazianstoday.5. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi65

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008xatia kakavaxmovnis reduqcia rogorc TanxmovanTSejriserT-erTi piroba afxazurSiafxazurisaTvis sxva fonetikur procesTa Soris damaxasia-Tebelia xmovnis reduqcia. yvelaze xSirad es exeba a xmovans.reduqciis gamomwvevi mizezi, upirveles yovlisa, aris maxvili,romelic Zalze intensiuri da moZravia. igi SeiZleba moudiodessityvis nebismier poziciaSi mdgom xmovans. magaliTad: aZara àRzrda,gazrda~; ag°HSº `WiSkari~ _ aÁx̴ 1. `rkina~ 2. `culi,najaxi~ 3. `lagami~.unda aRiniSnos, rom maxvils afxazurSi zogjer sityvaTganmasxvavebelifunqcia aqvs, amis naTeli magaliTia ala `Tvali~,igive sityva, oRond maxviliT boloSi ZaRls niSnavs _ ala. afxazursada abazurSi maxvilis matarebeli gamodis Zireuli masalacada formantebic. 1 amasTan, formantebi xSirad miizidavenxolme maxvils, swored amiT aris gamowveuli maxvilis aramyaribuneba. cnobilia, rom afxazurSi sityvis Ziri amosavalSi martiviiyo (CV) modeli, rac garkveulwilad dResac SenarCunebulia2 da Sesabamisad, maxvili swored am xmovanze modioda. garkveulfuZeebSi sityvaTwarmoebisa Tu formaTwarmoebis Sedegadmaxvilis adgili icvleba: zog SemTxvevaSi maxvili SerCeba Zireulelements, zog SemTxvevaSi gadainacvlebs Ziridan xan bolosken,xan win (win gadawevis SemTxvevebi ufro xSiria). 3swored maxvilis amgvari intensiuri da moZravi bunebaudevs safuZvlad iseT fonetikur process, rogoric aris reduqcia.reduqcia fuZidan xmovnis amovardnas niSnavs. saqme isgaxlavT, rom maxvilis zemoqmedebis Sedegad umaxvilod darCenilixmovani ikargeba, ris Semdegac viRebT ori an meti TanxmovnisaganSemdgar kompleqsebs. magaliTad:1 q. lomTaTiZe. afxazuri da abazuri enebis istoriul-SedarebiTianalizi. I. Tb., 1976, gv. 100.2 q. lomTaTiZe. afxazuri da abazuri enebis.., gv. 54.3 q. lomTaTiZe. afxazuri da abazuri enebis.., gv. 116.66

amaSHn →− amSHn `zRva~ akalaT _ aklaT `kalaTi~rac Seexeba reduqciis Sedegad miRebul TanxmovanTkompleqsebs,isini meoreuli warmoSobisaa da amosaval viTarebas ar asaxavs.amosavalSi, rogorc ukve iTqva, sityvis Ziri martivi iyo,swored es unda iyos, akad. q. lomTaTiZis azriT mizezi imisa,rom ena xSirad kompleqsTa gamartivebis gzas mimarTavs. amis magaliTiareduqciis Sedegad miRebuli *-fh°ssa (qalebi) sityva-Si oTxwevriani fh°Hssa kompleqsis gamartiveba. es sityva amosavalSisrulxmovniani iyo: *a-fa-h°a-sa-sa, Semdgom maxvilis gadanacvlebisasumaxvilod darCenili xmovnebi Cavarda; xmovanTa reduqciisSedegad miviReT TanxmovanTkompleqsi (*a-fh°ssa, rac da-Zleul iqna kompleqsis gamartivebiT, konkretulad, fhss garemocvaSiamovarda f, Semdgom h°ss-Si erTi s-c daikarga da SedegadmiviReT dRes enaSi arsebuli forma hH°sa (qalebi) 1 .am gziT miRebuli kompleqsebi mravladaa enaSi, Tumca yvelaSemTxvevaSi ar moqmedebs TanxmovanTkompleqsTa gamartivebisprincipi. zog SemTxvevaSi amosavali formebi daculia afxazurienis dialeqtebsa da abazur enaSi, romelTa monacemebis gaTvaliswinebagvexmareba formaTa istoriis dadgenaSi. magaliTad,amJamad afxazuri enis orive dialeqtSi mglis, meliis da turiszogad saxelad gamoiyeneba a-bga sityva. aq rom bg kompleqsimeoreulia, amas adasturebs abazur enaSi arsebuli srulxmovnianivarianti baga, aseve afxazuri gvari bagafS, romelicori sityvisagan Sedgeba: baga + afS (mwiTuri), ori a xmovanienam ver igua, erTi daikarga da Sedegad miviReT bagafS forma.aseve sxva magaliTebi. arx°Hc (− arax°Hc¥) `Zafi~; iharkn¥iharkn¥(_ iharakn¥-iharakn¥) `maRla-maRla~; aseve nasesxeb sityvebSi:aTTHn (− aTaTHn) `Tambaqo~.reduqciis movlenaTa rigs ganekuTvneba agreTve xmovnis daviwroebismTeli rigi SemTxvevebi 2 . saqme gvaqvs maxvilis intensivobisSedegad a xmovnis daviwroebasTan. mag.: abnHcº (−←abnac)`jixvi~; mHxº (−maxº) `mTa, klde~; ah°Hs (− ah°as) `xbo~...1 q. lomTaTiZe. afxazuri da abazuri enebis.., gv. 111.2 m. cikolia. afxazuri enis abJuuri dialeqti. Tb., 1969, gv. 030.67

es procesi ZiriTadad daxurul marcvalSi xdeba 1 . aRsaniSnavia,rom afxazur-abazur dialeqtebSi xmovnis reduqciis TvalsazrisiTgansxvavebuli viTareba gvaqvs. srulxmovaneba metad arisdaculi aSxarulsa da abJuur dialeqtebSi, xolo tapanTurSiaSkaraa TanxmovanTSejris SemTxvevebi xmovnis reduqciis xarjze 2 .konkretulad, a boloxmovnian zmnur fuZeebs maxvilxmovnianiwindebulis an prefiqsis darTvisas a CamoSorebia, magaliTebi: afx. ÁbaФa-ra ùrTierT Wama~ tap. abHФ-ra ùrTierT Wama~ afx. Saraca-ra `nadirobad wasvla~ tap. Sarc-ra `nadirobad wasvla~.akad. q. lomTaTiZes aRniSnuli aqvs, Tu rogor aris tapan-TurSi gamoxatuli zmnuri miqceviTi -la sufiqsi. igi miqceviTimimarTulebis gamoxatvis funqciiT erTvis fuZe-windebulis mqonezmnur fuZeebs. aseT formebSi maxvili TviT fuZeSi Semavalxmovans moudis, amitom umaxvilod darCenili -la sufiqsi xmovanskargavs da Sedegad orwevra TanxmovanTkompleqss viRebT.magaliTad: adwalra (←adwalara) Sdr. afx. adt°alara `mijdoma~; adgalra (←adgalara) Sdr. afx. adgalara `mitana~;igive mosdis aseve -la Zir-sufiqssac. magaliTebi: tap. fHlra; Sdr. afx. afHlara `Sexvedra~; tap. aTalra; Sdr. afx. aTHlara `Sig Sesvla~.magram Tu Zir-sufiqsis win romelime Tanxmovani dgas, maSinxmovnis reduqcia ar xdeba. magaliTad: ad°Hrtlara àxsna~;aq°Hplara `zed cvena~. aseT SemTxvevaSi swored TanxmovanTa SejramSeuSala xeli -la sufiqsiseuli a xmovnis reduqcias. 3 igiveprocesi, mxolod zmnis dro-kiloian formebSi, afxazurisTvisacaris damaxasiaTebeli. ase, magaliTad: sgleOt →sglt àvdeqi~;iyaleOt iyalt `moxda~; dasit `daukra~, paralelurad ixmarebaforma dast. afxazurSi xmovnis amgvari reduqcia mxolodaoristSi xdeba.1 q. lomTaTiZe. afxazuri da abazuri enebis.., gv. 22.2 q. lomTaTiZe. afxazuri da abazuri enebis.., gv. 131.3 q. lomTaTiZe. afxazuri da abazuri enebis.., gv. 127.68

KHATIA KAKAVAREDUCTION OF VOWELS AS ONE OF THE CONDITIONSOF TRUNCATION OF CONSONANTSIN ABKHAZIANReduction in Abkhazian occurs to a vowel "A". This vowel eitherdrops completery or by means of contraction gives ˆ a vowel. The causeof reduction is a stress that is intensive and variable. Exactly, as a resultof the stress influence, the vowel that stayed without a stress will bedropped; as a result we receive complexes which consist of two or moreconsonants.69

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008ema kilanavaegreT wodebuli rTuli qvemdebareTanamedrove inglisur enaSiwarmodgenili statia exeba pasiuri struqturebis erT-erTnairsaxeobas, kerZod, rTuli qvemdebariani winadadebebis semantikurkvlevas samecniero teqstebsa da literaturul dialog-Si. kvlevas safuZvlad udevs diaTezebis Teoria, romelic damu-Savebulia a. xolodoviCisa da misi mowafeebis mier. 1samecniero literaturasa da literaturul dialogSi aRwerisamocanebi da obieqti gansxvavebulia. samecniero stiliseqstralingvistur faqtorad iTvleba azrobriv-logikuri msjeloba,romlis gamosaxatavadac teqstSi iqmneba gankerZoebul-ganzogadebulisaSualebebi. 2 erT-erTi aseTi saSualeba aris vnebiTigvari, romelic ufro metad damaxasiaTebelia metyvelebis samecnierostilisTvis, vidre mxatvrulisTvis. 3 metyvelebis samecnierostilisaTvis organulia ganzogadeba. metyvelebis mxatvrulistili ki sxva metyvelebis formebisagan gamoirCeva sirTuliT,diferencirebulobiT, mravalferovnebiT. mxatvruli stilis formalurkomponentebs miakuTvneben detalizaciasa da kompozicias. 4literaturuli dialogi warmoadgens cocxali sasaubroenis metad axlo reprezentacias da asaxulia dramis enaSi, romelicaqtiurad urTierTobs sametyvelo enasTan da epoqis stil-Tan. bolo gulisxmobs ara mxolod literaturul stils, aramedsamyaros asaxvis saSualebebsac. dramis ena, romelic warmoadgenszepir-sametyvelo da literaturul-werilobiTi stilebis1 А. А. Холодович. Залог. – В кн.: `Категория залога~. Материалы конференции.Л., 1970.2 М. Н. Кожина. Сопоставительное изучение научного стиля и некоторые тенденцииего развития в период научно-технический революции. – В кн.: `Язык и стильнаучной литературы~. М., 1977, gv. 6-7.3 Е. С. Морозова. О семантике страдательного залога в английских художественныхи научных текстах. – В сб.: «Язык и стиль научного изложения». М., 1983, gv.161.4 Л. И. Тимофеев. Основы теории литературы. Изд. 5-ое. М., 1976, gv. 205.70

naerTs, agreTve ukavSirdeba literaturul-mwignobruli enis zogierTstils. 5 dialogs, rogorc literaturuli enis zepir-sametyvelonairsaxeobas, axasiaTebs spontanuroba, moumzadebloba.am TvalsazrisiT, savsebiT bunebrivia, rom dramis monologebi dadialogebi specifikuria ara mxolod gamomsaxvelobiT, aramed maT-Si gramatikuli formebis, kerZod, vnebiTi gvaris gamoyenebiTac.winamdebare naSromSi SevecadeT dagvedgina rTuli qvemdebarisSemcveli pasiuri struqturebis zmnebis semantika dadistribuciuli Tvisebebis msgavseba-gansxvaveba zemoxsenebulfunqcionalur stilebSi. migvaCnia, rom aseTi SepirispirebiTianalizi iZleva damatebiT informacias am movlenis arsis ukeTgasagebad.diaTezebis Teoriidan gamomdinare, gvari ganisazRvreba rogorczmnaSi semantikuri da sintaqsuri doneebis erTeulebisSesabamisobis gamosaxva. `gvari aris zmnaSi sintaqsuri da semantikuridoneebis erTeulebis Sesabamisobis regularuli asaxva.mokled rom vTqvaT, gvari aris zmnaSi gramatikulad markirebulidiaTeza~. 1 am gamokvlevis farglebSi, diaTezebis Teoriisgamoyenebisas, aRmovaCineT diaTezebis gansakuTrebuli jgufi,romelSic paciensi da atributi, adresati da atributi korelirebensintaqsur doneze e.w. rTul anu danawevrebul (gaxle-Cil) qvemdebaresTan, romelic morfologiurad gamoxatuliadistanturi konstruqciiT `saxelobiTi brunva infinitivTan(mimReobasTan, arsebiT da zedsarTav saxelebTan)~. mocemuli movlenasxvadasxvagvarad aris axsnili lingvistebis mier. 2zemoTmoyvanil interpretacias eTanxmeba mravali lingvisti,dawyebuli espersenidan. 3 espersenis azriT, winadadebaSi5 С. С. Беркнер. Развитие языка английской драмы в ХVI-XX вв. – Филологическиенауки. №2, 1991, gv. 87.1 А. А. Холодович. Залог, gv. 2.2 М. И. Оссовская. К вопросу о членении предложения в плане синтагматики ипарадигматики. – В сб.: “Студиa Германистика. Грамматика английского и немецкогоязыков”. Л., 1976, gv. 36-41; П. Перли. О так называемом «сложном подлежащем»в современном английском языке. – В сб.: “Студия Германистика.Грамматика английского и немецкого языков”. Л., 1976, gv. 50-55.3 O. Yespersen. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Cop., 1940. PartV, p. 315; M. A. Ganshina, N. M. Vasilevskaya. English Grammar. M., 1964, p. 294;Б. С. Хаймович, Б. И. Роговская. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка.М., 1967, gv. 253; Т. И. Новицкая, Н. Д. Кучин. Практическая грамматика английскогоязыка. М., 1979, gv. 204-208.71

“He was seen to nod” qvemdebaris rols asrulebs SeTanxmeba “heto nod”, rogorc mTeli, rasac mkvlevari moixseniebs terminiT“nexus subject”, xolo Semasmeneli aris zmna “to see” _ vnebiTigvaris formiT. “he to nod” kompleqsis SigniT urTierTobebs esperseniaerTianebs zogadi cnebis ”nexus”-is qveS da amaSi gulisxmobsqvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis urTierTobis msgavs movlenas.inglisuri enis Teoriuli gramatikis avtorebi b. xaimoviCida b. rogovskaia am struqturul mravalsaxeobas ganixilavenrogorc rTuli damatebis mqone winadadebis transformas _“They saw him enter the room. – He was seen to enter the room”. amdros rTuli damateba transformirdeba rTul qvemdebared “himenter – he... to enter”. swored amitomac aniWeben avtorebi amgvargansazRvrebas upiratesobas (preferable). 4sxva mecnierebi emxrobian koncefcias, romlis mixedviTacmocemuli konstruqciis infinitivi an sxva meore wevrebi zmnispirian formebTan erTad pasivSi qmnian rTul an Sedgenil zmnurSemasmenels 5 . am konstruqciis meore wevrebis aRsaniSnavad gramatikebSixSirad gamoiyeneba termini `subieqturi predikatuli wevri~.mocemuli ganmartebis mixedviT, am struqturuli tipis winadadebebSiqvemdebare aris mxolod saxeli /nacvalsaxeli/ John/he winadadebaSi: “John/he was seen to cross the street”. 6meore koncefcia Cven mier naklebad damajereblad aris miCneuli,radganac igi ar emTxveva gramatikaSi miRebul rTuli anSedgenili Semasmenlis ganmartebebs, amitomac Semdegi tipis winadadebebSi:1. “I am going to do what I am always supposed to do” (E. M.Forster).2. ...women and men were seen trooping to the offices (D. H.Lawrence).3. When was Mr. Ackroyd last seen alive? (A. Christie).4. ...Mackintosh had been appointed Walker's assistant (W.S.Maugham).5. He was told to go to church alone (E. M. Forster).4 Б. С. Хаймович, Б. И. Роговская. Теоретическая грамматика.., gv. 253.5 Б. А. Ильиш. Современный английский язык. М.,1948, gv. 56-57; А. И. Смирницкий.Синтаксис английского языка. М.,1957 gv. 271; В. Л. Каушанская, Р.Л.Ковнер и др. Грамматика английского языка. Л. 1973, gv. 166; Л. С. Бархударов,Д. А. Штелинг. Грамматика английского языка. М., 1973, gv. 307.6 М. И. Оссовская. К вопросу о членении.., gv. 38.72

gamoyofili wevrebi ganixileba, rogorc qvemdebareebi, romlebicSesabamisad korelireben pacienssa da atributTan (1,2,3,4winadadebebi) da adresatsa da atributTan (5 winadadeba) dawarmoqmnian pasiuri diaTezebis or tips. /semantikuri aqtantebis(paciensis, adresatis, atributis da sxv.). 1 diaTeza, romelicaRniSnavs ori semantikuri aqtantis _ paciensisa da atributiskorelacias erT sintaqsur aqtantTan _ rTul qvemdebaresTan,dafiqsirda metyvelebis orive funqcionalur stilSi:1. fizikuri moqmedebisa da zemoqmedebis zmnebTan: a) “Thehome that used to be father's and mother's was burnt to the ground”(The Best British Mysteries). b) In the gizzard the food isground to a pulp. 22. socialuri urTierTobebis zmnebTan: a) I'm required bylaw to investigate occupied premises" (J. Sandford). b) Theoreticianswere forced to introduce yet another new particle intothe quark family. 33. gonebrivi moqmedebis zmnebTan, a) He is believed to be thestranger who visited Fernly that night (A. Christie). b) For along time cytoplasm was thought to be a homogeneous andstructureless substance. 44. komunikaciis zmnebTan: a) “He was said to have been verywild in his youth” (The Best British Mysteries). b) Those grammaticaltransformations were said to be meaning preserving. 55. grZnobiTi aRqmis zmnebTan: a) This contrast is seen as theannual ring... 6 . b) “The footsteps were heard coming down thelane from the highway” (A. Christie).6. ganzogadebuli moqmedebis zmnebTan: a) “She'd been made amorphine addict” (A. Christie). b) The Labour Government'snew Department of Economic Affairs was made responsible forachieving an incomes policy. 7diaTeza, romelic gamoxatavs adresatisa da atributis ko-1 amis Sesaxeb ganmarteba ix.: e. kilanava. pasiuri konstruqciebi Tanamedroveinglisur enaSi. Tb., 2005.2 Pears Cyclopaedia 1956-57. 1957, p. 170.3 Pears Cyclopaedia 1956-57. 1957, p. 32.4 Pears Cyclopaedia 1998-99. The World of Science. 1998. p. 32.5 D. D. Bornstein. Reading in the Theory of Grammar. Cambr., 1976, p. 17.6 D. J. Tailor., H. P.O. Green., G.W. Stout. Biological Science. Cambr., 1998, p. 770.7 Pears Cyclopaedia 1998-99. The World of Science. 1998, G. 66.73

elirebas rTul qvemdebaresTan aRmoCenil iqna orive funqionalurstilSi pasivSi myofi zmnebis mxolod or semantikuriklasTan.1. komunikaciis zmnebTan: a) Species in which there are two setsof chromosomes as described above are referred to as diploidgiven the symbol 2n (W. S. AMaugham). b) She's been told notto come here... (A. Christie);2. socialuri urTierTobebis zmnebTan: a) Clients wishing tobuy were not allowed to deal directly with jobbers. 1 b) "Shewas forbidden to open the door" (D. H. Lawrence).zemoTxsenebuli pasiuri diaTezis marjvena distribuciebirogorc literaturul dialogSi, aseve samecniero teqstebSi,maTSi gamoyenebuli atributis morfologiuri korelatebis mixedviT,naklebad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. diaTezebisaTvis,romlebic gamoxataven paciens-atributis korelacias rTul qvemdebaresTan,damaxasiaTebelia:I. infinituri frazebi an infinitivi _ 59,1 % literaturulidialogis dros, 62,3 % samecniero literaturaSi.magaliTad: a) What are we supposed to be doinghere? (J. P. Priestley); b) Now only stylistic transformationswere said to be optional. 2II. arsebiTi saxeli an saxeldebiTi frazebi, amasTan maTwin SeiZleba Segvxvdes kavSiri ”as”, 22 % _ dialogisSemTxvevaSi da 20 % samecniero teqstebSi, magaliTad:a) “He was elected clerk of the school board” (J.P. Priestley);b) “Now pay attention. Who was known as the Crying Cavalier?”(The Best British Mysteries).III. zedsarTavi saxelebi _ 14 % dialogSi, 16,5 % samecnieroteqstebSi, magaliTad: a) GUI operation was quicklymade available on other PSs. 3 b)... in the South it wasnever considered essential for a girl to have anything but prettinessand charm (T. Williams).IV. mimReobiTi frazebi _ 4.9 % dialogSi da 12 % samecnieroteqtebSi, magaliTad: If my uncle was seen turningthe corner, we hid in the shadow... (T. Williams).1 Pears Cyclopaedia 1998-99. The World of Science. 1998, p. 31.2 Pears Cyclopaedia 1956-57. 1957, p. 234.3 The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Second Ed. David Crystal. Cambr. Univ.Press, p. 195.74

diaTezebis marjvena distribuciaSi, romlebic gamoxatavenadresat-atributis korelacias rTul qvemdebaresTan, iyo daregistrirebulimxolod infinitivi da infinituri frazebi, rogorcpredikatis atributis korelatebi rTuli qvemdebaris nawilTan.magaliTad: “This mourning outfit is to be the last I"ll be askedto pay for, I think” ( The Best British Mysteries).metyvelebis samecniero stilsa da mxatvrul (literaturul)dialogs Soris gansxvavebis zRvari ZiriTadad gadisrTuli qvemdebariani diaTezebis marcxena distribuciis speficikaze.marcxena distribuciaSi pasiuri diaTezebisa, romlebSicpaciensi da atributi, aseve adresati da atributi korelirebenrTul qvemdebaresTan, absoluturad Warboben piris nacvalsaxelebisaxelobiT brunvaSi _ piri, romelic korelirebs paciens-Tan _ qvemdebaris nawilTan, adresatTan _ qvemdebaris nawilTanliteraturul dialogSi _ 80,5 %, maSin, rodesac samecnieroteqstebSi marcxena distribuciaSi piris nacvalsaxelebis wilzemodis yvela marcxena distribuciebis mxolod _ 3,5%. moviyvanoTmagaliTebi:1. Any region of space subject to electric influences is called anelectromagnetic field. 1 (marjvena distribucia _ saxeldebiTifraza _ rTuli qvemdebaris nawilis reprezentanti,romelic siRrmiseul-sintaqsur struqturaSi warmoadgenspaciensis atributs; marcxena distribucia _ saxeldebiTifraza, korelirebuli paciensTan _ qvemdebarisnawilTan).2. “I'm not supposed to let her out of my sight” (A. Christie)(marjvena distribucia _ infinituri fraza, rTuliqvemdebaris nawilis korelati, romelic warmoadgens paciensisatributs; marcxena distribucia _ piris nacvalsaxelisaxelobiT brunvaSi, piri, romelic korelirebspaciensTan _ qvemdebaris nawilTan).rTuli qvemdebariani pasiuri diaTezebis marjvena distribuciisgamokvlevam, maTSi agensis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT, uCvena,rom by-windebuliani damatebebi, romlebic gamoxataven agenss, bevradufro Warboben dialogSi, vidre samecniero-funqcionalurstilSi (8,2 % : 3,5 % Sesabamisad). moviyvanoT magaliTebi:1 Pears Cyclopaedia 1998-99. The World of Science. 1998, F. 14.75

1. But as implying a particular kind of evolutionary mechanismwhich Darwin favoured, it is by some scientists regarded as erroneous.12. “Eva Kane was employed by the Graigs as a nursey governess”(N. Miller).mocemul winadadebebSi “by some scientists" da "by the Graigs"warmoadgenen windebulian damatebebs, romlebic korelirebenagensebTan siRrmiseul struqturebSi.amrigad, Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom pasiurdiaTezebs, romlebSic paciensi da atributi, adresati da atributikorelireben e.w. rTul qvemdebaresTan, gaaCniaT saerTo dagansxvavebuli semantikuri da morfologiuri Tvisebebi _ orgamokvleul subenaSi _ samecniero teqstebsa da dialogebSi.aRniSnul funqcionalur stilebSi rTuli qvemdebaris Semcvelistruqturebis saerTo Tvisebebs Soris gamoiyofa:a) zmnebis semantikuri klasebi: gonebrivi moqmedebis, socialuriurTierTobebis, fizikuri moqmedebisa da zemoqmedebis,komunikaciis, grZnobiTi aRqmis zmnebi.b) rTuli qvemdebaris meore wevrebi marjvena distribucia-Si: infinitivi da infinitivis frazebi, arsebiTi saxelebida saxeldebiTi frazebi, zedsarTavis saxeli, mimReoba.orive funqcionalur stilSi rTuli qvemdebaris Semcvelistruqturebis ganmasxvavebeli Tvisebebia:a) marcxena distribuciaSi piris nacvalsaxelis absoluturisiWarbe piris gamosaxatavad dialogSi.b) marcxena distribuciaSi arsebiTi saxelebisa da saxeldebiTifrazebis, romlebic gamoxataven àra-pirs~, absoluturisiWarbe samecniero-funqcionalur stilSi.g) marjvena distribuciaSi agensis korelatis by-windebulianidamatebis ufro meti xvedriTi wona dialogSi,vidre samecniero-funqcionalur stilSi.Cven mier gamokvleuli funqcionaluri stilebis specifika,maTSi rTuli qvemdebariani pasiuri diaTezebis gamoyenebisTvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba aixsnas am naSromis dasawyisSi gamoTqmulimosazrebiT, rom orive subenaSi aRweris sagani da amocanebigansxvavebulia.1 Pears Cyclopaedia 1956-57. 1957, p. 167.76

EMMA KILANAVAON THE SO-CALLED COMPLEX SUBJECTIN MODERN ENGLISHThe article is devoted to the semantic and morphological comperativeanalysis of the passive constructions containing the so-called ComplexSubject in two functional styles – of science and literary dialogue.The research is carried on the basis of the theory of passive diatheses describedas a morphological reflection of the correspondence between theparticipants of the semantic and syntactic levels. It was ascertained thatthe passive diatheses in which the patiens and the attribute, the addresseeand the attribute correlate with the so-called Complex Subject have commonand distinctive semantic and morphological features in both functionalstyles. The revealed divergence in the morphological properties of thepassive diatheses with the complex subject can be explained by differenttasks and objects of the analysed functional styles of speech.77

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008irina yruaSvilisityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciis konotaciada eqspresiulobasityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciis konotaciis qveS igulisxmebadamatebiTi informaciis ori saxeoba, romelic mocemulia aRniSnulisagnis cnebiTi niSnebis paralelurad rTuli sityvissemantikaSi:1) emociur-afeqturi Sefasebis konotacia. es aris Tanmxlebi,damatebiTi informacia molaparakis an damwerisemociur-SefasebiTi ganwyobis Sesaxeb, romelsac misganvRebulobT aRniSnuli sagnis dasaxelebisas;2) enobriv niSanTa socialuri kavSirebis konotacia. es arisTanmxlebi, damatebiTi informacia sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciisgamoyenebis sferos Sesaxeb, rac damokidebuliasociolingvistur, funqcionalur-stilistikur dalokalur Taviseburebebze.konotaciis SeqmnaSi sityvawarmoebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobaeniWeba sityvawarmoebiTi modelebis siuxvis gamo. xSiradsityvawarmoebiT modelebSi erTdroulad warmoCenilia konotaciisorive saxeoba, magaliTad, Mistwetter, Sauwetter: 1) peioratiuli,emociurad uaryofiTi Sefaseba; 2) familiaruli elferi.konotacia warmoiqmneba modifikaciis an transpoziciis Sedegadda gansakuTrebiT naTlad vlindeba gaZlierebis, gradaciis,intensiurobis, ganmeoreba-mravaljeradobis gamomxatvel da kninobiTsityvawarmoebiT konstruqciebSi. moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs.modifikaciis Sedegad miRebuli konotacia:a) -chen da -lein sufiqsiani kninobiTi saxelebi: Stündchen,Weinchen, Täubchen, Häuschen, Dummerchen, Dickerchen,Pferdchen, Blümlein, Kätzlein.b) gaZlierebis gamomxatveli sityvawarmoebiTi konstruq-78

ciebi: Erzgauner, superklug, Riesenhunger, blitzgescheit, Affenhitze,Heidenangst, Höllenlärm, kreuzlahm. 1g) gradaciis gamomxatveli sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciebi:Allerweltskerl, Allerweltsfreund, hellbegeistert, tiefbesorgt,hochmodern, oberschlau, gedächtnisschwach.d) intensiurobis gamomxatveli sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciebi:Traumkleid, Pfundsidee, Glanzleistung, Hundearbeit,Sauwirtschaft, Dreckbude.transpoziciis Sedegad miRebuli konotacia:a) ganmeoreba-mravaljeradobis gamomxatveli sityvawarmoebiTikonstruqciebi: Fragerei, Bummelei, Lauferei, Phrasendrescherei,Brüllerei, Schlamperei.b) intensiurobis gamomxatveli sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciebi:Scherzbold, Schönlig, Grobian, Versöhnler, Flatterich.konotatiuri Sefaseba SeiZleba iyos melioratiuli (dadebiTi),magaliTad, Traumhaus, an peioratiuli (uaryofiTi), magaliTad,Dichterling. amasTan zogjer igrZnoba ironiuli elferi.erTi da igive sityvawarmoebiTi modeli SeiZleba gamoxatavdesrogorc dadebiT, iseve uaryofiT Sefasebas, magaliTad, -chensufiqsiani kninobiTi arsebiTi saxelebi. aseT SemTxvevebSi didimniSvneloba eniWeba konteqsts.rogorc aRvniSneT, konotacia damatebiT semantikur niSnebsukavSirdeba. gansxvaveba sityvawarmoebiT konstruqcia Höllenlärm-sada martiv sityva Lärm-s Soris imaSi mdgomareobs, rompirveli maTgani gamoxatavs Zalian Zlier da aRsaqmelad arasasiamovnoxmaurs. axla ki SevadaroT sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciaHöllenlärm da Sesityvebebi großer Lärm, starker Lärm, schrecklicherLärm. maT Soris gansxvaveba is aris, rom sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciaemociur-afeqturi SefasebiT xasiaTdeba, xolo Sesityveba_ obieqturi SefasebiT. swored is faqtori, rom molaparakeTavis damokidebulebas amJRavnebs movlenis mimarT, ganapirobebsemociurad Seferili leqsikis Taviseburebas.sityvawarmoebiTi modelebis Sedegad miRebuli konotacia,upirveles yovlisa, sitvawarmoebiTi semantikis fenomens warmoadgens.mas specifikuri stilistikuri datvirTva aqvs: misi kon-1 T. Schippan. Lexikologie der deutschen Gegenwartssprache. Max Niemeyer Verlag.Tübingen, 1992, gv. 158.79

kretizeba da, maSasadame, stilistikuri efeqtis aqtualizebaxorcieldeba mxolod da mxolod mTlian teqstSi da mniSvnelovanwiladmaszea damokidebuli.analizi gviCvenebs, rom sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciiT SesaZlebeliaama Tu im cnebis nebismieri uzustesi niuansis gadmocema,iqneba es mZime sulieri mdgomareoba, gaubedavi TanagrZnobaTu mtkice gadawyvetileba. sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciebienas daxvewilsa da mimzidvels xdis, maT teqstSi Semoaqvs koloriti,forma, siTbo, surneli. es aixsneba imiTac, rom substantiuri,adieqtiuri da zmnuri sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciebikompresiis erT-erT saSualebas warmoadgens.eqspresiuli zemoqmedebis misaRwevad gansakuTrebul saSualebaswarmoadgens kontrasti uSualo Semadgenel konstituentebsSoris, maTi erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebloba. erTi SexedviT semantikuradSeuTavsebadi konstituentebi sityvawarmoebiT konstruqciaderTiandeba. am konstruqciebis gaSifvra da gageba didsiZnelesTan ar aris dakavSirebuli, radgan konstituentebis semantikurigamWvirvaloba mTeli konstruqciis interpretaciasaiolebs. amgvari sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciebis Rirebulebisxarisxi garkveul teqstebSi sakmaod maRalia, isini didi raodenobiTgvxvdeba beletristikaSi, publicistikasa da yoveldRiurkomunikaciaSi. uSualo Semadgenel konstituentebs Soris kontrastiSeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad gamovlindes.erT-erTi gzaa semantikuri SeTavsebadobis darRveva, e.i.iseTi uSualo Semadgeneli konstituentebis SeerTeba, romelTaerTianoba enobriv normas ar Seesatyviseba, magaliTad,Gigantchen–kninobiTi sufiqsi -chen ukavSirdeba raRac Zalian didi sididisaRmniSvnel arsebiT saxels. aqve unda aRvniSnoT zmnebi, romlebicsityvawarmoebiT elementebTan hinein-, hinauf- SeerTebisasRebuloben mniSvnelobis komponents: ,,dinamika garkveuli mimar-TulebiT”. magaliTad, Aber bei aller Phantasie hätte ich mich dochnicht hineinvermutet in einen polnischen Krautkeller. 1calke unda gamovyoT e.w. oqsimoronebi. ase iwodebian kopulatiurikompozitebi, romelTa uSualo Semadgeneli konstituentebierTsa da imave semantikur vels ganekuTvnebian, magrammis farglebSi antonimuri mniSvneloba aqvT, magaliTad, engweit,1 H. Kant. Der Aufenthalt. Berlin (Ost), 1977, gv. 174.80

nahfern, ernstheiter, 1 heißkühl, 2 herzlichbarsch. 3 amgvari metnaklebadparadoqsuli mimarTebiT SesaZlebelia gansakuTrebuli stilistikuriefeqtis miRweva. msgavsi konstruqciebi upiratesad mxatvrulliteraturaSi gvxvdeba eqspresiuli zemoqmedebis mizniT.mcire raodenobiT gvxvdeba tavtologiuri kopulatiurikompozitebi, rogoricaa zierlichzart da winzigklein, sadac oriveuSualo Semadgeneli konstituenti sinonimur mimarTebaSia erTmaneTTan.aqve mivuTiTebT reduplikaciis movlenaze, rodesacxdeba erTi da imave zedsarTavis gameoreba eqspresiuli gaZlierebismizniT: kleinklein, mit tief-tiefer Sammetbläue, 4 grau-graue Hemden,5 traugetreue Liebe, 6 golden-goldene Rolle. 7uSualo Semadgenel konstituentebs Soris kontrastis gamovlenisSemdegi saxeobaa sityvawarmoebiTi morfemebis distribuciuliwesebis darRveva, magaliTad, -ling sufiqsis kombinacia-in movaciur sufiqsTan sityvawarmoebiT konstruqciebSi die Junglingin,die Fremdlingin. 8 sityvawarmoebiTi modeli A+ling dakanonebulida produqtiulia Tanamedrove germanul enaSi. magramA+ling+in savsebiT uCveuloa. georg TraklTan vpoulobT agreTvesityvawarmoebiT konstruqcias die Mönchin. 9-in sufiqsiani uCveulo sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciebigvxvdeba e. Stritmateris SemoqmedebaSic. es aris arauzualuri1 J. W. Goethe. Bd. 1-2. Hrsg. von G. Sauder. München, 1997, gv. 58; W. Fleischer.Wortbildung der deutschen Gegenwartssprache. VEB Bibliographisches Institut. Leipzig,.1983, gv. 249.2 H. Broch. Der Tod des Vergil. Feuer – Der Abstieg. Berlin, 1966, gv. 41; W. Fleischer.Wortbildung der deutschen Gegenwartssprache, gv. 249.3 M. W. Schulz. Wir sind nicht Staub im Wind. Berlin, 1970, gv. 65; W. Fleischer.Wortbildung der deutschen Gegenwartssprache, gv. 2494 Th. Mann. Der Zauberberg. Frankfurt am Main, 1960, gv 247; W. Fleischer. Wortbildungder deutschen Gegenwartssprache, gv. 250.5 E. Strittmatter. Der Wundertäter. Berlin, 1964, gv. 115; W. Fleischer. Wortbildungder deutschen Gegenwartssprache, gv. 250.6 M. W. Schulz. Wir sind nicht Staub im Wind, gv. 68; W. Fleischer. Wortbildungder deutschen Gegenwartssprache, gv. 250.7 J. W. Goethe. Bd. 1-2, gv. 101; W. Fleischer. Wortbildung der deutschen Gegenwartssprache,gv. 250.8 G. Trakl. Das dichterische Werk. München, 1977, gv. 88; v. furcelaZe. teqstirogorc enobrivi moRvaweobis werilobiTi gacxadeba. Tb., 1998,nawili meore, gv. 31.9 G. Trakl. Das dichterische Werk, gv. 228; v. furcelaZe. teqsti rogorcenobrivi moRvaweobis werilobiTi gacxadeba, gv. 31.6. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi81

sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciebi, romlebic literaturuli enisnormebSi ar jdeba, magaliTad, die Kleinste Menschin, Lieblingin,Zwillingin, Liebstin, Gästin, Jemandin da sxva. maT gamoyenebaSi CanssityvaSemoqmedi xelovanis bunebrivi damokidebuleba germanulienisadmi, rac mas uflebas aZlevs Tavisi miznebis Sesabamisad,saWiroebisamebr Seqmnas axali aRniSvna, romelic leqsikonSi SeiZlebaar iyos dafiqsirebuli. ar arsebobs mzamzareuli esTetikurinorma, romelic mwerals zust mimarTulebas miscems.yvelaferi individualur stilzea damokidebuli. 1sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba distribuciuli SezRudvebis ugulvebelyofazmnur prefiqsul derivatebSi. es gansakuTrebiT SeexebaTavsarTmocilebad zmnebs, romlebSic prefiqsi da zmnis ZirierTad iwereba, nacvlad maTi cal-calke dawerisa, magali-Tad, Von seinem Atem aufweht die Nacht. 2aqve unda SevexoT germanuli da ucxouri sityvawarmoebiTielementebis kombinacias. sayuradReboa is faqti, rom germanulisufiqsi bazisuri ucxouri sityvis Zlier integracias iwvevs,xolo ucxouri sufiqsi germanuli bazisuri sityvis ,,gaucxourebas”uwyobs xels. germanuli bazisisa da ucxouri sufiqsiskombinacia SedarebiT uCveuloa arsebiTi saxelisa da zedsar-Tavis sferoSi. amgvari sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciebi gasulisaukunis studenturi Jargonidan momdinareobs, isini sakmaodmcirericxovani da TvalSi sacemia, magaliTad, Benehmität ,,Tanamedrovegermanuli enis leqsikonSi” aRniSnulia, rogorc ,,familiarul-saxumaro”warmonaqmni, Luftikus, Pfiffikus da Schwulität –rogorc ,,sasaubro-saxumaro”. 3kontrastis gamovlenas emsaxureba kompozitis pirvel uSualoSemadgenel konstituentad winadadebis an Sesityvebis gamoyeneba.amgvar warmonaqmnebs axasiaTebs eqspresiulobis gamoxatvistendencia. maTTan dakavSirebiT laparakia xolme metnaklebad okazionalursityvawarmoebiT konstruqciebze, romelTa paraleluradekvivalenturi sintaqsuri Sesityvebebi maTze ufro xSiradgvxvdeba, magaliTad, Was Stefan Elster betraf, den ehemaligen Sorokin1 i. yruaSvili. zedsarTavi saxelis stilistikuri da teqsturi funqciebi.Tb., 2002, gv. 4.2 F. Bobrowski. Sarmatische Zeit. Berlin, 1966, gv. 90.3 W. Fleischer, I. Barz. Wortbildung der deutschen Gegenwartssprache. 2. durchges.und erg. Aufl. Max Niemeyer Verlag. Tübingen, 1995, gv. 65.82

und Möchtegerndeutschen, so hatte Lene ihn noch nicht zu Gesicht bekommen.1 msgavsi warmonaqmnebi mravlad gvxvdeba h. kantis romanSi,,saaqto darbazi”, magaliTad, `... sein berühmter ,,Aber-da-hört-sichdoch-gleich-alles-auf”.2 amgvari SenaerTebi warmoadgens sintaqsuriSesityvebebis an winadadebebis semantikurad identur alternatiulkonstruqciebs. amdenad, maTi sityvawarmoebiTi mniSvnelobebiarsebiTad Seesatyviseba alternatiuli sintaqsuri zmnuri konstruqciebissintaqsur-semantikur mimarTebebs.eqspresiul zemoqmedebas aZlierebs defisiani zedsarTavi saxelebisgamoyeneba. zedsarTavebis defisiT SeerTebisas xSirad gaurkvevelirCeba, aRniSnuli sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqcia determinatiulkompozits miekuTvneba Tu kopulatiurs, magaliTad, Nachtkundenvon Taxifahrern sind oft feucht-fröhlich-frohgelaunt oder still-verschwiegen-zärtlich;an kidev: Was er der diskret-forschenden, eifersüchtig-gespanntenNeugierde seiner Freundin Hedda von Herzfeld, was erdem kameradschaftlichen Interesse des Gesinnungsgenossen Otto Ulrichsverschwieg, das gestand er seiner Schwarzen Venus, die ihn ,,Heinz” nennendurfte. 3rogorc vxedavT, sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciis konotaciada eqspresiuloba gansakuTrebulad uwyobs xels stilistikuriefeqtebis miRwevas. marTalia, maTi warmatebuli gamoyenebaavtomaturad da ganyenebulad ar xdeba, igi damokidebulia teqstissaerTo struqturasa da sxva faqtorebze, romlebic komunikaciasganapirobeben. magram, miuxedavad amisa, gamomxatvelobi-Ti saSualebebi maTi daxmarebiT ufro mdidari da mravalferovanixdeba.1 I. Korschunow. Der Eulenruf. Hamburg, 1985, gv. 168.2 H. Kant. Aula. Berlin , 1965, gv. 230.3 K. Mann. Mephisto. Roman einer Karriere. Moskau, 2001, gv. 139.83

IRINA KRUASHVILICONNOTATION AND EXPRESSIVENESS OF WORD-BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONSConnotation and expressiveness of word-building constructions createa special stimulation for achieving specific stylistic effects. However,their successful application is not actually automatic. It greatly depends onthe text structure in general, as well as other factors, conditioning communication.Though, expressive means become richer and more diverse. Connotationand expressiveness of word-building constructions are connectedwith the supplementary semantic characteristics. Connotation appears consequentto modification and also to transposition, namely, as a result of diminutiveness,intensification and reiteration. Specific potentials to achievean expressive effect of the word-building constructions are created throughcontrast relationship between immediate constituent components. This iswidely used in literary texts, as well as in the press and political journalism.Similar relations between immediate constituent components couldarise in case of disorder with semantic compatibility, when the word-buildingmorpheme distribution rules are broken, while applying sentences orword combinations, as first component composites and combining adjectiveswith the help of hyphens. The article analyses the cases above and refersto respective examples.84

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008lali ratianiantonimiis tipologizaciis cdebiTanamedrove lingvistikaSiantonimiur mimarTebaTa tipebiimis mixedviT, Tu ra SemadgenlobiT da ra struqturiTaawarmodgenili antonimiuri mimarTebebi, lingvistur kvlevebSiaRiniSneba terminTa nairsaxeoba. zogierTi mkvlevari antonimiurmimarTebaTa aRsaniSnavad iyenebs termins „dajgufeba~ da antonimebsgansazRvravs, rogorc signifikaturi mniSvnelobis safuZvelzeurTierTdapirispirebul sityvaTa jgufebs, romlebic TavisiSemadgenlobiT SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnes martivi orwevra:gut-schlecht; klein-gross; da sinonimuri anu mravalwevra dajgufebissaxiT, sadac dapirispireba xdeba sinonimuri rigebis mixedviT:gross, riesig, ungeheuer - klein, winzig, gering. rigis TiToeulwevrs Tavisi opoziciuri wyvilis cali axlavs. 1 am saxiTwarmodgenil urTierTdapirispirebul sityvebs „antonimiur wyvilebs~uwodeben, Tumca arc termins „dajgufeba~, „jgufi~ gamoricxaven.2 imis mixedviT, Tu realur cnebaTa ra xasiaTis dapirispirebulobazeaantonimia dafuZnebuli, mkvlevarTa umetesobas-Tan gamoikveTeba antonimiur mimarTebaTa Semdegi tipebi: kontradiqtoruli,kontraluri, komplementaruli, konversiuli. 3kontradiqtoruli 4 dapirispirebis logikur safuZvels Se-1 Л. А. Введенская. Проблемы лексической антонимий и принципы составленияантонимов. Автореферат докт. дисс. М., 1973, gv. 51; c. kvirikaSvili antonimiisstruqturuli daxasiaTeba. _ g. axvledianis dabadebis 80wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili Tsu saiubileo krebuli. Tb., 1960. gv. 87.2 Л. А. Новиков. Противопоставление, как семантическая основа антонимов. М.,1973, gv. 5; r. SamelaSvili. Tanamedrove qarTuli enis leqsika. Tb.,1971, gv. 46.3 В. М. Завъялова. Антонимические отношения среди имён прилагательных всовременном немецком языке.М., 1971, gv. 3.4 “Der kontradiktorische Gegensatz zu einem Begriff ist ein anderer Begriff, der dessenlogische Negation darsteltl; die gleichzeitige Existenz beider ist unmoeglich und diegedankliche Verknuepfung beider fuehrt zu einem logischen Widerspruch.”. ix.: Chr.85

adgens realuri samyaros ori cnebis dapirispireba, romelTaganmeore pirvelis srul winaaRmdegobas, mis logikur uaryofas warmoadgens.urTierTdapirispirebuli wevrebis arsebobis TanxvedradroSi gamoricxulia, maTi azrobrivad dakavSireba alogikuri.opoziciuri mimarTebis es saxe aRiarebulia rogorc „mkacridapirispirebuleba~, sadac dapirispirebul wevrTa mimarTebebiori polaruli erTeuliTaa warmodgenili: gross-klein, jubelnjammern,Schweache-Staerke da sxv. wevrebs Soris mimarTeba alternatulia„an-an~ da graduirebis anu Sualeduri wevrebis Car-Tvis SesaZlebloba gamoricxuli, rac Seexeba kontrarul 1 antonimias,saenaTmecniero literaturaSi mis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulinterpretacias vxvdebiT. rusul lingvistur enciklopediurleqsikonSi kontraruli antonimia gansazRvrulia rogorcsaxeobiTi cnebebis dapirispirebis safuZvelze ganxorcielebulenobriv erTeulTa gaSualebuli opozicia, romlis kidura wevrebsSoris ganlagebulia Sualeduri wevrebi, rogoricaa „axalgazrdasa~da „moxucs~ Soris sxvadasxva asakis aRmniSvneli leqsikurierTeulebi: „Suaxnis~, “xanSiSesuli~, „xnieri~, „xandazmuli~,“drouli~. 2kontraruli antonimiis erTgvarad gansxvavebul interpretaciasgvTavazobs qr. agrikola, romelic am saxis dapirispirebaSigulisxmobs, SefasebaTa an mimarTebaTa erTi garkveuli sistemisfarglebSi erTmaneTisagan maqsimalurad gansxvavebul, ur-TierTSenacvlebad or saxeobiT cnebas, romlebic gvareobiTi, kategorialuricnebis safuZvelze erTmaneTs gamoricxaven. TvalsaCinoebismizniT avtori iSveliebs iseTi saxis dapirispirebas,rogoricaa: Maximum-Minimum; Quadrat-Kreis, 3 romelTa wevrebsSoris arsebul mimarTebebs is dialeqtikur anu realur, urTierTgamomricxav,imavdroulad urTierTgamapirobebel mimarTebebsuwodebs da ganixilavs maT rogorc erTi, SedarebiT ufro didiAgricola. Woerter und Gegenwoerter. Antonyme der deutschen Sprache. Veb. BibliographischesInstitut. 1979, gv. 16-17.1 Kontraere Gegensaetze sind zwei Begriffe, wechselseitig fuereinander, die innerhalbeines bestimmten Bewertungssystems als Artbegriffe, zwischen dennen die groestenUnterschiede bestehen, unter einem gemeinsamen Gattungsbegriff einander ausschliessen,die aber beide positive Gegebenheit darstellen. Chr. Agricola. Woerter und Gegenwoerter..,gv. 17.2 Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь (Semdg. _ ЛЭС). М., 1990, gv. 244.3 Chr. Agricola. Woerter und Gegenwoerter.., gv. 132.86

erTeulis or mxares, romelTa Soris Sualeduri movlenebisdaSvebaa SesaZlebeli. Sualeduri wevrebis Taobaze avtori araviTarmiTiTebas ar iZleva.viziarebT ra azrs imis Taobaze, rom kontraruli antonimiaori enobrivi erTeulis gaSualebuli opoziciaa, SevecdebiT amganmartebis erTgvarad dakonkretebas. kontrarul antonimiaSi moiazrebagvareobiTi semantikis farglebSi kerZo mniSvnelobebissafuZvelze dapirispirebul, urTierTSenacvlebad enobriv erTeulTakorelaciuri 1 rigiT gaSualebuli opozicia. dapirispirebaaRiniSneba TviT am rigis wevrebs Sorisac imdenad, ramenadac korelaciuririgi mimarTebaSia antonimuri wyvilis ara erT romelime,aramed orive wevrTan. korelaciuri rigis amosavali SeiZlebaiyos antonimiuri wyvilis rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTiwevri. magaliTad, gvareobiTi cnebis safuZvelze ganxorcielebulidapirispirebulobis gut-schlecht wevrebs Soris gamoikveTebaSesabamisi saxeobiTi cnebebis gamomxatveli pozitiuri da negatiurisemantikis marealizebeli erTeulebi: gut-vorzueglich, hervorragend,durchschnittlich, untaugli, ungenuegend-schlecht. mizanSewoniladmigvaCnia, rom dapirispirebul erTeulebs Soris moTavsebulikorelaciur wevrTa ganlageba eyrdnobodes graduirebis princips.antonimiuri wyvilis marcxena, dadebiTi cnebis gamomxatvelwevrTan SeTanxmebadi korelaciuri rigi unda iwyebodes erTeuliT,romelic Tavisi Sinaarsobrivi specifikiT yvelaze mkveTradgamoxatavs am wevris semantikas da amdenad ufro axlo dgas mas-Tan. Ggradacia klebadi xasiaTisaa. iq, sadac antonimiuri wyvilissapirispiro wevris semantikis Sesatyvisi korelaciuri rigiiwyeba, gradacia mzard xasiaTs YRebulobs, ris Sedegadac rigisukanaskneli wevri Tavisi mniSvnelobiT yvelaze axlos aRmoCndebaantonimiuri wyvilis marjvena, uaryofiTi cnebis aRmniSvnel wevrTan.swored am princips eyrdnoba zemomotanili gut- daschlecht-is kontraruli dapirispirebis nimuSi.nebismieri korelaciuri rigi antonimiuri wyvilis wevrebisgavrcobas warmoadgens da amdenad am saxis dapirispirebuloba1 Корреляция – соотношение – взаимное соответствие, взаимосвязь и обусловленностьязыковых элементов. Будучи построенныих на основании отнощении тождестваи различия материальных либо функциональных своиств. Корреляция являетсяосновным способом их интеграции в систему важнеищим сисистемообразующимфактором. ix.: ЛЭС, gv. 244.87

erTgvarad uaxlovdeba sinonimiur da agreTve mravalwevra antonimias.sinonimiurs imdenad, ramdenadac korelaciuri rigis SemadgenelierTeulebi antonimiuri wyvilis erT-erT wevrTan sinonimiurmimarTebebs avlenen; mravalwevras imdenad, ramdenadacorwevra antonimiis TiToeuli wevri SeiZleba gaivrcos korelaciuririgis ramodenime wevriT. antonimiis zemoT aRwerili saxeobebisgarda lingvistur literaturaSi gamokveTen damatebiTkidev or _ komplementarulsa da konversiul antonimias. Kkomplementarul 1 dapirispirebulobas Seadgenen saxeobiTicnebebi, romlebic urTierTSevsebis gziT qmnian gvareobiT cnebas,mis zRvrul wevrebad gvevlinebian da romelTa Soris „Sualedurirgolis~ „Sualeduri wevrebis~ CarTva gamoiricxeba:„WeSmariti-araWeSmariti~, „sasruli~-“usruli~. varaudoben, romam saxis antonimi ver qmnis dapirispirebis safuZvels da warmoadgense.w. „Sesustebul, arasrul opozicias~. rac misi meorewevriT warmodgenili cnebis arasrulyofilad dakonkretebis Sedegia.magaliTad: antonimiuri wyvilis _ „axalgazrda~-“araaxalgazrda~_ meore wevri ar azustebs, ar akonkretebs Tavissemantikas, imas, Tu ra moiazreba masSi “wlovani~, „Suaxnis~,„xanSiSesuli~, “moxuci~, Tu „beberi~ ris Sedegadac opoziciurmimarTebaTa intensivobis dadgenis saSualebac gamoiricxeba. komplementaruliantonimia mkacrad daculi binarulobisa da polarulobisprincipiT xasiaTdeba.rac Seexeba konversiul antonimias, is interpretirebuliarogorc leqsikur erTeulTa dapirispirebuloba, romlis erTiwevri meoris opoziciuri mniSvnelobisaa, mas ar gamoricxavs dauSvebs masTan droSi Tanaarsebobas. Kkonversiuli antonimia TavisiarsiT Seesatyviseba sityvis „konversia~ (laT. conversion)sawyis mniSvnelobas „cvla~, `gardaqmna~, ganpirobebulia winadadebaSisubieqtur-obieqturi ormxrivi mimarTebebiT da amdenadwarmoadgens sintagmatikur doneze ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebisSedegs. Kkonversiis gziT nawarmoeb antonimebs „leqsikurkonversiebs~ uwodeben. leqsikuri konversiebi gamonaTqvamis dedaarssar cvlian, ris dasturadac SeiZleba lingvistur literaturaSifiqsirebuli Semdegi magaliTebis moSvelieba: “Наши1 Комплементарную противопаставленность образуют видовые понятия, которыедополняют друг друга до родового и являются предельными по своему характеру.ix.: ЛЭС, gv. 36.88

хоккеисты превосходят соперников в скорости. _ Соперники уступаютнашим хоккеистам в скорости. Сестра старше брата. Братмладше сестры~. `В. В. Виноградов – ученик Л. В. Щербы. Л. В.Щерба – учитель В. В. Виноградова. Я стою перед вами. Вы стоитеза мнои”. 1warmodgenili antonimiur mimarTebaTa gansxvavebuli tipebisaRwera-daxasiaTebidan gamomdinare, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas,rom nebismieri saxis antonimiis safuZvels erTmniSvnelovnad„urTierTdapirispirebulobis~ cneba Seadgens. antonimiurimimarTebebis yvela niSani am movlenis damatebiTi, misi Semavsebelikomponentia, romelsac antonimuri mimarTebebis gamokveTisasgadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar aqvs.zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SromaSi warmodgenili kvlevamxolod ucilobeli, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli, ZiriTadi _ kontradiqtoruli,rogorc ukiduresad antonimiuri mimarTebebisanaliziT Semoifargleba. garda amisa, SeuZleblad miviCnieT yvelasaxis antonimur mimarTebaTa kvlevis erTi sadisertacioSromis farglebSi warmoeba.antonimiuri mimarTebebis aRsaniSnavad iyeneben termins „dajgufeba~zemoT dasaxelebuli tipebidan es termini gxvdebamxolod kontraruli antonimiis mimarT, rameTu mxolod am SemTxvevaSiasakvlevi mimarTebebis dazustebisas sityvaTa jgufebi_ korelaciuri rigebi moSveliebuli. antonimiis danarCenisaxeobebis aRsaniSnavad mizanSewonilad migvaCnia vixmaroT termini,,wyvili~, romelic uSualod miuTiTebs antonimiis specifikazeorwevrianobaze. orwevrianoba antonimiis erT-erTi Taviseburebaasxva specifikur niSanTa Soris. es niSnebi lingvistikaSidamkvidrebuli azris gaTvaliswinebiT Semdegi saxiT SeiZlebaiqnes Camoyalibebuli: zogad kategorialuri-gvareobiTi,Sidakategorialuri saxeobiTi semantika, dapirispirebuloba,binaruloba, zRvruloba. imisaTvis, rom sityvaTa wyvilma mii-Ros antonimebis statusi, aucilebelia mas yvela dasaxelebuliniSani axasiaTebdes.dapirispirebulobaSi igulisxmeba sagnisa Tu movlenis,moqmedebisa Tu mdgomareobis, Tvisebisa Tu raodenobis SorisSinagani winaaRmdegoba. imdenad, ramdenadac leqsikur erTeulTa1 В. Н. Ярцева. Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь. М., 1990, gv. 36.89

dapirispirebuloba realobaSi arsebul cnebaTa dapirispirebulobebTansrul SesatyvisobaSia, did siZneles ar unda warmoadgendesimis dadgena, Tu romeli leqsikuri erTeulebi axdenenurTierTsawinaaRmdego mniSvnelobis realizacias. miuxedavadaseTi obieqturi safuZvlisa, xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac calkeulkvlevebsa da leksikografiul SromebSi dapirispirebulobisfarglebs gareT mdgari sityvebi antonimebadaa warmodgenili.1 aseT SemTxvevebSi mizanSewonilad miviCnevT sakvlevi erTeulebissemantikuri struqturis kvlevasa da dadgenili TiToeulisemantikuri variantis mimarT semuri analizis gamoyenebas,racYSesaZleblobas iZleva kvlevis procesSi maqsimalurad gamoiricxossubieqturi momenti, romlisganac TiTqmis arcerTi semantikurisaxis kvleva srulad araa daculi. garda amisa, esxels Seuwyobs sityvis semantikuri struqturis absoluturiobieqturobiT aRweras. Tu antonimiuri wyvilis erTi wevri sawyis,pirvelad fuZeze uaryofiTi mniSvnelobis mqone sityvamawarmoebelielementis darTviTaa warmoqmnili, am SemTxvevaSiwyvilis wevrebis semuri Semadgenloba emTxveva erTmaneTs, dasxvaobas ki mxolod erTi _ uaryofis sema iZleva.im SemTxvevaSi ki, rodesac antonimiuri wyvili sxvadasxvaleqsikuri erTeuliTaa warmodgenili, maTi semuri SemadgenlobebisSepirispirebisas gansxvavebas mogvcems ara erTi, aramedramdenime sema, sxvaoba eyrdnoba niSan-Tvisebebis aRmniSvnel semaTaurTierTgamomricxvel xasiaTs. mag. hart-weich antonimuriwyvilis wevrebi erTnairad unda miesadagebodes zogad kategorialursemas _ “niSan-Tviseba~. TviT semuri Semadgenloba kiSeiZleba Semdegi saxiT warmovaCinoT: hart Sedgeba Semdegi semebisagan:`simagre~, „simkacre~, ìntensivoba~, ùxeSoba~, `siZvele~;weich-is mniSvnelobaSi ki sapirispiro semebi dgindeba:`sirbile~, `lmobiereba~, „sinaze~, `sinarnare~, `siaxle~. rogorchart-is ise weich-is semantikur struqturaSi fiqsirdebaramdenime semantikuri varianti, romlebic SesatyvisobaSia amori erTeulis semur SemadgenlobasTan:1 Chr. Agricola. Woerter und Gegenwoerter. Antonyme der deutschen Sprache, gv. 18.90

hartweich1. keinem Druck nachgebend hartesHolz _ magari xe1. keinem Druck nachgebend weihesHolz - rbili xe2. streng, unbarmherzig (übertragen)hartes Herz _ umowyaloguli2. nicht streng, nicht unbarmherzig,mildherzig, weichherzig. weichesHerz _ lmobieri guli3. stark, intenssiv harte Stimme_ mWeqare xma3. warm klingeld, wohl klingeldweiche Stimme _ narnara xma4. derb, heftig harte Landung _ 4. sanft, mild, zart (nicht rau)magari daSveba (TviTmfrinavisa)weiche Landung _ rbilidaSveba (TviTmfrinavisa)5. alt hartes Brot _ Zveli puri 5. frisch weiches Brot _ axali puri1ganxiluli ori zedsarTavi saxelis semuri Semadgenlobisdemonstrirebam daadastura Cveni mosazreba imis Taobaze, romTavisTavad, Zireul antonimebSi dapirispirebulobas avlens arsebiTadyvela sema, garda erTisa _ zogad kategorialuri semisa.es erTi sema warmoaCens aRsaniSnis saxeobas, mag. Tvisebis, sagnisqmedebis (zedsarTavi saxeli, arsebiTi saxeli, zmna) da a.S, romelicidenturia antonimuri wyvilis calebisaTvis. rac SeexebaSualobiT antonimias, maTi semuri Semadgenlobis analizi radikaluradgansxvavebul suraTs iZleva _ saerToa yvela sema, dapirispirebulobaxorcieldeba mxolod erTi uarmyofeli semis sa-SualebiT. mag. „lueck-Unglueck~. `lueck~ niSnavs ,,bednierebas, adamianisnanatr, sasurvel, sulier da materialur mdgomareobas~.yvela es sema axasiaTebsG lueck-is antonimur partniors _ Unglueck,mxolod mis uaryofiT gamovlenaSi. amdenad, yvela semaSiaRiniSneba Tanxvdoma, romelsac abaTilebs winsarT ,,un-is semantikurstruqturaSi mocemuli erTaderTi sema _ uaryofis sema.enobrivi antonimiis, rogorc enobriv erTeulTa semasiologiuriurTierTmimarTebis dadgenis ucilobelsa da obieqturwinapirobas warmoadgens sityvis pirdapiri mniSvneloba, rameTugadataniTi mniSvnelobis safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli dapirispirebaadgens ara enobriv, aramed stilistur antonimias.1 Chr. Agricola. Woerter und Gegenwoerter.., gv. 132.91

LALI RATIANION THE TYPOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ANTONYMSIN MODERN LINGUISTICSTYPES OF ANTONYMSThe present article is devoted to the study of lexical antonyms theclassification of which in Modern Linguistics is carried on according todifferent principles. Antonymous relations are formed within one and thesame part of speech between opposed lexical units. But this principle isconsidered deficient and requires a further specification and a precise determinationof the numerical parameters in the oppositional relations ofthe constituent parts the basis of which is semantics. The classification ofantonyms is organically connected with their practical use consideringtheir characher and the whole lexico-semantic system of the language.Thanks to the researches devoted to the analysis of the structuralsemantictypes of antonyms it became possible to solve the problemsconnected with antonyms, to determine the preconditions of the researchand the expected results. With this view it was urgent, first of all, to obtainconcrete and contextual data of the units investigated, to specify theword-building models, to expose their positive and negative characheristics,to ascertain the potential of the spread of the opposed units, to defineexactly their logical relationships, to envisage functional markers of theantonyms and the specifities of the contrasted pairs, to single out themain structural types of antonyms by the analysis of their juxtapositionwith the invariant in semantics.92

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008leda qobaliapublicisturi JanrisTvis damaxasiaTebelifunqciur-azrobrivi metyvelebis tipebiyoveli kompoziciuri metyvelebis forma, anu funqciur-azrobrivimetyvelebis tipi xasiaTdeba gansazRvruli niSnebiT.maT ricxvs miekuTvneba Cveni sakvlevi sakiTxis temporaluri nawili.amis safuZvelze yalibdeba gazeTis publicisturi Janristeqstis temporaluri struqtura. ra Tqma unda, ar SeiZlebaimis mtkiceba, rom arsebobs myari da erTmxrivi kavSiri gansazRvrulfunqciur-azrobriv metyvelebis tipebsa da ama Tu imdrois formebs Soris. Tumca, sxvadasxva funqciur-azrobrivimetyvelebis tipebis temporaluri gaformebis SedarebiTi gansazRvraSeiZleba gamoviyenoT teqstis sxvadasxva JanrSi. maTSoris, cxadia, gazeTis publicistur JanrSic.teqstis temporaluri struqturis kvlevisas funqciur-azrobrivimetyvelebis tipebis temporaluri gaformebis TaviseburebebiskuTxiT, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba harald vainrixisSromebs. Tavis wignSi `Tempus. Besprochene und erzählteWelt~ h. vainrixi gansazRvravs or qvesistemas germanul enaSi,akavSirebs maT Tavis koncefciasTan da warmoadgens rogorc `gansaxilvelsamyaros~ da `TxrobiT samyaros~. dro cocxal metyvelebaSi,winadadebasa da teqstSi SeiZleba warmogvidges sxvadrois formasTan usazRvro kombinaciebSi, magram upiratesobaeniWeba erT romelime drois formas, gansakuTrebiT kompleqsurwinadadebebSi, sadac dro mTavar winadadebaSi moiTxovs Sesatyvisidrois formas narTaul winadadebaSi. man miiRo saxelwodeba consecutiotemporum. `gansaxilveli samyaros~ drois formaTa jgufsh. vainrixi miakuTvnebs Präsens-s, Perfekt-s da Futurum-s. `Txrobi-Ti samyaros~ drois formaTa jgufs miekuTvneba Präteritum-i,Plusquamperfekt-i, Konditionalis I. drois yvela forma mWidrodaris dakavSirebuli gansazRvrul enobriv situaciebTan. 11 H. Weinrich. Tempus. Besprochene und erzählte Welt. 2. Aufl. Stuttgart, 1974, gv.36-45.93

funcqiur-azrobrivi metyvelebis tipebi warmoadgenen gansazRvrulmodalur erTeulebs. yvela winadadeba erTiandeba mosaubrisTxrobis saganTan. isini warmoadgenen enobrivi gaerTianebissistemebs, rac abstrahirebulia sityvieri kompoziciiserTgvari formebiT. struqturis mixedviT funqciur-azrobrivimetyvelebis tipebi SeiZleba Sereuli iyos.sagazeTo Janris funqciur-azrobrivi metyvelebis ZiriTaditipebia msjeloba, aRwera da Txroba. isini funqciur-azrobrivimetyvelebis tipebSi stilisturi da lingvisturi kvlevisas gamoiyofianrogorc ZiriTadebi. sagazeTo teqstebis calkeulJanrSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs agreTve funqciur-azrobrivimetyvelebis tipebis iseT qvesaxeebs, rogoricaa ganzraxvada kiTxva. garda ganzraxvisa da kiTxvisa, Cven varCevT sagazeToteqstebis cakleul JanrebSi msjelobis iseT qvesaxeebs, rogoricaadamajerebloba da komentireba. aRweris qvesaxeobaSi kigamovyofT gansazRvras da daxasiaTebas, xolo Txrobis qvesaxeobaSi_ Setyobinebas da cnobas. sagazeTo teqstebis azrobriviSinaarsi gamoixateba logikuri erTianobebiT. am erTianobebismravalgvari dajgufebebi iZlevian metyvelebis calkeul tipebs.Canafiqris uSualo realizacia dakavSirebulia zustad sakvlevistatiebis teqstis struqturis damuSavebasTan da aqac perspeqtiulimniSvneloba aqvs urTierTmimarTebis dadgenas, masalissaerTo dajgufebas, e.i. kompoziciis problemebs.gazeTis statiis ZiriTad da yvelaze ufro damaxasiaTebelfunqciur-azrobriv metyvelebis tipad miCneulia msjeloba. Cvensmier gaanalizebul gazeT `BERLINER MORGENPOST~-is ZiriTadstatiebSi msjeloba mimidinareobs Präsens-is ganzogadebuli formiT.Präsens-i warmoadgens sametyvelo Temis aqtualobis signals,romelic gadmocemulia logikuri msjelobis saxiT, riTac Ziri-Tadad ganisazRvreba Präsens-is didi roli gamokvleuli statiebistemporalur gaformebaSi. gazeT `BERLINER MORGENPOST~isCvens mier gaanalizebul statiebSi zmnebis raodenobam awmyosformaSi Seadgina zmnuri formebis saerTo raodenobis 65%.Txrobas safuZvlad udevs realuri movlenebi. igi, Cveulebriv,warmodgenilia moqmedebiTi da vnebiTi gvaris Präteritum-isa daPlusquamperfekt-is formebiT. zemoT aRniSnuli drois formebisTavisebureba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom isini gankerZoebuli arian,ar arian kontaqtSi drois formis mixedviT arc winamdebare da94

arc momdevno winadadebebTan. mesame funqciur-azrobrivi tipi _aRwera iSviaTad gvxvdeba. aRwerisTvis niSandoblivia is, rompirveli winadadeba ganmazogadebelia, danarCenis warmmarTvelia.momdevno winadadebebi ganmartaven pirvels. isini arafriT ar arianerTmaneTze damokidebulni. yoveli gamotovebuli mTlianobisdaurRvevlad (msjelobaSi es dauSvebelia) SeiZleba iyos Canacvlebuli,Semoklebuli an, piriqiT, gavrcobili axali wvrilmanisxarjze. Tu msjelobaSi aSkaraa teqstis msjelobis jaWvuri,Tanmimdevruli sistema, maSin aRweraSi Warbobs paralelizmi,calkeuli elementebis urTierTdaqvemdebareba. aRwera xorcieldebaPräsens-is da Perfekt-is formaTa kontaqtiT.Tu Cvens mier ganxiluli gazeTis publicisturi JanrisTvisgamoviyenebT h. vainrixis termins, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom masSiWarbobs `gansaxilveli samyaros~ gegma, vinaidan Txroba saTanadodrois formebis (moqmedebiTi da vnebiTi gvaris Präteritum-is, Plusquamperfekt-is)gamoyenebiT SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba `TxrobiTsamyaroSic~.Cven vTvliT, rom drois formis arCevis principi damokidebuliametyvelebis situaciaze, rac mtkicdeba publicisturiJanrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli funqciur-azrobrivi metyvelebis tipebistemporaluri gaformebis analiziT. mocemuli kvlevisas CvenveyrdnobiT drois kategoriis teqstwarmoqmnis fuqnciis saerTodebulebas, agreTve imas, rom yovel sagazeTo JanrSi aris droisdominanti, romelTanac urTierTqmedebs sxva drois formebiJanris xasiaTis mixedviT. Sesabamisi Janris temporaluri struqturaganpirobebulia misTvis Cveuli funqciur-azrobrivi metyvelebistipebisa da Sesabamisi teqstebis temporaluri modelebisurTierTqmedebiT.95

LEDA KOBALIAPUBLICISTIC FUNCTIONAL-SEMANTICTYPES OF SPEECHIn specifying the given research we proceed from the general assumptionof the text-generating function of the tense-category and fromthe proposition that in each genre of the newspaper writing there existsits own time dominant interacting, in accordance with the genre-character,with other temporal forms. The temporal structure of the correspondinggenre is conditioned by the reciprocity of the inherent functional-semantictypes of speech. The temporal characteristics are one of the paramounttext-forming factors serving also as an indicator of text-typology.The dependence of the tense-form choice on the speech situation is indisputablewhich is corroborated by the analysis of the speech-compositionand temporal structures of the journalese genres. The divergence of thetemporal structures of the newspaper texts of different genres is closelyconnected with functional-semantic types of speech of the given genreand their interaction. As to the functional-semantic type of speech itstemporal characteristic remains invariable regardless of the genre of thenewspaper writing the constituent part of which it represents.96

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008maia daraselia, nana axobaZegraisiseuli pragmatikisTeorianiSanTa ganmartebis mimarT damokidebulebasTan dakavSirebiTerT-erTi ZiriTadi midgoma ekuTvnis p. graiss, romelmacmogvawoda intencionaluri (gamiznuli) komunikaciis gansazRvreba.1 graisis mniSvnelobis Teoria xazs usvams imas, rom molaparakismier gamoTqmuli azri yvela SemTxvevaSi zustad ar asaxavsmis sakomunikacio mizans. magaliTad, rodesac vambobT “Thedoor is open” (`kari Riaa~), es SesaZlebelia gamoxatavdes SemopatiJebasan karis daketvis Txovnas. am da sxva pragmatul mniSvnelobebsSoris arCevani minimaluradaa damokidebuli naTqvamissityvier Semadgenlobaze. saWiroa mxolod lingvistur codnazedamyarebuli analizi winadadebis mniSvnelobis gaSifrva (anuimis gadawyveta, naTqvami warmoadgens SemopatiJebas, Tu sxva rames).pragmatuli Teoria gvexmareba imis axsnaSi, Tu rogor avsebenmolaparakeebi naprals winadadebebis mniSvnelobebsa da molaparakeebismniSvnelobebs Soris. aqedan gamomdinare, pragmatuliTeoriis analizis erTeuli aris ara winadadeba, romeliclingvisturi Teoriis mixedviT, ganmartebad verbalur erTeulswarmoadgens, aramed _ gamonaTqvami (utterance), romelic specifikurkonteqstSi komunikaciis verbaluri erTeulia.procesi, romliTac molaparakeebi (interlocutors) midian molaparakismier (speaker) nagulisxmev mniSvnelobamde, aucilebladmoicavs gagebas. graisis Tanaxmad, komunikacias warmarTavsracionaluri, universaluri principebi da qveprincipebi (anue.w. maqsimebi), romlebic axdenen gagebis procesis sistematizaciasda ganapirobeben mis warmatebas. mTeli komunikacia upirvelesaddamyarebulia zogad usityvo TanamSromlobaze (kooperaciaze).2 graisis sityvebiT, nebismieri saxis saubris dros mola-1 H. P. Grice. Meaning. – Philosophical Review, 1957.2 H. P. Grice. Logic and Conversation. – In P. Cole and J. Morgan (eds), Syntax and Semantics3: Speech Acts. Academic Press. New York, 1975, gv. 45.7. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi97

parakeebi gulisxmoben, rom saubris yvela monawile masSi Taviswvlils Seitans, ufro metic, efeqturi komunikaciisTvis aucilebelia,rom molaparakeebi gulisxmoben imas, rom mtkiced daicavenoTx maqsimas:1. xarisxis maqsima, romlis mixedviTac molaparake ar ambobsimas, rac misi azriT, simarTles ar Seesabameba, animas, risi adekvaturi dasabuTebac ar arsebobs;2. raodenobis maqsima, romlis mixedviTac saubarSi monawilear unda iyos saWiroze metad an naklebad informaciuli;3. maneris maqsima, romlis mixedviTac molaparake unda SeecadosTavidan aicilos gaurkvevloba da orazrovneba,iyos lakoniuri da akuratuli;4. relevanturobis maqsima, romelsac graisi mokled gansazRvravs,rogorc `saubarSi Setanili wvlilis relevanturobas~.1saubrisas nagulisxmevi mniSvnelobebi yoveldRiuri komunikaciisnawils warmoadgens. kiTxvaze How are you? (`rogor xar?~),nacvlad pasuxisa _ Fine (`kargad~) an Not so good (àrc ise kargad~),SesaZloa iyos pasuxi _ I won the lottery (,,me movige lataria~)an I failed the test in pragmatics (`me ver Cavabare testipragmatikaSi~), da orive SemTxvevaSi msmeneli advilad gaigebsmopasuxis Canafiqrs, raSic mas samyaros codna da kooperaciisada relevanturobis faqtori daexmareba.graisi mowadinebulia zemoT moyvanilis msgavsi SemTxvevebiganasxvavos e.w. saubarSi nagulisxmevi mniSvnelobebisagan. laparakiSesaZloa gulisxmobdes raRacas, maSin, rodesac msmenelixvdeba, rom kooperaciis principi daculi rCeba. metyvelebiszogierTi forma, rogoricaa tavtologia (Men are men – `kacebiarian kacebi~) da ironia (graisis magaliTiT He is a good friend_ ìs kargi megobaria~, saidumlos gamcemi megobris Sesaxeb),2 maqsimaTa ugulebelyofis ukidures formebs warmoadgens.tavtologia _ Men are men `kacebi arian kacebi~ raodenobrivimaqsimas aSkara darRvevaa, vinaidan is sruliad arainformaciulia.am frazas informaciuli datvirTva mxolod im SemTxvevaSieqneba, Tu mas qali etyvis megobar qals mamakacis saqcie-1 H. P. Grice. Logic and Conversation, gv. 36.2 H. P. Grice. Logic and Conversation, gv. 195.98

lis Sesaxeb ama Tu im situaciaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom tavtologiagulisxmobs mets, vidre erTi SexedviT, realurad warmoCndeba,xolo ironiis SemTxvevaSi naTqvami aSkara winaaRmdegobaSimodis nagulisxmevTan. Tu orive molaparakem icis maTi saerTomegobris Ralatis Sesaxeb, maSin maT mier `kargi megobris~ saxiTmoxsenieba xarisxis maqsimas aSkara darRvevaa da kooperaciamxolod ironiulobis gziT miiRweva.graisi aRniSnavs agreTve imasac, Tu rogor gardaiqmneba saubarSinagulisxmevi mniSvnelobebi e.w. eqspluataciis saSualebad(exploitation): molaparake winaswari ganzraxviT ugulebelyofsmaqsimas, raTa igulisxmos raRac, naTqvamisagan gansxvavebuli.graisis mosazrebis erT-erTi dadebiTi mxare aris is, romis saSualebas iZleva axsnas potenciuri gaugebrobebi: gaugebrobawarmoiSoba maSin, rodesac ar aris garkveuli, molaparakemarTla gulisxmobda Tu ara imas, rac msmenelma mas miawera. magaliTad,informaciulobis xarisxi SeiZleba icvlebodes molaparakeTasocialur rolsa da sxva garemoebebTan dakavSirebiT.ufro metic, sxvadasxva institucionalizebul asimetriul Sem-TxvevebSi (maswavlebeli _ moswavle, eqimi _ pacienti, interviueri_ intervius mimcemi) maqsimaTa gaTvaliswinebis xarisxi ganisazRvrebamolaparakis uflebebiT. swored maswavlebeli, eqimi,interviueri gansazRvraven imas, Tu ramdenad informaciulia pasuxi,da Tu isini CaTvlian, rom ar aris informaciuli, amasSesaZloa seriozuli socialuri Sedegebi mohyves, rogoricaagamocdis Caubarebloba an samsaxurSi miRebaze uaris Tqma.aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom maqsimebis interpretacia SeiZlebaganicdides kulturul cvlilebebs. kulturebi SeiZleba gansxvavdebodesmaqsimaTa gaTvaliswinebis xarisxis Sesabamisadsxvadasxva situaciaSi, aseve, individualur maqsimaTa SedarebiTimniSvnelobebiT. magaliTad, madagaskaris sasoflo-sameurneo sazogadoebaSimolaparakes arc ki moeTxoveba daakmayofilos partniorismoTxovnileba informaciaze da pirovnebis ìnformaciuloba~icvleba sxvadasxva socialuri situaciebisa da informaciisxasiaTis mixedviT.aRmoCnda, rom maqsimaTa zogierTi darRveva mxolod semantikuriproblemebis gamo aSkara xdeba. axla naTlad Cans konvenciurimniSvnelobebis roli nagulisxmev mniSvnelobaTa gamoTvlisas.graisis metaforis magaliTi, romelSic ugulebelyofilia99

xarisxis maqsima, warmoadgens amis naTel ilustracias: You arethe cream in my coffee – `Sen naRebi xar Cems yavaSi~, aSkarad Secavs`yalb Sefasebas~; amdenad, naTqvamis savaraudod sapirispiro,SeiZleba iTqvas, aSkara simarTle iqneboda. savaraudod, molaparakepartniors miawers garkveul maxasiaTeblebs, romliTac isTiTqos waagavs aRniSnul sagans.amrigad, msmenels ar ecodineba is, rom maqsima daarRviesda ar daiwyebs nagulisxmevi mniSvnelobis Zebnas, Tuki man winaswarar icis, rom àdamianis~ (nacvalsaxeli you) semantikuriTvisebebi gamoricxaven amavdroulad misi (cream) `siTxis~ saxiTarsebobs SesaZleblobas.graisis pragmatika iZleva molaparakis mniSvnelobis gagebisanalizis saSualebas, anu swvdeba imas, Tu rogor igebs msmenelimolaparakis naTqvamis miRma darCenil mniSvnelobas. amasTan isar aris gankuTvnili diskursis analizisTvis, anu mis naTqvamTaTanamimdevrobis analizisTvis. Tumca referencia da misi terminiganxilulia filosofiisa da lingvistikis mravali aspeqtiT,mecnierebi diskursis samyaroSi arsebuli sagnebis referirebis(moxseniebis) process xSirad pragmatikis TvalsazrisiT udgebian,vinaidan es aris procesi, romelSic CarTuli arian molaparakeebi,maTi intonacia, qmedebebi da codna.givonis TvalsazrisiT,`reforma diskursis samyaroSi ukve kriptopragmatuli saqmianobaa,vinaidan diskursis yoveli samyaro ixsneba (`yalibdeba~’)molaparakis mier. Semdeg molaparake TviTon wyvets, miuTi-Tos (moixsenios), Tu ar moixsenios esa Tu is sagani Tu movlenadiskursis im samyaroSi. rogorc Cans, adamianTa wreSiswored molaparakis referenciuli mosazrebebi akontrolebenreferenciis gramatikas.aRsaniSnavia, rom TviTon graisi referirebas detalurad ganixilavs.is exeba `nebismier SesaZlo identificirebas~, sityvaTakonvenciur mniSvnelobebTan erTad, rogorc im informaciis nawils,romelic damyarebulia sasaubro mniSvnelobebTan erTad,rogorc im informaciis nawils, romelic damyarebulia sasaubronagulisxmevi mniSvnelobis gamoTvlaze. 1 morisis TvalsazrisiT,semantika aris moZRvreba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra kavSirSi imyofebiansagnebi maT damaxasiaTebel TvisebebTan, pragmatika ki imis Se-1 H. P. Grice. Meaning. – Philosophical Review. 1957, gv. 41.100

saxeb, Tu ra kavSirSi imyofebian es Tvisebebi msmenelTan. 1 graisisSexedulebis Sesabamisad, specifikuri maqsimebi (magaliTad,raodenobis da relevanturobis maqsimebi) zRudaven mosaubrismier referirebis terminis arCevans. 2 amis gamosworeba oiladSeiZleba, Tu referirebas ganvixilavT, rogorc mimarTebas enasada pirovnebis mentaluri diskursis modelSi arsebul erTeulsSoris. You are the cream in my coffee – `Sen naRebi xar Cems yavaSi~,aSkarad Secavs `yalb Sefasebas~; amdenad, naTqvamis savaraudodsapirispiro, SeiZleba iTqvas, aSkara simarTle iqneboda.savaraudod, molaparake partniors miawers garkveul maxasiaTeblebs,romliTacis TiTqos waagavs aRniSnul sagans.1 C. H. Morris. Foundations of theory of signs. – International Encyclopedia of UnifiedScience, vol.2, #1. University of Chicago Press. Chicago, 1938, gv. 95.2 H. P. Grice. Logic and Conversation, gv. 45.101

MAYA DARASELIA, NANA AKHOBADZETHEORY OF GRICEAN PRAGMATICSThis paper discusses the problem that in Grice’s account humancommunicators are rational beings who presume that others preserve theprinciple of cooperativeness ,and hence if anyone ostensibly violates anyof the conversational maxims, such violations must be explained away asintentionally produced. In this search for meaning, conversational implicatures(attributed and intended) serve the interpreter as bridges for coherence:one turn of talk may be linked to the previous one not through directlinguistic means, but rather through an inference with regard to indirectmeaning. Important concept to Gricean pragmatics is speaker meaning.Speaker meaning not only allows a distinction between semantic and pragmaticmeaning,it also suggests a particular view of human communicationthat focuses on intentions. It’s important to note that the maxims derive notfrom the nature of conversation,but from the fact that talking is “a specialcase or variety of purposive, indeed rational, behavior’’.These principlesprovide a basis for the inference of implicatures: the cooperative principlesand attendant maxims allow speakers to lead their hearers to interpretationsof their communicative intent (speaker meaning) that go beyond the logicalmeanings of what they “say’’. It turns out that some maxim violationsare apparent only because of semantic problems – and it is here that we cansee the role of conventional meaning most clearly in the calculation of implicatures.Gricean pragmatics provides a way to analyze the inference ofspeaker meaning: how hearers infer the intentions underlying a speaker’sutterance. It is not intended as an approach to the analysis of discourse, i.e.to sequences of utterances.102

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008manana Selia, qeTi galoberimotivis da interesis roli studentTaSemecnebiTiAaqtivobis ganviTarebaSifsiqologiuri Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, swavla aris aqtivobisforma, romelic mimarTulia codnis, unar-Cvevebis Sesa-Zenad, aRqmis, mexsierebis, azrovnebis, metyvelebisa da cnobierebisprocesebis ganviTarebisaTvis. 1 rogorc erTiani pirovnebiseulifenomeni masSi CarTulia yvela fsiqikuri procesi Tu e.w.fsiqikuri funqcia _ aRqma, yuradReba, mexsiereba, azrovneba, fantazia,emociebi, nebisyofa, romlebic damoukideblad ar arsebobsda arc moqmedebs: moqmedebas swavlobs ara romelime calke aRebulifunqciaTagani, aramed mTliani, konkretuli pirovneba, romelSicmetnaklebad monawileobs yvela fsiqikuri funqcia. 2ucxouri enebis Seswavla didad aris damokidebuli interesze.interesi aramarto gasaRebi da fsiqologiuri safuZveliaswavlisa, aramed misi Sedegic, romelic gamoxatavs pirovnebissaerTo mimarTulebas, dadebiTad zemoqmedebs yvela fsiqikurprocesze da metad nayofierad aisaxeba mis saqmianobaSi.dimitri uznaZe aRniSnavs: ,,interesi, sazogadod, swavliserT-erT ZiriTad faqtors warmoadgens, es araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs,metic, SeiZleba iTqvas: swavlas swored is garemoeba aqcevsfsiqologiurad sruliad damoukidebeli qcevis formad,rom masSi nebelobis gverdiT interesic fuZemdeblur rols asrulebs.swavla ara marto miznis mniSvnelobis SegnebaSi poulobsenergiis wyaros, aramed, amave dros, Sinagan miswrafebaSi,Sinagan midrekilebaSi, interesSi, romlis gareSec yoveliveswavla iZulebiTi Sromis saxes miiRebda~. 3 ucxo enebis swavla-Si did rols asrulebs motivi da interesi. es ori komponenti1 П. И. Пидкасистый. Самостоятельная познавательная деятельность школьниковв обучении. М., 1980, gv. 263.2 d. lorTqifaniZe. didaqtika. saxelmZRvanelo umaRlesi saswavleblisstudentTaTvis. Tb., 1981, gv. 63.3 d. uznaZe. zogadi fsiqologia. t. III-IV. Tb., 1998, gv. 337.103

SemecnebiTi aqtivobis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi faqtorebicaa, radganadamianis yovelgvar mizanmimarTul moqmedebas motivi gansazRvravs,SemecnebiTi interesi aqtiuri saswavlo motivis SeqmnasmoiTxovs. ,,motivi warmoadgens moqmedebisaTvis wamqezeblurmizezs. swavlis motivia moqmedebis obieqtisadmi swrafva – Caswvdes,Seicnos axali, gaakeTos raime axleburad, moTxovnilebamxolod maSin warmoSobs interess, roca misi Sesruleba garkveulobieqtur dabrkolebas awydeba. Tavis mxriv, interessac SeuZliaganapirobos moTxovnileba~. 1enis Seswavlis procesSi studentebs uyalibdebaT Zlierimotivebi, romelic ganawyobs mizanmimarTuli aqtiuri saqmianobisadmi,aseve saswavlo situaciebi uzrunvelyofs maT dainteresebasda miscems inteleqtualuri aqtivobis stimuls. interesiadamianis aqtivobis erT-erTi formaa, SemecnebiTi interesi ki SeadgensaRmZvrel Zalas codnis SesaZenad, msoflmxedvelobis gasafarToeblad.rogorc cnobilia, SemecnebiTi interesi yovelTvismimarTulia raime axlisaken, Seucnobelisaken, romelic ganawyobsstudentebs SemoqmedebiTi muSaobisaTvis.SemecnebiTi interesi stimulia, romelic xels uwyobs studentTaaqtivobis amaRlebas, maTi unar-Cvevebis srulyofas. misiformirebisaTvis mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoadgens Semdegi: amaTu im masalaze muSaobisas gasaTvaliswinebelia studentTa individualuriTaviseburebani, swavlebis sxvadasxva formebis gamoyeneba,axali meToduri saSualebebis Zieba, romelic ganaviTarebsmaT interes swavlisadmi. studentTa SemecnebiTi interesebis,maZiebluri unarebisa da Cvevebis ganviTareba da ganmtkicebaxels uwyobs studentTa mier aqtiuri codnis dauflebas.SemecnebiTi aqtivoba gansazRvravs TviTswavlis unars, axdensSemecnebiTi procesebis dagegmvas, organizacias, axorcielebskontrols, agreTve, miRebuli Sedegebis Sefasebas. studentTaSemecnebiTi aqtivobis maxasiaTebeli niSnebia:1. nebelobiTi moqmedeba;2. SemoqmedebiTi mdgomareoba;3. gaZlierebuli SemecnebiTi saqmianoba;4. codnisadmi yovelmxrivi, Rrma interesi;1 S. SaTiriSvili. enis swavlebis intensifikaciis fsiqologiuri faqtorebi._ Jurn.: ,,ucxouri enebi skolaSi~, #1. Tb., 1982, gv. 20.104

5. yuradRebis daZabva. 1studentTa SemecnebiTi aqtivoba, aRqmisa da warmosaxvisTvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, warmoadgens aucilebel pirobas ma-Ti inteleqtualuri ganviTarebisaTvis.SemecnebiTi aqtivobis gamomuSavebisaTvissaWiroa Catardes Semdegi swavleba:1. reproduqtiul-ZiebiTi, romlis drosac maswavlebeliexmareba studentebs mocemuli masalis gaazrebasa daazrovnebis CamoyalibebaSi;2. nawilobrov-ZiebiTi. ama Tu im problemur masalaze muSaobisasmaswavlebeli axdens studentTa azrebis koreqtirebas;3. ZiebiTi _ studentebi damoukideblad (rTuli situaciisdros maswavleblis daxmarebiT) wyveten saswavlo-SemecnebiTiamocanebis cikls.saswavlo-SemecnebiTi saqmianoba mniSvnelovani mimarTulebaada studentis Sromis saorientacio safuZvelia. gamovyofT studentTaSemecnebiTi aqtivobis oTx dones, esenia:1. kritikuli;2. warmosaxviTi;3. adaptaciur-modelirebiTi;4. SemoqmedebiTi.kritikuli done xasiaTdeba studentTa negatiuri poziciiTswavlebis procesSi, nebelobiTi Zalebis meryeobiT, studentTadauintereseblobiT masalis gaRrmavebuli cnobierebisadmi.warmosaxviTi done xasiaTdeba codnis SeZenis interesiT, misigagebiT, damaxsovrebiTa da warmosaxviT. adaptaciur-modelirebi-Ti done ganisazRvreba studentTa unarianobiT, optimalurad gadawyvitonsaswavlo amocanebi. mocemuli donis maxasiaTebelianebisyofis didi simtkice codnis misaRebad.SemoqmedebiTi done gamoirCeva originalobiT da siaxliT,romlis arsia studentTa mier raime axlis gageba, maTi miswrafebada interesis gamoxatva Sesaswavli movlenebisa da procesebisadmi,saswavlo problemisadmi damoukidebeli Zieba. yoveli donestudentTa SemecnebiTi saqmianobis ganmsazRvrel Tvisebas warmoadgens.donidan donemde izrdeba inteleqtualuri gamocdileba. 21 S. SaTiriSvili. enis swavlebis intensifikaciis.., gv. 15.2 К. Д. Ахияров, Ю. П. Правдин. Формирование познавательной активностистудентов в процессе обучения. Уфа , 1988, gv. 78.105

saWiroa SemoqmedebiTi potencialis ganviTareba da misi realizebastudentebSi. maTi SemoqmedebiTi potenciali vlindeba inteleqtualuriniciativasa da aqtivobaSi.amJamad, cnobilia, rom kompiuteri aris metad mniSvnelovanisaswavlo saSualeba, romelic enis Semswavlels aZlevs far-To SesaZleblobas, miiRos drouli informacia da SemeCmebiTimasala. misi gamoyeneba masalis Ziebis procesSi praqtikuladwarmoadgens universalurs.ama Tu im masalis gavlis Semdeg studentTa codnis SemowmebismizniT xSirad tardeba gamokiTxvebi sxvadasxva Temaze. maTmasalis gacnobisa da Seswavlis Semdeg uCndeba interesi raimeaxlis gagebis da damatebiTi informaciis mopovebis ama Tu immovlenisa da procesebisadmi. studentebi xSirad cdiloben damoukidebladmoiZion saintereso masala. codnis Semowmebis mizniTstudentebs miecaT Semdegi davaleba:Quiz on the theme – Cambridge UniversityWhat was the reason for the foundation of Cambridge University?The story of the University begins in 1209 when a number of OxfordUniversity students and scholars took refuge in Cambridge. They left Oxfordbecause there were constant clashes between students and townsmen.One day a student accidentally killed a man of the town. The Mayor arrestedthree other students who were innocent, and by order of King Johnthey were put to death by hanging. In protest many students moved elsewhere,some coming to Cambridge and so the new University began.sityvebze an frazeologiur erTeulebze muSaobisas studentebixSirad iCenen interess, cdiloben moipovon informaciamaT warmoSobasa da mniSvnelobaze da aseve enaSi arsebul amaTu im lingvistur sakiTxebze.magaliTad, franguli gamoTqmebi Faire (le) suisse, Apres moi(an nous) le deluge. studentebSi did interess iwvevs maTi warmoSoba.1. Faire (le) Suisse – 1) daleva an Wama marto; 2) ganze, calkeyofna, (gancalkevebulad yofna) (sityvasityviT: SveicarieliviTmoqceva).Zvelad frangul armiaSi msaxurobdnen Sveicarieli daqiravebulebi.Sarl VIII-is mier Seqmnili Sveicariuli gvardia, romelicdaiSala 1792 wels, ris Semdeg bevri Sveicarieli darCasafrangeTSi da muSaoba daiwyes eklesiebSi da sastumroebSi mcvelebad,ris Sedegac maT Searqves suisses (Sveicari). gamoTqma fai-106

e (le) suisse dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom Sveicarieli gvardielebi,xolo SemdgomSi sastumroebis Sveicarebs Cveulebad hqondaTmartod Wama da sma.2. Apres moi (an nous) le deluge! – `Cems mere (an Cvens) qvacmouTovia!~ am sityvebs miakuTvneben ludoviko XV-s (1710-1774),rogorc misTvis damaxasiaTebeli egoizmis gamoxatulebas. meoreversiiT, is ekuTvnis ludoviko XV-s favorits markiza de pompadurs,1757w. ludoviko XV _ daRonebuli rosbaxTan omSi damarcxebisSemdeg, Sevida Tavis favoritTan, swored im dros, rocamxatvari laturi xatavda mis portrets. qalbatonma mas uTxra,,,ar inerviuloT, Tqven avad gaxdebiT, Cvens Semdeg qvac mou-Tovia!~ SemdgomSi mxatvris mier gaxda gaxmaurebuli es faqti.nebismier sityvaSi moipoveba idealuri (gonebrivi, azrobrivi)mxare, romelsac enaTmecnierebaSi uwodeben sityvis semantikas.TviT sityvis semantikaSi ganasxvaveben sityvis azrsa damis mniSvnelobas. Sityvis azrobrivi mxare ganpirobebulia sityvisuSualo kavSiriT mis Sesabamis cnebasTan, rogorc sinamdvilisganzogadoebuli asaxva. amitomac amboben, rom sityva gamoxatavscnebas, anu cneba gamoxatulia sityvaSi da amave dros,sityva gamoxatavs imas, rasac aRvniSnavT sityviT, ganzogadebuladaisaxeba Cvens cnobierebaSi cnebis saxiT.Tanamedrove inglisur enis leqsikur SemadgenlobaSi moipovebamravali sityva sruliad gamWvirvale etimologiuristruqturiT. magram enaSi aseve SeiniSneba iseTi sityvebis arseboba,romelic gamoirCeva bundovanebiT, maTi formis motivirebisaxsnis gareSe. erT-erT tipiur magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloTinglisuri sityva butterfly ,,pepela~, romlis etimologiuristruqtura pirveli SexedviT TiTqos garkveulia (,,karaqisbuzi~). amjerad warmovadgenT ramdenime leqsikologis azrebsmocemul problemaze. ase, magaliTad, j. grinafi da j. kitrejifiqroben, rom ,,pepelam~ miiRo saxelwodeba butterfly imitom,rom ,,buzi yviTelia, rogorc karaqi~ (e.i. misi feris mixedviT), 1xolo g. maknaiTi (McKnight) amtkicebs, rom sityva butterfly dakavSirebuliaZvel TqmulebasTan, romlis Tanaxmad jadoqrebi,warmodgenilni peplebis saxiT ewafebian Zroxis rZes. 2 maSasada-1 J. B. Greenough, G. L. Kittredge. Words and their Ways in English Speech. N.Y.,1922, gv. 28.2 G. H. McKnight. English Words and Their Background. New York, 1923, T. XXII.107

me, roca studenti dainteresebulia romelime sakiTxiT, ufrointensiurad muSaobs masze da mTeli yuradReba aqvs mobilizebuli,raTa moipovos saWiro informacia.aqedan gamomdinare SemecnebiT motivacias safuZvlad udevscodnisadmi swrafva, romlis mizans warmoadgens raRac ucnobisaTviseba. aRsaniSnavia, rom TviT motivi da SemecnebiTi interesi,romelic aseve emociuri bunebisaa, Zalze didi mniSvneloba eni-Weba swavlis procesSi.MANANA SHELIA, KETI GALOBERITHE ROLE OF MOTIVE AND INTEREST IN THE DEVELOP-MENT OF STUDENTS’ COGNITIVE ACTIVITYIn present years alongside the study of affective factors, there seemsto be increasing interest in mental and cognitive factors. This paperis devoted to the problem of motive and cognitive interest to explore thequestion which is important contributing students’ engagement in learning.It should be noted that interest is conceptualized as an effective statethat represents students’ subjective experiences in the process of learninga foreign language , the state that arises from either situational momentsor a well-developed individual interest. Drawing on research problemcausing students’ interest they use their own findings. In particular,the state of interest brings together motivation in the form of prior goalsand interests. Cognitive engagement in the learning process must be seenas linked to motivation. Mental and cognitive involvement tends to makelanguage learning more enjoyable for the students which must be a positivefactor contributing to improved attitudes and better results.108

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008Tamar jojuaucxoenobrivi gramatikuli movlenisfunqciuri swavlebisaTvisXXs. 70-80 wlebSi ucxouri enebis swavlebis meTodikaSi komunikaciurimeTodebis SemotanasTan dakavSirebiT, gramatikul unar-Cvevebze iwyeba laparaki, romlebic avtomatizmis garda (Cveva)SemoqmedebiT komponentsac Seicaven (unari). Sesaswavli movlenamasalis ganmtkicebis procesSi axal, moumzadebel enobriv dasituaciur konteqstSic gamoiyeneba, gramatikulad orientirebulisavarjiSoebi ufro mravalferovani xdeba: imitaciuri, transformaciuli,SerCevis, swori formis Casmis (SeTavazebuli sawyisiformis nacvlad), kiTxva-pasuxi, Tqvi da Seasrule da sxva.is savarjiSoebic, romlebic Tavisi bunebiT naklebad komunikaciuria,ama Tu im gziT komunikaciur Seferilobas iRebs: savarjiSoserTi Temis an situaciis irgvliv ageba, masSi saqveyanaTmcodneoinformaciis miwodeba, mTlian moTxrobaSi da aracalkeul winadadebebSi Sesaswavli formis Casma/ Canacvleba, Sejibrisan TamaSis saxis micema. 1lingvisturi Teoriis iseTi mimarTuleba, romelsac diskursiulianalizi (discourse analysis) ewodeba, sruliad samarTlianadmoiTxovs, gramatikuli movlenebis funqciur datvirTulobasacvaswavlideT, radgan realur komunikaciaSi misi gamoyenebaxSirad ar emTxveva gramatikul kategorias, magaliTad,kiTxviTi winadadebis Txovnis gamosaxatavad gamoyeneba _ Couldyou give me a cup of tea? ucxour enaze sxarti metyvelebis swavlebisaTvisaucilebelia, rom gramatikuli unar-Cvevebi sametyvelo-komunikaciurfunqciebs davakavSiroT. 2 calkeuli gramatikulimovlenis ZiriTadi sakomunikacio funqciis gansazRvrisasunda gamoviyenoT konkretuli masala, situacia. vinaidan dRei-1 T. jojua. ucxouri enis gramatikis swavleba umaRlesi saswavleblisspecialur fakultetze. inglisuri zmnis piriani formebis magaliTze.Tb., 2005, gv. 93.2 T. jojua. ucxouri enis gramatikis swavleba.., gv. 93.109

saTvis aqcenti ZiriTadad gadatanilia ucxouri enis komunikaciurSeTvisebaze, amdenad gramatikuli masalis SerCeva am miznisrealizacias unda emsaxurebodes. 1 Uucxouri enis swavlebisas yuradReba ZiriTadad unda iyosgamaxvilebuli SemswavlelTaTvis mravalplaniani da mravalkomponentianienobrivi SesaZleblobebis formirebaze, maT mzad yofnazeganaxorcielon sxvadasxva sirTulis sametyvelo aqtebi Sesaswavlenaze, unda gamoiricxos SemswavlelTa naklebad gaazrebulisametyvelo aqtivoba, maT unda gaaCndeT unari komunikaciisganxorcielebisa damoukideblad ara mxolod da ara imdenad reproduqtuldoneze, aramed produqtulze, SemoqmedebiTze. amgvariunaris floba metyvelebs imaze, rom enis Semswavlels SeuZliasakuTari komunikaciur-SemecnebiTi moTxovnebis realizeba. komunikaciur-SemecnebiTiunaris Camoyalibeba-srulyofas enis SemswavleliSeZlebs maSin, roca saswavlo procesSi CarTulia Semdegisaxis aqtivoba: realuri sametyvelo situaciebis stimulireba(dialogebis, saqmiani urTierTobebis, sxvadasxva rolebisgaTamaSeba), savaraudo garemoebaTa imgvarad provocireba, romSemswavleli realurad moxvdes iseT situaciaSi, roca mas mouwevsSesabamisi komunikaciis ganxorcieleba. 2metyvelebis gramatikuli koreqtulobis swavlebis aqamde arsebulmastrategiebma srulyofilad ver Seasrules maTze dakisrebulivaldebuleba. rogorc cnobilia, TiToeul gramatikulstruqturas gaaCnia formaluri da funqciuri mxareebi. metyvelebaSiwamyvan mxared gvevlineba funqciuri, Tumca tradiciulswavlebaSi mas meorexarisxovani roli akisria, jer warmoebsformis SeTviseba, rac Seexeba funqciur mxares, Semswavlels ufroxSirad uxsnian mxolod gramatikul mniSvnelobas. aseTi midgomisSedegi ki is aris, rom Semswavlelma icis gramatikulistruqtura, misi formirebis wesebi, magram realur metyveleba-Si ar SeuZlia misi floba. 3ucxoenobrivi gramatikuli movlenis funqciuri swavlebasaSualebas gvaZlevs daveufloT Sesaswavli enobrivi erTeule-1 S. SaTiriSvili. gramatikis komunikaciuri swavleba. _ Jurn.: ùcxourienebi skolaSi~ #1, 1989, gv. 12-16.2 T. jojua. ucxouri enis gramatikis swavleba, gv. 95.3 Р. П. Мильруд. Коммуникативность языка и обучение разговорной грамматике.–Труды Института Языкознания. 2001, № 26, gv. 42.110

is SerCevis wesebs sakomunikacio saWiroebidan gamomdinare. formalurigramatikuli ,,siswore” ar iZleva gamarTuli komunikaciisgarantias, mag., winadadeba ,,I want to see that blue sweater”gramatikulad sruliad sworia, magram maRaziaSi gamyidvelis mimarTarakoreqtuladaa naTqvami, radgan gamoxatvisa ,,I want” (minda)mxolod bavSvi Tu gamoiyenebs mSoblebTan laparakSi, danar-Cen situaciebSi ki ,,I would like to...” (visurvebdi) gamoiyeneba.amave dros ubralod survilis _ gegmis gamosaxatavad ,,I want”sruliad misaRebi formaa (mag.: Ì want to become a teacher”). 1ama Tu im gamonaTqvamis gaformebis saSualebis arCevisas mTqmelixelmZRvanelobs sametyvelo situaciis specifikiT (oficialur-araoficialuri)da Semdegi faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT:urTierToba sakomunikacio partniorTan (axlobeli _ Soreuli),misi asakis gaTvaliswineba ( ufrosi _ umcrosi), socialuri anprofesiuli statusi (mag.: rangiT ufrosia Tu xelqveiTi), ni-Sandoblivia agreTve, Tu ramdenadaa dainteresebuli sakomunikaciopartniori Seqmnili sametyvelo situaciiT. zemoT CamoTvliliyvela komponentis gaTvaliswinebiT mosaubris mier amor-Ceuli iqneba yvelaze ufro misaRebi da Sesaferisi.ucxo enis swavlebis procesSi ufro xSirad SemswavlelebiaraTanmimdevrulad iReben codnas sxvadasxva gramatikulimovlenebis Sesaxeb, ase magaliTad swavlebis mxolod maRaletapze (maRal klasebSi) maT gaaCniaT sruli warmodgena sxvadasxvagramatikuli drois gamoxatvis srul arsenalze, Sesityvebebze,zmnizedebze, mimReobaze, saxelzmnaze, rTul qvewyobilwinadadebebze drois damokidebulebiT, rom aRaraferi vTqvaTmaT mravalfunqciurobaze (mag.: Present Simple _ awmyo, momavali,namyo drois gamoxatva). amis Sedegad Semswavlelebi yovel jerzedganan arCevanis winaSe, Tu rogor gaaformon verbaluradesa Tu is gramatikuli movlena koreqtulad, mag., mocemuli variantebidanromeli unda SeirCes: Mary and ann were drinkikg coffeewatching TV... While drinking coffee Mary and Ann... When Maryand Ann were drinking coffee they.…Semswavlelebs SeuZliaT ganaxorcielon aucilebeli arCevani,mxolod sakuTari intuiciidan gamomdinare da enobrivigrZnobidan, maSin roca aseTi azrobrivi kavSirebi SesaZlebeliamizanmimarTulad iyos naCvenebi da gamoyenebuli enis swavlebis1 T. jojua. ucxouri enis gramatikis swavleba.., gv. 96.111

procesSi. amgvari azrobrivad dakavSirebuli erTeulebis gaer-Tianeba, Semdeg ki maTi funqcionirebis wesebis dadgena dagvexmarebamaT gaazrebul gamoyenebaSi metyvelebisas. ucxouri enisamgvari Tavisufali da koreqtuli flobisaTvis saWiroa SeZlebisdagvaradadreul etapze swavlebisas gansazRvrul sistemaSiwarmodgenili iqnes SemswavlelebisaTvis enobrivi saSualebebisfarTo arsenali da SevaswavloT maTi SerCevis wesebi sakomunikacioamocanis Sesabamisad. 1enobrivi struqturebis doneTa Seswavlisas xdeba Segnebuliwyveta realuri enobrivi situaciisagan. ena warmodgeniliarogorc uZravi, statistikuri sistema. ucxouri enis aqtiuri,dinamikuri sistemis Seswavlaze gadasvla saSualebas gvaZlevsmivuaxlovdeT misi funqcionirebis realur pirobebs. realuradarsebuli logikuri, azrobrivi kavSirebis gaaqtiureba enobrivdoneebs Soris xels Seuwyobs Semswavlelis asociaciuri da logikuriazrovnebis ganviTarebas. azrobrivad dakavSirebuli sxvadasxvadoneebis erTeulebis gaerTianeba erT velSi axdens semantikuraddakavSirebuli komponentebis Ziebis warmoqmnas, SeicavsSerCevis meqanizmebs da xels uwyobs enobrivi simdidris ufroefeqtur aTvisebas.Sesaswavli enis doneTa erTeulebs Soris kavSirebis dadgenaqmnis misi swavlebisaTvis ufro motivirebul sistemas. ZiebiTi,progresuli midgoma ucxouri enis swavlebisadmi uzrunvelyofsinteresis gazrdas Sesaswavli enis mimarT. aseTi midgomisdros gardauvalia ,,winswreba”, jer kidev Seuswavleligramatikuli aspeqtebis dauflebisas. amgvari midgomis upiratesobaaSkaraa: yvelaferi rac mniSvnelovania erTi saxeobis semantikisaTviskoncentrirebulia erTi gramatikuli Temis irgvliv,es ki Tavis mxriv ucxouri enis realuri flobis erT-erTi faqtoria.enobrivi erTeulebis Sepirispireba gamoiwvevs dasauflebelienis mimarT interesis stimulirebas, warmoaCens azrobriv,logikur kavSirebs, xels Seuwyobs ama Tu im gramatikuli movlenisSerCevis wesebis Seswavlas: ratom ase da ara sxvagvarad,romeli variantebia SesaZlebeli konkretul sametyvelo situaciaSi,teqstSi, amasTan erTad gaZlierdeba swavlebis motivaciacda misi komunikaciuri mimarTulebac. Uucxoenobrivi gramati-1 T. Hedge. Learning and Teaching in the language classroom. Oxford Universitypress. 2006. pp 43-50.112

kis swavlebisas mxolod mSralad gramatikuli movlenis formazesaubari arasakmarisia Tu ganvixilavT gramatikis swavlebissaboloo mizans sametyvelo aqtivobis poziciidan gamomdinare. 1ama Tu im gramatikuli aspeqtis dauflebisas aucilebeliaSevaswavloT misi konkretuli sakomunikacio amocanebi formasTnerTad. mocemuli gramatikuli movlenis lingvisturi kuTxiTaRwerisas funqciurad mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis gamoyofismizniT saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT ara marto maTi relevanturobakomunikaciuri procesisaTvis, aramed transpoziciis faqtoric.qvemoT moyvanilia ramdenime gramatikuli savarjiSos modeli,romelic xels Seuwyobs mocemuli gramatikuli movlenissakomunikacio miznebisaTvis koreqtuli gamoyenebis unar-Cvevebisformirebas:I. Simple tenses1) Speak about the ecological situation in your city/country, its past,present and future;2) ,,socialize”. Ask all your groupmates the same question about theirhabits or tastes (e.g. Do you like coffee?).Then share the informationthat all of you have gathered.3) Role play: Receptionist at a hotel-guest. The ,,receptionist” has aform to fill in. Look at the form and ask questions (e.g. age-howold are you?) the ,,guest” has to answer them.4) Role play-interview with a famous (possibly historic) person abouther/his career.5) Speak about some historic person’s ideas. You can do it either inthe present or in the past, first is preferable.6) What will you say in the described situations (Don’t forget to use,,Will” or ,,Shall”) ?a. Your grandma is trying to find her eye-glasses, but she can’t findthem. She’s very nervous.b. The sky is covered with dark clouds. It’s humid and windy.c. You love a girl and want to marry her.Speaking about Conditions and Wishes1) Name a few things you are sorry were/weren’t done, e.g. I wish this1 Р. П. Мильруд. Коммуникативность языка и обучение.., gv. 40.8. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi113

new club hadn’t been opened! I shouldn’t have said this. They shouldhave introduced health insurance before they paid for treatment.2) Discuss your wishes, fears, undesirable things e.g. if only/I wish Icould get an ,,Honours” diploma! If only/I wish I didn’t fail this exam.Speak about things you regret e.g. If only/I wish I hadn’t toldher about the money.3) Role-play - ,,toast master” say a few toasts using Subjunctive mood.4) Criticize some wrong measures (in your family, University, city, country)that brought about negative results.5) Role-play (pair-work): Conduct talks on the contract (discuss theconditions of…..for both parties). Then write it down, then pairs exchangethe ,,contracts” and check them.6) Name some widely-spread pretexts used for not doing something,e.g. ,,if my wife were not ill, I would divorce her and marry you”. 1ucxouri enebis swavlebis Tanamedrove meTodika moiTxovs,rom swavlebas mieces praqtikuli xasiaTi. mizanSewonilia mecadineobebiSesaswavl enaze da ara mxolod enis Sesaxeb. ucxourenaze gamarTuli, Tavisufali metyvelebis swavleba-Seswavla SesaZlebeliamxolod am enaze intensiuri metyvelebiT, mosmenismosmeniT,kiTxvis-kiTxviT da weris-weriT. pirvel rigSi ki udavoddidi mniSvneloba eniWebaT swavlebis procesSi SeTavazebulsavarjiSoebs. rac ufro hgavs savarjiSoebi realur sametyvelosituaciebs, miT ufro efeqturia SeTvisebis procesi. warmoebsmdidari leqsikuri maragis dozirebuli da swrafi Sevseba gramatikuliunar-Cvevebis formirebasa da srulyofasTan erTad.sametyvelo aqtivobas gaaCnia sami mxare: leqsikuri, gramatikulida fonetikuri. komunikaciis procesSi isini ganuwyvetlivkavSirSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan. aqedan gamomdinare vaskvniT, romsityvebis Seswavla SeuZlebelia arsebuli formebisagan mowyvetiT.mniSvnelovania, rom rogorc sityvebi, aseve gramatikuliformebi paralelurad iqnes SeTvisebuli sxvadasxva aqtivobisas_ Semswavleli asrulebs romelime sakomunikacio amocanas _adasturebs azrs, gamoTqvams eWvs gagonilis Sesaxeb, kiTxulobsraimes, Tanamosaubres aZlevs stimuls aqtivobisa da am proces-1 N. Dogonadze, T. Jojua. The English verb (finite form) Practice book for future languageSpecialist. Tbilisi, 2000, pp. 161.114

Si iTvisebs aucilebel sityvas an gramatikul formas.ucxouri enis gramatikis swavlebisadmi funqciuri midgomapasuxobs enis swavlebis Tanamedrove moTxovnebs, esenia _ enispraqtikuli floba, komunikaciuri kompetenciis formireba mravalferovani,saintereso situaciuri savarjiSoebis moSveliebiT,rac jamSi xels uwyobs rogorc receptuli (kiTxva, audireba),aseve produqtuli (laparaki, wera) aqtivobis ganviTarebas.TAMAR JOJUAFOR THE FUNCTIONAL TEACHING OF THE FOREIGNLANGUAGE GRAMMATICAL PHENOMENONThe article deals with one of the important and actual problems inmodern foreign language teaching – functional approach in grammar teaching.Functional teaching of grammar is directed towards revealing ofcommunicative features of the given grammatical phenomena. Understandingall nuances of grammar forms provides “a sense of language”, an intuitivesense of selection of the required forms in the given situation. Whilepresenting and fixing any grammar phenomenon it isn’t enough to comprehendthoroughly only its form and meaning, it is necessary to underlineits communicative function and the situations in which it is used. Functionaland situational factors should be of prior importance in the processof teaching grammar, semantic peculiarities of grammar forms should betaken into consideration during the presentation and explanation of a newmaterial and techniques. For the effective formation of grammar skills andcreation of a real communicative atmosphere for students in the target language,the given grammatical phenomena should be taught and learnt accordingto the principles of the functional approach. The presented teachingmaterial should be interesting in form and content. Some models ofexercises promoting the formation of effective grammar skills in the processof communication are presented in the given article.115

116soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008Tamar bakuraZegramatikuli transformaciebis TeoriulisafuZvlebiTargmnis mTavari mizania adekvaturobis miRweva. es mizaniki miiRweva sxvadasxva saxis mTargmnelobiTi transformaciebismeSveobiT. mTargmnelobiTi transformaciebi warmoadgens teqstisgardaqmnas, romlis daxmarebiT xorcieldeba gadasvla originaliserTeulebidan Targmanis erTeulebze.mTargmnelobiTi transformaciebi gansakuTrebuli enaTSorisiparafrazirebis formaa, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdebaerTi enis CarCoebSi parafrazirebisagan. erTenovani transformaciebiwarmoadgens frazebs, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gramatikuladda leqsikurad gansxvavdebian, magram praqtikulad erTi daigive Sinaarsis frazebia da mocemul konteqstSi SeuZliaT SeasrulonerTi da igive sakomunikacio funqcia.Targmnili teqstis sawyis teqstTan Sedarebis dros CvenvamCnevT xolme, rom zogierTi nawilebi sityva-sityviT arisTargmnili, xolo zogierTi fragmenti Targmnilia originalidanmniSvnelovani gadaxveviT, rasac Cven aRviqvamT rogorc enaTSoristransformaciebs. mTargmnelobiT transformaciebSi ganasxvavebensam ZiriTad tips. isini aris gramatikuli, leqsikuri dastilisturi transformaciebi. Tumca es gayofa sakmaod pirobi-Tia da praqtikaSi tranformaciebis zemoT aRniSnuli tipebiwminda saxiT iSviaTad gvxdeba.Targmnis dros, rogorc wesi, erTdroulad xorcieldebasxvadasxva tipis transformaciebi, magaliTad, gramatikuli daleqsikuri transformaciebi xSirad erTmaneTTan aris Serwymuli.erTi enidan meore enaze Targmna SeuZlebelia gramatikulitransformaciebis gareSe. gramatikuli transformaciebi warmoadgenssxvadasxva saxis sintaqsur da morfologiur cvlilebebs,romelic ganpirobebulia rogorc wminda gramatikuli, aseveleqsikuri mizezebiT, Tumca gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvsgramatikul faqtors, sawyisi da mTargmneli enebis struqtu-

ul Taviseburebebs.gramatikuli transformaciebi warmoadgens Targmnis procesSiwinadadebis struqturis gardaqmnas mTargmneli enis normebisSesabamisad. gramatikuli transformaciebi SeiZleba iyossityvawarmoebiTi, morfologiuri da sintaqsuri. sityvawarmoebiTitransformaciebis gamoyeneba ganpirobebulia sufiqsebis daprefiqsebis produqtiulobis da damatebiTi mniSvnelobis TaviseburebiTda ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba inglisuri axalwarmonaqmnebis(okaziuri leqsikis) Targmnis dros. metyvelebis nawilebisdoneze gardaqmnas ewodeba morfologiuri transformaciebi.transformaciis es tipi TargmanSi farTod gamoiyeneba da ar ganapirobebsarsebiT azrobriv danakargebs an modifikaciebs. sintaqsuritransformaciebi sakmaod neitraluria sawyisi teqstisSinaarsis mimarT da warmoadgens erTi tipis sintaqsuri konstruqciissxva tipis konstruqciiT Canacvlebas.inglisuri da qarTuli enebis gramatikuli kategoriebisada formebis Sedarebisas Cveulebriv gamovlindeba erT-erT ena-Si ama Tu im kategoriebis ararseboba, zogierTi kategoriebisnawilobrivi damTxveva an maTi sruli damTxveva. bunebrivia, romgramatikuli transformaciebis gamoyeneba aucilebelia mxolodpirvel da meore SemTxvevebSi. ase, magaliTad, inglisurTan SedarebiTqarTul enas ara aqvs aseTi gramatikuli kategoriebirogorebic aris artikli, gerundivi, infinitivisa da mimReobiskonsruqciebi, nominatiuri absoluturi konsruqciebi. Sesabamisiformebisa da konstruqciebis nawilobrivi damTxveva aseve moiTxovsgramatikul transformacias.gramatikuli transformaciebi SeiZleba ramodenime saxisiyos: gadanacvleba, Canacvleba, damateba, gamotoveba, winadadebebisdanawevreba da SeerTeba.gadanacvleba, rogorc mTargmnelobiTi transformaciis tipi,warmoadgens Targmnis Sedegad miRebul teqstSi enobrivi elementebiswyobis Secvlas originalis teqstTan SedarebiT. Cveulebrivsaqme gvaqvs sityvebis, Sesityvebebis, rTuli winadadebebisnawilebisa da damoukidebeli winadadebebis gadanacvlebasTan.gadanacvleba mTeli rigi mizezebiT aris ganpirobebuli. ZiriTadimizezi mdebareobs inglisuri da qarTuli winadadebiswyobis specifikaSi, rac moiTxovs winadadebis aqtualuri anusakomunikacio danawevrebis (remisa da Temis) gaTvaliswinebas.117

zogierT SemTxvevaSi teqstSi damoukidebeli winadadebebisgadanacvlebac xdeba. mag.: “You goin' to court this morning?” askedJem. We had strolled over. 1 Cven RobesTan mivediT. “Tqven sasamarTloSimixvalT?” _ ikiTxa jimma. am SemTxvevaSi winadadebebis gadanacvlebisaucilebloba gamowveulia imiT, rom Past Perfect-isforma inglisuri teqstis meore winadadebaSi gvaCvenebs, rom esmoqmedeba win uswrebs pirveli winadadebis moqmedebas. TargmanSioriginalis wyobis SenarCuneba gamoiwvevda Targmanis uzustobas.gadanacvleba rogorc mTargmnelobiTi transformaciis formasakmaod gavrcelebulia, magram mas Cveulebriv Tan erTvistransformaciis sxva tipebic, magaliTad, Canacvleba. CanacvlebamTargmnelobiTi transformaciis yvelaze gavrcelebuli da mravalferovanitipia. Targmnis dros SeiZleba Cainacvlos gramatikulierTeulebi _ sityvebis formebi, metyvelebis nawilebi, winadadebiswevrebi. amis garda SeiZleba moxdes sintaqsuri CanacvlebarTul winadadebaSi: martivi winadadebis rTuli winadadebiTCanacvleba, rTuli winadadebis martivi winadadebiT Canacvleba,damokidebuli winadadebis mTavari winadadebiT Canacvleba,mTavari winadadebis damokidebuli winadadebiT Canacvleba, qvewyobisTanwyobiT Canacvleba, Tanwyobis qvewyobiT Canacvleba da a.S.sityvebis formebis Canacvleba gulisxmobs arsebiTi saxelebisricxvis, zmnebis drois Secvlas Targmanis enis normebisSesabamisad. ase, magaliTad, inglisuri droisa da pirobis damokidebuliwinadadebebis Targmnisas zmnis awmyo forma CainacvlebaSesabamisi qarTuli zmnis momavali formiT. bevr sxva SemTxveva-Si sityvis gramatikuli formis Canacvleba SeiZleba gamowveuliiyos stilisturi mizezebiT. Canacvlebis umartivesi tipia e.w.“pronominalizacia”, anu arsebiTi saxelis nacvalsaxeliT Canacvleba.inglisuridan qarTulad Targmnisas adgili aqvs nacvalsaxelisarsebiTi saxeliT Sebrunebul Canacvlebasac. aranaklebtipiuria nazmnari arsebiTi saxelis arsebiTi saxeliT Canacvleba.He was interrupted by the ringing of the phone. _ telefonis zarmaSeawyvetina mas. kanonzomieria da Cveulebrivia moqmedi piris saxelisinglisuridan qarTulad zmnis piris formiT Targmna. Iam a very good golfer. _ me kargad vTamaSob golfs. metyvelebisnawilebis CanacvlebasTan erTad xdeba winadadebis wevrebis Ca-1 H. Lee. To Kill a Mockingbird. Anthology. M., 2006, gv. 137.118

nacvlebac, e.i. winadadebis sintaqsuri struqturis Secvla.rac Seexeba aseT mTargmnelobiT transformacias, rogoricaris damateba, is efuZneba originalis teqstSi gamotovebulisityvebis TargmanSi aRdRenas. gamotoveba damatebis sawinaaRmdegomovlenaa da gulisxmobs Targmnis procesSi ama Tu im sityvebisgamotovebas. ufro xSirad gamoitoveba semantikuradWarbi sityvebi, e.i. sityvebi, romlis mniSvneloba konteqstidangasagebia maTi gamoyenebis gareSec. cnobilia, rom rogorc enissistemas mTlianad, aseve konkretul sametyvelo nawarmoebs gaaCniaTsiWarbis maRali done. gamotovebis gamoyeneba ganpirobebuliaimiT, rom inglisuri ena qarTulTan SedarebiT ufrokompaqturia, xolo “zedmeti” sityvebis (romlebic ar cvliansaerTo azrs) gamoyeneba amZimebs frazas (teqsts).gramatikuli transformaciebi leqsikuri transformaciebismsgavsad sakmaod xSirad saWiroebs damatebiTi sityvebis Semotanasan piriqiT zogierTi elementebis gamotovebas. damatebebi dagamotovebebi xSirad aris dakavSirebuli gramatikuli transformaciebissxva tipebTan, yvelaze xSirad ki metyvelebis nawilebisCanacvlebasTan. damatebiTi sityvebis Semotana ganpirobebulia winadadebisstruqturis TaviseburebiT da imiT, rom inglisuriwinadadebis mniSvneloba (azri) qarTulad ufro vrclad gadmoicemaxolme. gamotoveba ki xSirad imiT aris gamowveuli, romcalkeuli sityva an damokidebuli winadadeba teqstis SinaarsisTvalsazrisiT SeiZleba semantikurad Warbi aRmoCndes.mTargmnelis mTavari amocanaa sawyisi da Targmnili teqstebissemantikuri ekvivalentoba. amisTvis saWiroa sxvadasxva, maTSoris gramatikuli transformaciebis gamoyeneba. gramatikulitransformaciebis aucilebloba gamowveulia sawyisi da mTargmnelienebis struqturuli TaviseburebiT, romlis gaTvaliswinebisgareSe SeuZlebelia Targmanis adekvaturobis miRweva.magram gramatikuli transformaciebis gamoyenebis obieqturimizezebis garda subieqturi mizezebic arsebobs. subieqturimizezebi mTargmnelis sakuTar stilTan aris dakavSirebuli daim faqtTanac Tu romeli (sawyisi teqstis Tu Targmanis) enismatarebelia igi.gramatikuli transformaciebi _ enaTSorisi transformaciebisyvelaze gavrcelebuli tipia. Targmnis procesSi mTargmneliTiTqmis yovelTvis xvdeba Seusabamobebs sawyisi da mTargm-119

neli enebis gramatikul struqturebs Soris da swori variantisSesarCevad aucilebelia gramatikuli transformaciebis yvelatipis codna.TAMAR BAKURADZETHEORETICAL PRINCIPLES OF GRAMMATICALTRANSFORMATIONSTranslation transformations represent changes which help to passfrom the units of the original text to the units of the translation. Grammaticaltransformations represent the most widespread type of interlanguagetransformations. The necessity of grammar transformations is causedby both objective (achieving a better level of translation) and subjective(the translator’s own style and the bearer of which language he/sheis) reasons.120

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008maka kaWaravarusuli leqsikis inglisur enaSi Semosvlisistoriis sakiTxisaTvisrusul-inglisuri leqsikuri kavSirebis sakiTxi Tanamedrovelingvistur literaturaSi sakmarisad ar aris gaSuqebuli daSeswavlili. inglisuri sityvebis Semosvlas rusul enaSi, anurusul enaze inglisuri enis gavlenas mravali samecniero naSromimieZRvna, rac Seexeba sapirispiro movlenas _ rusuli enis zemoqmedebasada gavlenas inglisur enaze, is saWiroebs SemdgomSeswavlas. ruseTisa da inglisis istoriul da lingvistur kav-Sirebs Tavis droze ikvlevda XXs. udidesi filologi mixeilaleqseevi. inglisur-rusuli enobrivi kontaqtebis problemas,rasac safuZvlad udevs or saxelmwifos Soris arsebuli yovelmxriviurTierTobebi, swored m. aleqseevma miaqcia yuradRebaXXs. 40-ian wlebSi. 1rusuli sityvebis sesxebis problema enaTmecnierebaSi ganxiluliazedapirulad da mxolod revoluciamdeli rusulisityvebis sesxebiT Semoifargleba. am sakiTxze daiwera ramdenimenaSromi, maT Sorisaa: v. akulenkos, 2 g. balis, 3 publikaciebi.rogorc m. aleqseevi aRniSnavs, ar SeiZleba xelovnurad davakninoTdidi britaneTisa da Zveli ruseTis xalxebs Soris istoriuladarsebuli kontaqtebi. 4 inglisur-rusuli urTierTobebisistoriul faqtebze dayrdnobiT unda aRiniSnos, rom rusulda inglisur enebs Soris iyo gare kontaqtebi, anu maT ar1 dawvril. ix.: М. П. Алексеев. Английский язык в России и русский язык вАнглии. – Ученые записки Ленинград. ун-та. Сер. Филол. Науки. 1944. №72. вып.9; М. П. Алексеев. Русско-английские литературные связи (XVIII век – перваяполовина XIX века). – Литературное наследство. т.91. М.,1982.2 В. В. Акуленко. Влияние современного русского языка, в связи с развитием егословарного состава, на западноевропейские языки(на материале английского языка).Автореф. дис. на соиск. учен. степ. канд. филол. наук. Харьков, 1955.3 Г. Ю. Балль. Влияние русского языка послеоктябрьской эпохи на словарныйсостав английского языка. Авто-реф. канд. дисс. М., 1952.4 М. П. Алексеев. Английский язык в России.., gv. 65121

hqondaT teritoriuli Sexeba, Tumca am or xalxs Soris arsebobdagarkveuli ekonomikuri da samecniero urTierTobebi. enobrivikontaqtebi iyo ori saxis:a) uSualob) SualobiTi.magaliTad, germanuli enis meSveobiT inglisur enaSi Semovidaor aTeulamde rusuli leqsema (Shaitan, Kremlin, pop, kaftan,steppe da sxva). xolo rusuli ena, Tavis mxriv, iyo gadamcemirgoli, risi meSveobiTac aRmosavluri sityvebi miedineboda dasavlur-evropulenebSi. aseTi enobrivi kontaqtebi xorcieldebodawignieri gziT am sityvis farTo gagebiT, rac moicavdaliteraturul Targmanebs, yoveldRiur periodul da sistematurbeWdviT sityvas, mTlianobaSi ki informaciis werilobiTgacvlas gulisxmobda. warsulSi yovelive es mogzaurTa, vaWar-Ta, delegaciaTa da misiaTa meSveobiT xorcieldeboda. dRes ur-TierTobaTa am saxeobebs daemata masobrivi komunikaciis teqnikurisaSualebebi (radio, televizia, kino, Tanamedrove informaciuliteqnologiebi, interneti) da maTi roli da mniSvnelobainformaciis miRebisa da gadacemis saqmeSi TandaTan izrdeba.imisaTvis, rom ganvsazRvroT, ramdenad aris aTvisebulirusuli enis leqsikuri elementebi Tanamedrove inglisuri enismier, SeiZleba gamoviyenoT klasifikacia, romelic efuZneba saminiSan-Tvisebis _ formaluris, funqcionalurisa da semantikurisSerwymas. gansakuTrebiT gadamwyveti roli eniWeba bolo or ni-San-Tvisebas. am klasifikaciis mixedviT inglisuri enis leqsikuriSemadgenloba iyofa or qvejgufad: a) inglisuri sityvebi;b) ucxouri sityvebi. meore jgufi iyofa sam jgufad: a) internacionalizmebi;b) sakuTriv ucxouri sityvebi; g) egzotizmebi.inglisur sityvebs daemata sityva sable (соболь), romelicrusuli enidan inglisur enaSi jer kidev XIV saukunemde Semovida.internacionalizmebi aseve iyofa or qvejgufad: sayovel-Taod saxmari sityvebi da istoriul-eTnografiuli sityvebi,esenia: Sputnik, Soviet, intelligentsia da es sityvebi inglisuri enismier oqtombris revoluciis Semdegaa nasesxebi. rusuli sityvebisumravlesoba, romlebic gvxvdeba inglisur enaSi, miekuTvnebaegzotizmebs, esenia: tsar (царь), boyar (боярин) da sxva. es nasesxebisityvebi ixmareba yofacxovrebis erovnuli Taviseburebebis aRwerisasda adgilobrivi koloritis Seqmnisas. roca vlaparakobT122

inglisur enaze rusuli enis gavlenaze, ar SeiZleba ar SevexoTam ori saxelmwifos istoriul kontaqtebsa da urTierTobebs,romlebmac ganapirobes enobrivi kontaqtebi.kievis saxelmwifos farTo kavSirebi hqonda aziisa da evropissxvadasxva xalxTan, maT Soris Zvel ingliselebTanac.normanebis mier inglisis dapyrobisa da mefe haroldis daRupvisSemdeg cnobil brZolaSi hastingsis maxloblad 1066 wels,misi qaliSvili, inglisis taxtis memkvidre gita Tavs afarebdakievis ruseTs da swored im dros gaxda vladimir monomaxiscoli. 1 cnobilia, rom XIIIs. dasawyisSi, henrix II-is mmarTvelobisdros, londonSi gamoCdnen novgorodeli vaWrebi. 2 moskovisruseTis mogzaurTa mier inglisis oficialuri gacnoba moxdavasili III-is mmarTvelobis dros. 3gacxovelebuli savaWro urTierTobebi londonsa da moskovsSoris XVIs. meore naxevridan damyarda. sazRvao gza CrdiloeTruseTSi ingliselebis mier 1553w. gaixsna. riCard Censlerisinglisuri eqspediciiT safuZveli Caeyara or saxelmwifosSoris regularul diplomatiur urTierTobebs. 4daaxloebiT naxevari saukunis Semdeg, Censleris moskovSigamoCenidan ingliselebs garkveuli warmodgena SeeqmnaT ruseTsada rusebze, Tumca rusul cxovrebas aRwerdnen bundovnad. Ziri-Tadad ruseTs ganixilavdnen rogorc sparseTTan an CineTTan damakavSirebelgzas. miuxedavad arsebuli uamravi enobrivi, politikurida fsiqologiuri winaaRmdegobisa, romlebic aferxebdnenqveynis Seswavlas, mainc gadaidga mniSvnelovani nabijebi orisaxelmwifos daaxloebis gzaze. 5momdevno saukuneSi elisabed I-is droindeli inglisur-rusulikavSirebi sagrZnoblad Sesustda. ingliselebis mier ruse-1 А. П. Шикман. Деятели отечественной истории. Биографический справочник. М.,1997, gv. 238. А. Л. Хорошкевич Русское государство в системе международныхотношений конца ХV – начала ХVI вв. М., 1980, gv. 132.2 А. Л. Хорошкевич Русское государство в системе международных отношенийконца ХV – начала ХVI вв. М., 1980, gv. 132.3 И. Д. Беляев. История Новгорода Великого от древнейших времен до падения.М., 1866, gv. 71. А. Л. Хорошкевич Русское государство в системе.., gv. 139.4 А. Л. Хорошкевич Русское государство в системе.., gv. 139.5 Английские путешественники в Московском государстве в XVI веке. Перевод сангл. Ю.В. Готье. Л.,1937, gv. 308. С. О. Кристиансен. История России ХVII в.Обзор исследований и источников. М., 1989, gv. 327.123

Tis Sesaxeb SeZenil codnas bevri ar Sematebia. miuxedavad amisa,1700 wlamde, saukunenaxevris manZilze, inglisSi gamoicaaraerTi Txzuleba, romelic aRwerda Soreul moskovias. Ziri-Tadad es iyo ruseTSi namyofi ingliseli mogzaurebis, diplomatebis,vaWrebisa da eqimebis moTxrobebi, maT Sorisaa: jekinsoni,horsei, randolfi. Tavis nawarmoebebSi moskoviasa da moskovitelebsixseneben uiliam horneri, maikl dreitoni, filipsidnei, jorj terbervili, aseve Seqspiri, fletCeri, bertoni.inglisel mogzaurTa monaTxrobis safuZvelze dgindeboda kompilaciebimsgavsi jon miltonis “moskoviis mokle istoriisa”. 1yvela am TxzulebaSi aRwerilia qveynis bunebis Taviseburebebi,rasac aRtacebaSi mohyavda ingliselebis warmosaxva: usaz-Rvro sivrceebi, tyeebis siuxve, mkacri zamTris yinvebi; yuradRebaeqceoda mis simdidreebs, rac inglisuri importis mTavar interesswarmoadgenda: es iyo tilo, qereli, ganTqmuli rusulibewveuli. vinaidan inglisel mogzaurTa marSrutebi iyo erTferovani,ruseTze warmodgena iyo sakmaod gansxvavebuli.petremdeli ruseTis ekonomikurma da kulturulma CamorCenilobam,erTi mxriv, da meore mxriv, arcodnam, xSir SemTxvevaSi,sxvisi, ucxoenovani kulturis gacnobis survilis ararsebobam,meore gamoiwvia negatiuri STabeWdilebis Seqmna rusi xalxis velurobaze,sulieri interesebis arqonaze, qveyanaSi despoturmmarTvelobaze. moskoviisadmi interesi gaZlierda XVIIIs. dasawyisSi.petres reformebi, mTlianad saxelmwifo wyobilebisa dayofacxovrebis radikaluri cvlilebebi da ruseTis saocari Zalaizidavda da aocebda ucxoelebs. mefis Taviseburi figura, misigambedavi mosazrebebi da reformebi, samxedro warmatebebi ganapirobebdamisadmi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas.petres popularoba kidev ufro gaizarda misi inglisSi yofnisdros 1698w. is ara marto swavlobda gemTmSeneblobis saqmes,aramed xvdeboda mecnierebs, RvTismetyvelebs, komersantebs, dadiodaparlamentsa da TeatrebSi. 1698-1699 wlebSi londonSi gamoica3 wigni, sadac aisaxa ingliselTa gaZlierebuli interesi moskoviisadmi.garda amisa, mkveTrad Seicvala toni am qveynis mimarT. 2ruseTsa da ingliss Soris XVIIIs. dasawyisSi urTierTobebi da-1 С. О. Кристиансен. История России ХVII в. Обзор исследований и источников.М., 1989, gv. 327.2 С. О. Кристиансен. История России ХVII в., gv. 328.124

iZaba da garTulda. miuxedavad aSkara daaxloebisa, regularulidiplomatiuri kavSirebis damyarebisa da savaWro brunvis sagrZnobigafarToebisa, orive mxare erTmaneTisadmi sifrTxiles iCenda.poltavis gamarjvebam kidev ufro daZaba mdgomareoba da gamoiwviaseriozuli mRelvareba gamoiwvia inglisSi. defo dasvifti glovobdnen karl XII damarcxebas, stilisa da adisonismoralisturi Jurnalebic gamoexmaurnen poltavis brZolas. 1uwyveti cocxali kavSiri iyo inglissa da ruseTs SorisXVIII saukuneSi da is gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda amave saukunismeore naxevarSi im dros, rodesac diplomatiuri da savaWrourTierTobebi gamococxlda da ufro mdgradi gaxda. ruseTiswyobis, kulturuli miswrafebebisa da tendenciebis codna inlisisaTvisukve aucileblobas warmoadgenda. inglisisa da ruseTissaxelmwifo da ekonomikuri interesebi erTmaneTs emTxveodada am saxelmwifoebis urTierTobebis sakiTxebi ara marto ainteresebda,aramed aRelvebda inglisel politikosebs. amis dasturiaim dros inglisSi ruseTze gamocemuli wignebis seria.ruseTsa da rusebze werdnen goldsmiti da uolpoli, smoletidaiumi, jorj makartnei da jeims harisi. 2napoleonis armiis Semoseva ruseTSi da misi Semdgomi ganadgurebasaerToevropuli mniSvnelobis movlena iyo. gansakuTrebuligamoxmaureba mohyva mas inglisis mxridan. napoleonzegamarjveba inglisisaTvis britaneTis imperiis yofna-aryofnasniSnavda. bunebrivia, rom “rusul Temas” yvelaze mniSvnelovaniadgili eWira imdroindel inglisur presaSi. ruseTSi napoleonisarmiis damarcxebis istoriiT dainteresebul pirTa Sorisiyvnen valter skoti, j. Ggordon baironi, tomas muri.XIX-XXs. dasawyisSi ingliselebi kvlav did interess iCenenruseTisadmi. inglisur popularul JurnalebSi xSiradibeWdeboda am qveynis politikuri cxovrebis amsaxveli statiebi.oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg ori qveyanis urTierTobaSimniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda, Tumca es xels ar uSlida rusulda inglisur enebs Soris kontaqtebis damyarebas. masobrivikomunikaciis teqnikuri saSualebebis wyalobiT es kavSirebi kidev1 А. Н. Сахаров, Л. В. Милов, П. Н. Зырянов, А. Н. Боханов. История России.С начала XVIII до конца XIX века. М., 2001, gv. 321. А. Л. Юрганов. Категориирусской средневековой культуры. М., 1998, gv. 158.2 А. Л. Юрганов. Категории русской средневековой культуры. М., 1998, gv. 158.125

ufro mWidro gaxda. inglisur-rusuli urTierTobebis istoriazedayrdnobiT SeiZleba dadgindes rusul-inglisuri enobrivi kontaqtebisperiodizacia:I periodi: XII _ XVIs. pirveli naxevari.masSi asaxulia kievisa da moskovis ruseTis epoqis Zvelirusuli enis gavlena Zvel da, nawilobriv, saSualo inglisurenaze. v. akulenko da a. bragina Tvlian, rom SesaZlebelia rusizmebisdidi nawili Zvel inglisurSi skandinavuri enebis meSveobiTSemovida. mag., tapor-aex, talken, Tanamedrove talk. 1 Tumca v.arakinis varaudiT, erTaderTi rusuli sityva, Semosuli inlisurenaSi XIV saukunemde, aris sityva sable (соболь). 2II periodi: XVIs. meore naxevari _ XVIIIs.rusuli enis nasesxeb sityvaTa Soris xvdeba rusuli cxovrebisTaviseburebebis amsaxveli sityvebi bunebis movlenebze, saxelmwifoebriviwyobilebis Tvisebebze, wonis erTeulebze da sxv.XVI saukuneSi nasesxebia Semdegi sityvebi: Cossack, pood, shuba,telega, chetvert, beluga, sterlet,boyar, yam, caback, kvass, rouble, verst,tsar, saffian, voivode. XVII saukuneSi _ kremlin, steppe, knout, caftan,copeck, strelsev. XVIII saukuneSi _ raskolnik, kibitka, borzoi,ukase, arsheen, astrakhan, ostrog.III periodi: XIX _ XXs. dasawyisi.am periodSi inglisur enaSi Semovida rusuli sityvebi sazogadoebriv-politikuri,kulturuli da samecniero sferoebidan.magaliTad: nihilist, Decembrist, zemstvo, pogrom, samovar, droshky,narodnik, intelligentsia, Periodic Law, Mighty Five, chernozem, uralite.IV periodi: sabWoTa (1917 wlidan 1985 wlamde).am periodSi rusuli enidan sesxeba xdeba axali rusulipolitikuri, sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri leqsikisa da samecnieroterminologiis xarjze. zogi sityva adeqvaturi rusuli sityvebismeSveobiT iZens axal mniSvnelobas. inglisuri enis mier sab-Wouri epoqis sityvebis sesxebis wamyvani meTodi kalkireba xdeba.oqtombris revoluciis Semdgom periodSi nasesxebia Semdegisityvebi da gamoTqmebi: Soviet, Bolshevik, stakhanovite, pioneer, collectivefarm, Five-year-Plan, wall newspaper, sputnik, cosmonaut, sinchrophasotronda sxv.1 Деэкзотизация современных заимствований в русском научно-лингвистичекомобыденном языковом сознании. М., 1976.2 В. Аракин. Англо-русский словарь, 1979. Предисловие к словарю, gv. 4.126

V periodi: XXs. bolo (1985-1990-iani wlebi).am dros, cnobili politikuri movlenebis fonze, 1991w.19 agvistos putCis fonze Zalian bevri axali, rusuli realobisamsaxveli sityva Semovida da am sityvebma SeaRwies inglisurenaSic. esenia: perestroika, glasnost, ottepel da sxv.MAKA KACHARAVAON THE HISTORY OF PENETRATION OF THERUSSIAN VOCABULARY INTO THE ENGLISHLANGUAGEThe paper deals with the history of penetration of the Russian vocabularyinto the English language. The influence of the English language onthe Russian language has been thoroughly investigated witch cannot be saidabout the opposite fact: of the influence of the Russian language on theEnglish language. The well-known linguists and philologists of the 20 thcentury M.P. Alekseev, G. U. Ball, V.V. Akulenko, and E. A. Popova andothers have studied the questions of historical and linguistic contacts betweenEngland and Russia. The llinguistic contacts are direct and indirect,i.e. by means of a language-mediator. These contacts are carried out firstof all with the help of books in the full sense of the word, including translationsof literature, daily and periodical press and in general, the writtenexchange of the information. In the past the contacts were performed bytravellers, merchants, delegations and missions. At present to this type ofrelations mass communications (radio, TV, cinema, Internet) have beenadded. The degree of the assimilation of the Russian language lexical elementswith the English language is determined through the classificationbased on the combination of the three criteria: formal, functional and semantic.According to the given classification the vocabulary of the Englishlanguage is divided into: 1) English words; 2) foreign words. The latter intheir turn are subdivided into: a) internationalisms, b) lean-words proper,c) exotic words.127

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008NANA EDISHERASHVILISPRACHLICHE ZWEIFELSFÄLLESprachkritik und öffentliche Sprachsensibilität. Unter deutschemSprachpurismus versteht man Bestrebungen, die deutsche Sprache vonFremd- und Lehnwörtern zu reinigen, indem man sie durch passendedeutsche Wörter ersetzt oder neue deutsche Wörter bildet. Über Sprachpurismusund Sprachpflege hinaus entwickelte sich im 19. Und 20. Jahrhundertgrosse Vielfalt sprachkritischer Aktivitäten in Zusammenhangmit soziokulturellen und politischen Entwicklung wie Industrialisierung,Bildungspopularisierung, Friedenspolitik usw. Nach dem Kritikobjekt„Sprach-„ unterscheidet man 1 drei Arten von Sprachkritik:1. Sprachkritik als universalsprachliche Erkenntniskritik – Seit derAntike fragen Philosophen nach dem Verhältnis zwischen Spracheund Denken, Wort und Wirklichkeit, also nicht direkten, sprachlichrelativierten oder verstellten geistigen Zugang zur Welt.2. Sprachkritik als einzelsprachliche Sprachentwicklungskritik – Esgeht hier um Kritik als Mittel, eine standardisierte Sprache als soziokulturellesGrossgruppen – Symbolsystem zu schaffen: wie z.B.„richtig“/“falsch“, „zugehörig“/“fremd“, „üblich“/“neumodisch“usw., zu verbessern oder gegen Weiterentwicklung zu konservieren.3. Sprachkritik als „Stilkritik oder Textkritik“, als Kritik an den sprachlichenProdukten einzelner Sprecher oder von Sprechgruppen...4. Die für Sprachgeschichte relevante „Sprachentwicklungskritik“dient verschiedenartigen Zwecken: Sprachlegitimation; Kommunikative Optimierung; Technische Optimierung.Sprachlegitimation ist bezweckt, wenn der Sprachkritik das Prestigeeiner Sprache gegenüber anderen Sprachen erhöhen soll, so für dasDeutsche vom 16. bis 18. Jh. von Latein und Französisch, später fürDeutsch gegen Dialekt, Umgangssprache, Alltagssprache, Jargon usw.1 H. J. Heringer. Sprachkritik – Die Fortsetzung der Politik mit besseren Mitteln. –In: Holzfeuer im hölzernen Ofen. Aufsätze zur politischen Sprachkritik. Tübingen,1982, S. 3-34.128

Kommunikative Optimierung ist bezweckt, wenn durch Sprachkritikfür bestimmte Bereiche (Verwaltung, Wissenschaft, Gesellschaftsleben)sprachliche Anlässe für Nicht- oder Schwerverstehen und Kommunikationskonfliktevermindert oder beseitigt werden sollen.TechnischeOptimierung ist bezweckt, wenn durch Sprachkritik für solche Funktionsbereiche,wie Wissenschaft, Technik, Verkehr Gesichtspunkte der Ökonomie,Präzision, auch der Reichhaltigkeit, Flexibilität der Sprachmittelvon Bedeutung sind. Die Entwicklung sprachkritischer Aktivitäten im 19.Jahrhundert knüpft nach Dieckmann 1 an die aufklärische Traditiondergelehrten Sprachdiskussion an und wendet sich in der zweiten Jahrhunderthälfteneuen, mehr nationalistischen, aber kulturkritischen Zielenund Einstellungen zu. Wie in Dieckmanns Sammelband „Reichtum undArmut deutscher Sprache“ 2 deutlich wird, in der ersten Jahrhunderthälftegab es „kaum jemanden, der sich im wohlgefälligen Blick auf das von denKlassikern Erreichte im Lehnstuhl zurücklehnte“. 3Die zahlreiche Publikationen der 2. Hälfte des 19. Jh., bis zum Endeder wilhelminischen Zeit, deren Titel Cherubim 4 und Dieckmann 5 zusammengestellthaben, enthalten sehr polemische Formulierungen, besondersseit der Reichsgründung 1871: arger Unfug, Missbrauch, Unarten,Sprachsünden, Sprachdummheiten, Sprachschäden, –verwilderung, -verderbnis, Schrecken der deutschen Sprache, Modeworte, Callicismen,Engländerei usw. Im Allgemeinen haben die behördlichen Sprachregelungenüber den Amtsgebrauch hinaus stark auf den allgemeinen Sprachgebrauchgeblieben. z.B bei Fernsprecher/ Telefon, Anschrift/Adresse,Postwertzeichen/Briefmarke, Kraftfahrzeug /Auto(mobil) usw. Viele deralten „Fremdwörter“ sind in Österreich und /oder der Schweiz noch heutein Gebrauch: Kupee, Kuvert, Perron, Waggon, Velo usw.Die Tradition der populären Sprachverbesserungsbücher setzt sichmit Neubearbeitungen und Neuerscheinungen bis heute fort. Dieckmannhat die in seiner Seminarbibliothek befindlichen ca. 20 Taschenbücher dieserArt durchgesehen und grossenteils „die z. T. 100-200 Jahre alten sp-1 W. Dieckmann. Sprachwissenschaft und öffentliche Sprachdiskussion. Wurzeln ihresproblematischen Verhältnisses. – In: R. Wimmer. (ed.). Das 19. Jahrhundert. SprachgeschichtlicheWurzeln des heutigen Deutsch. Berlin/New York, 1991, S. 355-373.2 W. Dieckmann (ed.). Reichtum und Armut deutscher Sprache. Reflexionen über denZustand der deutschen Sprache im 19. Jahrhundert. Berlin-New York, 1989, S. 356.3 W. Dieckmann. Sprachwissenschaft und öffentliche Sprachdiskussion.., S. 356.4 D. Cherubim. Sprachentwicklung und Sprachkritik im 19. Jahrhundert. Beiträge zurKonstitution einer pragmatischen Sprachgeschichte. – In: Th. Cramer. (ed.): Literaturund Sprache im historischen Prozess. Bd. 2: Sprache. Tübingen, 1983, 170-188.5 W. Dieckmann. Sprachwissenschaft und öffentliche Sprachdiskussion.., S. 363.9. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi129

achkritischen Ladenhüter“ wiedergefunden: derselbe/der gleiche, scheinbar/anscheinend,lehren/lernen, auf/offen, hoch/hinauf, hin/her, als/wie,brauchen ohne zu, Genitiv/Dativ nach trotz oder wegen, trotzdem/obwohl,würde-Fügung statt Konjunktiv, Modewörter, Neologismen usw.also meist kritisierte Sprachformen, die nach wie vor in festem Gebrauchsind und deren Vermeidung nicht in der Kommunikationspraxis, sondernnur aus Zeitungsglossen oder Büchern gelernt werden kann, „dass dieLadenhüter den Sprachkritikern auch in Zukunft erhalten bleiben werdenund mit ihnen die Dummen, über die sich auch die Leser und Leserinnenerheben können ... Gemeint sind immer die anderen“. 1Die Erfolglosigkeit solcher „punktueller Sprachlenkung“ konstatiertauch Helmut Henne 2 am Beispiel von G. Wustmanns Sprachdummheiten,von Anfang an sehr umstrittenen Beispiels dieser Gattung. Auchim Bereich des Satzbaus dienten populäre Sprachverbesserungsbüchermehr der rituellen Selbstbestätigung sprachlicher Besserwisser und hattenkaum Einfluss auf die tatsächliche Sprachentwicklung. Die allermeisterin mehrerer solcher Ratgeber bemängelten Satzbau – Fehler (Mangel anVollständigkeit und Kongruenz bei Attributen, Appositionen, Relativsätzen,daß – Sätzen usw.) stehen noch im Grossen Duden-Band „Richtigesund gutes Deutsch“. 3 Es handelt sich um sprachgeschichtlich wenig interessanteVariationen zwischen genauerem bis pedantischem und ungenauemFormulierungsstil, die es immer geben wird.Das Spektrum sprachlicher Themen war im 20. Jh. noch breiter alsim 19. Jh.: Objekte wie Schachtelsätze, Substantivstil, mangelnde semantischeDifferenzierung (scheinbar /anscheinend, Worte /Wörter, derselbe /der gleiche usw.), Wörter mit potentiell zweifacher Lesung für überflüssiggehaltene Verbverstärkung durch Präfixe (an-, auf-, ein-, ver-, be-), oderZusammensetzungen mit verstärkten Zusätzen wie Grund-, Haupt-, Gross-,-funktion, -aspekt, Modewörter und -wendungen wie Sachzwänge, Interessen,Problem, Marktlücke, Kreativität, davon ausgehen, aufziehen, Hinterfragen,nackte Tatsache, offene Frage, draussen im Lande, vage Modeadverbien/adverbialewie zur Gänze, einmal mehr, irgendwie, restlos hundertprozentig,praktisch, persönlich, restlos, hautnah usw. KritisierteFunktiolekte und Soziolekte sind vor allem Journalistendeutsch, Juristendeutsch,Amtsdeutsch, Wissenschaftsjargon, Jugendjargon politischer Sp-1 W. Dieckmann. Sprachwissenschaft und öffentliche Sprachdiskussion.., S. 363.2 H. Henne. Punktuelle und politische Sprachlenkung. Zu 13 Auflagen von Gustav Wustmanns“Sprachdummheiten”. – Zeitschrift für deutsche Sprache #21, 1966: 175-184.3 K. Duden. Richtiges und gutes Deutsch. Wörterbuch der sprachlichen Zweifelsfälle.Bd. 9: W. Scholze-Stubenrecht. (Red.) Mannheim-Leipzig-Wien-Zürich, 2001 (5. Aufl.).130

achgebrauch. Von der „freien“ Sprachkritik als allgemeine „Stilkritik“unterscheidet Sanders die „dienstbare“ Sprachkritik”, 1 wobei SprachkritikMittel zum Zweck von Kulturkritik, Gesellschaftskritik oder politischerKritik ist. Im Laufe des 20. Jahrhunderts ist immer deutlicher geworden,dass Sprache und Sprachbewusstsein für Kultur, Gesellschaftund Politik seit der Französischer Revolution in Europa wirksam gewordenist. Gutes Deutsch behandelt die gebildete Schriftsprache, berücksichtigtaber daneben die Vielfalt und die höhere Umgangssprache derGebildeten.Allgemeines über “Gutes” und “Schlechtes” Deutsch. Mit denAusdrücken richtig und falsch muss man fürs Deutsche vorsichter als fürdie meisten anderen Sprachen sein“ – so lautet Eduard Engels Definitionüber die oben genannten Begriff. Richtig bedeutet: zurzeit gilt dies nachdem übereinstimmenden oder überwiegenden Gebrauch der sorgfältigenSchriftsteller als gute Schriftsprache. Falsch bedeutet das Gegenteil. Esgibt einen einzigen zweifelhaften Sprachgebrauch, für den sich nichtzwei ganz entgegengesetzte Belegstellen aus den Werken unserer bestenSchreiber anführen liessen.Zu sprachlichen Zweifelsfälle die Stellung genommen hat EduardEngel. Er unterscheidet sich die Sprache nach folgenden Kriterien:1. Gute Schriftsteller (wo man Zweifelsfälle ausschliessen kann,z. B. G. Grass, Böll usw.);2. Allgemeine Sprachgebrauch: Lexika, Sprachgeschichte (wie esfrüher war);3. Sprachgefühl;4. Sprachschwankungen.Wortschatz und Wortform. Das Hauptwort. „Wenn überhaupt dieFähigkeit hat solche Worte zu entfernen, entfernt sie sofort und entfernt siealle“, so Wustmann der Unfehlbare über Dutzende von Wörtern, die denberühmten Schriftstellern als die ganz natürlichen aus der Feder fliessen.So sollen elende Modewörtern wie „Darbietung“, eigenartig, erheblich,hochgradig, minderwertig, darstellen, bewerten usw. entfernt werden.Neuigkeiten erscheint man sowohl in der Aussprache, Rechtschreibungals auch in den Wortformen. Gewisse Hauptwörter erscheinen im 1.Fall in Doppelformen auf e oder en, besonders:Weitere Substantive der Mischklasse:a) Friede / Frieden: beide Formen verwendet. Tendenz zu-e.z. B. Feinde des Friedens, Logik vom Krieg und Frieden,1 W. Sanders. Sprachkritik. 1992, 11. In: P. von Polenz. Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vomspätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart: 19. und 20, Band III. S. 312.131

Die Friede beginnt in dir, Um des Friedens willen,Frieden schaffen, In allem ist ein innerer Friede, Wegezum Friede, Friede sei mit Euch! usw.;b) Funke / Funken: beide Formen verwendet, Tendenz zu-e.semantisch zu unterscheiden z. B. der Funke spricht über;c) Gedanke / Gedanken: -e- Form gebräuchlich, aber -n-Form nicht zu verbieten;d) Gefalle / Gefallen: -n- Form korrekt;e) Glaube / Glauben: -e- Form überwiegt. -n- Form kommt inKomposita vor z. B. Glaubensform, Glaubensbekenntnis;f) Haufe / Haufen: - n - Form korrekt;g) Name / Namen: - e- Form korrekt;h) Wille / Willen: - e- Form überwiegt. -n- eher in Komposita;i) Schade / Schaden: - n- Form überwiegt, -e- Form nichtfalsch.Für P. Eisenberg 1 existiert neben Friede, Gedanke auch Frieden,Gedanken als Nom. Sg. Für andere Substantive kann man hier verfolgen,wie Schwankungen zustande kommen. Weil die Form mit e die ältere,die mit en eine jüngere ist, wird von den Sprachmeistern mit mehr oderweniger Nachdruck verlangt. Da haben Sprachgebrauch und Sprachgefühlsich nicht bestimmt, nur für die eine der Formen ausgesprochen:sie sind also beide zulässig.E. Engel betrachtet die Zweifelsfälle in den Hauptwörtern mit verschiedenenGeschlechtern und entsprechend verschiedenen oder auchgleichen Bedeutungen. Einige landschaftliche Besonderheiten wurdenschon erwähnt. Nachgetragen seien noch für die Schweiz: der Grossmut,der Bank, der Laus (die Floh), die Fräulein, das Reis. Schweizer bedeuten,dass für die Schriftsprache diese Abweichungen unzulässig sind. Derlandschaftliche Sprachgebrauch wird davon nicht berührt. 2Bereich kommt bei Goethe männlich vor, heute hat sich das Bereichstärker durchgesetzt, ohne dass der Bereich falsch wäre. Der Chor(chorus) war im 18. Jahrhundert bei Goethe fast nur sächlich. Eine Wendunglautet: Das Chor der Rabe. Chor als Sängerplatz ist sächlich. 3Zur Beugung. Eduard Engel unterscheidet sich die Zweifelsfälle inder Deklination („Beugung“) der Substantive. „Wo Beugung möglich ist,beuge man im Zweifelsfall... Es ist feine Eigentümlichkeit der Dichters-1 P. Eisenberg. Grundriss der deutschen Grammatik. Band 1: Das Wort. Stuttgart-Weimar,1998.2 E. Engel. Gutes Deutsch. Ein Führer durch Falsch und Richtig. Leipzig 1918. S. 111.3 E. Engel. Gutes Deutsch, S. 111.132

prache, dass sie strenger Beugeformen hält als die Umgangs- und selbstdie Schriftsprache: Eine Summe Geld ist nicht falsch, aber eine SummeGeldes ist gehobene Sprache. Man darf sagen: Ein Satt reifer Weizen,aber... reifen Weizens ist höhere Sprache. 1 Der Zweitfall von Nachbar beiEngel ist sowohl Nachbars als auch Nachbarn. Auch im 3. Fall der Deklinationsind Nachbar und Nachbarn gleichberechtigt. Im 4. Fall überwiegtNachbar.Die gebräuchliche Formen von Bär sind sowohl für E. Engel alsauch für P. Eisenberg : des Bären, dem Bären, den Bären. 2 Bei Goetheheisst es den Bär. Die Monatsnamen gelten für Engel seltsamerweise denMeisten nicht zu deklinierend: Am ersten Tage des Septembers, in derletzten Stunde des Dezembers“. Deklinationsformen bei Juni und Julisind zulässig. Vom Sprachgefühl her undeklinierbar sind die Formeln„Anfang Januar, Ende Februar“ , obwohl bei Goethe findet man einmal„im Anfang März“, ein andermal „in der ersten Hälfte des Märzes“, beiSchiller: „zu Anfang des Augusts“.Was das Wort „Deutsch“ angeht, wird bei Engel dieses Wort nichtdekliniert („unbeugbar“): z. B. Die Schwierigkeit des Deutsch. Ich beschäftigemich mit dem Deutsch Luthers. Daneben betont er die Form dasDeutsche, die so dekliniert wird: des Deutschen, dem Deutschen. „derSprachgebrauch des besten Deutsch. Im guten Deutsch“ – dagegen:„Dieser Franzose beschäftigt sich mit dem Deutschen. Im Deutschenheisst es...“, usw.Die Mehrzahl. Nach E. Engels Behauptung, gibt es Mehrzahlstreitum die Frage: Wir Deutsche? Oder Wir Deutschen? Besonders seit demSatz Bismarks: „Wir Deutsche fürchten Gott, aber sonst nichts in derWelt“ ist dieser Zweifelsfall vielleicht umstrittenste in der ganzen deutschenFormenlehre geworden“. Engel meint, dass mit Begründung derSprachgeschichte ist die Frage nicht zu lösen, obwohl damalige grosseSchriftsteller überwiegend „Wir Deutsche“ geschrieben haben: z. B LuthersAnsage zu Bismarkischen berühmten und bedeutsamen Satz: „WirDeutsche sind immer noch Deutsche und wollen Deutsche bleiben!“. DerSprachgebrauch tendiert meistens zur Ansage „Wir Deutsche“, weil diewichtige Repräsentanter des Sprachgebrauchs, wie Luther, Lessing, Goethe,Bismark „Wir Deutsche“ gesagt haben.Dann kam die Frage, ob man Umlaut oder kein Umlaut in der Mehrzahleinsetzen sollte. In Süddeutschland herrschte die Meinung für denMehrzahlumlaut bei einer Reihe von Wörtern: Krägen, Wägen, Wässer,1 E. Engel. Gutes Deutsch, S. 111.2 P. Eisenberg. Grundriss der deutschen Grammatik, Bd.1: Das Wort, Bd. 2: Der Satz.133

Kästen, Kragen usw. im übrigen Deutschland. In einigen Fällen konnte dieUmlautform auch in der Schriftsprache nicht als falsch bezeichnet werden:Böden, Kästen, Mägen, Bröte usw. Eine Mehrzahl Ärme von Arm ist nichtschriftdeutsch, sondern nur landschaftlich. Sunde oder Sünde? – DerSprachgebrauch entscheidet sich für Sünde. Mund oder Münde? – Engelselber „nach guten Mustern“ Münde – Form benutzte, obwohl damals ingewissen Fällen Münder mehr gebräuchlich war. Plan oder Pläne? – VonPlan bildeten Goethe und Schiller meist Plane. Heute herrscht Pläneallein. Zwieback oder die Zwiebäcke? – Von Zwieback bildete Goetheöfter die Zwiebacke. Heute ist Zwiebäcke gebräuchlicher. Für Stiefel undPantoffel galt nach Engel eine strenge Regel: die weibliche Hauptwörterauf -el-, -er- bilden die Mehrzahl mit -n-, die männlichen ohne -n. BeiGoethe stehen die Stiefel und die Stiefeln. Heute tendiert man mehr zuder Form – Stiefeln, ebenso beim Pantoffel – zur Mehrzahlform – Pantoffeln.Strauch oder Sträucher? – Die gute Mehrzahl nach Engel ist Sträucher.„Sträuche ist nicht einmal gute Umgangssprache“. Die Mehrzahlvon Beamter lautet ohne Geschlechtswort: Beamte. Die Mehrzahl vonGelehrter: Gelehrte.Die Fremdwörter. Über das Mehrzahl -s- in Fremdwörtern undfremden Eigennamen.Goethe schreibt: „Humboldts werden nach Wien abgehen“. -„Dieses -s- stammt von einer Zweitfallform her“. 1Bei weiblichen Namen ist das -s- allgemeine Regel:die Berthas, die Klaras.Wo sich eine andere Mehrzahl bequem bilden lässt, bilde man sie:die Leonoren, Wiktorien, Sofien, Albertinen, Wilhelminen.In der gemütlichen Redeweise kommen Jungens, Mädels, Kerlsmeistens vor, auch bei Goethe, besonders dem Jungen. Also wird sichnicht einwenden lassen gegen die Fräuleins, die Papas, die Mamas, wiebei den, meist nicht deutschen Hauptwörtern mit betonten Lauten amEnde kaum etwas anderes zur Mehrzahlbezeicnung übrig bleibt als das -s-: die Gnus, die Uhus, die Boas. Zufällig aber sind auch die Gnue, Uhueusw. In den Deutschen Berichten aus dem Weltkriege stand häufig dieMehrzahl Trupps von der Trupp. Gegen die Bräutigams in edler Rede –Bräutigame.Für allgemeinen gelten die Deklinationsregeln für die Fremdwörterim Deutschen: „Fremdwörter geben uns die Schwierigkeiten in derSprache.... Die Zeit ist vorüber, wo in Deutschland jedes griechische oderlateinische Fremdwort nach den Gesetzen seiner Sprache gebeugt wurde.1 E. Engel. Gutes Deutsch, S. 111.134

Heute wird fast nur deutsch gebeugt, worin eine gewisse Gefahr liegt: diefremden Schmarotzer verlieren dadurch etwas von ihrer Form und nistensich um so bequemer in den Leib der deutschen Sprache ein. Immerhin,es heißt: im Museum, nicht im Museo. Die Dramen, nicht Dramata. DesDramas, nicht Dramatis. Das Gymnasium, nicht Gymnasii. Des Kollegiums,nicht Kollegi“. 1 Themata findet zwar Engel vornehmer, aberThemen genügt für diejenigen, welche nicht Griechisch verstehen. Dasjemand Thema, Themata, Themen überhaupt zu schreiben braucht, wirdsich selber zu entscheiden.Für die Tempora findet Engel die Form – Tempus korrekt.Bei Komma begnügt man sich meist mit Kommas, nur selten heisstes Kommata.Bei Kolon wagt man sich nicht Kola „zu griecheln“, sondernschreibt man oder spricht, die Kolons.Die häufig gebräuchlichen Wörter, wie Motto, Porto, Rollo, Bruttowird nach Engel nicht dekliniert (selten: Mottos, Motti, Mottis usw., 2 ).Nach den Gefühlsgründen werden Mehrzahlsformen für diefolgende Fremdwörter bestimmt:Leutnant - LeutnantsMajor - Majore (früher - Majors)Tenor – TenörePastor – PastöreAdmiral – Admiräle (viel seltener - Admirale)General – Generäle (seltener - Generale)Das Beiwort. Der häufigste Fehler bei Wahl der Beiwortform istdie Verwechslung von -lich und -ig.z. B. vierwöchentlichen Urlaub - vierwöchiges,mehrstündliche - mehrstündigen,zweimonatliche - zweimonatigen,jährlicher - einjähriger,dreistündiger - dreistündlicher,fremdsprachlig - fremdsprachig,altsprachlich -altsprachig,monatlich - monatig.Alle Sprachlehren versuchen für die richtige Beugung der Beiwörternach der „starken“ (lieber, liebes, liebem, lieben) oder nach der„schwachen“ (ohne er und es. Mehrzahl: in allen vier Fällen lieben) betreffendeBeispiele zu geben. Für die deutschen Sprachwissenschaft ist1 E. Engel. Gutes Deutsch, S. 113.2 E. Engel. Gutes Deutsch, S. 114.135

die Lehre machtlos und der Gebrauch sehr schwankend. Die Entscheidungwird nur nach dem herrschenden Sprach- und Schriftgebrauch getroffen.Man hört viel häufiger:z. B. Lieben Freunde! als liebe Freunde!vieler grossen Männer statt vieler grosser Männertrotz allen Mühens statt trotz alles Mühensalle guten Freunde statt alle gute FreundeWir deutschen Gelehrten statt Wir deutsche GelehrteAlle guten Gaben statt alle gute Gaben.E. Engel selbst bevorzugte die starke Beugung und nahm keinerleiHinweise von den Sprachgelehrten: „Ich tue das, weil ich die ewige Wiederholungvon -en matt und ermüdend finde, die starke Beugung, zumaldie auf -er und -es, als kräftiger empfinde und jede Abwechslung derEndungen mit -e für nützlich halte“(S.123), z. B. gutes Mutes, alles Ernstes,reines Herzens, grades Weges, eines Teils (neben: andern Teils), keinesfalls,meines Willens, auch: heutiges Tages, aber auch: vieler guterMenschen, aller deutscher Städte, zu Goethes ganzer späterer Entwicklungusw.Gegen Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts wurde von zwei aufeinander folgendenBeiwörtern im 3. Fall bekommt nur das erste -em, die nachfolgenden-en: z. B. mit gutem alten Wein, nach langem heißen Kampf,bei geringem eignen Verlust, nach deutschem bürgerlichen Recht, nachgutem deutschen Brauch.Bei W. Goethe heisst es: z. B. aus natürlichem frommem Gefühl,nach bezahltem teuerem Geld.Bei F. Schiller steht: mit weitem flammendem Rachen.Für die Beugungsformen der Beiwörter auf -el und -er lässt sichfeststellen, dass der Sprech- und Schreibgebrauch sich zu fünften folgenderFormen entschieden hat: dunkler, dunkle, dunklem, dunklen, dunkles. Heiter,heitre, heiterm, heitern, heitres, ohne dass die abweichenden Formendunklem, dunklen, heitrem, heitren falsch zu nennen wären.Fremde Farbenbeiwörter bleiben ungebeugt: „eine rosa Schleife,eine lila Tulpe“. Es ist nicht nötig, sich mit „rosafarben“ zu nennen.„Das Beiwort muß echt sein, d. h. eine innere, begründete eigenschaftlicheBedeutung haben und nicht bloß äußerlich „bei“ dem Hauptwortstehen“ – so E. Engel. 1Zur Steigerungsformen der Beiwörter. Zur Steigerung der Beiwörterkommt zuerst in Frage: einfacher oder umlautender Selbstlaut.1 E. Engel. Gutes Deutsch, S. 125.136

Eine durchgreifende Regel gibt es nicht, die Regel sind nur auf denSprachgebrauch angewiesen und dieser ist bis auf etliche Schwankungenfest: der Umlaut herrscht vor bis auf die mehrsilbigen Beiwörter, die fastden einfachen Selbstlaut in den Steigerungsformen behalten: „Gesundbildet eine Ausname: früher wurde zu gesünder tendiert, heute ist gesunderkorrekt“.Nach Engels Beispiele sind einigermassen schwankenden Steigerungsformenvon der Beiwörtern zu achten: bänger, blanker, blässer,frömmer, glätter, runder, schmäler, zarter.Die Beiwörter auf Zischlaute (höfe, leise, weiße, heiß, süß) habenim Höchstgrade die Form -est: böseste, leiseste, füßeste, heißeste. VonGross wird grösste gebildet, grösseste fand Engel zu damaligen Sprachgebrauchfehlerhaft.Einsilbige Beiwörter auf -sch (rasch, frisch) bilden Wohllautgründenden Höchstgrad besser mit -est. Bei den mehrsilbigen mit der Endung-isch kommt -st vor: verlogenste statt lügnerischste. EinsilbigeBeiwörter auf -d und -t nehmen regelmässig -est an: mildeste, lauteste,gelehrteste. Die Mehrsilbigen Wörter aber – st.Nach Selbstlautern, einschliesslich der Beiwörter auf -h, schwanktder Höchstgrad zwischen -st und -est: freieste und freiste, froheste undfrohste, neueste und neuste.Wenn weitere Beugungsformen mit -er folgen werden in Beiwörternauf -er das -e im ersten Steigerungsgrade unterdrückt: düstrerer, lautrerer,heitrerer, muntrerer, das düstererer usw. wäre falsch.E. Engel fand „Steigerung über den Höchstgrad“ (Superlativ) sinnlos,also sprachlich unzulässig: „das meistgelesenste Buch, die weitestverbreiteteZeitung, das schönstgelegenste Haus“.Auch die Wörter bestmöglich, grösstmöglich fand Engel nichtschön, aber da sie in der Sprache fest eingebürgert sind, liess er diejenigeWörter unberührbar. Die Formen: möglichst gut, so gut wie möglich, sogross wie möglich – sagen dasselbe in einwandfreier Form. Aber was dieForm bestmöglichst angeht: „doppeltgenäht hält besser“ gilt für Sprachfragennicht – so Engel.Bei P. Eisenberg wird im Standardfall den Positiv ein er zur Bildungder Kommparativform und ein st zur Bildung der Superlativformangehängt. Hier werden weitere Stammbildungsmuster dargestellt:Pos Komp Supa. klein kleiner kleinstb. scharf schärfer schärfststumpf stumpfer stumpfstc. träge träger trägst137

d. heiter heit(e)rer heiterste. eben eb(e)ner ebenstf. dunkel dunkler dunkelstg. zart zarter zartesth. weiss weisser weissestc-f illustriert die Bildung der Kommparationsstammformen, wennder Pos. Eine Schwasilbe hat. Die Superlativstammform ist bei den konsonantischauslautenden Schwasilben immer zweisilbig (d-f), bei offenerSchwasilbe wird wieder synkopiert (trägst), wobei die zweisilbige Formmöglich ist (trägst, dagegen für a ganz ausgeschöossen: kleinest).Das Zeitwort. Viele Zeitwörtern haben schwankende Beugung,worüber die Sprachlehre Auskunft gibt. Seit Jakob Grimm gibt es diestarke und die schwache Hauptarten der Zeitwortbeugung: die Erzählformder schwachen Beugung lautet auf -er (ich liebe, ich liebte), diestarke – aber wird durch ein Ablaut gebildet: ich komme, ich kam. Diezweite Mittelform lautet für die schwache Beugung auf -t (geliebt), fürdie starke auf - en (gekommen).Im heutigen Deutsch überwiegt die Zahl der schwachgebeugtenZeitwörter die starke Beugung so sehr, dass konnte die Meinung entstehen,die schwache Zeitwörten seien die regelmässigen, die starken –die Ausnahmen.z.B. ich frage, du fragst, ich fragte.ich preise, du pries, gepriesen.Im älteren Deutsch war das umgekehrt: die schwachen Zeitwörtergalten als immer wesentlich seltener Ausnahmen.z.B. ich frage, du frägst, ich frug.ich preise, ich preisete, gepreist.Im allgemeinen werden noch heute die starken Beugeformen wirklichdie stärkeren empfunden und als hohen Stil für Dichter undSchreiber bevorzugt. Man erprobe selber die Steigerung des Stils in Sätzenmit gehobenem Inhalt an den Doppelformen: glimmte, glomm. webte,wob. schallte, scholl. triefte, troff. gerächt, gerochen. schnaubte, schnob.Bei mehreren Zeitwörtern schwankt die Formbildung des Konjunktivs(die Sei-Form nach E. Engel) im Imperfekt zwischen ä, ö, ü.z.B. hälfe oder hülfe, stände oder stünde, schwämme oder schwömme,wärfe oder würfe, stärbe oder stürbe, verdärbe oder verdürbe usw. Inden obigen Fällen besseren Formen galten: hülfe, stünde (obwohl –ständenicht falsch war), begönne, schwömme, würfe, stürbe, verdürbe. Befehlen – nur: ich befahl, nicht befohl. Dagegen: daß ichbeföhle, nicht befähle, um stärker von befehle zuunterscheiden.138

Beginnen – Über begänne oder begönneBellen – Von –boll meint ein Sprachmeister: „heute ganzunmöglich“. In der Dichtung ist es noch nicht gefunden, inder Umgangssprache möglich und als alt, aber nicht fehlerhaftempfunden.Bergen – Daß ist bärge oder bürge? Wegen der Verwechslungmit bürgen bessere Form wäre –bärge.Bewegen – ursprüngliche Bedeutung war: fortbewegen,dann rühren, nur schwach: bewegte, z. B „Deine Tränenhaben mich bewegt“. Im übertragenen Sinn „bestimmen“stark: z. B Er bewog mich, ihn zu begleiten. Ich fühle michbewogen, Ihren Wunsch zu erfüllen.Brennen - z. B. Er lies, als ob es hinter ihm brennte (nichtbrännte). Ebenso wird mit der Form -e: nennen, rennenBlasen - korrekt war: blies, geblasen. Ich blus ist fehlerhaft,kam aber bei M. Claudius vor. Du bläst (nicht blasest, auchkaum bläsest).Bleichen - Die Sonne bleichte (hat gebleicht), aber icherbleichte, ich bin erbleicht. Die Sonne hat die Farbeverbleicht und dadurch verbleicht ist, ist sie ausgeblichen.Verbleichen = sterben: z. B. Der Mond ist verblichen.Erverblich, der Verblichene.Dingen - gehört zu den seltenen Zeitwörtern, die aus derschwachen Deklination in die starke übergetretenen sind:früher war dingte, gedingt, heute sind: dang (bedang), gedungen(bedungen).Empfehlen – besser empföhle als empfähle, aus demselbenGrunde wie bei beföhle (S.197-198).Es gab Auseinandersetzungen bei dem Verb – fragte oder frug. DerSprachverfall war ganz klar: die Schprachgeschichte belehrt, dass es imälterem Deutsch nur folgende Verbformen gab: ich frage, du fragst, erfragt, ich fragte. Aber es muss auch berücksichtigt werden, dass die Verbformen:frägt und frug im 18. Jahrhundert sowohl bei Luther als auchanderen Sprachgelehrten auftauchte. „Wenn frug richtig wäre, es solltegefragen heissen“.Die Schwankungen zwischen 3. Und 4. Fall, mir und mich,mussten für jedes Zeitwort besonders betrachtet werden:Nach E. Engel: „Ich erinnere mich feiner, er vergißt mich nicht“war höherer Stil als „Ich erinnere mich an ihn, Er vergißt mich nicht“. Ankommen - In alter Zeit kam überwiegend mit 4. Fall:139

140„Ihn kam die Furcht an“. In neuer Zeit tauchte der 3. Fallauf: „Mir kommt nichts drauf an“, „es kommt ihm (ihn)leicht (sauer) an“.Anmuten - mit 4. Fall: „Das mutet mich nicht an“, aber inder Bedeutung „zumuten“ nur 3. Fall: „Das muten Sie miran!“Bange machen - beim Hauptwort kam mit 3. Fall vor: „Dasmacht mir bange“, als Beiwort aber war den 4. Fall nötig:„Er hat mich bange (ängstlich) gemacht“. Bedeuten – Im Sinne „zu verstehen geben, befehlen“ mit 3.Fall: „Ich habe ihm bedeutet, er solle gehen“, im Sinne „unterrichten“mit 4. Fall: „Er hat ihn über die Frage bedeutet“.Begegnen (mit sein) – Nur mit 3. Fall: „Ich bin ihmbegegnet“.Betten – „Wie du dir (oder dich) gebettet hast, so schläfstdu“. Früher war fast nur der 3. Fall: „Bettete ich mir in die(!) Hölle...(Luther). ...ward ihm sanft gebettet unter denHufen seiner Rosse“ (Schiller). Heute überwiegt der 4. Fall,aber ist der 3. nach wie vor gut.Erinnern – Im Nordwestdeutschland gab es vielfach: „Icherinnere das (ihn, die Sache)“, statt „Ich erinnere michdessen (an das, an ihn)“- im Schriftdeutschen war dieseForm unzulässig.„Ich erinnere mich auf ihn (etwas)“, statt„an ihn“- war nur landschaftlich gebräuchlich.Getrauen – Der Gebrauch schwankte, zwar der 4. Fallüberwog: „Ich getraue mich nicht“, „Getraust du dich, ihnanzugreifen (Goethe)“. Dagegen: Ich getraue mir das nichtrecht“. Falsch dagegen ist: „Ich getraue mich das nicht“,wohl aber: „Ich getraue mich dessen nicht“.Lehren – wurde seit ältester Zeit, seit dem Gotischen,regelmässig mit doppeltem 4. Fall verbunden: „Lehre michdeine Weisheit. Man hat ihn das gelehrt. Herr, lehre michdeine Steige (Luther)“. „Du willst Wahres mich lehren?“(Schiller).Im 18. Jahrhundert war durch Adelungswillkürregel des 3. FallesUnordnung eingetreten und sie hat seitdem nicht aufgehört. „In der gebildetenZeit wird wohl nur der 4. Fall gesprochen und geschrieben, dadie Schule streng drauf hält, und so sollte es bleiben“ – sagte E. Engeldarüber. Es gab Meinungsunterschiede bei den Zeitwörtern, die sicheinerseits auf Menschen und andererseits auf Dinge bezogen werden

(schlagen, stechen, treten, schiessen, schneiden, treffen, greifen, brennen,bestechen usw.): „Ich schlage dir oder dich auf den Kopf? Das Feuerbrannte mir oder mich auf die Nägel oder auf den Nägeln? Ich trat ihnoder ihm auf den Fuß, sie oder ihr auf die Schleppe? Ich halte mich andich oder dir?“ „Widersprüche herrschten hinüber zwischen namhaftenSprachgelehrten, und die selbstsichersten Sprachmeister. Die letzten werdenetwas bescheidener, wenn sie solche Fragen auf ihre Art: nur mitFalsch und Richtig, entscheiden sollen“.Beispiele bei Engel im Vergleich zum Duden. Mehrzahlstreit:Wir Deutsche oder Wir Deutschen?Engel 1– keine eindeutige Lösung, denn der Sprachgebrauch schwankt– Belege für „Wir Deutsche“ bei Luther, Lessing, Goethe,– Bismarck in seiner Rede– Persönliche Preferenz, da besser u. natürlicher Sprachgebrauch– Bei Schwankung sich an Schriftsteller halten.Duden 2– Regel: Nach Personalpronomen wird das substantivierteAdjektiv im Nominativ heute im allgemeinen schwach gebeugt.– Daher: „Wir Deutschen“ (auch: Wir Schönen, Wir Reichen etc.)– Form „Wir Deutsche“ wird noch in Anlehnung an Bismarckwortauch heute noch gelegentlich gebraucht.1. Steigerung der AdjektiveEngel– einzig: es heißt in der Schriftsprache nur einzig, nicht einzigst,mag immerhin die Zärtlichkeit einmal so übertreibend sprechen– bestmöglich ist keine musterhafte Verbindung, hat sich aberschon zu fest eingebürgert, besser aber: „möglichst gut“, „sogut wie möglich“, niemals bestmöglichstDuden– einzig: in seiner ursprunglichen Bedeutung „nur einmal in seinerArt vorhanden“ darf einzig nicht gesteigert werden. Beiübertragener Bedeutung als Ausdruck besonderen Überschwangsist es zufällig.– bestmöglich darf nicht nochmals gesteigert werden, da es schoneine höchste Vergleichstufe (Superlativ) enthält: „mit bestmöglicher(nicht: mit bestmöglichster) Genauigkeit“2. Schwankungen zwischen 3. oder 4. Fall bei Verben1 E. Engel. Gutes Deutsch, S. 275.2 K. Duden. Richtiges und gutes Deutsch…141

Engel– kosten: bis ins 17. Jh. herrschte der 4. Fall, seit dem 18. Jh.dringt der 3. Fall vor (von Adelung empfohlen)– selbst Gebildete und Sprachmeister schwanken zwischen mirund mich– persönliche Entscheidung: „es kostet mir“, abgeleitet von „zustehen kommen“ beim Kauf mit dem 3. Fall, (entsprechend:dies war mir wert, dies verursacht mir Kosten“)– „es kostet mich“ drückt Betroffenheit aus– feine Spaltung im Gebrauch: 4. Fall bei Preisangaben mit Zahlenist häufiger „Das hat mir /mich schon viele Tränen gekostet“:in Reden weit öfter 3.Fall – lebendiger Sprachgebrauch.Duden– kosten: im 18.Jh. war der Gebrauch des Dativs der Person weitverbreitet. In der Folgezeit traten der Grammatiker und Sprachpflegerfür den doppelten Akkusativ ein, der die Oberhand gewonnenhat.– mit doppelten Akkusativ: = „etwas verlangt von j - m einenbestimmten Preis, etwas verlangt von j - m etwas (als Preis).– „Das würde mich einen Batzen Geld kosten“– mit doppeltem Akkusativ/mit Dativ der Person und Akkusativder Sache = etwas bringt j - n um etwas– „Das kostete der Mannschaft den Sieg“– „Dieses Zögern kostete seinem Sohn das Kaiserreich“. „Dashätte mich/mir das Leben kosten können“.Zusammenfassung. Im Verlauf der vorliegenden Arbeit handelt essich um den Sprachpurismus und letztendlich um seinen Einfluß auf dieBestimmung von sprachlichen Zweifelsfällen. Wie werden Zweifelsfälleidentifiziert bzw. kann bestimmt werden, dass es sich bei einer Unsicherheit,um einen Zweifelsfall handelt. Ein „typischer“ Zweifelsfalltritt außerdem bei verschiedenen Wörtern auf, die dieselbe/die gleicheBedeutung haben (Synonyme). Um diesem Problem aus dem Weg zugehen, werden mögliche Bedeutungsunterschiede sogar konstruiert; SolcheUnsicherheiten bilden sich häufig aus dem Variantenreichtum unsererSprache. Zum Schluss soll noch kurz darauf hingewiesen werden, wiedie Grammatiker im 18. Jahrhundert syntaktische Zweifelsfälle behandeln.Die Mehrheit bevorzugen gemäß den darstellungsfunktionalen Dieender Zeit Regeln ohne Ausnahmen. Unglücklicherweise scheint sie oftnicht im Stande zu sein, bei Variationsfällen deren wichtige grammatischeund pragmatische Bedingungen zu erkennen. Sprachzweifel sind für142

diese Grammatiker ein unbequemes Thema. So wird oft nur eine der Variantenfür richtig gehalten. Bestehende Alternativen werden als falschabgestemmpelt oder gar nicht erläutert, im Gegensatz zu den meistenGrammatikern, die öfter Variationsfälle annehmen und sich genauer mitihren Bedingungen beschäftigen.nana ediSeraSvili„saeWvoobis SemTxvevebi“ germanul enaSistatiaSi ganxiluli sakiTxebi efuZneba enis mimarTulebaspurizmTandakavSirebul sakiTxebs, romelic miznad isaxavs enisdacvas ucxo sityvebisagan da amisaTvis miRebulia axali sityvebisgamogoneba. saqme exeba brZolas enaSi ucxour sityvaTa WarbadSemotanis winaaRmdeg (xSirad midis yovelgvari sesxebis gaumarTlebeluaryofamde). amitomac, enis ganviTarebisas gzadagzaTavs iCens e. w. „saeWvoobis SemTxvevebi“ enaSi (alternatiulivariantebi). tipiur „saeWvoobis SemTxvevas~ enaSi mravlad vxvdebiT,rogorc sapirispiro, aseve erTnairi (sinonimebi) mniSvnelobismqone sityvebSi. XVIII saukuneSi moRvawe gramatikosebisazri enaSi „saeWvoobis SemTxvevebTan~ dakavSirebiT mdgomareobsSemdegSi: maTi umravlesoba upiratesobas aniWebs enaSi arsebulwesebs gamonaklisebis gareSe. samwuxarod, maTgan bevri araa mowodebisim simaRleze, rom enaSi amoicnos esa Tu is mniSvnelovanigramatikuli da pragmatuli variantebi. isini „saeWvoobisSemTxvevebs~ enaSi arasaxarbielo Temad miiCneven. amitom, xSirSemTxvevaSi mocemuli alternatiuli variantebi mcdarad gaigebaan saerTod araferi iTqmis amis garSemo. magram arian gramatikosebi,romlebic „saeWvoobis SemTxvevebs“ germanul enaSi gulisyuriTekidebian da permanentulad muSaoben kidec am Tematikaze.143

NANA EDISHERASHVILI“AMBIGUOUS CASES” IN GERMANThe article deals with the problem connected with a linguistic trend– purism, the aim of which is to protect the language from foreign wordsand the creation of new words. It concerns actions against bringing inforeign words into a language exorbitantly. It often goes as far as anunjustifiable rejection of any kind of borrowing. In the development oflanguage there appear the so-called “ambiguous language elements”(units; alternative variants). There are numerous typical ambiguous casesin a language both within antonymous and synonymous word-groups.The majority of the grammarians of the 18 th century prefer the rulesexisting in the language without exception. Regrettably many of them arenot competent enough to distinguish between these and those relevantgrammatical and pragmatic variants. They consider ambiguous units in alanguage an undesirable topic. That’s why in most cases the givenalternative variants are understood as wrong and the grammarians prefernot to speak about them. But there are still grammarians who areinterested in the cases of ambiguity and investigate them assiduously.144

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008NINO BAKURADZE, TAMAR BAKURADZELEARNING VOCABULARY IN A FOREIGNLANGUAGEPsychologists, linguists, and language teachers have been interestedin vocabulary learning strategies for a long time. Numerous studies havebeen conducted comparing the retention effects of different vocabularypresentation strategies. Traditionally, the teaching of vocabulary aboveelementary levels was mostly incidental, limited to presenting new itemsas they appeared in reading or sometimes listening texts. This indirect teachingof vocabulary assumes that vocabulary expansion will happenthrough the practice of other language skills, which has been proved notenough to ensure vocabulary expansion.Nowadays it is accepted that vocabulary teaching should be part ofthe syllabus, and taught in a well-planned and regular basis. Some authors,led by M. Lewis, argue that vocabulary should be at the centre oflanguage teaching, because ‘language consists of grammaticalised lexis,not lexicalised grammar’. 1 According to R. Gairns and S. Redman, thereare several aspects that must be taken into consideration when teachingvocabulary: boundaries between conceptual meaning, polysemy, homonymy,homophony, synonymy, affective meaning (socio-cultural associationsof lexical items), style, dialect, translation, chunks of language,grammar of vocabulary, pronunciation. 2The implication of the aspects just mentioned in teaching is that thegoals of vocabulary teaching must be more than simply covering a certainnumber of words on a word list. We must use teaching techniques thatcan help realize this global concept of what it means to know a lexicalitem. And we must also go beyond that, giving learners opportunities touse the items learnt.One way to see the overall task of vocabulary learning is throughthe distinction between knowing a word and using a word. In otherwords, the purpose of vocabulary learning should include both remembe-1 M. Lewis. The lexical approach. Hove, England: Language Teaching Publications.1993, p. 37.2 R. Gairns, S. Redman. Working with words. Cambridge. Cambridge Univ. Press,1986, p. 29.10. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi145

ing words and the ability to use them automatically in a wide range oflanguage contexts when the need arises. Vocabulary learning strategies,therefore, should include strategies for using as well as knowing a word.Another way to view vocabulary learning is to see it as a process of relatedsub-tasks. When learners first encounter a new word, they might guessits meaning and usage from available clues. Some learners might proceedto look it up in the dictionary. Others might take down notes alongthe margins, between the lines, or on separate vocabulary notebooks. Somelearners will repeat the new word a number of times until they arecomfortable with it. Others will go beyond simple rote repetition to committhe word to the memory. Some would even try to use the word actively.Each of these task stages demands choice and deployment of cognitivestrategies for vocabulary learning. And each strategy a learner useswill determine to a large extent how and how well a new word is learned.Understanding how our memory works might help us create moreeffective ways to teach vocabulary. Research in the area, cited byR.Gairns and S. Redman offer us some insights into this process. It seemsthat learning new items involves storing them first in our short-term memory,and afterwards in long-term memory. Research also suggests thatour “mental lexicon” is highly organized and efficient, and that semanticrelated items are stored together. 1 Word frequency is another factor thataffects storage, as the most frequently used items are easier to retrieve.We can use this information to attempt to facilitate the learning processby grouping items of vocabulary in semantic fields, such as topics (e.g.,types of fruit).R. L. Oxford suggests the following memory strategies to aid learning: creating mental linkages: grouping, associating, placing newwords into a context; applying images and sounds: using imagery, semantic mapping,using keywords and representing sounds in memory; reviewing well, in a structural way; employing action: physical response or sensation, using mechanicaltechniques. 2These techniques can be used to greater advantage if we can diagnoselearning style preferences (visual, aural, kinesthetic, tactile) and makestudents aware of different memory strategies. Forgetting seems to be1 R. Gairns, S. Redman. Working with words, p. 62.2 R. L. Oxford. (Ed.). Language learning strategies around the world: Crosscultural perspectives.University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu: 1996, p. 38-45.146

an inevitable process, unless learners regularly use items they have learnt.Therefore, recycling is vital, and ideally it should happen one or twodays after the initial input. After that, weekly or monthly tests can checkon previously taught items.The way students store the items learned can also contribute to theirsuccess or failure in retrieving them when needed. Most learners simplylist the items learnt in chronological order. It does not allow for additionsand refinements. Teachers can encourage learners to use other methods,using topics and categories to organize a notebook, binder or index cards.The learner can keep a vocabulary box with cards, which can be used forrevision regularly.Organizing this kind of storage system is time-consuming andmight not appeal to ever learner. Therefore, adapting their chronologicallists to include headings for topics and a more complete definition of meaningwould already be a step forward.In our opinion the most important aspect of vocabulary teaching foradvanced learners is to foster their independence so that they will be ableto deal with new lexis and expand their vocabulary. Therefore, guideddiscovery, contextual guesswork and using dictionaries should be mainways to deal with discovering meaning. Knowledge of word formation,e.g., prefixes and suffixes, can also help guide students to discover meaning(e.g., verb, adjective, noun). Obviously, we build up a great deal ofour vocabulary knowledge by inferring the meanings of words in context.We are exposed to new vocabulary through textbooks, lectures, newspapers,friends, and so on. Most of the words we learned from context byinferring the meaning on the basis of selective comparison of new andold information.Many researchers agree that to learn words in context and not in isolationis an effective vocabulary learning strategy. A word used in differentcontexts may have different meanings; thus, simply learning the definitionsof a word without examples of where and when the word occurs willnot help learners to fully understand its meaning. Looking at the context inwhich the word appears seems to be the best way of learning vocabulary.If we provide students with a rich language environment, their vocabularieswill develop and reading comprehension will improve. But this isnot to say that vocabulary cannot or should not be taught directly withoutrelying on context. Vocabulary-remembering strategies and vocabulary inferringprocess are complementary and essential aspects of vocabulary acquisition.With adequate training, dictionaries are an invaluable tool for learners,giving them independence from the teacher. Recent years have witnesseda surge of interest in dictionary research. S. Knight, for example,147

discovered that while incidental vocabulary learning through contextualguessing did take place, those who used a dictionary as well as guessedthrough context not only learned more words immediately after readingbut also remembered more after two weeks. 1 Another interesting thing S.Knight found was that high verbal ability students would look up a wordeven if they had successfully guessed its meaning. 2Until recently, most experts and teachers believed that a monolingual,rather than a bilingual dictionary should be encouraged. In fact,most of the published work on this topic is of the argumentative type. Ingeneral, many English teachers’ concern is that bilingual dictionaries 1)encourage translation, 2) foster one-to-one precise correspondence atword level between two languages, and 3) fail to describe adequately thesyntactic behaviour of words. G.Thompson admitted that objections totraditional bilingual dictionaries are valid, and he advocated the compilationof new bilingual dictionaries that, in addition to providing clearerunderstanding in the learners’ L1, ‘avoid reinforcing the belief in a oneto-onerelationship at word level’, and provide full semantic, grammatical,and stylistic information, examples, and usage notes that are not availablein traditional bilingual dictionaries. 3Another strategy for advanced learners is to turn their receptive vocabularyitems into productive ones. In order to do that, we need to refinetheir understanding of the item, exploring boundaries between conceptualmeaning, polysemy, synonymy, style, possible collocations, etc., so thatstudents are able to use the item accurately. We must take into accountthat the decision to incorporate a word in one’s productive vocabulary isentirely personal and varies according to each student’s motivation andneeds. Logically, production will depend on motivation, and this is whatteachers should aim at promoting, based on their awareness of students’needs and preferences.We could not talk about vocabulary teaching nowadays withoutmentioning M. Lewis, whose controversial, thought-provoking ideas havebeen shaking the English language teaching world since the publicationof “The Lexical Approach” in 1993. Some of his contributions, inour opinion, can be readily used in the classroom. 4 His most important1 S. Knight. Dictionary use while reading: The effects on comprehension and vocabularyacquisition for students of different verbal abilities. – The Modern Language Journal,78, 1999, p. 287.2 S. Knight. Dictionary use while reading, p. 289.3 G.Thompson. Using bilingual dictionaries. – ELT Journal, 41, 1987, p. 283-284.4 M. Lewis. Pedagogical implications of the lexical approach. In J. Coady and T. Huckin(Eds.). – Second language vocabulary acquisition. Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, 1997, pp. 261-263.148

contribution was to highlight the importance of vocabulary as being basicto communication. 1 M. Lewis insists that his lexical approach is notsimply a shift of emphasis from grammar to vocabulary teaching, as ‘languageconsists not of traditional grammar and vocabulary, but often ofmulti-word prefabricated chunks’. 2 Chunks include collocations, fixedand semi-fixed expressions and idioms, and according to him, occupy acrucial role in facilitating language production, being the key to fluency.An explanation for native speakers’ fluency is that vocabulary isnot stored only as individual words, but also as parts of phrases and largerchunks, which can be retrieved from memory as a whole, reducingprocessing difficulties. On the other hand, learners who only learn individualwords will need a lot more time and effort to express themselves.Consequently, it is essential to make students aware of chunks, givingthem opportunities to identify, organize and record them. Learnersneed to be aware of the fact that all words have their own, unique collocationalfields. Collocations can be defined in numerous ways, but for pedagogicalpurposes it is more practical to restrict the term to the following:two or three word clusters which occur with a more than chance regularitythroughout spoken and written English. Most learners with “goodvocabularies” have problems with fluency because their ‘collocationalcompetence’ is very limited, and especially from Intermediate level, weshould aim at increasing their collocational competence with the vocabularythey have already got. Teachers must raise learners' awareness ofcollocation as early as possible. Students who meet words initially withtheir common collocates use them far more naturally, pronounce thembetter and have a greater amount of ready-made language at their disposalto aid fluency, allowing more time to focus on the message.The idea of what it is to “know” a word is also enriched with the collocationalcomponent. According to Lewis “being able to use a word involvesmastering its collocational range and restrictions on the range”. 3Apart from identifying chunks, it is important to establish clear ways of organizingand recording vocabulary. Lewis underscores that ‘language shouldbe recorded’ not in a linear, alphabetical order, but in collocation tables,mind-maps, word trees. He also suggests the recording of whole sentences,to help contextualization. 4 An understanding of collocation is vitalfor all learners, it is essential that they are not only aware of this feature of1 M. Lewis. Pedagogical implications of the lexical approach, p. 267-268.2 M. Lewis. Pedagogical implications of the lexical approach, p. 257.3 M. Lewis. Pedagogical implications of the lexical approach, p. 265.4 M. Lewis. Pedagogical implications of the lexical approach, p. 269.149

the language but that they actively acquire more and more collocationsboth within and outside the formal teaching situation. It is only by doingthis that they can be assured of leaving the intermediate plateau behind.nino bakuraZe, Tamar bakuraZeucxo enis leqsikis SeswavlissakiTxisaTvismocemul statiaSi ganxilulia ucxo enis leqsikis swavlasTandakavSirebuli sxvadasxva sakiTxebi. upirveles yovlisaxazgasmulia, rom leqsikis codna gulisxmobs ara marto sityvebiscodnas, aramed saWiroebisamebr am leqsikis avtomaturadgamoyenebis unars weriT da zepir metyvelebaSi. ganxiluliasxvadasxva midgoma leqsikis swavlebisadmi sxvadasxva mnemonikurixerxebis gamoyenebiT, aRniSnulia am procesSi konteqstismniSvneloba, Sedarebulia mono da orenovani leqsikonebis efeqtianoba,xazgasmulia Sesityvebebis damaxsovrebis mniSvnelobaucxo enis dauflebis procesSi.150

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008ДИАНА АЛАНИЯ, ГЕОРГИЙ ЦИБАХАШВИЛИРУССКИЙ АЛФАВИТ В ПРАГМАТИКЕПисьмо, как известно, это система начертательных знаков. Вмире таких систем много, но функция у всех одна – зафиксироватьинформацию в определённом виде для её сохранения и передачи вовремени и пространстве.Создание письма, даже самого несовершенного, качественновысокий этап в культурном развитии того или другого народа. Поэтомуписьменные системы распространены по всему свету или путемзаимствования, или путем подражания с учётом особенностейродного языка (подражающего языка), или же в очень редких случаяхсоздавались новые, оригинальные системы. Как свидетельствуетистория, чаще всего народы пользовались достижениями ближнихили дальних соседей, приспосабливали их к особенностям своегоязыка, в результате чего появлялись новые разновидности даннойсистемы, которые в той или иной степени, отражая фонетическийстрой языка, создавали целую сеть т. н. родственных письмен, связьмежду которыми хорошо прослеживалась при сопоставительноманализе. Этот процесс ещё продолжается – для многих бесписьменныхязыков создаются алфавиты на базе уже существующих систем(латинской, арабской, китайской, индийской и др.) Со временемсложилась целая наука – палеография, которая изучает историю созданиятой или иной графики, её изменения и совершенствования.Даже самая молодая письменность имеет свою историю, темболее древнеписьменные языки, системы письма которых насчитываюттысячелетия и десятки веков. И естественно, что современныйвид письма графически отличается от его первоначального облика.Но любой алфавит интересен и в других аспектах. Например, обращаетна себя внимание строгий порядок расположения букв в алфавите(азбуке), который в каждой системе свой. Интересно, чтоэтот порядок больше мотивируется традицией, чем логикой. Знаниепорядка расположения букв имеет огромное прикладное значение –существенно облегчает пользование словарями, справочной литературой,разными каталогами, всевозможными списками и многимидокументами справочного характера. И по мере углубления и рас-151

ширения образованности общества усиливается и необходимость взнании алфавитного расположения букв во всех языках, которымипользуется личность.И для облегчения ориентации в буквах им, буквам, с древнейшихвремён придуманы названия, персональные имена, мотивировкакоторых весьма затруднительна и в основном держится натрадиции, освященной разными легендами и преданиями. 1 Правда, внекоторых древних названиях в остаточном виде сохранился намекна сходство на предметы, очертания которых чем-то напоминаюточертания букв. От слияния названия первых букв и получены словаалфавит (алфабет), азбука, anbani. В большинстве европейских языковпривилось алфабет или слитное произношение названий первыхтрех букв ABC, или варианты их комбинаций.В русском языке с первого же периода «кириллицы» (славянскогописьма) у букв появились наименования. Характерно, что в этихнаименованиях не было ничего таинственного, загадочного, все словабыли семантически прозрачны, понятны и содержали какую-тоинформацию. Это в известной мере облегчало запоминание порядкабукв при обучениии грамоте и счету, т. к. в те века буквы имели и числовыезначения, и всякая неточность грозила последствиями. Так,например, а – азъ (я), б - букы (дерево), в - веди (знай, ведай), г – глаголи(слово, речь) и т. д. 2Некоторые буквы в русском алфавите появились позже, и ихназвание отражает этот факт. Так, например, буква Ы в печатномварианте и в настоящее время состоит из двух лигатур Ь и I – Ы. Попроисхождению эти знаки восходят к буквам ъ и i, они имели собственныеназвания, из которых и сложилось название еры (ведь твердыйзнак (ъ) и теперь называется ер, а i - и. В старославянскомписьме они были две буквы и обозначали два звука).Странным кажется и название «и краткое» для буквы й. В старославянскомписьме этой буквы не было, не было её и в русскомписьме до XVIII века, т. к. не было такого звука. В живой речи этотзвук стал ощущаться после XVIII века, и за какое-то столетие возникланеобходимость создания специального знака-буквы для егофиксации. Решение было найдено лёгкое – над И поставили горизонтальныйзнак – черточку, в результате чего буква И стала короче,вот и стало И краткий (или краткое).В старославянском не было Э (э оборотное), не было его и в1 Ч. Лоукотка. Развитие письма. М., 1950, с. 8.2 Современный украинский язык. Киев, 1997, с. 32.152

древнерусском. Однако этот знак обозначал тот звук, который теперьобозначается знаком е, только без закругления в верхней частиЕ (как в современном украинском письме). И когда возникла необходимостьписьменно отличить [е] от [э] этот знак «перевернули»,т. е. повернули обратной стороной и получили Э, т.е. Э оборотное. 1Старые русские алфавитные названия – это полнозначные слова,которые начинаются с этих букв: например, З - земля, Д - добро,Л - людие, М - мыслете, Ч – червь, С - слово, О - он, Т – твердо и т.д. Но многие буквы, перешедшие из греческого письма, сохранилигреческие названия: кси, пси, фита и др. Некоторые заимствованныебуквы и, стало быть, их названия давно забылись, т. к. они илиникогда не имели звукового содержания, или давно (века назад) лишилисьего. Держались они в основном на цифровых значениях: А -1, Б - 2 и т. д. 2Однако широкое распространение в массах школьного образованияи т. н. арабских цифровых знаков (1, 2, 3, 4 и т. д.) в математикеи вообще в счете привело к полному забытию ставших совершенноненужными таких букв, как Ъ, I, З, Ө и др. По звуковому содержаниютоже ослабли их позиции, т. к. совпали с другими буквами:Ъ- е, i - и, Ө - ф.Так назрела необходимость замены старых, вековых наименованийбукв, явно громоздких и неудобных, новыми, экономными иудобными наименованиями во всех аспектах использования. Системуэтих новых наименований иногда называют европейской, ноэто не так. Европейские языки давно пользуются экономной односложнойсистемой, но русская система их не копирует. Вернее будет,если скажем, что все эти системы – модификация латинскойсистемы с корректировкой и учетом особенностей данного языка: а,бэ, вэ, гэ, дэ и т. д.Нет документа об официальном вводе этих названий в обиход,но это произошло в середине XIX века не без влияния школьногообразования, особенно по математике и европейским языкам, где латинизированныеназвания букв давно введены на уровне школьногообучения.Новые алфавитные названия букв так быстро приглянулисьрусскому обществу, что к 80-м годам XIX века в школах уже училиэтим названиям. Современные русские алфавитные названия оченьудобны в практическом употреблении – они короткие и легко вхо-1 Лингвистический энциклопедический славарь. М., 1990, с. 29-30.2 Современный украинский язык. Киев,1997, с. 32.153

дят в разные буквенные комбинации, которые в свою очередь образуютновые слова – аббревиатуры, особенно, когда стержневые звукиаббревиатурных слов одни согласные, и огласовка такого скоплениясогласных достигается только за счет гласных из названий букв:ЧП (чрезвычайное происшествие), НЗ (неприкосновенный запас), ХБ(хлопчато-бумажный).Буквенных аббревиатур в современном русском языке оченьмного, а слоговых ещё больше – госком (государственный комитет),трансиб (транс-сибирская магистраль), пищепром (пищеваяпромышленность) и т. д.Наша эпоха – эпоха электроники, и реализация человеческогомышления происходит при её посредстве. В вербальном оформлениимышления особую и почти тотальную роль играет аббревиацияслов и целых словосочетаний, чаще всего на английском языке спретензией всемирного распространения этих сокращений. Такимпутем длинная и большая по объему информация фиксируется ираспространяется минимальной затратой времени и речевых усилий.Это мы видим в названиях разных союзов и организаций, банков ипочти во всей компьютерной и интернетской лексике.Легкость образования аббревиатур – особенно буквенных – вопределенной мере облегчает борьбу против тотальной агрессии английскихаббревиатур, которая очевидна во всех современных языках,и одними эмоциональными переживаниями ничего против неёне сделаешь – языковым наскокам результативный отпор можнодать только созданием качественных эквивалентов собственнымиязыковыми лексическими средствами.С этой целью в странах с такими высокоразработанными языками,как французкий, немецкий, испанский, итальянский, польский,японский, языки скандинавских стран и др. созданы специальныеслужбы по оптимизации результатов влияния других языков.Одной из главных задач этих служб является совершенствованиесловообразовательных средств родного языка, письменности и, втом числе, алфавитных названий букв. Ведь практика неопровержимодоказала, что юридические крайности пользы не дают, выборстрого ограничен: или мобилизовать все ресурсы родного языка длясохранения его самобытности, или безучастно смотреть, как иноязычныеслова и словообразовательные модели завладевают речевымпространством, вытесняя из него свои, но качественно уступающиевозможности словообразования.Общеизвестно, насколько велика роль письменного языка вформировании, презентации и хранении научной мысли и художест-154

венного мышления. И носители языка интуитивно чувствуют необходимостьсистематически постоянно поддерживать функциональноесоответствие всех выразительных возможностей языка, в томчисле и начертательных. Этим, между прочим, мотивировались успехипроводимых время от времени, порою даже очень болезненных,реформ.Вспомним орфографические реформы Петра I-го в русском иИльи Чавчавадзе в грузинском языках. Реформы встречались в штыкии всячески игнорировались отнюдь не невежественной и безграммотноймассой, а власть и влияние имущей элитой общества и особенноцерковью. Однако все очень скоро убеждались, что это правильный,прогрессивный шаг, а не покушение не что-то священное,национальное.Со времён Петровской реформы, еще на протяжении целоговека, старые названия русских букв держались в школьном и особеннов церковном обучении; параллельно в научном языке спокойноупотреблялись новые, т. н. латинские названия: а, бэ, вэ, гэ и т.д., которые к концу XIX века стали общеупотребительными и в концеXXв. и начале XXI века, пригодились в единоборстве с нашествиеминоязычных аббревиатур. 1 Из западных языков пришла в русскийи существующая ныне система пунктуационных знаков. Заимствованане столько система, сколько идея о знаках препинания, котораяпомогала как формированию, так и пониманию смысла текста.Систему же русской пунктуации создавали применительно к структурерусского синтаксиса Ломоносов, Грот, Пешковский, Шапиро идругие ученые.М. В. Ломоносову же принадлежит почти вся грамматическаятерминология, обслуживающая науку о русском языке (название частейречи, падежей, членов предложения и т.д.). С течением времениона шлифовалась, уточнялась и дополнялась заимствованиями издругих языков (греческого, латинского, французского, немецкого,польского).В известном «Толковом словаре живого великорусского языка»В. Даля даются оба варианта названий русских букв – старые и новые.2 Но нетрудно заметить, что новые названия только входят впрактику и строго определенного статуса ещё не имеют: в словареназвания букв то следуют за старыми названиями, то предшествуют1 Русский язык конца ХХ столетия (1985-1995). М., 2000, с. 142-146.2 В. И. Даль. Толковый словарь живого великорусского языка. М., 1955, с. 32,159,338.155

им, огласовка согласных происходит при помощи гласных е, э, этотже гласный сопровождает в слове АбеВеГа (в значении азбука, алфавит),а иногда новое название совсем отсутствует. Есть случаи,когда новое название буквы оглашается двояко (эръ, ре; есъ, се); букваХ представлена только старыми названиями (хьръ, херъ); буквыШ и Щ представлены только новыми названиями ша, ща.Этот разнобой и непоследовательность свидетельство того,что еще в середине XIX века новые названия уже властно искали себеместо, хотя официального признания ещё не имели. Колебанияпродолжались ещё в начале XX века.В «Толковом словаре русского языка» под редакцией Д. Ушаковаколеблются гласные для огласовки Э и Е (ре - рэ, эн - ен). Всловарях, изданных в середине и во второй половине XX века иэтот разнобой устранен – новые названия букв фигурируют какединственные. 1Так победила новая тенденция, более удобная, практичная вплане прагматическом и надежная в перспективе для удовлетворениянужд коммуникативных функций как письменной, так и устнойформы языка.1 Толковый словарь русского языка. Под редакцией Д. Н. Ушакова, т. I. М, 1935-1940, с 74, 216.156

diana alania giorgi wibaxaSvilirusuli anbani pragmatuliTvalsazrisiTanbanSi asoebis anbanuri saxelwodebebi, rogorc Cans, gaCndadamwerlobasTan erTad, radganac anbaniT sargeblobam imTaviTvemoiTxova grafikuli niSnebis nominacia. ase moxda slavuridamwerlobis Seqmnisasac. damwerlobis rolisa da daniSnulebisgaZlierebam cxadhyo Zveli mravalmarcvliani saxelwodebebisgamoyenebis SezRuduloba, ramac ganapiroba axali e. w. evropuli,laTinuri saxelwodebebis jer gavrceleba da mereoficialuri aRiareba. axal saxelwodebaTa sistema kargad moergoenis komunikaciur funqciebs, gansakuTrebiT inglisuri abreviaturismoZalebis pirobebSi.DIANA ALANIA, GEORGI TSIBACHASHVILIRUSSIAN SCRIPT FROM THE PRAGMATICVIEW-POINTIn the Alphabet the alphabetical nominations appeared togetherwith the written language, as the use of the alphabet immediately requiredthe nomination of graphical marks. The same process took place whilecreating the Slavian script. Strengthening of the role and the purpose ofthe script confirmed limitedness of the use of the old multi-syllable names,which stipulated first – the dissemination and then the official acknowledgmentof the so called European Latin names. The new system ofnames got well adapted to the communicative functions of the language,especially with the overwhelmingness of English abbreviations.157

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. IV, 2008ИРМА ГУЛОРДАВАЭМОЦИЯ КАК ПРОЦЕСС, ОРГАНИЗУЮЩИЙВЕРБАЛЬНЫЕ ДЕИСТВИЯЭмоции, как и ряд других явлений, становятся предметом вниманиячеловека прежде всего тогда, когда в чем-то ему препятствуют.Стремясь всё более эффективно контролировать окружающий мир,человек не хочет мириться с тем, что в нём самом может существоватьнечто такое, что сводит на нет прилагаемые усилия, мешаетосуществлению его намерений. 1 А когда верх берут эмоции, оченьчасто всё происходит именно так. Вплоть до настоящего временилюди были способны лишь констатировать расхождение между “голосомсердца и голосом разума“, но не могли его ни понять, ни устранить.Образ “сильного человека“, оказавшегося во власти собственныхстрастей, частое явление в литературе, киноискусстве, в народныхлегендах.Эмоции – не только деиствующее лицо больших драм; они повседневныйспутник человека, оказывающий постоянное, влияниена все его дела и мысли. Но несмотря на ежедневное общение с ними,мы не слишком хорошо знаем их “нравы “ и редко можем предвидеть,когда они появятся и когда нас покинут, помогут ли нам илистанут помехой, нужно ли обходиться с ними чутко и деликатно илиже, напротив, грубо и беспощадно.А как часто в факторах эмоциональной природы мы видимпричины затруднений в установлении нормальных отношений междуиндивидом и группой; в таких случаях говорят, что виной служатчеловеческая зависть, ревность, недостаток смелости, враждебность,недоброжелательность, равнодушие и т.д.Важнеишей формой выражения эмоций у человека являетсяречь. Эмоции могут быть выражены словами посредством короткихвосклицаний (“Как это страшно!“, “Прекрасно!“ и т.д.) и болееразвернутых высказываний ( признание в любви, выражение своихжалоб и обид, изумления, восторга и т.д.). Эмоции можно выразитьтакже письменно, например в форме записей в дневниках, стихов,1 З. Фрейд. Лекции по введению в психоанализ. М., 1923, c. 96.158

писем. Слова выполняют двойную функцию: они обозначают и выражают,т.е., имеют предметный и аффективный характер. Слова содним и тем же предметным содержанием могут передавать различныеэмоции (например, лицо – личико – морда; старая женщина –старая баба;). Язык ученых и дипломатов , как правило, эмоциональносдержан, тода как язык репортёров сенсационных газет, критиков,изобилует эмоционально насыщенными словами.Выражение эмоций при помощи слов может принять две различныеформы. 1 Так, оно может проявляться в эмоциональной окраскеречи. В этом случае речь пестрит выражениями, оборотами,фразами, имеющими так называемую эмоциональную нагрузку. Подэмоциональной нагрузкой понимаются те своиства слов, благодарякоторым они выражают и вызывают эмоции. Эти слова могут бытьвысказаны как под влиянием переживаемых эмоций, так и с цельювызвать эмоции у других или у себя. Такими словами умело пользуютсяжурналисты, поэты, драматурги.Словесное выражение эмоций может представлять собой такжеописание эмоций как таковых. Так, человек, желающий выразитьсвоё эмоциональное состояние или посредством тщательного описаниясвоих переживаний. Такую форму передачи эмоций, особенночасто используют в литературе. Следует добавить, что эмоции можновыразить средствами живописи, музыки и т.д.Преобладание у человека вербального выражения эмоций связанос особым значением членораздельного языка как средства знаковойрепрезентации мира. Язык является такой формой отражениядеиствительности, которая представляет человеку наиболее эффектиныевозможности для ориентации в окружающей его среде. 2 Преждевсего это возможность схватывать сущность вещей – делатьобобщения, абстракции, проводить различные виды анализа.При описании эмоции можно использовать 9 факторов:1. концентрации – серьёзный, задцмчивый, сосредоточенныйи т.д.2. агрессии – рассерженный, злой, разъяренный ;3. удовольствия – удовлетворенный, беззаботный, весёлый;4. активации – энергичный, живой, активный;5. деактивации – сонный, усталый, скучающий;6. эготизма – самоуглублённый, хвастливый, самовлюблённый;1 П. К. Анохин. Эмоции. М., 1964, с. 128.2 А. И. Ефимов. Стилистика художественной речи. М., 1968, с. 78.159

7. социальных чувств – сердечный, нежный, добрый;8. депрессии - печальный, неуверенный, безнадёжный;9. тревоги – испуганный, беспокоиный, взволнованный.Другой фактор, которым определяется возможность неполногоотчёта об испытываемых эмоциональных состояниях, – это неточностьи многозначность понятий, используемых людьми для описанияэмоций. Кроме того, словесное обозначение эмоций зависит, видимо,и от точности различения возникающих эмоциональных процессов.Так, если человек неспособен достаточно точно различатьоттенки эмоций, термины, которыми он пользуется для описанияэмоций, несмотря на различное звучание, будут описывать один итот же процесс.Приведём пример из исследования эмоций на основе анализасознательных действий, проведенное Лазарусом и его сотрудниками.В качестве средства, вызывающего эмоции, эти авторы использовалидокументальный фильм, изображавший обряд посвящения вавстралийском племени арунта. Этот метод (косвенный ), состоял ванализе ответов на вопросник. В нём было три вопроса: какова реакцияна фильм, что в фильме привлекало особое внимание и чтосохранилось в памяти? Кроме того, испытуемые должны были оценитьпо трём шкалам своё эмоциональное состояние.В этом опыте нас заинтересовала вербальная сторона. При анализеответов испытуемых, при помощи специальной системы категорийслова, их можно отнести к 25 классам. Среди них были такиеклассы, как акцентирование (прилагательные и наречия, подчёркивающиеправдивость утверждений, например “абсолютно”, “крайне”,“окончательно”, “ясно“), морализация (слова, выражающие моральнуюоценку), интеллектуализация (слова с выраженным интеллектуальнымсодержанием, например “иллюстрация”, “образование”,“наблюдение”, “воззрение” и др.). Анализировалась также эмоциональнаязначимость слов. С этой целью из 2500 полученных слов былиисключены все нейтральные слова, а остальные 800 слов былипредложены для независимой оценки. Опыт показал, что в данномслучае учёные имели дело с различием между сознательным (произвольным)и бессознательным выражением эмоций, общим у вегетативныхреакций и структуры высказываний является именно то, чтоони лишены, или почти лишены, контроля сознания. 1 Оценка же настроенияпо списку прилагательных – это сознательная и произвольнаяреакция, обусловленная осознанием переживаемых эмоций. Ока-1 Дж. Брунер. Психология познания. М., 1977, с. 183.160

залось, что при осознавании переживаемых эмоций вегетативные реакциибывают более слабыми, в противном случае – более сильными.Для примера мы можем взять одно слово – “любовь“ и мы увидим,на сколько большую группу слов составит эмотивная лексика,передающая эмоции человека при звучании этого слова – любовь:красивая – безобразнаяслабая – сильнаясуровая – нежнаяактивная – пассивнаяпустая – полнаямалая – большаяхолодная – горячаямолодая – стараядобрая – злаяспокоиная – бурнаябольная – здороваяпечальная – счастливаятихая – громкаясвежая – вялаяВ личной жизни эмоциональные проблемы приобретают первостепенноезначение. Внезапное изменение эмоционального отношениялица, с которым связывались жизненные планы, изменениесобственного эмоционального отношения к тому, с кем был связанна протяжении многих лет, являются для человека серьёзнейшимииспытаниями в жизни.Ввиду отсутствия более широких систематических исследованийможно заключить, что: эмоциональный процесс получает отражениев сознании, который образует определённую систему; качественноразличные эмоции остаются взаимосвязанными, причем принципгруппировки эмоций соответствует основным их измерениям(знаку и уровню их активации); эмоции с одними и теми же качественнымисвоиствами могут проявляться в различных формах и “оттенках“,и для этого эмотивная лексика даёт большую возможность.11. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi161

irma gulordavaemocia, rogorc verbaluri moqmedebismaorganizebeli procesiadamianis emociebis gamoxatvis umniSnelovanes formad metyvelebaiTvleba. emociebi SeiZleba gamoixatos martivi sityvebiT:“mSvenieria!” “ra saSinelebaa!” da a.S. aseve emociebis gamoxatvaufro ganvrcobili frazebiTac aris SesaZlebeli (siyvarulSigamotydoma, wyromis gamoxatva, aRtaceba da a.S.) emociebisgamoxatva, werilobiTac SeiZleba, magaliTad dRiuris CanawerebissaxiT an leqsebisa da werilebis saxiT. sityvebs ormagidaniSnuleba gaaCniaT: isini aRniSnaven da gamoxataven, anu gaaCniaTsagnobrivi da afeqturi xasiaTi. erTi da igive sagnobriviSinaarsis sityvebs SeuZliaT gadmoscen sxvadasxva emociebi. mecnierebisada diplomatebis saubris ena, rogorc wesi emocionaluradSekavebulia, maSin rodesac Jurnalistebisa da kritikosebisenaSi Warbobs emociurad datvirTuli sityvebi.IRMA GULORDAVAAN EMOTION AS A PROCESS ORGANIZINGVERBAL ACTIONSSpeech is the most form impotant of the expression human emotions.Emotions can be expressed in simple words: “ It’s terrible!”, “It’s wonderful!”,etc. We can also describe our emotions in more complicated phrases(Feelings, like love, anger, excitement and others). Different ways ofexpressing emotions are writing diaries, poems or letters. The words usuallyhave two forms: first, they have meanings, second they express. In otherwords, they have objective and emotional character, which means that thewords with same objective meaning can express different emotions.162

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008INDIRA DZAGANIAON THE CONCEPT “EXPRESSIVE FACTSENVIRONMENT”The word-combinations required for identification of the lexicalunits should be clearly distinguished from the ones that themselves formthe lexical units; the formers make up the context and the other ones arephraseological idioms. The concept "environment of the expressive facts"includes not only the context but also the situation, mimicry and intonation.However, despite the importance of all of the factors, intonation inparticular, the context still plays a major role. The analysis of the expressivefacts environment should take its proper place in teaching the language.Phraseological idioms have to be thoroughly differentiated wherethe words, all together have one common meaning and the contexts, thatis, combinations which contain some separate lexical units defining eachother. In distinguishing the expressive facts, there two errors are possible,though should be avoided: the context should not be considered as alexical unit and, exactly in the same way, a phraseological idiom shouldnot be considered as a combination of several lexical units.Many times there was expressed a view which stated that a sentencerather than its components is a unit of speech. Saying a sentence, forexample, “Where is my soap?”, we sense it as some unity, both the speakerand the listener perceive it as something whole; however, but ponderinga little, we’ll see that it consists of perfectly definite components.Consequently, it would be no error to claim that a sentence is a unity buton consideration it appears that this unity is subdivided into greater orsmaller number of speech units, each of which corresponds to a unit ofthought. But we know that identification of expressive facts may be onlybased on the conscious analysis of the linguistic material.How should we understand “word environment”, or “lexical unit”?If considering basically a written speech, there might be an impressionthat the environment only contains the surrounding words, context, but assoon as we switch to the verbal speech, we immediately find that theconcept of expressive facts environment includes a number of compo-163

nents; the context is just one of them, the most important, though. 1This has been proved namely by the fact that the context does notalways enable us to identify the lexical unit correctly.Suppose we saw someone falling into mud and getting dirty allover; we will note humorously: “How clean!” Now, let us write down thesentence and ask somebody, who hasn’t seen the whole scene, what thatmeans. Without explaining what it is about, it is very likely that the personwill give a literal interpretation of the sentence, since the context itselfsays nothing about the fact that the adjective “clean” is used here ironically,in the meaning “dirty». But what helps to reveal the ironical meaning?First, the real circumstances play a decisive role here, in whichthe given phrase was uttered, the scene action itself – what is called situation.Besides, there is another important factor – voice expression, intonation.The speaker’s face expression, gestures movements having generallyunderstandable symbolic expressiveness, that is, the mimicry ofthe speaker – all this may as well help in identification.Mimicry is an aggregate of movements that are able to express anyidea independently (that is, the logical aspect of a thought) and any emotion.If I want to get one of the books which are in different places in theroom without leaving my seat and I am saying to a person being there:“Bring me that book!”, the phrase will have an indefinite sense, and thetwo of possible factors of the environment – the context and situation –can not be any help because there are several books. In return, an indicativegesture will show exactly the book I need; the mimicry helped tomake up for uncertainty of the words and the situation in which they havebeen said. Thus, the thought gets its logical intellectual expression. If, inaddition, I can’t wait to get the book, or, if the person, to whom I refer, isirritating me with his sluggishness, both these meanings may be displayedby the increased sharpness of the gesture; thus, the thought has itsemotional expression. Hence, mimicry is a real expressional means.All that has been said about mimicry, may also be said about intonation,so called, “sounding mimicry”. 2 While mimicry is a means of minorimportance, intonation plays much more a significant role and is beingpermanently used in the spoken language. First of all, it is necessaryto distinctly differentiate intonation from pronunciation – the letter is devoidof expression.Let’s take a sentence “You are here”. Suppose we cannot see it in a1 Д. З. Гоциридзе. Г. Т. Хухуни. Русская лингвистическая мысль конца XIX –первой трети XX века. Тб., 1999, p. 112.2 М. Натадзе. Проблема теории стилистики. Тб., 1989, p. 19.164

written form but only hear it. In this case, only the intonation will revealits meaning; depending on the intonation the sentence will be either affirmativeor interrogative, will express surprise, joy, desire, fear. Theintonation is present even where it is not needed at all. If the words haveany sense we cannot utter them without some expression; intonation is apermanent commentator of the speech and, hence, of the thought: it alsoaccompanies the inner speech: logical thinking is impossible beyond thewords, accordingly, a thought also bears an intonation.Determination of the speech fact is an operation that ascertains itsprecise logical sense; Identification is aimed at connecting the given speechfact with its logical equivalent, making it equal to a simple concept;revelation of stylistic nuance of the speech fact consists in finding of anemotional element or elements it comprises, and by which its place in“expressional system of the language” is defined.. The meaning of thespeech fact is established by a precise definition; for identification it isnecessary to find a word denoting the simple concept, with which weconnect the given fact and finally, a stylistic nuance is defined by the collationof the speech fact with a certain ideal means of expression, quitetypical to serve as a collation material; Such ideal means of expressionare, on the one hand, logical language allowing to distinguish the naturalemotional shades that are inherent in the given expressional fact; and, onthe other hand, – common language, allowing to distinguish some elementwhich may be called a social nuance. “He is quite a fragile support”;let’s consider the word “fragile” – a lexical unit that is clearly distinguishedfrom the whole context.First of all, let us define its meaning. Analogies rather than definitionimmediately come to the mind: the mind automatically starts searchingfor similar expressions, the synonyms – “weak”, “sickly”, “feeble”,“brittle”, “puny”. But are these synonyms equivalent in meaning? No, andconsidering the differences between them we involuntarily bring themdown to “weak”. Finally, collating the adjectives “fragile” and “weak”we find through consideration that fragile denotes “a kind of weaknesscharacterized by lack of resistancy or strength”; “fragile support” is asupport which may collapse any time. By this last operation we give thedefinition “fragile”, that is, its meaning. But why is “fragile” collatedparticularly with “weak” and why does the word “weak” come first to themind when we are trying to determine the meaning of the word “fragile”?Because it is the simplest, the most understandable and common word thatcontains in its core all the other words of synonymical series. Theadjectives ”fragile”, “sickly”, “feeble”, “brittle”, “puny” are arranged aroundthe common and basic concept “weakness”, that is, all the words are165

identified by the word “weakness”. Now we are to define the stylisticnature of the word “sickly”, clear out that “sickly” differs from “weak”by the great content of emotional elements; in the common or spokenlanguage the word “sickly” is a bookish language and is not normallyused. It evokes some ideas about an adequate environment, thereby has acertain social nuance.As it follows from this example, the definition, at first sight, seemsto be the simpliest way to ascertain the meaning of the word but actually,it is an operation that is not quite characteristic of a living language.Definition is a purely analytical operation, and identification is thecompletion and, at the same time, systematic, normal use of the naturalprocess.Every language-carrier has a very clear , though unconscious, senseof the fact of multiplicity of expressional means which are clustered inthe memory around the adequate ideas and concepts. A thought may bevarying or reiterating in most different forms. These are sometimes thewords or expressions neighbouring within a phrase; sometimes they areparts of phrases and other times are whole phrases. The reiterating expressionsare never equal which is quite normal, otherwise, it would result intautology and negligence.In usual terminology, an extended form of conception reiteration iscalled periphrasis. However, this term implies a free and spontaneouslyoriginating allegorical expression of the same concept. For us, identificationof the speech facts is not the end in itself but only a means. The identificatingword always corresponds to the indissoluble unit of the thought– either to a certain idea or abstract concept.It is almost impossible to find the identificating word immediatelyand correctly; better to start from combining the synonyms. Out of thesynonyms combined we choose the one having the characteristics inherentin the rest of them and not containing anything in itself that is not inothers. Let us take “the end” as a synonym for the expression “the outcomeof the affair, the upshot”; the word seems simpler and more identificatingthan “the outcome of the affair”; although this expression hassome shades of meaning, and the word “end” does not have such, itcontains the basic meaning which defines the meaning “the outcome ofthe affair” and, on the other hand, has no such specific shades – neithersemantic nor emotional that might be characteristic of it only.Thus, there are “generic” and “specific” words in the language. Thedifference between the two types of speech facts is the basis of any studyby synonyms. Any interpretation of any niceties will have no sense if thewords and expressions under consideration are not preliminarily cluste-166

ed around one word expressing the primary meaning which is commonfor all the synonyms.It should be noted that not for any of the speech facts it is possibleto find an adequate word-identificator and that in general, the latter cannot be completely equivalent to the identificated word or expression,since two speech facts are never fully synonymical. Identification is themost precise process and is performed much easier when the given wordor expression irrespective of its emotional shade denotes not a specificobject but ruther an abstract notion, that is, action, state or feature.The identification may be considered completed, first, if the identificatingword does not contain any additional nuance in the meaningwhich the given speech fact does not have; and secondly, if the essenceof the latter is present in the word-identificator; so, practically, and fromthe view of the logical meaning, they are interchangeable: “by all feet” isequivalent to “very quickly”, the main concept here is “quickness”, “athand” means “in the vicinity”, “near”; the basic concept is “proximity”(nearness, closeness). 1 The word “legal”(legitimate) is a more difficultcase; “rightful owner” – “the one who has grounds to possess something,who possesses it on the legal ground, the one who can give documentaryproofs of the ownership”; however, we are not setisfied with all these expressions– they are too specific; rightful owner is one whose possessionis legal, “who has the right to possess this thing”. So, the basic concepthere will be “the right”Acknowledgment of the identification as a basic method of definitionof the specific shades of the expressive facts give us two differentways that are perfectly consistent with each other. These are, first, identificationproper ; in this case, only two words are correlated, since all comeso as a) to extract the expressive fact from the given context and situation;b) to define which simple concept it denotes; c) to correlate it withthe word expressing the same concept in the most simple form ( that is,with the identificating word) and finally, d) to define as accurately aspossible the difference between the speech fact under study and the identificatingword from both logical and emotional points of view.Another way is classification of the speech facts; such way opposesthe first one. Theoretically, all the speech facts brought to the same conceptmay be correlated with each other in any way irrespective of their outerform. An identificating word is nothing else but expression of the ideawhich is totally cleared up of displaying any tendency that characterizes ahuman nature. From the identificating word a synonymical series is for-1 Б. В. Томашевский. Стилистика. Л., 1983, p. 41.167

med; when the synonymical series is made up, the attention should be directedtowards the distinctions between each of the synonyms on the onehand, and identificating word on the other hand in order to derive theshades of each of the members of the synonymical series.To identify the expressive fact means to equate it with the conceptunit, to define it by substituting the simple unemotional word (word-identificator)corresponding to the idea or concept.indira Zaganiaèqspresiuli faqtis garemocvis~cnebis SesaxebcnebaSi “eqspresiuli faqtis garemocva” igulisxmeba ara mxolodkonteqsti, aseve situacia, mimika da intonaciac. intonaciismniSvnelobis miuxedavad, mTavar rols mainc konteqsti asrulebs.eqspresiuli faqtebis garemocvis analizs unda daeTmosTavisi adgili enis swavlebis procesSi. aucielebelia gaimijnosfrazeologiuri gamoTqmebi, sadac yvela sityva erTad aRebuligamoxatavs erT zogad mniSvnelobas da konteqstebi anu SeTanxmebebi,romlebic Seicaven erTmaneTis ganmsazRvrel ramdenime damoukidebelsemantikur erTeuls. eqspresiuli faqtebis gamoyofisdros SesaZlebelia ori Secdoma, romelTagan Tavis daRwevaar aris Zneli: ar SeiZleba konteqstis ganxilva rogorc leqsikurierTeulisa, aseve SeuZlebelia frazeologiuri gamoTqmebisganxilva rogorc ramdenime leqsikuri erTeulis erTianobisa.eqspresiuli faqtis garemocvaSi igulisxmeba ramdenime varianti.maT Soris erT-erTi aris konteqsti. amaze metyvelebsis faqtic, rom konteqsti yovelTvis ar iZleva leqsikuri er-Teulis sworad identificirebis saSualebas. statiaSi ganxiluliaeqspresiuli faqtis identifikacia anu azris gamoxatva,romelic gaTanabrebulia azrovnebis erTeulTan da adamianis azrovnebisaTvisdamaxasiaTebel zogad tendenciebTan.168

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008l i t e r a t u r a T m c o d n e o b atite mosia`balavariani~, rogorc literaturuliwyaro`balavariani” pirvelad gamoqveynda stamburi wesiT TbilisSi1895w. didi xania igi aRiarebul iqna qarTuli kulturisganuyofel nawilad. qarTul enaze mis gamoCenas gulisxmobenVII saukunidan. 1 gamoqveynebamde am Txzulebas dainteresebulipirni xelnawerSi ecnobodnen. irkveva, rom didi ilia WavWavaZe`balavarianisadmi~ saTanado yuradRebas iCenda, sargeblobdamisi xelnaweriT. `balavariani~ samecniero literaturaSi mravalmxrivaris Seswavlili. es naklebad iTqmis am nawarmoebze,rogorc literaturul wyaroze. amjerad gvinda `gandegilSi~`balavarianis~ anareklis zogierT aspeqts SevexoT.daviwyoT sxvadasxva ZalTa mier adamianis, mwiris, berisgamocdis momentiT. `gandegilis~ mwiri pirvelad gamoscada Weqa-quxiliTareulma cam, grigalqaris zarma da zaTqma, RvTisrisxvis msgavsma bunebis mRelvarebam. misma sulma ver gauZlocisa da miwis arevas, daaviwyda asketuri yofis arsi, qveynidangaqceuli qveynisave xsnas evedreba RmerTsa da RvTismSobels. aqikveTeba pirvelad asketis sulis Seryevis momenti. meore gamomcdeladmesenake bers mwyemsi qali gamoecxada. daeWvebuli fiqrobs,iqneb, RmerTs swadia amiT misi gamocda:`Tu macduri xar,Cans RmerTs swadiamwiri codvilidRes gamomcados~. 21 sibrZne balahvarisi. redaqcia, variantebi da leqsikoni il. abula-Zisa. Tb., 1937, gv. 9.2 i. WavWavaZe. gandegili. _ Txzulebani, I, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada,variantebi da SeniSvnebi daurTo r. kusraSvilma. Tb., 1987,gv. 261.169

mwirma ver gauZlo am gamocdas. mwyemsi qalis garegnulimSvenierebiT moxiblulma gulSi gaivlo misi dakocna, igi aseve`gaiWeda~ mwyems qalTan dialogSi, ver hpova gza xsnisa. ùbeduris~warmoTqmiT sakuTar Tavs TviTonve gamoutana ganaCeni.`balavarianSic~ mkveTrad aris gamoxatuli adamianis gamocdismomentebi, rac utyuari sabuTia imis dasamtkiceblad,rom `gandegilis~ werisas ilia garkveulwilad sazrdoobda `balavarianiT~.beri gamoscdis erT Wabuks: ìwyo berman gamocdadmisa da aRwona gonebaÁ misi~. iodasafi ekiTxeba balahvars: àwviTar gnebavs gamocdad Cemi?~ pasuxi: `geSinodes RmrTisa da Seeyonebasamissa da ganeSoro nebasa soflisasa, da ara warswymedsRmerTi SromaTa SenTa~. 1erT-erTi igavis mixedviT, Citi (`mWurinavi~) ase gamocdismis Sempyrob kacs. frinvelma Tavi daaRwia Sempyrobis xelebsaseTi SegonebiT: aswavla mas sami mcneba: 1. miuwvdomels nu moundomebxelis wvdomas. 2. warsuls nu inaneb. 3. roca SenTvisar ginda boroti, sxvas nu uzam borotebas. gaTavisuflebulmaCitma moisurva misi gamSvebis gamocda, Tu ramdenad Seismina manes Segonebani. maRali xidan CamosZaxa: Cems CiCaxvSi siraqlemiskvercxis odeni margaliti ido, ùkeTumca codnil iyav da medagekal~. kacma inana Citis gaSveba da moindoma sxvadasxva xrikiTmisi kvlav Sepyroba, risi ganuxorcielebloba dausabuTaCitma: 1. Cemi gaSveba Senive mxridan warsuls Cabarda, da amasnanob. 2. Cemi Sepyroba miuwvdomelia SenTvis da mainc lamobamis wvdomas. 3. Seni sikvdili ar ginda da Cems dakvlas cdilob.imisTvis gamogcade, mainteresebda, ramdenad daimarxe gul-Si Cemi mcnebani. 2 `balavarianSi~ aris aseve epizodi iodasafismier Tavisi aRmzrdelis zandan mzardulis gamocdisa. 3 TxzulebaSiaseve vecnobiT `qmnulkeTili~ qalis mier qristes gzazeSemdgari iodasafis xorcieli gamocdisa. abenesis Ze wuTiT`midrka nebasa qalisasa mizeziTa~, magram sizmarma ixsna. 4RmerTis mier adamianis gamocdis siuJetebs bibliaSi vecnobiT.ufalma miwieri samoTxis centrSi Semecnebis xe danerga1 sibrZne balahvarisi, gv. 30.2 sibrZne balahvarisi, gv. 32.3 sibrZne balahvarisi, gv. 41.4 sibrZne balahvarisi, gv. 68.170

adamisa da evas gamosacdelad. RmerTma gamoscada abrami misTvisSvilis msxverplad Sewirvis moTxovniT. sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT`gandegilis~ wyaroze dakvirvebisas `balavarians~ imitom vani-WebT upiratesobas, rom morwmuneTa gamomcdelad orive nawarmoebSiqalia gamoyvanili, rogorc miwier-xorcieli mgrZnobelobismidrekilebis aRmZvreli Zala da cdomis simbolo.ismis kiTxva: gandegilis pirovnebis warmosaxvisas did iliasgonebis Tvalwin edga Tu ara meudabnoe balahvari? ra msgavseba-gansxvavebaagandegilsa da balahvars Soris: bunebrivia, maTTvissaerToa RvTisTvis sulis Sewirva, amsofliurobis moZuleba,aRzevebuli asketuri ganwyobileba, xorcieli wadilis daTrgunva.maTTvis misaRebia ukiduresi asketizmi. balahvaris da iodasafispirovneba Tu asketur-religiuri ideologia iliasTvis uTuodSTamagonebeli iyo gandegilis saxe-xatis Sesaqmnelad. isiniasketTa im kategorias ekuTvnian, romelTac `mZovarni~ anu martodmyofnierqvaT. meudabnoe balahvari ar aris sakuTar TavSiCaketili `mZovari~. igi mzad aris suliwmindis mowodebis Sesasruleblad,SeuZlia religiuri sibrZnis momarjvebiT gaaqristianosda udabnos gzas gauyenos ara rigiTi adamiani, aramed TviTmefis memkvidrec iodasafis saxiT. misi sibrZne ganfenilia iodasafisTvismoTxrobil igavebSi da misive `komentarebSi~.balahvari arasdros Ralatobs rwmenas. igi meudabneoebiserTgulebiT gainTavisuflebs suls xorcisgan. am mxriv iliasgandegilis Sedareba masTan ganmasxvavebel aspeqtebs gvaziarebs.mwiri gauqmebul beTlemis taZars Seexizna da ganudga `codvissadgurs~, `sameufos borotisasa~ _ wuTisoflis saxiT. godebiT,locviT, gvemiT `xorci sulisTvis uwamebia~. mwyemsi qalisgamoCenamde igi zrunavda mxolod sakuTar sulze, raSic xsnasxedavda. ilias gandegili aris namdvili `mZovari~ _ martodmyofi.is arafers ar qmnis, ar tovebs aranair kvals Tavis Rvawlisa.balahvar-iodasafisagan gansxvavebiT bolomde ver inarCunebsrwmenas, Sinagani eWvebi RrRnis. RvTisganac eeWveba: qali-macdurixom ar gamougzavna rwmenis Sesamowmeblad. rom ara sulSimimaluli raRaca iWvneuloba, ra saWiro iyo yoveldRe sarkmlidansenakSi Semosul sxivze locvanis dayrdnobiT Tavisi siwmindisSemowmeba-gakontroleba. es eWvebi ar minavlebula, piriqiT,izrdeboda mwirSi da ùbeduris~ TviTSemecnebamde miiyvana: `xsnayvelgan aris, xolo gza xsnisa eseTi mergo me ubedursa...~171

ùbeduri~ ar iyo uneblied dacdenili sityva. es iyo gadaxedvawarsulisa da mwiris qmedebis sisworisa. ukiduresi asketizmida oden sakuTar sulze zrunvis egoisturi suliskveTeba masTandaTanobiT uqviTkirebda ubedurebis kedels, romelic TavzeCamoemxo da mis nangrevebze ganuteva suli. aq naTlad ikveTebailia WavWavaZis msoflmxedvelobrivi da moqalaqeobrivi pozicia.saxarebis wignSi vkiTxulobT: `moiyvana igi yovelTasa massadgursa ... ori drahkani mihsca yovelTa sadguris moRuawesa...~. 1saba `sadgurs~ ganmartavs rogorc `sadgoms~. 2 il. abulaZis mier`sadguri~ ganmartebulia `sadgomTan~ erTad, rogorc savane, sabanake,bunagi, bina, bude, farexi, baki, adgili, mdgomareoba, Tanamdeboba.3 n. CubinaSvili sabas ganmartebas imeorebs, 4 d. CubinaSviliki sityvas `sadgureba~ xsnis `dasaxlebad~. 5 CvenTvis aqmTavari is aris, rom `balavarianis~ da `gandegilis~ avtorebixmaroben cnebas `sadguri~ savanis mniSvnelobiT. `balavariani~ _`rameTu me ganmimzadebies adgili saukuniT: erTi igi ars savaneyovelTa da saSuebeli gamouTqmeli maTTvis, romelTa Semiyuaresda daicunes mcnebani Cemni da mas Sina hsufevden ukunisamde; xolomeore igi savane aris satanjveliTa, iwroebiTa...~. 6`gandegilis~ dasawyis TavSi naTqvamia:`frialosaebr CamoTlili aqvsim wmindanT sadgurs yinulis zRude~. 7didi ilia gandegilze ambobs:`ganSorebia viT codvis sadgurs,viT sameufos borotisasa~. 8aq saubaria mwiris mxridan sawuTro cxovrebasTan gamoTxovebaze,romelic avtors codvis sadgurad esaxeba. aq cxadia,xazi gaesmis Teologiur memkvidreobiT codvas, anu adamisada evas mier Cadenil pirvelSobil codvas, rac maT STamoma-1 luka, 10, 34-35. _ mcxeTuri xelnaweri. gamosca el. doCanaSvilma.Tb., 1981-1986.2 sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli, II. Tb., 1993, gv. 25.3 il. abulaZe. Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni. Tb., 1973, gv. 355.4 n. CubinaSvili. qarTuli leqsikoni. al. Rlontis redaqciiTa dagamokvleviT. Tb., 1961, gv. 341.5 d. CubinaSvili. qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni. sastambod moamzadada winasityvaoba daurTo ak. SaniZem. Tb., 1984, gv. 1063.6 sibrZne balahvarisi, gv. 36.7 i. WavWavaZe. gandegili, gv. 255.8 i. WavWavaZe. gandegili, gv. 257.172

valT memkvidreobiT gadaedo da mTeli sawuTro-samyaro `codvissadgurad~ aqcia. ase rom, sadgur-savane SeiZleba hqondes aramxolod adamians Tu sxva sulier arsebas, aramed codvasac ki.`qurdis~ sinonimebad jer kidev axal aRTqmaSi dasturdeba_ `mparavi~, `mtacebeli.~ es sinonimuri sityvebi aseve TavsiCens `balavariansa~ da `gandegilSi.~ `sadac mparavi ver ganiparavsda verca mRili ganryunis~. 1 sxva adgilas es fraza meordeba:`maSinve waritacebs sikvdili... 2 rameTu waritacnis ra raÁsikudilman~. 3 `gandegili~:`sad (saaqaoSi) codva kacsasdevnis dRe-da-Ram,viTa mparavi da mtacebeli~. 4aq saubaria sawuTros codvaze, romelic mTeli dRe – RamisganmavlobaSi qurdiviT sdevs adamianebs. aq `mparav – mtacebelSi~igulisxmeba ara nivTebis qurdi, aramed sikvdili. `balavarian-Sic~, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, sikvdili gaigivebulia mtacebelTan.oriode sityva xsnis ideaze. `balavarianis~ mixedviT, adamianisxsna RvTis siyvarulSia, locvasa da jvaris qonaSi –mterTa dasaZlevad da sikvdilis vnebaTagan Tavis dasaRwevad:èse aris mcnebaÁ RmrTisa, raÁTa romeli gindes. Tavisa Senisa,uyo moyuassaca Sensa, da romeli Sen ara gindes, sxuaTa arauyo da locvasa hyofde da vedrebasa dRe da Rame da gaqundesjuari misi saZlevelad mterTa, rameTu miT mixsna vnebaTagan sikudilisaTa~.5 `gandegili~ xsnis ideazea agebuli. mwirma xsnaver hpova saaqaoSi, ganudga sawuTros, viT `codvis sadgurs~.RvTisagan xsnas igi eZebs beTlemis monasterSi. swams, rom Rmer-Tia misi mxsneli, amitom loculobs dRe da Rame, marxulobs,icavs yvela saeklesio wess. gandegili warRvnis dar amindSiRvTismSoblis xats evedreboda qveynis xsnasa da gadarCenas:àm dros is mwiri senakSi iyo,cremliT altobda RvTis-mSoblis xatsada xelapyrobiT evedrebodawawymedisagan qveynisa xsnasa~. 61 sibrZne balahvarisi, gv. 25.2 sibrZne balahvarisi, gv. 34.3 sibrZne balahvarisi, gv. 59.4 i. WavWavaZe. gandegili, gv. 257.5 sibrZne balahvarisi, gv. 33.6 i. WavWavaZe. gandegili, gv. 260.173

sxva sakiTxia, gasWra Tu ara mwiris vedrebam, qveyana warRvnasgadaurCa, magram TviTon gandegili ver gadaurCa beTlemis monasterSi`warRvnad~ movlenil qals. mwirs sjera Sinaganad, rom`RmerTia yvelas mSveleli, mxsneli~. mwyemsi qali èpaeqreba~gandegils qveynad sulis daxsnaze. misgan ki aseT pasuxs igebs:`xsna yvelgan aris...xolo gza xsnisaeseTi mergo me... ubedursa~. 1dafiqrebas iwvevs mwiris sityvebi: `xsna yvelgan aris~...Tu ase sjeroda, maSin ratom datova wuTisofeli, ratom verdaixsna iq Tavi da suli. Tu xsna yvelgan aris, maSin gamodis,rom sawuTroSic aras xsna adamianisa. vfiqrobT, sityvaSi `yvelgan~igulisxmeba saaqaoc da saiqioc. sawuTroSi SesaZloa adamianmasxeuli, xorci daixsnas, magram suli vera. sawuTroSiSesaZloa adamianma `gaudabnoeobiT~ adamiani daixsnis suls, maszexorcis Semoxevis xarjze. mwirma Tavi ver daixsna wuTisofelSi,suli ver daixsna monasterSi anu udabnoSi, gamoqvabul-Si. vinaidan xorci ezideba mis suls ukan-sawurTosaken. krizisulsituacias ver gauZlo misma qancgawyvetilma sulma damwiri ùbeduris~ aRiarebamde miiyvana. es suli gandegilma ganutevasxeulidan:èrTi saSinlad SehbRavla RmerTsada iqav sxiv-qveS uteva suli~. 2`SehbRavla RmerTsa~-Si farulad uflisadmi sayveduriigulisxmeba. aqamde miiyvana igi sulierma Tu zneobrivma marcxma.asketma ver gauZlo asketobas, ver gauZlo uflis gamocdasda yoveldRiur kontrols. senakSi mzian amindSi, bunebrivia,dRisiT SemoWrili mzis sxivi igive uflis Tvalia, romelicaTvalierebda mwiris qmedebas. am fizikur mzis sxivSi alegoriuladsulieri mzis sxivi unda davinaxoT. ar unda dagvaviwydes,rom RvTismetyvelebaSi mze RvTis xatad aris dasaxuli.`balavariansa~ da `gandegilSi~ intensiur xasiaTs iRebsmimarTvis forma `Svilo~. ufro xSir SemTxvevaSi mama _ mefeabenesi mimarTavs ase Tavis Zes-iodasafs: `mkiTxe, Svilo Cemo~.`Svilo, raT ars cTomilebaÁ Seni?~ `Svilo Cemo, aravis zedamoiwia esodeni sixaruli~. `Svilo Cemo da nawlevo muclisa Ce-1 i. WavWavaZe. gandegili, gv. 268.2 i. WavWavaZe. gandegili, gv. 273.174

misao~. zog SemTxvevaSi meudabnoe mimarTavs amave formiT iodasafs:`xolo balahvar auwya xorcTagan ganslvaÁ TBsi... nu SeZrwundebi,Svilo Cemo~... amave TxzulebaSi CarTulia balavariseniT iodasafisaTvis moTxrobili erTi igavi (`TxrobaO z~), sadacberi ase mimarTavs Wabuks: `Svilo, ese yoveli Seni ars daamieriTgan iSuebdi~. 1`gandegilSi~ ki beTlemis monasterSi dayudebuli asketi`Svilo~ formiT ramdenime gzis mimarTavs mwyems qals:`bolos hkiTxa man: _ vina xar, Svilo?am udabnoSi ram mogiyvana?~...`me nu mimadli, Svilo, Sens daxsnas,RmerTia yvelas mSveleli, mxsneli~...`movSordi, Svilo, wuTis sofelsa~...`... ra giTxra, Svilo?yvelaze ufro suli tkbilia~. 2`balavariansa~ da `gandegilSi~ xSirad aris miniSneba adamianisda misive sulis warwymendaze. sityva `warwymeda~ sabasganmartebiT niSnavs `dakargvas~. 3 igives imeorebs n. CubinaSvili.4 d. CubinaSvilis mier warwymenda ganmartebulia, rogorc`daRupva~. 5 il. abulaZis `leqsikonSi~ `warwymendis~ sinonimursityvebad gadmoRvrilia: `mosvra~, `mospoba~, `mospolva~, `ganfueba~,`mowydoma~, `dakargva~, `gamoleva~, `cToma~. 6 `balavarianSi~adamianis warwymeda-dakargvazec aris saubari da suliswarwymeda-daRupvaze: `ganeSore nebasa soflisasa da ara warswymeds(dakargavs – t.m.) RmerTi SromaTa SenTa~. `maT mier STaviWreTuwesoTa saqmeTa da mizez meqmnnes warwymedisa~ (daRupvisa);`romliTa ara warwymdes suli Cemi~. 7`gandegilSi~ sawuTroze naTqvamia:`sad ryvna, wawymeda da Ralatia~. 8RvTismSoblis xatis win mlocveli mwiri`xelapyrobiT evedreboda1 sibrZne balahvarisi, gv. 12,30,49, 54, 58.2 i. WavWavaZe. gandegili, gv. 264, 266,267, 268.3 sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli, II, gv. 368.4 n. CubinaSvili. qarTuli leqsikoni, gv. 447.5 d. CubinaSvili. qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, gv. 1655.6 il. abulaZe. Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, gv. 5407 sibrZne balahvarisi, gv. 30.8 i. WavWavaZe. gandegili, gv. 257.175

wawymedisagan (daRupvisagan) qveynisa xsnasa~. 1gakvirvebuli mwyemsi qali ekiTxeba gandegils:`maS vinc qveynad varT, yvela wavwydebiT,veRar davixsniT verafriT sulsa?~. 2netar ZilSi myofi qalis dasakocnad gandegili rogorcki Tavs daxris, uceb gaSeSdeba:`da ver gauZlo sawyalma mwirmac,da daixara Tavi Tu ara,uceb gaSeSda... eha, wawymedav,es ra survili guls gaitara.~gandegili cdilobs suli xorcs ar dauTmos,`magram es raa?.. `wawmydi Tu ara!...~es vin CasZaxis niSn – gebiT yurSi!~. 3`balavariansa~ da `gandegils~ Soris naTesauri paralelisgavleba kidev SeiZleboda, magram sjobs dasasruls mivuaxlovdeTda zogadi daskvnisken gavemarToT. warmoCenili paralelebida SeniSvnebi myarad adastureben, rom ilia `balavarians~ xelnawerSigaecno da `gandegilis~ SeTxzvisas igi gaixada STamagonebelwyarod. es vlindeba siuJetur – ideur naTesaobaSi, samijnurocTunebis motivis CvenebaSi, wuTisoflis warmavlobismxilebaSi, qalis simbolizaciaSi, adamianis gamocdis momentebSi,ukiduresi asketizmis gamoxatvaSi, qristianuli leqsikisa daterminebis igiveobaSi da sxva.1 i. WavWavaZe. gandegili, gv. 260.2 i. WavWavaZe. gandegili, gv. 268.3 i. WavWavaZe. gandegili, gv. 271.176

TITE MOSIA“BALAVARIANI” AS A LITERARY SOURCE“Balavariani” has been studied scientifically in many ways but ithas not been investigated as a literary source yet. So the present articledeals with the analysis of the influence of “Balavariani” on “The Hermit”.It has been ascertained in the work that Ilia Chavchavadze appreciated“Balavariani” highly and often used and referred to its manuscript.In “Balavariani” a great emphasis is laid upon the moments of a person’stemptation and his ordeal which is a true proof that Ilia to some extent wassustained and nourished by “Balavariani”. The exposed parallels and theobservations made corroborate the fact that Ilia was expert in “Balavariani”which became his inspiration source while creating “The Hermit”.All this reveals itself in a number of aspects: the thematic and ideologicalsimilarity, the description of the motives of erotic temptation, theexposure of the evanescence of this earthly life, the symbolization of a woman,the moments of an ordeal, the expression of the extreme ascetism, thesameness of the Christian vocabulary and terms.12. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi177

178soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008nana Sengeliaakademikos korneli kekeliZisa da pavleingoroyvas samecniero paeqrobisSesaxeb1955w. gamovida pavle ingoroyvas monografia _ `giorgimerCule~ . 1 wigni istoriuli da istoriul-literaturuli nawilisaganSedgeboda. swored literaturuli nawili iqca ordid mecniers Soris davis sagnad. akademikosma korneli kekeli-Zem sagangebo werilSi, romelic 1958w. gamoqveynda, 2 kritikisqar-cecxlSi gaatara pavle ingoroyvas Sexedulebebi. p. ingoroyvam1959w. gamoaqveyna sapasuxo vrceli werilebi, 3 romleb-Sic detalurad upasuxa k. kekeliZis yvela `braldebas~. sworedam polemikas eZRvneba warmodgenili masala.`ZiriTadi sadao Cvensa da k. kekeliZes Soris, _ aRniSnavdap. ingoroyva, _ aris ara raime calkeuli sakiTxi, aramed, SeiZlebaiTqvas, mTeli Senoba, romlic Cven warmovadgineT `giorgimerCules~ meore nawilSi, e.i. specialur istoriul-literaturulnawilSi, sadac ganxiluli gvaqvs Zveli qarTuli literaturisistoriis umniSvnelovanesi problemebi~. 4`ras warmoadgens es uzarmazari naSromi, ras iZleva is axalsda ra adgili SeiZleba miekuTvnos mas Cvens mecniereba-Si?~... àvtors axasiaTebs zviadoba, sxvisi naSromis TiTqossruli ignorireba. kiTxulobT am Sromas da ggoniT, rom ZveliqarTuli poeziis, gansakuTrebiT sasulieros, Sesaxeb, p. ingoroyvamdearavis ufiqria: `me mivakvlie, me amovSifre, me amov-1 p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule. mwerali X saukunisa. narkvevi ZvelisaqarTvelos literaturis, kulturis da saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebisistoriidan. Tb., 1954.2 k. kekeliZe. axali Sroma Zveli qarTuli poeziis Sesaxeb. _ literaturuliZiebani, #11. Tb., 1958.3 p. ingoroyva. pasuxi akademikos korneli kekeliZes. _ mnaTobi, #3,#6, Tb., 1959. ix. agreTve: _ etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturisistoriidan, t. VI, 1960.4 p. ingoroyva. pasuxi akademikos korneli kekeliZes. _ mnaTobi, #3,gv. 160.

xseni, me mivageni, me davadgine, me gamovavline, aq Cven sruliadmoulodneli aRmoCena mogveloda~ da sxva. amgavri gamoTqmebidamaxasiaTebelia avtorisaTvis. imas ar unda gamotydes, rom isver gaakeTebda imas, rasac axla gvawvdis, mis dromde sxvas romaraferi gaekeTebina. ra ecodineboda mas liturgikul-himnografiuliliteraturidan, es terminologia damuSavebuli rom aryofiliyo wina mkvlevarebis SromebSi~. 1`mkiTxveli, romelsac wakiTxuli aqvs `giorgi merCule~,vfiqrob, _ pasuxobs oponents p. ingoroyva, _ ar gaiziarebs k.kekeliZis aseTs gaSarJebul daxasiaTebas Cemi Sromisas. aTasgverdiannaSromSi, ueWvelia, me maqvs sxvadasxva adgilas, sadaces saWiroa, aRniSnuli, rom esa Tu is teqsti axlad iqna amoxsnilian amoSifruli, magram ara im saxiT da ara im stiliT,rogorc amas Cemi aRelvebuli oponenti gadmogvcems. k. kekeli-Zes unda axsovdes, rom me mwerali var, da rac ar unda `zviadi~ar viyo, me Cems Tavs ar mivcem nebas iseTi stiliT vwero,rasac k. kekeliZe momawers~. 2akademikosi k. kekeliZe agrZelebs CamoTvlas: `vin gamoikvlia`xmaTa~ ori feni: ZiriTadi da gverdni (g\i)? vin gaarkviaqarTuli welTaRricxvis zedmetoba 112, 104 da 96 wliT? vinaxsna TviT termini ìadgari~, romelic mTavari sagania avtoriskvleva-Ziebisa? saqme ise aqvs warmodgenili, TiTqos yvelaferi esmis mieraa gakeTebuli, axsnili da mopovebuli. mouxsenieblobasxvebis Sromebisa pirdapir sazRaproa~. 3p. ingoroyva ar tovebs arc erT detals pasuxis gareSe.àq moxseniebuli sami sakiTxidan uaRresad mniSvnelovania meore,dadgena qarTuli welTaRricxvis zedmetobisa _ 112, 104 da96 wliT _ dasavleTSi miRebul welTaRricxvebTan SedarebiT.qarTuli welTaRricxvis am mniSvnelovani Taviseburebis dazusteba,rogorc cnobilia, korneli kekeliZes ekuTvnis. es ariskorneli kekeliZis marTlac didi damsaxureba. rac Seexeba `xma-Ta or fens~ _ ZiriTadni (avTenTikuri) da `guerdni~ (plagaluri),es ukve sayovelTaod cnobili ambavia; aseTi dayofa miRebuliiyo zogadqristianul himnografiasa da galobaSi, romelic1 k. kekeliZe. axali Sroma Zveli qarTuli poeziis Sesaxeb. _ etiudebiZveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, t. VI, 1960, gv. 103,2 p. ingoroyva. pasuxi akademikos korneli kekeliZes. _ mnaTobi, #3,gv. 149.3 k. kekeliZe. axali Sroma Zveli qarTuli poeziis Sesaxeb, gv. 104.179

`rvaxmianobas~ emyareboda. aq axali da specifikur qarTul himnografiaSiaraferia da arc misi aRmoCena iyo saWiro. mesame,rom ìadgari~ewodeboda himnebis (sagaloblebis) krebulebs, esirkveva TviT sagalobelTa anderZebidan, romlebSiac himnebiskrebulebs pirdapir ewodeba ìadgari~ anu ìadgarni~. 1`poetikis terminebis ucxo, umetes SemTxvevaSi berZnuliformiT moyvana Zalze arTulebs wigniT sargeblobas. yovelSemTxvevaSi ra saWiroa sasuliero poeziaSi e.w. `kanonis~ galobaTaaRniSvna terminiT `strofi~ da àntistrofi~? aseTi terminebiar icis arc bizantiurma da arc qarTulma `kanonma~ aRniSnavsk. kekeliZe. ingoroyvasTvis es terminebi aris `zogadipoetikuri~ terminebi `dRemde cocxali da miRebuli~ saerTaSorisoxmarebaSi... 2k. kekeliZe zogadi xasiaTis SeniSvnad gamoyofs Semdegs:`himnografiul literaturaSi yvelaze metad cnobilia da miRebulie.w. `kanoni~. es aris kompleqsi ramdenime muxlis anstrofisagan (3,4,5) Semdgari erTeulisa, romelsac ewodeba `galoba~.Cveulebrivi tipis `kanoni~ Seicavs cxra `galobas~(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9). magram aris iseTi tipic, Zalian gavrcelebuli,romelSiac meore galoba amovardnilia da faqtiurad gvaqvs rva(1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9). mkvlevars ver Seugnia struqtura da xasiaTi ammeore tipis kanonisa da imaSi Tvlis rva galobas(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8),ase rom mesame galoba misi angariSiT, aris meore, 4-3, 5-4, 6-5,7-8, 9-8... am garemoebas didi aReva Seaqvs gamokvlevaSi~. 3p. ingoroyva am braldebas aseTnairad pasuxobs: `Cven, raTamkiTxvels ar Seqmnoda mcdari warmodgena, viTom 8-nawevrian`kanonis~ teqstebs raime akldes (`galobaTa~ pirobiTi saTvalavisgamo), SemoviReT saqmis namdvil viTarebasTan SefardebulisaTvalavi 8-nawevrian da 9-nawevrian galobaTa, saxeldobr Semdegissaxis saTvalavi: 8-naxevrian galobaTa: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8. 9-naxevrian galobaTa: 1, 1-a, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. aseTi saxissaTvalavi efuZneba saeklesio tradiciasac, bibliuri kantikisTanrigs da amave dros igi Seefardeba saqmis namdvil viTarebas,gadmogvcems galobaTa (strofebisa da antistrofebis mTliani1 p. ingoroyva. pasuxi akademikos korneli kekeliZes. _ mnaTobi, #3,gv. 151.2 k. kekeliZe. axali Sroma Zveli qarTuli poeziis Sesaxeb, gv. 104.3 k. kekeliZe. axali Sroma Zveli qarTuli poeziis Sesaxeb, gv. 104.180

ciklebis) realur Tanarigs~. 1k. kekeliZe Semdeg gadadis wignis ZiriTad nawilze. avtorismiznebis momoxilvisas gamoyofs sam ZiriTad sakiTxs:1. qarTuli leqsTwyobis sakiTxebi;2. Zveli qarTveli himnografebi;3. Zveli qarTveli himnografebis Semoqmedeba.mecnieri exeba Zveli qarTuli leqsis saxeeebs. detaluradmimoixilavs wignSi gamoyofil Zveli qarTuli leqsis samive saxes.ingoroyvas SeniSvnas aZlevs, silabur-muxledovani anu ZveliqarTuli klasikuri leqsis mimoxilvisas, radganac Tvlis,rom àvtori am sakiTxze ufro vrclad unda SeCerebuliyo,radganac qarTuli leqsis mkvlevars dRes swored am saxesTanaqvs saqme ufro metad vidre danarCen orTan. miuxedavad imisa,rom am nawilSi bevri ramaa Sesasworebeli da dasazustebeli~. 2ùbralod rom vTqvaT, k. kekeliZes Cans araferi aqvs saTqmeliam saganze, Torem igi ase yrud ar Cauvlida amas~ _ gaocebuliganmaratavs p. ingoroyva. 3k. kekeliZe kategoriulad ar eTanxmeba leqsis saxes, romelsacp. ingoroyvam `wyobili sityva ricxvedi~ uwoda. `Tu CvenCavukvirdebiT am `leqsis~ nimuSebs, romelic avtors mohyavs (709-753), davrwmundebiT, rom aq araviTari leqsi ar gvaqvs. aba ra`leqsi~ unda iyos is leqsi, romelic ar emyareba arc terfTa damarcvalTa raodenobas taepSi, arc marcvalTa sigrZe simokles,arc riTmas, aramed `Sinaarsoblivi erTianobiT Sekrul taeps~. 4p. ingoroyva mimarTavs k. kekeliZes, rom `wyobili sityvis~ritmikas axasiaTebs ara `marcvledoba~ taepisa (marcvalTa raodenobataepSi), aramed `ricxvedoba~ taepTa (taepobrivi ritmika).gamosavali ritmuli erTeuli aq aris mTliani taepi, damoukidebladmisi `marcvlebodisa~, sigrZe-simoklisa. taepi aqSekruli unda iyos Sinarsobrivi erTianobiT. leqsTwyobas arhqmnis ara muxledTa da terfTa ritmika, aramed SinaarsobrivaderTiani taepebis ritmika, mTlian taepTa ritmuli monacvleoba.`wyobili sityvis~ Taviseburebas amasTan Seadgens is garemoeba,1 p. ingoroyva. pasuxi akademikos korneli kekeliZes. _ mnaTobi, #6,gv. 150.2 k. kekeliZe. axali Sroma Zveli qarTuli poeziis Sesaxeb, gv. 105.3 p. ingoroyva. pasuxi akademikos korneli kekeliZes. _ mnaTobi, #3,gv. 162.4 k. kekeliZe. axali Sroma Zveli qarTuli poeziis Sesaxeb, gv. 105.181

om taepTa ritmuli monacvleobis da Sepirispirebis dros aqfarTod gamoiyeneba e.w. saxeTa paralelizmi~. 1 ...`SinaarsobrivierTianobiT Sekruli taepi~ da `Sinaarsobrivi erTianobiT Sekruliwinadadeba~ srulebriv sxvadasxvaa. taepi saleqso funqciasasrulebs da mas aqvs garkveuli moculobs (minimumi damaqsimumi), xolo winadadeba araviTari sazRvrebiT Sekruli araada igi Cveulebriv ramdenime striqonis moculobisaa~. 2`gamleqsavs~ da `gamomWrels~ uwodebs mecnieri mkvlevars.`Cven ra viciT ra `leqsi~ unda gamosWra im nawamoebidan, romelsac,magaliTisTvis `qebaÎ qarTulisa enisa~ ewoda, uwyvetelistriqoniT iqneba igi warmodgenili Tu wyvetiliT~ da nimu-Sad moaqvs `giorgi merCuleSi~ gamoqveynebuli teqsti:`damarxul ars enaÎ qarTulidRemde meored mosvlisa misisa sawameblad,raTa yovelsa enasaRmerTman amxilos amiT eniTa~.akademikosi korneli kekeliZe askvnis rom, `yoveli prozaulimoTxrobidan SeiZleba amgvari `leqsis~ miReba~. nimuSadmoyavs ilia WavWavaZis `sarCobelazed~. 3Zvel xelnawerebSi leqsebi iwereboda gabmiT, prozis msgavsad.maS, rogorRa ganarCevdnen leqssa da prozas? _ svams kiTxvaspavle ingoroyva da TviTonve pasuxobs àrsebobda sagangebometruli punqtuacia, wertilebiT gamoyofili, romelic grafikulimaCvenebeli iyo saleqso formisa~. `kekeliZem saqmis viTarebamkiTxvels damaxinjebulad warudgina: ufro meti: man,mkiTxveli SecdomaSi Seiyvana~. 4k. kekeliZe `silabur-ukveTeli leqsis~ mimoxilvisas akritikebsp. ingoroyvas. bizantiuri ritmuli poeziis Sesaxeb arsebulicnobebi `Cvens avtors miuyenebia qarTuli himnografiisaTvisda im daskvnamde misula rom, aseTi xasiaTis bizantiuri ritmulipoeziisa, SeTvisebuli Zveli berZnuli qoruli lirikidan,gadmosula qarTul himnografiaSico, romelic maSasadame, ber-1 p. ingoroyva. pasuxi akademikos korneli kekeliZes. _ mnaTobi, #6,gv. 134.2 p. ingoroyva. pasuxi akademikos korneli kekeliZes. _ mnaTobi, #6,gv. 135.3 k. kekeliZe. axali Sroma Zveli qarTuli poeziis Sesaxeb, gv. 105.4 p. ingoroyva. pasuxi akademikos korneli kekeliZes. _ mnaTobi, #6,gv. 164.182

Znulis mibaZviT yofila warmoSobili. saWiroa Semowmeba aRniSnulidebulebisa, Cven valdebuli varT ganvixiloT, marTla iseasaqme qarTul himnografiaSi, rogorc bizantiurSi yofila?~. 1Zvel qarTul ritmul poeziis sakiTxebs, orive sapasuxowerilSi, p. ingoroyva did adgils uTmobs. axsna-ganmartebis gareSear tovebs arcerT niuans da detals. `qarTuli da berZnuliritmuli poeziis saleqso formas aerTebs ori uaRresad ni-Sandoblivi Sexvedra: a) stroful-antistofuli wyoba; b) poliritmia...es ori uaRresad niSandoblivi Sexvedra qarTuli daberZnuli poeziisa maTi naTesauri kavSiris maCvenebelia. `ZvelqarTulritmul poeziaSi Cven gvaqvs rTuli da metad Taviseburileqsi, uaResad dinamiuri ritmiT. romelic emyareba ara mxolodtaepobrivs, aramed stroful-taepobriv ritmikas.... ra gziT,raze damyarebiT iqna amoxsnili Zveli qarTuli ritmuli poezia?igi amosxnili iqna ara zepirad, aramed amoxsnil iqmna imavedokumentis safuZvelze, romliTac amoixsnil iqna iambikonebi,e.i. mertul punqtuaciaze dayrdnobiT~. 2`Tavisi stroful-taepobrivi leqsis gadasarCenad, mkvlevariteqstebis SekeTebasac mimarTavs: is teqstSi umatebs xolmemarcvals, xan sityvasac ki~. 3 àlag-alag avtori marcvalTa sa-Wiro raodenobis misaRebad sityvas aklebs marcvals da taepssityvsac ki~. 4 iqve k. kekeliZe ganagrZobs àseT manipulaciebsvxvdebiT TviT avtoris mier dabeWdil teqstebSi, romelic yvalasTvisxelmisawvdomia; raRa gveqneba im teqstebSi, romelnicamden xans gamoqveynebulni ar yofilan da romelTac Cven vecnobiTmxolod mis gamokvlevaSi? ... es gza metad saeWvoa, racnaTlad Cans im magaliTebidan, romelic mohyavs mkvlevars daromliTac mas surs daamtkicos Tavisi debuleba~. 5ès ar aris manipulacia~, pasuxobs p. ingoroyva, `xelnawer-Si teqstebi yovelTvis ar aris sworad moRweuli, aq zogjeradgili aqvs Secdomebs, da mecnieruli kritikac imaSi mdgomareobs,rom mtkice mecnierul safuZvelze damyarebiT, yvela dokumenturimasalisa da variantebis gamoyenebiTa da CvenebiT, teqs-1 k. kekeliZe. axali Sroma Zveli qarTuli poeziis Sesaxeb, gv. 108.2 p. ingoroyva. pasuxi akademikos korneli kekeliZes. _ mnaTobi, #3,gv. 166.3 k. kekeliZe. axali Sroma Zveli qarTuli poeziis Sesaxeb, gv. 108.4 k. kekeliZe. axali Sroma Zveli qarTuli poeziis Sesaxeb, gv. 109.5 k. kekeliZe. axali Sroma Zveli qarTuli poeziis Sesaxeb, gv. 111.183

tis namdvili saxeoba aRadginos~. 1 ... `teqstualuri kritikis safuZvelzeSetanili TiTo-orola dazianebuli adgilis Sesworeba,rasakvirvelia ar cvlis da arc SeiZleba Secvalos leqswyobisis uryvevi kanonebi, romlebic dadgenilia kanonzonieri,Tanmimdevruli metruli struqturiT, stroful-antistrofuliwyobiT, mtkiced kontrolirebuli metruli punqtuaciiT~. 2or mecniers Soris davis sagnad qceula grigol xanZTelisliteraturuli memkvidreobis sakiTxi. korneli kekeliZe Taviswerilis bolos askvnis, `mkvlevars, p. ingoroyvas, moucia didida sapatio Sroma, magram Sedegebi am Sromisa mis moculobas arSeesabameba~. 3 pavle ingoroyva gansxvavebulad amTavrebs Tavis sasapasuxowerilebs. igi wers: `Cven iZulebuli gavxdiT dawvrilebiTpasuxi gagveca pativcemuli mecnierisaTvis ara imis gamo,rom Cven gvexeba, aramed imis gamo, rom igi Tavis negatiurikritikiT eWvs qveS ayenebs qarTuli istoriuli memkvidreobisiseT uZvirfases saganZurs, rogoric aris uZvelesi epoqis qar-Tuli poezia rusTavelis wina xanisa, Zveli qarTuli poezia me-5-11 saukuneebisa... Cveni kritika amis gamo SesaZloa iyos mwvave,xolo es aravin ar unda gaigos ise, viTom me ar vafasebde k.keliZes, rogorc did mecniers. igi aris did mkvlevari Zveliliteraturis calkeuli specialuri dargebisa (Teologiuriliteratura, agiografia, liturgika). Tavisi specialobis dargSiman mniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi gakeTa da amiT win waswia Cveniqveynis warsulis Seswavlis saqme~. 4aseTia, am ori udidesi mkvlevris samecniero paeqrobis mimoxilva.Cveni werilis formatidan gamomdinare vifarglebiT ammcire monakveTiT. esaa mokrZalebuli cda, warmogvedgina masalebiam ori didi mecnieris samecniero paeqrobis Sesaxeb, romelsacsamecniero wreebSi farTo rezonansi mohyva da xeli Seuwyostereotipuli Sefasebis damkvidrebas pavle ingoroyvas `giorgimerCules~ da zogadad, misi Semoqmedebis mimarT.1 p. ingoroyva. pasuxi akademikos korneli kekeliZes. _ mnaTobi, #3,gv. 168.2 p. ingoroyva. pasuxi akademikos korneli kekeliZes. _ mnaTobi, #3,gv. 170.3 k. kekeliZe. axali Sroma Zveli qarTuli poeziis Sesaxeb, gv. 111.4 p. ingoroyva. pasuxi akademikos korneli kekeliZes. _ mnaTobi, #3,gv. 170.184

NANA SHENGELIAABOUT THE SCIENTIFIC DEBATE BETWEEN ACADEMICIANKORNELI KEKELIDZE AND PAVLE INGOROKVAIn 1954 “Giorgi Merchule” a monograph by Pevle Ingorokva, waspublished (An essay about the ancient Georgian literature, culture andpolitical system). It consisted of two parts: history and the literature. Thisvery literature part became the object of controversy between the scientistsKorneli Kekelidze and Pavle Ingorokva. This essay is dedicated to theanalysis of this dispute, the positions and the arguments of both sides.185

186soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008lado Wania`da rogorc erTi urCi miuridi~saqarTveloSic da kavkasiis mTianeTSic farTod iyo gavrcelebulixma Samilis aleqsandre batoniSvilis Svilobaze. metwiladam ori didi mamuliSvilis saegebio sisxlismieri naTesaobalegendisa da miTosur planSi moiazreboda, Tumca Samilis aleqsandrebatoniSvilisagan warmomavlobis Teorias mravali damadasturebelisabuTic umagrebda zurgs. cnobili qarTveli istorikosisal. fronelis mosazrebiT saqarTvelos taxtis maZiebelialeqsandre batoniSvili xSirad dadioda daRestanSi, sadac er-Tiani kavkasiuri frontis Sesaqmnelad mokavSireebs eZebda. kavkasiismTianeTSi Turme is TveobiT rCeboda da ar aris gamoricxuli,rom lekis qalTan sasiyvarulo romani gaeCaRebina da SedegadSamili gaCeniliyo. 1 analogiuri Sinaarsis Tqmuleba CauweriavaJa-fSavelasac, sadac qarTveli ufliswulis romanuli epozodiawina planze wamoweuli. “pirvelad, roca aleqsandre batoniSviligaiqca da mtroba gamoucxada ruseTis mTavrobas mihmar-Ta mTas, batoniSvils yvelgan undoda momxreebi eSovna, am miznismisaRwevad daRestanSic ki imyofeboda. fSavisa xom xSiri stumariiyo, sadac naTli-dedebi da naTli-mamebi gaiCina. uamisadaczogierT ojaxebTan Zlier daaxloebuli iyo batoniSvili. erTiaseTi ojaxi saxa qistaurisa iyo, sadac erTxel qeifobis drosbatoniSvilma warmoTqva Turme: “eh, me iqneba amodena tantalSiuZeod movkvde, Tumca ki, arc uZeo var. mxolod is menaneba, romCemi Tesli daRestanSi darCao”. 2sagulisxmoa da niSneulia vinme kapitan asaTianis mier al.fronelisaTvis gadacemuli ucnobi xelnaweri, sadac sityva-sityviTada xazgasmiT Semdegi ewera: `rodesac al. batoniSvili Zeerekle meorisa iyo devnili rusTagan, maSin igi gadaixvewa da-RistanSi. avarSi, sofels nikolas, romelic aris sofel gimrismaxloblaT. am gandegilobis Jams aleqsandrem Seiyvara romelime1 al. froneli. mTis arwivi Samili. tf., 1914, gv. 51.2 al. froneli. mTis arwivi Samili, gv. 37.

lekis saSualebiT erTi lekis, saxelad dungas coli, qali lamazida maTi SeerTebidan daibada Samili, romelic ganiTqva SemdegdaRestnis imamaT da Seiqmna Zlier ganTqmuli rusebis mteri”.1 sayuradReboa is faqtic, rom Samilis mamis imamis biografebisada mkvlevarebis miTiTebiT marTlac dinRausa da dungassaxelebis identurobiT kidev ufro meti simyare eZleoda Samilisaleqsandre batoniSvilisagan Camomavlobas. aRsaniSnavia isgaremoebac, rom qarTul mTianeTSi didi xnis manZilze ambobdnen,Samils deda rom gauwyreboda, waayvedrebda xolme,_ àr dacxrebi Se giauro da gurjis Svilovo”. 2Samilis aleqsandre batoniSvilisagan warmomavlobis mravalsabuTsa da mTaSi gavrcelebul xmas zed emateboda saocarifiziologiuri msgavseba maT Soris, rac kidev ufro amyarebdaori didi patriotis sisxlismieri naTesaobis Teorias. al.fronelis miTiTebiT Samilisa da aleqsandres saxis metyvelebametismetad waagavda erTmaneTs: ,,maRali axovani tani, SeWmuxnuliSubli da varami, romelic saocradaa aRbeWdili orives saxezeamtkicebs maT siaxloves da naTesaobas. tuCmokumul saxesbatoniSvilisas rom akvirdebi, hfiqrob, rom am adamians erTibednieri dRe ar unaxavs Tavis xangrZliv sicocxleSio. aseTsaveSTabeWdilebas axdens daRvremili da dardiani saxe Samilisa~. 3Tqmuleba, rom Samili aleqsandre batoniSvilis ukanonoSvili iyo, farTod aris gavrcelebuli TuSeTSi. amasTan dakav-SirebiT saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis buqurauli, romlis biZasleo buqurauls Samilis drois brZolebis qar-cecxli hqondagamovlili da mkerdSi daWrilic yofila ori tyviiT. misi naambobidanirkveva, rom erTi TuSi tyved CavardniaT lekebs. sanamTuSebi mas gamoisyidnen, Samils diliT adre seirnobisas unaxavses TuSi da uTqvams misTvis:_ ,,TuSebo, ra gindaT Cemgan, ras merCiT, an Tqven da, ansaerTod qarTvelebi. me vebrZvi rusebs, Cvens saerTo mters. meminda gavreko rusebi daRestnidan da miT aRvadgino Cveni winaprebistaxti. me erekles SviliSvili var~. 4qarTvel mweralTa Soris uwinaresad k. gamsaxurdiam iwama,1 al. froneli. mTis arwivi. Samili, gv. 51.2 al. froneli. mTis arwivi. Samili, gv. 52.3 al. froneli. mTis arwivi. Samili, gv. 54.4 buqurauli. sami imami. tf., 1932, gv. 7.187

Samili aleqsandre batoniSvilis ukanono Svili rom iyo. mweraliam saTuo da saWoWmano ambavs imadac miiCnevda sarwmunocnobad, rom masSi kavkasieli xalxebis konsolidaciisa da maTierTad muStad Sekvris winapirobas xedavda. is, rac ver SesZlomamam, unda aRasrulos Svilma. mTavaria, ar daikargos, ar gawydeserovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobis ideuri ZarRvi, armoxdes meomruli vnebisa da Jinis dacxroma.amasTan dakavSirebiT saintereso mogoneba aqvs e. maRraZes,romelic ase ixsenebs mweralTan gamarTul dialogs:_ ,,saidan moitane cnoba, rom Samili aleqsandre batoniSvilisukanono Svilia?~ _ ukiTxia mwerals konstantinesTvis._ jer erTi aseTi xmebi Samilis sicocxleSive dairxa, misyuramde miaRwia da mis mxriv amas protesti ar mohyolia. xoloroca daisaWirova saqarTvelos taxtze Tavis pretenziebipolitikuri miznebisaTvis, TviTonve ganacxada~. 1cxadia, k. gamsaxurdias fiqri da azri kavkasieli xalxebisxvalindeli dRis perspeqtivas ufro dastrialebda, vidre _warsulisas. mTeli kavkasiis ganTavisuflebis saqmeSi ki orixalxis gamorCeuli Svilis sisxlismier naTesaobas gansakuTrebulimniSvneloba mierwyveboda.k. gamsaxurdias hipoTezas Samilis qarTuli warmomavlobisSesaxeb zurgs umagrebda meore didi qarTveli mwerali mix. javaxiSvili,romelsac Tavis romanSi ,,arsena marabdeli~ ramdenjermeaqvs moxsenebuli Samili aleqsandre batoniSvilis vaJad,rasac erT Tavis werilSi adasturebs kidec. ,,Samilze gakvriTmaqvs naTqvami, rom is zogis rwmeniT aleqsandres Svili iyo _meTqi. ra Tqma unda amas yovlad uryevi sabuTiT ver davamtkiceb,magram aseTi xma dadioda daRistanSi. amgvari hipoTeza uamravidadis da mwerals ufleba aqvs Taviseburad gamoiyenos~. 2odnav gansxvavebuli mosazreba aqvs am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiTak. gawerelias. mwerali Tavis novelaSi `Samilis erTidRe” kavkasiis mTis mbrZanebels warmogvidgens ojaxis RirsebiserTgul damcvelad da qomagad, romlisTvisac SeuracmyofeliamTaSi moaruli xma misi aleqsandre batoniSvilisagan ukanonoSvilobis Sesaxeb. imami enas aWrida im meWoreebs, vinc aseT1 e. maRraZe. guliTa marTliTa. Tb., 1979, gv. 76.2 m. javaxiSvili. arsena marabdeli. _ Txzulebani. t. VI. Tb., 1974,gv. 407.188

xmebs sagangebod yrida mTaSi. Samilis Semwynarebeli damokidebulebacqristes sjulisadmi da mis mier morwmuneebisadmi nebarTvismicema wirva-locvis Casatareblad mometebul sababs aZlevdamavannT mis ZarRvebSi qarTuli sisxli da geni eZiaT. ak.gawerelia aRniSnavs. `mTielTa beladi sarwmunoebriv SemwynareblobasiCenda, zogi meWore ki Cumad qirqilebda. ase imitom iqceva,rom Tavidan iskanderi gurjis buSia, SexedeT Tavis namdvilmamasaviT TvalebWutia da cacia ariso”. 1Samilisa da aleqsandre batoniSvilis dauokebeli da daumorCilebelisuli mZafr politikur vnebebs aRuZravs ticiantabiZes. mas, rogorc poeturi sityvis qurums zaravs imis gafiqrebac,rom Tavganwirul qarTvelTa Tavisuflebisaken swrafvammaradiuli Seferxeba ar ganicados da misi vulkanuri energiasruliad ar daiTrTvilos:,,am saSinel da uiRblo Ramesme mrCeba mxolod erTi anderZirom ar amoSres xalxSi naRvelibatoniSvilis aleqsandresi~. 2ori didi kavkasielis saomar nafexurebze mimaval ticianssalocav xatad da sabrZolo devizad miuyveba ara maTi sisxlismierinaTesaobis genetikuri madli, aramed _ sabrZolo yi-Jina da meomruli aRtkineba. gardasul landTa erovnul-politikuriidealebiT gulanTebuli poeti meti SemarTebiTa da poeturimrisxanebiT …arisxebs Tavisuflebis nanatr zars:,,da rogorc erTi urCi miuridi,vficav sayvarel vaJkacTa wverebs,Samilis fafars da TeTr WaRaras,aleqsandres wvers droSad nakerebs,rom me davtoveb poetis saxels,Tu vaJkacobas Tqvensas ver vamxel~. 31 ak. gawerelia. Samilis erTi dRe. _ rCeuli nawerebi. Tb., 1961, gv. 567.2 t. tabiZe. poemidan CaRatar. _ wgn.: t. tabiZe. asi leqsi. Tb., 1999, gv. 7.3 t. tabiZe. poemidan CaRatar, gv. 7.189

LADO CHANIA“AS ONE WILFUL MURID”The article is devoted to the review of the speculations on Checheno-Ingushetia’s national-liberation movement’s legendary hero Shamil’s descentfrom Alexandre Bagrationi – the son of King Irakli II. The views andconjectures of the Georgian writers and poets about Shamil being AlexandreBagrationi’s child are analysed and the national-political significanceof this lineage in the liberation of the whole Caucasus is emphasized.190

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008nana araxamiaharmoniuli adamianis problema XIXs.qarTul mwerlobaSi`gandegili~, òTaraanT qvrivi~Cvens droSi harmoniuli adamianis problemas, romelsacxSir SemTxvevaSi moiazreben pirovnebis problemad, mniSvnelovaniadgili aqvs daTmobili qarTuli erovnuli kulturis yovelubanSi da pirvel rigSi, filosofiasa da fsiqologiaSi.poema `gandegilSi~ ilia gvevlineba humanizmis Zlier mesityved.mgosanma aq wamoWra Rrmad filosofiuri sakiTxebi sicocxlissazrisis, adamianis zneobrivi valdebulebebis saxiT. i.javaxiSvilma, S. nucubiZem, d. uznaZem _ pirovnebis fsiqologiisfuZemdebelma saqarTveloSi, romlis samecniero naSromebmamsoflio rezonansi da aRiareba hpova sagulisxmo SexedulebebiSemogvTavazes gandgomilobis problemasTan dakavSirebiT.evropidan axaldabrunebulma saxelovanma swavlulma aRniSnulproblemas sagangebo statia uZRvna saTauriT `gandgomilobisproblema ilia WavWavaZis `gandegilSi~ 1 da am problematikisfilosofiuri analizis safuZvelze Semdegi sayuradRebodaskvna SemogvTavaza: gandegili xom ise cxovrobda erT dros,rogorc yoveli adamiani. masac surda adamianuri keTildReobisdamkvidreba, magram misi neba imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom igi arcerTma Cveulebrivma adamianurma Rirebulebam ar daakmayofila damwvaved igrZno, rom mTeli xrova am RirebulebaTa, romelic amcxovrebaSi xorcieldeba, amaoa... Tavisi Zlieri nebiT mxolodzeciurisaken iwyo ltolva. magram male aRmoCnda, rom adamianisneba mainc adamianisaa da misi absoluturi srulyofa SeuZlebelia,ai. aseTia is zogadi tragedia, romelic Cvenma mgosanma Tavis`gandegilSi~ erTgvari konkretuli saSualebiT gamoxata.ilia WavWavaZis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba sakvirveli gamWriaxobiTWvretda adamianis arsebobis SuagulSi idumal ZalTa da mis sa-1 d. uznaZe. gandgomilobis problema ilia WavWavaZis `gandegilSi~._ filosofiuri Sromebi. Tb., 1984.191

winaaRmdego trials. 11987w. gazeT `literaturul saqarTveloSi~ gamoqveynda T.buaCiZis statia: ìlias ubeduri gandegili da hegelis ùbeduricnobiereba~. 2 dasavleT evropis axali drois filosofiis mkvlevariaq Zalzed sainteresod msjelobs Tanamedroveobis urTulesfilosofiur-sociologiur problematikaze da Tvlis, rom hegelisfilosofiaSi wamoWrili e.w. ùbeduri cnobierebis~ umwvavesiazrovnul-sociologiuri dilema, romelic Cvens droSi adamianis`gaucxovebis~ qvakuTxedad iqca Semxvedr literaturul sayrdenspoulobs didi qarTveli poetis, ilia WavWavaZis `gandegilSi~.T. buaCiZe Tvlis, rom WeSmariti siyvarulis Zalis winyoveli adamiani uZluri xdeba da gandegili itanjeba adamianuri,WeSmariti siyvarulis ganuxorcieleblobis gamo da am tragizmisfonze avtori warmoaCens ZiriTad mizans poemisas. 3mwyemsi qalis, rogorc garkveuli tipis Sesaxeb qarTulkritikasa da literaturaTmcodneobaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs.amis miuxedavad, es personaJi umetes SemTxvevaSi moazrebulia,rogorc mSvenierebis, sikeTis, siyvarulis simbolo. amTvalsazrisiT sagulisxmoa adreul periodSi k. abaSiZis, 4 f. ru-Savelis, 5 p. ingoroyvas, 6 m. zandukelis 7 da sxva mkvlevarTa Sexedulebebi.T. buaCiZis aRniSnul Tvalsazriss iSveliebs mkvlevarig. gvazava da saxelovani filosofosis kvalobazed Tvlis,rom `meore adamianTan sulieri komunikaciis gareSe adamiani veriqneba srulyofili~. gandegiloba, RmerTTan misvlis es gza, poetisaTvisamgvari moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas eRobeba, Txrisufskruls adamianebs Soris. gandegiloba, _ gveubneba poeti, _aucileblobiT badebs ubedurebas, roca is mdidari moyvasis moy-1 d. uznaZe. gandgomilobis problema.., gv. 249.2 T. buaCiZe. ìlias ubeduri~ gandegili da hegelis ùbeduri cnobiereba~._ gaz. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, #34, 1987.3 T. buaCiZe. ìlias ubeduri~ gandegili.., gv. 6-7.4 k. abaSiZe. etiudebi XIX saukunis qarTuli literaturis Sesaxeb,t. I. quTaisi, 1912, gv. 267.5 f. ruSaveli. kidev i. WavWavaZis `gandegilis~ Sesaxeb. _ gaz. `Temi~,#49, 1911, gv. 2-3.6 p. ingoroyva. ilia WavWavaZe. _ TxzulebaTa krebuli Svid tomad,t. I. Tb., 1963, gv. 449.7 m. zandukeli. i. WavWavaZis poeturi leqsikisaTvis. poema `gandegilis~mixedviT. _ wgn.: m. zandukeli. ilia WavWavaZis mxatvruliostatoba. Tb., 1968, gv. 239.192

varuli adamianis cxovrebis wesad iqceva. mwiri sworad is adamiania,romelsac kargad esmis `siyvarulisa da Tanadgomis fasi~. 1ver daveTanxmebiT qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi gamoTqmulSexedulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom gandegili qalis xorcieli silamazismsxverpli Seiqmna. gandegili `miwieri moTxovnilebebisagangaZarcvuli morwmune sulia. tragikuli pirovnebaa~. 2m. zarqua `gandegilis~ fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT ganxilvisasaRniSnavs: `normaluri adamianis fsiqika ver Seeguebaasketuri Teoriis araadamianur da antiadamianur moTxovnilebebs.Zlieri nebisyofis mqone adamianTa SemTxvevaSi xdeba sawuTroebisrealuri daTmoba, magram Tu es damTmobi pirovnebafsiqikurad normaluri adamiania, maSin fsiqologiuri daTmobaar SeiZleba moxdes, radgan rac sasurveli iyo normaluri adamianisaTvisver dakargavs sasurvelobis elfers, xolo is, racformalurad sworma, magram arsebiTad mcdarma Teoriam miawodaumaRlesi Rirebulebis saxiT, ver daikavebs dadebiTi emociissagnis adgils, ver Secvlis mas. amas Sedegad mohyveba konfliqtigonebiseulsa da uSualo gancdiseul sferoebs Soris, xolokonfliqti ki warmoSobs pirovnebis gaorebas~. 3pirovnebis fsiqologiur TaviseburebaTa ganxilvis TvalsazrisiTkidev ufro sainteresod migvaCnia cnobili fsiqologis, a.zurabaSvilis Sexedulebani. mkvlevari personologiuri da deontologiurimasalebis safuZvelze ayalibebs Sexedulebebs pirovnebisfsiqologiur TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb da Tvlis, rom i.WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi momZlavrebulad iCens Tavs personologiuriproblemebi. es ukanaskneli gamoxatulebas poulobs poema`gandegilSic~. magram sanam a. zurabaSviliseul Tvalsazriss CamovayalibebT,Tu ra saxiT iCens Tavs personologiuri problemebi`gandegilSi~, mcire eqskursis saxiT gavarkvioT, ra Seadgenspersonologiuri kvlevis mTavar sagans.personologia pirovnebis TaviseburebaTa moZRvrebaa. movaleobisgrZnoba, Segneba, sindisis Zaxili da sxv. Seadgens persono-1 g. gvazava. didi ilias Tvalsawieri `lokaluri arSiniT~ arizomeba. _ kritika, #6, 1990, gv. 61.2 T. vasaZe. yovlad Zlieri mSveniereba – wgn.: T. vasaZe. faruliSinasamyaro. literaturuli werilebi, eseebi. Tb., 1946, gv. 24.3 m. zarqua. gaorebuli pirovnebis tragedia. ilias `gandegili~danaxuli fsiqologis TvaliT). _ wgn.: ilia WavWavaZe. saiubileokrebuli. Tb., 1957, gv. 277.13. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi193

logiuri kvlevis mTavar sagans. xolo deontologia Tavisi mizniTada SinaarsiT personologiuri e.i. moqmedebis fsiqologiisSemoqmedebiTi ganStoebaa. deontologiuri masalebis Seswavlasaqtiuri fsiqologiuri interesi aqvs. am gziT SesaZloa adamianissulieri yofierebis Sinagani bunebis garkveva. personologiuriproblemebi gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebas iRebs eris bedobisa daubedobis dros. eqim fsiqologis azriT, ubedurebisas saWiroapersonologiuri warmodgenebi, raTa adamianma Seignos Tavisierovnuli mowodeba da movaleoba. aseve, personologiuri fsiqologiaamzeurebs adamianis umgvanoebas, sibilwes, arakacobas. xolokeTil da sabedniero viTarebaSi yalibdeba da grZeldeba personologiurikategoriebi, rogorc mtkice moraluri sabuTiwarsul gamarjvebaTa, rac uwyvet da uryev tradiciad unda dar-Ces momavali TaobisaTvis. avtori Tvlis, rom aucilebelia arsebobdesmWidro SemoqmedebiTi simbiozi mxatvrul fsiqologiasa,mxatvrul literaturasa da mecnierul fsiqologias Soris.a. zurabaSvilis TvalsazrisiT, ilias SemoqmedebaSi Sromisanu garjis grZnoba gaSuqebulia maRal personologiur doneze.`gandegilSi~ logikuri simtkiciT aris naCvenebi, rom pirovnulikategoriebi movaleobis, sindisis da moralis Sesaxeb kargavenTavis mniSvnelobas, Tu adamiani ar imyofeba aqtiur moqmedebaSida mowyvetilia Sromas, garjas. xalxidan da sasargebloSromiTi moqmedebidan gasvla yovelTvis mTavrdeba damarcxebiT.amiT xsnis mecnieri gandegilis samwuxaro dasasruls. mkvlevarimiiCnevs, rom i. WavWavaZe moqmedebis fsiqologiis brwyinvalewarmomadgenelia da amitom mis SemoqmedebaSi yvelgan da yovel-Tvis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba aqvs daTmobili garjas. es sakiTxebimgosanTan gaSuqebulia maRal personologiur doneze daigi Sefasebuli unda iyos, rogorc inteleqtualuri grZnoba.mkvlevari – garja da patriotizms erTi mTliani kategoriissaxiT mimoixilavs da Tvlis, rom ilias azriTac, garja da patritizmiurTierTSerwymuli, urTierTisgan gansazRvruli fsiqologiuricnebebia. 1pirovnebis fsiqologiaSi realuri adgili ukavia deontologias,ese igi moZRvrebas sindisis sifaqizesa da saerTod,adamianis zneobrivi Sinaarsis Sesaxeb. ilia deontologiis prin-1 a. zurabaSvili. personologiuri problemebi qarTul mwerloba-Si. deontologiur-fsiqologiuri narkvevi. Tb., 1973, gv. 118-222.194

cipebidan gamomdinare exeba da jerovnad wyvets zogad fsiqologiur,msoflio mniSvnelobis problemebs poemaSi da naTladgviCvenebs, Tu ra aris adamianis daniSnuleba. igi uryevi logikiTgvixatavs kacuri kacis mdidar, naTel da maRal bunebas. a.zurabaSvilis azriT, `gandegilSi~ warmodgenili situaciis mixedviT,individumis fsiqikam, sityvam da moralurma ganwyobilebamunda daZlios fiziologiuri sawyisi. poemis siuJeturi mimdinareobakulminacias aRwevs maSin, roca bers survili uCndebamwyemsi qalis kocnisa. beri damarcxda, instiqturi mizidulobadauZleveli Seiqmna. a. zurabaSvilis mtkicebiT, ilias ar SeeZloaaseTi daskvnis gakeTeba, rom pirovneba marcxdeba instiqtiT,rom xorcieli Tu fizikuri pirovnebaze Zlieria. mecnierisavsebiT samarTlianad miiCnevs, rom saWiro xdeba adamianis SeswavlamTlinobis aspeqtSi da swored es sakiTxi _ pirovnebismTlianobis problema wamowia wina planze i. WavWavaZem `gandegilSi~,radgan mwerali am problemas ganazogadebda da ganixilavdaxalxis, eris mTlianobis aspeqtSi. 1a. zurabaSvilis msjelobaSi bevri ramaa saintereso, sagulisxmoda sakamaToc. Cveni azriT, mecnieri, udavod sworadWvretda poemaSi ilias mier dasmul sakiTxs _ pirovnebismTlianobis problemas, romelsac axali esTetikuri sazomebiTmiudgnen XXs. bolo periodis literaturaTmcodneni da Tanamedroveobisgadasaxedidan.mniSvnelovani Sexedulebebi gamoTqves aRniSnul sakiTxTandakavSirebiT. am TvalsazrisiT, sagulisxmoa a. baqraZis Sexedulebebiimis Sesaxeb, rom mwirs udidesi misia akisria da esudidesi misia qveynis xsnaa. qveynis xsna, mkvlevaris azriT, verganxorcieldeba Tvinier pirovnebis xsnisa. amitomac miaSuragandegilma saqarTvelos ukvdav suls. magram ver SeZlo sakuTarisulis xsna, radgan pirovnebis sulis xsna ar aris iolisaqme. amisaTvis jvarcmulis rwmena, nebisyofa da energia undahqondes kacs, misi sulis simtkicisa da Zalis patroni undaiyos. raki gandegils es Tvisebani ar aRmoaCnda, daiRupa kidec.es sikvdili sulis simtkicis, Zalis, energiis, nebisyofis aRzrdisakenmouwodebs mkiTxvels~. 2 .1 a. zurabaSvili. personologiuri problemebi.., gv. 130.2 a. baqraZe. gza xsnisa. _ wgn.: a. baqraZe. ilia WavWavaZe. Tb., 1981,gv. 110.195

g. kalandariSvilis azriT ki, avtors àinteresebda adamianismravalferi buneba~. 1 g. kankava fiqrobs, rom poemis persona-Ji gandegili mxolod asketis ganmasaxierebeli mxatvruli saxeki araa, aramed saxea iseTi adamianisa, romelic zneobrivi gaTi-Sulobis Sedegad tragikul gaorebas ganicdis. kritikosi aRniSnavs,rom ilia WavWavaZe adamianis sulis siRrmiseul SreebSiwvdomis araCveulebrivi ostatia. aseT saxeTa Seqmnas mxatvrulliteraturaSi ilias dari niWi da siRrme sWirdeba. 2rogorc vxedavT, iliam Tavisi maRali mxatvruli niWiswyalobiT qarTuli sinamdviliT nasazrdoebi problemebi sakacobriomaradiul ideebs daukavSira, amitomac iseTi Rrmadgaazrebulinawarmoebi, rogorc `gandegilia~, sxva mraval fiqrTada azrTa amSleli da dambadebelic aris. amiTaa gamowveuli albaTes azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, romelic arsebobs Cvens literaturaTmcodneobaSi.`gandegilis~ koncefcia srul TanxmobaSia ilia WavWavaZisSemoqmedebis wamyvan ideebTan. Tumca adreuli periodis samecnieroliteraturaSi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebicarsebobda. 3 savsebiT samarTlianad wers a. kalanda-Ze, rom `gandegili~ àCrdilis~ axleburi movlinebaa, masSi `kakoyaCaRis~ siluetebic vlindeba, `kacia adamianis~ ironiac,`glaxis naambobis~ saTnoebaca da òTaraanT qvrivis~ pirquSisialalmarTlec. 4 amave Tvalsazriss anviTarebs s. Ciqovani daTvlis, rom samive nawarmoebs `sicocxlis gamarjvebis filosofiaudevs safuZvlad~. 5 rogorc aRvniSneT, ilias mravalferovanSemoqmedebas Tavidan bolomde naTel zolad gasdevs harmoniuliadamianis problema, romelic `xidCatexilobis~ saxeliTac ariscnobili Cvens literaturaTmcodneobaSi. am TvalsazrisiT jerkidev adreuli periodis qarTul kritikaSi gamoiTqva sayuradRebomosazrebebi. gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa g. javaxiSvi-1 g. kalandariSvili. asketizmis problema ilia WavWavaZis `gandegilSi~._ macne, enis, literaturis... seria, #4, 1982, gv. 57.2 g. kankava. ilias `gandegili~. _ wgn.: g. kankava. literaturuliwerilebi. Tb., 1985, gv. 5.3 ix.: g-ka. saliteraturo saRamo. _ gaz. `mnaTobi~, #32, 1911, gv. 2-3.4 a. kalandaZe. `gvaqvs saganZuri~. _ wgn.: a. kalandaZe. XIX s. qarTuliliteratura. Tb., 1986, gv. 571.5 s. Ciqovani. `ramdenime suraTi ...~ da `gandegili~. _ rCeuli werilebi.Tb., 1963, gv. 191.196

lis Sexedulebani. mkvlevari wers _ `gandegilSi~ ilia ufroaRrmavebs im sakiTxs, romelic man dasva òTaraanT qvrivSi~. Tuam ukanasknelSi avtori asabuTebs, rom socialuri uswormasworobada interesTa sxvadasxvaoba iwvevs adamianis bunebaSi, imisfsiqikaSi uswor-masworobas, gaugebrobas, interesTa sxvadasxvaobahqmnis fsiqikuri bunebis sxvadasxvaobas, ris gamoc SeuZlebeliaharmoniuli muSaoba da interesTa Tanxvedra.kritikosis mosazrebiT amitomacaa, rom ilia ganTiadis dasawyissxedavs swored am fsiqikuri bunebis aRzrdaSi, `codnianiscremliT~ anu `cremlianis codniT~. e.i. ori wodebis fsiqologiisanalizs Tan sdevs avtoris survili maTi erTmaneTTandakavSirebisa. `gandegilSi~ ilia cdilobs daamtkicos, rom`TviT adamianis gulSi ori kaci zis, ori buneba: erTi miiswrafviszecisaken sulis asamaRleblad, meore ki eltvis dedamiwas...da kacobriobas am ori bunebis Sesarigeblad vera gamouZebnia ra.dResac zogi zecas arCevs da zogic hgmobs, zogsac Tavisi cxovrebissagnad gauxdia droebiTi sitkboeba. g. javaxiSvili SeniSnavs,rom, Tu rogor unda moxdes es morigeba, rogor unda Seer-Tdes, damSviddes adamianis buneba, ilia amaze arafers ambobs poemaSi,magram am sakiTxebze arc aravis gaucia pasuxi. 1rogorc irkveva, jer kidev adreuli periodis kritikosebiòTaraanT qvrivSi~ `xidCatexilobis~ problemis miRma xedavdnenilias mier dasmul sxva aspeqtebsac: problema adamianTa gaucxoebisapirovnul planSi, ufro sworad, adamianis martoobis problemas.xidCatexilobis, wodebaTa Soris urTierTobis problemadRes aRiarebulia ukontaqtobisa da gaucxoebis problemad. xSirSemTxvevaSi yuradRebas amaxvileben aramarto oTaraanT qvrivis,aramed, sosias tragediazec. ilias surda Cawvdomoda adamianTafsiqologias es kargad Cans artur laistis mogonebidanac: `Jin-JRvliani dRe iyo, roca iliasTan Sevedi. igi Tavis kabinetSiijda da roca CemTan saubars morCa axali germanuli wignebis Sesaxeb,uceb miTxra: `saintereso idea maqvs moTxrobisaTvis, manunda gagviSalos qarTveli glexebisa da ukanaskneli drois qar-Tvel memamuleTa fsiqologia. ... `ho, pirvel moTxrobaSi me vibr-Zodi glexebis nivTieri TavisuflebisaTvis. am moTxrobaSi ki me1 g. javaxiSvili. ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc mgosani. _ gaz. ìsari~,#211, 1907. miTiTebulia: wgn.: ilia WavWavaZe qarTul literaturulkritikaSi, qrestomaTia, naw. II. Tb., 1958, gv. 66-78.197

minda gavlena movaxdino maT zneobriv Tavisuflebaze~, _ dasZinailiam da uecrad Seexo maSindeli qarTveli glexis yofa-cxovrebas,mis zneobis sispetakes da patiosnebasa~. 1fsiqologiuri, inteleqtualuri da kidev sxva saxis jebirebiqmnian gaugebrobas adamianebs Soris. es gaugebroba exebayvela sferos, im sferosac ki sadac TiTqos yovelgvari jebirebiadamianebs Soris moxsnili unda iyos. TviT siyvarulisgrZnobac ki uZluri xdeba moagvaros ukontaqtobis, gaucxoebisproblemebi. sosia mewisqviles, romelsac sicocxleSi ar eRirsaoTaraanT qvrivis siyvaruli, mkvdarsac aRar atireben da rogorTamamadac ar unda mogveCvenos es gancxadeba sosia èrTaderTinamdvili Wirisufalia oTaraanT qvrivisa~. 2 isic marto da upatronoa,rogorc gardacvlili oTaraanT qvrivi. sicocxlis mZimewuTebSi yvelgan sosia oTaraanT qvrivis gverdzea, magramqvrivsa da sosias Soris adamianuri Rirsebis jebirebia aRmar-Tuli. tragikuli da martosulia orive personaJi. sosias tragediisfonze iliam win wamowia sazogadod, adamianis martoobisproblema, romelic aqtualuria yoveli drois adamianisaTvis.martoobis problema daZleuli aqvs oTaraanT qvrivs. igiSromiT Trgunavs martoobas da igive jafa aniWebs mas suliersimSvides, ufro metic, sikvdilis winaSe moniWebuli simSvidisgrZnobac misi aqtiuri da Sromisunariani bunebidan gamomdinareobs.igive Tvisebebi: Sromismoyvareoba, sakuTari garjiT cxovreba,uSurveloba, sityvisa da saqmis erTianoba, martoobis SromisdaZleva, sikvdilis SiSis daTrgunva. sityvagautexloba gviyalibebsgiorgize srulmqnili pirovnebis STabeWdilebas.ilia aqac misi msoflmxedvelobidan gamomdinare wyvets sakiTxsadamianis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb da Tvlis, rom pirovnebissamsaxuri dakavSirebulia realur cxovrebasTan da sikeTe mJRavndebamxolod Sromasa da moqmedebaSi. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas,didi mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi yvelgan da yovelTvis gansakuTrebuliyuradReba aqvs daTmobili moqmedebas, Sromas, garjas. swored,garjisa da didi Sromis Sedegia oTaranT qvrivis ojaxi.`rogorc qvrivis sulieri Rirsebis materialuri sabuTi~.rogorc aRiniSna, adamianTa gaucxoebas mravali faqtoriudevs safuZvlad da ilia WavWavaZec misTvis Cveuli Semoqmede-1 a. laisti. saqarTvelo guli. Tb., 1963, gv. 67.2 a. baqraZe. qrestomaTiuli kritika. XIX saukune. II. Tb., 2004, gv. 153.198

iTi simamaciT gvisuraTebs am mizezebs Tavis òTaraanT qvriv-Si~. oTaraanT qvrivisa da sosias SemTxvevaSi adamianuri Rirsebagaxda gaucxoebis mizezi, xolo deda-Svilis gamTiSav Zalad samecnieroliteraturaSi miCneulia fsiqo-biologiuri faqtori.`wavida giorgi, ise rom ukan arc mouxednia. wavida iq, sadacyvelaferia, _ fiqrobs oTaraanT qvrivi da Tavis Tavs ekiTxeba– deda-SvilobaSi ori Tvali rad unda iyos? neta dedas sxvasaviTmainc ori Tvali ar hqonoda... Tu aqvs, rad uWirs erTi Tavisad,meore Svilisad? guli rad ixedeba gareT oris TvaliTa,rad? ratom erTi Tvali ar ebrmavis, roca meore iyureba? vinvisTvisao, _ ra sakiTxavia deda SvilobaSi~? ... vai, rom sakiTxaviyofila! amis kedelia Turme deda-Svilobaca~. 1 rogorc ampatara amonarididanac Cans gaucxoeba Tan sdevs adamianis arsebobas.iseTi deda-Svilis SemTxvevaSic ki, rogoric giorgi daoTaraanT qvrivia. zogjer am gaucxoebis safuZveli klasobrivisxvadasxvaobaa, zogjer adamianuri Rirseba, zogjer fsiqo-biologiurifaqtori, zogjer siyvaruli da zogjer kidev vinicis ra. ilia metad mgrZnobiared aanalizebs ara marto Cveniqveynis da ara marto Tavisi drois TvalsazrisiT erTob mtkivneulproblemas.istoriulad qarTveli eri sicocxlis fasad inaxavda Taviserovnul mTlianobas. igi moqmedebda ara marto mtkice daZlieri marjveniT, aramed sityviT, azriT, gonebiT, cnebaTa CamoyalibebiTda dauwereli moraluri kodeqsebiT. didma mgosanmaerisaTvis gansakuTrebulad saWiro Jams (aRmavlobisa da zneobrividacemulobis dros) Tavis ukvdav SemoqmedebaSi dasva harmoniuliadamianis problemis sakiTxi, romlis ganuyofeli aspeqtiamovaleoba, patriotizmi, sindisis dauJangveloba, sikeTis,siamayis, siyvarulis, ndobis kulti. istoriuli aucileblobisgamo swored didi mwerlebi ayeneben sakiTxs sazogadoebaSi aqtiurida znesruli adamianebis aucileblobisa, miznad isaxaven,rom aseT mxatvrul saxeTa SeqmniT miuTiTon sazogadoebas mankierTvisebebze.amave aspeqtSi savsebiT misaRebia v. miqelaZis Semdegi mosazreba:`yoveli monoba sazogadod ori jaWviT aris gamagrebuli:erTi – uflebrivia, monoba dakanonebulia. kanoni moispo,1 i. WavWavaZe. oTaraanT qvrivi. _ TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aTtomad, t. I. Tb., 1951-1961, gv. 260.199

jaWvic daimsxvra, garegnobiT monobac moispo. meore jaWvi TviTadamianis sazogadoebis cnobierebaSia gamagrebuli, mis grZnoba-Si, xasiaTSi. am borkilis damsxvreva ufro Znelia, meti drounda. kacis grZnoba, goneba, sindisi unda gaiwmindos, gasufTavdes.amas xangrZlivi, mdgari brZola unda da am brZolas moandomailiam mTeli Tavisi niWi da kalmis Zala~. 1NANA ARAKHAMIATHE PROBLEM OF A HARMONIOUS PERSON IN THEGEORGIAN LITERATURE OF THE 19 th CENTURY“THE HERMIT”, “THE WIDOW OF THE HOUSE OF OTAR”Nowadays, the problem of a harmonious person occupies a significantplace in every sphere of the Georgian national culture and in the firstplace in philosophy and psychology. The paper discusses not only D.Uznadze’s viewpoints, the founder of a human being’s psychology, whowon the world interest, response and recognition but also a philosopherT. Buadze’s, a psychologist M. Zarkua’s and A. Zurabishvili’s viewpointson a person’s psychological peculiarities? These researchers on thebasis of the philosophic analysis of “The Hermit” problems suggest veryinteresting conclusions. The literary historians of the late 20 th century review“The Hermit” with new aesthetic measures and consider that in hispoem Ilia raises the problem of a personality completeness. From this pointof view, the paper discusses the viewpoints of A. Bakradze, G. Gvazavaand G. Kankava and deals with the problems of mutual misunderstandingand alienation.1 ilia WavWavaZis sikvdili da dasaflaveba. krebuli. tf., 1907, gv. 186.200

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008nino vaxania`suliko~ _ RvTis sagalobeliakaki wereTlis `suliko~ 1895 welsaa dawerili. samecnieroliteraturaSi suliko samSoblosTanaa gaigivebuli. am azrsgamoxatavdnen mkvlevarTa Taobebi. es savsebiT bunebrivia akakismxatvruli samyarosaTvis. marTlac, araerT leqsSi moiazreba satrfosamSoblod. oRond, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi daeWvebis sababsleqsis imediani dasasruli iZleva. es imedi momavalTan ki araris dakavSirebuli (rogorc akakis sxva da, saerTod, samocianelTaTxzulebebSi), aramed ukve aRsrulebuli ocnebiT tkbobaa:àRarc SevCivi qveyanas,da arc vRvri cremlebs mduRares!...isev gamexsna sicocxle,dRemdi rom mwared krul iyo...~. 1xom ar moxda rame qveynis cxovrebaSi gardamtexi, TunddroebiTi, an sulac iluzoruli sixarulisa da aRfrTovanebisgamomwvevi? daCagrulma, monobis uRelqveS myofma xalxma iseTira Sveba igrZno, rom poetma aRtaceba ase gamoxata _ Tu manamadegamwarebul sicocxles wyevlida, amieridan cxovreba saamuri eCveneba?leqsis daweris TariRi aseTi movlenis Sesaxeb srulebiTarafers gveubneba. lamis saukunis ganmavlobaSi ruseTis mier dapyrobilqveyanas is daJanguli jaWvi ufro da ufro magrad Semosaltviada Tumc Tavisuflebis imedi da survili mtkicedaamomavalTan dakavSirebuli, awmyoSi sanugeSo araferi Cans.sulac pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, yovelgvari orazrovnebisgareSe satrfos xom ar niSnavs suliko? aseTi TvalsazrisicgamoTqmulia da saTanado mosazrebebiT ganmtkicebulic. `gulamoskvnilsatrfos, _ aRniSnavs n. kucia, _ satrfos saflavisdamkargvels, sxva ara darCenia ra, garda imisa, universumSi eZebos`gadamqrali~ siyvaruli~. 2 arc aseTi axsnaa miuRebeli da1 ak. wereTeli. suliko. _ qarTuli mwerloba. t. 12. Tb., 1996, gv. 94.2 n. kucia. sakiTxavi wigni qarTul literaturaSi, 2. Tb., 2006, gv. 66.201

ucnauri. da mainc, raRac sxvas, ufro mSveniersa da amaRlebulseZebs guli da goneba am Sedevris kiTxvisas.ak. baqraZis azriT, `suliko~ dakarguli RmerTis Ziebaa~. 1`suliko~ Ziebaa RvTisa, qarTvelTagan dakarguli WeSmaritebisa~,fiqrobs l. xaCiZe. 2 `sulikos~ lirikuli gmiric ufals eZebs~,_ askvnis gr. farulava. 3 me savsebiT veTanxmebi im mkvlevrebs,romlebic `sulikoSi~ RvTis Ziebas xedaven. leqsis pirvelivestrofSi dasmuli SekiTxva `sada xar Cemo suliko?~ daviT guramiSvilisstriqonebs wamoSlis mexsierebaSi:àw Sen, Cemo sayvarelo, imyofebi sada?qveynad Senze ukeTesi me aravin myavda~. 4araa sakamaTo, rom d. guramiSvilis sayvareli RmerTia, iesoqriste, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs samebas, erTs, ganuyofels,samad daSlils. axla akakis movusminoT:`samad daSlila is erTi,~...axla ki vici sadac xar,samgan gaqvs bina, suliko~. 5RvTis mniSvnelobiTaa naxmari `sayvareli~, `trfiali~ aRor-Zinebis xanis qarTveli mwerlebis _ arCilis, vaxtang VI-is, daviTguramiSvilis mier. akaki maTi sulieri memkvidrea.xelovnuri xom ar aris akaki wereTlis SemoqmedebaSi RvTisZiebis motivis danaxva? akakis mxatvruli warmosaxvebi da msoflxedvabibliasTan mtkiced, mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli, sulacmisgan momdinareobs, amitom RvTismaZieblobis mZafri surviliucxo unda iyos misTvis... magram RvTis Zieba gana mxolod imasgulisxmobs, rom uTuod urwmunobiT yifiliyo aRbeWdili poetisyofa _ saerTod an droebiT, cxovrebis gansazRvrul monakveTSi?sulac ar aris aseTi ram aucilebeli. im yofaSi, RmerTsmoklebul samyaroSi sulac protestad, sakuTari sulis sinaTliswarmosaCenad da gamosamzeureblad (rogorc ànTebuli san-Teli~) xom ar iqmneba RvTis siyvaruliTa da amave dros RvTaebriviSTagonebiT gasxivosnebuli lirikuli Sedevri _ `suliko~.1 ak. baqraZe. akaki wereTeli. _ Txzulebani, t. I. Tb., 2004, gv. 232.2 l. xaCiZe. sagalobeli akakisa. _ akakis krebuli, I. Tb., 1999, gv. 304.3 gr. farulava. a. wereTlis qristologiuri msoflSegrZnebisTvis._ akakis krebuli, 2. Tb., 2005, gv. 260.4 d. guramiSvili. simRera daviTisa. _ qarTuli mwerloba. t. 7. Tb.,1989, gv. 47.5 ak. wereTeli. suliko, gv. 95.202

ekalSi vardi cecxlmokidebuli buCqis aluzias iwvevs. vardi _sikeTe, silamaze, garemos aRmvsebi nelsurnelebiT. rogorc waruvalizeTi, maradiuli, RvTiuri siyvaruli. borotebaSi (ekalSi)elvare sinaTle, Suqi... ara warmavali, ara Wknobadi, aramed sworedacukvdavi, uWknobi, marad da yvelgan myofi. Tavis RvTaebriobasimiTac adasturebs, rom ciur cvar-margalits yris cremlebadciuri cvari RvTis miniSneba, RvTis nebis materialurigamovlenaa xSirad.foTlebSi mimaluli bulbuli mgosania. RmerTi TviTonsityvaa. mgosani, poeti RvTis sityvis momfenia xalxSi. ase sjerodaTagiografebs. mwerlebi nawarmoebebSi TavianT vinaobasarc aRniSnavdnen im rwmeniT, rom es RvTis, suliwmindis qmnilebaiyo, maTi xeliT dawerili. 1ase swamT XIXs. qarTvel moRvaweebsac, maT Soris akaki wereTelsac.poeti misTvis casa da miwas Soris Suamavalia.`sul sxva hyavs xelisufaliam Cems goneba-grZnobasa...~. 2es `sul sxva xelisufali~, ra Tqma unda, uzenaesia. masTanpoetis saubari ki simbolurad ki ara, pirdapiri mniSvnelobiTunda gavigoT. àkaki wereTeli araerTxel sagangebod usvams xazspoeziis specifikur bunebas, mis zegardmo movlinebas, `ciurtkbil Zalas~ (àvadmyofi mgosani~). poezia esaa `saidumlo RvTiuriZala~, `cisa da qveynis Suamavali~, `ciuri niWi, gamouTqmelikacTa eniTa~, `ciuri malamo~, ùcnauri hangi...~. 3am samebis mesame ipostasi _ varskvlavi cis binadaria. cnobilia,`ca~ RvTis metaforaa. Cvili iesos adgil-samyofelimogvebma varskvlavis meSveobiT gaiges. ak. wereTeli am sityvasuxamebs saocrad gamomsaxvel zmnas _ `dagvqaTqaTebda~. Kki ardagvnaToda, an dagvcimcimebda an sxva msgavsi mniSvnelobis cneba,aramed swored `dagvqaTqaTebda~, rac garda siTeTrisa da sinaTlisa,siwmindis, xelSeuxeblobis, maradiuli siqalwulis,RvTaebrivi ubiwoebis asociacias iwvevs. vardi, masze moWikWikebulbuli, qaTqaTa varskvlavis sxivebi _ RvTaebrivi baRi, sa-1 Sdr.: `rameTu aw ars xanZTas xeliTa misiTa dawerili sulisa mierwmidisa saweliwdoÁ iadgari...~. giorgi merCule. grigol xanZTeliscxovreba. _ qarTuli mwerloba. t. 1. Tb., 1987, gv. 576.2 ak. wereTeli. poeti. _ qarTuli mwerloba. t. 12. Tb., 1996, gv. 65.3 v. vaxania. akaki wereTeli poetis rolisa da daniSnulebis Sesaxeb._ wgn.: àkaki wereTeli _ 150~. Tb., 1993, gv. 42-43.203

moTxea, aRTqmuli qveyanaa, ` romlis pirveli cneba iyo RmerTi_silamazisa da siyvarulis simbolo~. 1 `Tqven erTmaneTi radganacamqveynad SegiyvardaTo~. erTmaneTis siyvarulSi igulisxmebaadamianTa siyvaruli RvTisadmi da RvTis siyvaruli codviliadamianisadmi. Ggarda amisa, moyvasis, moZmis siyvaruli. gavixsenoT:ìyuarebodeT urTierTas, viTarca me Segiyuaren Sen, raTaTquenca iyuarebodeT urTierTas~. 2 maS, bibliuri SegonebiT,RvTismoyvareoba igivea, rac adamianTa urTierTsiyvaruli. siyvaruliadamianisa da uflis SemaerTebeli xidia. Uuflis siyvarulierTdroulad gulisxmobs macxovris Secnobasac da saku-Tari Tavis Secnoba-srulyofasac.meniSna... niSnis micema, gamocxadeba RvTaebrivi movlenaa damisi aRqma mxolod suliT ganwmendils, zneobrivad ganspetakebulsSeuZlia: `vis ar Seexo zakvis xeli Zmisa gankiTxvad~. 3 esminiSneba cidan, RvTis sauflodan modis (rogorc ilias àCrdilis~lirikul gmirs emarTeba). mxolod miniSnebis mere aRarSesCivis poeti qveyanas. moiSora amqveyniuri amao dardi, naRvelida `rasaca vgrZnob me im dros, ver gamomiTqvams eniTao~, _ asegvimxels mgosani Tavis gancdebs. mainc risi gamoTqma ar ZaluZs,an ratom ar ZaluZs `saqarTvelos bulbuls~? TiTqmis warmoudgeneliram momxdara, sityvaTa, riTmaTa, tkbilqarTulis jadoqariver axerxebs Tavis grZnobas Sesaferisi sityva miusadagos.aseTi ram mxolod maSin xdeba,roca grZnobaa RvTiuri, zeciuri,araamqveyniuri, xolo TviT ganmcdeli _ `suliT ganwmendil daganbanili~. aseTi grZnobis Sesaxeb kiTxulobda n. baraTaSvili:`nuTu am sulis wadilsac vrqva siyvaruli sxvaTaebr?~. 4uzenaesTan, macxovarTan sulieri gaerTianeba, RvTis xilva,aRmoCena sakuTar TavSi Sobs viTarebas, roca sityvebi saWiroaRar aris, dumiliT iTqmis yvelaferi. adamians mxolod Tavisi`naklulevaneba~, arasrulyofileba ametyvelebs (Sdr. `grigolxanZTelis cxovreba~). am leqsis daweramde xom ar igrZno poetmadroebiT SemoqmedebiTi uZlureba (romelic, cnobilia, TiTq-1 gr. farulava. mxatvruli saxis bunebisaTvis Zvel qarTul prozaSi.Tb., 1982, Ggv. 211.2 saxareba ioanesi, T. 13, 34. _ biblia or wignad, w. II, gv. 540.3 gr. orbeliani. fsalmuni. _ qarTuli mwerloba. t. 9. Tb., 1992, gv. 351.4 n. baraTaSvili. ar ukiJino, satrfoo. _ qarTuli mwerloba. t. 9.Tb., 1992, gv. 579.204

mis yvela mgosans gamoucdia), xom ar Seipyro sasowarkveTam,rac bunebrivia aseT dros. iqneb mcire xniT ar èwereboda~ poets?Semdgomi aRmafrenis, leqsis weris unaris kvlav dabrunebis,RvTaebrivi naTlis kvlav naxvis sixaruls xom ar gamoxatavsam leqsiT?Semoqmedeba ar arsebobs sakuTari `mes~ mtkivneuli SemecnebisgareSe. es procesi ki, romelic dakarguli samoTxis Ziebasemsgavseba erTgvarad, mistikuri da sruliad alogikuria gareSeTvalisTvis. xorciel cxovrebasac da sulier arsebobasacTav-TavianTi kanonzomierebebi aqvT. zogjer materialuri ise`Cagravs~ zneobrivs, rom mis arsebobaSi eWvis Setanac ki SeiZleba.arada, Cveni suli yvelaze Zvirfasia, rac ki gagvaCnia samyaroSi.`sulieri sixaruli da aRmafrena bevrad aRemateba xorciels~.1 amitomacaa sulieri Ziebebi moculi idumalebiT.`sulikos~ bolo strofi ase iwyeba: ìsev gamexsna sicocxle,dRemdi rom mwared krul iyo~. Tu pirdapiri mniSvnelobiTgavigebT am sityvebs, davaskvniT, rom poeti amqveyniur,warmaval, wuTis sicocxles Sehxaris. Tumca leqsis saerTo ganwyobilebacxadyofs, rom es ase ar aris. ` axali aRTqmisa~ dasasuliero mwerlobis tradiciiT , qriste cxovrebis simboloa.~me var aRdgoma da sicocxle~, 2 _ ambobs ufali. sicocxlis sa-Tave amave dros qalicaa. RvTis, uflis warmosaxvas xorcsxmuliqalis, satrfos saxiT qarTul literaturaSi didi xnistradicia aqvs (ukve davasaxeleT arCili, vaxtang meeqvse, daviTguramiSvili). arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom `Tornike erisTavis~avtors am simbolur- alegoriul saxeebSi _ vardi, bulbulida varskvlavi _ da maT erTianobaSi wminda mariam RvTismSobeliegulisxma. zemonaxsenebpoemaSi didebuladaa aRwerili aTonis iverTa monasterTanRvTismSoblis xatis saswaulebrivi gamoCena da misi SemdgomiTavgadasavali. RvTismSobeli xom qarTvelTa mfarvelad, Semwed,qomagad moiazreba literaturuli da qristianuli tradiciiT. 3k. kekeliZis TqmiT, CvenSi mariam RvTismSoblis kultis CamoyalibebaIX saukunidan iRebs saTaves da X saukunisTvis mTliani1 m. jaliaSvili. xetiali sulis labirinTSi. _ Jurn.: `Cveni mwerloba~.Tb., 2009, gv. 3.2 saxareba ioanesi, T. 11, 25.., gv. 535.3 t. mosia. Nnarkvevebi, portretebi da sxv., zugdidi, 2002, gv. 18-32.205

sistemis saxiT gvevlineba. es TavisTavad niSnavda Cveni erovnuliTviTSegnebis amaRlebas. aq gadamwyveti sityva Tqva mesiisdedis wilxvedr qveynad saqarTvelos gamocxadebam. 1akakis SemoqmedebaSi sxvaganac araerTgzis vxvdebiT saqarTvelos,rogorc RvTismSoblis wilxvedri qveynis xsenebas. mag:`qarTli RvTismSoblis xvedria, Ze RvTisam daiwindao~. 2 an: èsqveyana cocxal-mkvdari, dRes rom qedi mouxria, ubiwo da uginebelTviT qalwulis wilxvedria~. 3 da sxv. ase, rom gvgonia, ur-TierTgamomricxavi mosazrebebi ar iqneba, Tu CavTvliT, rom `suliko~sakuTar TavSi RvTis Ziebis poeturi gamomJRavnebaa, anRvTismSoblisadmi mimarTuli saucxoo sagalobeli. metic, mgonia,rom aseTi Tavalsazrisi arc sxva Sexedulebebis uaryofis uflebasgvaZlevs, miT umetes, rom `mZafr vnebianobasTan erTad,akakis poetur azrovnebas mudam Tan sdevs fxizeli gansja~. 4unda gvaxsovdes isic, rom xalxurma geniam sicocxlis sawyisi_ mze qalTan, dedasTan gaaigiva: `mze dedaa Cemi~. radgansamSoblo TviT ufalia, qalic, siyvarulic RmerTia. amdenad,akakis es lirikuli Sedevri aerTianebs qalis, samSoblos, uflissiyvaruls, Ziebas, rwmenas, sasoebas. pirveli sityva leqsisa`sayvarlis~, RvTis xsenebaa, bolo, damamTavrebelic _ `suliko~_ masve mimarTavs, esavs.RvTiuri STagonebiT Seqmnili Txzuleba RvTiuri madliTada naTliT gvfens dResac Suqs da ase iqneba ukunisamde. ukvdavebisniSanic xom esaa.1 k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. I. Tb., 1987,gv. 95.2 a. wereTeli. xolera. _ rCeuli, t. I. Tb., 1988, gv. 357.3 a. wereTeli. gandegilia. _ rCeuli, t. I, gv. 483.4 e. kvitaiSvili. Suakaci. _ qarTuli mwerloba, t. 12. Tb., 1996, gv. 603.206

NINO VAKHANIA“SULIKO”, A DIVINE CANTICLEAkaki Tsereteli’s poetry is abundant in allegorical poems amongwhich like a solitary giant pearl sparkles “Suliko”. The poem is a true masterpieceof poetry and it’s absolutely essential to know what the poet impliesby the allegory. This singularity was not overlooked by the distinguishedscholars. In the present article there are shared the views of the scientistswho discern “the search for Almighty” in “Suliko”. Akaki’s artisticimaginatiom and world view are closely connected with the Bible, entirelystem from it. In that life, in that God-bereft (immoral) world as a protest toshow the light of his soul the poet creates his lyrical masterpiece “Suliko”lit up by the love of God and the divine inspiration. A rose in the thorn, anightingale hidden among the leaves and a star dazzling white in the skypersonify eternal Trinity, though we may conceive of “Suliko” as VirginMary’s hymn or as a search for the poet’s temporarily lost creative talent.It is maintained that diverse opinions about “Suliko” do not exclude butonly supplement each other and all of them are entitled to exist.207

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008joni marRaniamxatvruli damajerebloba akaki wereTlis,,baSi-aCukSi~didi qarTveli samocianeli, poeti da sazogado moRvaweakaki wereTeli im SemoqmedTa ricxvs ekuTvnis vinc arsebiTadTanabrad flobs, rogorc lirikuli, ise prozauli nawarmoebebisSeqmnis xelovnebas. is rom esoden didi aRiarebiT sargeblobsmkiTxvel sazogadoebaSi, amaSi mis poetur qmnilebebTanerTad didi wvlili miuZRvis prozaul Txzulebebs. man SeZloTavisi nawarmoebebis garSemo gaeerTianebina sxvadasxva xasiaTis,gemovnebis, da bolos mrwamsis adamianebi. yovelive aRniSnuliSesaZlebeli gaxda misi maRali niWisa da ostatobis meoxebiT.gr. kiknaZis moswrebuli SeniSvniT ,,akaki wereTelis mxatvruligza gansxvavebulia. mas ufro araCveulebrivi ainteresebs: akakieZebs araCveulebrivs da kidevac poulobs mas”. 1akaki wereTlis mxatvrulma memkvidreobam mkiTxvelTa gul-Si hpova gamoZaxili. es iZleva imis safuZvels, rom iTqvas _ misilirikuli Tu prozauli qmnilebebi Seicaven mxolod imas,rac aucilebelia nawarmoebSi asaxuli viTarebis, movlenebis,moqmed pirTa qcevis dasasabuTeblad, maTSi ver vxvdebiT SemTxveviT,zedmet elementebs. amis naTeli magaliTia moTxroba ,,baSiaCuki”.,,am nawarmoebs Tu jerac ar daukargavs Tavisi Rirebuleba,amis mizezi mainc da mainc im realur ambavSi ki ar unda veZioT,romelic XVIIs. moxda, aramed ambis poetur gansaxierebaSi”. 2realistur nawarmoebSi ,,baSi-aCuki” asaxulia saqarTvelosistoriuli warsulis amsaxveli erT-erTi momenti, kerZod 1659wlis kaxeTis ajanyeba ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg. moTxrobisyoveli niuansi iseTi sizustiT aris daxatuli avtoris mier,rom mkiTxvelze Zlier esTetikur zegavlenas axdens. moTxrobiskiTxvisas Cvens Tvalwin iSleba XVII saukunis aRmosav-1 gr. kiknaZe. literaturis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi. Tb.,1979, gv. 279.2 gr. kiknaZe. literaturis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi, gv. 286.208

leT saqarTvelos naTeli suraTi. Txrobis msvlelobisas iseTiSTabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos yovelive ise unda yofiliyo, rogorcamas avtori gviCvenebs da ara sxvanairad, es SesaZlebeligaxda avtoris mier moTxrobaSi yvela detalis mxatvrulad damajerebladdasabuTebis safuZvelze.mxatvrul nawarmoebSi motivirebis aRqma garkveul sirTulesTanaris dakavSirebuli. avtorma Txroba SeiZleba warmar-Tos iseTnairad, rom mkiTxveli TvalnaTliv xedavdes, Tu rogorviTardeba is, Tu rogor xdeba erTi viTareba mizezi meorisa,magram SesaZlebelia Txrobis warmarTva iseTnairad, rodesacmoqmedebis mimdinareoba mkiTxvelTaTvis garkveul etapamde gaugebariiyos. SeiZleba adgili hqondes e.w. ,,saidumloebis xerxis”arsebobas nawarmoebSi, romlis axsna SemdgomSi gaxdeba SesaZlebeli.mag. mkiTxvelisaTvis erTgvari amocanac SeiZlebaiyos kiriles sizmari, SeiZleba mas gauCndes eWvi, Tu ras undaniSnavdes es yovelive, magram nawarmoebis mTlianobaSi aRqma yovelgvargaugebrobas naTels mohfens, swored moZRvris sizmar-Sia is ZiriTadi idea Caqsovili, risi gadawyvetac miznad daisaxaavtorma.kiriles sizmarma daaRona swored erisTavis meuRle mariami,is ver xvdeba Tu ras unda niSnavdes es yvelaferi. sizmarmadaaRona zaal aragvis erisTavic, Sesabamisad igive grZnoba euflebamkiTxvelsac, romlis grZnoba da goneba sizmris amocnobiskenaris mimarTuli. misi goneba kidev ufro iZabeba mas Semdeg,rac kirile locvas CaikiTxvas: ,,RmerTo! moxede SeWirvebulsaqristianos da sizmari keTilad agvixdineo”. 1kiriles sizmris aRweriT avtori qmnis winapirobas moqmedebaSimTavari gmiris Semosayvanad. igi adidebul aragvs gadmolaxavs,sakuTar sicocxles arafrad agdebs, roca is riskze midis.mkiTxveli jer kidev ucnobi pirovnebisadmi simpaTiiT ganewyoba,igi raRac idumali ZaliT grZnobs, rom mas avtori sanimuSomamuliSvilTan axvedrebs.baSi-aCukis aragvTan Serkinebis suraTi, romelic dramatizmiTaaaRsavse, mTlianad avtoris mier aris SeTxzuli, magram rogorcityvian, aq yvelaferi Tavis adgilzea, mTeli suraTi WeSmaritimxatvruli damajereblobiTaa gamoZerwili. magram mainc,1 ak. wereTeli. baSiaCuki. _ TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli 15 tomad,t. VII. Tb., 1958, gv. 130.14. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi209

atom dasWirda avtors, aseTi saxifaTo gziT Semoeyvana mTavarigmiri moqmedebaSi? dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxi aseTi SeiZlebaiyos: akaki wereTelma sagangebod Seqmna xelovnuri foni. manpirvelsave SemTxvevaSi mwvave situaciaSi Caayena gmiri, raTasrulad gamovleniliyo misi Sinagani xasiaTi. marTlac baSiaCukmasaarako sulieri simxneve da vaJkacuri gambedaoba gamoi-Cina, rodesac adidebul mdinareSi Seacura cxeni, am erTi SexedviTpatara epizodSi gamovlinda baSi-aCukis mTeli sulierisimdidre da silamaze. man sakuTari sicocxle uSiSrad daayenasikvdilis zRurblze, radganac amas moiTxovda misi mravaltanjuliqveyana, mSobeli xalxi. baSi-aCukis simamaciT moxiblulimkiTxveli fsiqologiurad momzadebuli xvdeba movlenaTa SemdgomganviTarebas. mas swams, rom aseTi SemarTebis pirovnebas SeuZliagauZlos yovelgvar gansacdels. amitom igi aprioruladacki fiqrobs, rom baSi-aCukis yoveli nabiji, yoveli moqmedebadamajerebeli da gamarTlebuli iqneba.gr. kiknaZis marTebuli SeniSvniT, “akakis prozaSi xSiradaris Seqmnili mRelvare atmosfero. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tavidanbolomde amnair atmosferoSi varT moqceuli “baSi-aCukis”mTels manZilze”. 1literaturis Teoretikosi g. pustovoiti statiaSi `motivirebisxerxebi pisemskis 50-60 iani wlebis romanebSi” aRniSnavs.rom “XIXs. rusul realistur romanSi arsebiT kompoziciurfaqtors warmoadgenda mdgomareobisa da gmirTa qcevis motivirebuloba.motivirebis qveS unda vigulisxmoT, jer erTi,nawarmoebis calkeul nawilebs Soris kavSiri, gaazreba erTi nawilisameoris meSveobiT da meore, gmirTa qcevis ganmarteba.motivirebis mraval xerxTa Soris xSirad ixmareboda prologida epilogi, xolo calkeul gmirebTan dakavSirebiT, maTi winaistoria da Semdgomi istoria”. 2am sityvebis sanimuSo magaliTs vxvdebiT “baSi-aCukSi”.glaxa baqraZis moqmedeba, misi imereTidan kaxeTSi gadasvla,mTlianad motivirebulia mwerlis mier asaxul mis wina istoriaSi.mwerali moTxrobaSi iseTnairad warmarTavs moqmedebas, romerTi epizodi ganapirobebs meores, is motivirebulia pirvel1 gr. kiknaZe. literaturis Teoriisa da istoriis.., gv. 280.2 П. Г. Пустовоит. Способы мотивировки в романах Писемского, в 50-60х годов.– Филологические науки, №2, 1967, gv. 3.210

moqmedebaSi an xdeba piriqiT. mag. nawarmoebis meore TavSi aRweriliakaxeTis umweo mdgomareoba, mefe Teimurazi sagoneblSiaCavardnili, mas xelT upyria ori werili _ erTi CrdiloeTidan,meore aRmosavleTidan gamogzavnili. pirveli tkbili, alersianida gamamxnevebeli, meore sayvedurebiTa da muqariT savse.Teimurazma gadawyvita ruseTTan kavSirSi eZia xsna. misi gadawyvetilebamissave sityvebSia motivirebuli: “ara! ara! gaTavebulisaqmea ... aq filambaria Tavmdebi da iq ki jvari da saxareba ...~. 1Teimurazis gadawyvetileba situaciidan gamomdinare damajerebeliada mkiTxvelSi eWvs ar iwvevs, magram mefis mier gadadgmulies nabiji gaxda mizezi Sah-abasis mier kaxeTis cecxliTada maxviliT aklebisa, aTiaTasobiT adgilobrivi mcxovrebissparseTSi gadasaxlebisa, piradi didebis maZiebeli pirebisarenaze gamosvlisa ( jandieri, mayaSvili da sxva.).jandierebis, mayaSvilebis da mis msgavsTa moqmedebis safuZvelspiradi keTildReoba gansazRvravs. jandieris uwminduricxovreba missave sityvebSi poulobs axsnas _ “Semcdari xar!Sexede sxvebs, rogor xmaroben dros da ra rigad cxovroben! ...RmerTma nu mogviSalos yeenis mze! ... dRes misi wyalobiT, avadTu kargad qveyana pursa sWams” (epizodi jandieris mier biZinaColoyaSvilis gadabirebis mcdelobisa). 2aseTi gadagvarebuli, medrove adamianebis portreti mkiTxvelSiiwvevs samarTlian zizRs, samagierod mis qeba-didebas imsaxurebsqveynisaTvis Tavdadebul gmirTa saxeebi, maT Sorisupirvelesia biZina ColoyaSvilis saxe, romelmac kargad icis,Tu ra dideba moelis Sahis karze, magram mas uwmindur cxovrebas,wminda sikvdili urCevnia.jandieris uariT gastumrebis Semdeg, “gaborotebulia~ bi-Zina, misi aseTi yofa gamowveulia imiT, rom is CixSia moqceuli,gamosavals ver poulobs, gzas eZebs, ra gziTac sargeblobasmoutans qveyanas.akaki wereTelma, rogorc viTarebis Semdgomi ganviTarebisdidostatma, moTxrobaSi Semoitana meurmis simRera, romelicmoqmedebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis aucilebel winapirobas warmoadgens:,,nu eZlevi wyvdiadsa, unda eZebde fonebso! ... xerxi1 ak. wereTeli. baSiaCuki.., gv. 150.2 ak. wereTeli. baSiaCuki.., gv. 154.211

sjobia Ronesa, Tu kaci moigonebso”. 1 swored meurmis simRerammisca biZgi biZinas Semdegi moqmedebas (moCvenebiTi gadasvlamtris banakSi).aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom akaki wereTlis istoriul TemazeSeqmnil poemebsa da moTxrobebSi adgili aqvs motivebisa dagarkveuli mxatvruli saxeebis ,,TviTgameorebas”. mxedvelobaSigvaqvs mefis sityvebi poemaSi ,,bagrat didi”:,,... da Zlier xalxTan raRas gavawyobTCveulebrivis pirdapirobiT,Tu ar xerxiT da cbierebiT?”. 2da moTxrobaSi ,,baSi-aCuki” _ biZinas sityvebi: ,,xerxisjobia Ronesa!” avtoris pozicia garkveulia, qveynis saukeTesoSvilebi iZulebulni iyvnen garkveuli taqtikuri mosazrebebiTmiemarTaT sxvadasxva xerxebisaTvis, raTa qveynis gadarCenaze ezrunaT.moTxrobaSi bevri CarTuli epizodia, romelic aZlierebsmkiTxvelis interess da moqmedi piris Tu pirebis ufro srulad,amomwuravad daxatvis mizans emsaxureba. aseTia nawarmoebSiWidaobis scena. am epizodSi avtorma erTi mxriv, ufro TvalnaTlivdagvanaxa baSi-aCukis gmiruli suli, xolo meore mxrives momenti emsaxureba moqmedebaSi axali personaJis _ abduSahilisSemoyvanas.abduSahilis pirovnebis mwerliseuli xedva istoriuli aspeqtiTaris motivirebuli. cnobilia, rom qarTul sinamdvileSiaraerTi SemTxveva iyo mterTa TareSis Sedegad bavSvebis gatacebisa,romlebic SemdegSi mtris laSqarSi saukeTeso meomrebi iyvnen(gavixsenoT mameluqebi), amitom akaki wereTlis mier mtriscxenosanTa jaris meTauris rolSi, tomiT qarTvelis gamoyvanamkiTxvelSi absoluturi damajereblobis grZnoba iwvevs. moTxrobisaRmqmels misi saxis nawaroebSi ararseboba SeiZleba warmoudgenladmoeCvenos kidec.metad didi mniSvenelobisaa “baSi-aCukSi” mwerlis mier gamoyenebulimoulodnelobis xerxi, romelic erTi orad zrdismkiTxvelis interess mocemuli movlenis mimarT _ abduSahilidarwmunebulia, rom dastiris pirimzisas, magram irkveva, romgardacvlili pirmTvarisaa _ misi tyupiscali. asaxuli movlenebismeti damajereblobisaTvis avtori xSirad iyenebs e.w. gada-1 ak. wereTeli. baSiaCuki.., gv. 156.2 ak. wereTeli. baSiaCuki.., gv. 156.212

Warbebis xerxs. savsebiT marTebulad aRniSnavs gr. kiknaZe, rodesacmsjelobs akaki wereTlis prozaul TxzulebaTa poeturobissakiTxebze: “akakis poeturi swrafvis erT-erTi gamovlena gada-Warbebis xerxis momarjvebaSi mdgomareobda ... es iqneba adidebularagvSi SeWrili glaxuka baqraZis vaJkacobis gadmocema, Tu misiWidaobis da jiriTis aRwera ... akaki enTuziazmiT Sepyrobili,ocnebaTa amyoli poeti iyo da saambobeli epizodebisa da momentebisSerCevisas yovelTvis mkiTxvelis guls umiznebda”. 1did poetsa da mwerals SesaniSnavad aqvs gaTviTcnobierebuliis momenti, rom mxolod mxatvruli simarTlis arsebobaaniWebs xelovnebis nawarmoebs damoukidebel esTetikur Rirebulebas,da rom, rogorc v. vorovski aRniSnavs, “gardaqmnis mTeliprocesi eqvemdebareba umaRless simarTles _ mxatvrul simarTles”.2 cnobilia, rom moTxrobaSi avtors Semoaqvs zRaprul-legendaruliepizodebi (pirmTvarisas Suaze gapobis ambavi,abduSahilisa da melanos da-Zmobis ambavi da a. S.), amiT ueWveliamwerlis midrekileba, “amaRldes uxeS sinamdvileze, Cvencgagvitacos da agvagznos ise, rogorc es nawarmoebs evaleba daSeuZlia”. 3 “baSi-aCukSi” esa Tu is viTareba, moqmed pirTa qcevaavtoris mier damajereblad aris motivirebuli. avtori bolomdeuyuradRebod ar tovebs Tavis gmirebs. mwerali moTxrobisdasasruls mkiTxvelis yuradRebas miapyrobs glaxa baqraZis boloistoriaze.nawarmoebis arcerTi nawili ar iwvevs mkiTxvelSi daujereblobisgrZnobas, mas swams, rom yovelive ise unda momxdariyo,rogorc es nawarmoebSia asaxuli da ara sxvanairad, TumcaerTma detalma SeiZleba mkiTxvelSi raRac ukmarisobis grZnobagamoiwvios, es Seexeba melanos saxes, romelic abuSahilis moqmedebaSiSemoyvanis Semdeg qreba mkiTxvelis mxedvelobis aredan.Cveni azriT, yovelgvari gaugebroba moixsneba im SemTxveva-Si, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom melano ar aris nawarmoebSi moqmedebisganviTarebisaTvis mTavari personaJi, is avtors sWirdebaimisaTvis, rom ufro naTlad warmoaCinos abduSahilis pirovneba,misi vaJkacuri buneba da asec xdeba, moqmedebaSi misi Semoyvanisada gansakuTrebiT baSi-aCukTan damegobrebis Semdeg mkiTx-1 gr. kiknaZe. literaturis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi, gv. 281.2 А. Акимова. Мотивировка. – Вопросы литературы, №10, 1960, gv. 178.3 gr. kiknaZe. literaturis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi, gv. 281.213

velis interesi melanosadmi umniSvneloa. mwerali savsebiT mar-Tebulad wyvets kavSirs melanos pirovnebasTan, radganac is romdaetovebina avtors baSi-aCukis uaxloes adamianad bolomde, ma-Sin saqme gveqneboda avtoris mier qarTuli yofiTi sinamdvilidangadaxvevasTan (mkiTxvelisaTvis cnobilia baSi-aCukisa da melanosurTierTdamokidebuleba, agreTve isic, rom abduSahiliirTavs pirmTvarisas).cnobili qarTveli mwerlis l. qiaCelis TqmiT, “mogonilismarTali, damajerebeli saxiT warmosaxva da amiT mkiTxvelisemociaTa xatvis damorCileba – ai, namdvili didi mxatvris jadosnuriTviseba. akakim es Tviseba Tavis “baSi-aCukSi” – savsebiTgamoaaSkarava”. 11 l. qiaCeli. akakis `baSi-aCuki~. _ akakis samreklo. Tb., 1990, gv. 129.214

JONI MARGANIAARTISTIC CREDIBILITY IN “BASHI-ACHUKI”BY AKAKI TSERETELIThe comprehension of an artistic motivation is connected with certaindifficulties. A writer may lead the narration in such a way that thereader may see clearly how it is developing how one action generatesanother, but he may conduct it in another way too when the flow of actionsbecomes quite incomprehensible to the reader at a given stage. The authormight be using the so-called “Mystery technique” the elucidation and interpretationof which could be possible later, at further stages of the actiondevelopment. Akaki Tsereteli rather frequently resorts to such a strategy in“Bashi-Achuki”. The writer often employs interpolated episodes whichenhance the reader’s interests and help to show the situation, the behaviourof the characters exhaustively and completely. The great author is fullyaware that the artistic truth gives the creative work an independent aestheticvalue and the whole transformation process serves the highest truth – theaesthetic veracity. For the credibility of the reflected episodes and situations,the characters’ behaviour the author mostly makes use of variousmotivation techniques – historical, conventional, fabulous, fantastic and inreference to individuals – their previous and late histories.215

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008fiqria CxartiSviligiorgi SarvaSiZe qarTul literaturulkritikaSiafxazeTis ukanaskneli mTavris _ mixeil SarvaSiZis ufrosivaJi, poeti, dramaturgi, publicisti da sazogado moRvawegiorgi SarvaSiZe im moRvaweTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romlebicTavianTi cxovrebiTa da moRvaweobiT ara mxolod sakuTari, aramedsxva eris cxovrebaSic mniSvnelovan kvals toveben. giorgiSarvaSiZe samarTlianad miiCneva rogorc afxazi, ise qarTvelixalxis RviZl Svilad, radgan misi cxovreba, Semoqmedeba daRvawli Tanabrad emsaxureba am ori eris winsvlasa da ganviTarebas.swored es ori eri gaxldaT giorgi SarvaSiZis rogorcgenetikuri, ise sulieri mSobeli da sruliad bunebrivia, romafxazi da qarTveli xalxis am Rirseulma Svilma am ori erisuangaro, Tavdadebul samsaxurs miuZRvna Tavisi cxovreba, vinaidanqarTvelTa da afxazTa bednier momavals mxolod erTiansaqarTveloSi xedavda.giorgi SarvaSiZis qarTuli samyarosadmi, erTiani qarTulisaxelmwifoebriobisadmi midgomis politikam udidesi gavlena iqoniamis TanamedroveTa cnobierebaze. Sesabamisad, sakmaod didiainteresi giorgi SarvaSiZis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Seswavlisada gaanalizebisa da ukve araerTi sayuradRebo gamokvleva mieZRvnamis cxovrebas, moRvaweobas, Semoqmedebas, miuxedavad imisa,rom giorgi SarvaSiZis fasdaudebeli saarqivo masalebis didi nawilidakargulad iTvleba.rogorc cnobilia, giorgi SarvaSiZis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobisSeswavlaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRvis cnobilqarTvel istorikoss, akad. simon janaSias, romlis naSromi _“giorgi SarvaSiZe. kulturul-istoriuli narkvevi” “namdviligzamkvlevia mwerlis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis SeswavliT dainteresebulinebismieri mkvlevarisaTvis”. 11 z. papasqiri. Rvawli didi mamuliSvilisa. giorgi SarvaSiZe. _ soxumisuniversitetis Sromebi. t. I. Tb., 2007, gv. 220.216

“giorgi SarvaSiZe afxazeTis ukanaskneli mTavris Ze iyo damisi biografia mWridrod gadaskvnilia afxazeTis politikur istoriasTanwarsul saukuneSi”, 1 _ wers s. janaSia. mkvlevari TavisnaSromSi yuradRebas amaxvilebs im istoriul-politikur vi-Tarebaze, romelSic uxdeboda cxovreba da moRvaweoba giorgi SarvaSiZes.saTanado dokumentebze dayrdnobiT farTodaa mimoxiluligiorgis mamis _ mixeilis piradi Tu politikuri cxovrebac.“TvalsaCinoa, rom giorgi SarvaSiZe mTeli Tavisi arsebiTqarTul kulturul samyaros ukavSirdeba”, 2 _ wers simon jana-Sia da amis dasadastureblad moaqvs nawyveti giorgi SarvaSiZiswerilidan “socializmi da saqarTvelo”, sadac avtori (anu giorgiSarvaSiZe) garkveviT ambobs, rom misi samSoblo “iveriaa”.mkvlevari miuTiTebs, rom giorgi SarvaSiZe Rrma moqalaqeobriviSegnebiT emsaxureboda qarTul sazogadoebas, mis kulturas,vinaidan igi afxazeTsa da afxazobas saqarTvelos ganuyofelnawilad Tvlida da misi keTildReobisaTvis zrunva TavisumTavres movaleobad miaCnda. Tavad simon janaSias damsaxurebas,giorgi SarvaSiZis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis kvlevaSi,jumber TiTmeria ase afasebs: “akad. s. janaSias masStabis mecniermaTavisi uaRresad mizanswrafuli, saocrad bevrismomcvelimecnieruli Rwvis ramdenime pirveli weliwadi swored giorgiSarvaSiZis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis kvlevas rom miuZRvna,logikurad imas aTvalsaCinoebs, rom is am pirovnebis cxovrebasada Semoqmedebas, mis mamuliSvilur, moqalaqeobriv mrwamssgansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda. is saWirod da aucilebladmiiCnevda, rom giorgi SarvaSiZe qarTvelTa da afxazTa SemdgomTaobebs saTanadod daefasebinaT”. 3 “im wreSi, romelSiacgiorgi SarvaSiZe trialebs, iseTi saxelebic kiafobs, romelTacmTeli saqarTvelo icnobs: akaki wereTeli, mamia gurieli...”, 4 _wers simon janaSia. erT-erTi pirveli, vinc piruTvneli Semfasebelida damfasebeli gaxldaT giorgi SarvaSiZis Semoqmedebisa,iyo didi akaki wereTeli.akaki wereTeli didad afasebda giorgi SarvaSiZis erovnul,1 giorgi SarvaSiZe. lirika, eposi, drama. akad. s. janaSias redaqciiTada narkveviT, II gamocema. Tb. 1985, gv. 32 giorgi SarvaSiZe. lirika, eposi, drama. gv. 183 j. TiTmeria. dialogi giorgi SarvaSiZesTan. _ wgn.: giorgi Sarva-SiZe. Txzulebani or tomad. t. II. quTaisi, 2006, gv. 259.4 giorgi SarvaSiZe. lirika, eposi, drama, gv. 70.217

sazogadoebriv, politikur da literaturul moRvaweobas, gansakuTrebiTxazs usvamda mis literaturul-Teatralur saqmianobas,uwodebda mas “tkbil moubars”, “qveynis uangaro Svils”, TavisuflebisaTvisaTvisTavdadebul mebrZols. bunebrivia, aseTivegulTbili damokidebuleba hqonda giorgis akakis mimarT, rac gamoxatuliaaraerT nawarmoebSi da gansakuTrebiT ki cnobil leqsSi“akakis”, romelic “saqarTvelos ugvirgvino mefis” gardacvalebasTandakavSirebiT daiwera. giorgi SarvaSiZis es leqsi akakisgardacvalebaze daweril leqsTa Soris erT-erTi gamorCeulia damkafiod gamoxatavs didi poetis Rirsebasa da damsaxurebas mSobelieris winaSe.Tavis mxriv, rogorc aRvniSneT, akaki wereTeli afasebda giorgiSarvaSiZis uangaro mamuliSvilobas, mis Rrma ganaTlebasada esTetizms, amaRlebul bunebasa da raindul Seupovrobas, megobrobdamasTan da araerTxel Cabmula masTan poetur paeqroba-Si. akaki wereTeli rom sakmaod maRal Sefasebas aZlevda giorgiSarvaSiZis dramaturgias, Teatralur moRvaweobas, gamokveTiladCans qarTveli poetis mier 1903w. gamoqveynebul recenziaSi “sa-Teatro SeniSvnebi”, sadac vkiTxulobT: “...rac unda naklulevaniiyos r. erisTavis, g. wereTlis, ... g. SarvaSiZis, d. miqelaZis dasxvebis piesebi, Cvenis cxovrebidan aRebuli, kidev mainc ar sjobdesaTas jandabovebis naCxapnebs, sadac CvenTvis sanukvari ara arisra... SeiZleba isini mainca da mainc xelovnebis mxriT SesaniSnavebiar iyvnen, magram im CiqorTulad naTargmn-najRabn piesebs kidevajobeben”. 1 bolos, giorgi SarvaSiZis, rogorc pirovnebisa dapoetis Sefaseba, kargad Cans akaki wereTlis mier 1880w. dawerilleqsSi “megobars”, romelic im droisTvis ruseTis mTavrobismier pativayril ocdaaTi wlis giorgi SarvaSiZes eZRvneba. 2giorgi SarvaSiZis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis mkvlevarTaTviskargadaa cnobili giorgi SarvaSiZis werili germanuli gazeTis“Berliner Tageblatt”-is redaqtorisadmi, romelic man aRniSnulgazeTSi korespondent lorencis mier gamoqveynebuli statiispasuxad dawera. 31 ak. wereTeli. rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad. t. V. Tb., 1990, gv.380-381.2 ak. wereTeli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli Svid tomad. t. I. Tb.,1940, gv. 253.3 Письмо светлейшего князя Г. М. Шарвашидзе, посланное им в ред. газеты “BerlinerTageblatt”. _ gaz. «Закавказская речь», #146, 1911.218

“Berliner Tageblatt”-is Jurnalists, lorencs giorgi SarvaSi-Zem damajerebeli da Rirseuli pasuxi gasca cilismwameblurpublikaciaze. misi pasuxi momdinareobda im erovnuli koncefciisagan,romlis fuZemdebluri principi XIXs. meore naxevrisprogresulma qarTvelma mwerlebma da sazogado moRvaweebma SeimuSaves.aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT da paraleli gavavloT ilia Wav-WavaZis cnobil polemikuri xasiaTi werilebTan: “katkovis pasuxad”(1880w.), “b-n ianovskis werilis gamo” (1881w.), “ai, istoria”(1889w.), “qvaTa RaRadi” (1889w.), sadac i. WavWavaZem sakadrisipasuxi gasca qarTuli kulturis SeuracxmyofelT. aseTiveSemarTebiT ibrZoda giorgi SarvaSiZec erovnuli (afxazuri, qar-Tuli) faseulobebis dasacavad da qarTuli mowinave sazogadoebacRirseulad afasebda mis Rvawls. lorencis Seuracxmyofelstatiaze pasuxiT qarTvelma inteligenciam giorgi SarvaSiZeSidainaxa raindi mamuliSvili, samSobloze uzomod Seyvarebuli damisi keTildReobisaTvis mebrZoli patrioti.cnobilma qarTvelma mweralma, publicistma da moRvawem antonfurcelaZem werili miswera giorgi SarvaSiZes, romelic aramarto avtoris, aramed SeiZleba iTqvas, mTeli qarTveli inteligenciisazrs gamoxatavs giorgi SarvaSiZis moRvaweobaze: “ubrwyinvalesoTavado giorgi mixeilis Zev! me didi xania gicnobT,rogorc Cveni bedkruli qveynis erTguls da guliT moyvarulpirs, vicnobdi Tqven niWsac da xSirad vfiqrobdi, rad ideqiTganze da ar iwyebdiT monawileobas Cvens sazogado saqmeSi, CvensmwerlobaSi. axla xom Tqvenma werilma ... ufro dagvarwmunaTqvens qveynis siyvarulsa da mwerlobiT niWSi... es werili arisgulis siRrmidan amosuli, naRvelSi amonawebi kalmiT naweri,bevr samwuxaro fiqrs aRviZebs es Tqveni werili yvela qarTvelimkiTxvelis gulSi, bevrs dardsa Slis da iq, sadc sxva Zala araris Tavis patronobisa, unda kalmiT mainc vacnobdeT qveyanasCvens usamarTlo sasjels, Cvens Cagvras... am mxriv Tqveni weriliaris uebro, aris Zlieri, aris simarTliT savse, aris Rrma CaxeduligonebiT dawerili... guliTa da suliT madlobas gwiravTam SesaniSnavi da sagulisxmo werilisTvis”. 1 anton furcelaZis1 saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTainstituti, fondi sxvadasxva, dok. #88. citata motaniliawignidan: o. WurRulia. qarTul-afxazuri literaturul-kulturuliurTierTobani. Tb., 1983, gv. 94-95.219

es werili giorgi SarvaSiZis moRvaweobis mniSvnelovani Sefasebaada mkafio dadasturebaa im keTilganwyobisa, rac arsebobdaqarTvel moRvaweebsa da afxaz poets Soris.qarTul literturul kritikaSi xSirad moixmoben niko TavdgiriZismosazrebas giorgi SarvaSiZeze. n. TavdgiriZem sainteresoda Rirseuli Sefaseba misca giorgi SarvaSiZis raindobas,Rirsebasa da gabedulebas, rac gamoiCina didebulma mamuliSvilma,daxvewilma pirovnebam da sazogado moRvawem Tavisi qveynis,erisa da erovnuli faseulobebis dasacavad: “Sen pirvelma aswie,aRamaRle maRal wodebaSi Segneba da pativiscema sazogadodkavkasieli erebisadmi”, 1 _ aRniSnavs niko TavdgiriZe. igi udidesipativiscemiT aRniSnavs, rom giorgi SarvaSiZem, erTaderTmaumaRlesi aristokratiis warmomadgenelTagan, ar mouxara qediTavis qveyanasa da xalxze gabatonebul Zlier saxelmwifoebrivmmarTvelobas, maSin rodesac bevri ase mieswrafvoda im urTier-Tobasa da jildo-warCinebas umaRles xelisufalTagan, romelsacafxazeTis ukanaskneli mTavris memkvidre zizRiT uaryofda.“bevri exlandeli revolucioneri gabedavda im dros aseTiazris gamoTqmas? _ kiTxulobs n. TavdgiriZe da Tavad pasuxobs_ didad saeWvoa isic, rom ramodenime kacic gamoCeniliyo ise-Ti, romelic uars ityoda im upiratesobaze, romlis miReba SenSegeZlo da ar isurve”. 2 cnobilia, rom giorgi SarvaSiZem demonstraciuladganacxada uari umaRles sakariskaco titulze _fligel-adiutantobaze, romelic mefisgan hqonda miniWebuli,rodesac imperator aleqsandre III-is quTaisSi Camosvlis dRisaTvisgubernatorma giorgi SarvaSiZes sxva, e. w. arakeTilsaimedopirebTan erTad, qalaqis datoveba mosTxova. “Sen ironiuladmiswere xelmwifes, _ aRniSnavs n. TavdgiriZe, _ raki TqvenimTavroba imdenad ar mendoba, rom Tqveni Camosvlis dros CemisamSobloSi yofnac-ki saSiSad miaCnia, gTxovT, es sasaxlis wodebac,fligel-adiutantobac CamomarTvaTo”. 3 swored aseTi SeupovrobisTvis“im dros, roca yvela wris Cvens sazogadoebasRvTis wyalobaT miaCndaT rusis mTavrobis yuradReba, Sen akrZaluligqonda Sens samSobloSi _ afxazeTSi xangrZlivi cxovre-1 niko TavdgiriZis sityva giorgi SarvaSiZis dakrZalvaze. _ wgn.giorgi SarvaSiZe. Txzulebani or tomad. t. II. quTaisi, 2006, gv. 38.2 niko TavdgiriZis sityva giorgi SarvaSiZis dakrZalvaze. gv. 37.3 niko TavdgiriZis sityva giorgi SarvaSiZis dakrZalvaze. gv. 37.220

a”. 1 sworadaa SeniSnuli samecniero literaturaSi, rom n. TavdgiriZissityva aris ` mWevrmetyvelebis udidesi nimuSic da erisRirseuli Svilis brwyinvale portretic”. 2giorgi SarvaSiZis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavis gamo Salvadadiani werda: “ar daviwyeba moyvrisa arodes gvizams ziansa”-oda im adamianTa ricxvSi, romelTa daviwyebas sazogadoeba ar dauSvebs,gulisxmobs “Zvirfas” giorgi SarvaSiZis saxelsac”.“yvela JanrSi, _ wers S. dadiani, _ romelSic ki scada man Taviskalami, yvelgan maRalxarisxovan nawarmoebebs iZleoda”. 3 manyurdaReba gaamaxvila giorgi SarvaSiZis piesebze, gansakuTrebiTaRniSnavs giorgi SarvaSiZis, rogorc publicistis rolsa damniSvnelobas Tavisi qveynis keTildReobis saqmeSi: “publicistikaSiigi mudam Seupovari mosarCle iyo Tavis qveynis saukeTesozne-Cveulebisa, misi sulieri axovnebisa, Tuki vinme odesme udieradmoixseniebda mis saTayvano samSoblos, igi, viT uebro raindi,ze-wamoiWreboda da basri kalmiT xelSi samagieros miagebdaSeuracxmyofels”. 4Salva dadiani giorgi SarvaSiZes publicistikis garda Tavismxatvrul SemoqmedebaSic pativiscemiT xatavs ara martorogorc Cinebul poetsa da mamuliSvils, aramed daxvewil inteligentsada uzado garegnobis pirovnebas. aRsaniSnavia S. dadianisromani _ “gvirgvilianebis ojaxi”, sadac avtori xatavsquTaTur inteligentTa wres, romelic kidev ufro sainteresoda xalisiani xdeba “rodesac maT SeematebaT afxazeTis mTavrisSvili, saucxoo vaJkaci, egec didad momzadebuli adamiani damwerali giorgi SarvaSiZe”, 5 _ vkiTxulobT nawarmoebSi, _ “ai,namdvili raindi. zrdili. Tavaziani. an rogori Tavis daWerascodnia, an ra mixra-moxra aqvs, saqcieli. da es sruliad bunebrivadgamoudis mas, araferi Zaldatanebuli, araferi xelovnuri.namdvili hercogia. an frangulad ra mSvenivrad laparakobs.ase gegonebaT, Tavisi dReni safrangeTis salonebSi aqvs1 niko TavdgiriZis sityva giorgi SarvaSiZis dakrZalvaze. gv. 37.2 o. WurRulia. giorgi SarvaSiZe. wgn. giorgi SarvaSiZe. Txzulebanior tomad. t. II. quTaisi, 2006, gv. 653 S. dadiani. gorgi SarvaSiZis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavis gamo. _wgn. giorgi SarvaSiZe. Txzulebani or tomad. t. II. quTaisi, 2006, gv. 46.4 S. dadiani. giorgi SarvaSiZis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavis.., gv. 47.5 S. dadiani. gvirgvilianebis ojaxi. Tb., 1975, gv. 315.221

gatarebulio”, 1 _ ase axasiaTebs romanis erT-erTi personaJi giorgiSarvaSiZes, erT-erTi leqssac uZRvnis:“dido Tavado, Sen xar brwyinvale,rogorc Tavadi da rogorc kaci!guliT keTili, niWiT aRsavse,sityviT da saqmiT mxne da mamaci!giyvars samoblo da misTvis iRvwizogjer kalmiTac dauRalavad...ginda rac wminda hqonia Sens xalxs,rom imas SerCes SeubRalavad...”. 2S. dadianis romanSi vkiTxulobT, rom guberniis marSalTanstumrad misuli giorgi SarvaSiZe sufris dasawyisSi, rodesacpirvelad uTuod xelmwife-gubernatoris sadRegrZelos svamdnen,am sadRegrZelos asarideblad, droebiT sufridan gavida,mogvianebiT dabrunda. 3“qarTuli rasis namdvili raindis” (gr. robaqiZe). 4 _ giorgiSarvaSiZis sityvieri mxatvruli portreti araerTma qar-Tvelma mweralma da moRvawem dagvitova, magram yvelaze srulyofili,albaT, mainc 1918w. gazeT “saqarTveloSi” (#45) grigolrobaqiZis, givi gollendis fsevdonimiT gamoqveynebuli, esseagiorgi SarvaSiZeze. giorgi SarvaSiZes, didebul mamuliSvils,daxvewil inteligents, im dros ukve xandazmuls, magramjer kidev sulierad da fizikurad janmrTels, grigol robaqi-Ze ase aRwers: “soxumis napirebi... mTavar quCaze modis vinmecxenosani... cxenosani namdvili mxedari: moxdenili jdoma, TiTqosmbrZanebelia mgrZnobiare cxovelis, magram mas TiTqos Zalasarc ki atans, marjved dakaveba sadavis... yoveli, rac romsamxedro jiSs memkvidreobiT gadaucia adamianisaTvis. gamaxsendaarCil jorjaZis sityva, qarTveli belletrisTvisaTvis isicaris sakmao, rom romelime abxazis cxenosnoba aRweroso. gadmoxta.gavicani: giorgi SarvaSiZe, Svili abxazeTis ukanasknelimTavrisa. ra SesaniSnavad adgas Coxa! tani maRlad aris ayvanili,silaRiT kidev, _ Tumca etyoba eqvs aTeuls gadascilebia.aseTi moxdenili Cacmuloba aravisze minaxavs saqarTveloSi: aq1 S. dadiani. gvirgvilianebis ojaxi, gv. 444.2 S. dadiani. gvirgvilianebis ojaxi, gv. 423.3 S. dadiani. gvirgvilianebis ojaxi, gv. 419-424.4 givi gollendi (grigol robaqiZe). giorgi ServaSiZe. _ wgn.giorgi SarvaSiZe. Txzulebani or tomad. t. II. quTaisi, 2006, 41.222

iyo esTetika oskar uaOldis yelsaxvevisa: qarTuli yaida CacmulobisstiliT CamokveTili: sada Zalze da amasTan rCeulimetad... raodeni simaRle da raodeni Tavazi... silamaze iveriuli...mTeli saukunoebia saWiro, rom biologiurma SerCevam ase-Ti sruli tipi warmoSobos... meore dRes sadili n. T.-sTan (nikoTavdgiriZesTan, soxumis qalaqis Tavi _ f.C.). giorgi Sarva-SiZec iq aris, axla evropulad Cacmuli stiliT... mTavris sityvamoxdenilia friad. icis evropuli enebi: franguli, inglisuri,germanuli, gansakuTrebiT franguli. zedmiwevniT icis rusuli.icis Zvirfasad qarTuli, afxazuri, megruli... mesame dResimave restornis fardulSi vnaxe. xolo axla ubralo mwvane“bluziT”, magram esec rom uxdeboda! ara, namdvili aristokratobayvelgan gamoCndeba”. 1giorgi SarvaSiZis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis mkvlevarTaganaRsaniSnavia o. WurRulias Rvawli. man araerTi werili dagamokvleva uZRvna ara mxolod giorgi SarvaSiZis moRvaweobas,aramed zogadad qarTul-afxazuri kulturul-literaturuliurTierTobis istorias. o. WurRuliam sxvadasxva dros gamoaqveynanaSromebi qarTul-afxazuri kulturul-literaturuliurTierTobis Sesaxeb da sakuTriv, giorgi SarvaSiZis Semoqmedebaze.misi yuradRebis miRma ar darCenila arc CaC-SarvaSiZeTawarmoSobis sakiTxi da arc giorgi SarvaSiZis daxvewili garegnobada aristokratizmi. “SarvaSiZeTa sagvareulo erT-erTi uZvelesisamTavro sagvareuloa da, bunebrivia, mas axasiaTebs yvelais Tviseba, rac Sua saukuneebis Zlieri da gavleniani feodaluriojaxebisTvis iyo niSandoblivi”, 2 _ wers o. WurRulia.“erT-erTi uZvelesi samTavros” ukanaskneli mTavris vaJs _ giorgiSarvaSiZes “mamulis siyvaruli da winaparTa tradiciebiserTguleba, sicocxlis fesvis Zieba da sarwmunoebis ganmtkiceba...Zvalsa da rbilSi hqonda gamjdari da mTel mis Semoqmedebasa damoRvaweobas msWvalavs. Tu ar gulwrfeli siyvaruli da TavdadebamamulisaTvis, uzado niWiereba, brwyinvale ganaTleba, raindulisuli, afxazuri tradiciuli zrdiloba, Zneli iyo im saerTopativiscemis mopoveba, rac man daimsaxura mowinave inteli-1 givi gollendi (grigol robaqiZe). giorgi ServaSiZe. gaz. `saqar-Tvelo~, #45, 1918. aRniSnuli publikacia ix. agreTve wgn.: giorgiSarvaSiZe. Txzulebani or tomad. t. II. quTaisi, 2006, gv. 41-43.2 o. WurRulia. sityva fiqris sxeulia. werilebi da gamokvlevebi.Tb., 1992, gv. 156.223

genciaSi”. 1o. WurRulia giorgi SarvaSiZis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebisgaanalizebis Sedegad paralels avlebs XIXs. qarTuli literaturiscnobil warmomadgenlebTan, kerZod, samocianelebTan. “rodesacfiqrob g. SarvaSiZis cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebaze _ misleqsebze, dramatul nawarmoebze, publicistikasa da statiebze,saerTod Rvawlze, mwerlis im did adamianur tkivilze, romelicgamowveuli iyo samSoblos, xalxis unugeSo mdgomareobiTa dasamomavlo gzebis ZiebiT, gagondeba gasuli saukunis qarTulimwerlobis saukeTeso warmomadgenlebi. SarvaSiZe SemarTebuli dauSiSari iyo, rodesac dacva sWirdeboda mamuls, mSobel xalxs,mis patiosnebasa da Rirsebas, rodesac saqme exeboda xalxis winaSemarTlac saRvTo valis aRsrulebas”. 2o. WurRulias azriT, g. SarvaSiZe mravalmxrivi Semoqmedia,magram “is upiratesad poetia, lirikosia. swored lirika-Si Cans naTlad misi poeturoba, xatovani azrovneba, naTelxilvaTaxibli... brZenkacis mieraa naTqvami, rom lirika poetis sulisaRsarebaao. es WeSmariteba dadasturebas poulobs g. SarvaSiZismemkvidreobaSic. misi lirika upiratesad erovnuligrZnobis gamomxatvelia, magram amave dros naRvlianic, nostalgiarom gasdevs naTel zolad. didi akakisa ar iyos, g.SarvaSiZes mamulis grZnobis gareSe arc ucxovria. samSobloiyo misi dardica da sixarulic. man kargad icoda is WeSmariteba,rom ar arsebobs ufro didi sapatio saqme, vidre erisada mamulisaTvis Tavdadeba, mSobliuri kulturis samsaxuri”. 3cnobilia, rom giorgi SarvaSiZem uari Tqva honorarze, CemssamSoblos usasyidlod unda vemsaxuroo: “rac Seexeba Sromishonorars, me vracx Cems Tavs valdebulad usasyidlod vemsaxuro,SeZlebisa gvarad, Cems samSoblo mwerlobas”. 4 o. Wur-Rulia Rrmad da sainteresod mimoixilavs giorgi SarvaSiZislirikul leqsebs da sxva mkvlevarTa msgavsad gansakuTrebulyuradRebas amaxvilebs g. SarvaSiZis cnobil leqsze “varada”.“sityvakazmuli mwerlobis istoriaSi araerTgzis dadasturebuliais faqti, rom yovel WeSmarit poets gaaCnia erTi an ori1 o. WurRulia. sityva fiqris sxeulia, gv. 47-48.2 o. WurRulia. sityva fiqris sxeulia, gv. 48.3 o. WurRulia. sityva fiqris sxeulia, gv. 49-50.4 dokumenti gamoqveynebulia wgn.: giorgi SarvaSiZe. lirika, drama,eposi. akad. s. janaSias redaqciiTa da narkveviT. soxumi, 1946, gv. 3.224

iseTi leqsi, romelSic kondensirebuli da gacxadebulia misiavtoris yvelaze sanukvari, sufTa azrebi da Sexedulebebi, araiSviaTadmoRvaweobis mTeli kredoc. giorgi SarvaSiZisaTvis aseTinawarmoebia “varada”. SeiZleba metis Tqmac, igi saerTodpatriotuli lirikis brwyinvale nimuSia. Tundac mxolod damxolod es leqsi rom daewera poets, isic ganadidebda avtorissaxels, rogorc WeSmariti Semoqmedisa. ase ar gauTqva saxeli“adamianma” mamia guriels da “facxam” _ dutu megrels?.. “varada”poetis moTqmaa, poetis godebaa, misi didi kaeSnis gacxadebaa;igi mZime tkivilebis gamomxatveli saoxavia” 1 .o. WurRuliam yuradReba gaamaxvila da araerTi kvleva uZ-Rvna giorgi SarvaSiZisa da mis Tanamedrove qarTvel moRvaweTaurTierTobas. mis naSromebSi “giorgi SarvaSiZe da qarTveli inteligencia”,“giorgi SarvaSiZe qarTveli inteligenciis Tvalsawieridan”da sxv. aisaxa is erovnuli da socialuri sakiTxebi,inteligenciis saerTo da konkretuli samoqmedo programebi,rac erT ojaxad aerTianebda g. SarvaSiZesa da Tergdaleulebs,agreTve qarTveli mwerlebisa da moRvaweebis Sexedulebani g.SarvaSiZeze, rogorc pirovnebasa da Semoqmedze.g. SarvaSiZis Semoqmedebis ganxilvisas mkvlevari paralelebsavlebs Teimuraz I-is, arCil II-is, daviT guramiSvilis,romantikosebis SemoqmedebasTan, romelTa pesimizmi “gamowveuliiyo samSoblos savalalo mdgomareobiT da poetebis piradicxovrebis ukuRmarTobiT. analogiuri tkiviliani gancdiT xasiaTdebag. SarvaSiZis patriotuli lirika. poets moTqmisa dagodebis sababs aZlevs mamuli dakarguli, samSoblo gaZaculida momavali gaurkveveli, magram igi momavals mainc imedis TvaliTSehyurebs da sjera, rom RmerTi ar gaswiravs mis wilxvdomilqveyanas. g. SarvaSiZis patriotuli lirika qarTul-afxazurikulturis ganuyofeli nawilia. igi nasazrdoebia imavesuliskveTebiT, humanizmiTa da ganwyobilebiT, rac damaxasiaTebeliiyo al. WavWavaZis, n. baraTaSvilis, i. WavWavaZis, a. wereTlis,vaJa-fSavelas poeturi samyarosaTvis”. 2mniSvnelovania o. WurRulias mier ganxiluli g. SarvaSi-Zis publicisturi da dramaturgiuli moRvaweoba. mkvlevari mu-1 o. WurRulia. sityva fiqris sxeulia, gv. 54-55.2 o. WurRulia. giorgi SarvaSiZe. _ wgn.: giorgi SarvaSiZe. Txzulebani...II, gv. 83.15. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi225

dam xazs usvamda im garemoebas, rom “giorgi SarvaSiZe uangarodemsaxureboda misTvis amave dros mSobliur qarTul erovnulkulturas”. 1giorgi SarvaSiZes avT. nikoleiSvilma “saqarTvelos erTianobisaTvismebrZoli afxazi mwerali” uwoda: “Tavisi moRvaweobi-Ta da literaturuli memkvidreobiT man sagulisxmo adgili daimkvidraCveni mwerlobis istoriaSi. mis pirovnebaSi samagali-Tod gamovlinda is saukeTeso Tvisebebi, romlebic saukuneebismanZilze ganamtkicebda qarTvelTa da afxazTa saxelmwifoebriverTobas da ganuyofel istoriul beds”, 2 _ wers avT. nikoleiSvili.mkvlevari yuradRebas amaxvilebs im faqtze, rom giorgiSarvaSiZis “Segnebuli cxovreba da moRvaweoba rusul kolonializmTandaucxromeli brZolis magaliTia... am uTanasworobrZolaSi mtris winaSe mas qedi arasodes mouxria da erovnuliRirsebis grZnoba ar Selaxvia. pirvel yovlisa swored aseT raindadda rwmeniT gaubzarav mamuliSvilad damkvidrda g. SarvaSi-Zis saxeli qarTveli da afxazi xalxebis istoriaSi”. 3g. SarvaSiZis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis mravalmxrivi ganxilvisfonze mkvlevari gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs g. SarvaSiZissaxelmwifoebriv xedvas, rom g. SarvaSiZes afxazeTi saqarTvelosganuyofel nawilad miaCnia. aRniSnul sakiTxs mkvlevarig. SarvaSiZis istoriul dramaze (“giorgi mesame”) dayrdnobiTganixilavs: “giorgi mesame “Cveni arcTu mdidari dramaturgiisistoriaSi usaTuod imsaxurebs met yuradRebas, _wers avT. nikoleiSvili, _ amgvari dainteresebis safuZveli...mravali aspeqtiT SeiZleba iyos ganpirobebuli. maTgan erT-erTiumniSvnelovanesi is gaxlavT, rom nawarmoebSi xazgasmuladaagandidebuli saxelmwifoebrivi mTlianobis idea da dagmobiliakuTxuri separatizmi. am mTlianobis Semadgenel RviZl nawiladafxazeTicaa miCneuli”. 4dRes, qarTul-afxazuri politikuri urTierTobis am etapze,mkvlevari mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs g. SarvaSiZis xedvas erTia-1 o. WurRulia. giorgi SarvaSiZe. _ wgn.: giorgi SarvaSiZe. Txzulebani...II, gv. 1242 a. nikoleiSvili. giorgi SarvaSiZe _ saqarTvelos erTianobisTvismebrZoli afxazi mwerali. _ wgn. giorgi SarvaSiZe. Txzulebani ortomad. t. II. quTaisi, 2006, gv. 1253 a. nikoleiSvili. giorgi SarvaSiZe.., gv. 125.4 a. nikoleiSvili. giorgi SarvaSiZe.., gv. 149.226

ni qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisadmi: “dRes CvenTvis gansakuTrebulmniSvnelobas iZens is faqti, rom saqarTvelos erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivimTlianobis ideasa da am mTlianobis SemadgenelRviZl nawilad afxazeTis miCnevas afxazeTis mTavris memkvidreafxazi erovnebis kaci qadagebs”. 1mkvlevarma e. TavberiZem g. SarvaSiZes “ubedo mamulis yma”uwoda, romelsac “Tavisi rTuli cxovrebis manZilze ar hqoniaSemTxveva, raime sakiTxi saqarTvelos, rogorc erTiani saxelmwifosTvalTaxedvidan ar ganexilos, ar gamoetanos saTanado msjavri,misTvis saqarTvelosaTvis zrunva, natvra ukeTesi momavlisaimavdroulad mSobliuri afxazeTisaTvis zrunvasac udrida, radgan,misi fiqriT... es ori rame erT qveyanaSi gansxeulebuliyo”. 2e. TavberiZe udidesi pativiscemiT gadmogvcems g. SarvaSi-Zis cxovrebis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan da saintereso epizodebs,pirovnebis, romlis “cxovreba gamorCeulia, rom ar gindodes,yuradRebas migaqcevinebs, susxs gagrZnobinebs avdroebisa,gangacdevinebs dards kacisa, samTavros patrons erTi saxlirom SerCenoda da iqac unebarTvod ver Cadioda”. 3 mkvlevarixazs usvams g. SarvaSiZis raindobas, mamuliSvilobas, RirsebisgrZnobas, romlis gamoc ruseTis mmarTvelobis wyalobiT, n.TavdgiriZis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, “ori qceva miwa enatrebodaTavis qveyanaSi” (mixeil SarvaSiZis memkvidreebs mTavrobam mTelimamuli CamoarTva) da “aRkrZaluli hqonda Tavis samSoblo-Si _ afxazeTSi xangrZlivi cxovreba” da “erTaderTi saxli,“villa Cemi” rom waawera, SemorCenoda winaparTa samkvidrosabrZanebelSi”.4 e. TavberiZe Tavs uyris im mogonebebs, romelicg. SarvaSiZis fizikur momxibvlelobas ukavSirdeba. “XIX saukunismoRvaweTagan iSviaTad Tu vinme SeumkiaT iseTi epiTetebiT,ise moxiblulan vinmes mSvenierebiT, rogorc giorgi SarvaSiZisa,weren kidec, memuarebSi umetes fizikur xibls wamoswevenwin, aRfrTovanebiT, aRtacebiT gaixseneben mis Tvaltanadobasada gamorCeul Cvevebs”, 5 _ wers mkvlevari.1 a. nikoleiSvili. giorgi SarvaSiZe.., gv. 149-150.2 e. TavberiZe. ubedo mamulis yma. _ wgn. giorgi SarvaSiZe. Txzulebanior tomad. t. II. quTaisi, 2006, gv. 157.3 e. TavberiZe. ubedo mamulis yma, gv. 160.4 e. TavberiZe. ubedo mamulis yma, gv. 162.5 e. TavberiZe. ubedo mamulis yma, gv. 174.227

e. TavberiZis naSromis meore TavSi ganxilulia g. SarvaSi-Zis poezia, romlis “umTavresi motivi samSoblos siyvarulia.romantikosTa darad awmyos SeWirvebuli yofiT dafiqrebulipoeti sanukvar ideals warsulSi poulobs”. 1 mkvlevari ganixilavsg. SarvaSiZis patriotul Temaze Seqmnil leqsebs: “CemiCangi”, “mamuls”, `fSaur xmazed” da sxv. da wers, rom samSoblog. SarvaSiZis STagonebis wyaro da mTavari sazrunavia da misipoeziac mxolod qveynis satkivris gaJRerebaao. “giorgi SarvaSiZecTanamedroveTa msgavsad Tavisi poeziis daniSnulebad sazogadosatkivris gamJRavnebas miiCnevda”-o. 2sxva mkvlevarTa msgavsad, e. TavberiZe yuradRebas amaxvilebsg. SarvaSiZis cnobil leqsze “varada”, romelsac leqszedayrdnobiT (“is aris mZime moTxroba, gulisa satkivarada...”),“mZime moTxroba” uwoda. “varada” ara marto giorgi SarvaSiZisSemoqmedebis mSvenebaa, upirvelesad, qarTuli klasikuri poeziisSedevria, boRmis, tkivilis, dardis amoxeTqvaa, mware droebazemoTqma da godebaa. kiTxulob da striqonSi Jonavs sinanuli,Tan mokrZalebuli Civili, nu miwyenT amgvar yofas, nu damZraxavTdardi rom damrevs xolme xels da mamapapurad amovikvnesebo...“varadas” ganwyobilebas xSirad misi avtoris, afxazeTisukanaskneli mTavris memkvidris yofiT xsnian, TiTqosda konkretulsarCuls uZebnian leqsSi gamJRavnebul sawuxars, magram espoeturi Txzuleba uwinares pirovnuli ki ara, zogadi, me TumkiTxavT, kacobriuli dard-tkiviliTaa didi da gamorCeuli”, 3_ wers mkvlevari.poetis sulis aRsareba da tkiviliani amoZaxilia gulSiCamwvdomi, grZnobiT savse leqsi “varada”, romelic g. SarvaSiZemTavis mSobliur, afxazur fesvebs uZRvna (“varada” adiReur-afxazurisityvaa da simReras niSnavs). igi patriotizmis grZnobiTgamTbari mSvenieri lirikuli leqsia, romelSic avtori udidesitkivilisa da sasowarkveTis dros mSobliur enas, winaparTafesvebs mouxmobs nugeSad. aseT dros “mamapapuri varada” yvelazeukeTesad gamoxatavs avtoris grZnobebs, magram igi erTi kacispirovnuli tkivili ki ara, erovnul-sakacobrio satkivaria,glova-moTqmaa daqceul samSobloze, romelic g. SarvaSiZis Se-1 e. TavberiZe. ubedo mamulis yma, gv. 197.2 e. TavberiZe. ubedo mamulis yma, gv. 199.3 e. TavberiZe. ubedo mamulis yma, gv. 203-204.228

moqmedebis umTavresi Temaa.g. SarvaSiZis “varadas” qarTul literaturul kritikaSimkvlevarebi maRal Sefasebas aZleven. esenia: s. janaSia (“qveyanamisi mSobeli Tavisi adgilobrivi specifikurobiT giorgi Sarva-SiZis marTlac Rrma siyvaruliT uyvarda... mSobliuri Taviseburebisdidi grZnobis wiaRSi SeiZleboda mxolod dabadebuliyiiseTi Sedevri, rogoricaa misi “afxazuri simRera “varada” _uSinaganesi lirikuri mRelvarebis poeturi SenivTeba”); 1 o.WurRulia, avT. nikoleiSvili (“gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa leqsi“varada”, erT-erTi saukeTeso nimuSi poetis Semoqmedebisa.“varadaSi” _ afxazuri simReris am yvelaze popularul sityva-Si _ simbolurad kondensirdeba mSobliuri miwisa da enis siyvaruli.es sityva leqsSi emociuri da sulieri silaRis gamoxatvisfunqcias ki ar asrulebs, aramed im gaunelebeli tkivilisgasaRebadaa qceuli, romelic mwerlis cxovrebis bedisweraswarmoadgens...”) 2 ; e. TavberiZe, z. papasqiri (“giorgi SarvaSi-Zes, romelic udavod iyo qarTveli istoriul-kulturulad,savsebiT naTlad hqonda gacnobierebuli Tavisi eTno-tomobriviafxazoba. amis mkafio dadasturebaa Tundac misi poeturi Sedevri“varada”, romelSic is mTeli grZnobiT gamoxatavs survils,rom ar mowydes Tavis afxazur fesvebs”) 3 ; j. TiTmeria (mkvlevarig. SarvaSiZis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis umTavres momentebse. w. dialogis saxiT gvacnobs. naSromis saxelwodebaa “dialogigiorgi SarvaSiZesTan”) da sxvebi.giorgi SarvaSiZis moRvaweoba da Semoqmedeba mravalmxrivia.masSi aisaxa epoqis yvelaze mtkivneuli problemebi, esenia: erovnulida socialuri sakiTxebi, qarTuli enis roli erovnulicnobierebisTvis, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba... esaaarasruli sia im problemebisa, romelic iyo maSindeli progresulisazogadoebis Rirseuli warmomadgenlis giorgi SarvaSiZis_ fiqris, gansjis, analizis sagani. giorgi SarvaSiZe qarTulinteligenciasTan idga da masTan erTad cdilobda ama Tu im sazogadoebriviproblemis mogvarebas. mas axlo megobruli urTierTobahqonda imdroindeli mowinave inteligenciis saukeTeso1 s. janaSia. giorgi SarvaSiZe. kulturul-istoriuli narkvevi. _giorgi SarvaSiZe. lirika, eposi, drama. meore gamocema, gv. 21-22.2 a. nikoleiSvili. giorgi SarvaSiZe.., gv. 1423 z. papasqiri. Rvawli didi mamuliSvilisa.., gv. 235.229

warmomadgenlebTan, maT Soris, i. WavWavaZesTan, ak. wereTelTan,i. gogebaSvilTan, s. mesxTan, k. lorTqifaniZesTan, i. meunargias-Tan da sxva. giorgi SarvaSiZis erovnul-moqalaqeobrivi msoflmxedvelobada esTetikuri mrwamsi “TergdaleulTa” ideebiTaadavalebuli. yovelive es g. SarvaSiZiT mkvlevarTa farTo speqtrisdainteresebas ganapirobebs.giorgi SarvaSiZis _ am mravalmxriv saintereso poetisa damoRvawis Sesaxeb literaturul kritikaSi gamoTqmuli naazrevisada calkeul pirovnebaTa mogonebebis gadmocema erT samecnierostatiaSi sruli saxiT ver moxerxdeba, miTumetes, rom giorgiSarvaSiZis cxovrebiTa da moRvaweobiT ara mxolod literaturiskritikosebi, aramed istorikosebi, dramaturgebi daTeatraluri kritikosebic xSirad interesdebian, romelTa naSromebiSemdgomSic Cveni interesisa da kvlevis sagnad darCeba.PIKRIA CHKHARTISHVILIGIORGI SHERVASHIDZE IN THE GEORGIAN LITERARYCRITIQUEThe present work is devoted to the analysis of the place of GiorgiShervashidze, the last prince of Abkhazia, Mikhail Shervashidze’s elderson, poet, dramatist, publicist and public figure in the Georgian literarycritique. The article gives a review of the literary – critical assessmentsby some researchers of G. Shervashidze’s literary activity and creativework, namely by S. Janashia, Sh. Dadiani, O. Churgulia, A. Nikoleishvili,E. Tavberidze and others of the life and the literary legacy of theworthy son of the Abkhazian and Georgian peoples.230

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008kote ToduaXIX saukunemdeli evropuli literaturiszogadi daxasiaTeba realizmisTvalTaxedviTxelovneba saerTod da maT Soris literatura iseve Zvelia,rogorc kacobrioba. xelovneba arsebobs da viTardeba Tavis konkretulsaxeobebSi: literatura, Teatri, musika, arqiteqtura,mxatvroba, kino da sxva. misi am mravalferovnebis mizezs cnobiligermaneli filosofosi imanuel kanti subieqtis SesaZleblobismravalferovnebaSi xedavda, 1 hegeli _ obieqturi ideis SinagandiferenciaSi, 2 frangi materialistebi _ garemomcveli samyarosmxatvruli aRqmis sxvadasxva saSualebebSi 3 da a.S.xelovnebis saxeobebad dayofis mizezi aris adamianis sazogadoebrivipraqtikis mravalgvaroba, mxatvrulad aRqmuli samyaro,romelic sinamdvilis esTetikuri aRqmis mravalferovnebaseyrdnoba. kacobriobis msoflio-istoriuli praqtikis safuZvelzeadamianis moRvaweobis procesSi warmoiqmna misi sulieri yofismravalmxrivoba, ganviTarda adamianis esTetikuri grZnoba,mSvenierebiT tkbobis unari da a.S. rogorc cnobilia, xelovnebisganviTareba urTierTSemxvedri procesia:1. sinkretizmidan xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis warmoSobamde(erTiani, ganuyreli mxatvruli azrovnebidan uZvelesdroSive ganviTardnen cekva, simRera, musika, Teatri,literatura, XIX saukuneSi Camoyalibda fotografia,XX saukuneSi – kino da televizia);2. xelovnebis sxvadasxva saxeobidan maT sinTezamde (kinoxelovnebis calke dargia da amave dros ramdenime maTganissinTezi, arqiteqtura warmoadgens monumentaluriferwerisa da qandakebis sinTezs).1 И. Кант. Сочинения 1747-1777 гг. В 2-х томах. Том II. 1759-1777 гг. М., 1940,gv. 162.2 Г. В. Ф. Гегель. Лекции по истории философии. – Сочинения. Т.10. М., 1932, gv. 96.3 М. С. Каган. Эстетическое учение Чернышевского. М.-Л., 1958, gv. 35.231

mxatvruli kulturis ganviTarebisaTvis Tanabrad sasargebloarogorc xelovnebis specifikuri dargebis gamoyofa, isemuzebis urTierTqmedeba. xelovnebis yvela saxeobidan umTavresimainc literaturaa, romelic mxatvruli sityvis saSualebiTSeimecnebs gare samyaros. misi sagani, marTalia, araerTgvarovnad,magram ganuxrelad viTardeba da farTovdeba. misi asaxvissferoSi ukve Sedis bunebrivi da sazogadoebrivi movlenebi,udidesi socialuri kataklizmebi. Tavis sxvadasxva JanrebSi yoveliveamas literatura moicavs an sinamdvilis dramatuli aRqmiT,an movlenebis epikuri aRweriT, an kidev adamianis Sinaganibunebis lirikuli TviTgaxsniT.literatura xelovnebis sxva saxeobebis msgavsad istoriuladcvalebadia. icvlebian masSi asaxuli cxovrebiseuli movlenebi,SemoqmedTa msoflmxedvelobrivi poziciebi da idealebi,Cndebian axali mxatvruli saSualebebi, xerxebi da meTodebi.literaturuli nawarmoebisa da literaturuli procesis yovelielementi da Taviseburebebi cocxali organizmiviTaa, moZravia,vinaidan igi aqtiurad reagirebs cxovrebis cvalebadobaze.sityvakazmuli mwerlobis ganviTareba _ esaa mdgradobisada cvalebadobis, memkvidreobiTobisa da novatorobis urTierTmoqmedebisprocesi. misi saxecvlileba aucilebelad gulisxmobs“konservatiul” mxaresac. literaturis cvalebadoba, rogorchegeli varaudobda, sruliadac ar iwvevs misi arsis rRvevas anfilosofiis Secvlas. 1 individis cxovreba sazogadoebisa daxalxis wiaRSi da xalxisa _ kacobriobisaSi, adamiani, sazogadoebada buneba TavianTi urTierTqmedebiT warmoadgenen literaturisasaxvis mudmiv sagans. amave dros literaturuli saxismudmivi da ucvleli samSeneblo masalaa sityva. warmosaxvaTviT enis safuZvelSia Cadebuli, enisa, romelic iqmneba xalxismier da Tavis TavSi amTlianebs mTel mis gamocdilebas, iqcevara azrovnebis formad. ena, Tavisi Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis procesisdros ivseboda samyaros asocirebuli xedviT da xdebodamisi Semzadeba sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxvisaTvis.yoveli mecniereba swavlobs sinamdvilis erT mxares miskonkretul gamovlinebaSi, xolo mxatvruli literatura am sinamdvilesiRebs mTlianobaSi, misi sxvadasxva mxareebisa da TvisebebisurTierTqmedebaSi, amitom gansxvavebiT mecnierulisagan,1 Г. В. Ф. Гегель. Лекции по истории философии, gv. 128.232

literaturul teqstSi yoveli fraza warmoadgens erTaderTSesaZlebels. mxatvruli saxe asaxavs movlenas mis ganuyofelmTlianobaSi, ris gamoc masSi yoveli sityva udides mniSvnelobasiZens. am TaviseburebiT aixsneba, magaliTad, mxatvruli TargmanissirTule. mwerlobas sityvieri forma aZlevs saSualebasgamoxatos rogorc esTetikuri, ise sazogadoebriv-politikuriidealebi, daamyaros kavSiri filosofiasTan, politikasTan, moralTanda sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis sxva formebTan. amitomliteraturas wamyvani adgili uWiravs xelovnebis mravalferovansistemaSi da mniSvnelovan zegavlenasac axdens misi sxvadargebis ganviTarebaze.literaturis da saerTod xelovnebis mizani yovelTvisiyo da aris is, rom adamians agrZnobinos misi cxovrebis SigniT(rogorc es realizmSia), an masze da mis qveviT (rogorc esromantizmSia) arsebobs siRrmiseuli sinamdvile, romelsac idealsuwodeben. am miznis miRwevis gareSe ar arsebobs namdvililiteratura da xelovneba saerTod. magram winaaRmdegoba imaSia,rom calkeuli literaturuli mimdinareobis meTodologia eyrdnobaerTgvarovani principebis absolutizacias. dRes ukve na-Telia, rom mwerlobis kriteriumis Sesafaseblad unda Camoyalibdesufro universaluri sistema, romelic naTlad warmoa-Cens am fenomenis mTel sirTulesa da mravalferovnebas. bunebriviaisic, rom realuri samyaros polifoniuroba, adamianispraqtikuli Tu sulieri yofis mravalgvaroba airekleba mxatvruliasaxvis polifoniurobasa da mravalferovnebaSi. literatura,erTi mxriv, sinamdvilis realur suraTebs asaxavs WeSmaritiTu istoriuli faqtebis aRweriT, an mxatvruli gamonagonissaSualebiT, romelic realuri yofis ganzogadebis Sedegiada xSir SemTxvevaSi ufro marTali, vidre sinamdvile; meoremxriv ki, warmoadgens am realobisadmi avtoris, Semoqmedis damokidebulebisgadmocemas, an gviCvenebs im grZnoba-ganwyobilebas,romelsac esa Tu is movlena iwvevs mwerlis Sinagan buneba-Si. es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, realuri sinamdviliTaa gamowveulida realuri adamianis realuri warmosaxvis Sedegia. aqedangamomdinare, “sityvakazmuli mwerlobis arsi sinamdvilis mxatvrulasaxvaSi mdgomareobs. yoveli literaturuli nawarmoebisRirseba imiT ganisazRvreba, Tu ramdenad srulyofilad da ma-Ralmxatvrulad asaxavs sinamdviles, mis arsebiT mxareebs. am233

didi amocanis gadawyvetaSi ki erT-erT mTavar rols SemoqmedebiTimeTodi asrulebs 1 .SemoqmedebiTi meTodi, misi xasiaTi da Tavisebureba, istoriuladdakavSirebulia cnobierebasTan, sazogadoebrivi SegnebisdonesTan; igi Sepirobebulia cxovrebis sinamdviliT, amasTan, misisrulyofisa da saboloo saxis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi udidesrols TamaSobs TviT Semoqmedis msoflmxedveloba da talanti.Sesaferis istoriul garemosa da adamianTa Semecnebis donisSesatyvisad literaturaSi da saerTod xelovnebaSi icvlebodaSemoqmedebiTi meTodebi, an adgili hqonda maT ganviTarebasada kriziss. magram arcerTi xalxis mwerlobaSi arasodes gawyvetilaganviTarebis mTliani jaWvi. wina drois literaturayovelTvis axdenda gavlenas momdevno xanis mwerlobaze.dRes ukve sadaod ar iTvleba is, rom xelovneba saerTodda maT Soris literatura. yovelTvis gamoxatavda sinamdviles,Tavis safuZvelsa da STagonebis wyaros. es gamoxatva warmoadgendaaqtiur kategorias, radganac TviT sinamdvilisadmi samsaxursisaxavda miznad. 1 aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom realizmi,rogorc literaturuli mimdinareoba, Tu misi elementebi,ra Tqma unda, gansxvavebuli formiT arsebobda yvela drosada epoqaSi, TviT pirvelyofili sazogadoebidan moyolebuli.pirvelyofili adamianis mier gamoqvabulis kedlebze Sesrulebuliprimitiuli naxati damxatvelisa Tu mnaxvelisaTvisigive iyo, rac morwmuneTaTvis xatia, e.i. meore, am samyarosmiRmiseuli sinamdvile, WeSmariti substancia, romelsac garkveulwiladmagiuri daniSnuleba hqonda imdroindeli adamianisaTvis.amave dros kedelze amokawruli cxovelebisa Tu maTze monadireadamianebis gamosaxulebebi garkveulwilad realuricxovrebiseuli sinamdvilidan aRebuli realuri cxovelisa Tuadamianis mxatvruli saxec iyo. amitomacaa, rom mkvlevrebi mas“primitiul realizms” uwodeben, da es termini TiTqmis srulyofiladgadmogvcems misi, rogorc mcnebis arss. is mxatvrobasinamdvilis ara mxolod anareklia, aramed garkveuli msoflmxedvelobismatarebelic. marTalia, es msoflmxedveloba, raRacmistikur, mxolod qvecnobier saxes atarebda, magram maincsrulyofilad gadmogvcemda imdroindeli adamianis Sexedule-1 g. jiblaZe. xelovneba da sinamdvile. I naw. Tb., 1955, gv. 18,234

ebs gare samyaroze. 1pirvelyofili adamianis mier Seqmnili zepirsityvierebisnimuSebs, marTalia, Cvenamde ar mouRwevia da verc moaRwevdasruliad martivi da gasagebi mizezebis gamo, magram Cven SegviZliavivaraudoT, rom qvis xanis adamiani, romelic Cveulebrivadazrovnebda da metyvelebda, aucileblad Seqmnida folklorulnimuSebs, romlebSic gadmocemuli iqneboda maSindeli adamianisnafiqral-naazrevi gare samyaroze, bunebriv Tu sazogadoebrivmovlenebze, am movlenebisadmi adamianis damokidebulebaze da a.S.ase rom, is e.w. “primitiuli realizmi” SegviZlia vivaraudoTim uZveles folklorSic.uZveles xanaSive adamiani qmnida moTosuri xasiaTis Tqmulebebs,romlebic mistikur elementebTan erTad Seicavda realuricxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis amsaxvel momentebsac. miTologiaSimistika, fantazia da realoba ise mWidrodaa erTmaneT-Tan Serwymuli, rom dRes ukve Wirs maT Soris zRvaris gavleba.magram, radganac uZvelesi miTebi gadmogvcemen imdroindeliadamianis realurad arsebul kosmogeniur Tu msoflmxedvelobrivwarmodgenebs, mis naazrevs adamianis warmoSobasa Tu mis adgilzeam samyaroSi da a.S., amitom miTosuri xanis xelovnebassaerTod da maT Soris literaturas SegviZlia “miTosuri realizmi”vuwodoT.is, rom antikuri literatura Seicavda realizmis elementebs,dasturdeba Tundac homerosis poemebiT – “iliada” da“odisea”. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis “iliadaze”, romelSic asaxuliaZveli berZnebis brZola troelTa winaaRmdeg. marTalia,troa didi xnis ganmavlobaSi legendarul qalaqad, mwerlisfantaziis nayofad iTvleboda, magram, rogorc cnobilia, XIXsaukuneSi germanelma arqeologma hainrix Slimanma berZnuli daaRmosavleTis qveynebis istoriul dokumentebze dayrdnobiT Se-Zlo ara mxolod aRmoeCina am qalaqis naSTebi, aramed winaswarzustad gamoeTvala misi adgilsamyofelic ki.jer kidev IV saukuneSi qristes Sobamde Zvelma berZenmafilosofosma aristotelem Tavis naSromSi “politika” logikuriTanmimdevrobiT Camoayaliba “mimezisis” (mibaZvis) Teoria,romelic, misi azriT, damaxasiaTebeli iyo klasikuri xanis an-1 Ю. Б. Борев. Эстетика. М., 1988, gv. 360.235

tikuri mwerlobisaTvis. 1 es Teoria xelovnebis funqcias ukavSirebdarealuri yofis asaxvas ise, rogorc aris. amis safuZvelzearistotele xazs usvamda musikis, poeziis da gansakuTrebiTtragediis SemecnebiT-aRmzrdelobiT funqcias. misi SexedulebiTxelovneba zogadsakacobrio bunebisaa da dakavSirebulia garemomcvelisinamdvilidan tipuris gamovlenasTan. literaturauSualod asaxavs garkveul eTikur Tvisebebs da warmoadgens sazogadoebisaRzrdis erT-erT saSualebas. es uwinaresad da yvelazemeti efeqturobiT SeuZlia tragedias. amitom nawarmoebisaRqmis kulminacias warmoadgens kaTarzisis SegrZneba, romelicgamoxatavs sulier ganwmendas TanagrZnobisa da SiSis gziT. ka-Tarzisi amave dros iyo ara saboloo Sedegi, aramed ganwmendisprocesi da umaRles eTikur proncipebTan miaxloebis saSualeba.is iwyeboda ara ubralod TanagrZnobidan, aramed sulieri gasxivosnebidan.swored es miaCnda aristoteles tragediis umTavresRirsebad. 2aristoteles da masTan erTad antikuri xanis sxva moazrovneTa(platonis, lukreciusis, horaciusis, ciceronis dasxva.) esTetikurma Sexedulebebma, romlebic gamoxatavdnen Tavisufalimoqalaqis Zireul interesebs, Taviseburi gamoZaxilihpoves mxatvrul tiloebSic. mxatvrulma Semoqmedebam Tavis nawarmoebebSidaasabuTa antikuri filosofiuri koncefcia adamianze,romelSic dominirebda Semdegi ideebi:1. adamians samyaroSi uWiravs gansakuTrebuli, uzenaesiadgili;2. individi ekuTvnis ara mxolod Tavis gansakuTrebulgvartomobriv sazogadoebas, aramed kacobriobasac, rogorcmTlians.antikurma literaturam Seqmna mSvenieri da mamaci adamianisideali, fizikurad da sulierad srulyofili gmiris saxe,gmirisa, romelic harmoniaSi cxovrobs garemomcvel samyarosTan,romelic Zveli berZnebisa da romaelebis fantaziam daasaxla mi-Turi arsebebiTa da dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi adamianuri Tvisebebismqone RmerTebiT. amis naTeli dasturia esqiles, evripides,sofokles, apolonios rodoselis, vergiliusis da sxvaTa mxatvruliSemoqmedeba.1 aristotele. poetika, Tb., 1944, gv. 67.2 aristotele. ritorika. Tb., 1981, gv. 72.236

antikurma xelovnebam farTod airekla cxovreba da amcxovrebisagan miRebul STabeWdilebebs misca srulyofili mxatvruliforma. “Ars longa, vita brevis” _ sicocxle xanmoklea, xelovnebamaradiuli _ es iyo antikuri kulturis devizi. Tvi-Ton xelovnebis, literaturis socialuri statusis gansazRvraantikur xanaSi dRevandeli gadasaxedidan arasrulyofili, zogjerdamaxinjebulic da istoriulad SezRuduli iyo. miuxedavadamisa, es iyo win gadadgmuli nabiji xelovnebis ganviTarebisprocesSi.antikur epoqaSi literatura samyaros xsnida miTologiurad.es iyo erTdroulad realisturi da iluzionur-fantastikuri,im drois adamianisTvis sarwmuno Sexeduleba samyaroze,romelic Seicavda stiqiur dialeqtikas. amitom mas SeiZlebaewodos miTologiur-antikuri realizmi, romlisTvisac damaxasiTebeliaadamianis gmiruli (heroikuli) koncefcia, romelicamkvidrebda pirovnebisa da sazodadoebis erTianobis, individisSinagani bunebis harmoniulobis ideas. Tumca is emorCileba aucileblobasda xSirad sakuTar daRupvasac ver icilebs Tavidan,magram mainc ibrZvis da mxolod Tavisufal moqmedebaSivlindeba aucileblobac.antikurma xanam kacobriobas dautova pirovnebis Tavisuflebisidea da demokratiis ZiriTadi principebi: abstraqtul mecnierebaTaTavdapirveli sistemebi, romlebic, miuxedavad imisa,rom ar iyo praqtikul saqmianobasTan mWidrod dakavSirebulida abstraqtul-mWvretelobiT, pasiur xasiaTs atarebda, xelsuwyobda poliTeizmidan monoTeizmze gadasvlas. swored amis safuZvelze,ekonomikuri da politikuri sferoebis centralizaciasTanerTad, ax.w. I saukuneSi romis imperiis aRmosavleTprovinciebSi aRmocenda qristianoba, romelic xangrZlivi devnismiuxedavad, IV saukuneSi saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadda daTandaTan msoflio religiadac iqca.qristianobam moitana principulad sxva idealebi, qcevissxva nomrebi. man mkveTri zRvari gaavlo zeciur samyaros, romelicuzenaesi samarTlianobis gamoxatuleba iyo, da miwier cxovrebasSoris. samyaro Seqmnilia adamianisaTvis, xolo adamianidabadebulia imisaTvis, rom Seimecnos RmerTi misi mcnebebis miyoliT.sulis xsna da imqveyniuri samoTxe cxaddeboda umTavresamocanad, romelsac unda damorCileboda adamianis yvela Cana-237

fiqri da qceva. qristianuli eklesia TandaTan mniSvnelovanrols ikavebs sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. dasavleT evropis, anuromis eklesia, romelic Teokratiuli idealebiT xelmZRvanelobdada romelmac politika Tavisi moRvaweobis umniSvnelovanessferod gaixada, aRmosavluri, anu marTlmadidebluri eklesiisagangansxvavebiT SedarebiT ufro “miwieri” iyo. amave drosigi qmnida saxelmwifos sawinaaRmdego sapirwones da aiZulebdamas kompromisze wasuliyo. eklesiis wyalobiT jer kidev adrindelSua saukuneebSi iwyeba politikur cxovrebaSi dialogisganwyobilebis Seqmna. es ki uaRresad mniSvnelovani winapirobaiyo saxelmwifo xelisuflebis evropuli tipis warmoSobisTvis,romelic iZulebuli iyo angariSi gaewia sazogadoebrivi azrisaTvisda masTan kompromisze wasuliyo. 1gansxvavebuli viTareba iyo aRmosavleTSi, anu bizantiaSi.aq miCndaT, rom srulyofili harmoniisa da wesrigis gansaxierebaiyo imperia, sadac saxelmwifo warmoadgenda umaRles da uryevfaseulobas, xolo imperatori iTvleboda SeuzRudavi Zalauflebismqone mbrZaneblad, magram ara saxelmwifos mesakuTred.igi iyo erTdroulad saero xelisufalic da eklesiis meTauric.amitom mas unda hqonoda saxelmwifo moxelis niWi da WeSmaritiqristianis Tvisebebi _ keTilsindisiereba, rwmena, gulmowyaleba.amis safuZvelze bizantiaSi TandaTan kvdeboda antikuriwarmarTuli Segneba, igi icvleboda ufro tragikulTa dadisharmoniuliT, magram mimarTulT adamianis Sinagani samyarosadmi,romelic mas xsnis gzas usaxavda, aZlevda ra RvTiur arsSiwvdomis imeds.Sua saukuneebis rogorc dasavleT evropis, ise bizantiurliteraturaSi, romelic antikurobis tradiciebze aRmocenda,umdidres zegavlenas axdenda qristianuli religia, rac iwvevdaxelovnebis reglamentirebul, ikonografiul sqemebSi moqcevas.antikuri xanis harmoniuli gmiris koncefcia Secvala dogmaturCarCoebSi moqceulma RvTismosavma da qristianobisaTvis Tavdadebulmaadamianma, romlisTvisac umTavresia rwmena, rogorc absoluturiWeSmariteba, romelic miiReba zeSTagonebiT. magramamave dros antikuri filosofiis zegavleniT Cndeba idea, romgza RmerTisaken rwmenasTan erTad gadis adamianisa da bunebisSecnobaze (averoesi, moSe maimonidi, Toma aqvineli). es ki xels1 g. boloTaSvili. civilizaciebis istoria. Tb., 2003, gv. 114.238

uwyobda sasuliero mwerlobasTan erTad saero literaturisganviTarebasac. amisi naTeli dasturia franguli eposi “simRerarolandze”, espanuri “simRera Cems sidze”, irlandieli berebismier Cawerili Zveli kelturi sagebi (epikuri Tqmulebebi Rmer-Tebisa da gmirebis Sesaxeb), anglo-saqsuri poema “beovulfi”,islandiuri eposi “ufrosi eda” da sxva, romlebic fantastikurelementebTan erTad uciloblad Seicavs realizmis elementebsac.igives Tqma Tavisuflad SeiZleba Sua saukuneebis sasulieromwerlobazec, gansakuTrebiT hagiografiaze, romelic ZiriTadadrealurad arsebuli wmindanebis cxovrebisa Tu wamebisamsaxvelia, amave dros savsea alegoriebiTa da simboloebiT.Sua saukuneebis literaturam Tavis gmirs Camoacila moqmedebisnebeloba da gadauloca igi RmerTs. adamiani tragikuliarsebaa, yvelaferi uzenaesis nebaa. samyaro, romelic orsaxovania_ xiluli da uxilavi, anu miwieri da zeciuri ganpirobebuliaRmerTiT. amitomac im drois literaturas, rogorc samyarosinteleqtualuri aRqmis Sedegs, romelic maSindeli adamianisaTvissarwmuno uxilav samyarosTan erTad amqveyniur cxovrebasacasaxavda, SegviZlia vuwodoT Sua saukuneebis alegoriulsimbolurirealizmi.Sua saukuneebis epoqaSi Semzadda renesansis _ aRorZinebisxelovneba, romlis mTavar Temad iqca adamiani, titanuribunebis mqone monoliTuri pirovneba, romelic Sinaganad Tavisufaliada iTvleba yoveli movlenis, sagnis sazom kriteriumad.am drois xelovnebaSi gamoiyofa sami etapi: adreuli humanizmis(dante aligieri, petrarka, bokaCio); maRali aRorZineba(leonardo da vinCi, erazm roterdameli, fransua rable) dagviani aRorZineba (Seqspiri, servantesi), romelic dakavSirebuliahumanizmis krizisTan.aRorZinebis epoqis literatura Seecada samyaro aexsna misivesaSualebiT. eCvenebina samyaro iseTi, rogoric aris, moeZebnamaTi Sinagani axsna misi materialuri bunebidan gamomdinare_ aseTia rables, Seqspiris, servantesis realizmi. am periodismwerlobam adamiani gaaTavisufla asketizmis tyveobidan dadaamkvidra principi _“akeTe, rac ginda”. swored amaSi vlindebamisi siZlierec da sisustec, radgan igi gzas uxsnis pirovnebisyovelgvari Tvisebis, rogorc dadebiTis, ise uaryofiTis TviTganxorcielebas,rac humanizmis krizisis maCvenebelia. am dros239

humanizmisTvis adamianis arsebobis marTebulobaSi daeWveba ariserT-erTi momenti misi nayofierebisa da gansakuTrebulobis gamosaxatavadda ara cxovrebiseuli kredo. mokled rom vTqvaT,esaa aRorZinebis realizmi, romelic axal niSan-TvisebebTan er-Tad aucileblad atarebs Sua saukuneebisa da gansakuTrebiT antikurobisaTvisdamaxasiaTebel elementebsac.XVII saukuneSi inglisSi Caisaxa internacionaluri ideurimoZraoba ganmanaTleblobis saxelwodebiT. “Seecade, rom gaigo”,_ ase gansazRvra am epoqis suliskveTeba cnobilma germanelmafilosofosma imanuel kantma. 1 am moZraobis erT-erTifuZemdebelTagani iyo ingliseli moazrovne jon loki. ganmanaTleblobamumaRles mwvervals miaRwia safrangeTSi, romelmacwarmoSva moazrovneTa brwyinvale pleada volteris, didros,monteskies, rusos saxiT, romlebic xelovnebaSi amkvidrebenganmanaTleblur realizms.ganmanaTlebluri realizmis Teoriis avtorad samarTlianadiTvleba deni didro. am Teoriam dasabuTebuli xasiaTi mii-Ro mis naSromSi “filosofiuri gamokvleva mSvenierebis warmo-Sobasa da bunebaze” (1751w.). didros azriT, maRal Sefasebasimsaxurebs demokratiuli xelovneba, romelic warmoaCens ubraloadamianebis zneobas, radgan swored aseTi xelovneba gviCvenebsufro TvalsaCinod humanistur idealebsa da interesebs.klasicisturi realizmis Teoriis Semqmnelis bualos msgavsad,didro mxatvrul Semoqmedebas miiCnevda Segnebul, gaazrebulmoqmedebad, romelsac aqvs gonivruli mizani da emyareba saerTowesebsa da kanonebs. 2XVII-XVIII saukuneebis literatura viTardeba gamwvavebulisocialuri viTarebis fonze, roca absolutizmis egidiT sazogadoebisdroebiTi erTianoba icvleba aristokratiis poziciebzeekonomikurad moRonierebuli burJuaziis SeteviT. aRorZinebisTavisufal individualistsa da klasicizmis reglamentirebulqveSevrdoms cvlis politikis CarCoebSi TavisuflebisaTvismebrZoli moqalaqe. d. defo, j. svifti, h. fildingi, a.lesaJi, p. bomarSe TavianTi SemoqmedebiT amkvidreben racionalursawyiss da adamianis bunebrivobas. ganamanaTlebluri rea-1 И. Кант. Сочинения 1747-1777 гг. В 2-х томах. Том II, gv. 184.2 d. didro. esTetika, filosofia, sociologia. Tb., 1939, gv. 54; Ю.Б. Борев. Эстетика, gv. 367.240

lizmis literaturas moqmed pirebad gamohyavs ara titanuribunebis pirovneba, aramed marjve, moxerxebuli, crurwmenebisganTavisufali adamiani, romelic cdilobs Tavisi adgili daimkvidrossazogadoebaSi, romelic dafuZnebuli unda iyos Tanasworuflebianobisprincipze, romelic miiRweva ara Zaladobis, anurevoluciis gziT, aramed ganaTlebiT, crurwmenebisa da umecrebisbindis gafantviT.literaturaSi wamyvan Janrad iqca socialur-yofiTi romani,gafarTovda mwerlis interesebis sfero, rac iwvevda mwerlobisdemokratizacias, mis mibrunebas sxvadasxva socialurifenebis cxovrebisaken, TviT qveda fenebiskenac ki. amave drosganmanaTlebluri realizmi Seicavs arsebuli socialur-politikuriviTarebis kritikasac da saxavs gzas mis Sesacvlelad.Tumca tipizaciis ZiriTad obieqtad aqcevs xasiaTebis socialurarss, magram kritikuli realizmisagan gansxvavebiT tipuri xasi-Tebi aq moqmedeben eqsperimentalur da ara tipur garemoSi.XVIII-XIX saukuneebis mijnaze mZlavri socialuri afeTqebebisepoqam warmoSva literaturuli mimdinareoba romantizmissaxiT, romlis safuZveli gaxda sayovelTao imedgacrueba sazogadoebriviyofis gardaqmnisa da Tavisufleba-Tanasworobis principebzedafuZnebuli socialuri wyobis damyarebis SesaZleblobaze.man Tavisi yuradRebis centrSi moaqcia gmiris xasiaTis individualuriTvisebebi, romelic ganyenebulad dgas adamianiscxovrebis realuri mdgomareobidan. romantikuli gmiri amovardniliaCveulebrivi yoveldRiurobidan da gansakuTrebul viTarebaSiaCayenebuli, raSic vlindeba kidec misi siZliere. esaagmiri amayi martoobiTa da mouwesrigebeli samyaros miuReblobiT.igi gansakuTrebuli, ganumeorebeli pirovnebaa da sworedamaSia misi sazogadoebrivi sargeblianobis wyaro. Tu romantizmiiyo cxovrebis axali wyobis mouwesrigeblobis erTgvari winaTgrZnoba,XIXs. kritikulma realizmma Seicno da Tavis Tavze iwvniamisi araadamianuri xasiaTi, ramac igi aqcia “dakarguli iluziebis”fxizel xelovnebad. am mimdinareobisaTvis esTetikuriideali uaryofis gziT mkvidrdeba da igi sazogadoebisaTvis mowyobilierTgvari sasamarTloa, romelmac literaturis mTavaramocanad sinamdvilis aRwera da misTvis ganaCenis gamotana aqcia.xelovnebisa da literaturis, Tu kritikuli realizmisgagebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda germaneli filosofosis16. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi241

hegelisa da misi mimdevrebis esTetikur Sexedulebebs. hegelmaTavis “esTetikaSi” xelovneba ganixila istorizmisa da dialeqtizmisprincipebze dayrdnobiT, romlis mixedviTac sazogadoebriviurTierTobis cvalebadobasTan erTad xdeba literaturissocializacia da funqciuri gamravalferovneba. 1kritikuli realizmis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebisa Tu SefasebaSigarkveuli wvlili Seitanes Sopenhauerma, vagnerma, nicSem,ogiust kontim da sxva moazrovneebma. magram am mxriv gansakuTrebiTunda aRiniSnos XIXs. meore naxevris rusi revolucionerdemokratebisn. CerniSevskis, n. dobroliubovis da sxvaTa esTetikuriSexedulebebi. maT sabolood Camoayalibes kritikuli realizmisTeoria da didi wvlili Seitanes am mimdinareobis damkvidrebissaqmeSi reseTSi. amave dros swored maT iqonies mniSvnelovanizegavlena Tavisi drois qarTul literaturaze.b. belinskis esTetikur naSromebSi xelovneba da literaturaganxilulia istorizmis principebze dayrdnobiT da amavedros dakavSirebulia Tavisi drois umTavres socialur tendenciebTan.misi azriT, “xelovani azrovnebs saxeebiT, mecniereba“amtkicebs,” xelovneba “aCvenebs” da orive arwmunebs. raki xelovnebaaris sinamdvilis xelaxali Seqmna mxatvrul saqmeebSi,WeSmariti xelovnebis Sefasebis kriteriumi sinamdvilisadmi er-Tgulebaa, rac gulisxmobs ukanasknelis (sinamdvilis) ara kopirebas,fotografiuli sizustiT aRweras, aramed calkeuli movlenebisganzogadebis gziT misTvis sayovelTao xasiaTis micemas.belinskis azriT, “Tu xelovnebis nawarmoebSi cxovreba zustadaaasaxuli, maSin is xalxuria. 2n. CerniSevskim daamuSava xelovnebisa da sinamdvilis urTierTdamokidebulebissakiTxi. misTvis xelovneba sinamdvilisasaxvaa, magram ara bunebis mibaZva. is aris movlenebis SinaganiTvisebebis gadmocema da maTSi tipuris gamovlena. aseTi midgomaaucileblad gulisxmobs mwerlis SemoqmedebiT fantazias, radganigi sinamdviles uyurebs rogorc masalas, Tavisi Semoqmedebisasparezs, romelsac iyenebs da iqvemdebarebs. sinamdvilisaTviszurgis Seqceva ki amcirebs xelovnebis nawarmoebis mxatvrulRirebulebas. 31 g. hegeli. esTetika. Tb., 1938, gv. 62.2 b. belinski. rCeuli Txzulebani. t. I. Tb., 1952, gv. 146.3 Н. Г. Чернишевский. Избранные философские сочинения, т. I, М., 1951, gv. 540.242

n. dobroliubovis azriT, “xelovnebis nawarmoebis mTavariRirseba misi cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilea”. xelovnebis xalxurobaki gulisxmobs “xalxis interesebis, moTxovnilebebisa da miswarafebebisasaxvas mxatvrul nawarmoebSi”. 1 aqedan gamomdinareobsmisi Sexeduleba, rom esTetikurad mSvenieria is, rac sasargebloa.amas saboloo jamSi mivyavarT xelovnebis utilitarul gagebamde,rac miuRebelia. amis mkafio dadasturebaa d. pisarevisSexedulebebi, d. pisarevisa, romelsac rusuli nihilizmis fuZemdebladmiiCneven. misi mtkicebiT, imisaTvis rom cxovreba adgilidandaiZras, sazogadoebas gonivruli sityviT mivmarToT, gavaRviZoTmisustebul literaturaSi misi maRali da seriozulivaldebulebebi, mTlianad unda moispos esTetika, “unda gaigzavnosis iqiT, saiTac gaigzavna alqimia da astrologia”. xelovneba,d. pisarevis azriT, zians ayenebs ara mxolod sazogadoebrivazrovnebas, aramed xels uSlis mecnierebis ganviTarebasac, radganaxalgazrdobas acilebs misi mxsneli sabunebismetyvelo sagnebisagan.2 d. pisarevi iqamdec ki mivida, rom rusuli literaturisganviTarebaSi al. puSkinis rolic ki uaryo.rogorc vnaxeT, literaturam, rogorc xelovnebis erT-er-Tma uZvelesma da umniSvnelovanesma dargma ganvlo ganviTarebisZalze rTuli da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse mravalferovani gza,vidre XIX saukuneSi Camoyalibdeboda kritikuli realizmi, rogorcliteraturuli mimdinareoba, romelic gulisxmobs cxovrebiseulisinamdvilis gadmocemas mxatvruli gamonagonis, ganzogadebisada tipuri xasiaTebis tipur garemoSi asaxvis gziT.Tu romeli literaturuli mimdenareoba arsebobda ZveldroSi, amaze jerjerobiT erTiani Sexeduleba ar arsebobs. erTniamtkiceben, rom realizmi Caisaxa aRorZinebis epoqaSi; meorenivaraudoben, rom igi XIX saukunis pirmSoa; mesameni ki fiqroben,rom yvela drois WeSmariti xelovneba da literaturarealisturia. es ukanasknelni eyrdnobian im azrs, romidev antikurixelovneba iyo realisturi. magram jer erTi, esaa gansxvavebulixasiaTis realizmi, meore mxriv ki, xelovnebaSi adgilihqonda TviTmyofad literaturul mimdinareobebs, rogoricaa,magaliTad klasicizmi, sentimentalizmi da sxva, romlebic, Cveni1 Н. А. Добролюбов. Полное собрание сочинений в шести томах. Т. I. М., 1956, gv.152.2 Д. И. Писарев. Избранные сочинения в двух томах, т. I. М., 1968, gv. 118.243

azriT, Tumca Seicavdnen realizmis elementebs, magram gaaCndaTspecifikuri koncefcia da TiToeuli maTgani atarebda Tavisimxatvruli simarTlis saxes.Tu realizmi sinamdvilis asaxvas gulisxmobs uwinaresadda es asecaa, maSin igi rogorc literaturuli mimdinareoba,Cveni azriT, arsebobda yvela epoqaSi, radgan nebismieri droisaTu xalxis literaturis asaxvis sagans swored cxovrebiseulisinamdvile warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva drosarsebobdnen da arseboben gansxvavebuli msoflmxedvelobebi damidgomebi sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxvisadmi, rac gamowveuliaara realobisadmi zurgis SeqceviT, misi sruli miuReblobiTaTu misgan gaqceviT, aramed am realobisadmi SemoqmedTa sxvadasxvagvaridamokidebulebiT.amave dros gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom rac arunda farTo mxatvruli tilo Seqmnas mweralma Tu SemoqmedmasaerTod, is mainc ver SeZlebs mTlianad moicvas Zalze mravalferovanisazogadoebrivi yofa da urTierTobebi. ubralod, XIXsaukunesa da Semdgom xanaSi meurneobis soflio sistemis Camoyalibebamgamoiwvia xelovnebis, maT Soris literaturis interesTasferoebis gafarToeba. masSi CarTuli aRmoCnda da sazogadoebrivimniSvneloba Tu esTetikuri Rirebuleba SeiZina sazogadoerivmaprocesebma (sociologiuri analizi)mianis fsiqologiis ufaqizesmaniuansebma (fsiqologiuri analizi), adamianis yofam (yofisasaxva), bunebam (peizaJi) da nivTebis samyarom (naturmorti).1 swored kritikul realizmSi warmoCinda sinamdvilis movlenebimTeli sisruliT, mravalferovnebiTa da garTulebulisazogadoebrivi praqtikis Sesabamisad esTetikuri TvisebebissimdidriT.am literaturulma mimdinareobam gviCvena sazogadoebis“bnel samyarod” gardaqmnis araadamianuroba, “damcirebuli daSeuracxyofili” adamianebis “Rarib” adamianebad qcevis ukeTureba,xolo adamianis tanjva da imedgacrueba warmogvidgina “Cveulebrivistoriad”. XIX saukunis mkveTrma kritikulma paTosmawina planze wamoswia satira da komedia. samyaros „RvTaebrivmakomediam~ yoveldRiuri xasiaTi miiRo da iqca Cveulebriv „adamianurkomediad~. 2 amave dros kritikuli realizmis literatu-1 Б. Борев. Эстетика, gv. 132.2 А. А. Радугина. Эстетика. М., 1998, gv. 216.244

a exeba adamianisa da kacobriobis ganviTarebis gzebs, icavs humanisturidealebs, amkvidrebs adamians, rogorc umaRles Rirebulebas;mas bevri ram axali Semoaqvs adamianuri yofis arsisgagebaSi, bunebisa da adamianis urTierTkavSiris sirTuleSi, amkvidrebsadamianis pasuxismgeblobas istoriis winaSe da a.S.yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan TavisTavad gamomdinareobs, romrealizmi rogorc mxatvruli mimdinareoba arsebobda yvela drosada epoqaSi. mis ganviTarebaSi XIX saukunemde, kritikuli realizmissaboloo damkvidrebamde, SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi periodebi:1. primitiuli realizmi, romelic arsebobda uZvelesi droidanantikur xanamde;2. miTosur-antikuri realizmi, romelic iwyeba homerosisepoqidan (Zv.w. VIIIs.) da grZeldeba adre Sua saukuneebamde(ax.w. IVs.);3. Sua saukuneebis qristianizirebuli alegoriul-simbolurirealizmi (IV-XIIIss.);4. aRorZinebis xanis, anu renesansis realizmi (XIV-XVIIsaukuneebi);5. ganmanaTlebluri realizmi (XVIIIs.);6. kritikuli realizmi (XIX saukunidan dRemde), romelmacmogvca udidesi saxelebi safrangeTSi (balzaki, stendali,floberi), inglisSi (C. dikensi, u. Tekerei), ruseTSi(l. tolstoi, a. Cexovi, f. dostoevski), germaniaSi(h. haine, T. Stormi), ungreTSi (S. petefi), amerikisSeerTebuli StatebSi (u. uitmeni) da mravali sxva.marTalia, XIX saukuneSive da gansakuTrebiT XX saukuneSikritikul realizmTan erTad arsebobda da dResac arsebobs mravaliliteraturuli mimdinareoba naturalizmis, Seuferavi realizmis,simbolizmis, neorealizmis, surealizmis Tu sxvaTa saxiT,romelTac sakuTari gansxvavebuli niSnebi axasiaTebT, magramsaerToa is ZiriTadi principi, rasac realuri sinamdvilismxatvruli asaxva hqvia.245

KOTE TODUAGENERAL CHARACTERISATIONOF THE PRE-19 th CENTURY EUROPEAN LITERATUREFROM THE VIEW-POINT OF THE REALISMThe article gives a general review of the genre-trends of the 19thcentury European Literature from the point of view of the realism. It isnoted that the realism as an artistic trend existed in all the times and epochs.In its development before the final formation of the critical realismin the 19th century the following periods can be singled out: 1) the PrimitiveRealism which existed from the ancient times till the antique epoch;2) the Mythic – Antique Realism, beginning from the Homeric epoch(the 8th cent. B.C) and continuing till the Early Middle Ages ( A.D. the4th cent.); 3) the Christenized Allegorico – Symbolical Realism (the 4th– 13th centuries); 4)the Renaissance Realism (the 14th – 17th centuries);5) the Enlightenment Realism (the 18 cent.) 6) the Critical Realism (fromthe 19th cent. till today), which gave us the greatest names in France(Balzac, Stendal, Flober), in England (Ch. Dickens, W. Thackeray), inRussia (L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, F. Dostoevsky), in Germany (H. Heine,T. Storm), in Hungary (Sh. Petefi), in the USA (W. Wittman), etc.246

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008merab naWyebiaqarTuli kulturis kvaliuskudarSiqveyanam, romelsac surs Rirseuli adgili daikavos Tanamedrovemsoflio TanamegobrobaSi, unda wamoswios, warmoaCinos Tavisiistoriuli warsuli, gaacnos msoflio xalxebs is miRwevebi,rac mas Seutania civilizaciis istoriaSi. am mimarTulebiTCveni Tanamemamuleni uZvelesi droidanve iRvwodnen, raTa qarTvelieris ganaTlebisa da kulturis miRwevebi qveynis gareT gaetanaTda amiT Sors gaeTqvaT saqarTvelos saxeli da dideba.RvTisa da samSoblos siyvaruliT gulanTebuli Cveni winaprebiadreuli saukuneebidan miemgzavrebodnen ucxoeTSi swavla-ganaTlebismisaRebad, mamuliSviluri saqmeebis sakeTeblad;isini saxldebodnen msoflio civilizaciis centrebSi da aarsebdnensaganmanaTleblo kerebs. aseTi swavla-ganaTlebis centrebixdeboda qarTvelTa SemoqmedebiTi energiis is muxti, saidanacmsoflio ecnoboda Cveni qveynis miRwevebs da amave drosqarTuli swavla-ganaTlebis centrebSi moRvaweni cdilobdnen,qarTveli eris samsaxurSi CaeyenebinaT mezobeli xalxebis monapovarikulturisa da ganaTlebis sferoSi. didi ivane javaxiSvilissityvebiT: ,,sazRvargareTuli monastrebi, romlebic gaSenebulniiyvnen bizantiuri swavla-ganaTlebisa da saRvTismetyvelo-saeklesiomwerlobis yvela umTavres centrSi, sadac isinisruli avtonomiiT sargeblobdnen, saSualebas aZlevdnen qarTvelebsufro advilad edevnebinaT Tvalyuri maSindeli ganaTlebulikacobriobis warmatebisaTvis da kvaldakval mihyolodnen”. 1Rirseuli mamuliSvilebis swrafvas sazRvargareT daearsebinaTqarTuli kulturis kerebi, yovelmxriv xels uwyobdnenqveynis umaRlesi xelisufalni, romelTa TanadgomiT, SemweobadaxmarebiTada SemowirulobebiT daarsda iverTa monasteri1 iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. w.II. _ Txzulebani Tormettomad. t. II. Tb., 1983, gv. 337. amis Sesaxeb dawvril. ix.: l. menabde.Zveli qarTuli kulturis kerebi. Tb., 1992.247

aTonis mTaze, jvris monasteri palestinaSi, svimeon sakvirvelmoqmedissavane Sav mTaze, antioqiis maxloblad, sinis mTis wm.ekaterines saxelobis monasteri, arabeTis naxevarkunZulis dasavleTiTolimpos anu ulumbos monasteri da ,,qarTvelTa monasterihromanas” _ bizantiaSi, petriwonis monasteri (daars.1083w. sof. petriwoSi, axland. bulgareTi, sof. baCkovo, grigolbakurianis Zes mier). 1 am eklesia-monastrebSi duRda kulturulicxovreba: iqmneboda axali Txzulebebi, iwereboda daiTargmneboda saRvTismetyvelo Tu saero xasiaTis wignebi, xdebodaxelnawerebis restavracia-gadmoReba, vrceldeboda swavlaganaTlebada a.S.XIII saukunidan iwyeba saqarTvelos dasusteba-daqveiTebas.Sesabamisad qarTveli eris saxelovani winaprebis mier saukuneTaganmavlobaSi rudunebiT naSenebi da Seqmnili TiTqmis yvela saz-RvargareT arsebuli qarTuli kulturis kera daikarga. zogierTimaTganis kvali samudamod waiSala, zogi gasxvisda, rasacmohyva xelnaweri wignebis ganadgureba-dakargva, gadarCenili nawiliki miuwvdomelia qarTvel mecnierTaTvis an gabneuliamsoflios sxvadasxva qveynis muzeumebsa da wignTsacavebSi.,,naSTi Zveli didebisa” gamqralia; qarTvel mamaTa kulturul-saganmanaTleblosaqmianobasa da sazRvargareT arsebulkulturul kerebze ucxouri da qarTuli saistorio dokumentebiTu Segvaxseneben; Tumca jer kidev Sesaswavlia sazRvargareTarsebuli ramdenime msgavsi keris saganZuri. maT Soris aRsaniSnaviaq. beiruTTan axlos mdebare libanis mTis qristianulikerebi. aq, erT-erT monasterSi, 1945 wlidan sicocxlis bolomdecxovrobda da moRvaweobda qarTveli kaTolike mRvdeliSalva vardiZe. igi iyo beiruTis franguli universitetis profesori.flobda ramdenime enas, maT Soris arabulsac.axlaxan stambulis qarTul savaneSi daculi aRmoCnda mismier arabul enaze dawerili wigni ,,didi saqarTvelos patroni”,romelic eZRvneba daviT aRmaSenebels. Salva vardiZis am wigniTarabuli samyaro gaecno saqarTvelos ,,oqros xanas”. vin icis,libanis mTaze arsebul Salva vardiZis keliaSi kidev ra wyaroinaxeba. Salva vardiZe Cvens winaSe warmoCnda, rogorc SesaniSnavimkvlevari. swored misi naSromebiT vecnobiT libanis mTaze qarT-1 k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, I. Tb., 1960. gv.97-108.248

vel mamaTa kulturul-saganmanaTleblo saqmianobis kvals. 1 aseveSesaswavlia izmirSi arsebuli qarTuli monastris istoriac,sadac platon ioselianis cnobiT, 1849 wlisaTvis moRvaweobdnenqarTveli sasuliero pirebi. XIXs. I meoTxedSi am monastriswinamZRvari iyo aWaridan gadaxvewili wmida Teodore aWareli,romelic 1822 wels qristianobisaTvis wamebiT aResrulada 2002w. 17 noembers wmindanad Seiracxa saqarTvelos sapatriarqoswmida sinodis gadawyvetilebiT.XIXs. bolo meoTxedSi samxreT safrangeTSi, q. monTobanSimama petre xarisWiraSvilma daarsa eklesia-monasteri stambiT,biblioTekiTa da saRvTismetyvelo-filosofiuri profilis seminariiT.samwuxaroa da gasakviri is, rom XXs. pirvel naxevar-Si es centri ise ukvalod gaqra, rom TviT q. monTobanis arqiv-Sic ki ver pouloben qarTuli kulturis am centris damadasturebeldokuments (da es xdeba emigraciaSi myofi saqarTveloserovnuli mTavrobis Tvalwin).erTaderTi saimedod daculi qarTuli kera amJamad stambolisqarTuli savanea Tavisi saganZuriT: eklesia-monastriT, mdidaribiblioTekiT, samuzeumo eqsponatebiT, biblioTekiTa da arqiviT.qarTvel kaTolikeTa stambolis qarTuli savane, rogorcsasuliero da kulturul-saganmanaTleblo centri, dafuZnebuliaaxalcixeli mamis petre xarisWiraSvilis mier. 2 XIXs. 70-iani wlebidan xsenebuli centris bazaze daarsebul iqna qarTulistambac, romelmac udidesi roli Seasrula stambolis qar-Tuli savanis mZlavr sazRvargareTul kerad CamoyalibebaSi:,,moyolebuli 1870-iani wlidan meoce saukunis 30-iani wlebisSua xanebamde stambolis qarTul stambaSi aTeulobiT wigni daibeWda.marTalia, maTi didi nawili sasuliero xasiaTisaa, magrammaT Soris iseTi wignebic sakmao raodenobiT gvxvdeba, romelnicsaswavlo, mxatvruli, istoriuli da politikuri xasia-Tis gamocemebs warmoadgenen. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoameoce saukunis aTian da ocian wlebSi dastambuliwignebi... stambolis qarTuli stamba-gamomcemlobis mesveurebiara marto ubralod adevnebdnen Tvals saqarTveloSi imxanad1 S. futkaraZe. stambolis qarTuli savane – Turqi da qarTveli xalxismegobrobis simbolo. _ qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XI. quTaisi,2007, gv. 10.2 a. nikoleiSvili. stambolSi qarTuli wignebis beWdvis istoriidan._ qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XI. quTaisi, 2007, gv. 46.249

mimdinare movlenebs, aramed maT mier gamocemuli wignebiT saTanadoSefasebebsac aZlevdnen kidec yvelafer amas”. 1stambolSi (Zv. konstantinepoli) qarTuli kulturisa daganaTlebis kvals werilobiTi wyaroebi IX saukunidan afiqsireben.amis Sesaxeb cnobebi daculia qarTul, berZnul, laTinur,frangul, arabul da ebraul wyaroebSi; Tumca maTi kvali JamTasvlam waSala. aseve miviwyebas mieca stambolis ubnebSi _ gala-TaSi, sosTeneSi, vezirxanSi, peraze, fafasqverSi arsebuli monastrebic.maT ricxvSia stambolis erT-erT uZveles ubanSi arsebuliuskudaris eklesia-monasteric.uskudaris saydari daaarsa mama petres (petre xarisWiraSvili– m.n.) mier Camoyalibebulma sazogadoebam. eklesia aSenda1861w. da aqve dafuZnda dedaTa da mamaTa monasteri. monastersbosforis napiras hyavda xuTi soflis mrevli. aqve hqondaT Semosavlianimiwebi. anderZis Tanaxmad, wirva-locva qarTul-berZnulenaze unda warmoebuliyo. 1881 wels gaixsna qarTul-berZnuliskolac. XXs. dasawyisidan uskudaris eklesia-monastrisbedi ukuRma datrialda: 1910w. episkoposma sardim qarTul enazewirva-locva mospo, xolo uskudaris eklesia SemosavlianisaxlebiTa da mrevliT maxlobel ubanSi mdebare laTinTa eklesiasmiakuTvna. episkopos sardis es nabiji faqtiurad uskudarisqarTvel kaTolikeTa eklesia-monastris daxurvas warmoadgenda.am arasasiamovno ambavs didi gamoxmaureba mohyva rogorcsaqarTveloSi, ise stambolsa da evropis rig qveynebSi. gansakuTrebiTaqtiurobda frangulenovani gazeTi ,,La Turĸ”-i, romlis1911w. ivlisis nomerSi ara erTi werili daibeWda.swored am faqtebis gaSuqebasa da analizs emsaxureba1911w. 29 ivliss ,,saxalxo gazeTSi” ,,unaRvlelis” fsevdonimiTdabeWdili statia ,,werili stambolidan”, sadac vkiTxulobT:,,erTi kviraa, rac aqauri franguli gazeTebi Cvens patara qar-Tul axalSenze sweren. rasac Cven ver gavbedavdiT, frangebmasTqves da gahkicxes aqauri laTinis episkoposi sardi. _,,sawyal qarTvelebs TavianTi saero eklesia dauketiao, _ ambobssxvaTa Soris ,,la turki”, qarTul enaze wirva-locva mouspoda yovelive erTs Tavis ubnis eklesias miaTvisao”. maTi Txovna1 unaRvleli. werili stambolidan. _ gaz.: ,,saxalxo gazeTi~, 29 ivlisi,1911w.250

1910w. imisa, rom daebrunebina sardi – episkoposs Tavis mrevlqarTvel kaTolikebisaTvis, uyuradRebod dastova da pasuxic arakadrao. uaresic hqmna: romSi gagzavnili moswavleni, romlebicqarTuli wesiT unda kurTxebuliyvnen, misis brZanebiT ukan daabrunes,ZaliT laTinis wesiT akurTxes. magram maTSi am mizeziTzogma sruliad uari ganacxada mRvdlobisa”. 16statiis avtori gvamcnobs, Tu vin daaarsa uskudaris eklesia,romel enaze aResruleboda wirva-locva, rogor Seaviwrovaepiskoposma sardim qarTveli kaTolikeni, rom am ukanasknelTTurme mfarvelobda stambolSi arsebuli safrangeTissaelCo; rom stamboleli qarTveli kaTolikeni sargeblobdnenfranguli tipikoniT da frangebsave SeuwiravT qarTveli berebisTvisuskudarSi miwac da sacxovrebeli saxlebic:,,im monasterSi, romelic dafuZnebulia mRvd. mama petrexarisWarovisgan da romelSiac Tanaxmad anderZisa, wirva-locvaqarTul-berZnul enaze unda warmoebuliyo, qarTul enaze wirvalocvasardim mospo. esec ar ikmara episkoposma sardim; uskudarSi,bosforis napiras, mama petresganve aSenebuli monasterida eklesia, Semosavliani saxlebic Camoacila da italielmRvdlebs Caabara, ris gamoc qarTvelma berebma dahkarges bosforisdayolebiT xuTi soflis mrevli. es didi usamarTlobaa.Cven SevwireT qarTvelebs da Tu maT ar undaT, Cven dagvrCebaadgilic, saxl-karicao. amas visac jer ars, yuradReba unda miaqcionda es uZravi mamuli qarTvelebsave daubrunono.ormoci weliwadia, rac mama petre xarisWarovma Sig Sua qalaqSidaaarsa kidev erTi monasteri da skola; episkoposs ndomebiaskolis daketvac, sadac swavla frangul-qarTulad swarmoebs.safrangeTis saelCo, romlis mfarvelobis qveSac imyofeba esskola da 1885w. 300 oqro misca gasakeTeblad, saWirod scnobskidev Semweoba aRmouCinos; Cven, frangTa axalSeni, mzada varT,rom saTemo xelmowera gavmarToT da es monasteri da skola SevakeToTda sxv.”. 2,,saxalxo gazeTSi” gamoqveynebuli statiis avtoris azriT,episkopos sardis ,,usaTuod TanamgrZnobi, anu winamZRvaric unda1 unaRvleli. werili stambolidan. _ gaz.: ,,saxalxo gazeTi~, 29 ivlisi,1911w.2 unaRvleli. werili stambolidan. _ gaz.: ,,saxalxo gazeTi~, 29 ivlisi,1911w.251

hyavdes CvenSive: ,,cixe Signidan gatydebao”, naTqvamia, moRalateda mamulis gamcemi CvenSivea ueWvelad da is piri Rirsia zizRiTmoxsenebisa”. 1 werilis avtori umoqmedobaSi adanaSaulebs monastriswinamZRols patri benediqte Cilingarovs, rom man ar SesCivlapaps episkopos sardis ukanono qmedebaze, romelic, avtorisazriT, ,,aRmosavleT kaTolikebis galaTinebisTvis 1894 wels, leonpapis gamocemuli inkilkiT SeCvenebuli yofila; mama benediqtesSeeZlo am faqtis SexsenebiT daemorCilebina episkoposi sardi,an Tavad Casuliyo papTan romSi, an miemarTa saqarTveloserisa da sazogadoebisaTviso...”. 2statiaSi ,,werili stambolidan” mTeli simZafriTaa gadmocemuliqarTveli berebis brZola eklesiis SenarCunebisaTvis,gamoxatulia madliereba franguli gazeTebisadmi, ,,romelTacgamoaqveynes Cveni wylulebi, Torem Cven ver gagvebeda da wylulisikvdilamde migviyvanda”. 3 rogorc statiidan irkveva, davasqarTvelebsa da italielebs Soris iZiebdnen veqili sabro-begSambaSiZe da osmaleTis umaRlesi sabWos wevri, SariaTis profesori,mufTi xasan-fehmi iremaZe. Tumca, saqmis saboloo gamoZiebasada samarTliani ganCinebis gamotanas xeli pirveli msoflioomis dawyebam SeuSala da es sakiTxi miviwyebas mieca.ase waiSala qarTuli kulturis kvali stambolis erT-erTuZveles ubanSi – uskudarSi.1 unaRvleli. werili stambolidan. _ gaz.: ,,saxalxo gazeTi~, 29 ivlisi,1911w.2 unaRvleli. werili stambolidan. _ gaz.: ,,saxalxo gazeTi~, 29 ivlisi,1911w.3 unaRvleli. werili stambolidan. _ gaz.: ,,saxalxo gazeTi~, 29 ivlisi,1911w.252

MERAB NACHKEBIATHE EVIDENCES OF THE GEORGIAN CULTUREIN USKUDARGeorgia, as a country of ancient civilization, has made a valuablecontribution to the cultural heritage of mankind. Since ancient times ourancestors had been striving to export the achivements of the Georgian nationin education and culture and thus promulgate the country’s honourand glory. They went abroad to be educated, settled in the hearts of theworld civilization and established cultural centres where educational lifewas seething: new works were being created, theological and secular bookswere being written and translated, manuscripts were being renderedand restored, education was being spread, etc. Unfortunately, nearly allthe Georgian cultural cradles abroad which were created and built by thetoil of the illustrious Georgian ancestors are lost, the traces of some areobliterated, some have been reallocated and, consequently, many manuscriptsare demolished or have become inaccessible for the Georgian investigatorsand part are scattered in the museums and libraries of othercountries. The only safely preserved Georgian cradle is the present IstanbulGeorgian Catholic Monastery with its treasury: a church-monastery, arich library, museum exhibits and the archives. In the 70-ies of the 19 thcentury on the basis of the above-mentioned ecclesiastical centre a Georgianprinting-house was founded which played a great role in turning theIstanbul Georgian monastery into a powerful over-seas cradle though Georgiancultural cradles existed in many quarters of Istanbul and in Uskudaramong them. The latter had been set up by the fraternity of PetreKharischirashvili, a clergyman from Akhaltsikhe. The church had fiveparishes with lucrative lands. The divine service was conducted in Georgianand Greek. In 1881 there was opened a Georgian-Greek school too.From the beginning of the 20 th century the Uskudar church-monastery’sfate went downhill: in 1910 Bishop Sardi cancelled divine service inGeorgian and the Uskudar church with its profitable houses, lands andparishes was transferred to the nearest Roman catholic church which actuallysignified closing of the Uskudar Georgian monastery. This scandalousfact was responded to in Istanbul and some European countries aswell as the newspaper “La Jurk” which in its French issue of July 1911published a number of articles pertaining to this problem. The same yearin the “Sakhalkho Gazeti” of July 29 under the pseudonym “Unagvleli”(Carefree) there was published an article “A Letter from Istanbul” tellingabout the founder of the Uskudar church and the language the divine ser-253

vice was conducted in. We also learn that the Istanbul Georgians employedthe French typicon and that the French donated the land and dwellinghouses to the Uskudar monks. It is noted that the Georgian church andthe monks were being protected by the French Embassy in Istanbul andthat Bishop Sardi carried an anti-Georgian activity. The dispute betweenthe Georgians and the Italians was investigated by lawyer Sabro-BegGambashidze and a member of Ottoman Turkey Supreme Council, a professorof sharia law, a muft Khasan-Pehmi Iremadze. But the outbreak ofthe First World War hindered the final investigation and bringing in a fairverdict and, thus, the problem fell into oblivion. So was the Georgian cultureevidence wiped off in one of the oldest areas of Istanbul-Uskudar.254

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008dariko fifiazogierTi aspeqti terenti granelissazogadoebriv-politikuriSexedulebebidanterenti granelis Semoqmedebis birTvad, sruliad samarTlianad,misi lirikuli qmnilebebi miiCneva. Tumca mkvlevarTainteresi aranakleb vrceldeba poetis musikaluri miniaturebis,literaturuli narkvevebisa Tu piradi werilebis mimarT. metnaklebadCrdilSi ki t. granelis publicisturi naazrevi eqceva.arada, maTi gacnoba kidev erTxel gvarwmunebs, rom is mxolodsevdisa da mwuxarebis, koSmaruli moCvenebebisa da mistikurigancdebis poeti ar yofila. misi emociur-grZnobadi samyarosgverdiT Tanaarsebobs adamianuri, miwieri tkivilebiT dam-Zimebuli pirovneba, Tavisive moqalaqeobrivi, sazogadoebriv-politikuripoziciiTa da miswrafebebiT.rogorc cnobilia, t. graneli samwerlo asparezze gamosvlidanveTanamSromlobda im periodis popularul Jurnal-gaze-TebSi. `saqarTvelos samreklo~, ìveria~, `xomli~, ìlioni~,`kolxeTi~, `poeziis dRe~, àxali nakadi~, ùqimerioni~, `qarTulimwerloba~, `galaktion tabiZis Jurnali~, `lomisi~... es arisarasruli nusxa im perioduli gamocemebisa, romlebmac erTgvaradxeli Seuwyves t. granelis, rogorc poetisa da moazrovniswarmoCenas.t. granelis publicisturi werilebi 1917-1921 wlebiTTariRdeba. es is periodia, roca TbilisSi Camosuli, samwerloasparezze gamodis da sul male gamoscems pirvel poetur krebuls`panaSvidebi~. 1 cnobilia, rom poetis msoflmxedvelobisCamoyalibebaSi garkveuli zegavlena iqonia terentis mecenatisiakob Sanavas pirovnebam, romelic wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelisazogadoebis wevri iyo da axlo urTierToba hqonda iliasTan,akakisTan, iakob gogebaSvilTan, iona meunargiasTan, ivane gomar-TelTan, aleqsandre da mixako wereTlebTan. maTive gavleniT,1 t. graneli. panaSvidebi. tf., 1920.255

politikur da sazogadoebriv moRvaweobaSi Cabmuli iakobimoZRvariviT xdeba t. granelisTvis, misive ideebisa da miswrafebebisgamziarebeli.miuxedavad moZiebuli masalebisa, arc ise iolia poetis politikurSexedulebebze laparaki, magram faqtia, rom is apolitikuricar yofila. am azrs safuZvlians xdis TviT granelisliteraturuli memkvidreoba, sadac aSkarad ikveTeba erovnuliTviTmyofadobis, qarTuli enis siwmindisa da dacvis ideebi.t. granelis publicistikis ZiriTadi orientiri, SeiZlebaiTqvas, revoluciaa. misi Sexmianeba sayovelTao moZraobasTan istoriuladlogikuri aucileblobiT gamarTlebul da sruliadkanonzomier movlenad aRiqmeba, Tumca misi Semoqmedebis sagnadigi mainc ver iqca. sayuradReboa is faqtic, rom granelis erTerTileqsi, saTauriT `sulis cecxli~, am movlenebs eZRvnebada Setanilia 1921w. TbilisSi gamocemul wignSi `revoluciispoetebi~:`Sromis samefo da qarxnebis neli griali,qalaqis cecxli, daisruli droSa wiTeli,bnel SuaRames akrTobs Suqi moxetiale,o, saukune wiTelia da mimzidveli~. 1swored am leqsiT ixsneba 1961w. e. ubilavas redaqtorobiTgamocemuli t. granelis `rCeuli~, rac, miuxedavad sabWo-Ta kritikis Cveuli winaaRmdegobisa, poetis saxelis dabrunebismauwyebeli gaxda qarTul poeziaSi. leqsi `revolucia~ kipoets arcerT gazeTSi gamouqveynebia da arc poetur krebulebSiSeutania:`mivdivar nela, mjera agrea,mas hklavs cxovreba, vinc rom sustia,me vumRer Zveli qveynis dangrevas,me vumRer wminda revolucias!dgas xalxi Cumi da ganwiruli,mas hklavs cxovreba, vinc rom sustia,me miyvars brZola ase gmirulida sisxlis mRvreli revolucia.sxva ganaxlebis qaria isev,mas hklavs cxovreba, vinc rom sustia1 ix.: revoluciis poetebi. tf., 1921, gv. 19.256

da sanetaro socializmisken,sxva cecxliT midis revolucia~. 1saTanado perioduli wyaroebi mowmoben, rom jer kidev TbilisSiCamosvlamde, samegreloSi t. graneli aqtiurad Caeba politikurcxovrebaSi. 1917w. weriliT `revolucia soflad~, isesalmeba walenjixaSi social-federalistTa biuros Seqmnas daamiT xalxis gamofxizlebas. gmobs social-demokratias. swuxs,rom ìSviaTad aris mitingebi da sja-baasi dRevandeli revoluciismier wamoyenebul sakiTxebze. revoluciisadmi gulgrilobaunda mieweros bneli Zalebis da soflis naZiralebis aRviraxsnilobas~,_wers sagazeTo statiaSi `mowerili ambebi~, rac sistematuradibeWdeboda gazeT àxal nakadSi~.1917 wliT TariRdeba aseve t. granelis sityva-mowodebasaTauriT àxalgazrdobis sayuradRebod~, sadac poeti propagandaseweva axalgazrdobaSi da icavs social-federalistTa interesebs.amasve cxadyofs poetis mimarTva: `xma mivceT im partias,romelmac yvelaze uwin aafrila droSa saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebisa...~2 mas kargad hqonda gacnobierebuli, rom erovnuli saqmedid pasuxismgeblobas, gamocdilebas da erTgulebas moiTxovda.amitomac, arcaa gasakviri misi ukompromiso da Tamami ganacxadi:`yvela uswavlels da politikis sruliad armcodnes, Tavi didpolitikosad moaqvs da vin icis, Tu rogori provokaciiT da demagogiiThkvebaven xalxis gonebas. arsaidan ar aris xsna!~. 3t. graneli, socialur-politikuri brZolis erT-erTi aqtiuriwevri, qarTveli inteligenciis interesebs icavda da mefisruseTis politikas daumorCileblobas ucxadebda. am brZolaSiumTavres misias saxalxo gvardias da social-federalist-Ta razms akisrebda (general gedevaniSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT).werilSi `dRevandeli zeimi~ vkiTxulobT: ès ori SeerTebulijgufi, xeli-xel Cakidebulni, lomiviT ebrZodnen saqarTvelosdauZinebel mtrebs rogorc awyurisa da yazbegis mimarTulebiT,ise samegrelos midamoebSi. maT gadaarCines saqarTvelo rRvevisprocesisagan~. 41919w. saqarTvelos social-federalistTa partias ganxeT-1 t. graneli. revolucia. _ wgn.: t. graneli. rCeuli. Tb., 1961, gv. 43.2 t. graneli. mowerili ambebi. _ gaz. àxali nakadi~, 1918, #2.3 t. graneli. mowerili ambebi. _ gaz. àxali nakadi~, 1918, #10.4 t. graneli. dRevandeli zeimi. _ gaz. àxali nakadi~, 1919, #21.17. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi257

qilebis safuZvelze gamoeyo erTi jgufi da daarsda memarcxenesocial-federalistTa maSvralTa partia. t. granelic maT uerTdeba.am movlenebze vrclad da damajereblad saubrobs werilSi`loRikuri aucilebloba da Cveni momavali~, sadac naTlad Canspoetis adgili imdroindel saqarTvelos politikur cxovrebaSi.aRsaniSnavia isic, rom t. granelis yuradRebis arealSimoeqca revoluciis poetad Seracxuli irodion evdoSvili damisi Semoqmedeba, romelsac vrceli kritikuli werili miuZRvnasaTauriT `maSvralT mgosani~. 1 aranakleb mniSvnelovnad gvesaxebat. granelis mier 1919 welsve gamocemuli samxatvro-saliteraturogazeTi ìa~ romelic saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis dRes 26maiss eZRvneba. misi Semoqmedebidan aq ibeWdeba ori leqsi da publicisturiwerilebi. `26 maisi~ hqvia patara werils, romelicxazs usvams mis erovnul pozicias: èrTi weli Sesruldamas aqeT, rac Cveni mravaltanjuli samSoblo eRirsa Tavisufalcxovrebas. mravalxnobiT daCagrulma erma igrZno Tavisufalicxovrebis sitkboeba~. 2 unda iTqvas, rom simboluria TviT gazeTisgamocemis TariRic _ 26 maisi.terenti granelis aramarto poetur, aramed politikurorientaciasac ar iziarebda imdroindeli `kritika Jandarmi~. 3amis dasturia Tundac Salva radianis, proletaruli mwerlobiserT-erTi warmatebuli kritikosis mier Jurnal `prolemafSi~dabeWdil werilSi kategoriuli daskvna: `granel-gamsaxurdiastipis mwerlebi jer kidev mouWkvianebeli reaqcioneri inteligentebia,romlebic kulturis saSualebiT ebrZvian revolucias~.4 amgvarma damokidebulebam mkacri ganaCeni gamoutana rogorcterenti granels, aseve misi epoqis araerT erovnul moRvawes.rogorc zogadad gaSuqebuli masalebi mowmoben, terentigranelis publicisturi werilebi misi Semoqmedebis im organulnawilad aRiqmeba, sadac sruliad garkveulad warmoCenilia poetisadgili da pozicia meoce saukunis dasawyisis saqarTvelossazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaSi.1 t. graneli. maSvralT mgosani. _ gaz. àxali nakadi~, 1919.2 t. graneli. 26 maisi. _ gaz. ìa~, 19183 a. baqraZe. mwerlobis moTviniereba. Tb., 1990, gv. 139.4 S. radiani. mkvdrebis saubari. _ Jurn. `prolemafi~, #1, 1925.258

DARIKO PIPIAON SOME ASPECTS OF SOCIAL AND POLITICALVIEWS OF TERENTI GRANELIThe present article deals with the world outlook of Terenti Granelion the background of his publicistic letters and the periodic organs of the20-ies of XX century. The work clears up the poet’s attitude to the revolution,his role as a member of the social-federalist party in the causeof restoration of the national originality of the country, reveals his civic,social, political positions and aspirations. The article gives an appraisalof Terenti Graneli’s publishing activity, elucidates his national interestsas a patriot of Georgia.259

260soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008luara sordiaapokalifsuri saxeebi mixeil javaxiSvilisSemoqmedebaSisabWoTa xelisuflebis mier SemoqmedebiTi aRmavlobis periodSirepresirebuli, kontrrevolucionerad, antisabWoTa, qveynismoRalate mwerlad monaTluli mixeil javaxiSvili qristesaviTecva jvars WeSmaritebisaTvis brZolaSi da Tavisi tragikuliaRsasruliT kidev erTxel ganamtkica is mosazreba, rom mxolodsimarTlisaTvis golgoTagamovlilT elodebaT amaRleba.mixeil javaxiSvilma ukve gadalaxa rubikoni, maradisobaSiSeabija da eris Tanamdev sulad iqca. misma naazrevma gauZlodrois gamocdas, misma gafrTxilebebma kidev ufro meti simZafreSeiZina da bibliur brZenTa darad, winaswarmetyvelis mantiiTSemosili gvecxadeba XXI saukuneSic.didi prozaikosi ers imTaviTve momavlis saniSnoebs uCvenebda,Seumcdarad Wvretda drouls da zedrouls, warmavalsTu maradiuls, safuZvlianad gasigrZeganebuli hqonda socialur,erovnul, filosofiur problemaTa arsi, imxanad modurimoZRvrebebi, revoluciaTa damangreveli Zala, qveyanas yovelTvisswori orientirebisken mianiSnebda, magram mwerlis sicocxleSimisi Segoneba-mowodebebi rCeboda RaRadebad udabnosa Sina.samwuxarod, mxolod komunisturi mmarTvelobis 70 wlianiperiodis Semdeg gavixseneT didi prozaikosis gafrTxilebebi,roca aSkara gaxda, rom marqsizm-leninizmis xomaldi gezsamcdarimiapobda zRvas, rom internacionalizmi, kosmopoliturimoZRvrebebi damRupveli iyo patara erebisaTvis, rom adre gafetiSebuliufrosi Zmis sindromi sabediswero xdeboda da sisxlmowyurebulikaeni isev Casafreboda abels.ramdeni ram aris winaswarmetyveluri mixeil javaxiSvilisiseT nawarmoebebSi, rogoricaa moTxrobebi “dampatiJe”, “lambaloda yaSa”, “damdnari jaWvi”.Taobebisadmi mimarTul sagangaSo zaris Semokvrad SeiZlebamiviCnioT romanebi “jayos xiznebi” (1924w.), “givi Saduri” (1928w.),

“qalis tvirTi” (1936w.), “TeTri sayelo” (1926w.). am mxatvrulTxzulebebSi qveteqstebiT, daSifruli metyvelebiT gacxadebuliasabWoTa sinamdvilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli avbediTi movlenebisarsi. ucdomeli iyo mwerlis mier marqsizmis, social-demokratiis,bolSevizmis, revoluciebis, erovnuli satkivrebisgansja-Sefaseba, momavlisTvis gawvdenili mzera. mis nawarmoebeb-Si mravalgzis da Tanac negatiur konteqstSi aqcentirebulia“wiTeli uReli”, “gawiTleba”, “wiTeli eSma”, 1 “wiTeli gvele-Sapi”, “wiTeli baqteriebi”, “wiTeli goliaTi”, 2 “wiTeli Temi”da “axali Temis RalatisaTvis axali Taoba sakuTar mamas gangmiravs”.3 cxadia, morwmune mwerali zedmiwevniT kargad icnobda biblias,apokalifsis winaswarmetyvelebas uRmerTo imperiis Seqmnaze,mis efemerulobaze, apokalifsuri gveleSapis mier xeldasxmulizRvisa da miwis mxecebis movlinebiT gamowveul kataklizmebs.mravlismetyvelia mixeil javaxiSvilis mier gamoyenebulixilvebi, paradigmebi.1905w. revoluciis Temas eZRvneba romani “qalis tvirTi”,romelic daibeWda 1936w. masSi mocemulia socialuri problemebis,revoluciuri warRvnis winaswarWvreta. erTi ojaxis magaliTzenaCvenebia tradiciuli zneobis rRveva, gafetiSebuli marqsizmisgavleniT erovnuli faseulobebis, religiebis iavarqmna,revoluciis mesveurTa mngreveli, yovlis gamanadgurebeli, sisxlmwyurvalemorali. prozaikosi sinamdvilis obieqtur dasuraTxatebasqveteqstebiT, simbolo-alegoriebiT, miniSnebebiT aRwevs.literaturisa da xelovnebis centralur saxelmwifo arqivSidaculia mixeil javaxiSvilis mimarTva mweralTa kavSirisTavmjdomaris akaki TaTaraSvilisadmi, dawerili 1935w. masSisaubaria mwerlis ganzraxvaze, daweros romani 1905 wlis revoluciisTemaze, romelsac “umTavresad politikuri RerZi eqneba”.mwerals surda umTavresi gmirebis ganzogadeba, maTi mimsgavsebapartiebis beladebTan. mixeil javaxiSvili amxelda, romromanis centraluri figura stalini unda yofiliyo: “stalinsar SeiZleba gverdi avuxvio, magram windawinve vacxadeb, rom me-1 m. javaxiSvili. TeTri sayelo. _ Txzulebani eqvs tomad, t. II.Tb., 1959, gv. 467, 514.2 m. javaxiSvili. qalis tvirTi. _ Txzulebani eqvs tomad, t. V,Tb., 1961, gv. 167.3 m. javaxiSvili. givi Saduri. _ Txzulebani rva tomad, t. III, Tb.,1973, gv. 210.261

tad didi pasuxismgeblobis gamo, amxanag stalins Tavis saxelsada gvars ver davarqmev. umTavresi gvari ki ar aris, aramedmxatvrulad gansaxierebuli tipia, romelic ise unda iyos Sesrulebuli,rom yvelam icnos maSindeli stalini da yvelam igr-Znos, rom am axalgazrda kacisgan odesme msoflio proletariatisbeladi dadgeba... biografiuli romanis dawera naadrevia,jerjerobiT SeuZlebelia (31.VII.1935). 1romanis idea unda yofiliyo ojaxisa da saxelmwifosngreva revoluciis zegavleniT. 1936w. qarTuli literaturisada xelovnebis dekadaze moskovSi, kremlSi, mixeil javaxiSvilsstalinTan Sexvedrisas ganucxadebia imis Sesaxeb, rom 1905wlis revoluciis Temaze Seqmnil romanSi man gverdi ar auaraamx. stalins da isic Sedis masSi, rogorc moqmedi piri.stalini – ra hqvia nawarmoebs?me – qalis tvirTi.stalini – ukeTesi xom ar iqneboda, qalis xvedri dagerqmiaT?me – romanSi gamomyavs ori qali, romlebmac revoluciistvirTi wamoikides. erTma maTganma es tvirTi bolomdis miitana,meore ki waiqca misi simZimis qveS.stalini – es ukve sxva saqmea.moskovi, 20. III. mix. javaxiSvili. 21937w. 4-7 agvistos moewyo “qalis tvirTis” ganxilva mweralTakavSirSi. am sxdomis sruli stenograma daculia literaturisada xelovnebis centralur saxelmwifo arqivSi. romaniuaryofiTad Sefasda. mwerals daabrales epoqis arcodna, sinamdvilisgayalbeba, revoluciur ideebSi gaurkvevloba, froidizmisideebis qadageba, erotizmi, stalinis saxis fragmentuliwarmodgena. “es romanis garCeva aRar iyo, es iyo adamianis winaswarigegmiT Serisxva”, ambobs mwerlis qaliSvili qeTevani. 3momxsenebeli iyo Salva afxaiZe. ganxilvaze sityvebiT gamovidnen:i. tatiSvili, k. lorTqifaniZe, a. gawerelia, k. abaSiZe, d.demetraZe, p. sayvareliZe. diskusiaze saerTod ignorirebuli iyoZiriTadi aqcentis matarebeli saxeebi. mweralma zurab gurgeni-1 literaturisa da xelovnebis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi(Semdgom _ lxcsa) f. 8-1-480.2 lxcsa, f. 8-1-62, f. 8-1-622.3 q. javaxiSvili. mixeil javaxiSvilis cxovreba. Tb., 1981, gv. 418.262

Zis prototipad Caifiqra stalini, xolo “koba” gamoiyvana, rogorcmisi moZRvari. sinamdvileSi es ori saxe avsebs erTmaneTsda erTidaigivea. romanis Canafiqris gasagebad aucilebelia mivmarToTsimboluri mniSvnelobis mqone saxeebs da esenia: koSki,gedi, urCxuli, wiTeli gveleSapi.simboluria nawarmoebis dasawyisSi Weqa-quxili, romelicdidi kataklizmebis molodinisTvis gvamzadebs: “im dRes cac kiajanyda. uceb aimRvra, aforiaqda, Weqa-quxiliT Camosrialda mTawmindidanda gawewili, gaSmagebuli alqajiviT miawyda andro axatnelissamsarTulian saxls, nomer Svids, romelic mamadaviTisferdobze idga”. “ager ganmartoebiT TeTri marmarilos koSki micuravs.koSkze yelmoRerebuli TeTri gedi wamomjdara... ukanpirdaRebuli Savi urCxuli misdevs... sacaa unda daewios... aha, kidecdaewia... koSki daingra, gedi Caylapa da TviTonac CaifuSa”. 1am xilvas mohyva axatnelebis saxlSi revolucioner zurabgurgeniZis SemoWra damalvis mizniT, radgan mas mdevrebi mohyvebodnen.qeTom revolucioneri damala da am kacis gacnoba sabediswerodiqca qaliSvilis cxovrebaSi. axatnelebis ojaxi mTawmindisubeSi, mamadaviTis ferdobze idga. ojaxi Zveli, didebuliwarsulis mqone tradiciuli saqarTvelos simbolod arisCafiqrebuli.mwerlis qaliSvilis, qeTevan javaxiSvilis cnobiT, am romanisTavdapirveli varianti yofila 1906w. gazeT “SromaSi” dabeWdilimcire zomis dramatuli Janris nawarmoebi “ojaxi”,romlis siuJetic mweralma ganavrco da momavali romanisTvisgamoiyena. ojaxis wevrebi sxvadasxva partiis warmomadgenlebiarian, rac maT ganxeTqilebas, uTanxmoebas iwvevs. “qalis tvir-Tis” Tavdapirvel variants rqmevia “saxli #7”. 2 axatnelTaojaxis mesveuri andria, andria pirvelwodebulis mosaxele iyoda am saxels amarTlebda, is iyo ganaTlebuli qarTveli inteligenti,msaxurobda sagubernio sammarTveloSi, saTavadaznaurosakrebuloSi, saadgilmamulo bankSi. iyo ilia WavWavaZis, akakiwereTlis da sxva sazogado moRvaweTa megobari, ilias “iveria-Si” ibeWdeboda misi werilebi “aragvelis” fsevdonimiT.andrias Zmam akakim ufrosi vaJi grigol orbelians moanaTvlinada grigoli daarqva, is agronomi iyo. misi Zma dimitri1 m. javaxiSvili. qalis tvirTi, gv. 9.2 q. javaxiSvili, mixeil javaxiSvilis cxovreba. Tb., 1991, gv. 187.263

yifianis naTluli iyo, kargi eqimi, social-federalisti. andriamTavisi vaJi akaki wereTels moanaTlina da akaki daarqva, igimenSeviki gamovida. meore vaJi ilia WavWavaZis naTluli iyo, didimwerlis saxels atarebda, magram loTi, avara, tutuci,axatnelTa gvaris Semarcxveneli gaizarda. mesame vaJi niko nikolaZemmonaTla da niko daarqva. is bolSeviki gamovida.ojaxis deda mariami darbaiseli qarTveli mandilosani iyo,sazogado saqmeebSi aqtiuri, dramatuli, wera-kiTxvis, saqvelmoqmedosazogadoebebis wevri, saxalxo Teatris mxardamWeri.axal droSi sxvadasxva gzaze damdgari wevrebis gamoisobiTojaxma rRveva iwyo. romanSi naTqvamia: “rogor iSleba esojaxi... marqsizmic ambobs, rac ojaxia, saxelmwifoc is ariso.axla yvela ojaxi iSleba da masTan erTad saxelmwifoc irRveva.socializmi qerZafiviT Slis sazogadoebas”. 1sagulisxmoa, rom koSki da cixe ara marto qeTos xilvaSifigurirebs, aramed poet elizbar Suquraulis sadRegrZeloSic,romelic axatnelebis saxlSi qeTos dabadebis dReze Tamadobs.igi ase mimarTavs qaliSvils: “Savi gediviT zixar brolis koSk-Si da girCev, aseT droSi gareT ar gamoxvide, Torem lafSifexs gaisvri da veRar gaisufTaveb. suli dagimdabldeba da ve-Rar ganikurnebi”... RmerTo, am koSks nu dagvingrev!”. 2 TamadamerToba wiTel gveleSaps Seadara, romelic brolis koSks moxveviada lamobs iqidan mzeTunaxavi qeTo gamotyuos”.SemTxveviTi arc is aris rom Tamadam saSiS avadmyofobadmiiCnia revoluciuri ideebi, dimitris da akakis “wiTeli baqteriebi”aRmouCina da gankurneba usurva. romanSi ikveTeba antipodurisaxeebi: koSki da Savi urCxuli, koSki da wiTeli gvele-Sapi, ilia WavWavaZis erovnuli ideebi da wiTeli baqteriebi.koSki da gedi idealis donezea gaazrebuli. koSki arsebobas bibliidaniwyebs da RmerTis simbolod gaiazreba: “ismine, ufalo,vedreba Cemi, yuri miapyar Cems locvas. radgan Sena xar Cemimfarveli, Zlieri koSki xar mtrisagan damcveli”. (fs. 61, 2, 4). 3aRsaniSnavia, rom galaktion tabiZis erT Sedevrs hqvia“koSki”, romelSic “ingreva koSki siyvaruliT aSenebuli” da esbedisweriT aris gansazRvruli, koSkis ZvelisZvel foliantze1 m. javaxiSvili. qalis tvirTi, gv. 187.2 m. javaxiSvili. qalis tvirTi, gv. 189.3 axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi. Tb., 1992, gv. 584.264

gamoCndeba xeli (rogorc bibliaSi balTazaris nadimis dros kedelze)da iwereba sabediswero sityvebi, rac koSkis ngrevasmoaswavebs da es msjavri kidevac asruldeba. leqsi TariRdeba1916 wliT. vfiqrobT, leqsSi “koSki” mariamis, xolo “siyvaruli”qristes simboloa da nawarmoebis Temaa RmerTisuarmyofeliepoqis tragediebis Cveneba, rac, upirvelesad, rwmenis winaaRmdegbrZolas moaswavebs. 1 mixeil JavaxiSvilis romanSi koSkisngreva ara mxolod sarwmunoebis, saxelmwifoebriobis moSlasgulisxmobs. mivmarToT isev sufris Tamadis elizbar Suquraulissityvebs: “... iman amatira, rom Tamaris da rusTvelis xalxiiRupeba! uaresic xdeba, sazareli miwisZvrac mzaddeba, romelsacpoeti da zogi pirutyvi winaswar vgrZnobT. aSkaraa, miwisZvraSierToba igulisxmeba, xolo abelze dageSili Zmismkvlelis-kaenissaxe xelisuflebaSi momsvlelTa satanur sulsukeTebs aqcents: “yuri migdeT, qarTvelebo, kaenisa da abelisproblema mudam cocxalia da jerac ar gaTavebula. kaeni axlacemzadeba abelis mosaklavad da mSveleli ar Cans”. 2revoluciaze fiqrisas galaktions ezmaneba warRvna, sisxlismorevSi mcuravi mkvdrebi, `damsxvreuli swori kenari”,“iudas saxe, kaenis landi da Rameebis Savi guguni” (rogor ebr-Zodnen zarebs zarebi”). 3 aSkaraa, mixeil javaxiSvilis negatiuridamokidebuleba revoluciisadmi, rasac Tamadis sityvebi gamoxatavsda, rac mTavaria, am mosazrebas aravin aprotestebs.axla im gveleSapis Sesaxeb, romelic brolis koSks exveva daiqidan qeTevanis gamotyuebas cdilobs.biblia, miTologia, qarTuli da ucxouri klasikuri prozada poezia savsea gveleSapis saxeebiT. mivmarToT biblias: “gvelisfesvidan gamova unasi da misi naSieri mfrinavi gveleSapiiqneba” (esaia winaswarmetyveli, 14, 29). 4 ieremia winaswarmetyveligodebda: “SemWama, damReWa nabuqodonosorma, babilonis mefem,cariel WurWlad maqcia, gadamylapa gveleSapiviT” (ieremia,51, 34). 5 ioane RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebaSi ki dafiqsirebulia1 amis Sesaxeb ix.: l. sordia. galaktion tabiZis `koSki~. _ `mafSalia~,Tsu zugdidis filialis literaturul-samecniero almanaxi.Tb., 1999, gv. 102-112.2 m. javaxiSvili. qalis tvirTi, gv. 156.3 g. tabiZe. rCeuli. Tb., 1977, gv. 179.4 biblia or wignad, wigni I, Tb., 1990, gv. 841.5 biblia or wignad, wigni I, gv. 137.265

miqaelisa da angelozis mier zecidan Camogdebuli gveleSapi,romelmac Zala da meufeba gadasca zRvis mxecs. is da misi Tanamoazreebidevnidnen, xocavdnen morwmuneebs da “yidva-gayidvis”anu arsebobis uflebas mxolod mxecis niSniT aRbeWdilebs aZlevdnen.(ioanes gamocxadeba, 11, 1-8). 1mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben, rom aq miniSnebulia uRmerTo, urwmunoimperiis, sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmna, xolo zRvis mxecSi nagulisxmeviaxalxTa masebidan mosuli lenini, miwis mxecSi _ iatakqveSelistalini, romelmac gaakeTebina pirveli mxecis (v. leninis)xateba da yvelas aiZulebda, Tayvani ecaT misTvis. 2 mixeiljavaxiSvilis romanSi Savi urCxuli da wiTeli gveleSapi (wiTeliaSkarad miesadageba sisxlian sabWoTa imperias) moazrebuliarevoluciis, “erTobis” WrilSi. swored “Savi urCxulisa” da“wiTeli gveleSapis~ ZalisxmeviT ingreva koSki (qarTuli saxelmwifosdamoukidebloba), axatnelebis ojaxi, iRupeba gedi-qeTo.aRsaniSnavia, rom qeTos saxe gagebulia, rogorc saqarTvelossimbolo, romelsac epotinebian poeti Suqurauli, vaWariwveraZe (savaWro kapitali), klimiaSvili (qarTveli Cinovniki),avSarovi (rusi mefis moxele) da bolSeviki zurabi. 3 qeTevanirusi avSarovis coli xdeba da bolSevik zurab gurgeniZis sayvareli.rogorc zurab gurgeniZisa da stalinis cxovrebis biografiulidetalebis Tanxvedra (xelosnis Sviloba, mamiT obloba,soflis oTxklasiani saswavleblis Semdeg sasuliero seminariaSiswavla, `wiTeli WiriT~ dasneuleba, marqsizmiT gataceba,samjer gadasaxleba da samjer gaqceva, moRvaweoba baqoSi)gvauwyebs, zurab gurgeniZis prototipi stalinia.mixeil javaxiSvili arc revolucias uyurebda kargi TvaliTda arc revolucionerebs. “qalis tvirTis” mixedviT, gurgeniZepirvelobas Cemobs, intrigania, sisxliT gaumaZRari, siyvarulSiamoraluri, (sacoled muSa marTa dovlaTaSvils igulvebs,qeTosTan ki avxarcoba akavSirebs, TviTonve ar faravs, romxSirad “dampal xils” miirTmevs) ilia WavWavaZis erovnuliideebis dauZinebeli mteria.zurab gurgeniZe yvelas da yovelgvar Rirebulebas revo-1 axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi. stokholmi, 1992.2 ioane-iona. ra unda vakeToT. Tb., 1994, gv. 423.3 l. yataSvili. `wiTeli gveleSapi brolis koSks mohxvevia~, _ kritika,# 5-6, 1991, gv. 54.266

luciur ideebs umorCilebs: “visac Cveni mizani Rrmad swams, isaraviTar saSualebas ar moerideba da yvelafers gaswiravs: Zmas,qmars, ded-mamas, Svilsac, siyvarulsac da megobarsac”. 1 zurabgurgeniZem da marTa dovlaTaSvilma STaagones qeTos, ekisra bibliuriivdiTis roli, romelmac mtris sardal olomfernis mor-Cileba gamoucxada, sanovagiT gaumaspinZlda, daaTro, mZinares TavimohkveTa da ebraeli xalxi gaaTavisufla (ivdiTi, 13, 5-20). 2qeTom cxovreba avSarovs daukavSira, farulad revolucionerebTanTanamSromlobda, magram qmarma jaSuSi miuCina da amxila.igi dapatimrebulma gurgeniZemac uaryo, arCevani marTaze gaakeTa,Zvelma Tayvanismcemelma klimiaSvilmac zurgi aqcia, martoddarCenilma TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula sicocxle.sagulisxmoa mwerlis erTi ganacxadi romanSi. akaki axatnelispiriT naTqvamia: “Tu bolSevikebi damarcxdnen, vai Cveni brali,Tu gaimarjves, vui Cveni brali. Zvel qveyanas Zirfesvianadamoagdeben.” 3 esec winaswarmetyveluri mosazreba gamodga. SemTxveviTrodia romanSi gamudmebuli saubari sisxlze, zurab gurgeni-Zis sisxliT gaumaZRrobaze. aseTad esaxeboda mixeil javaxiSvilsbolSevikebi da arc Semcdara. analogiurad fiqrobdnen sxvebic.“sisxlSi mcurav cxedrebze”, sisxlis morevebze swuxdagalaktion tabiZe revoluciaze saubrisas (“rogor ebrZodnenzarebs zarebi”, (“sisxli”). 4 sisxlis suni scemda grigol robaqiZis“Cakluli sulis” personaJs Tamaz engurs, roca revoluciagamovlilberzins uyurebda. roca igi daapatimres da gpu-sjurRmulebSi dakiTxvaze hyavdaT, guls urevda sisxlis sunida zaravda patimrebis cema. 5 sisxliT morwyul gzebze swuxda“sulis cecxlSi” terenti graneli, 6 ufro meti, realurad igiudanaSaulo patriotTa sisxliT morwyul velze daabijebda1924w. ajanyenis monawileTa ganadgurebis Semdeg da werda: “dasaqarTvelo es is mxarea, sadac cocxali xalxi marxia”. 7urCxuli, romelmac koSki daangria da gedi Caylapa “qalistvirTSi”, “wiTeli gveleSapi”, romelic “brolis koSks” exveoda1 m. javaxiSvili. qalis tvirTi, gv. 156.2 biblia or wignad, wigni I, gv. 841.3 biblia or wignad, wigni I, gv. 137.4 g. tabiZe. rCeuli. Tb., 1977, gv. 179.5 g. robaqiZe. Cakluli suli. Tb., 1991, gv. 40, 110.6 t. graneli. rCeuli, Tb., 1961, gv. 3.7 t. graneli. cisferi siSore, Tb., 1998, gv. 398.267

da iqidan qeTos gamotyuebas cdilobda, swored im Seubralebelapokalifsur mxecebze miniSnebaa, romelTac uRmerTo imperia Seqmnes,cixeebiT, saxrCobelebiT, patimarTa banakebiT mohfines qveyana,fsiqiatruli represiebiT, fizikuri ganadgurebiT Seamciresmosaxleobis udidesi nawili da totaluri “SiSis landi uzarmazari”(galaktionis “koSki”) 1 gaavrceles mTel imperiaSi.revoluciuri, apokalifsuri mxecis saxe ilandeba agreTvem. javaxiSvilis romanSi “jayos xiznebi”. Tavidan Tavisuflebisrevoluciis mxardamWeri iyo inteligenti Teimuraz xevisTavi,magram Sezara misma Sedegebma, qveynis okupaciam, saTaveSi mosulrevolucioner xelisufalTa saxem da igi ganudga qveynad gabatonebulterors, sisxlian politikas, rkinis beladebis kanonebs,ris gamoc gairiya sazogadoebisagan, nakacarad iqca.“jayos xiznebis mTavari odiozuri personaJis osi jayossaxe gagebulia, rogorc bolSevizmis simbolo. 2 es medrove, xarbi,gaumaZRari, gautanel mxecad saxeldebuli araraoba, sargeblianobisprincipidan gamomdinare, xan revolucias etmasneba, xankontrevolucias, xan bolSevikebisken ixreba, xan menSevikebisken.Teimurazis TqmiT, jayo, es mTidan mosuli ucxo vinme 3 Tavidanoblis, gaWirvebulis niRabs ikeTebs, menaxireobas sjerdeba, xoloroca Zalmomreobis ganxorcieleba unda, osebSi mravladhyavs kapikebad mosyiduli naTesav-momxreebi.angarebianma, usindiso jayom isargebla Teimurazis gulkeTilobiT,miisakuTra misi sagvareulo ganZi, saxl-kari, mamulebi,Rirseba Seulaxa mis meuRles margos, soflis baton-patronadiqca da revoluciis mier gariyul Teimurazs Tavissave mamulSijayos xiznoba ergo. menaxireobidan mouravobamde aRzevebuli damTeli soflis baton-patronad qceuli jayo Teimurazs TavisduqanSi noqrad amuSavebs, margos xasad gaixdis da xevisTavobamoundeba. Teimurazs iTanxmebs margosTan ganqorwinebaze da eklesiaSigadaixdis qorwils, romelsac Teimurazic eswreba. miuxedavadmargos didi Zalisxmevisa, gaekeTilSobilebina, ganaTlebis,civilizaciis gzaze daeyenebina jayo, araferi gamovida, “banjgvlianidaTvi mxolod gaparsul maimuns” daemgvana. “jayooba arissxvisi qonebis, simdidris, mamulis, saxl-karis, pativis, saxelis1 g. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 266.2 S. amirejibi. jayos xiznebi. _ qarTuli mwerloba, # 2, 1990, gv. 40.3 m. javaxiSvili. jayos xiznebi. Tb., 1957, gv. 161.268

mitaceba-miTviseba, Zaladoba, qlesaoba, pirferoba, orpiroba, urcxviuprincipoba, usazRvro eqspluatacia, sruli umecreba daukanonoba, moCvenebiTi keTildReoba, romlis ukan imaleba gardauvaligaxrwna da dacema”, wers akaki baqraZe. 1revolucias mitmasnili da mRvre wyalSi mosargeble jayomravali epiTetiT Seamko avtorma. isic apokalifsuri mxecebisnaSieria, maTi yurmoWrili mona da amitom mwerali misi daxasiaTebisasmxolod pirutyvTa saxeebs mimarTavs. “jayo jiva-Svili qalaqSi Semovardnil daTvs hgavda”. 2 margos sityvebiT,jayo aris “mxeci, pirutyvi, veragi, avazaki.” 3 romanSi jayo moxsenebulia,rogorc “tyidan gamovardnili nadiri, ugulo pirutyvi,... regveni da bneli, WuWyisagan SeWmuli myrali”. 4Teimurazs sjera RvTaebrivi samarTlianobis, “bedi mdevris”,romelic jayosTana “mglebs” mainc dasjis: “kidev viRacaris am qveynad RmerTis garda. is “viRac~ urmiT dasdevs fexmardmglebs... urmiT dasdevs, didxans dasdevs. bolos, rac undamardad irbinos mgelma, sadac unda gadaikargos, urmiT mdevari“viRac” im mgels mainc daeweva da kbilebs daaglejs. asea momarTulies qveyana, jayo”. 5“Sen amieridan dRe-da-Ram im samarTals moelode. Cems magivradigi mova da angariSs gg...agisworebs. bedma mdevarma SenTu ar mogaswro, Sens Svilebs mainc wamoeweva da kbilebiT daglejs,Samfurze Sewvavs, nel cecxlze moxrakavs, bnel soroSiCayris da Tan gvelis wiwilebs Caayolebs.” 6 “moaxlovebul arsJami gankiTxvisa, hoi, avazako! hoi mgelkaco jayo! hoi mxeco, avopirutyvo”. 7 Teimurazis winaswarmetyveleba axda, axalma drom arapatia jayos veragoba da mTlianad CamoerTva Teimurazis qoneba.mweralma simbolurad gviCvena revolucias mitmasnilTa mxecuri,mtacebluri xasiaTi. winaswarmetyvelurad aris mwerlis mierganWvretili is erovnuli problema, romelic zedapirze mTlianadar Canda im dros, magram mwerali qveSecneulad grZnobda1 a. baqraZe. mouxmarebeli anu tragikuli Tavisufleba. _ wgn.: a. baqraZe.rwmena. Tb., 1990, gv. 235.2 m. javaxiSvili. jayos xiznebi, gv. 3.3 m. javaxiSvili. jayos xiznebi, gv. 51.4 m. javaxiSvili. jayos xiznebi, gv. 119.5 m. javaxiSvili. jayos xiznebi, gv. 163.6 m. javaxiSvili. jayos xiznebi, gv. 165.7 m. javaxiSvili. jayos xiznebi, gv. 172.269

jer kidev maSin.1922w. oseTis avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnam frTebi Seasxaosebs. ufrosi Zmis waqezebiT es avtonomia saqarTvelos erovnulsxeulSi Cadebuli Seyovnebuli moqmedebis naRmi gamodga,romelic 90-ian wlebSi afeTqda... jayos Tan mohyva misnairi mxecebispleada da osebma ZirZveli qarTuli miwa samaCablo ubodiSoddaisakuTres. ai, amaze gvafrTxilebda, am saSiSroebasWvretda jer kidev meoce saukunis 20-ian wlebSi didi mwerali,magram erovnuli grZnobisagan daclili xelisufalni iqiTuwyobdnen xels am sabediswero procesebs.r. miSvelaZis TqmiT, romanis problematika ori mimarTulebiTaaganfenili: 1. socialuri sakiTxi. Zala, romelic movidaqveynis baton-patronad social-demokratebis saxiT, aris uxeSi,tlanqi, gaiZvera. batonobs instinqtze damyarebuli Zala da igiqveyanas sikeTes ar moutons. problemaTa meore Wrili ki erovnulsakiTxs ukavSirdeba. nu daisvam Tavze ucxotomels. nu miscemSens miwas sajijgnelad gadamTiels, Torem igi adre Tugvian Senive mamulSi xiznad gaqcevs _ gagvafrTxila XXs. 20-ian wlebSi mixeil javaxiSvilma. dRes ki, rodesac stumarmaxalxebma saqarTvelos teritoriis mesamedi miitaces da CvenCveni simarTle msofliosTvis ver migviwvdenia, sinanuliT vigonebTsamocdaaTi wlis winaT naTqvam am mware simarTles. 1mxecis asociacias qmnis revolucia, romelsac Tavidan Tvi-Ton miesalma Teimurazi. TeimurazisTvis revolucia “namdvilivefxvis bokveri aRmoCnda”, romelic SiSs Tesavda. “is bokveriTeimurazis Tvalwin gaizarda, gaiWima, aiSota, aiburZgna da ai-Sala. vaSlisodena Tvalebs abrialebda da elvas isroda. TiTissigrZe kbilebs mrisxaned awkapunebda, foladis brWyalebiT qvasnaperwklebs ayrevinebda, mtkavlis sigrZe TiTebiT miwas hburdvnida,yalyze dgeboda. 2Teimurazi gaocda, gatvrinda: “gaumarjos” aRar iZaxda daaRarc wiTel bairaRs iqnevda. merme, rodesac imis Tvalwinvefxvis bokverma gainavarda da Tavis mSobel mwignobarsac odnavklanWi gahkra, Teimurazi SeSinda da saqveyno yvirili morTo:“daabiT, daiWireT! galiaSi CasviT!”1 r. miSvelaZe. uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb., 1999,gv. 175.2 m. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani 6 tomad, t. I. Tb., 1969, gv. 225.270

Teimurazi ukve gaurboda `wiTel fers, swvavda uwindeldroSebs, Zvreboda Tavis soroSi, SiSisagan kankalebda da bokverisnavards damfrTxal Tvalebs ar aSorebda. bolos, roca bokverivefxvad gadaiqca da im vefxvma ramdenime naxtomiT yayanismoedani dascala, SiSisgan gadareulma Teimurazma umal zurgimoibruna, ugzouklod TavdaRma daeSva da sasowarkveTiT gahkioda:gviSveleT! daviRupeT!”uSedego iyo Teimurazis godeba: “mSveleli arsad Canda.ganwirulis kivili da godeba TandaTan misustda, miibnida dabolos sadRac jurRmulSi miswyda, revoluciis grigalSi Teimurazisknavili veravin gaigo, xolo misi aTi wlis naSenebiwiTelma vefxvma qinZisTavisodena lukmasaviT Caylapa. 1rogorc vxedavT, mwerlis mier mglis, vefxvis, wiTeli gveleSapissaxeSi simbolizebuli bolSevikuri revolucia yovlisSemmusvreli da gamanadgurebeli movlenaa. amitom Civis TeimurazisimarTlis saxeliT mosul usamarTlo wyobilebaze: “ZalianmuSaobiT, magram eg aris dangrevis muSaoba. erTs rom aaSenebT,ori ingreva. kooperativi ki qveyanas ver aaSenebs. 2 guli ukvnesisTeimurazs: “rkinis droebaSi vcxovrobT... siyvaruli mokvda...exla siyvarulis nacvlad qveyanaze da xalxis gulSi sxvaram dagubebula. cecxli da wyali erTmaneTSi areulad da mSvidobianadSewyobilan.`rogor unda aSendes siyvaruli mZulvarebaze?~. 3 mixeil javaxiSvilismier ganWvretili movlenebis siswore drom daadastura.1 m. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani 6 tomad, t. I, gv. 220.2 m. javaxiSvili. jayos xiznebi, gv. 88.3 m. javaxiSvili. jayos xiznebi, gv. 76.271

LUARA SORDIAAPOCALIPTIC IMAGES IN THE WORKSOF MIKHEIL JAVAKHISVILIMikheil Javakhisvili had negative attitude towards the October Revolution.The writer considered the Revolution a destructive force for thefamily, traditions, religion and the state system, and in the novel “Woman’sBurden” he hinted at this disaster by such apocalyptic images a“Red dragon”, “Black Monster”. In the novel the symbol of the national-stateideal is a tower that was destroyed by the descendants of theApocalyptic beast – revolutionaries. According to “Jaqo Dispossessed”the symbol of Bolshevizm is Ossetion Jaqo – the same as “beast, bear,werewolf, evil spirit”, which brought misfortune to our soul, ideology,nationalism, territorial integrity. To describe the ominous power of therevolution, the red giant, the tiger cub and the red tiger’s images areused. Repressions, insatiability for blood is prophesied in the novel, bywhich Stalin led revolutionaries were so distinguished. In “Jaqo Dispossessed”the author gives a prompt that, the nation of Georgia follownot the route of Jesus, the national way of Ilia Chavchavadze, but theway of Baraba, the satanic way of Bolshevizm which is fraught with cataclysms,territorial-demographic problems.272

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008ciala mesxiaXXs. 20-30-iani wlebis saqarTvelos istoriulirealoba konstantine gamsaxurdiasSemoqmedebaSi`mTvaris motacebis~ mixedviTXXs. qarTuli literaturis upirvelesi romanisti dauaRresad originaluri stilis mwerali _ ase Sevida konstantinegamsaxurdia msoflio mwerlobis istoriaSi, romelmac SeZlogaecocxlebina Soreuli warsulis Zvirfasi suraTebi daistoriul _ mxatvrul qronikebad amoeyenebina gverdiT “qarTliscxovrebisaTvis”…marTebulad SeniSnavs mwerali da mecnieri revaz miSvelaZe:“da rac mTavaria, konstantine gamsaxurdiam SeZlo STambeWdavadda sisxlsavsed gamoexata Cveni dro. Tanamedrove qarTul prozaSiZalian Zneli mosaZebnia ociani wlebis saqarTvelos sxvadasxvasocialuri fenis da gansakuTrebiT evropuli ganswavlisgzebze xetialiT daRlili, erT dros privilegirebuli wodebiswarmomadgenelTa cxovrebis asaxvis iseTi marTali suraTebi,rogorsac “dionises RimilSi” vxvdebiT, ocdaaTiani wlebis winaaRmdegobrivibuneba, Zvelis ngrevisa da axlis damkvidrebisgrandiozuli suraTebi didi realisturi sisavsiTa da mxatvrulimonumenturobiT daxata “mTvaris motacebaSi”, xolo omamdelda omisSemdgomi periodis qarTul sinamdviles didi SemecnebiTiRirebulebiT asaxavs “vazis yvaviloba”. 1da mainc, istoriul JanrSi epoqaluri mniSvnelobis diditiloebis Seqmnisas, k. gamsaxurdia upirveles yovlisa, Tanamedroveobismweralia. gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa k. gamsaxurdiasdamokidebuleba ocdaaTiani wlebis sinamdvilesTan, afxazeTTan,afxaz xalxTan.“mTvaris motaceba” _ farTo mxatvruli panoramaa, romelzecmkveTri da cxoveli saRebavebiT, cocxali, Rrmad STambeW-1 r. miSvelaZe. uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb., 1999,gv. 223.18. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi273

davi adamianuri saxeebisa da uaRresad kolorituli yofacxovrebiTipasaJebis meSveobiT warmosaxulia sasikvdilod ganwiruliZvelisa da Zlevamosilad aRmavali axlis orTabrZolisgrandiozuli suraTi, gaSuqebuli epoqis maRali zneobrivi idealebisgamarjvebis naTeli rwmeniT. ufro metic, es romani mwerlissulTaswrafvis erTgvari mxatvruli matianea, romelSicmJRavndeba TviT mwerlis da ara marto mwerlis damokidebulebaafxazi xalxisadmi, maTi urTierToba, mezobloba da megobroba,Tavs iCens is istoriuli fesvebi, romlebmac asazrdoes Cvenisulieri samyaro, aduRabes brZolebSi nawrTobi urTierTanadgomada siyvaruli.romani ocdaaTiani wlebis is erTaderTi mxatvruli epopeaa,romelic Tavis rTulsa da mraval Senakadebad ganStoebulsiuJetur mdinarebaSi moicavs da itevs afxazi da qarTvelixalxis cxovrebis, uaRresad civilizebuli Tu pirvelyofilipatriarqaluri yofis, istoriuli warsulisa Tu sadReisod aqtualuriproblematikis, didi socialuri konfliqtebisa Tupirad _ intimur urTierTobaTa araCveulebrivad uxvsa da mravalferovanmasalas. 1s. siguas metad sagulisxmod miaCnia ìs, rom konstantinegamsaxurdia “mTvaris motacebas” “didostatis marjvenasTan” er-Tad Tavis Semoqmedebis saukeTeso nimuSad Tvlida. am mxriv qar-Tuli saliteraturo kritikis yuradRebac am romanisadmi ZalzegamorCeulia da dResac grZeldeba igi. es romani ara martoavtoris Semoqmedebis, aramed mTeli TxuTmetsaukunovani qarTuliprozis umaRles miRwevadac ki miiCneva”. 2“mTvaris motacebis” mxatvrul siZlieres arsebiTad gansazRvravsromanis gmirTa siuxve, aseve vrcelia romanis gmirTamoqmedebis geografiuli sarbieli, unda xazgasmiT aRiniSnos,rom moqmed pirTa saxeebis simravliTa da nairgvarobiT nawarmoebierT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani qmnilebaa qarTul mwerlobaSi,romelSic 360-mde personaJia gamoyvanili. mwerali gviCvenebsaxali cxovrebis grigalis qrolvas cxovrebis yovel sferoSi,TviT ukiduresad Soreul kuTxeebSic ki, xalxis yovelfenaSi, yoveli socialuri biografiisa da kulturuli donis1 b. JRenti. literaturuli portreti. _ k. gamsaxurdia. mTvaris motaceba._ Txzulebani. t. I. Tb., gv. 25.2 s. sigua. k. gamsaxurdias prozis struqtura. Tb., 1980, gv. 239.274

adamianTa sulier samyaroSi Seqmnil Rrma cvlilebebs.“mTvaris motaceba” romani epopeaa, qarTuli sinamdvilis enciklopedia,erTi mxriv sinamdvilis ase farTo masStabis drosada sivrceSi, xolo meore mxriv, TviT mwerlis individualurmastilma, misma mxatvrulma diapazonma gansazRvra trilogiismxatvruli agebis xerxebi da mTeli misi struqtura.marTebulad brZanebda leo qiaCeli: “mTvaris motaceba” arisyvela im xerxis sinTezi, romelsac konstantine gamsaxurdia mimarTavdaTavis mravalmxriv literaturul moRvaweobaSi, rogorcpoeti, beletristi, kritikosi, publicisti. nawarmoebismTavari RerZi ki aris TaraS emxvari da misi siyvarulis ambavi,swored am RerZze, romanSi yvelaferi iqiTken aris mimarTuli,rom gamomJRavnebul, gaxsnil iqnas TaraS emxvaris saxe”. 1romanSi gamorCeulad imzireba TaraS emxvari, Cveni saukunisqarTul mwerlobaSi erTaderTi srulyofili saxe afxaziinteligentisa. da is, vinc TavisTavSi aerTebs qarTul-afxazurbunebas, maT Seupovrobas da raindul xasiaTs TaraS emxvaria.yvelam kargad uwyis, rom konstantine gamsaxurdias upirvelesisalocavi kerpi samSoblo iyo, mas sakuTari qveynis xatiesvena gulze da daucxromlad Sehfofinebda, TviTon samSoblostrfiali, erismTavari da qomagi, didi mamuliSvili gaxldaT dasxvebsac sityviTa Tu kalmiT am grZnobas unergavda. am romanSicocxlobs afxazi kacis buneba, sulieri samyaro, kultura, sazrunavida safiqrali, maTSi Cans is fenomeni, riTac gamoirCevaafxazi inteligenti, aqaa erovnuli xasiaTi, adaT-wesi, Cveva, salocavida saoxavi, miwieri da zecieri miswrafebani, cxovrebiswesi, lamazi xelovneba da literatura, yofiTi kultura.konstantine gamsaxurdia afxazeTs erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifoebriviorganizmis Semadgenel nawilad miiCnevda da sworedamitom mweralma afxazi xalxis Tvalsawieridan asaxa qar-Tuli samyaro, warmoaCina saqrTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi interesebida ideebi da es yvelaferi TaraSis saxeSi Caaqsova. TaraSisisxlxorceuladaa Sepyrobili qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisideiT da mTel Tavis erovnul energias am ideis xorc-Sesxmas axmars, TaraSis cxovrebis rTuli da winaaRmdegobebiT,ZrwolviT aRsavse cxovreba damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebriobis1 l. qiaCeli. sityva `mTvaris motacebis~ ganxilvaze. _ literaturulisaqarTvelo, #17, 1936.275

magistralze gadis, TaraSis ZarRvebSi eramxut emxvaris sisxliCqefs, qarTuli saxelmwifos aRdgenis survilma ki ucxoeTSiatara emxvarebis jiuti naSieri, TaraSic am gzas daadga, vinaidanmis ZarRvebs winaparTa sisxli atortmanebda da mSobliurimiwis siyvaruliT iyo Sepyrobili. mamulis uebro mijnurma Tavidinebas miando, vin icis, iqneb imis imediT, rom tristaniviTzRaprul – saswaulebrivad gadaurCeboda gansacdels.konstantine gamsaxurdias sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom manCveni warsulis mZime suraTebis mxatvruli ganzogadebiTa da TaraSemxvaris WeSmaritad Rrmad dasamaxsovrebeli saxis SeqmniTmweralma SeZlo Tavi daeRwia idealizaciis mavne cdunebisaTvis.“TaraSis umTavres miswrafebad sociluri da pirovnul _ sazogadoebrivikardaxSulobidan gamosvlis aqtiuri Zieba qceula,marTalia, es momenti savaraudod bunebaSic sakmao ZaliT gamokve-Ta mwralma, magram am TvalsazrisiT “dionises RimilTan” SedarebiT“mTvaris motaceba” arsebiTad gansxvavebuli romania, miuxedavadimisa, rom sabolood TaraSis pirovnul mcdelobasac epovasazogadoebriv _ erovnuli ideali da Tavisi adgili cxovrebaSi,araviTari Sedegi ar mohyolia. amdenad Rrma simboluri, azrobrividatvirTvis faqti TaraSis daRupvisa misi cxovrebis logikuridasasrulia da ara mxolod tragikuli SemTxvevis Sedegi”. 1romani iwyeba Zveli afxazuri simReriT èrgeaSva”, romelsac“mgrgvinavi, vaJkacuri xmiT mRerian mogzaurTa, gzamoWrilTada wyalSi gaWirvebulTa gasagonad”. 2 “midis yabalaxiT Tavgakruliafxazi vaJkaci, alersianad utatunebs aCigvaras maTraxs TavistanmorCil cxens, RamiT Tvali uWris, grigals ar erideba,yinvis ar eSinia, nabadi ganze miugdia. focxverebis Cxavils aradagdebs, arc nazamTrali mglis Seymuvlebas bnel gormaxebze. midisuSiSari da Seupovari afsua, omaxiani xmiT miimReris”. 3am vaJkacur simReras erTbaSad SevyavarT uCveulod gmirulida vaJkacuri epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli konfliqtebisa dabrZolebis atmosferoSi da rogorc d. benaSvili aRniSnavs,“iwyeba adamianTa urTierTSejaxebis, metoqeobis, Sejibrebis, socialuriinteresebis Tu pirad – intimur urTierTobaTa sferoSiaRmocenebul winaaRmdegobaTa dramatizmiT aRasvse epoqa,1 av. nikoleiSvili. qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb., 2003, gv. 2662 k. gamsaxurdia. mTvaris motaceba. Tb., 1973, gv. 65-66.3 k. gamsaxurdia. mTvaris motaceba. Tb., 1973, gv. 65-66.276

omlis msvlelobaSi naTeli, axali da progresuli sul ufromzardi aRmavali ZaliT Trgunavs bneli, dromorWmuli, reaqciulisamyaros narCenebs”. 1swored am orTabrZolaSi yvelaze mkafiod da reliefuradgamoxatulia romanis ori mTavari gmiris, TaraS emxvarisa daarzayan zvambaias urTierTobis istoria. isini ZiZiSvilebi iyvnen,magram axalma cxovrebam erTmaneTis mowinaaRmdege banakebSiaRmoaCina. da mainc, maT farul da aSkara WidilSi igrZnobadrois majiscema “es ori axalgazrda kaci dasabamsa da dasasrulsaZlevs romanis calkeul koliziebs. maTs vnebasa dabrZolazea dafuZnebuli “mTvaris motacebis” uaRresad dramatuliintrigebi da siuJeturi xveulebi, Tumca aSkarad Cans rommwrlis simpaTia TaraS emxvars ekuTvnis”. 2koba imedaSvilma TaraSs “marginaluri adamiani” uwoda. manis im adamianTa rigs miakuTvna, romlis sulSi ramodenime kulturaebrZoda erTmaneTs, adamiani gaorda, ori samyaros zRvarsSerCa, verc marcxniv wavida da verc marjvniv, magram cxovrebamoiTxovda arCevans, aRniSnulma dilemam Seqmna am gmiris mdgomareobistragizmi. 3 dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom literaturismcodneobaSiTaraSs upirvelesad ganixilaven socialur-wodebrivida klasobriv-politikuri mrwamsis mixedviT, Zvelisformaciis da “axlis” poziciebidan an rogorc zedmet adamians.aseTi midgomiT SeumCneveli rCeba is erovnul-zogadkacobriuliproblematika, romelic k. gamsaxurdiam TaraSis saxeSiCaaqsova. SeuniSnavia is plastebi da ganzomilebani, romlebicdRevandelobis Suqze aSkarad ikiTxeba da gansazRvravs TaraSistragedias. “Cvens saliteraturo kritikaSi TaraSs upiratesadkonstantine savarsamiZis dublikatad warmoidgendnen,TiTqos avtors savarsamiZis saxiT gagrZeleba-ganviTareba, misimomavali bedis kvalva daesaxos miznad”. 4 marTlac, Tu kargaddavakvirdebiT, advilad davaskvniT, rom es ori personaJi, orisxvadasxva epoqis Svili TavianTi fsiqikiTa da xasiaTis niSnebiTerTmaneTisagan radikalurad gansxvavdebian.1 d. benaSvili. k. gamsaxurdia. _ kritikuli narkvevebi. Tb., 1967, gv.71-72.2 r. miSvelaZe. uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis istoria, gv. 244.3 k. imedaSvili. 30 wlis Semdeg. Tb., 1977, gv. 81-82.4 r. miSvelaZe. uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis istoria, gv. 245.277

TaraS emxvaris bedi _ es aris samSoblo mxares mowyvetiliadamianis ukurnebeli seni. romanSi naTladaa warmoCeniliTu rogor tragikulad damTavrda jansuR emxvaris cxovreba,sxvis qveyanaSi generlis Cinis da ordenis mflobeli jansuRiqarxnis muSa gaxda da bolos uazro sikvdili xvda wilad.mTeli nawarmoebidan mogvesmis mSobliuri miwis yivili,romelmac TaraSs mosveneba daakargvina. mas kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli,rom mSobliuri miwis surnelisa da saTayvanebeli dedismonatrebis gancda yvelaferze Zlieria, sakuTari niadagidanmoglejili nergi sxvis miwaSi fesvebs ver idgams, ver xarobs,TaraS emxvars mTeli simZimiT aqvs gacnobierebuli Tavisi cxovrebisgza. iamaniZesTan saubarSi ambobs: “ar vici axla ra xalxicxovrobs CvenSi, me im xalxisTvis iseve ucxo viqnebi, rogorcigia amJamad CemTvis”. 1 ufro gvian miTiuri anTeosis damarcxebisambavTan dakavSirebiT ityvis: “sakuTar miwas vinc moscildebayvelas ase mouva. netavi mec TqvenTan _ mimarTavs Tamars _ er-Tad davrCenilviyav, arc rame meswavla da arc rame menaxa. merom bedi mqonoda ucxoeTSi gardaxvewa ar momixdeboda, vinicis, egeb maSin ar momixdeboda Cemi gulis saunjeTa ucxoeTSigafantva da Seni guli iqneboda erTaderTi Cemi saxate”. 2rogorc nawarmoebidan Cans, TaraSis ubedurebis saTave misucxoeTSi gadaxvewaSi unda veZioT, ramac ganapiroba mTeli misimZime cxovrebis gza da tragikuli finali. mas mudam CaesmodamSobliuri miwis Zaxili, mSobliuri miwis surneli Tavbrus axvevdada swored aqaa misi bednierebis saTave. marTebulad brZanebsS. CiCua: “TaraS emxvaris mxatvruli saxis ZiriTadi amocanaagamoxatos adamianis umaRlesi bedniereba erovnul cxovrebasTanTavisi erTianobiT, rac ufro mZafrad gamoxatavs mweraliTaraSis bedis tragizms, miT ufro srulia samSoblosTanerTiani bedis aucileblobis SegrZneba mkiTxvelSi”. 3ucilo WeSmaritebaa is, rom dasavleTis samyaroSi mZafrisulieri dramatizmiT aRsavse cxovreba didi simarTliTaa moTxrobiliTaraSis mier. evropaSi qera qalebTan SeCveulma TaraSmaTamarSic Cveulebrivi, vnebiani qali dainaxa da amitomac vereziara wminda siyvaruls.1 k. gamsaxurdia. mTvaris motaceba, gv. 324.2 k. gamsaxurdia. mTvaris motaceba, gv. 159-161.3 S. CiCua. qarTuli romani epopea. Tb., 1981, gv. 160.278

misi sulieri depresia kidev ufro gaZlierda, roca igisabolood darwmunda, rom teqnikuri gaucxoebis gzas verc misisamSoblo ascda. bunebrivia isic, rom Cveni saukunis evropaSiaRzrdil qarTvelTa Soris pirvelma man Seicno kacobriobisaraharmoniuli ganviTarebis damRupveli procesi da tragikuladganicada. marTebulad migvaniSnebs zurab kakabaZe: `Tuki adamianizedmetad datvirTavs sicocxles teqnikiT da sul ufro mcireadgils dautovebs Tavis moqmedebas, bolos da bolos TavisdaSeumCnevlad man SeiZleba dakargos sicocxle rogorc Tavisufaliqmedeba~. 1da mainc, konstantine gamsaxurdias fantaziis pirvel planzeTaraSis tragikuli cxovrebis gza moCans. “... me minda TundacerTxel vnaxo Cemi mTebi da mere sul erTia rac momiva”. 2misTvis deda da samSoblo yvelaferze Zvirfasia. (aki verc sayvareliqalis ronsaris momxibvlelobam gadaswona igi) misi azriTsamSoblodan gadaxvewil qarTul energias ar ZaluZs qar-Tuli saqmis gakeTeba, mware realobisgan gulayrili TaraSimzadaa marokoelebs mieSvelos frangebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi,oRond parizSi ar iyos casa da qveyanas Soris gamokidebuli.konstantine gamsaxurdiam Tavisi diadi SemoqmedebiTi energiiswyalobiT “mTvaris motacebaSi” Tanadroulobis amsaxvelimovlenebi ise warmoaCina, rom arc warsulis surneleba daekargada arc momavlis SegrZneba. mwerali erTi wuTiTac ar moswyvetiaTavis dros, awmyo da momavali isea gamTlianebuli miswarmosaxvaSi, rom erTi wuTiTac ar sustdeba ganuwyvetlobisSegrZneba.da mainc, grZnobisa da azris is siTbo, sulierad rom aaxloebsmweralsa da mkiTxvels mafiqrebinebs, rom TaraSma TiTqmisyvelaferi waago cxovrebaSi, veraferi warmarTa xeirianad.misi cxovreba bedukuRmarTi gamodga. vkiTxulob da vgrZnob“mTvaris motacebaSi” samyaros smeniTi aRqma samyaros xedviTaRqmas tols ar udebs da mimZafrdeba SegrZneba imisa, rom didifantazia Rrmacaa da daxvewili realobaze: TaraSs surs ganiwmindosbiwierebisagan, sakuTari arsebidan gandevnos “sxvisi azrebi,wignebi, foliantebi, cifrebi, mefeebis welTaRricxvani,1 z. kakabaZe. àqsistenciuri krizisis~ problema da edmund heserlistranscedentaluri fenomenologia. Tb., 1985, gv. 26.2 k. gamsaxurdia. mTvaris motaceba, gv. 575.279

filosofiisa da algebras iwilo-biwilo, Teoriebi, ucxo daucxo moZRvrebani samaradJamod”. 1marTebulaT SeniSnavs d. benaSvili: “asakis damwifebasTanerTad mwifdeboda emxvaris msoflmxedvelobac, pirquSma drom,romelmac Tavisi dasasruli birJuaziuli kulturis dekadansSihpova, TaraSis gonebas maradiulad amouSleli daRi daamCnia”. 2TaraSis survilia mis ZarRvebSi kvlav aCqefdes papis sisxli,igrZnos winaparTa gulisa da muxlis simarde, magram Tara-Si Cveni sinamdvilisaTvis ucxo aRmoCnda: “mTeli qveyana xvrelebSigaZvra viT loforTqina”, erTgvari ironiiT wers avtori,_ yvelam datova Zveli niJara, mas ki hgonia, ar Secvlilao raimeJami, es dro da sivrce moCveneba aris mxolod, gaveqcevioam epoqis ganukiTxvel risxvas, mTebs miaSura, gaixizna miuvalmTebSi, ase egona, iq Sevqmnio axal cxovrebas, ra gamoirkva?aqac SeWrila gardasuli ucilo ngreva”. 3da mainc, imis naTelsayofad Tu rogori xelovnebiT aRwevsmwerali konkretul mxatvrul aRwerilobaSi Caaqsovos epoqisgarkveuli socialuri procesis grZnoba, am mxriv metad sainteresoasuraTi, romelic Tvalwin gadaeSala vardaniZe-emxvarTagvaris ukanasknel naSiers, TaraS emxvars, rodesac igi ucxooba-Si xangrZlivi xetialis Semdeg daubrunda mamapapiseul sasaxles:“aq yvelaferi ngrevis, ganadgurebis stiqias moucavs da amsuraTSi mwerali, cxadia gulisxmobs ara marto emxvarebis sasaxlisbeds, aramed im ulmobel ngrevas, daRupvas da katastrofas,romelic istorias gaumzadebia ServaSiZeTa gvarisaTvisda maTi saxiT yvela eqsploatoruli klasisaTvis, mTeli reaqciulisamyarosaTvis”. 4Cveni saukunis didi istoriuli kanonzomiereba “mTvarismotacebaSi” yvelaze mZlavrad da STamagoneblad romanis mravalricxovanadamianur saxeTa urTierTobebSia xorcSesxmuli.saukunis didma socialurma procesebma ganmsazRvreli zegavlenaiqonies adamianTa pirad _ intimur urTierTobaTa xasiaTzec damwerali gulSi Camwvdomad mogviTxrobs Tavis gmirTa Tavgadasavalsda yoveli maTganis piradi cxovrebis istoriaSi sazogadoebriviyofierebis esa Tu is procesi warmoisaxeba.1 k. gamsaxurdia. mTvaris motaceba, gv. 476.2 d. benaSvili. k. gamsaxurdia, gv. 276.3 k. gamsaxurdia. mTvaris motaceba, gv. 575.4 d. benaSvili. k. gamsaxurdia, gv. 276-280.280

k. gamsaxurdiam qarTul literaturaSi TaraSis saxiT erTerTmapirvelma SeniSna kulturisagan Seviwroebuli da Sewuxebuliadamianis suli Tanamedrove civilizebul samyaroSi. guramkankava wers: “qarTul mwerlobaSi gamsaxurdiasTan gvxvdeba gaucxoebisTemis profesiuli damuSaveba”. 1 am TvalsazrisiT igiixilavs “mkvdarTan Sexvedras” da “dionisos Rimils”, magramdabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es motivi “mTvaris motaceba-Si” ufro igrZnoba.akaki baqraZis mosazrebiT, “TaraSis maradiuli wuxilisgancda “uzarmazari sinaTliT” gamowveul SiSsa da dabrmavebaze,Tanamedrove civilizaciis, riTac iyo daavadebuli uaryofis mowadinebaze”(rac ucxoa arzayanisaTvis) unda aixsnas “teqnikurigaucxoebis SedegebiT”. 2k. gamsaxurdia TaraSis saxiT warmoaCens qarTuli saxelmwifoebisdakargviT gamowveul sevdasa da tkivils. TaraSs verwarmoudgenia aneqsirebul saqarTveloSi cxovreba. “exla ra undagaawyos CvenisTana patara erebma? Sua saukuneebSi manZilissivrce, manqanebis primitiuloba, bunebis stiqionis sizviade SesaZlebelsxdida patara erebis damoukidebel arsebobas. axladasavleTis didi erebi modian TavianTi haubicebiT, haeroplanebiT,presiT, TeatriT da literaturiT da Cven ra unda davupirispiroTmaT samagierod”. 3marTebulad SeniSnavs k. gamsaxurdias Semoqmedebis mkvlevaril. Wania. “qveyanaSi arsebulma antisaxelmwifoebrivma tendenciebmada saqarTvelos istoriis mware sinamdvilem TaraSi emigrantebissaqmianobisadmi pesimisturad ganawyo. is uaryofs xalxSigavrcelebul Wors, TiTqosda emigrantebis bolo saidumlodavalebiT xelmeored agzavnides saqarTveloSi. mogvianebiT TaraSiam Woris gaqarwylebis mizniT mTlianad wyvets kavSirsemigrantebTan. am politikuri nabijiT is cnaurdeba, rom TaraSiqarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis mowinaaRmdegea, mas ubralodar sjera sakuTar niadagis mocilebuli adamianebis naRvawisa,romelnic samSoblosagan mocilebulni da mowyvetilniapirebdnen erovnuli tkivilis gankurnebas”. 41 g. kankava. qarTuli eqspresionistuli novela. _ kritika #1, 1978,gv. 38.2 a. baqraZe. dionisos TviTmkvleloba. _ mnaTobi, #12, 1968, gv. 25.3 k. gamsaxurdia. mTvaris motaceba, gv. 299.4 l. Wania. k. gamsaxurdia da yoveli saqarTvelo. Tb., 2006, gv. 124.281

TaraSis tragedia eris tragikuli istoriis nawilia,mSobliur miwas _ afxazeTs danatrebuli jansuR emxvari saqar-Tvelos aneqsiis Semdeg Tavis uwverul vaJTan erTad evropaSigahyva suverenul mTavrobas. saxelmwifos reJimma, bolSevikurmaCeqmam gasaqani ar misca samSobloSi mobrunebul TaraSs, rameTuyoveli silamaze Sesamusravad aris ganwiruli. emxvarebisbrwyinvale gvaris naSiers mudam axsovda da yurSi CaesmodamSobeli dedis darigeba: “sxvis baRSi TuraSaulis dargvas sakuTarSimaJalos daTesva gerCioso”, magram CvenSi ar mieca sa-Sualeba eris samsaxurSi Camdgariyo.marTebulad SeniSnavs grigol robaqiZe: “adamiani mxolodda mxolod maSinaa adamiani, roca igi Tavisufalia, TavisuflebaaRvTiuri elementi adamianSi, vinaa Tavisufali sabWoeTSi? _aravin! iq yvelaferi akrZalulia, raic araa brZanebuli”. 1TaraSis naazrevsa da naocnebars ganxorcieleba ar uweriada igi rCeba “frazis kacad”. igi marTlac “wilwarTmeuli kacia,romelsac caze RmerTi ar eguleba da miwaze megobari, sxvaplanetidan paraSutiT gadmomdgar ucxos mogvagonebs, TaraSidarwmunda, rom is samyaro, romelic ase ganuzomelad uyvarda,arasodes aRsdgeba, gaxundnen misi sayvareli ferebi, kvdebian misisanatreli simRerebi da es loforTqinasaviT saxecvliliqveyana uferul tramalad eCveneba... svaneTSic igivea, rac pariz-Si, romSi an TbilisSi, “ideebi epidemiebs hgvanebia, daaskvnisigi da isini iseT qveyanasac miswvdebian Turme, sadac kabelebsada elmavTulebs jerac ver miuRweviaT”. 2 asea gadawnuli misfiqrebSi erovnul zogadkacobriuli problemebi da gulis Zar-Rvamde grZnobs, Tu rogor ingreva ara marto saxelmwifo _ politikuriwyobilebebi, aramed ingreva saukuneebSi damkvidrebulitradiciebi, eTikuri normebi da adamianTa urTierTobebi.“mTvaris motaceba” erovnuli saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebisnimuSia. Tavad mwerali xazgasmiT miuTiTebs romanis erovnulsaxelmwifoebrivtradiciaze, “arc martooden odiSeli mweraligaxlavarT, _ werda didostati, _ romanSi mocemulia mTelisaqarTvelo da Tanadrouli evropis kulturuli centrebi, me-20 saukunis proza imiT ganirCeva warsulis saukunis prozidan,rom Cven gavarRvieT kuTxobrivi areali da es Tema gadavitaneT1 T. papava. erTad Sekruli akldama. _ ganTiadi. #5, 1989, gv. ???.2 k. gamsaxurdia. mTvaris motaceba, gv. 701-713.282

mTel saqarTveloze, mTels msoflioze, mxolod am gziT SeiZlebaCemi romanebis gageba”. 1TaraSis xasiaTi da bediswera epoqam, TviT istoriam ganapiroba.is movaleobis kacia, Cven vixiblebiT misi inteleqtiT,afxazur-qarTuli tradiciuli normebisadmi erTgulebiT, sam-Soblo miwis siyvarulis maRali grZnobiT.konstantine gamsaxurdia gaxldaT WeSmariti Tayvanismcemeliafxazi xalxis uZvelesi tradiciebisa da zneCveulebebisaTu tkivilebisa da yovelsave Rirebulisa da mSvenieris, racafxazi xalxis Soreul TvalsawierSi moCanda. misi romani“mTvaris motaceba” afxaz xalxTan megobrul urTierTobaSi mi-Rebuli da sulsa da gulSi cxovlad daCneuli STabeWdilebebismxatvruli xorcSesxmaa. sworad SeniSnavs poeti da mecnieri mirianmirneli:“...erTxel xelSi Caigdesda ra gza hqondaT mere:Zmobis ficiT miajaWvesafsnis mTebs da serebs.daexvia Wigos lerwiemxvarad da zvambad,taZariviT aRimarTasiyvarulis damba,vidre “mTvaris motaceba”ar gaiRo fasad,ar gauSves afsuebma konstantine arsad”. 2mTel nawarmoebs wiTeli xaziviT gasdevs afxazebisadmisimpaTia da siyvaruli. mwerlis bebia, dedis mxridan jaramxanmarSani afxazuri gvaris Rirseuli STamomavali gaxldaT. “didedidanafxazis sisxli maqvs. miyvars afxazebi da gmirebic myavsafxazebi, magram amis garda yovelma qarTvelma unda icodes,rom afxazi, Cerqezi, osi Cveni mkvidri Zmebi aran da Cven erTmaneTisinteresebi unda davicvaT”. 31 literaturisa da xelovnebis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, f.8. aR. 1. saq. 748.2 m. mirneli. konstantine gamsaxurdia afxazTa maT Sina. _ wgn.: m.mirneli. gadaZaxili. Tb., 2006, gv. 116.3 k. gamsaxurdia. sakavSiro centraluri komitetis 23 aprilis rezoluciisgamo. _ Txzulebani. t. VIII. Tb., 1963, gv. 312.283

konstantine gamsaxurdia Segnebulad moixseniebda Tavis istoriulprozaSi qarTvel mefeebs afxazTa mefis titulaturiT_ “mefe afxazTa”, amiT mwerali xazs usvamda qarTvelTa daafxazTa Tanacxovrebis mravalsaukunovan tradicias erTian saxelmwifoebrivorganizmSi. rogorc romanidan Cans, Tamar Sarva-SiZe erTdroulad uyvarT TaraSsa da mis ZuZumtes arzayans,romanuli xazi dramatulia da mainc saocaria isic, rom orivearzayani da TaraSi bolomde raindulad, erTmaneTis RirsebisSeulaxavad, cal-calke ezidebian siyvarulis umZimes tvirTs.bolos qali TaraS emxvars rCeba, magram yvelaferSi damarcxebulida xelmocaruli TaraSi sabolood rwmundeba, rom am qveyanaSimisi wili adgili ar aris, igi hkargavs rwmenas da uZluricaRmoCndeba sabolood xeli gaewodebina TamarisaTvis. romanisdasasruls TaraSma Seityo, rom Tamari zugdidSi sikvdilsebrZvis da sicocxlis ukanasknel wuTebs iTvliso.TaraSSi gaiRviZa udidesma adamianurma tkivilma da gadawyvetsaucileblad inaxulos momakvdavi Tamari. umSvenieresiTamari TaraSis saxelis xsenebiT iRupeba zugdidSi, xolo Tavnebada jiuti emxvari mTvaris motacebis saocrad ferweruladdaxatuli suraTis ganwirul detalad rCeba. sagulisxmoa is,rom TaraSis daRupva simboluri mniSvnelobis suraTia, romelicgviCvenebs Zveli samyaros ukanasknel naSierTa sasikvdiloganwirulebas axali cxovrebis damkvidrebis fonze.TaraSis sulieri depresia, “bedi mdevari”, romelic civilizaciissaxiT emuqreba TaraSs “laRumebis grial-grials Wiuxeb-Sic SeuRwevia” mTeli sistemaa da misi cxovrebis yovel sferosmsWvalavs. igi ngreviT emuqreba erovnuli ojaxis simtkicesac,siyvaruls, intimur cxovrebas, mTlianad adamianTa modgmis bednierebas.da “zis axla sagvareulo koSkis daqceul TaRebs qveS davardaniZe-emxvarebis cxovrebas jams ukeTebs TaraS emxvari, saukuneebiamdgaran am koSkis patronTa da maT naSierTa dasamxobelad.progress, istorias da civilizacias maT winaaRmdeg SeukravTpiri. vin Seabrunebs istoriis Carxs, vinRa aRadgens am bastionebsda am palatebs?”. 1 TaraSis saxe Sors scildeba klasobrivda erovnul farglebs, globalur xasiaTs iZens. ueWveladesecaa erT-erTi mizezi, rom mas aRviqvamT rogorc samSoblo miwistrfials, rogorc zogad xasiaTs ase TanavugrZnobT.1 k. gamsaxurdia. mTvaris motaceba, gv. 701-703.284

da marTlac, cota Tua am qveynad wigni, romlis analizimoiTxovdes metad faqiz midgomas, mecnierul sizustesa da logikurazrovnebas. “mTvaris motacebaSi” gvxiblavs saxeTa keTil-Sobili sisadave da mxatvruli siuxve, qarTuli enis Ronivrobada didi energia, grZnobis sisavse da ideis siRrme. mSobliurimiwis yiviliT gamowveuli sevda, drois fenomeni – samyarosaviTidumali da maradiuli, saTve da mizezi kacobriobis unapirosevdisa...konstantine gamsaxurdias gmiric qarSi anTebuli sanTlisTavganwirviT miarRvevs mware sinamdvilis bindisfer talRebs,rom moyvass xeli SeaSvelos, imedis bolo naperwkali varskvlavaduqcios, mxrebidan dardis lodebi Camoxsnas, meore napirsgaiyvanos.enguris boboqari talRebTan mebrZoli TaraSis saxe qarTvelobisSemoqmedebis suli, metyveli saxe unda iyos. niSneulida mravlismetyvelia is garemoebac, rom mweralma “mTvaris motacebaSi”afxazi inteligentisa da afxazi xalxis daxatviTzogad-qarTuli samyaro warmoaCina, romelic saqarTvelis saxelmwifoebrivinteresebiTa da principebiT suldgmulebda.285

TSIALA MESKHIAGEORGIA’S HISTORICAL REALITY IN THE 1920-1930’sIN KONSTANTINE GAMSAKHURDIA’S CREATIVE WORKACCORDING TO “ABDUCTION OF THE MOON”A brilliant gift of a prosaic, an inimitable style – these are the featuresof creativity which transmute a writer into a superb master of aGeorgian novel of the 20 th century. The most essential and unique inKonstantine Gamsakhurdia’s creative work is an amazing and refined stylewhich distinguishes the writer from others. The profound knowledge of theGeorgian mode of life, the history of the nation, the past and the present ofthe people enabled the writer to create a panorama reflecting all the aspectsof the national life. Tarash Emkhvari and Arsakan Zvambaia, the maincharacters of the novel, are quite different personages personifying twoways of the development of the national history. The author analyses thementality of the working class (Arsakan). Gamsakhurdia was out ofsympathy with the literary trends of his time (with the principles of thesocialist realism). His ideals were the best traditions of the Georgianclassical prose. The novel “Abduction of the Moon”, reflecting the life of1920-1930’s, is a development of these traditions.286

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008inga miloravamodernistuli msoflmxedvelobis sayrdeniorientirebis (zmaneba, cxadi)transformacia mxatvrul teqstSirealobasa da zmanebas, cxadsa da sizmars Soris waSlilizRvari modernistuli mwerlobis erT-erTi umTavresi damaxasia-Tebeli niSania. kavSiri miRmur, zedroul samyarosTan umetesadwamieria, bolomde gaucnobierebeli da swrafadac wydeba, magramesTetikuri da emociuri TvalsazrisiT waruSlel kvals tovebs.asaxva xdeba arekvlis principiT, rac ukmarisobis grZnobastovebs. saidumlos bolomde amoxsna, gageba da gaazreba TiTqmisSeuZlebelia, mxatvrul teqstSi nivTdeba da mxatvrul saxeebSixorcs isxams mxolod ucabedi mixvedriT, wamieri STabeWdilebiTgamowveuli gancda da am axali codnis arasrulyofilebismZafri da tragikuli SegrZneba. miT umetes, rom modernistuliazrovneba sinamdvilis Secnobas saerTod SeuZleblad, realobisaRqmas ki fuW da amao cdad miiCnevs.samyaros srulyofilad Tu ara, SeZlebisdagvarad maincaRqmis mimarT amgvar uimedo damokidebulebas platonis filosofiaSiudevs saTave. filosofosi mTel samyaros, mis Semavsebelsagnebsa da movlenebs miRmuri ideis anareklad ganixilavda,1 magram mxolod anareklis, moCvenebiTis amarad cxovrebaadamians ver daakmayofilebda, mas metis miRweva surda da iwyoocneba zmanebebSi gacxadebul miRmur realobaze. 2 miRmuri samyarosarsebobas igi yovelTvis grZnobda, magram mis saxeebSi realizaciasmxolod sufTa religiur da miTologiur doneebzeaxdenda. naocnebaris miRwevis saSualeba iyo meditacia, intuicia,mistika. 3 platonma miRmur samyarosTan kavSirSi racionalurielementi Semoitana da ori samyaros urTierTmimarTebafilosofiur sistemad Camoayaliba. amiT, faqtobrivad, dasabami1 platoni. ioni, didi menoni. Targmani b. bregvaZisa. Tb., 1974.2 platoni. fedoni. Targmani b. bregvaZisa. Tb., 1966.3 The Essence of Plato's Philosophy. by Constantin Ritter. London, 1933.287

daedo azrovnebis axlebur wess, romelmac aTaswleulebSi imogzaurada sabolood Tanamedrove, ganaxlebuli xelovnebis msoflmxedvelobissafuZveli gaxda.Tanamedrove, ganaxlebulma xelovnebam da literaturam nebayoflobiTitvirTa dafarulis amocnobisa da gamosaxvis mZimemisia. `mxatvrobis sagani unda iyos im saidumloebis, im `gamoucnoblisa~da miuwvdomlis axsna da suraTebiT naTelyofa,rac Seadgens dedaarss da dedaZarRvs adamianis cxovrebisas.~ 1zmanebisa da cxadis urTierTmimarTeba bevr siZneles da dabrkolebasawydeba da am gzaze qmnis TviTmyofad mxatvrul sistemas.vasil barnovis moTxrobebSi jer kidev Zlieria mravalsaukunovaniqarTuli mwerlobis tradiciebi, xolo modernistuliazrovnebis elementebi mxolod TandaTan iWreba misi nawarmoebebiserTi nawilis mxatvrul sxeulSi da sxva tendenciebTan ganzavebulimkvidrdeba, leo qiaCeli ki ukve wmindad modernistimweralia, misi msoflmxedveloba, XX saukunis daeWvebuli, miusafariadamianis azrovneba, ver poulobs veraviTar sayrdensverc imedis, verc rwmenisa da verc orive samyaros pozitiurplanSi ganWvreta-gamosaxvisaTvis. skepsisi, uimedoba, nihilizmimisTvis organuli da damaxasiaTebeli xdeba. rac Seexeba modernistuliazrovnebis erT-erT sayrdens – cxadsa da zmanebas, realurisada irealuris pirobiTobasa da urTierTmimarTebas –leo qiaCeli did yuradRebas uTmobs mas, ra aris cxovreba,miRma samyaros arasrulfasovani anarekli, moCveneba, absoluturadsubieqturi, SegrZnebebis siRrmidan aRmocenebuli xilva Turealoba? da, rac mTavaria, rogoria igi, marTlac, usaSvelodmaxinjia, Tu cotaodeni silamaze, mSvenierebis marcvali maincurevia masSi? aqvs Tu ara raime azri cxovrebas, Tu amaoebaayovelive? _ es kiTxvebi awuxebs mwerals.moTxrobaSi `Seuracxyofili~ literaturuli gmiris, ilikosmsjelobaSic ikveTeba es kiTxvebi: `...arsebobs Tu ara movlena,gind qveyniereba TavisTavad, an, rogorc germanelebi ityvian,in sich, Tu igi Cveni fantaziis nayofia? ranairia igi TavisTavadda ranairia igi, rogorc Cveni fantaziis nayofi?yoveldRiur azrovnebasa da Cveulebriv saubarSi erTmaneTsupirispireben moCvenebas, iluzias da sinamdviles... ra sabuTiTvuwodebT erT faqts sinamdviles, xolo meores _ iluzias?1 k. abaSiZe. cxovreba da xelovneba. _ etiudebi. Tb., 1970, gv. 444.288

omelia ufro marTali? Tu amas filosofiurad gansjiT, uTuoddaibneviT da saboloo daskvnamde ver mixvalT, magram, Tuubralod SexedavT, uTuod ityviT, rom orive marTalia... iqnebis, rac Cven ase gvizidavs cxovrebaSi, rac amden aRtyinebas iwvevsCvenSi da xSirad Tavsac ki gvawirvinebs, TavisTavad arafradRirdes da iseTi sruliad umniSvnelo ram iyos, vTqvaT,rogorc Cxiris gatexva an Ria fanjaraze Camofarebuli fardisSriali niavis gaqrolebaze?~. 1Èscalade~-Si mocemuli niRbiani qalis fraza, SesaZloa,epigrafadac ki waemZRvaros cxadisa da zmanebis, realurisa dairealuris leo qiaCeliseul koncefcias: `yoveli sinamdvilewarmodgenaa da yoveli warmodgena – sinamdvile...~. 2 adamianebmaTviTon ar ician, vin arian, realuri arsebani Tu fantomebi, anra akravT gars, realuri garemo Tu moCveneba. isini irgeben ni-Rabs da erTvebian amaoebis bazris oromtrialSi. mwerlobamqals moaZro niRabi da imavdroulad farda axada cxovrebismoCvenebiTobasa da kacobriobis fuW brZolas: àr gagonebs ganaes suraTi TviT kacobriobas, mis brZolas, mis cxovrebas? rakargia! gana ase tyuilad ar ibrZvis kacobrioba? gana ase TavdaviwyebiTar epotineba raRac ideals, romelic, bolos da bolos,iseTive sisulelea, rogorc xeze Camokidebuli Cemi niRabida wiTel-yviTeliani mosasxami!..~. 3Èscalade~-m daadastura, rom Tvalic gvatyuebs, yuric,mTeli cxovreba ki sayalbea da Secdoma, romelic ararsebulsarsebulad aRiqvams. WeSmarits, namdvils, marTlac arsebuls kiveravin miagnebs, radgan samyaro aris is, `rac iyo da ar iyo~.leo qiaCelma uaryo miwieri realobis arseboba. mxatvruladtransformirebuli, esTetizirebuli da mZafri emociurisarCulis mqone filosofiuri mocemuloba ufro TvalsaCino,iolad aRsaqmeli da damajerebeli xdeba. grZnobebze zemoqmedebiTmwerali aRviZebs gonebas, urTules msoflmxedvelobriv sakiTxebsmxatvrul qsovilSi gaxveuls sTavazobs mkiTxvels gasaazreblad.moTxroba `Seuracxyofilis~ gmiri, iliko, gafacicebuliayuradebs kedlis miRma mezobeli qalis moZraobas. mashgonia, rom zustad usadagebs erTmaneTs gagonil xmaursa da1 l. qiaCeli. Txzulebani 4 tomad, t. I. Tb., 1984, gv. 351.2 l. qiaCeli. Txzulebani 4 tomad, t. I, gv. 340.3 l. qiaCeli. Txzulebani 4 tomad, t. I, gv. 342.19. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi289

mis, Sesabamisad, savaraudo moqmedebas:ai, qalma, rogorc Cans, Cai dalia, logins Slis, tansacmelsixdis, wveba. kaci qalis oTaxSi Sedis, iq ki aravin daxvdeba.oTaxi carielia. Turme qari aSrialebda fardas, kacis gonebaSiki qalis moqmedebebis mTeli suraTi daixata, TanmdevigancdiTa da emociiT. iluziam dajabna realoba. swored aseTdros ibadeba saSineli eWvi: vai Cven, Tu es cxovrebac da CvenTavad... aseTive moCvenebani, aCrdilebi varT, cxadisa da zmanebismijnaze mudmivad meryevi fantomebi, raRac zerealobidan miRebulihologramebi, romelTac arc WeSmariti gzis povna SeuZliaT,arc xilulisa da miRmuris arsis garkveva da arc raime Zalaan grZnobad-esTetikuri xidi (siyvaruli, mSveniereba) Cans,romelic sakuTar TavTan miiyvans maT.siyvaruli uaryofilia (`zRapari bednierebaze~, `krimanWuli~),amqveynad mSveniereba ar arsebobs, yovelive xiluli mrudefantaziis nayofia da Tanac naklovani, maxinji (Èscalade~,`Seuracxyofili~, `gawyvetili simi~).sagulisxmoa, rom vasil barnovi amtkicebda da gamosaxavdamSvenierebas, leo qiaCeli uaryofs mSvenierebis amqveynad arsebobas,magram misi asaxvisa da gamosaxvis principi esTetiuria.TviT Èscalade~-Si Seqmnili skepsisiT, amaoebis gancdiTa dasevdiT gamsWvaluli suraTic ki Tavisi eqspresiulobiTa da feradovnebiTaRZravs esTetikur grZnobas. xmauri, bgera da misisapirispiro dumili gadmoscems grZnobas. dumili simbolisturida, saerTod, modernistuli azrovnebisaTvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovanigamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebaa, roca aRsruldeba umaRlesiWeSmariteba, adamiani ganiZarcveba xorcisagan, misi gaRviZebulisuli gadadis miRma samyaroSi, mas aRar sWirdeba bgera, sityva.maT adgils ikavebs dumili, anu sulTa metyveleba.leo qiaCelis moTxrobaSi ìskanderi~ gmiri kvdeba, magrammisi sikvdili swored gardacvalebad, gardasaxvad, miRma gadasvladaqvs gaazrebuli mwerals. iskanderma miaRwia gzis bolowertils, umaRles da umTavres punqts, gadavida WeSmarit sicocxleSi.Tavis megobrebs aRuTqvams, mova dro da Tqvenc aRsdgebiTmkvdreTiTo. sikvdili misTvis gaRviZebas, `mkvdreTiT aRdgomas~niSnavs, rodesac arsebobs komunikaciis erTaderTi sa-Sualeba _ `dumilis ena~.miRma samyaro sapirispiroa, miwieria. zmanebaTa saufloSi290

gadasuli iskanderi irednaksi xdeba. aq sarkiseburi arekvlisprincipi Zevs (paltoniseuli ideaTa emanacia). arsebuli samyaromiRmuris sarkiseburi anareklia. rac Cven swori gvgonia, sworedisaa anarekli da Sebrunebuli, Tanac defeqturi, maxinji.amqveyniuri (maxinji) niRabia imqveyniuris (mSvenieris), Sesabamisad,xmauri, bgera niRabia WeSmariti enis – dumilis.maxinji tagus (`jadosani~) simaxinje moCvenebiTia, amitomigi mimzidveli da momxiblavia maTTvis, visac Tavisi namdvilisaxiT, niRabaxdilad moevlineba. mis miRma igrZnoba ufro maRali,mZlavri da sruli arseba. stefane da yru-munji Zokoc(`stefane~) gamorCeulni, Cveulebrivi adamianebisagan gansxvavebulniarian. isini dumiliT èsaubrebian~ erTmaneTs, dumilSiveusmenen bunebas da esmiT misi ena. tagu, stefane da Zoko sicocxleSivesanaxevrod gaRviZebuli sulis mqone personaJebisjgufs miekuTvnebian.arsebuli sinamdvile simaxinjed aqvs gaazrebuli konstantinegamsaxurdias. igi cdilobs, moCvenebiTobis Txeli garsigadaacalos arsebulis maxinj saxes. `lil~-Si ulamazesi qalisqmarma, eqimma Saruxiam (eqimi-naturalisti, sxeulTan, xorcTanyvelaze axlo mdgomi da yvelaze ukeT mcodne adamiani) Seasrulaes moqmedeba da gaognebuli gmiris – esTetis Tvalwin mTelisisavsiT warmoaCina mSvenierebis fardas amofarebuli simaxinje,TvalnaTliv aCvena, rom yovelive xiluli yalbia, `radganaraferi ise ugvanod mowyobili ar ariso Cvens agebulebaSi,rogorc Tvali. araferi ise ar gvatyuebso, rogorc Tvali~. 1ase adasturebs mxatvruli saxe modernistul formulas:`Tvali gvatyuebs, miakuTvnebs ra mzis Tvisebas yvavils, romelsacCven vumzerT. yuri gvatyuebs, miiCnevs ra haeris rxevasmowkriale zaris Tvisebad. mTeli Cveni cxovreba gvatyuebs~. 2konstantine gamsaxurdias mxatvruli stilisaTvis niSneuliarealur movlenaTa jaWvSi irealuri elementebis TavisufaliCarTva. modernistuli azrovnebisaTvis mniSvnelovani cxadisada zmanebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi aq mistiuri da miTosuridoneebis gaaqtivebiT irkveva. arqaul wreebSi SeRweviT moiazrebamiRmuri sfero, ufro saintereso, Rrma da TvalsaCinomxatvrul saxeebSi esxmeba xorci.1 k. gamsaxurdia. rCeuli Txzulebani, t. II. Tb., 1959, gv. 39.2 В. Брюсов. Вопросы поэтики. М., 1973, gv. 92.291

`tabuSi~ ucxo, ucnobi _ satana Tavisuflad da ZaldautanebladiWreba biskaiebisa da xarbediebis realur yofaSi. is modisgaredan, sxva ganzomilebidan, magram miwaze iZens xorcielsaxes: jer mwiTuri ucnobia, Semdeg – Savi morieli. sagulisxmoa,rom mweralma am saxis ganviTarebas gansazRvruli mimarTulebamisca: konkretuli xorcieli arsidan abstraqciamde, borotebisideamde (ucnobi, mwiTuri kaci – Savi morieli – mijaWvulidemoni). es miTologiur-mistiuri suraTi naTels xdisnawarmoebis ZiriTad saTqmels: yovel movlenas ori plani aqvs– miwieri da miRmuri, yoveli realuri movlena miRma samyarodanwamosuli impulsebiTaa ganpirobebuli da masve ukavSirdeba.am kavSirs naTlad gamosaxavs mistikuri da miTosuri aspeqtebi,magram, gamomsaxvelobiTi TvalsazrisiT, aranakleb mniSvnelovaniaqvecnobieri donis gaaqtivebac, rac oreulTan, meore `me~sTanSexvedrasa da peizaJis aRweraSi gamoixata. sakuTar oreulTanSexvedra is Sinagani xilvaa, romelic fardas xdis moTxrobismistiur plans. Sinagani ganaTebis procesSi mTxrobelixedavs imas, rac sxvaTaTvis dafarulia. igi xvdeba Tavis meore`mes~ _ evropulad Cacmuls, aq, am garemoSi ucxos:`sad iyo landi?ara, me Cemsave `me~-s SeveCexe, mas, meores, nacrisferi... inglisurihompsonis kostiumi ecva. maRali, Calisferi qudi exura,qedanisfer xorcSemortymuli, JRali, Sveduri tyavis TaTmani.mrgvalcxviriani, sqellanCebiani amerikuli fexsacmeli.cal Tvalze monokli hqonda~. 1erTad miuyvebian gzas da ukve Zneli saTqmelia, romeliarealuri da romeli _ xilvismieri. peizaJi, sivrcec xelsuwyobs cxadsa da zmanebas Soris waSlili zRvris SegrZnebas.`mivalajebdi... sivrces ver vereodi. geri saTofeze damcileboda.da es Robeebi, es Txrilebi, es alvis xeebi mewyerianniadagiviT misrialebdnen ulev sivrceSi. aTasjer gamivlia aqCem bavSvobaSi, mainc meucxova es TemSara, es orRobeebi, esmWvartliT gamuruli, isliT daxuruli saxlebi~. 2igi erTdroulad xedavs Tavis orive saxes: bunebrivs, arqauls,Zireuls (`me _ Coxiani~) da zednafens, ucxos (`me _monokliani~). aqedan iRebs saTaves gaucxoebis momenti, romelic1 k. gamsaxurdia. rCeuli Txzulebani, t. II, gv. 86.2 k. gamsaxurdia. rCeuli Txzulebani, t. II, gv. 87.292

moTxrobaSi gamosaxuli borotebis ideis erT-erT anareklad,gansxeulebad aRiqmeba. adamianuri arsebis Semadgeneli ori sawyisidanroca imarjvebs ucxo, bneli, satanis batonobis xanadgeba. am SemTxvevaSi ori sawyisi sakuTar TavSi ori kulturisSejaxebiT gamoxata mweralma. civilizaciasTan ziarebiT sakuTarTavTan gaucxoeba, fesvebs mowyveta (`dionisos Rimili~, `mTvarismotaceba~) aqtualuri iyo misTvis da amitom saerTod adamianisaTvisniSneuli Sinagani gaoreba moTxrobaSi aseTi dapirispirebiTgamoxata: `CemTan erTad mihyveboda xreSian TemSaras.mosisxariviT mzveravda da maTvalierebda.kianTobda nasamxrali mze, xaris Tvalisodena monoklSi. daiseT icinoda... marcxniT, Walebisaken mimaval TemSaras mivyeviT:me – Coxiani, da me – monokliani~. 1gaoreba rom sayovelTao movlenaa, iqve Cans: yvela Semxvedrglexsa hyavs Tanamdevi oreuli da es mistiuri xilva aZlierebsparalelur samyaroTa arsebobas da urTierTganmsWvalvisSegrZnebas.`yvelaze saocari iyo, glexebic wyvilad rom modiodnen,oreulebs oreulebisTvis mklavi mklavSi gaeyaraT. oreuli oreulsmisdevda. oreuli oreuls dascinoda, magram, roca glexiglexs Seesityveboda, molaparake anazdeulad dacaldeboda~. 2moTxrobis eqspoziciaSive mZafrad moxazuli Sinagani gaoreba,erT arsSi oris – ucxosa da Zireulis – arseboba gansazRvravsSemdgomi movlenebis Sinaarss. gasarkvevi xdeba, romelisaxea zmanebismieri da romeli – namdvili. siuJetis gaSliskvaldakval mwiTuri ucxo – Savi morieli – demoni aRiqmeba,rogorc naWyvedelTa meore `me~ _ bneli, Savi, boroti. esaa ma-Ti WeSmariti saxe da mis gamovlenas Tan sdevs sikvdilisa dasiZulvilis aRzeveba.garkveul momentSi, oreulTan Sexvedris Semdeg, mTxrobelmaveRar icno garemo. igi TiTqos moswyda miwas da sadRacdainTqa peizaJi: sasaflao, nasaxlari, nasoflari, Robeebi, mindvrebi,Txrilebi, fexqveS gamoclili niadagi. ulev sivrceSi gasrialebulialvis xeebi qmnis zmanebis, irealurobis SegrZnebasda zust fons uqmnis moTxrobaSi aRweril ambavs. Cans, rom cxadisada zmanebis myife mijnaze dafuZnebuli samzeridan samyaros1 k. gamsaxurdia. rCeuli Txzulebani, t. II, gv. 87.2 k. gamsaxurdia. rCeuli Txzulebani, t. II, gv. 88.293

ganWvreta mwerlisTvis ar niSnavs mxolod azrobrivi, ideuridoneebis amoqmedebas, aramed _ wminda gamomsaxvelobiTi, grafikul-ferwerulixerxebiT moqmedebisaTvis Sesaferisi emociurifonis, ganwyobilebis Seqmnas. xelovnebisTvis, mwerlobisTvisemociur-esTetikuri gancda umTavresia da, sabolood, isev azris,nawarmoebis koncefciis reliefurad gamokveTas emsaxureba.oreulis Semoyvana da aqtiurad amoqmedeba modernistuli,simbolisturi xerxia konstantine gamsaxurdiasTan. igi eqspresiuliTxrobis ritms Seerwya da gamWvirvale simbolos, miniSnebissaxe miiRo.leo qiaCelmac gamoiyena oreulebis SesaZleblobani. moTxrobaSi`me da Cemi ori me~ xdeba realuri da warmosaxviTi `meebis~dapirispireba. pirveli `me~-s tragikuli yofa oreulebTanWidilma gansazRvra. leo qiaCelma cxovrebis amaoebis SegrZnebis,sikvdils da xelaxali gacocxlebis mZime gancdas Seasxa xorci,Seecada, miaxloeboda miRma samyaros, saidanac modis oreulTadausrulebeli wyeba. sabolood gaorebuli adamiani SeiZleba gaviazroT,rogorc anarekli anareklSi. oreulTan Sexvedris motivimtkivneul kvals tovebs fsiqikaze, aseTi negatiuri planiTaisaxeba igi mwerlis cnobierebaSi da Sesabamisi ganwyobilebagadadis ukve mxatvrul nawarmoebSi gamosaxvis procesze.konstantine gamsaxurdias `mkvdarTan SexvedraSi~ naTladaisaxa da moqnil grafikul kompoziciaSi gamoisaxa meore `me~sTanSexvedris mtanjveli grZnoba. sicocxlis amaoeba, warmavloba,imedis uqonloba SeerTda, gamkvrivda mkvdris saxeSi, romelic,faqtobrivad, lirikuli gmiris meore `me~-a. Tavi mouyaramis yvela gancdas, sikvdilisken swrafvas, SiSs da mkvdari sxeulisSemzaravi metaforiT daupirispirda. mkvdarTan, meore `me~sTanSexvedra erTdroulad aRZravs SiSs, tkivilsa da cxovrebisgaazrebis survils: `vwevar piraRma iatakze da vfiqrob: Cvenyvelani sagnebis Tokze vkidivarT dRedaRam da gamvlel-gamomvlelsveRrijebiT: `Zirs CamomiRe, damasvene, Se qristiano!~. 1roca oreuli pirdapir saxeldeba, es gamosaxvis SedarebiTmartivi, iolad aRsaqmeli da zedapiruli xerxia, magram arsebobsoreulis gamosaxvis ufro siRrmiseuli gzac: oreuli andasaxelebul arqetipSi igulisxmeba, an xasiaTis struqturismiRma amoicnoba. magaliTisaTvis, demna Sengelaias `guram bara-1 k. gamsaxurdia. rCeuli Txzulebani, t. II, gv. 13.294

mandiaSi~ legendis (irealuri plani) gmiri, axalgazrda Tavadiemuxvari guram baramandias saxisa da cxovrebis (realuri plani)oreulis safuZvelia, mxolod arqetipis (emuxvari) da maszekonstruirebuli xasiaTis (baramandia) mTlianobaSi moazrebiTxdeba gasagebi nawarmoebis mxatvruli koncefcia. sakuTar Tav-Tan gaucxoeba, ucxo qalis sabediswero siyvaruli, samSoblodangadaxvewa da daRupva konkretuli istoriuli, socialurimovlenebiT ki ar aris ganpirobebuli, aramed zedroul da zesivrcul,mudmiv arqetipSi, modelSi uZevs safuZveli. ciklurwrebrunvaSi meordeba oreulTa Sexvedra, rac, sabolood, saku-Tar TavTan Sexvedris da misi arsis gaazrebis tolfasi xdeba.moTxrobis gamWvirvale mxatvrul qsovilSi wamierad gaelvebuli,miniSnebuli oreuli ganmartavs ama Tu im movlenis,qmedebis Sinaarss, konstantine gamsaxurdias `lil~-is finalSieqimi Saruxias demonurma portretma farda axada mis farularss. Saruxias oreuli – demoni gansazRvravs misi boroti qmedebisarss. àm wuTSive igi pirwavardnili mefistofeli gegonebodaT.ramdeni ironia, ramdeni cinizmi gansaxierda misi banalurwiTeli tuCis kuTxeebSi, mis wvetian kbilebsa da cancarawiTur wvers Soris~. 1Tamaz vardaniZis miRma ilandeba misi oreuli – zekaci, arqetipulioreuli _ dionise (konstantine gamsaxurdia, `qalisrZe~). Zalian sainteresoa Tavadis qalis _ maias Rrmad mimalulioreuli – rokapi, romelic tabakons midis (leo qiaCeli,`Tavadis qali maia~). cxovrebisagan uaryofili, sasowarkveTiliqali borotdeba, misi sulis siRrmidan moulodnelad amoiwveraoreuli – rokapi, kudiani.`rokapma Solti gaatylaSuna~.`tabakonaSa!~dasWyivla man ukanasknelad da ferxulic tabakonisken daiZraukanmouxedavad._ kudianebis Ramea es Rame, bondo... da Senc ise giWiravsTavi, TiTqos rokapma sasikvdilod dagdaRao... kudianebis Rameaes Rame, bondo, da sTqvi, ra gsurs, rom agisrulo? ase nu mogiwyenia...sanam rokapi tabakonas wavidodes da mencaris meufebasbolo moeRebodes...~. 21 k. gamsaxurdia. rCeuli Txzulebani, t. II, gv. 43.2 l. qiaCeli. Txzulebani 4 tomad, t. II. Tb., 1985, gv. 268.295

maia borotebas sCadis da sul ufro da ufro uaxlovdebaTavis arsebaSi TiTqmis ZaliT SemoWril avsuls, uceb amotivtivebulmeore `me~-s, misi TviTmkvlelobac am oreulidan TavdaRwevis,gaTavisuflebis surviliTac unda iyos gapirobebuli.oreulebis Sexvedras moTxrobaSi zogjer eqstremalurisituacia ganapirobebs.mixeil javaxiSvilis `Sav kldeSi~ oreulebis daSla, sxvadasxva`me~-s daSoreba qmnis gaugebrobis, daZabulobis, Sinaganidiskomfortis SegrZnebas, amitom daSlili oreulebis (givi Sadurisda mis mexsierebaSi Semonaxuli meore `me~, katastrofi-Ta da adamianuri gautanlobiT SeZruli biWi; rusiko da misimama, Tavzarauli da misi mama) xelaxal Sexvedras Sav kldesTanpozitiuri mniSvneloba aqvs da sabediswero kvanZis gaWras iwvevs.oreulebma gadalaxes dro da sivrce da maTi SeerTebiTyoveli movlena Tavis adgils iWers.`patara dedakacSi~ spiridon rondelis oreulad imTaviTveCafiqrebuli iyo Savpira afTari, mgelkaca – moTxrobaSi datrialebuliyofiTi tragediis simboluri gamoxatuleba, oreulijer portretSi iCens Tavs: èqimi rondeli martoxela kaciiyo. Sua tanisa, Casxmuli, sqelkisera, mrgvalbeWeba da mgelkaciviTSavpira~. 1amiran rimaniZe instinqturad grZnobs am oreulis arsebobas,roca bavSvi ambobs:ès bavSvi Savpira afTarma Semogvapara~. `sofios spiridonigaaxsenda: marTla Savpira iyo. quSiani, sazareli Rimili da mimparavisiaruli hqonda da marTla afTars – mgelkacs hgavda~. 2spiridonis naCuqarma suraTma ki ukve simbolos funqciamiiRo da afTris saxe ukve pirdapir xsnis mis xasiaTs:èrTxel spiridonma Jurnalidan amoWrili suraTi moutana:udabnoSi Sav qvaze Savi da pirquSi dedaberi zis, wvetianinikapi gamxmar xelze daubjenia. meore xelSi mkvdari Tavi uWiravs.fexebze Wiriani ZaRli hyavs mibmuli. iqve gacrecili daufoTlo xe dgas, xolo xeze sazareli da ucnauri Ramis frinvelizis _ baiyuSi, mikioti, buknaWo Tu Woti. aqa-iq dacocavengveli, morieli, oboba, niangi da gveleSapi, Savi qvis ukan pir-Savi afTari, anu rogorc spiridonma ganmarta, mgelkaca, anu mi-1 m. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani rva tomad, t. III. Tb., 1973, gv. 145.…2 m. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani rva tomad, t. III, gv. 118.296

wis mgeli, anu miwis mgeli, anu uzarmazari, atuzula.ànu spiridoni~, _ daumata gunebaSi patara dedakacma~. 1vidre spiridonic arsebobda da oreuli – afTaric aZlierebda,misi saxiT ilustrirebuli borotebac imarjvebda, magramamiran rimaniZis _ ganaxlebuli amiranis dabrunebis Semdeg spiridoniTandaTan qreba da mis adgils mTlianad ikavebs misi meore`me~ _ cofiani afTari. sabolood, misi sulis bneli nawilissruli gamarjveba spobs spiridons da rCeba mxolod leSissajijgnad gavardnili pirsisxliani afTari, romelsac didxansaravin aboginebs. `sacxedro gaSuqebulia, magidaze oTxi upatronoda moukiTxavi cxedari asvenia. oTxives sudarebi axdiliaqvT. TeTr xalaTSi gaxveuli da Savi naWriT piraxveuli spiridonicxedars misdgomia da mis mucels gafacicebiT sWris dahRadravs~. 2adamianur `me~-ze cxoveluris gabatonebam gaanadgura pirovneba.saerTod, oreul-cxovels didi faruli SesaZleblobebiaqvs. igi martivi, TvalsaCino da iolad aRsaqmelia, xasiaTisfarTod gaSlasac emsaxureba da, wminda esTetikur-gamomsaxvelobiTiTvalsazrisiTac, met simkveTres da feradovnebas sZensnawarmoebis mxatvrul qsovilSi àmozrdil~ figurebs.am TvalsazrisiT Zalze mniSvnelovani, esTetikurad srulyofilida emociurad datvirTulia oreulTa wyvili vasilbarnovis moTxrobidan `gvelis zeimi~.moTxrobaSi àamoZrava kapitali~ adamians hyavs meore `me~_ cxoveli, focxveri, òri pirovneba aRizarda focxveraSi, er-Ti _ xelovnurad ganviTarebuli, meore _ bunebrivi; erTi keTiliskenpirferad mixrili, romelsac saTnoebisken eWira piri,magram mxolod sityviT da gareganad, xolo meore _ mtacebeli,romelsac mTel duniaze marto Tavisi Tavi miaCnda Rirsad pativisada mzad iyo, misTvis saTayvaneblad daexarna yvela dayovelive~. 3 focxvera-adamiani mtacebelia, mis saxeSi naTladirekleba miRmuri rTuli – pirsisxliani nadiri, romelic nelnelaaviwroebs adamianur `me~-s. `yvela amisTana xifaTis Semdegfocxvera gawveboda, brWyalebs malavda, tuCebs ilokavda, romsisxlis wveTi arsad dahmCneoda, eloda, sanam aRelvebuli Rva-1 m. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani rva tomad, t. III, gv. 118.2 m. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani rva tomad, t. III, gv. 145.3 v. barnovi. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t. V. Tb., 1961, gv. 119.297

i Caivlida da Tan waiRebda yayans Tu miTqma-moTqmas; Tan Rrinavdaborotad, Tavis Tavs uRrenda~. 1sabolood, oreulebi Sexorcdnen, cxovelurma sawyismaCanTqa adamianuri `da warsdga balaxis win focxveri pirsisxliani~.2 `Tevdoras daniSnulSi~ meduqne Tevdoras xasiaTi ilustrirebuliaoreuli _ cxoveliT, afTriT. faqizi sulis mqoneeonas Sinaganma mzeram umal daiWira Tevdoras meore `me~, romelicgansazRvravs mis qmedebas: `Tevdora ki ara, afTari iyo,dedijan! imis Tvalebidan afTari miRrenda da mikapunebda, akimwvda kidec da kbili CamiWira!~. 3cxoveli-oreuli gamoiyena konstantine gamsaxurdiamac. `xogaismindiaSi~ xarjixvi xadiSaTis oreuladaa gaazrebuli (Sdr.nebiera _ Sorena, `didostatis marjvena~). xarjixvis mokvliTmindia Sedga sikvdilis, siyvarulis, naTeli sulis dakargvisgzaze. igi grZnobs, rom aqedan iwyeba misi pirovnebis rRveva.`maSin igriala mindias Tofma da waiqca mewinave xarjixvi.ar dascalda wylis mosma mTeli dRis namwyurvaleb nadirs.daifrutuna gulgaxeTqilma jogma da miawyda dacerebulflates. mieWra waqceuls xogais mindia, jaxvelisferi sisxlidaRvriliyo TuSur yvelsaviT daCxvletil qvaze. Ria darCenodaxarjixvs qliavisferi, mSvenieri, samduraviT savse, jixvuriTvalebi. daiCoqa xogais mindiam. balRiviT itira, svelsa da gasipuldrunCze akoca nadirs~. 4xarjixvis mokvlis Semdeg igi ukve xadiSaTsac klavs. aqacigive moZraoba _ iseve `mieWra~ moklul abjrosans mindia, rogorcxarjixvs.`merme is iyo, pirvelad Semovardnil javSnian qists ukanasknelityvia Seageba xogais mindiam, roca igi waiqca da den-Tis boli gaifanta, mieWra xogaisZe cxedars, radgan xevsurulijavSani ecnaura...muzaradi mohxada Tu ara cxedars, myisve Seicno mzisferixadiSaT~. 5 xarjixvisa da xadiSaTis sikvdili erTnairad mZimeamindiasaTvis, isini oreulebi arian – silaRis, bunebis mSvenie-1 v. barnovi. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t. V, gv. 199.2 v. barnovi. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t. V, gv. 130.3 v. barnovi. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t. V, gv. 455.4 k. gamsaxurdia. rCeuli Txzulebani, t. II, gv. 210-211.5 k. gamsaxurdia. rCeuli Txzulebani, t. II, gv. 218.298

ebis, Tavisuflebis, amaRlebuli grZnobis simbolo. maTi dakargvamindiasTvis mTeli samyaros dakargvas, miRmur WeSmaritebas-Tan damakavSirebeli Zafebis gawyvetas niSnavs da mis daRupvasacmoaswavebs. sapirispirod, jufTis (mocemul SemTxvevaSi ormagisaxe – qali-jixvis) dakargva sabedisweroa.sapirispiros arseboba an ararseboba iseTive mistiur, zerealurmovlenad aRiqmeba, rogorc oreulisa, oRond mxatvruliSedegia sxvadasxva.oreuli ganmartavs da safuZvlad edeba xasiaTs, gansazRvravsmovlenaTa Tanmimdevrobas da personaJis beds, sapirispiroki mxolod mis bedisweras ganapirobebs. bedisweris problemasaerTod mniSvnelovania modernistuli mxatvruli azrovnebisaTvis.igi miRmur samyaros ukavSirdeba da moulodnelad esTetikurgadawyvetilebasac iZens. modernistuli mxatvruli sistemaadamianis gonebrivi Tu fizikuri simaxinjis gamosaxvas mis bediswerasTandaaxloebad aRiqvams. gansxvavebuli, anomaliuri pirovnebaTiTqos amovardnilia realuri dro-sivrcidan, samagierod,uSualod erTveba miRmur nakadSi da Seimecnebs samyarossxvaTaTvis dafarul nawils. misi cxovreba cxadisa da zmanebismijnaze gadis, marTulia bedisweriT, ara hyavs (realur droSiar eZebneba, dakargulia) jufTi, sapirispiro.vasil barnovis moTxroba `yvavilebSi~ gmiris _ babucassimaxinje gansazRvra winare cxovrebaSi Cadenili codviT gapirobebulimabedisweram. miwieri yofa miuRebelia misTvis, tkiviliTada miusafrobis mZafri gancdiTaa savse. aq da axla, empiriuldro-sivrceSi misTvis ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli jufTi.samagierod, winare gansxeulebisas arsebobda mSvenieri Wabuki,romelic maSin ulmoblad uaryo babucam. sapirispiros uaryofasabediswero Seiqna sulisTvis da xelmeored xorcSesxmisas daekisragonji sxeulisa da mSvenierebisadmi zemswrafveli sulisumZimesi tvirTi. vidre babucam gaiazra Tavisi mdgomareoba daaRmoaCina sxvebisgan gansxvavebuli niWi, romelic gardasulisdanaxvis saSualebas aZlevda, karga xanma ganvlo. Tavis SegrZnebebsman konkretuli saxe misca _ xelovnuri yvavilebi, manamdeki tanjvasa da tkivils gauZlo. ar gatyda, ar gaborotda, ardakarga mSvenierebis SegrZneba. `bedisweris msjavri~ garduvalia,magram adamiani, romelic arsebobs cxad-sizmris zRvarze,xedavs da SeigrZnobs ufro mets, vidre Cveulebrivi mokvdavi299

da, garkveul SemTxvevaSi, babucas msgavsad ferad xilvebSi,zogjer ki sxva adamianebisaTvis miuwvdomel sferoebSi poulobssakuTar Tavs. amgvarad, tagu (leo qiaCeli `jadosani~),romelic usawylesi da ubadrukia sofelSi, xalxSi, bunebis wiaRSimefed grZnobs Tavs. misi Tvalebi bunebis feria da am TvalebisZaliT igi xdeba bevrad ufro aRmatebuli, bevrad ufromZlavri, vidre erTi SexedviT normaluri, janmrTeli adamianebi,romelTac aranairi gadaxra ara aqvT, magram arc bunebis WeSmaritisaxis xilva da arc leo qiaCelis `stefanes~ gmirebis,stefanesa da Zokos msgavsad, bunebis idumali xmis gagoneba dadumiliT Sesityveba SeuZliaT. es is e. w. maxinji adamianebiarian, romelTac bedisweriT gansazRvruli gza da amqveyniuriroli aqvT, rac miRmur samyarosTan intuitiur kavSirSi gamoixateba.bediswera mTlianad batonobs maTze.leo qiaCelis moTxrobaSi `codvis Svilebi~ bnedian jvebesSeswevs Zala, gaixedos fardis miRma, daukavSirdes da Seimecnosis, rac ganagebs adamianis beds. `bedisweris msjavrs~ igi versadgaeqceva, dawesebuli unda aRsruldes da garduvalobis, ganwirulobisgrZnoba amZafrebs jvebes isec avadmyofur xilvebs gamosavaliar arsebobs, jvebesTvis wyevla, sityva ufro realuria,vidre xelSesaxebi, xiluli sagnebi da movlenebi, igi TviTon itvirTavsbedisweris maxvilis rols da aRasrulebs sasjels.xiluli realoba yalbia, adamians arafris Secvla ar SeuZlia,is Tojinaa, marionetia, romlis Zafebic miRma realobamdeagabmuli da iqidan imarTeba. xilulisa da miRmuris, zmanebisa dacxadis urTierTmimarTeba sxvadasxva doneze sxvadasxva formiTgamoisaxeba, magram umTavresi maTgan aRZruli esTetikuri grZnobada emociaa.modernistulma moTxrobam daamuSava sakiTxi, romelic, saerTod,modernistuli azrovnebis erT-erTi sayrdenia. Sedegebimxatvruli TvalsazrisiT araerTgvarovania, magram maTi erTobliobaqmnis fons, panoramas, garkveulwilad, ganzogadebul suraTs,romlis gaTvaliswinebac aucilebelia moTxrobis mxatvruliqsovilis analizis sxva doneebze.300

INGA MILORAVATHE TRANSFORMATON OF THE MODERNISTIC WORLDOUTLOOK SUPPORTING GAUGES (FANTASY, REALITY)IN A FICTIONAL TEXTThe analysis of the functions and models of the modernistic textsupporting gauges (fantasy and reality) is extremely important. The articledeals with the essence of the modernistic world outlook and its supportinggauges and the new forms of the latter. In the first half of XXcentury, specifically from 1910 till 1930, the renewal of the Georgianpoetry, prose, the Georgian literary language was finally accomplished.The indicated period is marked by particular achievements in the genre ofthe story. In 1910-1920 there were published stylistically diverse novelsby the authors of various age and literary trends. In the Georgian story ofthe early XX century the exposure of fantasy and reality is given muchprominence. In the article the supporting gauges are analysed in connectionwith philosophical and aesthetic tendencies and trends. Relyingon the analysis of the writing conception and the characters of Vasil Barnov,Leo Kiacheli, Konstantine Gamsakhurdia, Demna Shengelaia andother authors there is evolved a view that the foundation of modernisticstyle and world outlook is a constantly variable interrelation between realityand fantasy. The transformation of supporting gauges of the modernisticworld outlook (imaginalion, reality, fantasy) reflects the variabilityand development of the modernistic text.301

302soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008indira gadiliamirza gelovanis frontuli lirikaàvahme, Zmano, Tqveni leqsis oqros nayofirarig mcirea, Tan ra didi, _ marad samReri,is, rac gviTxariT, Cvens mSier suls rogor eyofa,_ ufro gvSivdeba Tqveni sityvis tkbili samxari...avah, Tqveni Cqro rusTavelze aRar Caiars:^âsaTiano, gelovano da sajaia!~gabriel jabuSanurimirza gelovani _ poeti jariskaci, ase icnoben mas. sabWo-Ta kavSir-germaniis omi mirza gelovanisTvis, iseve rogorc milionobiTCveni TanamemamulisTvis, samamulo omi iyo. am omSimonawileobiT poeti Tavis samSoblos, mSobliur miwas icavda.mas daueWveblad swamda, rom yoveli qarTvelis mier daRvrilisisxli qarTuli miwis gadasarCenad Tavis gawirvac iyo.mirza gelovanis biografia aris kai ymis, kai vaJkacis cxovreba,romelic sikvdilis Semdegac cocxlobs. optimizmi, sicocxlisdauokebeli wyurvili, mudam energiuli brZola damoqmedeba, omSi gamarjvebis wyurvili – mirza gelovanis poeziisdamaxasiaTebeli niSnebia. sangarSi, tyviebis zuzunis qveS dawerilimirza gelovanis leqsebi gadarCenili sicocxlis maJorulisimReraa, zneobrivad da erovnulad amamaRlebeli da gamakeTilSobilebeligancdaa, maradiulad ukvdavi fesvia Cveni TavisTavadobisada TviTmyofadobisa.yvelaze sabediswero aRmoCnda 1939 weli mirza gelovaniscxovrebaSi _ is samxedro samsaxurSi gaiwvies, sadac omma mouswroda, samwuxarod, iqidan ar dabrunebula, daiRupa 1944w.ivnisis TveSi. m. gelovani sardlobis davalebiT 1940w. aprilSimivlinebiTaa moskovSi. aq igi kurskis vagzalze SaSxaniT xelSixvdeba qarTuli prozis didostats konstantine gamsaxurdiasda qarTuli mecnierebis rainds Salva nucubiZes. es Sexvedramirza gelovanma dedisadmi miweril werilSi sainteresod aRwe-

a. 1 mirza gelovani 1943 welsac yofila moskovSi mivlinebiT. aqigi Sexvedria irakli abaSiZesa da giorgi leoniZes. isini moskovSissrk mweralTa kavSiris gamgeobis plenumze dasaswrebadyofilan Casuli. es Sexvedra ir. abaSiZes aRwerili aqvs `literaturulgazeTSi~ gamoqveynebul werilSi. 21941 weli _ omi daiwyo. Zalian adreul asakSi mouswroomma mirza gelovans. samxedro samsaxurSi da frontze gaatarasicocxlis ukanaskneli xuTi weli. òmi daiwyo, _ werda ismSoblebs da debs, _ didi xania velodi, rom daiwyeboda, vgrZnobdi.Tqvenc albaT aseve _ oRond gansxvaveba imaSia, rom TqvengeSiniaT Cemi dakargvisa. Cven arafris gveSinia, oRond Tqven nudamiRondebiT, da me minda ise uyurebdeT am oms, rogorc me vucqeri:uSiSrad, umwuxarod. gjerodeT, Cemo Zvirfasebo: Tu Cemibedi am omSi damTavrdeba, Tu me sikvdili miweria am omSi, ZalianZvirad davusvam mters sicocxles Cemsas, dae, Tqven nu SegrcxvebaT,rom Tqveni sisxli da xorci var! me maqvs udidesisimSvide. CemSi mTieli adamianis mouRleli sisxlia, CemSi cotnedadianis sulia da nebisyofa, da Tqven SegiZliaT amayad sTqvaT,rom me vicav Cems samSoblos, raTa momavali Taobebi iyvnen jansaRni,bednierni da Zlierni. me mwams gamarjveba da sicocxle!~. 3frontze Seqmna mirza gelovanma òmis lirika~, TiToeulileqsi poetis sulis amoZaxilia, romlebic gamsWvalulia tkiviliTacda gamarjvebis Rrma rwmeniTac. mirza werda yvelgan, sadacki dros moixelTebda: `vwer dasvenebaze, vwer Zilis win,krebebze... vwer dRiurad dgomisas daRlili da uZilo~ _ ityobinebodaigi frontidan da surda daewera wigni, romelic iqnebodagamomSvidobeba yvelaferTan, rac ase aRelvebda mis axalgazrdobas,romelsac eqneboda maTi Taobis yvela xasiaTi da idea. 4frontidan gamogzavnil werilebs da leqsebs didi mzrunvelobiTagrovebda mirzas da rusudani (1912-1967ww.). rusudaniTviTonac poeturi niWiT dajildoebuli pirovneba iyo. miskalams ekuTvnis leqsebi da moTxroba `bednieri rakraka~, romelsacganaTlebis saministros respublikuri premia mieniWa. igi iyo1 m. gelovani. ubis wignidan. Tb., 1964, gv. 238.2 ir. abaSiZe. me ar vkargavdi simaRles Cemsas. _ literaturuli gazeTi,23.VIII.1985.3 m. gelovani. ubis wignidan, gv. 243.4 m. gelovani. ubis wignidan, gv. 242.303

espublikis damsaxurebuli maswavlebeli, romelic didi pativiscemiTsargeblobda moswavleebTan da farTo sazogadoebaSi.mirza gelovani Tavisi poeturi rveulis pirvelsave furcelzease swerda Tavis sayvarel das:àxla, roca amas vwer, roca sulSi micuravssixarulis borani.darCes, dao Zvirfaso, es leqsebi saxsovrad,rogorc mosagonari.da Tu odes davSordeT saukunod erTmaneTs,gulSi mainc darCeba,rogorc Ramis lampari, rogorc wminda da-ZmobacremliT gamosarCleba~. 11940 wliTaa daTariRebuli usaTauro leqsi èqvsjer Camohkramwvane saaTma~. 2 poeti didi sinanuliT eTxoveba mSobliurgaremos, im adgils, sadac mTebis seridan usvams wyaros wyali,sadac daubeWdavi wignebi rCeba:àq misvams wyaro mTebis suridan,sikvdilis merec ase viqnebi,aq gacocxldeba Cemi suli dadaubeWdavi Cemi wignebi~. 31941 wels frontidan agzavnis leqsebs: `saRamoni~, `ZmaTasaflavTan~, `Cems miwur qoxSi~. leqsSi `saRamoni~ poeti wers:ìwyeba Suqi, iwyeba wyevla,Tavdaviwyeba arsad iwyeba.me maviwydeba warsulSi yvela,saRamoni ki ar maviwydeba~. 4poets omis saSinelebam gadaaviwya `gardasul dReTa furclebi,icvalnen yvela Semogareni~, magram ucvlelni darCnen sa-Ramoni:`da sikvdilis Jams, roca RelvaniwaSlian cremls da Rims dastoveben.me damtoveben qveynad yvelani,saRamoni ki ar damtoveben~. 51 saqarTvelo iyo maTi saocnebo saxeli. Tb., 2007, gv. 176.2 saqarTvelo iyo maTi saocnebo saxeli, gv. 243.3 m. gelovani. cxrakara. Tb., 1960, gv. 101.4 m. gelovani. frontuli leqsebi. Tb., 1975, gv. 4.5 m. gelovani. frontuli leqsebi, gv. 4.304

mirzas mtkiced swamda omSi Cveni gamarjveba, igi ZmaTasaflavTan mdgari wuxda imaze, rom bevr vaJkacs naZvnarSi – saflavSieZina, samwuxarod, TviTonac ver ixila gamarjvebis dResaswauli.leqsSi `ZmaTa saflavTan~ vkiTxulobT:`rodesac rkina tyviam daZenZa,roca aswies frTebi anZebma,saZmo saflavSi iweq naZvebTan,ar eswrebodi Cvens gamarjvebas~. 1poeti-jariskaci cdilobs daZlios gulgatexiloba da daqanculoba,gamoavlinos gasaocari imedi da mxneoba, rac kargadCans leqsSi `Cems miwur qoxSi~. `poets saerTod uyvars sakuTariTavis Sedareba xalxis sayvarel gmirebTan, da ai, ase, mindiasbrZeni moTmeniT dgas mirza gelovani didi lirikis sadarajoze,mis miwur qoxSi Semodis sxivi ganTiadisa~. 2`maqvs mindiasebr brZenis moTmena,sisxlis Rame da sisxlis logini,... xsna Tua sadme Sen erTi ixsni,rasac guli da bavSvoba hqvia~. 31943w. frontidanaa gamogzavnili leqsi òi, bavSvobis dReebi~.es leqsi monatrebaa mSobliuri kuTxisa, bavSvobis udardelidReebisa, romlebmac gaifrines da ukan ar dabrundebian.mebrZol jariskacs mudam Tvalwin edga misi sayvareli TianeTi,iori, iq gatarebuli bavSvobis dReebi:òcnebas davemonebi,mudam laRi da ioli,ratom ar Cemi wnorebi,ratom ar Cemi iori~. 4ocnebaSi gadasuli poeti Tavis gulissworsac igonebs:òi, ranair geZebdi,qalSavav, Savi TmebiTa,vinc mklavdi, vinc maxarebdigayriT da SerigebiTa~. 51 m. gelovani. frontuli leqsebi, gv. 5.2 i. CxeiZe. mirza gelovanis frontuli lirika. _ ciskari, #5, 1975,gv. 153.3 m. gelovani. frontuli leqsebi, gv. 6.4 m. gelovani. frontuli leqsebi, gv. 26.5 m. gelovani. frontuli leqsebi, gv. 26.20. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi305

naTqvamia: `roca qvemexebi quxan, muzebi dumano~, mirza gelovaniaRmoCnda bednieri gamonaklisi, igi qvemexebis gruxunSi,TiTqos xelmeored daibada, rogorc poeti. frontze myof poetsomis saSinelebaze uxdeboda wera. werda mebrZolTa gancdebze,maTs tanjvaze, sikvdilzedac ki, magram miuxedavad yvelafrisa,im mZime wuTebSic ki, ar eZleoda sasowarkveTas. gaugonari xocva-Jletisdrosac ar daukargavs momavlis rwmena. leqsSi `Sen~poeti ambobs:`Sen naxe rogor iwvoda zeca,gaugonari mRvrie dawviTa,Sen gaxsovs, tyvia me rogor amcdada amxanagis gulSi gacivda.is darwmunebulia:sikvdilisagan Sen verra gixsnisTviTon sikvdili Tu ara sZlie~. 1mirza gelovanis ganuyreli megobari poeti revaz margianiwers: `visac omis susxi ugrZvnia, visac civsa da gayinul sangar-Si erTi Rame mainc uTenebia, dameTanxmeba, amgvar garemoSi Tu raZnelia daimorCilo fanqari da qaRaldis nafleTze ramdenimestriqoni mainc gaavlo. ra Znelia qvemexebis gruxunsa da davidarabaSiizruno leqsze, fiqrs, azrsa da grZnobas Tavi mouyaroda xanmokle, Tundac xangrZlivi Sesvenebis dros raime Seqmna.òmis lirika~, rogorc TviTon uwodebs avtori, sangrebSidabadebuli qmnilebebia da zarbaznis kvamliTaa Sebolili. yvelaes leqsi adamianuri vnebebiTaa aRsavse, vaJkacuri SemarTeba dazogjer sevdamoreuli kilo erTmaneTsaa ostaturad Sezavebulida maRal STagonebasaa naziarebi~. 2mirza gelovani, marTlac, WeSmariti talanti iyo. iSviaTiapoeti, romlis poeziaSi erTmaneTs Serwymodes poeturi sinazeda jariskacuri SemarTeba.mirza riazanis brZolebis monawilea. 1942 welsaa dawerilileqsi `Zvel riazanis kedlebs gavyureb~. civ sangarSi myofs, brZolebisagandaRlil poets agondeba ojaxi, deda, Tbilisi, mTawminda.is ase mimarTavs mSobel dedas:`CemTvis ra iyo es saRamo...1 m. gelovani. frontuli leqsebi, gv. 10.2 r. margiani. Rimilis biWi. _ literaturuli saqarTvelo, 1.VII.1977.306

aravin icis.me mivdiodi, Sors rCeboda yrmobis buneba,dedav, grigalSi gadakargulswuxiliT micdiTda Cems sicocxles loculobT daCems dabrunebas~. 1ès aris SesaniSnavi nawarmoebi, romelSic STamagonebladgancdili da mSvenivrad gadmocemulia dedaSviluri ganwyobilebani,mSobelTan daSorebis dauviwyari wuTebi, ostaturad arisganzogadebuli grigalebSi gadakargul SvilTa molodinis dedurigrZnoba, dedis locva... ise rogorc m.gelovanis sxva rCeulqmnilebebSi, am leqsSic yvelaferi warmosaxulia im lirikulipaTosiT, romelic mxolod `dedis~ avtoris Tviseba SeiZlebodayofiliyo~. 2es leqsi, romlis saTauria `dedas~, yuradRebas ipyrobsara marto imiT, Tu rogori siyvaruli da pativiscemaa Svilsada mSoblebs Soris, aramed imiTac, Tu rogori optimizmiT, SemarTebiTada omSi gamarjvebis rwmeniTaa gamsWvaluli poeti.leqsis bolo striqonebi aseTia:`me gamarjveba damabrunebs TqvenTan,sworebTan,me gamarjveba gadamiyvans mTebze,qedebze,yoveli wvima Tqvens mduRarecremls magonebda,da is cremlebi gamarjvebis gzebsmiqezebdnen~. 3mebrZoli ganwyobilebiT gamoirCeva m. gelovanis satrfialoleqsebic. leqsSi `nu mwer~ vkiTxulobT:`wuxel vebrZodi cecxls da uragansda saSineli brZolebis nislSime momeCvena, sadRac, Cvens ukanaRelvebuli idga Tbilisi~. 41 m. gelovani. frontuli leqsebi, gv. 19.2 d. iovaSvili. did samamulo omSi daRupuli qarTveli mwerlebi.Tb., 1967, gv. 8.3 m. gelovani. frontuli leqsebi, gv. 23.4 m. gelovani. frontuli leqsebi, gv. 15.307

poetma kargad icoda, rom omi msxverpls moiTxovda da esmsxverpli, erT mSvenier dRes, SesaZlebelia, TviTonac yofiliyo.leqsSi `megobar poets~ igi wers:`... amaRam Cemi svanuri muxlime Semaxvedrebs mterTa blindaJebs,dRes Cemi iyo saRamos mwuxri,xval iqneb CemTvis arc iriJraJebs~. 1mirza `danaSaulad~ Tvlida omidan ar dabrunebas. is patiebasiTxovda am SemTxvevaSi:`... da sadme tyvia Tu gaaciebs,guls saSineli ganadgurebiT.Tqven mapatieT, ho, mapatieT,danaSauli ar dabrunebis~. (ò, mapatieT~) 2magram poets arasodes ar Sordeba `yofnis mtkice imedi~.mis TiTqmis yvela leqss refrenad gasdevs gamarjvebis gamomxatvelisityvebi: `me davbrundebi, ho, davbrundebi~, `me gamarjvebadamabrunebs TqvenTan, sworebTan~, `me dabrunebiT tkivilebswavSli~ da a.S.omSi gamarjvebis uryevi rwmena ara marto mis leqsebs axlavs,aramed mis mier frontidan gamogzavnil werilebsac. m. gelovanisnawarmoebTa krebulSi, romelic bulgareTSi, q. sofia-Si 2001 welsaa gamocemuli, 60-mde werilia dabeWdili. werilebismisamarTi sxvadasxvaa. umTavresi adresatebia: mSoblebi,debi, agreTve, mwerlebi: raJden gvetaZe, giorgi kaWaxiZe, koteximSiaSvili, mecnieri SoTa reviSvili, goreli pioneri leilakiknaZe... am krebulis Semdgenel-gamomcemelia silovan narimaniZe.jarSi yofnas mirza gelovanisaTvis ukvalod ar Cauvlia.igi, piriqiT, bedis madlieria, rom jariskacis mazara Caicva:`jarma bevri ram kargi gamikeTa, Cemo kargo, _ wers igi Tavisdas, aq viswavle namdvili adamiani da cxovreba mTeli TavisisiRrmiT, simarTliTa da silamaziT. aq viswavle, ra Zviri Rirsmosiyvarule guli da rogor ar vafasebT mas... aq gadavlaxebevri dabrkoleba, ramac ufro aamaRla Cemi amayi suli~. 3yovelive amis miuxedavad poetma mtkivneulad ganicada poeziissamyarosTan ganSoreba. 1944 wlis 13 marts rusudanisadmi1 m. gelovani. frontuli leqsebi, gv. 14.2 m. gelovani. frontuli leqsebi, gv. 12.3 m. gelovani. ubis wignidan, gv. 243.308

miweril werilSi vkiTxulobT: òmi klavs CemSi leqsebis mwerals,magram zrdis poets. Cemi mgrZnobiare guli ucvlelia,Tumca nervebi Cemi da suli gamagrdnen, gamoicvalnen~. 1`maRal poeziasTan erTad imediT, RoniT, rwmeniTa da zogjersevdiTac savse werilebi poeti jariskacisa ufro mSfoTvaresxdida mirza gelovanis xasiaTs da aaxloebda dRevandelobasTan.ai, riTaa mirza gelovani WeSmariti Semoqmedi, gamorCeuliCvens dRevandel poeziaSic. mas hqonda sakuTari samyaro, poeturi,mimzidveli, ganumeorebeli~. 2m. gelovanma, TiTqmis bavSvma, 1938 wels daweril leqsSi`Savnabada~ Tavis samSoblos Sehfica:`... Tu odesme, rogorc Zveladam cas vinme Semecilos...wminda valis mosaxdeladuyoymanod Segewiro~. 31944w. ivnisis TveSi Sewyda mirzas sicocxle. man uyoymanodaRasrula Tavisi moqalaqeobrivi vali, uyoymanod Seewira Tavisiqveynis dacvisa da damoukideblobis saqmes. `samSoblos siyvarulisamaRlebuli gancda, WeSmariti erTguleba _ ai, ra asuldgmulebdamas, rogorc adamians, xalasi simarTle da mxatvrulidamajerebloba, formis sisadave, poeturi energia _ ai, ra axasiaTebsmas, rogorc poets. amitomacaa, rom gvxiblavs misi mar-Tali striqonebi, romelTa winaswarmetyveluri intuicia dromdaadastura~. 4 Tavis SesaZleblobebSi darwmunebuli poeti leqs-Si `Cemi oTaxi~ TviTrwmeniT aRsavse striqonebs wers:`... da roca Cemi sikvdili miymobs,miymobs dumili da sasaflao,movlen, ityvian, ai, aq iyo,vinc mere yvelgan daesaxlao~. 5drois mkacr gamocdas gauZlo mirza gelovanis Semoqmedebamda misi avtori mTel qarTul miwaze, yvela qarTvelisgulSi dasaxlda.1 m. gelovani. ubis wignidan, gv. 270.2 i. CxeiZe. mirza gelovanis frontuli lirika, gv. 155.3 m. gelovani. cxrakara, gv. 99.4 b. mircxulava. cecxlSi nawrTobi poezia. Tb., 1978, gv. 13.5 m. gelovani. cxrakara, gv. 71.309

INDIRA GADILIAMIRZA GELOVANI’S FRONTAL LYRIC POETRYMirza Gelovani is known as a poet-soldier. His poems written intrenches, under the swishes of bullets is a buoyant song of a survivinglife, an honourably and nationally elevating and ennobling experience,eternally immortal seed of our originality and indigenousness. Optimism,immoderate thirst for life, vigorous fight and energy, desire to win in thewar are characteristic features of Mirza Gelovani’s poetry. Mirza wasstill in the military service when the Second World War broke out. Beingat the front he always saw in his mind’s eye his native nook, rememberedthe blithe childhood days. Mirza Gelovani was a truly original poet andthere are very few poets in whose poetry poetical tenderness and fragilityare so closely fused with a soldierly daring and intrepidity. Mirza’s fightingspirit is felt even in the amorous poems he sent from the front. Hisstaunch belief in our victory permeates not only his poems but his publicisticletters and the messages he sent home. Love for his motherland,true loyalty inspired him. Pure candour and artistic credibility, sincerityof form, poetic ardour are Mirza Gelovani’s distinctive characteristics asa poet. Mirza’s creative works stood the severe test of time and made theirabode in every Georgian’s soul.310

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008mariam miresaSvili, nana gafrindaSvilisiuJeti da fabula rogorc mxatvruliformis kategoriebiSinaarsi da forma zogadfilosofiuri TvalsazrisiT, bunebisnebismieri movlenisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kategoriebia. Sinaarsimovlenis arsia, xolo forma _ misi gamoxatvis saSualeba.aRniSnuli debuleba vrceldeba xelovnebis yvela nimuSze, maTSoris literaturul-mxatvrul nawarmoebzec. Sinaarsi da forma,arsebiTad, dialeqtikur mTlianobas warmoadgens, romelSic, hegelisTqmiT, xorcieldeba erTi kategoriidan meoreSi urTierTgadasvlisganuwyveteli procesi (Sinaarsi gadadis formaSi, formagadadis SinaarsSi). 1 amgvarad, literaturul-mxatvruli nawarmoebiwarmogvidgeba, erTi mxriv, movlenad, meore mxriv ki, procesad,urTierTobaTa erTobliobad; amitomac Sinaarsisa da formiswarmoCena nawarmoebis an movlenis Semadgenel nawilebad (miTufro, avtonomiur nawilebad) yovlad dauSvebelia. WeSmaritadmaRalmxatvrul nawarmoebSi gansazRvruli Sinaarsi srul SesabamisobaSiagansazRvrul mxatvrul formasTan da, piriqiT, nawarmoebismxatvruli forma sruliad adekvaturia misi Sinaarsisa.amdenad, Sinaarsi da forma Tanaarseboben mxolod urTier-TkavSirSi, mTlianobaSi.rac Seexeba Tavad Sinaarsisa da formis Semadgenel kategoriebs,aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT sakiTxis konkretizireba SesaZlebeliamxolod Teoriul-analitikur doneze. am SemTxvevaSiliteraturul-mxatvruli nawarmoebis Sinaarsi ganixileba rogorcsubieqtur-azrobrivi (ideuri) da obieqtur-sagnobrivi (Tematuri)mniSvnelobebis erToblioba; xolo forma _ rogorc aRniSnulierTobliobis gamomxatveli leqsikur-saxeobrivi struqtura.swored subieqtur-azrobrivis da obieqtur-sagnobrivisnaerTi Seadgens nawarmoebis Sinaarss; xolo am Sinaarsis gamomxatvelisaxeobrivi sistema, romelic fiqsirebulia leqsikur1 Г. В. Ф. Гегель. Феноменология духа. СПб., 1992, gv. 135.311

struqturebSi, warmoadgens nawarmoebis formas. aRniSnuli faqtoriganapirobebs gansxvavebas literaturul-mxatvrul nawarmoebsada samecniero naSroms Soris: literaturul-mxatvruli nawarmoebisSinaarsi gadmocemulia saxeobrivi formiT; xolo samecnieronaSromisa _ Sesabamis cnebaTa saSualebiT. gasaTvaliswinebeliais garemoebac, rom formisa da Sinaarsis erTobliobisdone, garkveulwilad, damokidebulia mwerlis (kompozitoris,mxatvris) talantze, niWze. amaSi calkeul kategoriebze msjelobisasmotanili magaliTebi dagvarwmuneben. winamdebare statiaSiSevecdebiT siuJetisa da fabulis, rogorc mxatvuli nawarmoebisformis kategoriebis warmoCenas.siuJetis (frang. sujet _ Sinaarsi, sagani) da fabulis (laT.fabulare _ ambavi, Txroba) Sesaxeb literaturis Teoretikosebisxvadasxva ganmartebas iZlevian. aristoteles “poetikaSi” zemoaRniSnuliterminebi ar gvxvdeba, Tumca aSkaraa, rom sxvadasxvasakiTxze msjelobisas (mag. tragediaze) avtori saTanado yurad-Rebas iCens im kategoriebisadmi, romlebsac Cven dRes “siuJets”da “fabulas” vuwodebT da gamoTqvams metad saintereso mosazrebebs.1 “poetikaSi” gvxvdeba “miTis” cneba, romelic gulisxmobsambavs (faqtebis erTobliobas), mis ganlagebas (gaSlas)drosa da sivrceSi. aqve SevniSnavT, rom aristoteles “poetikis”qarTul TargmanSi zemoaRniSnuli cneba (“miTi”) Targmniliarogorc “fabula” da frCxilebSi Casmulia “ambavi”. 2 cxadia,es uzustobaa; rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, termini “fabula”laTinuridan momdinareobs. igi romaelebma daamkvidres samecnieromimoqcevaSi da aristoteles dros (Zv.w. IV saukuneSi) veriarsebebda. aqve SevniSnavT, rom qarTul sinamdvileSi aRniSnuliterminebi rusuli saliteraturo kritikis gavleniT damkvidrdaXIX saukunis II naxevridan.“poetikis” VII TavSi, tragediaze msjelobisas, aristoteleaRniSnavs, rom “...tragedia aris mTeli da dasrulebuli moqmedebisasaxva... mTeli aris is, rasac gaaCnia dasawyisi, Sua nawilida dasasruli”. 3 aristoteles Tanaxmad, dasawyisi yovelTvisgulisxmobs Semdgom moqmedebas; Sua nawili gulisxmobs ro-1 aristotele. poetika. Targmani da komentarebi s. daneliasi. Tb.,1979, gv. 4-382 aristotele. poetika, gv. 4.3 aristotele. poetika, gv. 10312

gorc manamde arsebul, aseve mis Semdgom ganviTarebul moqmedebasac;rac Seexeba dasasruls, igi dasawyisis sapirispiroa dagulisxmobs, rom mas moqmedeba aRar mosdevs. aRniSnuli msjelobisSemdeg avtori askvnis: `savaldebuloa, rom kargad Sedgeniliambavi iwyebodes ara iqidan, saidanac mogveprianeba, aramedSeTanxmebuli iyos zemoaRniSnul cnebebTan”. 1 momdevno TavebSiavtori msjelobs “martiv” da “daxlarTul” miTze (ambavze);gamoyofs mis oTx nawils: or peripetias, gamocnobasa dagancdas; xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom “ambis” nawilebs Soris logikurikavSiri unda arsebobdes. aristoteles azriT, “ambis” silamazeimazec aris damokidebuli, Tu ra mizniT gadmogvcems masmTqmeli: sikeTis dasamkvidreblad Tu borotebis. 2 aristotelesusafuZvlod miaCnia braldeba, rom xelovneba zogjer ararsebuls(SeuZlebels) asaxavs. misi azriT, mwerlis tyuilic kigamarTlebulia, Tuki igi keTilSobilur saqmes emsaxureba (amSemTxvevaSi aristotele icavs homeross, romelsac braldeboda,rom man tyuilebis Tqma aswavla berZnebs). 3zemoT motanili mokle eqskursi gvarwmunebs, rom aristotele“miTze” (romelic qarTulad “fabulad” aris naTargmni),anu mwerlis mier gadmocemul ambavze msjelobisas gamoyofs misSemadgenel nawilebs; aRniSnavs, rom isini logikurad unda ukav-Sirdebodnen erTmaneTs (e. i. maTi kavSiri saTanadod unda iyosmotivirebuli); rom ambavi SeiZleba gamogonili iyos (gamonagonis,fantaziis roli literaturul nawarmoebSi), magram es gamarTlebulia,Tuki avtors keTili mizani amoZravebs. imavdroulad,aristotele miuTiTebs martivi da rTuli (daxlarTuli)miTis (ambis) arsebobis SesaZleblobaze. aristoteles mier CamoyalibebulSexedulebaTa ZiriTadi punqtebi gaziarebul iqnaromis principatis xanaSi, ramac saTanado asaxva pova horaciusis“poetur xelovnebaSi” (Zv.w. 66-68). 4rac Seexeba termin “siuJets”, literaturaTmcodneobaSiigi frangulma klasicizmma daamkvidra. bualos “poetur xelovnebaSi”vkiTxulobT: “Tqven dauyovnebliv unda SegviyvanoT siu-1 aristotele. poetika, gv. 162 aristotele. poetika, gv. 283 aristotele. poetika, gv. 344 horaciusi. poeturi xelovnebisaTvis. Targmani da komentarebi ak.uruSaZis. Tb., 1981.313

JetSi, masSi adgilis erTianoba unda daicvaT, es ajobebs, vidredausrulebeli, uazro TxrobiT Cveni yurebis gadaRla da Cvenigonebis aRSfoTeba”. 1 TiTqmis imave dros, franguli klasicizmiskidev erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis _ pier kornelis _ kritikulstatiebSic gvxvdeba aRniSnuli termini. 2rusulma saliteraturo kritikam gadmoiRo frangulitradicia da analogiuri mniSvnelobiT daamkvidra igi. XIXs. IInaxevarSi a. n. veselovskim rusul literaturaTmcodneobaSi safuZveliCauyara siuJetis Teoriul Seswavlas. man gamoyo siu-Jetis Semadgeneli elementebi _ motivebi da mogvca Semdegi ganmarteba:`siuJetebi rTuli sqemebia, romelTa xatovanebaSi yofiTisinamdvilis Tanmimdevrul formebSi pova ganzogadeba adamianTacxovrebisa da fsiqikis cnobilma aqtebma. ganzogadebasukavSirdeba moqmedebis Sefasebac: dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi”. 3 rogorcvxedavT, XIXs. 20-ian wlebamde literaturaTmcodneobaSiorive termini iyo samecniero wrebrunvaSi ise, rom ar dazustebulamaTi arsi da, Sesabamisad, arc erTmaneTisgan gaumijnavT.aRniSnuli problema safuZvlianad iqna Seswavlili “rusuliformalisturi skolis” warmomadgenelTa naSromebSi. v.Sklovskis, b. eixenbaumis, b. tomaSevskis Tanaxmad, siuJeti dafabula aRniSnavs or naratiul (TxrobiT) instancias; fabulamovlenaTa Tanmimdevrobaa, rogorc is “sinamdvileSi moxda”; xolosiuJeti is, Tu rogor aris gadmocemuli es movlenebi teqstSi.mTxrobelis (mwerlis) mier gadmocemuli movlenebi, maTiTanmimdevroba, SesaZloa sulac ar emTxveodes fabulas. erTi daigive fabula, SesaZloa, sxvadasxva siuJetiT gadmoices. “fabulamxolod masalaa siuJetis Camosayalibeblad,” _ werda v.Sklovski. 4 igi yuradRebas amaxvilebs siuJetis agebis modelebidanor tipze: siuJeturi tavtologia da wriuli siuJeti.1. siuJeturi tavtologia, anu paralelizmi gulisxmobserT nawarmoebSi ori an meti paraleluri siuJeturixazis arsebobas, romlebic xasiaTdebian garkveuli avtonomiurobiT(damoukideblobiT). siuJetis ganviTare-1 nikola bualo de preo. poeturi xelovneba. Tb., 1998, gv. 43.2 J. A. Cuddon. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. NewYork 1991; gv. 1353 А. Н. Веселовский Историческая поэтика. М., 1931, gv. 269-298.4 В. В. Шкловский. Книга о сюжете. М., 1981, gv. 72.314

is garkveul etapze es xazebi erTmaneTs kveTs an enacvleba.magaliTad: daniel WonqaZis romanSi “suramis cixe”ori siuJeturi xazia: erTi mxriv, nodarisa (osmanaRas)da natuas Tavgadasavali da, meore mxriv, durmiSxanisada vardos Tavgadasavali. es siuJeturi xazebiikveTeba osman-aRasa da durmiSxanis Sexvedrisas.2. wriuli siuJetis principze umeteswilad agebulia deteqtiurinawarmoebebi. maTSi Segnebulad aris gamotovebuli(an araaqcentirebuli) is mniSvnelovani detali,romelic, rogorc wesi, boloSi gacxaddeba, logikuradxsnis nawarmoebSi ganviTarebul movlenebs da siuJetsdasrulebul saxes aZlevs.b. tomaSevski siuJetisa da fabulis problemasTan dakavSirebiTSeniSnavda: àr aris sakmarisi saintereso, damaintrigebelimovlenebis gamogoneba da erT Zafze asxma... es movlenebisworad, garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT unda ganalago, sainteresodgadmosce, fabuluri masalidan literaturuli kombinacia undaSeqmna. nawarmoebSi mxatvrulad agebul movlenaTa ganlagebawarmoadgens siuJets”. 1 rogorc vxedavT, b. tomaSevskisTan fabulagagebulia rogorc winaswar mocemuli raRac istoria, Sem-Txveva, cxovrebidan (an sulac sxva avtorebis nawarmoebebidan)aRebuli ambavi, romelic Semdgom mwerlis mier nawarmoebSi ostaturadunda iyos damontaJebuli.amgvarad, fabula warmoadgens mwerlis mier SerCeul masalas,romlis Sesaferisad dalagebis, kombinirebis da movlenaTadetalurad gadmocemis Sedegad viRebT mxatvrul nawarmoebs.SeiZleba iTqvas, rom siuJeti fabulis mxatvruli xorcSesxmaa.literaturis ganviTarebis yvela etapze siuJets centraluriadgili ekava nawarmoebis Seqmnis procesSi. XIXs. Sua wlebisTvisman ganviTarebis piks miaRwia kritikuli realizmis warmomadgenelTaSemoqmedebaSi (dikensi, balzaki, stendali, dostoevski,i. WavWavaZe, al. yazbegi da sxva).daaxloebiT amave periodSi gaCnda mweralTa pirad werilebSi(sadac isini maqsimalurad gulwrfelni iyvnen) pirveliminiSnebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom siuJeti erTgvarad abrkolebs,zRudavs mwerlis SemoqmedebiT process. mag.: 1870 wels gustav1 Б. Б. Томашевский. Теория литературы, Поэтика. М., 1931, gv. 92.315

floberi, romlis romanebi siuJetis brwyinvale organizaciiTgamoirCevian, werda, rom mas hqonda mSvenieri idea, Seeqmna nawarmoebisiuJetis gareSe, an iseTi Txzuleba mainc daewera,romelSic siuJeti TiTqmis uCinari iqneboda. mwerlobis momavalsfloberi swored am perspeqtivaSi xedavda. gustav floberissityvebi TiTqos winaswarmetyveluri aRmoCnda; XXs. roman-Si siuJets ukve aRar gaaCnia iseTi dominanturi mniSvneloba,rogorc wina saukuneebSi. cnobierebis nakadma, lirikulma aRsarebam,Sinaganma monologma, siRrmiseuli analiziT gajerebulimogonebebis Janrma arsebobis ufleba moipoves. Tumca es sulacar niSnavs, rom siuJetma Tavisi Tavi amowura. amas adasturebsis, rom dResdReobiT erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli Janri _deteqtivi _ siuJets Tavisi arsebobis erT-erT umniSvnelivanesprincipad da ZiriTad kanonad aRiarebs.siuJetTan dakavSirebuli problemebis saintereso gaazrebasvxvdebiT frangi literaturaTmcodnis, JorJ poltis naSromebSi.man sxvadasxva droisa da xalxis mier Seqmnili literaturulisiuJetebidan gamoyo 36 ZiriTadi siuJeti, romlebicgansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargebloben (sabediswero gaufr-Txilebloba, sasiyvarulo samkuTxedi, moqiSpe ojaxebis warmomadgenelTasiyvaruli da sxva). es siuJeturi variaciebi gauTaveblad“mogzauroben” erTi literaturidan meoreSi, erTi mwerlisSemoqmedebidan meore mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi. 1 amasTan dakav-SirebiT k. fesingi aRniSnavda: “saqme is ki ar aris, rom literaturaSiarseboben moxetiale siuJetebi, romlebic erTi erovnulimwerlobidan meoreSi gadainacvleben, aramed is, rom cxovrebiseulisinamdvile, yofa, socialuri urTierTobani erebisistoriaSi meordebodnen, meordebian da kvlavac gameordebian”. 2amrigad, Tanamedrove mwerals xelT aqvs uamravi siuJeturisqema, rac SemoqmedebiTi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas varirebissaSualebas iZleva. XXs. romanSi garTulda ara marto siuJeturiprincipebi, aramed gadmocemis saSualebani. marsel prustis,garsia markesis, milorad paviCis Tu milan kunderas romanebSiTxrobis safuZveli xdeba rTuli asociaciuri mogonebebi da1 S. Barnet, M. Berman, W. Burto. Dictionary of Literary, Dramatic and CinematicTerms. Boston, 1971, gv. 75.2 S. Barnet, M. Berman, W. Burto. Dictionary of Literary, gv. 125.316

gansjani, droSi daSorebuli epizodebis aRreva, erTi da imavesituaciis mravaljeradi interpretacia da sxva.MARIAM MIRESASHVILI, NANA GAPRINDASHVILISUBJECT AND PLOT AS THE CATEGORIESOF BELLES-LETTRES’ FORMForm and Content represent a dialectical unity, where according toHegel there is going on a continuous process of transition from one categoryto another (the content transits to the form and vice versa). Thus, awork of literature is represented on the one hand as a phenomenon, andon the other hand, as a process and the unity of relations. Therefore , therevealing of the form and content as a work of literature or a phenomenon’scomponent is inadmissible.317

318soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008lela mircxulavapostmodernistuli tendenciebi jemalqarCxaZis SemoqmedebaSiXXs. II naxevris qarTul literaturaSi warmoqmnilmacvlilebebma, romelic ganpirobebuli iyo axali adamianuri RirebulebebisCamoyalibebiT, istoriuli cvalebadobiTa da movlenebiT,xeli Seuwyo modernizmidan postmodernizmze gadasvlisprocess. udidesi Tavisufali nebis mqone postmodernistimwerali sruliad Tavisufal `sivrceSi~ moeqca; Tavisufaliformebi, moqmedeba, ganusazRvreloba, ironia, interteqsti, ormagikodireba, werili, mcire istoria da sxva mniSvnelovaniTvisebebi gamoikveTa XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis qarTul literaturaSi.gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia jemal qarCxaZis proza.igi XXs. erT-erTi saukeTeso qarTveli mweralia, gamorCeulistilisa da maneris mqone sityvis ostati. j. qarCxaZis proza,erTi mxriv, mihyveba Txrobis tradiciul etikets, meores mxriv,mkveTrad individualuria. mwerlis stili ar aris sqematuri.j. qarCxaZis nawarmoebebs zneobrivi maqsimalizmi da ukompromisobaaxasiaTebs da amasTanave, misi gmirebi sikeTis madliT ariangajerebulni. misi romanebi, moTxrobebi, novelebi sruliad axalimaneriT dawerili teqstebia, asociaciebiTa da qveteqstebiTdatvirTuli `sivrceebi~. jemal qarCxaZe aris metad mravalferovanimwerali, romelic Temebisa da problemebis SesabamisadirCevs weris am Tu im maneras.inteleqtualuri mkiTxvelisTvis sainteresoa avtoriseuli,,samyarouli koncefciis” gacnoba. nawarmoebebSi sakmaod mkafiodikveTeba j. qarCxaZiseuli xedva adamianis saarsebo samyaros,TviT adamianis samyaroSi arsebobis problemebisa. avtoriseulkoncefciaSi Cans mcdeloba idealist filosofosTa, platonis,kantis, hegelis naazrevis dakavSirebisa bunebismetyveli mecnieris,albert ainStainis, samyaros gagebis koncefciasTan. es kidevufro sainteresos xdis imis gaazrebas, rom samyaro ararogorc mxolod Cveni saWiroebisaTvis arsebuli an Cvens mi-

marT mtrulad ganwyobili garemod, aramed iseT saarsebo sivrcediqceva, romelSiac SesaZlebelia Cveni arseboba, sxva adamianebTanTanaarseboba, ris gareSec saerTod warmoudgenelia adamianisRirsebisa da Tavisuflebis ganxorcieleba. yovelive amisaRqmisa da warmodgenis saSualebas avtors is postmodernistuli`Tavisufleba~ aZlevs, romelic ucxo ar iyo 80-iani wlebisqarTveli mwerlebisaTvis.novela `dro~ warmoadgens mniSvnelovan `teqsts~. minaweriT_ `fantastikuri Rimili~ TiTqos avtori winaswar aZlevsmiTiTebas mkiTxvels, rom aq aRwerili ambavi scildeba realobas,magram Seicavs ufro mets. nawarmoebSi vxvdebiT ironiasac.bedis, sicocxlis, sikvdilis, gangebisa da drois cnebebisadmiinteresi TandaTan mZafrdeba Tanamedrove literaturaSi,rac socialur-istoriul sakiTxebTan erTad axali literaturulimimdinareobis cvalebadobiT aris gamowveuli. usasrulodrosa da sivrceSi moqceuli adamiani rCeba ucvleli, is mxolodgaregnulad icvleba, Sinaganad ki iseTivea, rogoric RmerTma`Seqmna~. novelaSi `dro~ naCvenebia, rom, miuxedavad drois mouxelTeblobisa,usasrulobisa, aris iseTi ram, rac ar icvlebada rac adamians Sinaganad aqvs gamjdari, es aris rwmena. avtormaazris dafiqsireba Tavis personaJebs miando, TviTon ki ar Cans.es aris `Cveulebrivi werili~, romelsac hyavs avtoric da adresatic.avtori mimarTavs ironias, raTa gviCvenos adamianTa pretenzia_ daikavon sagangebo da mTavari adgili samyaroSi. kacobriobisistoriis `muzeumi~ samyaros istoriaa, sadac Cans warsuli,awmyo da momavali, kacobriobis warmoSoba da ganviTareba.nawarmoebSi Txroba mTlianad meore pirSi mimdinareobs dafaqtobrivad warmoadgens ori personaJis mimoweras, romlidanerTi, avtori, Cans realurad, xolo adresati irealuri persona-Jia. es werili swored am ukanasknelisadmia mimarTuli, amitomacmeore personaJad, moqmed gmirad ganvixilavT. am werilis miRmaam ori personaJis urTierToba aranairi StrixiT ar aris mocemuli;anu es urTierToba arsebobs mxolod teqstis formaSi,rogorc erTgvari wigni wignSi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT werilisSinaarss, aq imdenad ar aris saintereso maTi Tundac teqstismiRmieriurTierToba, Tundac maTi calkeuli yofa da arseboba,mTavari aris is, rac am urTierTobis miRma arsebobs, aq ar Canskonkretuli dro, manZili, anu ar arsebobs dro, konkretuli319

teritoria, es yvelaferi erTian sivrceSia moqceuli; iqmneba postmodernistulidro, ganusazRvreli formebiTa da TvisebebiT.novela `dro~-s aqvs minaweri _ `fantastikuri Rimili~,romelic xazs usvams am nawarmoebis ormag azrs, ironiulobas.saerTod, ironia damaxasiaTebelia postmodernistuli teqstisaTvis.sityva fantastikuri niSnavs uCveulos, jerarnaxuls,araCveulebrivs, brwyinvales, xolo fantastikuri, xumrobanarevi,ironiuli RimiliT avtori qmnis nawarmoebs, sadac siuJetisuCveulo, moulodneli ganviTarebiT Cndeba avtoris niRabi, interteqstualoba,ormagi kodireba.avtori originalurad warmogvidgens `werils”, romelicSeicavs adamianis msoflgancdis, msoflSegrZnebis ZiriTad elementebs,adamianis damokidebulebas droisa da sivrcisadmi daswrafvas Seucnoblisken, romlis àmokiTxvac” daudgromel adamianebs`siZveleTa muzeumSi” SeuZliaT. werili ekuTvnis lukes,adresati ki aris enu, xolo TariRdeba: `mesame welTaRricxvis2779 wels, anbanur-pirobiTi Targmani Sesrulebulia meorewelTaRricxvis 1979 wels”. 1 unda aRvniSnoT, rom avtori xSiradmimarTavs ironias, da formula ìyav is, rac xar”, romelicgvxvdeba mis erT-erT moTxrobaSi `meTormete mcneba”, TiTqosjemal qarCxaZis mTel Semoqmedebas gasdevs. am aqtualurimowodebis ironiad qceva avtors imisTvis sWirdeba, rom kideverTxel miuTiTos, adamiani is unda iyos, vinc aris da Tu esase ar aris, maSin adamians uxdeba brZola srulyofisaTvis dasakuTari Tavis damkvidrebisaTvis am samyaroSi.dro da sivrce, es ori amoucnobi da amouxsneli fenomeniakacobriobisTvis, romlis SeCereba, Secnoba ase aRelvebT adamianebs.mesame welTaRricxvis 1979w. novelis mixedviT didi fizikosida mxatvari taiZi qmnis `kanons droisa da sivrcis igiveobisSesaxeb”. iwyeba qrononavtebis `mogzauroba” droSi, romelicèrTxel da samudamod cnobili rom gvegona, kvlav xelidangagvisxlta... mecnieruli Teoria orgvaria: erTia mcdariTeoria, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi sworiT Seicvleba, da meoreaswori Teoria, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi ufro sworiTSeicvleba~. 2fizikosi, mxatvari taiZi Tavis saxelosnoSi `Turme gata-1 j. qarCxaZe. dro. _ wgn.: j. qarCxaZe. dRe erTi. Tb., 1982, gv. 132.2 j. qarCxaZe. dro, gv. 138.320

cebiT xatavda sivrces, moZraobas, dros, graviacias”... man Camoayalibacnobili moZRvreba, rom àrsebobs erTgvari `dasabami sicocxle”,romlis gansazRvra SeuZlebelia adamianis bunebis orgvarobisgamo, radganac sakuTar TavSi gardauvalad Seicavs sapirispirocnebas. àrseboba ueWvelad gulisxmobs ararsebobas;maradiuli _ droebiTs, erTi _ mravals da ase Semdeg”... dasabamisicocxle gansxeulebisaken miiswrafvis. am miznis misaRwevadigi pirvel rigSi sakuTar Tavs droSi amJRavnebs. dro universaluriideaa, uzogadesi koordinati, romelic moicavs da gansazRvravsyovelives _ fizikursac da metafizikursac”, 1 amitomtaiZim mas garkveuli adamianuri kategoriebi miusadaga, rogoricaamoZraoba, cnobiereba. taiZis varaudiT, drom Svidi safexuriunda gaiaros da meSvide safexurze is miaRwevs srul lokalizacias_ iqceva sivrced.nawarmoebSi asaxuli dro, romelsac fantastikuri ieridasdevs da aseve Svidi safexuri sivrceSi, jemal qarCxaZesTiTqos mTavar Temad uqcevia droisa da sivrcis, droisa da mo-Zraobis da, saerTod, am moZrav da mouxelTebel droSi adamianisrolis gansazRvrisTvis.literaturaSi arsebobs cneba _ `droSi mogzauroba~, rocairRveva warmodgena absoluturi drois Sesaxeb da avtori sruliadTavisufalia da drois `patronad~ gvevlineba. rusi mecnierim. m. baxtini droiT-sivrculi mimarTebis Sesaxeb wers: `droi-Ti da sivrcobrivi mimarTebis arsebiT urTierTkavSirs, romelicmxatvrulad gaazrebulia literaturaSi, qronotops vuwodebT,literaturul qronotopSi SeiniSneba sivrcobrivi da droiTiniSan-Tvisebebis Serwyma da maTi gaerTianeba konkretuli mTlianobissaxiT. dro aq ikumSeba, mkvrivdeba da mxatvrul TvalsaCinoebasiZens; sivrce ki intensificirdeba, monawileobs drois,siuJetis, istoriis ganviTarebaSi. drois niSnebi vlindeba sivrceSi,sivrce ki aRiqmeba da izomeba drois meSveobiT~. 2 avtormascada drois `gansxeulebiT” eCvenebina adamianis swrafva miuwvdomlisken.taiZis gamokvlevidan rvaasi wlis Semdeg eol sorislaboratoriaSi Catarda eqsperimenti da mogzauroba droSi. pirveliqrononavti aris iuhe, romelic droSi mogzaurobisas ucnauraRtacebas grZnobs: ès aris realuri formebis, realuri1 j. qarCxaZe. dro, gv. 138.2 М. М. Бахтин. Литературно-критические статьи. M., 1986, gv. 121.21. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi321

ideebisa da realuri ferebis samyaro, sadac cnobiereba uSualod,grZnobis organoebis gareSe, aRiqvams obieqts. me am samyaroSidavfrinavdi... sizmriseuli frena sivrceSi frenaa. dematerializaciisSemTxvevaSi ki igi ideis gancdaa, sadac sivrce ararsebobs; rac Seexeba dros, dro obieqtad ar aRinusxeba, magramcnobierebas SemorCenili aqvs bundovani codna misi arsebobis Sesaxeb.ase davfrinavdi azrebs, ideebs, simboloebs Soris~. 1saintereso mosazreba aqvs drois aRqmasTan dakavSirebiTmweral xorxe luis borxess: `dro warmoadgens arsiseul problemas.amiT imis Tqma minda, rom droisagan Cven ar SegviZliaabstragireba, Cveni cnobiereba niadag gadadis erTi mdgomareobidanmeoreSi da swored esaa dro: Tanmimdevroba. vgoneb,anri bergsonma Tqva, rom dro warmoadgens metafizikis mTavarproblemas. es problema rom gagverkvia, Cven gavarkvevdiT yvelagamocanas, magram, sabednierod, Cven es ar gvemuqreba. Cven mudamamoxsnis wyurvili gveqneba... ar vici, ramdenad win waviwieTdrois problemis gadawyveta-gadaWris saqmeSi oci-ocdaaTi saukunisfiqris Semdeg, magram Cven axlac ganvicdiT im Zvel Secbunebas,odesRac heraklite rom moicva. me vubrundebi mis gamonaTqvams:veravin ver Seva orjer erTsa da imave mdinareSi...swored amaSi mdgomareobs drois problema, es medinobis problemaa:dro midis. Tuki samyaros Cveni warmodgenis qmnilebadCavTvlidiT _ virwmunebdiT, rom TiToeuli Cvengani Tavis ocneba-zmanebaSiqmnis Tavis samyaros, _ Cven SegveZlo dagveSva, romCveni azrovneba moZraobs erTi azridan meorisaken, da qvedayofaniar arsebobs. aris mxolod is, rasac Cven SevigrZnobT, mxolodCveni emociebi, Cveni warmosaxva~. 2mniSvnelovani simboluri datvirTva aqvs siZveleTa muzeumisgamgebels, moxuc uar dens, romelic cdilobs yovelgvaradamianur àRmoCenas~, kacobriobisaTvis arasasargeblos, win aRudges.mis muzeumSi Tavmoyrilia ramdenime `wigni”, romlis SesaxebnaTqvamia: ìnformaciis Senaxvis ucnauri saSualeba, romelic meorewelTaRricxvis Sua xanebamde yofila gavrcelebuli”. 3 uardeni sazogadoebis gamosafxizleblad marTavs demonstraciebs,1 j. qarCxaZe. dro, gv. 139.2 xorxe luis borxesi. dro. Targmani inglisuridan T. cankaSvilisa,ix. eleqtronuli versia: www.lib.ge3 j. qarCxaZe. dro, gv. 141.322

saprotesto moZraobebs, mTel qalaqSi ismoda misi àxirebulimowodebebi: `nu amRvrevT saTaves, Torem SesarTavSi moiwamlebiT!”`nu WriT im tots, romelzedac zixarT!” `nu klavT sakuTarwinapars, Tu ar gindaT logikam saxlidan gamogaZevoT!”. 1jemal qarCxaZis Semoqmedeba mdidaria paradoqsuli frazebiT,romlebic garda movlenis moulodneli kuTxiT warmoCenisa,udides informacias warmoadgens. moulodnelobiT aris aRsavsenovela `dro”-s finali, TiTqos iuhes mogzauroba warsulSi, didebulbunebaSi, sivrceSi eWvs ar iwvevs, arc is, rom is undadaexmaros gaubedav kacs, romelic simamris pirutyvs mwyemsavs,radganac daTrgunulia, ar SeuZlia Tanamemamuleebis gamoxsna dadaxmareba. iuhe aZlevs mas joxs, romelsac atommaregulirebelirgolis meSveobiT, mzis sxivebiT an mkvrivs xdis, an drekads, daeubneba: `vinca var, isa var”, wadi da daixseni Senianebio. mas Seecodaes adamiani, amitom daarRvia instruqcia da kavSiri daamyara`warsulTan”. darbazSi samarisebuli siCume Camovarda, yvelamosalodnel safrTxeze fiqrobs, radganac istoriis Secvla SeuZlebelia,magram uar denis xarxari yvelafers cvlis. igi kiTxulobswignebs, sadac moses Tavgadasavalia moTxrobili: `xolomose Tavis simamr ioTorris, gadiamelTa qurums, cxvars umwyemsavda.erTxel, roca fara tramalebze miudioda, miadga RvTismTas _ qorebs. aq mas, cecxlmodebul mayvlis buCqSi, uflis angelozimoevlina. mosem, ra ixila, mayvlis buCqs cecxli ekidada ar iwvoda, Tqva; es ra sakvirveli xilvaa! mival erTi da vnaxav,ratom ar iwvis buCqi. RmerTma rom misken mimavali mose dainaxa,dauZaxa: mose! mose! mosem miugo: ra aris? RmerTma uTxra:fexT gaixade, eg adgili, Sen rom dgaxar, wminda miwaa. mere uTxra,me vixile, Tu ra gasaWiri adga Cems ers egvipteSi, movismine,rogor SehRaRadeben TavianT mCagvrelebs da Sebralebas sTxoven,gavige, ra mZime gansacdelSi arian. da ai, movedi, rom Sen gagagzavnoegviptis faraonTan. Sen unda gamoiyvano Cemi eri egviptidan.mosem uTxra: vin var me, rom faraonTan mivide da israelebiegviptidan gamoviyvano! RmerTma uTxra: me viqnebi SenTan.mosem uTxra: rom mkiTxon, vin aris is, vinc gamogagzavna, saxeladra hqviao, ra vupasuxo? RmerTma uTxra: me is var, vinc varda aseve upasuxe, vinc aris, man gamomgzavna-Tqo?!~. 21 j. qarCxaZe. dro, gv. 141.2 j. qarCxaZe. dro, gv. 144.323

am erTma citatam, moyvanilma bibliidan, mTlianad Secvalaaqamde arsebuli warmodgena drois Sesaxeb. mkiTxvelma TiTqosdaijera, rom mesame welTaRricxvis 2779 wels moxda qrononavtebiseqspediciis mogzauroba droSi, magram moulodnelma dasasrulmayvelaferi erTbaSad Secvala. citata postmodernistuliprozis erT-erT Taviseburebas warmoadgens, rodesac avtorsSeuZlia cnobili teqstidan an istoriidan romelime epizodisgamoyeneba da masze mTeli Tavisi nawarmoebis ageba ise,rom masSi Candes avtoris azri, idea Tu damokidebuleba ama Tuim sakiTxisadmi.moulodneli dasasruli saerTod damaxasiaTebelia j. qar-CxaZis novelebisaTvis, TiTqos yvelaferi gadawyvetilia, novelaunda dasruldes da, am dros, moulodneli finali udides emociurzemoqmedebas axdena mkiTxvelze. postmodernisti mwerlebimimarTaven citacias, decitacias, miTologias, istorias, folklors,raTa ukeTesad warmoaCinon TavianTi msoflmxedveloba,da aseve, nawarmoebebSi yovelTvis toveben mravalwertilebs. jemalqarCxaZis SemoqmedebaSi uxvad aris moulodnelobiT datvirTulisivrceebi, qveteqstebi, asociaciebi.amrigad, Cven xelT gvaqvs TiTqos Cveulebrivi werili, sadacmimowera gamogonilia, magram ayvanilia dokumenturobisstatusSi. mocemulia mxatvruli funqciebi, romelic am werilissxeulSia TviTon moqceuli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aq sametyveloena aris ekleqtikuri, cvalebadi, sanaxaobrivi da literaturuladesTetiuri, saqme gvaqvs decitaciis formasTanac.j. qarCxaZis novelaSi `dro” avtorma ucnaurad da axleburadwarmogvidgina droisa da sivrcisadmi, Seucnoblisadmiadamianis damokidebuleba, misi aramdgradi ganwyobileba, Zvelisdaviwyeba da Tavidan aRmoCena. gaucxoebuli adamiani cdilobsipovos xsnis gza, swored amgvari adamianebis sulieri mdgomareobisaRwera SeZlo avtorma. jemal qarCxaZis prozaSi warmodgeniliapostmodernizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli simboluroba,qveteqstebi, eseisturoba, orazrovneba, citatebi, romlebicudides Rirebulebas warmoadgens XXs. II naxevris qarTulmwerlobaSi.Tavisuflebisadmi swrafva, individualobisadmi gamorCeulimidrekileba, sulieri gancda, epoqis gamoxmaurebad Cndeba jemalqarCxaZis moTxrobaSi ,,igi”. ,,igi”, marTlac rom, Tavisufali su-324

lis istoriaa, romelmac gadalaxa amqveyniuri pirobiTobebi dasakuTar TavSi axali samyaro aRmoaCina, miTumetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebTsaqarTvelos imJamindel realobas, marTalia, sabWoTadiqtaturas ukve aRar hqonda staliniseuli simZime, magram komunisturisamyaros rkinis farda isev ZalaSi iyo.moTxrobis saTauri _ ,,igi” _ TavisTavad iwvevs garkveuliganzogadebisaken swrafvas. xolo minaweri _ ,,preistoriulimoTxroba” _ aris erTgvari miniSneba, simbolo, romelic mkiTxvelmaunda miiRos da amoxsnas. preistoriuloba saerTod istoriismiRma arsebul procesebze migvaniSnebs, TiTqos drois wamzomiSeCerebulia da amas nawarmoebSi Tavisi funqcia aqvs da esganwyoba mTeli teqstis manZilze marTldeba: ,,roca ca dRisTvals gaaxels da qveynierebas sibneles gadaaclis, igi ava ma-Ral qarafze da didi daZinebis xaxaSi gadaeSveba”. 1nawarmoebSi dasawyisidanve Semodis gansxvavebuli dro _sivrculi ganzomileba, romelic moTxrobis problematikas ukav-Sirdeba. mTeli moTxrobis ganmavlobaSi vxvdebiT individisa dasazogadoebis, individisa da maradisobis urTierTobis problemas.,,roca ca dRis Tvals gaaxels”, ,,maRali qarafi”, ,,didi da-Zinebis xaxa”, ,,roca Signidan cecxlis ena amoimarTeba da caferflis RrublebiT daifareba”, ,,gafarToebuli Tvalebi erTmaneTSiSecurdnen” da sxva metaforebi aSkarad sivrcis gamokve-Tas emsaxureba. avtori qmnis namdvil preistoriul pirobiTobas,sadac drois miRma realoba ufro sainteresoa. samyarospirveladi saxe da msoflSegrZneba Tavisebur metaforebSia gacxadebuli.Sesavlidan vigebT _ dapirispirebis obieqti aris igi, miscnobiersa da qvecnobierSi Casaxedad mTxrobels warsulSi gadavyavarT;aq igis Sinagani mdgomareobaa aRwerili, romelic SemecnebiTiprocesiTaa motivirebuli. es sakuTar TavTan gulubryvilodialogSic ki mJRavndeba: ,,Tavidan igisac ase egona, magramaxla, roca mravali gakvirveba codnad eqca, mixvda, rom mudamaraferi yofila, yvelaferi odesRac gaCnda, da uxmod ikiTxaTavis sxeulSi: ratom adis damarcxebuli beladi didi daZinebisqarafze?”. 2 Semecnebis procesi gansxvavebul pirovnebadayalibebs mas, vizualuradac igi welSi gamarTuli dadis.1 j. qarCxaZe. igi. _ wgn.: j. qarCxaZe. moTxrobebi. Tb., 2007, gv. 1992 j. qarCxaZe. igi, gv. 200.325

TiTqos gamoiyo ori mxare: calke dgas igi da calke sazogadoeba,Tavisi beladiTurT, romelic welSi moxrili mxolodmiwas misCerebia. igis fiqrebi ise miedineba, TiTqos mTxrobeliarc arsebobdes. Cvenc samyaros igis TvalebiT vuyurebT,amitomac masTan erTad aRmovaCenT mis gansxvavebulobasac da sazogadoebisuaryofiT reaqciasac; roca pirvelad gaacnobiera sakuTarigansxvavebuloba, SekrTa da aman wuxili da martoobissimZime moutana. igi imTaviTve gaemijna TiTqos sazogadoebas,magram es xelSesaxebad, qarafis Suawelze aRiqva.igi mTavari subieqtia teqstSi da, Sesabamisad, yovelive misgarSemo da mis SigniT viTardeba. garegnul peripetiebze metadcnobierisa da qvecnobieris siRrmeSi mimdinare procesebi iwvevsgansakuTrebul interess. igis cnobiereba da fiqrebic SignidanikveTeba, sxeulis siRrmidan modis, xolo dialogebi sakuTarTavTan, sxeulTan kavSirSia danaxuli: ,,igis sxeulSi gakvirvebaSekrTa”, ,,igim sxeulSi Tqva”. misi fiqrebi TiTqos sxeulissivrceSia Caketili: ,,ni nel-nela qreboda sxeulSi da silaSiCndeboda”, SemoqmedebiTi aqti sxeulis siRrmidan viTardeba. iqmnebaSTabeWdileba, TiTqos igis qvecnobieris nawili Tavisufldebasxeulis Caketili sivrcidan: ,,TiTqos gaiSala, gaizardada mTeli sivrce amoavso. axla, rac ki iyo irgvliv, yvelaferigaerTianda, erT arsad iqca yvelaferi... mere, roca garemos mowydada isev sakuTar sxeulSi moeqca, danarCeni sagnebic TavianTsxeulSi dabrundnen”. 1 sxeuli, rogorc Caketili sivrce,romelic kaTarzisis dros mTeli samyarosaTvis unda gaixsnas:,,igis SeeZlo, roca moisurvebda, gaexsna es sxeuli da maSinqveyniereba weRandeliviT mxolod igi iqneboda, erTiani da ganuyofeliigi, romelsac araferi eqneboda sxeulad”. 2 igim TiTqosukve icis, rom moipova iseTi codna, romelic sxvisgan ganar-Cevs. es aris cnobierebis gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba, romlisarssac igi bolomde Caswvdeba maSin, roca amqveyniuris samansgadalaxavs.pirveli aRmoCenis Semdeg igi nel-nela mivida sakuTarigansxvavebulobis aRiarebamde. es gza ar yofila winaaRmdegobisaganTavisufali. pirvel aRmoCenas wuxili daupirispirda:,,igim scada gamarTuliyo. tkivili dilandeliviT Caafrinda1 j. qarCxaZe. igi, gv. 201.2 j. qarCxaZe. igi, gv. 201.326

zurgSi. igim daikvnesa da gaimarTa. cota xnis Semdeg kidev scada...tkivili yviroda”. 1 Tumca es amao mcdeloba aRmoCnda. igimisdauneburad kvlav gansxvavebul mdgomareobas daubrunda, realuradimas, rac masSi potenciis saxiT yovelTvis arsebobda,individi garkveul etapebs gadis gansxvavebulobis misaRwevadTu gasaqarwyleblad. igiSi xdeba gardasaxva.sazogadoebisagan gamocalkevebas mohyva xangrZlivi zRvrulimdgomareoba. igis gansxvavebulobas gamudmebiT gvagrZnobinebsmTxrobeli. igis, rogorc personaJis, Sinagani mdgomareoba dateqstis formidan momdinare SegrZnebebi erTmaneTs Tanxvdeba.igis survils, wina-aRmdegoba gauwios sakuTar gansxvavebulobas,qvecnobieridan wamosuli impulsi Trgunavs. cvlilebebi igiscnobierisa da qvecnobieris urTierTmimarTebis dros Cndeba. misimcdeloba, dabrundes ukan, ganuxorcielebeli rCeba, Tumcakvlav alternativisken miiswrafvis, radgan mas sxvagvarad arZaluZs. igim sakuTar TavSi aRmoaCina sxva samyaro: ,,siTbo, romelsaczRva gamoscemda, ca, cis TvaliT mkrTalad ganaTebuliqedebi, tye da yvelaferi, rac irgvliv Canda, yoveli mxridanSemovida igis sxeulSi”. 2moTxrobis dasawyisSi beladis mkacri sityvebi igis gansxvavebulobasRiad usvams xazs, Tumca mTavari personaJis Sinaganiformireba erT dReSi ar dasrulebula. es iseTive Senelebuliprocesi aRmoCnda, rogoric Tavad teqstia. mTxrobeli nelnelaZerwavs igis individualur bunebas. cnobierisa da qvecnobierisperipetiebi igis ufro didi cvlilebebisaTvis amzadebsda misi Sinagani arseba Tavdapirvelad sityvebTan urTierTobisasgamJRavnda. yovel nabijze igrZnoba saxarebiseuli WeSmariteba.swored sityvebi ayalibebs igis Sinagan samyaros: ,,ucxosityvebi rom Semoeseodnen da igi maTs asxmasa da dalagebas Seudgeboda,gaurkveveli simZime sxeulSi tkivilad eRvreboda”. 3SemecnebiTma procesma ki sityvebTan urTierToba aswavla:,,sityvebi gamwkrivdebian da ise miuyvebian maTTvis miCenil gzas,rogorc nadiri miuyveba gakvalul biliks wyarosaken”. 4 Tumcasanam ,,gamwkrivebuli sityvebi” daniSnulebis adgils miaRwev-1 j. qarCxaZe. igi, gv. 220.2 j. qarCxaZe. igi, gv. 220.3 j. qarCxaZe. igi, gv. 221.4 j. qarCxaZe. igi, gv. 236.327

dnen, Seqmnidnen Rrma azrs, igim isic gaacnobiera, rom sityvebi,,raRacis,, gamo-xatulebaa. im ,,raRacis”, rac yvelaze arsebiTiada yoveliveSi iCens Tavs; ,,igis ara aqvs sityvebi. sityvebi ra-Racaa da TavisTvisaa. xolo raRaca yvelganaa... xandaxan igisTavSi Semodis”, raRaca ,,sityvis~ sulieri Sinaarsia. alternativisakenswrafva igis pirovnulad ayalibebs. igi jer xelovansipovis sakuTar TavSi, finalSi ki yvelaze arsebiTs – sakuTarTavs _ ,,is... rac igiSi igi iyo”.nis siyvaruli SemoqmedebiT aqts aRmoaCeninebs igis, racTavis mxriv sakuTari Tavisa da alternatiuli samyaros Semecnebamdemiiyvans.nebismieri nawarmoebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs finals.jemal qarCxaZesTan gansakuTrebiT xSiria moulodneli sivrceebiTdatvirTuli finali. xSir SemTxvevaSi aq Tavs iyris kvanZisgaxsna, kaTarzisi, personaJis mier miznis miRweva da a.S. aqvexdeba igis xasiaTis bolomde gaxsna, alternatiuli samyarossamanTan misvla, rac umaRlesi SemecnebiT da samyarosTan harmoniulidialogiT sruldeba: ,,igis sxeulSi didi siswrafiT SemoiWrauricxvi tomi. yvela gamarTuli iyo, yvela _ mxrebSigaSlili. cas uyurebdnen. sxivosani Tvalebi hqondaT... igi mixvda,rom yvelaze ufro, cis Tvalebze Soreul qedebze, zRvazeda tyeze ufro, misi welSi moxrili, viwroSubliani Zmebi Ses-Txovdnen da evedrebodnen: gaimarTos igi! dawinaurdes igi!~. 1igim isic aRmoaCina, rom miuxedavad beladisa da sazogadoebisuaryofiTi damokidebulebisa, TiToeul maTganSic aris Tavisuflebismarcvali, romelic saguldagulodaa damaluli.isinic atareben igis msgavs gamarTul, laR suls sakuTar Tav-Si, romelic aseve Caketilia sxeulis sivrceSi da garRvevasmoelis. es aris swored ,,igis” idea, moTxrobis finali am ideismxatvruli gansxeulebaa. masad qceul adamianebSic SeuZliadainaxos maTi yvelaze dafaruli, individualuri saxe, Tu isiniamas jer ver acnobiereben, erTi adamiani mainc rCeba zusti saxiT,romelic ukve gamarTulia da igis ideis memkvidrea. maradisobissamanTan dasmuli mtanjveli kiTxvis _ ,,isic rom icodesigim,... ra darCeba misgan” _ pasuxia: ,,igisgan swored is darCa,rac igiSi igi iyo”. ismeba wertili da wydeba Txroba, Cerdebadroc da qreba sivrcec.1 j. qarCxaZe. igi, gv. 236.328

ogorc zeinab kikviZe ganmartavs, moTxroba ,,igis” Tematuridone antromorfuli azrovnebis uZveles periods ukavSirdeba.ris gamoc gare samyaros movlenebi adamianis Sinagani mdgomareobisaRmniSvneli sityvebiT gamoixata, mag.: ,,sxivis deda”, ,,zRvismSvidi sunTqva”, ,,Ramis Tvali” da a.S.. mTeli teqsti ganxilvada SegrZneba am msoflxedviTa da SegrZnebiTaa aRbeWdili da SesaZlebeli.1mniSvnelovania agreTve jemal qarCxaZis moTxroba `gube”.avtors xalisiani da amavdros brZnuli iumoristuli ganwyobiT,paradoqsuli frazebiT, umTavres problemasTan mivyavarT,romelic damoukidebuli esTetikuri Rirebulebebis Semcvelia:`RirsebiT naklis miCqmalva SeuZlebelia, nakli mxolod sxvanakliT Tu miiCqmaleba~. 2 mTavar dapirispirebul mxares ùswavleli”(sofleli) kosta da misi `naswavli” (qalaqeli) qvisliiaSa warmoadgenen. dapirispireba garegnulad ar Cans. igi mxolodkostas cnobierebaSi mimdinareobs.moTxroba `gube” prologis, epilogisa da ori nawilisaganSedgeba. orive nawilis saTauria `gansacdeli~, anu mwerali iumoriT,`mxiaruli~ mxatvruli xerxiT gvagrZnobinebs, rom aqnamdvil gansacdelTan ara gvaqvs saqme.prologSi saubaria mweralsa da mwerlobaze. avtorisTqmiT, man aTasi Tavi mainc unda gaCxrikos, `rom erT maTganSixvreli vipovoT”... man moaxerxa kostas `TavSi” SeRweva, raTagaego misi fiqri, azri, grZnoba. mTeli misi cnobiereba mkiTxvelisTavlwin gadaSala. kosta aris adamiani, romelic Tavis fizikurnaklze, sigamxdrezea orientirebuli. avtorma gubesa dakostas cnobierebas Soris arsebul `msgavsebas~ gausva xazi,oRond jer `Seecada” ganexila cxovrebis arsi: `sityvas ar SeuZliacxovrebis arsi gadmosces, radgan cnobiereba usagnoa, sityvaki nivTieri sagani, ris gamoc maT Sexebis wertili ar gaaCniaT...erTaderTi gza is aris, rom vilaparakoT igaviT, anu vilaparakoTara TviT cnobierebaze, aramed im nivTier STabeWdilebaze,rasac es cnobiereba aRgviZravs... am or movlenas Soris kavSiriiseve ararealuria, rogorc, vTqvaT, zeTis saRebavsa da mona lizasRimils Soris”... cnobiereba hgavs `gaumdinare gubes~, romel-1 z. kikviZe. miTosuri antromorfizmidan mxatvrul tropamde. _Jurn.: ,,qarTveluri memkvidreoba~, #10. Tb., 2006, gv. 146.2 j. qarCxaZe. gube. Tb., 2003, gv. 7.329

sac zemodan wvima dasdis. `gubis zedapirze koncentrirebuliwreebi Tanabari siCqariT iSlebian yvela mxares da centridan periferiisakenmiiswrafvian. gubis siRrmidan gaurkveveli SiSiniismis. es wyalqveSa dinebebia. isini mousvenrad daZrwian gubeSinair-nairi mimarTulebiT da zedapirze amosvlas lamoben. zedapirzever amodian, magram, rodesac wvimis wveTebis mier warmoqmniliwreebi, am dinebaTa gzas gadakveTaven, Cndeba jaWvi, romeliczedapirze amoiwvereba da mere ferebad iSleba, wiTlad,cisfrad da iisfrad... ferebad daSlili jaWvis fiqrebia”. 1pirveli nawilSi, romelsac `gansacdeli” hqvia, asaxuliakostas sulieri fiqrebi, misi dapirispireba qvisl iaSasTan,romlis upiratesobasac igi grZnobs da amitomac ase aRelvebiTreagirebs colisdis werilis miRebisas. ramdenjerme icvleba misi`cnobierebis gubis~ ferebi, sadac karga xans midis dava àrasa~da `hos~, wasvlasa da arwasvlas Soris naTelas miwvevaze.qvislis ganaTleba, simdidre kostas maSinve sakuTar nakls,siwvriles axsenebs, Tumca nawarmoebSi arsad ar aris naCvenebiiaSas dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi. aq gadmocemulia mxolodkostas damokidebuleba, avtormac xom mis cnobierebaSi `SeRweviT”moaxerxa misi fiqrebis da azrovnebis gadmocema.meore nawilSi, romelsac aseve `gansacdeli~ hqvia, asaxuliakostas gansacdeli _ misi coli maro, romelmac usiamovnokiskisi da Tvalebis ceceba icoda. maros patiosnebaSi eWvi arepareboda kostas, magram mainc ver mSviddeboda. kostas mTeligansacdeli moTxrobaSi warmoadgens `brZolas” sakuTar TavTan,patara serafitasa da mis mSoblebTan, sakuTar colTan, avtobusismgzavrebTan. aq ironizebulad aris gadmocemuli gansacdeli,romelic adamianis azrovnebaSi ikavebs adgils da zogjer absurdulmsjelobamde midis. moTxrobaSi aRwerili yvela personaJimTavaric da epizoduric STambeWdavad aris daxatuli. avtobusismgzavrTagan umetesobis saxelebi ar viciT: wiTuridevkaci da qaCali mamakaci, gamxdari qali, ori Zmakaci _ `maRali”da `dabali~, magram yvelas saTiTaod udidesi mniSvnelobaaqvs kostas cnobierebaSi.moTxrobaSi asaxulia kostas Sinagani samyaro, misi sulierigancdebi, mis pirad cxovrebaSi mimdinare procesebi, romeliccnobierebis gubeSi fers icvlis da sabolood fiqrad ya-1 j. qarCxaZe. gube, gv. 15-16.330

libdeba, Semdegad ki SesaZlebelia gadawyvetilebis miReba. j.qarCxaZem ucnauri formiT warmogvidgina axali tipis moTxroba,gansxvavebuli stiliT da maneriT Sesrulebuli, TviT saTauric_ `gansacdeli” _ ironiaa, radgan namdvil da saSiS gansacdel-Tan ki ara gvaqvs saqme, aramed kostas Sinagani winaaRmdegobriobasTanda sakuTar TavTan `brZolasTan”.saintereso maneriT aris dawerili jemal qarCxaZis novela`meTerTmete mcneba”, romelsac aqvs epigrafi: `Tu aiRebT raimesityvas da daRonebiT imeorebT, SeamCnevT, rom igi TandaTan daiclebaSinaarsisagan da uazro bgerebad iqceva~. 1 TviT am sityvebidanveCans, rom novelaSi dasmulia maradiuli sakiTxi adamianismsoflaRqmisa da msoflSegrZnebisa samyaroSi, mcdeloba`xmauriani~ cxovrebisagan gaqcevisa da sakuTari Tavis Ziebissurvili, rac gamowveulia gaucxoebiT, kavSiris gawyvetiT adamianebTanda TviT sakuTar TavTanac.saxelganTqmuli msaxiobi zaal niJaraZe antraqtis drosmarto rCeba Tavis patara ufanjro oTaxSi da grZnobs raRacas,SemaSfoTebels, amaforiaqebels. uyurebs sakuTar oreuls msaxiobisarkeSi, TviTon sarkis winaa, oreuli _ sarkis ukan, magramùkan ar arsebobs... ukan imis mogonili sityvaa, visac Tavi`win” hgonia”... erTi namdvili zaal niJaraZea, meore _ iluziuri.Semdeg yvelaferi amoZravdeba: fiqric, azric, sulic da zaalniJaraZe uxmod etyvis Tavis Tavs: `Sen pampula xar... niWieripampula xar, aRiarebuli, saxelmoxveWili”. 2 igi TamaSobsyoveldRiur cxovrebaSic, TeatrSic da mis mier Sesrulebuligmirebis: liris, otelos, keisris personaJebSi gaiTqvifa, bunebrivadcolTan Cxubic ar gamoudis, verafers akeTebs `Teatralobis”gareSe. am aRmoCeniT Tavzardacemuli msaxiobi Tavs tragikulpirovnebad miiCnevs, triumfiT gavlili cxovreba ki uazrobadeCveneba.nawarmoebSi Cndeba fraza: ìyavi is, rac xar~... jemal qarCxaZeam formulis ironizacias axdens, radganac adamiani sakuTariadgilis Ziebas samyaroSi sakuTari Tavidan iwyebs da am Ziebisbunebriobas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba. zaal niJaraZismTeli cxovreba ki siyalbeze yofila agebuli, yalbad ucxov-1 j. qarCxaZe. meTerTmete mcneba. _ wgn.: j. qarCxaZe. meerTmete mcneba.Tb., 1979, gv. 101.2 j. qarCxaZe. meTerTmete mcneba, gv. 101.331

ia, igi ar aris is, rac sinamdvileSia, igi iseTia, rogoricsxvebs undaT rom iyos. misi TviTkritika da analitikuri analizimTlianad swvdeba sazogadoebis kerpad qceuli adamianismTel siyalbes: `kerps ufleba ar aqvs nakli hqondes. yvela Seninakli Selamazebulia da RirsebaSia amovlebuli. sisulelesoriginalobad ganixilaven, Secdomas _ Ziebad, Sablons _ tradiciad,uvicobas _ aristokratobad... speqtakli sizmaria. TeatrSiimis sanaxavad midixar, rac cxovrebaSi gaklia... Sen uflebaayrilixar, Zafebze gamobmuli da Tavis Wkuaze gamoZravebs viRaca”.1 amden personaJebSi, amden TamaSSi zaal niJaraZem sakuTarisaxe dakarga: `RmerTma erTi saxe giboZa, Sen aTasi SeiZine. dgaxaraxla aq, sawyali da qveynis masxara da ar ici, ra iqna samociweli; Seni cxovreba wyalSia gadayrili. manam iare niRbiT,sanam sakuTari saxe ar dakarge... rogor agiyolia iluziam! rogorgagitaca siyalbem! Tavsac ityuebdi, sxvebsac atyuebdi. dadaikarge. gaqri... siyalbe! niRbebi!”. 2sakuTari WeSmariti saxis Ziebisas zaal niJaraZes sofladgatarebuli bavSoba daudgeba Tvalwin, glexuri cxovrebis primitiuli,`naRdi~, TiTqmis idealuri suraTebi da Tavis monologs,romelsac Tavisdauneburad Turme xmamaRla warmoTqvamda,aseTi mowodebiT amTavrebs: `bunebaSi! bunebaSi! moixseni da gadayareyvela niRabi. gaSiSvldi da wadi! iCqare! Seni sakuTari saxeeZie!...”. 3 xdeba moulodneli ram, gaismis taSi. msaxiobis dagvianebiTSeSfoTebuli Teatris mesveurni uneburad moismenen amaRsarebas. isini aRtacebas ver malaven, gansakuTrebiT dramaturgivaliko askurava, romelic am Temaze piesis daweras apirebsda Tan am monologis ucvlelad Setanas fiqrobs:_ `mere? wava? _ ekiTxeba zaali valiko askuravas misi piesismomaval gmirze._ `wava. fsiqologiuri drama!” 4 _ pasuxobs dramaturgi.TiTqos yvelaferi damTavrda, zaalma miagno bunebrivi saxisdabrunebis gzas, magram moulodnelad novelis dasasrulsyvelaferi icvleba erTaderTi replikiT, zaali mimarTavs axalgazrdamsaxiobs, romelmac igi scenaze unda miacilos:1 j. qarCxaZe. meTerTmete mcneba, gv. 101.2 j. qarCxaZe. meTerTmete mcneba, gv. 107.3 j. qarCxaZe. meTerTmete mcneba, gv. 107.4 j. qarCxaZe. meTerTmete mcneba, gv. 109.332

_ `wavideT, enoto. avikidoT Cven Cveni jvari... namdvilibunebrioba mxolod scenazea~. 1novelas saerTod axasiaTebs moulodneli finali, magramzaalis sulSi Camwvdomi monologis, aRsarebis Semdeg situaciauceb icvleba. marto, sakuTar TavTanac ki ar yofila igi gulwrfeli,sakuTari siyalbis gamo TviTgvemac ki yalbia, igi sruliaddaclilia bunebriobisagan da misi aRsareba mxolod erTerTi,morigi `rolia~, romelic zaal niJaraZem didi ostatobiTSeasrula da `meTerTmete mcneba~ _ ìyavi is, rac xar~, misibunebisagan Zalian Sors dgas, radganac TviT sakuTar TavTanacar aris gulwrfeli. misi paradoqsuli frazis axsna misivemonologSi SeiZleba veZeboT, igi ambobs: ìqneb yvela sicocxlerolia da zogs, ubralod bunebriobis niRabi ergo? an `niRbadsakuTari wveric gamodgebao~, an `Teatraloba mxolod Teatr-Siao SeumCneveli~... e.i. Tuki amqveynad SeuZlebelia uniRbod arsebobada TviT uniRbobac ki niRabia, maSin erTaderTi adgili,sadac misi tareba aranairi sindisis qejnas ar iwvevs, scenaa.SeiZleba zaal niJaraZem miagno am `WeSmaritebas~ da amitomacdaubrunda scenas, igi ar gaeqca sakuTar Tavs, verc sofladSeZlebda uniRbod arsebobas.rogorc kritikosi l. bregaZe aRniSnavs: òrmagfinaliani~dasasrulis funqcia aq devizis _ ìyavi is, rac xar” _ ironizirebaa.dRes es mowodeba metad aqtualuria da, mgoni, literaturaSimisi ironiis sagnad qceva jer aravis ucdia. piriqiT,mTel msoflioSi amJamad mas Zalze seriozulad ukavSireben e.w.gaucxoebuli adamianis xsnis imeds. zaal niJaraZis magaliTi kigvarwmunebs, rom formulas _ ìyavi is, rac xar” _ azri araaqvs, imitom, rom Turme yvelani isa varT, rac varT. ufrosrulyofili arsebobisken swrafva ki sxva formuliT unda gamoixatos(Tuki tradiciuli aTi mcneba aRar kmara!~). 2postmodernizmisaTvis mTavari da ZiriTadi aris teqsti,Tavad samyaroc ki erT did teqstTan aris gaigivebuli, postmodernistuliteqsti ki TavisTavSi gulisxmobs meore teqstsda, Sesabamisad, interteqstualobasac. literaturuli teqstisglobaluri mniSvnelobisaken svlas garkveulwilad siuJeticganapirobebs. forma erwymis Sinaarss. rac Seexeba jemal qarCxa-1 j. qarCxaZe. meTerTmete mcneba, gv. 109.2 l. bregaZe. personaJebi xvdebian erTmaneTs. Tb., 1982, gv. 63.333

Zis novelebis `formas~ da `Sinaarss~, man warmogvidgina axalimimdinareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli novela, romelic Seicavsormag finals: cru finals da dasasruls. paradoqsuli frazebiTgamoxatuli mniSvnelobebi nawarmoebis ufro Rrma analizissaSualebas gvaZlevs.amrigad, jemal qarCxaZem gviCvena gaucxoebuli, sazogadoebiskerpad qceuli adamianis mdgomareobis mTeli siyalbe, saer-Tod adamianis ormagi saxe.jemal qarCxaZis SemoqmedebaSi uxvad aris paradoqsulifrazebi, romlebic garda movlenis moulodneli kuTxiT warmo-Cenisa, udides informacias Seicavs. erTma paradoqsulma frazamnovelis `meTerTmete mcnebis~ dasasruls TiTqos sruliad Secvalais tragikuli foni da damokidebuleba, romelic dasawyisidanbolomde Seeqmna mkiTxvels da romelmac garkveulwiladkomikuri `saxe~ miiRo.TamaSi scenaze da cxovrebaSic erTi didi Teatria, sadacwarmosaxuli samyaro da realuri sinamdvile erwymis erTmaneTs.avtoris ironiuli damokidebuleba gvafiqrebinebs, rom cxovrebaSi,msgavsad Teatrisa, erTmaneTSia areuli komediuroba datragizmi. zaal niJaraZe aris tipiuri saxe adamianisa, romeliceZebs gamosavals da am ZiebaSi Tavisive grZnobis labirinTSi ixlarTebaise, rom ver ipovis sakuTar realur saxes. scena rCebaerTaderT TavSesafrad, sadac niRbis tareba Tavisuflad SeiZleba,magram rodis aris msaxiobi gulwrfeli? igi gaorebulia,masSi xazgasmulia niWic da pativmoyvareobac, Tavisuflebisadmiltolvac da `Cveulebriv cxovrebasTan~ miaxloebis SiSic, masdamoukidebloba surs, magram mis saxes samudamod faravs tragikul-komikuriniRabi, xolo cxovreba udidesi `scenaa~, sadacTamaSi `bunebrivia~. zaal niJaraZis saubari sakuTar TavTan ubralodim gulwrfelobisa da sulierebis gamovlena iyo, romeliciseve moulodnelad gaqra, rogorc gamoCnda.rogorc aRvniSneT, jemal qarCxaZe originaluri TxrobismaneriT gamorCeuli mweralia. mis òrmagfinalian~ novelaTaSoris aRsaniSnavia novela òperacia `deida taso~, romelSicavtorma mSvenivrad ganavrco cxovrebis erT did Teatrad warmodgenisTema. novelis personaJi saqonelmcodne siko melaZe,Tavad yveba Tavisi `damarcxebis~ istorias. is ar gamodga niWierimsaxiobi, radgan, miuxedavad misi kargad morgebuli niRbisa,334

siyalbe mainc gamoCnda, maSinve mixvda `suliT xorcamde Teatraluri~deida taso TamaSis specifikas.j. qarCxaZisTvis paradoqsuli Sedarebebi da frazebi erTerTiyvelaze Zlieri iaraRia. informacia TiTqos ver eteva formaSida movlenis sxva kuTxiT warmoCena xdeba saWiro, rasac avtoriparadoqsaluri frazebiT aRwevs. deida taso sinamdvileSimamida tasoa,~ magram ver itans mamidas daZaxebas, radgan es sityva,cota ar iyos, familarulad JRers, Tu kargad daukvirdebiT,memkvidreobis erTgvar pretenziasac Seicavs~. 1 aqedan Cans, rommTeli novelis manZilze moulodnelobebTan gveqneba saqme.novela Tavebad aris dayofili: prologi; eqspozicia; kvan-Zis Sekvra; moqmedebis ganviTareba; kulminacia; kvanZis gaxsna daepilogi. eqspoziciaSi naTqvamia, Tu `vin aris da ras warmoadgensdeida taso. deida taso aris samocdaTxuTmet wels miRweulivin jgufis sulieri arseba; aqvs xuToTaxiani bina da hyavserTi beberi kata, saxelad pimeni~. 2 aRwerilia deida tasosportreti, misi Sinagani saxe, misi àristokratuloba~, damsaxurebulimaswavlebloba, Teatraloba. aqve Cans misi naTesavi, mTavaripersonaJi, mTxrobeli, ocdaTvrameti wlis, colSviliani,ganaTlebiT ekonomisti, ubinao siko melaZe. kvanZis SekvraSi gasagebixdeba, Tu ratom gadawyvita man memkvidreobis maZiebeligamxdariyo. ìs `vinme~, romelmac adre Tu gvian deida taso miwasunda miabaros, me var~.moqmedebis ganviTareba. siko melaZe iwyebs operacias `deidataso~, romelsac yofs sam etapad: pirveli etapi iyo `fexismokideba~. deida taso unda darwmunebuliyo mis srul uangarobaSi.meore etapi iyo òbieqtis sulieri transformacia~. deidataso unda gadaCveoda martoobas da moTxovnilebad gadaeqceodasikos gverdiT yofna. mesame etapi iyo `qajeTis cixis aReba~,deida tasos Tavis rezidenciaSi unda miewvia. siko melaZem SeimuSava`sayrdeni principebi~.1. mkacrad neitraluri pozicia daviWiro binis mimarT.2. sanam Cems uangarobaSi ar darwmundeba, manam mxolodiseTi samsaxuri gavuwio, romelsac aucilebloba mikarnaxebs.1 j. qarCxaZe. deida taso. _ wgn.: j. qarCxaZe. meTerTmete mcneba. Tb.,1979, gv. 3.2 j. qarCxaZe. deida taso, gv. 3-5.335

3. vekamaTo da vekamaTo Teatralur sakiTxebze.4. vaZago naTesavebi.kulminacia. siko melaZem `miaRwia~ sawadels, deida tasosagangasaRebic miiRo da masTan gadasvlis SemoTavazeba. amiTTiTqos unda dasrulebuliyo Txroba, magram es cru finali aRmoCnda,kvanZis gaxsnaSi siko melaZe SemTxeviT moismens deidaaniasa da tasos saubars: `Он играл блестяще, Cemo kargo. Янемало хороших артистов перевидала на своём веку, но такого...Представ себе, за всё это почти два года не одной фальши, ни одногонеубедительного жес...~ epilogi, swored am dros gavixure kari.gareT cioda, qari Rmuoda da yvelafers angrevda”, 1 _ asrulebsTxrobas binis maZiebeli. moulodnelma dasasrulma sruliadSecvala adre Seqmnili warmodgena, Tavidanve amCnevda deidataso siyalbes, magram ostaturad naTamaSevi `rolis~ Sewyvetaadre ar isurva.amdenad, ar arsebobs siyalbe, romlis gamovlena da gamomzeurebaSeuZlebeli iyos. arc deida taso imsaxurebs simpaTias,radganac Tavadac ar aris gulwrfeli da masac aqvs afarebuliniRabi, sikos èrTgulebam” da `TamaSma” imdenad gaarTo, romuneburad misi TamaSis monawile gaxda. adamianebi ormag niRabsatareben da movlenebis Sesabamisad icvlian saxes. unda aRvniSnoT,jemal qarCxaZis udidesi roli Tanamedrove prozaSi, sadacavtorma Tavisi originaluri stiliT daimkvidra adgili. misTvisdamaxasiaTebelia paradoqsuli frazebi, moulodneli finalida adamiani mTeli Tavisi dadebiTi Tu mankieri mxareebiT, misisulis arsi, fiqri da gancda. jemal qarCxaZis SemoqmedebisaTvissaerTod damaxasiaTebelia ironia, rac erT-erTi mniSvnelovaniTvisebaa postmodernizmisa.amrigad, jemal qarCxaZis novelebi sruliad axali movlenaiyo qarTul prozaSi. avtorma originalurad gviCvena droiTsivrculikontinuumi da moulodneli finali. misi SemoqmedebisTvisdamaxasiaTebelia orazrovneba, ganusazRvreloba, ormagikodireba, warmoudgenloba, ironia, damaluli `Rimili~, ganwyobileba,qveteqstebi, moqmedebis procesi, gaxsnili formebi, Tama-Si da a.S. mis prozaSi mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs adamianismsoflaRqmis, msoflSegrZnebis, garemomcvel samyaroSi misi adgilisSefasebis specifiuri xerxi. avtori axali problemebiTa1 j. qarCxaZe. deida taso, gv. 27.336

da Sinagani sulieri ganwyobilebis CvenebiT qmnis axal, gansxvavebulsaxeebsa da mniSvnelobebs... gansxvavebulad gadmocemuliazrebi, Sexamebuli citatebi, cnobili formulebisa da azrebisironizacia, adamianis gancdili reaqcia garemomcvel samyarozeudides mniSvnelobas aniWebs jemal qarCxaZis prozas.LELA MIRTSKHULAVAPOSTMODERNIST TENDENCIES IN JEMALKARCHKHADZE’S PROSEThe changes in Georgian literature in the second half of the 20thcentury which were conditioned by the formation of current humane valuesand by historical variability contributed to the origination and developmentof a new literary trend – postmodernism. An author possessinga greatest free will found himself in an absolutely free expanse:free forms, unrestrained actions, vagueness, irony, an intertext, a doublecoding, letters, short tales and other important postmodernist characteristicsturn up immediately in the 80-ies and just from that time come outJemal Karchkhadze’s short stories. These are texts written in a quitenew manner. The author chooses a writing style according to the themeand problem and is distinguished for his originality. In his creativework an essential place is devoted to an individual’s world perceptionand outlook, to the process of searching for a person’s role and place.From the very first the author acquaints us with time incessancy, timeand space continuity and an unexpected denouement.22. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi337

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. II, 2008salome kapanaZe`Zegli yvelasaTvis~ _ erisdramatuli dilemamwerali epoqis mZime xvedrs yvelaze ufro iTavisebs. Tukiigi namdvili Semoqmedia, yovelTvis atarebs im muxts, romelicmas intuiciurad exmareba aramarto Tanamedroveobis obieqturSefasebaSi, aramed momavlis profetul ganWvretaSic. intuiciaZiriTadi struqturuli niSania mwerlis cnobierebisa da albaTmisi tragikuli xvedric. Sefaruli WeSmaritebis gasagneba daeris sasicocxlo orientirebis Zieba yovelTvis iyo da iqnebaqarTuli mwerlobisaTvis wayenebuli upirobo moTxovna. es tradiciaa,romelic Cvenma istoriulma yofam daamkvidra. rodesacqveyanaSi socialur-politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul cvlilebebseris msoflmxedvelobrivi da fsiqologiuri cvlilebamohyveba, mweralma Tavis davTarSi unda moniSnos adamianis sulisTiToeuli gaJrJoleba Tundac imitom, rom ers xsnis sworigza moaZebninos.zaur kalandias romanSi `Zegli yvelasaTvis~ 1 qarTveli mwerlisaTvissaWiro yvela sasicocxlo moTxovnaa daculia. sxvanairadmisi mkiTxveli ver gaivlida im bewvis xidze, romelzedacgavlis moTxovna mas mwerlis SemaZrwunebeli SorsmWvretelobisada simarTlis gamo uCndeba. mkiTxveli mzad aris aRiaros umciresiSecdomac ki, romelic qveynis winaSe odesme dauSvia.romanis kiTxvisas igi mweralTan erTad xedavs yvelafers, zogjerTviTonac eSinia imisa, rasac xedavs, magram mainc siamovnebses mtanjveli gancda, romelic uCndeba im mTavaris molodinSi,romelic aRsarebis netarebas ukavSirdeba da romelsac romanisbolomde CakiTxvisas igrZnob. tkivili mainc ufro Rrma gancdayofila, vidre netareba. miT ufro, roca es tkivili Sens ers,qveyanas ukaSirdeba. mwerlis suls CabRauWebuli es grZnoba yvelazeZlieria. masSi Zalian msubuqad Tavsdeba yvelaferi is,1 z. kalandia. Zegli yvelasaTvis. Tb., 2002.338

omelsac WeSmaritebasTan miaxloebis yvelaze meti SesaZleblobebiaqvs. zaur kalandia marTlac kargi mweralia, radganSeswevs unari iyos Sinaganad marTali im movlenebis mimarT, romelmacXX saukunis dasasruls saqarTvelo, qarTveli eri politikurida zneobrivi dilemis winaSe daayena.zaur kalandias romani `Zegli yvelasaTvis~ es aris am periodisqarTul sinamdvileze Seqmnili uzarmazari pano Tavisiminiaturuli fragmentebiT, sasowarkveTisa da mxneobis, siamisada tanjvis miriadi SegrZnebebiT, obieqturi daskvniT, romelicRrma simarTlisa da formis srulyofis gamo erT mTlianobaSiikiTxeba. `veravin aRwers cxovrebas cxovrebaze ukeT, _ TvlidaJan Jak ruso, yvelaze gulaxdili xalxi gansakuTrebiT marTaliamaSin, roca laparakobs, magram cruobs, roca Cumdeba~. esswored is siCumea, romelic yvelaze metad mwerals ar mieteveba,ar mieteveba isic, Tu mxolod vardisfer saTvales moargebsTavis mzeras, an genialur nobeliant garsia markesiviT ar ganacxadebs,minda vemsaxuro samSoblos da ara Cemi samSoblosmTavrobaso. amitomac ismis zaur kalandias romanis Sekrulisivrcidan gangaSis zarebis rekva, raTa erisTvis Tavs datexilikrizisuli drois Zlevis procesi gadalaxos.qarTveli eris TvisebaTa axali fsiqologiuri StrixebiswarmoCenisas zaur kalandias, rogorc mwerlis mizani aSkaraa _am mravalmoqmedebianma dramam sazogadoebrivi azrisa da ganwyobilebiskaTarzisi unda gamoiwvios. romanis CakiTxvisTanave gemovnebianmkiTxvels sruliad gansxvavebuli warmodgena uyalibdebaCvens sulier yofaze da sinanulis mZafri gancdiT ubrundebasinamdviles. amasTan, romanis kiTxvisas igi ar grZnobs xelovnurobasada formis arabunebriobas. piriqiT, romanis TiToeulpersonaJSi sakuTari alter egos konturebsac ki landavs.XX saukunis dasasruls konformizmisa da protestantobisZlierma talRam adamianebi Seuwynareblebi gaxada erTmaneTis mimarT.sabWoTa sistemis rRvevisTanave sakuTari pirovnuli dazneobrivi ganawesis damkvidrebis ambiciebis gamo saqarTveloSilamis babilonis godolis bibliuri istoria ganmeorda _ qar-Tvelebs erTmaneTis ar esmodaT.moqmedebis dro, romelsac zaur kalandias romani moicavsCveni uaxlesi warsulia. codvisa da uzneobis morevSi motivtive90-iani wlebis saqarTvelo, romelic iseTi moumzadebeli aR-339

moCnda TavisuflebasTan Sesaxvedrad, rogorc gazafxulze naadrevadamomskdari kvirti. saqarTvelos misTvis Cveuli iarebigaexsna. aseT gaSlil epikur fonze Cndeba xolme is kontrastuliferebi da situaciebi, romelic romanSi mxatvrul-damarwmunebeliZaliTaa warmodgenili. mwerlisTvis es mSobliuri garemoa,romelic misive Tvalwin gadaiSala. is Zalian axlo manZilidanxedavs da aRiqvams misi gmirebis moqmedebas, socialuryofasa da moralur mdgradoba-aramdgradobas. maTi intimurfiqrTa xlarTebSi zis da maTive TvaliT zomavs samyaros.WiWe _ romanis mTavari konkretuli gmiria, romelic romanSizogad metaforul funqcias iZens. TvalsaCinod gamovlenilTvisebaTa mravalferovnebiT igi srulfasovani mxatvrulisaxea. mis fsiqosocialur portretSi faqtobrivad Tavmoyriliayvela Tviseba, romelmac Tavi iCina oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis axladwamoCitulliderTa Soris. Tumca WiWem Tavadac kargad icis,ra Rirebulebisa brZandeba. personisa da situaciebis Sefasebisasigi arasodes kargavs obieqturobis grZnobas. `sxvis karzesxvisi kuti puriTa xar gamozrdili, arc raime gamorCeuli ni-Wi daganaTla RmerTma da arc yvelaze TvalSi sacemi. Cveulebrivaddabali kaci, Senze erTi TaviT maRali Cans... raRac iseTiunda qna, unda aiZulo rogorme, rom im èrTi TaviT~ viTom ma-Ralma kacma toliviT mainc Semogxedos~, _ ambobs igi, oRondàxla misma zarma Camohkra~. 1WiWes TavgadasavalSi, gancdil-danaxulSi, fokusiviT TavmoyriliaqarTuli uwesrigobis mTeli tragizmi. mas uamravifiqris Sejereba uwevs, raTa WeSmaritebas Tvali Seavlos. WiWesfsiqologiuri mdgomareoba, Sinagani monologi, romelic mTelromanSi maqsimaluri efeqtiT gansazRvravs epoqiseuli ganwyobilebiswarmoCenas da mis majiscemas, gadajaWvulia did erovnul-socialurda fsiqologiur problemebTan. romanSi ar ariswvrilmani faqtic ki, romelic am mTlianobas arRvevdes, èx,roca ar ici, vin xar da risi SemZle, roca mxrebis aqaveba,frTebis amosvla ggonia WianWvelasaviT, maSin iRupebi~, 2 _ realobisaraadekvaturi, romantikuli aRqma swored rom niSneuliiyo im xanad.WiWes sinTezur-koncentrirebuli xilva aqvs arsebuli md-1 z. kalandia. Zegli yvelasaTvis, gv. 19.2 z. kalandia. Zegli yvelasaTvis, gv. 29.340

gomareobisa, romlis garkveuli lokalis miRmac, epoqis portretierTob damajereblad warmogvidgeba. vicodiT ki qarTvelebmaCveni SesaZleblobebi maSin, rodesac Tavisufleba mogvadga kars?WiWes zneobrivi koncefciis miuxedavad, man kargad icis, rom Tavisufleba`ciur mananasaviT, uarafrod ar modis~, rom ers vneba,sificxe, SemarTeba sWirdeba. Zveli yofis saZirkvlebis moSladid simtkices, zvaraks moiTxovs, `mravalnairi~, ,,mravalsaxovani”TavisuflebisaTvis brZolam erovnul energias miwieri gasa-Wiri daatexa Tavs da qarTvelebs erTmaneTisgan ganltolva mouvlinagansacdelad. WiWe barometriviT reagirebs arsebulze,kargad ergeba movlenebsa da situaciebs. adamianis instiqtebisadmisulieri morCileba xom am instinqtTa saocari gaaqtiurebisbralia. `Zarcvaa es, kvla, TaRliToba Tu SmaSuri, ra poziciaSicginda, da varT laRad~, _ acxadebs igi.yovelive aman, WiWes sasicocxlo ujredebis iseTi paralizebamoaxdina, rom misi sulieri Zmis _ erovnuli moZraobiserT-erTi koloritis _ toCisadmi erTgulebac dajabna. SiSmada sikvdilma ise dacala adamianuri urTierTobani, rom Zmobasacki Seuyena wyali. `toCi Cemi saficari iyo, miyvarda, meamayeboda,magram... Turme, Sens gamorCeul siyvarulsac ki ver SeeziarebisikvdilSi! yvelaferi: Zmoba, fici, erTguleba ukan rCebaTurme~. 1 es iyo swored im drois tragikuli maxasiaTebeli _Zmebs Soris asineTasaviT dawanwalebda tyvia da sikvdil-sicocxlisdoRi iyo gamarTuli. romanis gmiri am yvelafris monawileda TviTmxilvelia. `roca Rame ubedurebaa da dRec.... rocatyvia-wamliTaa Setrusuli ca, luskumis ki ara, dRis sinaTlis,Ria karis SiSic gaqvs, qveyana zezeurad, cocxlad lpeba~. 2WiWe marTalia, _ sensaciebiT, fsevdoerovnulobiTa da fetiSizmiTgatacebam eris gaoreba gamoiwvia. qarTuli samyaro, misdauneblieT, imanenturad emorCileboda antisaxelmwifoebriv, antizneobrivkategoriebs. iniciativa moralurma siyalbem da eTikurmauzneobam igdo xelT. da mainc, eris TviTganwmendis procesiraRac kanonzomierebiT mainc amoqmedda da ar Sewyvita arseboba.amaSi gangebis xeli eria. masebis nebaSi mTvlemare àmaRlebis~procesi, romelic miwidan mowyvetis mtanjvel gancdasTan gadaixlarTa,gardauvali gaxda. rogorc WiWe ambobs, `sakuTari Ta-1 z. kalandia. Zegli yvelasaTvis, gv. 21.2 z. kalandia. Zegli yvelasaTvis, gv. 47.341

vis povna da damkvidreba urTulesi procesia, es qveyana maraTonia~.1 igi cdilobs gaerkves im siZulvilis filosofiaSi, romelmacqveynis damoukideblobisTanave amoyo Tavi da ukve arsebuliwiTeli Wiris siZulvili moyvris siZulvilSi gadazarda.romantikul aRtkinebas Tavisi rigi sisusteebi aRmoaCnda: `vinar miZvreboda zemoT, tribunisken, mxdali da mamaci, gonieri daugunuri, uxerxemlo inteligenti da gabozbuli qurdi, sxvaaTasi nagavi...~. 2 ai, mwerlis mier imanenturad aRqmuli Cveni istoriiserTi patara, erovnul specifikuri detali... saqarTveloSixom taxtia erTi, mefe ki _ mravali.romanSi movlenebi saocari dinamikiT viTardeba. personiicirebuliayvela, vinc ki im wlebSi zedapirze amotivtivda _toCi, giuli, avtoriteta, gabo da sxvebi, is saxeebia, romebmacamRvreul droSi iCines Tavi. maT warsuls aravin kiTxulobda.`mTavaria, sabWoTa cixe gqondes naxexi, wveri gqondes grZladda koxtad moSvebuli da, vin xar, ratom an risTvis ijeqi, aravingkiTxavs~. 3 aseTia am kolorituli gmirebis `saxelovani matiane~.maTi Sinagani arsi _ erTmaneTTan Sewyvilebuli cinizmida yoyoCoba, sijiute da uvicoba, liderobis ambiciuri fsiqologiaSignidan xrwnida erovnul moZraobas. Tumca amis danaxvamaSin masebisTvis faqtobrivad SeuZlebeli iyo.romanSi, erTgan, saqarTvelos pirveli prezidentis, zviadgamsaxurdias saxec gaielvebs. WiWe sasoebiT Sehyurebs moedanzegamoCenil `patrons~, romelic `midioda msubuqad... Tvaladi, siaruliT,feriT, simaRliT gamorCeuli... odnav waxril _ wawurulmxrebze lamazi, koxta Tavi edga~. 4 da, rodesac WiWe fiqrobs,ra bednierebaa, roca Seni xalxi ase gamogarCevso, avtoritetamefistofeliviT Caisisinebs: `Tavisuflebas da seqss er-Ti didi saerTo aqvT _ tkboba oriveTi SeiZleba, Cemo jima~. 5WiWes cudad eniSna, rom `patrons~ ca SaravandediviT adga Tavzeàm dros aseT zenitze ufro axloa sikvdili~, _ gaifiqrebsigi. 6 am xilvas empiriuli axsna moeZebneba _ rCeulebs gansakuTrebiTemtereba sikvdili, arc mokvdavis gamesianebis tendenciaa1 z. kalandia. Zegli yvelasaTvis, gv. 58.2 z. kalandia. Zegli yvelasaTvis, gv. 72.3 z. kalandia. Zegli yvelasaTvis, gv. 75.4 z. kalandia. Zegli yvelasaTvis, gv. 79.5 z. kalandia. Zegli yvelasaTvis, gv. 81.6 z. kalandia. Zegli yvelasaTvis, gv. 81.342

mTlad usafrTxo, radgan gafetiSeba _ gakerpebis isteriam saqarTveloSiaraerTxel moarRvia siyvarulis zomieri sazRvrebida bolos isev am kerpTa msxvreva gamoiwvia.romanis personaJTa sakmaod mravalferovan galereaSi imdroindelibevri `politikuri koloriti~ Seicnoba. isini Cveniyofili politikuri faqturis pirmSoni arian, nayofni im droisa,roca ers orsaxovneba dasCemda, gaZnelda mRvrie vnebaTa daambiciur zraxvaTa kontroli. `gaRmelebad~ da `gamoRmelebad~daiyo saqarTvelo. romanis gmiri WiWe kargad acnobierebs arsebulimdgomareobis mTel tragizms: sanam gamoRmelebs `Cven~gvqvia da gaRmelebs ìsini~, Cveni saSveli ar iqneba. es xidi kiara, ufskrulia _ RvarZliviT amouvsebi, siZulviliviT uZiro,TiTo TiTod rom gvnTqavs yvelas da gvinelebs~. 1 aseTi luskum-Sic ki mxareebs raRac izidavs, mainc gadadian erTmaneTTan, axerxebensiaxloves xidis gareSe da kvlav Sordebian, raTa cxeniswylisaqeT-iqiT darCenilebma erTmaneTs daumiznon. unda axsovdesTu ara ers is dawyevlili dReebi? `rac ar unda gaxsovdes,is maxsovs xolme, cxvir-pirs momitrusavs, moulodnelad,uneburad~. 2 WiWe mexsierebas sayvedurobs, raRacas ganicdis,rogorc Cans, masSi ar momkvdara yvelaze mTavari, is, ramacmisi sulieri erozia unda SeaCeros _ es aris sindisi _ adamianismiwieri msajuli.zaur kalandias romanSi, mwerlis pasuxismgeblobis mTeliSegnebiT, mematianis obieqtur sasworze awonili, Tavzardamcemadmamxilebeli fonia. aseT ferebSi, cisartyelasaviT gadaevlebasamermiso fiqrebs, nawarmoebSi fragmentulad gamoCeniliwyvilis siyvarulis istoria. macxovris eklesiis qvemoT, poetissaflavze nibliasaviT Cacucquli gogo, sasiyvarulo baraTsutovebs mijnurs. baraTi adresatamde ar miaRwevs, radgan WiWeigdebs xelT. Tumca isini mainc ipovnian erTmaneTs. ai, is, racqaoss awesrigebs, udabnos àqalaqebs~. romanis es patara epizodisaboloo afxizlebs arsebulidan gamosvlis ZiebiT SeZrwunebulmkiTxvels: `ho, egrea, egre!... raxan im werilis gareSe, dauTqmeladSexvdnen da monaxes erTmaneTi, rogorc gasaqcevi gza,is navsayudelic arsebobs Turme am qveynad. metic, es is Zalaa,am droSi _ uJamobis JamSic, tylapoSi TavCarguli rom iyo, de-1 z. kalandia. Zegli yvelasaTvis, gv. 98.2 z. kalandia. Zegli yvelasaTvis, gv. 139.343

damiwis RerZsac gapovninebs uTuod~. 1 mwerali movlenaTa Sefasebisasaqac, Cveulebrisamebr, obieqturia _ siyvarulis deficitmaSeqmna bolo aTwleulis uJamoba, romelic Tavs dagvatyda.arsebobs ki gamarjvebuli ZmaTamkvlel omSi?! `Cven nakvalevzebalaxi ar amova! arc imaT nakvalevze amova balaxi! Cven davmarcxdiT!~2 _ es aris saocari TviTgvemis gancda, romelic Wi-Wes sasowarkveTil aRsarebas axlavs.romanis dasasruls oqrosgan wamxdar-wabilwuli, Ralatsada sikvdils Seamxanagebuli, moZmeTagan sasikvdilod ganwiruliWiWe tbis Ziras avtoritetas ZaRlis _ lilisferxaxiani iukisganaCens elodeba. `ganaCenisTvis moxvedi? Zegli unda damidga,iuki? swori xar... Zegli unda dagvidga, aba ra! yvela is, nebiTTu uneblied, damsaxurebulad Tu daumsaxureblad rom Cakrafexi am WuWySi, Senc `kuklas~ imsaxurebs, Zvirfaso!drois am monakveTs es ekuTvnis!Tqven ufro gekuTvniT, Cemo maxrCobela Zmebo!Tqveni sagzali aris codva!me xom isedac vkvdebi! me upiratesoba zecaSi maqvs!... vici,es qariSxlebi gadaivlis. mere wvimebi mova... au, didi wvimebiicis aqeT. erTxelac movardeba da yvelafers, rac iyo, rac aris,waiRebs, gadarecxavs, Caxvetavs...mTavaria, droulad movides!locva-kurTxeva am saxlSi Semovides...kidev: erTi Semolawuneba unda ers da qveyana gamTeldeba!~. 3sikvdilTan Sexvedra es scena WiWes saocar momxiblvelobasaniWebs. fizikuri yofis uZlurebasTan erTad, arsebobisaTvisbrZolaSi moqanculi, igi am brZolaSi daxarjul energiasmistiris. sikvdilis win WiWe RmerTTan da sakuTar TavTanbrundeba, sakuTar warsuls moiZiebs da sindiss gausworebsTvals. mTeli romani saocar Sinagan Widilzea agebuli. mis finalSiki sabolood mainc ixsneba pozitiurobis maradiuli idea_sikeTis arsebagrZelobis areopagikuli rwmena. arsebuli aucilebladunda iZlios, rogorc sikeTiT daTrgunuli borotebada RvTis samarTali àm saxlSic unda Semovides~.`Zegli yvelasaTvis~ ar aris `Zilis win~ sakiTxavi romani.1 z. kalandia. Zegli yvelasaTvis, gv. 135.2 z. kalandia. Zegli yvelasaTvis, gv. 160.3 z. kalandia. Zegli yvelasaTvis, gv. 246.344

mis xangrZlivobas ara marto saTqmelis sicxade da aqtualurobaganapirobebs, aramed is gansakuTrebuli niWi, WeSmariti mwerlisTvisdamaxasiaTebeli qmediToba, mkiTxvelis gancdebze sabediswerodrom moqmedebs. es ar aris Cveni realobis movlenaTamSrali improvizacia, es aris ostatis mxatvrul saxeobrivixorcSesxma individualuri manevriTa da efeqtiT samomavlodgaTvlili imaze, rom STamomavlobam swori daskvnebi gamoitanos,rom Tavisuflebaze meocnebe ers akaki baqraZisa ar iyos, Uundahqondes avTandilis Tavdadeba moyvasisadmi, haji-usupis pasuxismgeblobada mindias siyvaruli samyarosadmi.Qzaur kalandias es romani, swored am postulatebzea orientirebuli.es aris sasicocxlo mcneba eris arsebobisaTvis damweralma amis Sesaxseneblad droc da sivrcec sworad SearCia.vfiqrobT, es romani erT-erTi saukeTesoa im mxatvrul tiloTaSoris, romelic saukunis dasasrulis qarTuli sinamdvilis`zneobriv istorias~ eZRvneba.SALOME KAPANADZE“A MONUMENT FOR EVERYONE” – THE NATION’SDRAMATIC DILEMMA“Monument for Everyone”, a novel by Zaur Kalandia touchesupon one of the thorniest periods of the Georgian history at the end of the20 th century, when national movement rose in Georgia and Georgians feltthe sense of freedom. However, the result of this process was the nationalpsychological transformations which the writer felt profoundly and depictedin his historical novel. The writer noticed just the right time andplace in order to remind the nation about the postulate once again toovercome this crisis. The heroes of the novel are real characters. Theauthor describes their psychological genesis alongside the social-economicalchanges. His aim is eventually clear. This multi-act drama has togive rise to the reader’s spiritual catharsis and at the same time to helpthe nation to find the way of deliverance.345

346soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008marine turava`maluli fiqris~ mesaidumledaZmuri siyvarulis paradigmaliteraturaSibaironi, albaT, yvelaze araingliseli mweralia am yvelazetradiciul, yvelaze konservatorul qveyanaSi. ingliseli lordebissruliad axalgazrda memkvidre jer irlandiis ganTavisuflebasmoiTxovda, Semdeg italiel karbonarebsa da berZnebs exmarebodaqveynis damoukideblobis mopovebaSi. inglisidan gandevniliarasodes ganicdida usamSoblobis tkivils, magram, roca suliermartoobas grZnobda misi erTaderTi mesaidumle naxevarda_ avgusta li iyo. arc amas patiobdnen da maT urTierTobas aTasgvariWuWyiT, sibunZuriT àmkobdnen~, radgan ver igebdnen suliersiaxloves, goeTe rom àrCeviT naTesaobas~ uwodebda.baironis leqsi `baraTi avgustas~ (zogierT TargamnSi`stansebi avgustas~) ar aris mxolod daZmuri urTierTobisa dasiyvarulis amsaxveli nawarmoebi, masSi poeti mTel Tavis cxovrebasmimoixilavs, erTgvarad afasebs. es leqsi inglisuridanTargmna oTar WilaZem. 1 Tumca es ar aris am nawarmoebis erTaderTiqarTuli versia. am Targmanma Tavisi liriulobiT, gancdaTagulwrfelobiT miiqcia qarTveli mkiTxvelis yuradReba.rogorc Tavad oTar WilaZe aRniSnavs: `profesionali mTargmnelisagangansxvavebiT, poetis mier Targmnili nawarmoebi ufromas ekuTvnis, vidre kanonier avtors. me mgoni, swored poetisTargmanebs gulisxmoben is kritikosebica da literatorebic,romlebic dasaSvebad Tvlian saTargmneli teqstisadmi Tavisufalmidgomas... mTargmnels asli gadmoaqvs, poeti ki qmnis, xoloSeqmna, TavisTavad, ukve Tavisuflebasac gulisxmobs. RmerTmaicis, romeli ufro Znelia. erTi kia _ rac mTargmnelisaTvismiutevebelia, is poetisaTvis SeiZleba aucilebelic iyos, rogorcTviTgamomJRavnebis kidev erTi gza Tu saSualeba~. 21 o. WilaZe. gaxsovdes sicocxle. Tb., 1984, gv. 372-379.2 o. WilaZe. gaxsovdes sicocxle, gv. 6;

aironis mRelvare poetur sulsa da vnebebis simZafresmxolod poeti Tu gaigebda bolomde da TviTgamomJRavnebis ur-Tules procesSi mkiTxvelsac CagvrTavda, Tavisi da ingliseliavtoris ufro Rrmad gasagebad.òri ram SemrCa amqeynad bolos:miwa, romelic miCens iarebs da saxli,romlis kargic da cudic,dao, me da Sen gaviziareT.magram pirveli ra iqneboda,me rom namdvilad mqondes meore~. 1poets ara aqvs `bina, TavSesafari~ da ar hyavs erTaderTimSobliuri adamiani gverdiT, rac misi sulieri tkivilebisa daCivilis mizezia. baironma icis, rom misive arCevani iyo ès usasruloda bneli Rame~. daRlili poeti ocnebobs moiSoros àmqveyniuritvirTis simZime~, radgan misi sxeuli veRar uZlebsTavisi ùxeSi bedis lodebs~. `baraTi avgustas~ erTgvari aRsarebacaris da sakuTari cxovrebiseuli gzis TviTSefasebac:` me momavliTac var kmayofili,romelsac CemTvis amzadebs bedi.arc warsuliT var ukmayofilo,anda ra unda menatra meti.man damitova mogonebebi bevriZvirfasi dRisa da Ramis,xolo am uricxv brZolebSi xolme,bednierebac mwvevia wamiT~. 2poeti axla am wamieri bednierebis Tanamonawiled avgustas aqcevs,radgan mxolod misTvis SeuZlia `maluli fiqris~ gamxela.ìmdeni rame gadavitane,rom xnieri var sakuTar Tavze~. 3_ am striqonebiT ara marto baironi, aramed mTargmnelicerTgvarad afasebs msoflios yvelaze didi romantikosis cxovrebisgzas.`netav aq iyo, aq iyo netav,rom gagimxilo fiqri maluli.Tumca me vici, rom simartoves1 o. WilaZe. gaxsovdes sicocxle, gv. 372.2 o. WilaZe. gaxsovdes sicocxle, gv. 378.3 o. WilaZe. gaxsovdes sicocxle, gv. 377.347

aufasurebs es sinanuli~. 1gulwrfelad uziarebs Tavis fiqrebs baironi naxevardas.TiTqmis erTi saukunis mere, rainer maria rilke Tavis venecielmegobar qals, mimi romanels werda: àrasodes daiviwyoT, rom mesimartoves vekuTvni, rom me aravin ar unda mWirdebodes, rommTeli Cemi Zalac am gandgomilebidan ibadeba. garwmunebT mimi, davemudarebi yvelas, visac vuyvarvar _ uyvardes Cemi martooba; esrom ara, me unda davemalo maT Tvalebs, maT xelebs, rogorc gareulicxoveli emaleba xolme dadevnebul mters~ (1920 wlis,11 maisi). 2 poetebi gansxvavebulad ganicdian martoobas, romelicerTdroulad tanjavs da uamrav tkivils ayenebs maT, magram amavdouladsinanuls amtkicebs. `martoobis ordenis kavaleroba~erTdroulad tvirTic aris da poeturi movaleobac.ìciT, rogor mkiTxvels vinatrebdi? _ werda goeTe Tavisdroze, _ iseTs, romelic mec, Tavis Tavsac da mTel samyarosacdaiviwyebda da mxolod Cems wignSi icocxlebda~. 3 aseT mkiTxvelzemxolod ocneba Tu SeiZleba, rogorc Cans, am ocnebasTanmiaxloebuli mkiTxveli iyo goeTes da kornelia, romelic jerkidev axalgazrda, ocdaeqvsi wlis asakSi, gardaicvala, magramrogorc mwerali ambobda, man didi roli iTamaSa goeTes SemoqmedebaSi.kornelia STaagonebda da SemoqmedebiTad ganawyobda geniossZmas, rogorc Cans, gardacvalebis Semdegac (`faustSi~,marTalia, valentini usamarTlod amtyunebs margarita/greTxensda mas meZaobaSic ki debs brals, magram igi, faqtobrivad, dissaxelisa da Rirsebis gadarCenas ewireba).`moRerebuli daniT vdgavar Cemi ojaxis winaSe, erTdrouladvcdilob mis dasjasac da dacvasac,~ _ es franc kafkaa, 4isev XX saukune, isev uRmerTobiT gatanjuli adamiani. cnobilia,mwerlis mZime, gaorebuli damokidebuleba ojaxisadmi, romelicmisi interesebisa da gatacebebis barierad iqca. sulieradda fizikurad susti franci mTeli cxovreba cdilobs Zli-1 o. WilaZe. gaxsovdes sicocxle, gv. 375.2 rainer maria rilke. franguli werilebidan. Tb., 1992, gv. 125.3 goeTes saubrebi ekermanTan. baTumi, 1988, gv. 35.4 f. kafka. werili mamas. igi kafkam dedas gaugzavna, mamisTvis romgadaeca. dedam ar Seusrula Svils Txovna, werili ukanve gamougzavna`ramdenime damamSvidebeli sityviT~. kafka am werils araerTxelaxsenebs milena esenskaiasTan mimoweris dros. ix.: М. Брод. Франц Кафка.Биография. Прага, 1937, gv. 70.348

eri mamis _ herman kafkas zegavlenas gaeqces. `yvelaferi, racliteratura ar aris, Tavs mabezrebs da mZuls, maRizianebs damaferxebs... ojaxuri cxovrebisadmi araviTari midrekileba argamaCnia. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, SemiZlia, mxolod garedan davakvirdemas. ar mCvevia araviTari naTesauri grZnobebi. stumrebiki verag Tavdamsxmelebad warmomidgebian. qorwineba ver Semcvlis,iseve rogorc ver Semcvala Cemma samuSaom~. 1`me literatura var~, _ uTxra mweralma Tavis pirvel sacolesfelicia bauers, romelic literaturis gamo uaryo. 2 meoreqali milena esenka, romelic agreTve literaturis siyvarulisTvismiatova, amgavarad gansazRvravs ZiriTad gansxvavebaskafkasa da Cven, ubralo mokvdavebs, Soris: `ra Tqma unda, Cven-Tvis sicocxle mZime tvirTi ar aris, radgan xSirad vpoulobTnugeSs sicrueSi, ugunurebaSi, enTuziazmSi, optimizmSi, garkveuligagebiT _ pesimizmSic da a.S. magram is arasodes inugeSebsTavs amgvarad, arasodes. misTvis absoluturad miuRebelia sicrue,zustad iseve rogorc loToba.da ar arsebobs araviTari manugeSebeli saSualeba... is waagavsSiSvel adamians CacmulTa Soris. da asketizmi am SemTxvevaSigmiruli suliskveTebis nayofi rodia... esaa iZulebiTi asketizmi,romelic ganpirobebulia samyaros Tavzardamcemad Rrma,utyuari xedviTa da kompromisebis ugulvebelyofiT... amasTanmas ar sZagda cxovreba, sazogadod, aramed _ mxolod cxovrebisamgvari yaida! diax swored amgvari~. 3 da mainc iyo erTi nugeSi,romelic franc kafkas Tavis gaucxoebul ojaxSi gaaCnda _ esiyo misi da otilia, romelTanac imTaviTve gamorCeuli urTier-Toba akavSirebda. swored otiliasTan urTierTobisas aviwydebodamas samyaros mowyobis misTvis sruliad miuRebeli yaidac dasakuTari ususurobis SegrZnebac. swored otilias siyvaruliTunda iyos STagonebuli gretas saxe `metamorfozaSi~ gregorsada gretas gansakuTrebuli urTierToba uyalibdebaT. Zmis umTavresisazrunavi gardasaxvamde greatasaTvis sasurveli ganaTlebismicemaa. gardasaxvis Semdeg mxolod gretas Seaqvs misTvis1 fragmentebi kafkas dRiurebidan. _ ix eleqtronuli versia: lib.ru/KAFKA.2 diepresse.com/home/speqtrum/literatur.3 diepresse.com/home/speqtrum/literatur.349

saWmlis narCenebi, rZe da dedisagan gansxvavebiT, xoWod qceulZmasTan, garkveuli urTierTobis damyarebas axerxebs. Tumca malegretasac bezrdeba igi da gregoris gadawyvetileba _ mokvdes,xeli aravis SeuSalos, gretas gulgrilobiT aris, pirvelrigSi, ganpirobebuli. kafkas Semoqmedebidan gamomdinare, es otiliasxasiaTis `brali~ imdenad ar unda iyos, ramdenadac samyarosgardauvali msxvrevisa da siyvarulis saocari deficitisxazgasma, rac ase organulia zogadad mwerlis literaturulimemkvidreobisaTvis.kafkebis msgavsad cnobilia manebis _ imdroindel germania-Si erT-erTi yvelze cnobili ojaxis sakmaod cnobili da rTuli,Tumca gansxvavebuli problemebi. senatoris, Tomas da hainrixmanebis mamis, sikvdilamde ojaxi biuregruli simtkiciTa datradiciis erTgulebiT cxovrobda. 50 wlis qmris gardacvalebisSemdeg manebis deda _ julia marto darCa xuTi SviliTxelSi. verc erTma Svilma mamis anderZis Sesruleba ver SeZlo.SesaZloa esec yofiliyo maTi gauTavebeli tragediis mizezi.Tomasi anderZis Tanaxmad, `romelime praqtikul profesias undadaufleboda da dedas gverdiT amodgomoda~. 1amis sawinaaRmdegod, igi sicocxleSive aRiarebul mweralida nobelis premiis laureatic ki gaxda. hainrixs `weris Jiniunda Caekla~, radgan, mamis azriT, `mas ar hqonda mwerlisTvissakmarisi codna da gamocdileba~. 2 arc ufrosma Svilma Seasrulasenatoris ukanaskneli survili. manebs ori da hyavdaT _lula da karla. Tomass gansakuTrebuli siaxlove hqonda lulasTan`lulas, mgrZnobiaresa da tradiciebis damcvels, Tomasmani Tavis mdedrobiT `mes~ eZaxda. 3 warumatebeli qorwinebisada yvelafrisadmi gacnobierebuli Tu gaucnobierebeli SiSis gamolula sakuTari saxlis sxvenSi TviTmkvlelobiT asrulebssicocxles. mexis gavardnasaviT aRiqvams Tomas mani dis sikvdils.4 karla ki hainrixis sayvareli Tavqariani da iyo. msaxiobi,komedianti, lamazi, utifari, mxiaruli da arc Tu Zalian1 manebis dawyevlili ojaxi. germanuli masalebis mixedviT moamzadad. Tofuriam. _ gaz.: `Cveni mwerloba~ 8-15 marti, 2002, gv. 10.2 manebis dawyevlili ojaxi, gv. 10.3 manebis dawyevlili ojaxi, gv. 10.4 manebis dawyevlili ojaxi, gv. 10.350

warmatebuli. xSirad exveva sasiyvarulo intrigebSi da mereamis gamo dausruleblad wuxs. Tomas mani mamis gardacvalebidanaTi wlis Semdeg aqveynebs Tavisi cxovrebis mTavar roman `budenbrokebs~,risTvisac mogvianebiT nobelis premias mianiWeben.`budenbrokebi~ mwerlis avtobiografiuli nawarmoebia, mas-Si ara mxolod sakuTari ojaxis wevrebi arian gamoyvanilni,aramed moqmedeba manebis lubekur sasaxleSi mimdinareobs. es arisrealuri drama, ojaxuri istoria, Tomas manis yvelaze Janrulinawarmoebi. bolodroindel germanul kritikaSi mas bestseleradmoixsenieben. 1 gansakuTrebiT sainteresod aris daxatuli nawarmoebSibudenbrokebis mesame Taoba, romlis prototipad Tavadmanis da-Zmaa gamoyvanili. mesame Taobis magaliTze sruliad naTladaris daxatuli romanis mTavari problema _ budenbrokebs(cnobili biurgeruli ojaxebis sxva memkvidreebsac) ar surTistoriul asparazidan gadasvla, magram arc cxovrebis axalikanonebis miReba SeuZliaT. gansakuTrebuli ostatobiT arian daxatulidebi budenbrokebi, romelTa saxeebi mweralma debi manebisportretebze dayrdnobiT Seqmna.mixeil bulgakovis cxovrebis bevri mniSvnelovani epizodiSemonaxulia umcrosi dis, nadeJda bulgakovas dRiurebSi. jerkidev XXs. dasawyisidan inteligentur ojaxebSi modaSi yofiladRiurebis warmoeba, romelsac ara mxolod yvelaze farul azrebsandobdnen, aramed zedmiwevniT afiqsirebdnen cxovrebis mniSvnelovanmovlenebsac. 1912w. bolos mixeil bulgakovs Tavisipirveli moTxrobebi miucia disTvis wasakiTxad, Tan uTqvams: ài,naxav, me mwerali gavxdebio~. 2 Semdeg man momavlis gegmebi gaandonadeJdas. miuxedavad imisa, rom mwerals sami da hyavda: nadeJda,lelia da varia, mixeili gansakuTrebiT afasebda nadeJdas azrs,mas Wkvian, samarTlian da gawonasworebul adamianad Tvlida. dasacesmoda, rom mixeili gamorCeuli adamiani iyo.citata dRiuridan: `miSam amas winaT saubarSi gamaogna Tavisimsoflmxedvelobis siRrmiTa da erudiciiT~. 3 mogvianebiTki nadeJda amgvar sityvebs werda k. paustovskis, romelic mixeilTanerTad swavlobda kievis pirvel imperatorul gimnaziaSi:`Cvenma ojaxurma erTianobam, megobrulma jer bavSvurma, Semdeg1 Kindlers neues Literaturlexikon. – eleqtronuli versia: www.derkindler.de.2 lib.ru/Bulgakov.3 lib.ru/Bulgakov.351

axalgazrdulma koleqtivma didi gavlena moaxdina miSaze. ojaxmagvaswavla megobroba da movaleobis SegrZneba, muSaoba, TanagrZnobisada sxva adamianis dafasebis unari. me vfiqrob, rom`turbinebis dReebSi~ gadmocemuli nazi lirizmi da gulisxmiereba,agreTve `TeTri gvardiis~ zogierTi Rrma epizodi _Cveni ojaxuri urTierTobebis gulwrfelobidan iRebs saTaves.Cems Zmas sicocxlis bolomde gahyva kievis siyvaruli~. 1mSobliuri saxlis amgvari siyvaruli nadeJdasadmi sulierinaTesaobiTac iyo gamyarebuli. erTgan dRiurSi vkiTxulobT:`miSa yvelaze gulwrfeli CemTanaa~. 2 maT Soris yovelTvis ndobiTaRsavse, sulieri naTesaoba iyo, isini yvelaze farul saidumloebebsada tkivils andobdnen erTmaneTs da mudam mzad iyvnenerTmaneTis dasaxmareblad. saocari siTboTi aris gamsWvalulida-Zmis mimowerac. erTxel mixeil bulgakovis moskovelmaTayvanismcemlebma Txoves cnobili mwerlis das, moeyola Tavisiojaxis Sesaxeb. nadeJda bulgakova siamovnebiT daTanxmda,ipova Tavis arqivSi sakuTari dRiurebi da moxsenebac moamzada,romelic bulgakovis cxovrebis araerT mniSvnelovan, manamde ucnobda mkiTxvelisaTvis Zalian saintereso epizods Seicavs.gansakuTrebuli urTierToba hqondaT orbelianebs TavisierTaderTi dis, efemias mimarT, rac grigolma Tavis umSvenieresleqsSi gamoxata. rigaSi samsaxureobrivi movaleobis Sesrulebisdros, monatrebuli grigol orbelians dauweria leqsi`Cems das efemias~:`Cemda nugeSad, Cemda Svebad, sasixarulod,lxenad glax gulis, udrooda mwir damWknarisa,dao sasurvel! ama soflis Sen damSTi mxolodda ganmasvene kveTebaTagan borot mxvedrisa!..cxovrebis bnel gzas Sen minaTi _ Svebis varskvlavi......miT ufro guli grZnobda fass dakargulis,warsulTa dReTa igonebda ra netarebas.esred amSvenebs siturfiTa vardi samares,esred mSvenierT bageT zedan ielvebs Rimi,TumcaRa gulSi uzomosa hfaravs simwares...~. 3samSoblosagan Sors myof, monatrebul poets erTaderT nu-1 lib.ru/Bulgakov.2 lib.ru/Bulgakov.3 qarTuli mwerloba. tomi mecxre. Tb., 1992, gv. 323.352

geSad da gulis lxenad efemia miaCnia _ erT-erTi yvelaze tragikulibedis mqone qali qarTul sinamdvileSi, romlis erTaderTigeniosi vaJi ise miabares ucxoobaSi miwas, rom arc dediscremli Rirsebia da arc axlobelTa datireba. grigols arsjera momavlis:`xvale arRa mrwams,viT RameSi macduri sxivi~. 1amitomac mzad aris sikvdilisaTvis, oRond im pirobiT, Tuefemia iqneba misi gamcilebeli:`da maSin, odes saukunod mivlulo Tvalni,mSobliur miwa xelTa SenTa guls damayaron~. 2meliton baraTaSvilis xelgaSlilobis gamo, tatos gardacvalebamdedidi xniT adrec, Zalian gauWirda ojaxs, Sewuxebuligrigoli iwereba rigidan: `ra ubeduri ojaxi Seiqmna saxli Cveni!o, ra Znelia mosaTmenad, rom kaci hxedavdes esreT gulis sayvarulsdas ukanasknel ganwirulebaSi da ar SeeZlos Semweoba~. 31947w. terenti granelis xelnaweri leqsebi, dRiurebi,sxva masalebi, romlebic dakargvas gadaurCa mis das _ mariams,romelsac poeti siyvaruliT maSos eZaxda, saqarTvelos literaturismuzeumisaTvis gadaucia. es xelnawerebi siyvaruliT,saTuTad iyo akinZuli `wignebad.~ swored es xelnaweri daedoZiriTadad safuZvlad elizbar ubilavasa (1961w.) da leri alimonakismier (1972_1979 wlebSi) gamocemul poetis leqsebiskrebulebs, romelTac saintereso gamokvlevebi erTvis. 4 terentigranelis mZime fizikur da sulier cxovrebas misi debi _ maSoda zozia aTbobdnen, romelTac poetma araerTi gulwrfelistriqoni miuZRvna. 5 leqsi `Zvirfas debs~ 1926 wliT aris da-TariRebuli. am dros t. graneli jer kidev janmrTelia, sulierida poeturi aRmafrenis zenitSi imyofeba, man am wels Tavisiukanaskneli krebuli gamosca. `1928 wlidan ki iwyeba poetis1 qarTuli mwerloba. tomi mecxre, gv. 326.2 qarTuli mwerloba. tomi mecxre, gv. 326.3 e. maRraZe. grigol orbeliani. t.I Tb., 1981, gv. 85.4 g. cqitiSvili. vici, dro mova Cemi gagebis, dokumenturi moTxroba.Tb., 1990, gv. 237.5 1919w. man airCia fsevdonimi _ graneli. terentis debis maSo dazozia kvirkveliebis gadmocemiT, am fsevdonimis arCevas safuZvladdaedo laTinuri sityva `granum~, rac marcvals niSnavs. `mec patara,obolo marcvali, samyaros umciresi nawili varo~, ambobda poeti.23. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi353

mkveTri sulieri depresia. am periodis werilebi, sadRiuro Canawerebida lirika mowmoben mis sulier msxvrevas~. 1jer kidev fizikurad da fsiqikurad Zlieri terenti graneliamSvidebs debs, romlebic gamudmebiT masze SfoTavdnen:àxla marto var, is dro wavida,roca quCaSi vaxdendi deboSs,nu dardobT Cemze, iyaviT mSvidad,me male moval, Zvirfaso debo!~erTi wlis Semdeg, 1927w. daweril leqsSi `mimarTva disadmi~,romlis adresati dakonkretebuli ar aris, poeti ukvewinaswar Wvrets mosalodnel safrTxesa da ubedurebas:àr mSordeba me uZilo Rame,damexseni, laJvardebis cao!male modi da miSvele rame,male modi, viRupebi, dao!~. 2zozia gansakuTrebuli siTbosa da adamianuri Tanagancdissimbolod iqca terenti granelis poeziaSi da igi erTi SexedviT,moulodnel leqsebSic ki gvxvdeba. cnobili leqsi `me dagalaktioni~ am striqonebiT iwyeba:àvad viyavi, wuxel vkvdebodi,axla migonebs albaT zozia,galaktionSi aris demonida CemSi ufro angelozia~. 3sulierad da fizikurad gatexili poeti, 1928 wlidangardacvalebamde, 1934 wlamde gaWirvebiT, ukanaskneli ZalebismobilizebiT uZlebs tkivilebs, `firosmaniviT yvelasagan mitovebuli~(leri alimonaki) isev yvelaze mSobliur da erTgulzozias _ uxmobs saSvelad:`gadarCeba eqimebs ekiTxeba zozia.gadarCeba? _ gminaven lazareTis kedlebi...dao, Seni cremlebi CemTvis avgarozia,dao, mjera sicxians, sadRac davexetebi~. 4àse gaivlian saukuneebi. Cems saflavs daadgeba mze Soreulricxvis. Cem mier uxilav saRamos bindi dafaravs miviwye-1 l. alimonaki. terenti graneli. _ wgn.: t. graneli. lirika, Tb.,1972, gv. 117.2 t. graneli. lirika, gv. 123.3 t. graneli. lirika, gv. 88.4 t. graneli. lirika, gv. 88.354

ul lodebs da Cemi saflavic Seimoseba sibneliT. wamova wvima,qariSxali da mowyenil saflavze damayris yviTel foTlebs. asedroTa Savi wveTebiT daxavsdeba Cemi samare, zed wamoizrdeba balaxi...saydars daketaven, xatebi damwyvdeul tusaRebiviT darCebianSig. da sasaflaos CxaviliT gadaufrens yvavi. gaqreba Tvalebi,romelzedac esvena Tbilisis Rameebi mZime lodebiviT. daCemi samaris samudamo daraji iqneba Cemi unazesi da _ siCume~. 1es ocdaxuTi wlis poetis sityvebia, romelsac yovelTvis axsovdasikvdili _ Memento mori, radgan mTeli misi xanmokle datanjuli sicocxle iyo mzaoba sikvdilisaTvis. Tumca sicocxlisunarianiaRmoCnda misi poezia da sanam es poezia iarsebebs,iarsebebs zoziac _ rogorc daZmuri, yvelaze gulwrfeli, nazida poeturi siyavrulis simbolo.post-skriptumad isev baironis ukvdav striqonebi gamodgeba,romelsac axali qarTuli sicocxle oTar WilaZis TargmanmacmianiWa:`Cven erTmaneTSi varsebobT mxolodda amiTa varT, dao, mdidari;da amis gamo Cvens arsebobasar elis safrTxe araviTari...male mogvnaxavs sikvdilis xeliTu gagvimwarebs isic molodins_ jaWvi, romelmac Cven SegvaerTa,Zvirfaso, mainc gaZlebs bolomde~. 2mwerlebs am natifi da daxvewili sulis patronebs, rogorebicar unda iyvnen isini, RmerTSemosilebi Tu nicSes gamocxadebiT_ RmerTmoklulebi, klasikur epoqaSi Tu modernizmis xanaSimcxovrebni, zneobrivad Zlierni Tu marginalni, umweobisaTu egzistencialuri krizisisa dasaZlevad, aucileblad sWirdebaT`monaTesave suli~, rom roca `Weri ara aqvT da TvalebSiawvimT~ (rilke), 3 marto ar iyvnen. aRsasrulis Jamsac sWirdebaTgverdiT sakuTari zozia. sikvdilis merec sWirdebaT saku-Tari marTa da mariami, rom saxarebiseuli lazaresaviT SeZlonaRdgoma da TavianTi meore da maradiuli, literaturuli sicocxlismopoveba.1 t. graneli. lirika, gv. 167.2 t. graneli. lirika, gv. 50- -51.3 rainer maria rilke. malte laurids briges Canawerebi. Tb., 1992,gv. 52.355

MARINE TURAVATHE PARADIGM OF A BROTHER AND SISTERLOVE IN LITERATUREThe present article describes the greatest English romantic Byron’srelationship with his sister Augusta, his tender affection towardher. The work also deals with the analysis of Byron’s poem “Stanzas toAugusta” which is not just a piece of work depicting brother and sisterbonds and attachment. In it the poet surveys his whole life, in a wayevaluates it. The literary paradigm of brother’s and sister’s fondness foreach other is illustrated by the examples of the relations between Goetheand Cornelia, Kafka and Otilia, Thomas Mann and Lula, MichaelBulgakov and Nadezhda, Grigol Orbeliani and Ephemia, Terenti Graneliand Zozia. It is especially emphasized that such kind of relations isconditioned alongside the biological love by the exceptional spiritual tiesand inherent sensitivity. The examples are considered when the celebratedbrothers’ literary heritage, works and rare manuscripts were preservedfor posteriority by their sisters.356

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008Tamar kiRuraZeFfranc kafkas naratiuli modeli:ìozefine momRerali anda Tagvi xalxi~mxatvruli naratiuli teqstis interpretacia da analizialbaT erTaderTi formaa literaturuli kvlevisa, romelic SesaZlebelsxdis orive filologiuri disciplinis, enaTmecnierebisada literaturaTmcodneobis TanamSromlobas, vinaidan mxatvrulteqstze muSaobisas gardauvalia rogorc Tanamedrove teqstislingvistikis debulebaTa gaTvaliswineba, aseve aucilebelialiteraturuli kvlevis im meTodebis gamoyeneba, romlebicrecefciis esTetikasa da Txrobis Teorias efuZnebian. 1am TvalsazrisiT franc kafkas moTxroba “iozefine momReralianda Tagvi xalxi” (“Josefine, die Sängerin oder Das Volk derMäuse”) 2 SevarCieT rogorc naratiuli teqstis modeli, 3 romlismagaliTzec SevecdebiT TxrobiTi diskursis zogierTi aspeqtisganxilvas. 1924w. daTariRebuli moTxroba “iozefine momReralianda Tagvi xalxi” kafkas bolo nawarmoebia, romelic mwerlissicocxleSive gamoica. moTxrobis saTaurSive Cans reminiscenciagermaneli romantikosi mwerlis, e. t. a. hofmanis cnobili zRaprisa“maknatuna da Tagvebis mefe” (“Nußknacker und Mausekönig”). 4Tumca, gansxvavebiT erTi saukuniT adre, fantastiuri moTxrobisaRiarebuli didostatis, e. t. a. hofmanis mier dawerilizRaprisa, f. kafkasTan fantastiuri ar gaxlavT zRaprulis,ocnebis, warmosaxvis sinonimi da erTgvari pozitiuri sapirwonerealurisa, rogorc es hofmanisTvis da zogadad germanuli romantizmisTvisaaniSandoblivi. hofmanis zRaparSi fantazia darealoba kontradiqciaa. ori samyaro, fantaziisa da realobis,1 amis Sesaxeb dawvril. ix.: F. K. Stanzel. Linguistische and literarische Aspektedes erzählenden Diskurses. Wien, 1984.2 F. Kafka. Sämtliche Erzählungen. Frankfurt am Main, 1970, gv. 172-186.3 Umberto Eco. Lector in fibula. Die Mitarbeit der Interpretation in erzählenden Texten.Münhen, 1990.4 E. T. A. Hoffmann. Märchen. Leipzig, 1983. S. 83-140.357

hofmanisaTvis Cveuli maneriT erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gamijnulia.fantaziis samyaro, romelsac miekuTvnebian maknatuna da Tagvixalxi, mxolod realuri gmiris, patara gogona maris warmosaxvaSiarsebobs da CarCo moTxrobaSi CanarTis saxiT, naTlia droselmaierismier naambobi zRapriT kerketi kaklis Sesaxeb “DasMärchen von der harten Nuß” aris significirebuli.amasTanave, hofmani orive samyaros, fantastiursac da realursacmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli detaluri aRweriT gadmoscems.amrigad, Tumc aSkaraa miniSnebisa hofmanis zraparze, kafkas“iozefine momRerali anda Tagvi xalxi” hofmanis “maknatuna daTagvebis mefis” metad Soreuli memkvidrea. erTaderTi ram, race.t.a hofmanis zRapridanaa transponirebuli f. kafkas moTxroba-Si aris, fantasmagoria “Tagvi xalxi”, socialurad organizebuliTagvebi, romelTa warmomadgeneli da usayvarlesi mgosaniamoTxrobis protagonisti momRerali Tagvi qali iozefine. kafkasmoTxrobaSi ar aris diqotomia fantazia da realoba, aramedteqsti erTTavad warmoadgens socialur abstraqcias, dafuZnebulsfantastiur ambavze Tagvi xalxis sayvareli momReraliqalis, iozefines Sesaxeb, romelic erTxelac ganawyendeba da gauCinardeba,vinaian xalxi, miuxedavad misadmi Tayvaniscemisa, maincar akmayofilebs mis moTxovnas da ar aniWebs mas uflebas,iyos Tavisufali xelovani, mxolod imReros da ar sWirdebodessxva samsaxurSi yofna.Nnaratiuli diskursi, romelsac kafka qmnis iozefines istoriisTxrobisas, uCveuloa imiT, rom Txroba pirveli pirismravlobiT ricxvSi iwyeba “Cven momRerals iozefine qvia” “UnsereSängerin heißt Josefine”. 1 mTxrobeli, romelic am nawarmoebiserT-erTi mTavari figuraa, ZiriTadad pirveli piris mravlobiTricxvSi saubrobs, rac gamoxatavs mis identurobas Tagv xalx-Tan, xolo iq, sadac nacvalsaxeli “Cven” pirveli piris mxolobiTiricxvis nacvalsaxeliT “me”-Ti aris Canacvlebuli, Txrobiskilo personaluri xdeba da mTxrobeli mJRavndeba, rogorc erTgvariesTeti, inteleqtualuri Semfasebeli momRerali iozefinesada Tagvi xalxis urTierTdamokidebulebisa, cdilobs ganmartosiozefines xelovnebis sazogadoebaze udidesi zemoqmedebisfenomeni, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi azriT, iozefines simReramusikaluri da esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT maRali xelovneba ar1 F. Kafka. Sämtliche Erzählungen. Frankfurt am Main, 1970. S. 172.358

aris da Tagvi xalxic erTgvarad aramusikalurad miaCnia.erTi mxriv mTxrobeli cdilobs Cawvdes iozefines bunebas,meore mxriv ki Seimecnos misi xalxis xasiaTi, erTgvari sociologis,analitikosis poziciidan Seafasos sazogadoeba, romelicmxatvrul teqstSi modelirebulia rogorc Tagvi xalxi“Das Volk der Mäuse” da amasTanave mowmis, Tanamedroves TvalTaxedvidangadmosces momRerali iozefines ambavi. amdenad mxatvrulteqstSi sami korelati ikveTeba a)mTxrobeli; b) iozefine;g) Tagvi xalxi da Sesabamisad asaxulia sami korelacia a-bmTxrobeli _ iozefine, a-g mTxrobeli-Tagvi xalxi da b-g iozefine_ Tagvi xalxi. 1moTxrobis diskursis uCveuloba, romelic lingvisturiTvalsazrisiT gamoixateba Taviseburi pronominalizaciiT: TxrobamonacvleobiT warmoebs pirveli piris mravlobiT ricxvSi“Cven” da mxolobiT ricxvSi “me”, iseve rogorc mxatvruliTxrobisas zmnis ZiriTadi drois formis preteritumis, “fiqciurobissignumis” 2 awmyos formiT, prezensiT CanacvlebiT, SesaZlebeliaaxsnili da ganmartebuli iqnas literaturuli naratiulistruqturis analizis safuZvelze. moTxrobis korelatebzedakvirveba SesaZlebels xdis kafkas naratiuli diskursis, romelicaw ukve modernistuli Txrobis klasikur nimuSadaa miCneuli,gansxvavebulobis dadgenas mxatvruli Txrobis tradiciulienobrivi maxasiaTeblebis mimarT.korelacia mTxrobeli-Tagvi xalxi kafkas naratiul modelSigamoixateba uCveulo pronominalizaciiT. Txroba pirvelipiris mravlobiT ricxvSi xazs usvams mTxrobelis identifikaciasTagv xalxTan, romlis nawiladac igi Tavs miiCnevs.xolo maSin, rodesac Txrobisas pirveli piris mravlobiTiricxvi mxolobiTi ricxvis nacvalsaxeliT “me”-Ti icvleba, xazgasmulia,rom mTxrobeli individualuri, damoukidebeli poziciidan,erTgvari meTvalyuris perspeqtividan aRwers nawarmoebismTavar korelacias, iozefinesa da Tagvi xalxis urTierTobas,romlis mniSvneloba moTxrobis saTaurSi uCveulo orTografiiT“Josefine, die Sängerin oder Das Volk der Mäuse” aisaxeba.meore lingvisturi xasiaTis Tavisebureba, riTac kafkas“iozefines” naratiuli diskursi gamoirCeva mxatvruli Txrobis1 ix.: Tz. Todorov. Les catégories du récit littéraire. – Communications, 8, 1966.2 ix.: F. K. Stanzel. Linguistische and literarische Aspekte...359

tradiciuli formisgan da romelic zogadad damaxasiaTebeliamodernistuli da post-modernistuli naratiuli teqstebisTvis,preteritumis, mxatvruli Txrobisas zmnis tradiciulidrois formis, awmyoTi, prezensiT Canacvlebaa. 1 prezensi kafkasmoTxrobis diskursSi gamoxatavs korelacias mTxrobelsa daiozefines Soris, iseve rogorc moTxrobis mTavar korelaciasiozefinesa da Tagv xalxs Soris. prezensiT xazgasmulia mTxrobelispozicia, rom igi sinqronulad asaxavs moTxrobaSi ganvi-Tarebul istorias, Tanamedrovea momRerali iozefinesi da momswreamisi xelovnebis udidesi sazogadoebrivi warmatebisa daaseve mowmea iozefinesa da Tagvi xalxis urTierTdamokidebulebisa,maSin, rodesac iozefine Znelbedobis Jams Tavisi simReriTamxnevebs da fiqrobs, rom amiT mxsnelad evlineba Tavis xalxsda maSinac, rodesac xalxi, miuxedavad aRtacebisa da “mamobrivimzrunvelobisa”, 2 romelsac iCens iozefines mimarT, mainc uarseubneba mas da ar asrulebs mis sanukvar survils, gaTavisufldesyovelive sxva samsaxuridan garda simRerisa. awmyo droSiwarmoebuli Txroba amasTanave xazs usvams diskursis erTgvaradeseistur – analitikur xasiaTs, monaTxrobs warmoaCens, rogorcmTxrobelis msjelobas iozefinesa da Tagvi xalxis urTierTobisSesaxeb, rac TavisTavad xelovanisa da sazogadoebisurTierTobis parabolaa da gamoxatulebaa antiTetikisa xelovnebisesTetikuri da sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis Taobaze.amdenad, Taviseburi diskursi, romelic kafkas naratiulmodels “iozefine momRerali anda Tagvi xalxi” mxatvruliTxrobis tradiciuli modelebidan gamoarCevs da moTxrobas modernistulinaratiuli xelovnebis nimuSad aqcevs, lingvisturiTvalsazrisiT uCveulo pronominalizaciiT da preteritumisprezensiT, fiqciuri TxrobisTvis tradiciuli warsuli droisformis awmyoTi SecvliT xasiaTdeba, rac Tavis mxriv teqstismxatvruli struqturis gamoxatulebaa.1 F. K. Stanzel. Linguistische and literarische Aspekte.., S. 13-30.2 F. Kafka. Sämtliche Erzählungen, S. 176.360

TAMAR KIGURADZEFRANZ KAFKA’S STORY “JOSEFINE, DIE SÄNGERIN ODERDAS VOLK DER MÄUSE” AS A NARRATIVE MODELFranz Kafka’s story “Josefine, die Sängerin oder Das Volk der Mäuse”(1924) is analyzed as a model of modern storytelling. The story is areminiscence of the famous tale about “Nußknacker und Mausekönig”(1817) of E. T. A Hoffmann. However, in difference from Hoffmann’s andthe whole German romantic art of narration, there is no contradiction betweenfantasy and reality in this story. Kafka’s “Josefine” is to understandas a great social abstraction, based on a fantastic event about the singingfemale mouse Josefine and her relationships with the mouse people. Thelinguistic specifics of Kafka’s narrative discourse, like the unusual form ofpronominalisation and the retelling in present tense instead of the conventionalpast tense of the storytelling can be explained as an expression of themain correlations of the fictional narrative structure. Thus, the narratortells the story in the first person plural when he demonstrates his identitywith the mouse people, and in the first person singular when he shows hispersonality and analyses from an outside perspective the main correlationof the story: between Josefine and the mouse people, which is a parabolicform of the controversy about aesthetic and social influence of art. The retellingin present tense, in German “Präsens”, instead of the usual “Präteritum”,the “signum of fictionality” in storytelling, synchronizes the figureof the narrator with the main event of the story and underlines his positionas an analytical describer of this event.361

362soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008xaTuna wiklauriasociaciuri teqnika da mxatvruli dromarsel prustis nawarmoebSi`svanis mxares~mogonebaTa gaurkveveli, erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTuli aforiaqebulifragmentebi, mxolod ramdenime wams inarCuneben sicocxlisunarianobas,Semdeg ki iSlebian, nawevrdebian. burusidan ga-Tavisuflebuli Segneba cdilobs gafarTovdes, amoavsos sicariele.sakmarisia mcire biZgi da mexsierebis zedapirze ukve amodiannaTeli saxeebi da sevdis momgvreli wvrilmanebi.swored aseTi asociaciuri gzebiT cdilobs marsel prustiSeqmnas Tavisi nawarmoebi _ “svanis mxares”. misTvis mTavaria daweroswigni, romelic mxolod poeturi da asociaciuri momentebiswminda koleqcia iqneba. Tavad prusti wers: “genialur nawarmoebebsisini ki ar weren, vinc yvelaze daxvewil samyaroSi cxovroben,brwyinvaled saubroben da daxvewili kultura aqvT, aramedisini, visac ZaluZT sakuTari Tavi iseT sarked aqcion, romTavianTi cxovreba, rogori ubraloc ar unda iyos igi sazogadoebrivadda inteleqtualurad, gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis mtkicegenias areklavdes da ara ganyenebul speqtakls”. 1marsel prustma, rogorc moazrovne reformatorma, didigavlena moaxdina Semdegi Taobis mwerlebSi. inteleqtualuriproza, drois Tanamimdevrobis aRreva, niuansuri ganzogadeba, moralur-eTikurda esTetikur normaTa sxvagvarad aRqma prustissaxels ukavSirdeba, sadac marTlac aris myisiereba SegnebaTa donezeSeqmnil realobaSi, Tu intuiciursa da aracnobiers Soris.“didxans, me adre daviZine” _ ase iwyebs mwerali nawarmoebs,2 _ es ena sxva sivrcem, sxva samyarom gamoiwvia. es frazaanareklia im samyarosi, romelic ar arsebula da arc mis Semdegiarsebebs. mkiTxveli cnobs da aRiqvams am samyaros yvela1 Lettre à Mme Straus citée par G. Painter. – M. Proust. les années de maturité. P.,1966, gv. 231.2 M. Proust. Du côté de chez Swann. Éditions du progrés. Moscou, 1976, gv. 29.

fersa da moZraobas; mas Tavisi specifiuri Zala da niSanTvisebaaqvs, rac prustis samyaros adeqvaturia. magram es adeqvaturobaar gaxlavT sizuste frazisa, romelic winaswar arsebul sivrcesasaxavs, an gadmogvcems, am sityvebma unda Seqmnas samyaro dabolomde, finalamde acocxlos igi.cxadia, rom prustis stili aravis ar hgavs, da, Tuki masTaviseburad ganvixilavT, mas zusti kanonebi gaaCnia, romlissiRrmeSi didi STagoneba imaleba. dro da sivrce TiTqos danawevrebulia,fragmentuli, magram sabolood mainc erTiandeba nawarmoebisnawilebs Soris faruli Sinagani kavSiris meSveobiT.erTis mxriv, skefsisi, sevda, ultraTanamedrove mxatvrulixerxebi, meore mxriv ki, “axal safexurze atanili” realisturitradicia, sinamdvilis pirdapir da srulad Semecnebis mZafrisurvili, droTa kavSiris SegrZneba.modernistulma azrovnebam mravali siaxle moitana. winaplanze wamoiwia metaforam. Seicvala sinamdvilisadmi damokidebuleba.mxatvruli samyaro mravalplaniani xdeba, xelovneba _introspeqtuli. Sinagani metyveleba, cnobierebis nakadi, azrovnebisasociaciuroba, niRabi, fabulis funqciis Sesusteba, Tvi-Tanalizi, struqturuli mravalplanianoba, realurisa da zmanebiserTmaneTSi aRreva, sruliad originalurad interpretirebulimxatvruli dro-sivrce qmnis modernistuli prozis, kerZodki moTxrobis, mxatvrul qsovils.modernizmi urTulesi movlenaa da misi bolomde Secnobada amoxsna Zalian Znelia, radgan racionalur dawyobil msjelobas,analizsa da axsnas Znelad emorCileba. modernistulixelovneba ufro qvecnobier, intimur wvdomas aniWebs upiratesobasTavisi SemoqmedebiTi meTodis Camoyalibebisas da, Sesabamisad,analizisas aseTive midgomasa da frTxil mopyrobas moiTxovs.bunebrivia, rom ufro advilia modernistuli tendenciebisTematikaSi, ideebSi, mxatvrul saxeebSi danaxva da gaazreba.dafaruli, Sinagani gancdis amocnobas marsel prustiseuli asociacuriazrovneba sWirdeba, is ki, rac zedapirzea, ufro adviladxelmisawvdomia. mZafri nervi, ferTa uxvi palitra, figuraTaganlageba da moZraoba, originaluri ganaTeba saSualebasaZlevs mas gaeqces wertils da wamis viwro, gayinul CarCos,ganazogados azri, samyaros TviTmyofadi, dinamiuri da masStaburisuraTi Seqmnas. man moitana esTetikuri azrovnebisaTvis axa-363

li xedva, droisa da sivrcis originaluri mxatvruli gaazreba.“dro Txrobis saSualebaao”, _ werda Tomas mani romanSi “jadosnurimTa”. 1 amitom yvela mwerali, nebiT Tu uneblieT, TaviseburadWrida da Wris droisa da sivrcis problemas; Wris ukveimiT, YTu rogor agebs miseul samyaros, rogor ganalagebssivrceSi da droSi personaJebs.miuxedavad amisa, XX saukunem Tvisobrivad axali damokidebulebamoitana drois kategoriisadmi. Zveli mwerlebi, rogorcwesi, naklebad fiqrobdnen drosa da sivrceze, maT urTierTmimarTebasada raobaze; ufro intuitiurad aRiqvamden am sakiTxs,bunebrivad da uwvaleblad, anu iRebdnen drosa da sivrcesrogorc mocemulobas da ara problemas. maSin, rodesac TanamedrovemweralTa umetesobisaTvis igi uricxv refleqsiaTawyarod iqca, xSirad ki esTetikuri TamaSis sagnadac. amiT aixsnebais faqti, rom dro xSirad gvevlineba ara mxolod nawarmoebisstruqturul elementad, anu Txrobis saSualebad, aramederT-erT Temadac, romelsac dastrialebs avtorisa da personaJ-Ta fiqrebi. drois problemiT daintereseba, bunebrivia, literaturaTmcodneobaSicairekla. amaze amaxvilebdnen yuradrebas aramxolod XXs. modernisti mwerlebi (mag. iseTi mwerlebis, rogoricaauiliam folkneri, jeims joisi, virJinia vulfi, hermanhese, tomas elioti, ezra paundi da sxv.), aramed iseTi tradiciulimwerlebic, rogoric tomas hardi, balzaki an floberia.amasTanave mxatvruli drois kvleva araerTi mniSvnelovani TeoriulinaSromis sagnadac iqca (hans meierhorfi, JorJ pule,viqtor Sklovski). 2SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom drois problemebisadmi interesisgamZafreba XXs. 20-ian wlebs daemTxva. igi erT-erTi gamovlinebaaRirebulebaTa gadafasebis im mtanjveli procesis, romelmacxelovnebis yvela dargSi hpova asaxva. “Tanamedrove mweralTaumetesoba _ werda Jan-pol sartri cnobil eseSi “dro folknerisromanSi `xmauri da mZvinvareba” _ prusti, joisi, dos pa-1 T. mani. jadosnuri mTa. Tb., 1978, gv. 1582 amis Sesaxeb dawvril ix.: u. folkneri. saubrebi. Tb., 1984; e. TofuriZe.uiliam folkneris romanis poetika. Tb., 1984; T. kobaxiZe. modernistulikarnavali tomas eliotis `veneciaSi~. _ Jurn. arili.#11, noemberi, 2004; Pитм, простpaнство и время литературе и искусстве.Л., 1967.364

sosi, folkneri, Jidi, virjinia vulfi, _ Seecada TiToeuliTaviseburad daemaxinjebina dro. zogierTma gamoiyvana dro warsulidanda wamis wminda intuiciamde Seamcira, sxvebma dos pasosismsgavsad is meqanikur da SezRudul mogonebad aqcies.prustma da folknerma ubralod Tavi mohkveTes dros”. 1amgvarad, drois problema erT-erT kardinalur sakiTxadwarmogvidgeba XXs. modernistul literaturaSi. miuxedavadimisa, rom dro da sivrce erTmaneTTan imdenad mWidrod arisdakavSirebuli, rom maTi erTmaneTisagan gancalkeveba SeuZlebeliCans, literaturaSi aqcenti mainc droze keTdeba, rasacuTuod garkveuli safuZveli aqvs.mxatvrul xerxebSi Cndeba prustis midrekileba im mravalricxovanialuziebisa da reminiscenciebis gamoyenebaSi, romelsacigi ase xSirad mimarTavs, mimarTavs Zaldautaneblad da siamovnebiT.yvelaferi, rasac igi mogviTxrobs, warsulSi xdeba,magram awymo da warsuli, anu mogonebebi da sinamdvile misTviserTi uwyveti, mTliani procesia. mogonebebi Tanamimdevrobas ugulebelyofs,erTmaneTze lagdeba, mexsiereba gonebasa da materiasSoris gamTiSvel zRvars avlebs da rogor mTlianobas movi-RebT, es ukve damokidebulia intuiciaze.prustisaTvis realobaa is, rac cnobierebas SemorCa damexsierebis zedapirze amotivtivda. “dros dadevnebuli” mweralicxovrebas, movlenebs, yovel mniSvnelovan da unmniSvnelodetals zustad ise aRwers, rogorc ganicdis: “moulodneladromelime saxuravi, qvaze aRbeWdili mzis Suqi, gzis suni maiZulebdnengavCerebuliyavi im erTgvari siamovnebis wyalobiT, Cem-Si rom iwvevdnen da kidev _ im STabeWdilebebis gamoc, TiTqosisini sakuTari garegnuli saxis miRma mimalavdnen kidec raRacas,erTgvar gansakuTrebulobas, risi aRmoCenac mTeli Cemigulmodgine mecadineobis wyalobiT verasodes movaxerxe. rakivgrZnobdi, rom es idumali gansakuTrebuloba maTSi iyo moqceuli,adgilze vqvavdebodi, TvaliT vWvretdi, gamalebuli vynosavdida vcdilobdi Cemi azrovnebiT SemeRwia am xiluli saxisan sunis idumalebis miRma”. 21 Jean-Paul Sartre. Time in Faulkner: The Sourd and the Fury. – In: William Faulkner:Two decades of Criticism. Ed. By J. Hoffiman and O. Vickery. Michigan StateCollege Press, 1951, gv. 73.2 M. Proust. Du côté de chez Swann, gv. 161.365

kombreiSi gatarebuli dReebi, goTuri stiliT nagebi eklesiebi,bavSvobidanve nacnobi martoobis grZnoba, mwvave lodini,Zilis win dedasTan gamoTxovebis sitkboeba, sevdis momgvreliwvrilmanebi. Semdeg yoveli saxe, yoveli gancda, yoveli gacocxlebuliSTabeWdileba azriT imsWvaleba. misTvis sulerTia rodismoxda, ra moxda, vin rogor Seicvala, vin ra dakarga da vinra SeiZina, mTavaria rogor dalagda es mis mexsierebaSi. mTlianobanamsxvrevebisgan, fragmentebisagan da erTmaneTs daSorebulimovlenebisagan iqmneba. nawarmoebSi warsuli iluziuri xdeba, sadaccxovreba win miiwevs, mxolod ukan, warsulisaken xedviT,ris naTel dastursac warmoadgens pirvelive gverdebi, sadaccnobiereba _ momavlisaken mzeris nacvlad wina RameSi, anu warsulSibrundeba da am warsulis pirveli suraTi _ Tavisi oTaxisakenmimavali bavSvi _ is kacia mimavalSi, romelmac yvelaferiicis, rasac ki cxovreba am bavSvs umzadebs, radgan es cxovrebaukve ganvlili da dasrulebulia.“Zalian bevri weli gavida am ambis Semdeg _ kibis kedeli,romelzec me vxedavdi mis Crdils, didi xania ukve aRar arsebobs...es mxolod imitom, rom cxovreba kvlavac dums Cems irgvliv”.1 prusti Txrobis proceSi arsebul wams mxolod awmyoSiwarmoidgens, rac mas saSualebas aZlevs warsulis momavliTSeqmnas awmyos efeqtebi. dakarguli drois dabruneba mxolodmexsierebis meoxebiT SeiZleba, magram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,Tu mogoneba mogonebad ki ar rCeba, aramed awmyos Caenacvlebada mis adgils ikavebs. am SemTxvevaSi dabrunebuli dro, anu mogonebaufro realuri da mniSvnelovani xdeba, vidre realoba;xolo adamianebi, sagnebi da movlenebi mxolod amgvar mogonebeb-Si iZenen namdvil arsebobas.imis gamo, rom Txrobis manZilze namdvili awmyo ar arsebobs,cxovrebis emociebi simZafres kargaven. mas CrdiliviT Tansdevs warsulis retrospeqtuli gaxseneba da gacocxleba, romeliciluziuri cnobierebis nayofia. retrospeqtul epifaniaSiwarsuli da awmyo erTmaneTs gadafaravs da erT “maradiul awmyos”warmoqmnis, romelic faqtiurad udroobas udris. fabuluridro araarsebiT, meorexarisxovan fonad iqceva, Txroba kiimdenjer wydeba, rom faqtiurad kargavs tradiciuli romani-1 M. Proust. Du côté de chez Swann, gv. 360-361.366

saTvis damaxasiaTebel progresirebas da ciklur formas iZens.prustisaTvis sivrce saerTod ar arsebobs, is raRac iseTia, rasacver miswvdebi, ver Seimecneb. arsebobs mxolod dro, magramara kalendaruli dro, ara JamTa svlis sayovelTaod aRiarebulisazomi, aramed xangrZlivoba _ durée, rac cnobierebis uwyvetdinebas, sulis Sinagan moZraobas niSnavs.mwerali cdilobs ise warmarTos Txroba, rogorc es miscnobierebaSi mimdinareobs, manamde mihyves dinebas, sanam TavisTavadar Sewydeba an mimarTulebas ar Seicvlis. amitomacaa, romzogierT winadadebas bolo ar uCans. prustma sakmaod kargadicis saiT mivyavarT Txrobas, roca aluzias Sinagan ganviTarebazeakeTebs. pirvelive gverdebidan gvixatavs ra bavSvis gancdebs,roca svanebi mis mSoblebTan vaxSmoben da deda sakocnelad aramodis, igi aanalizebs imave gancdas svans odetTan ganSorebisSemdeg rom daemarTa. mTxrobeli ganuwyvetliv win uswrebsTxrobas. amgvari adgilebis moyvana uxvad SeiZleba romanidan. amsaSualebiT nawarmoebSi momxdari esa Tu is epizodi erTjeradxdomilebad ki ar aRiqmeva, aramed ganmeorebadad, ciklurad daamiT ganzogadebasa da zedroulobas iZens.imisaTvis, rom misma personaJebma iarsebon da iseTebi warmogvidgnen,rogorebic arian, prusti qmnis asociaciebs, romlebicerTdroulad realobasac aRwers da sagnisa da sxeulis dakavSirebasacmoicavs. saocari sicxadiT aRwers prusti tantleonis avejs, romelsac igonebs mxolod da mxolod imis gamo,rom zamTris susxian dilas mTxrobels uyvars is Sinauri atmosfero,romelic tant leonis oTaxebSi sufebs. prusti aramarto aRwers am interiers, aramed amiT ynosviT da WamiT udidessiamovnebas iRebs: “haeri imdenad iyo gajerebuli siCumisnazi yvavilis madis aRmZvreli da gemrieli surneliT... gansakuTrebiTsaaRdgamo kviris jer kidev civ dilas...~. 1 es teqstiimdenad SegrZnebadia, mimaCnia, komentarebi sruliad zedmetia.amgvari mogoneba Cveulebriv gonebis uneblie aqtivobis Sedegia,xolo gadamyvanis funqcia upiratesad sensorul msgavsebas akisria:bgeras, suns, fersa da formas.araferi ise ar asulierebs sagans, rogorc misi flobissurvili, swored amis gamo SeiZleba gaxdes karada madis aRmZvreli.ar unda gagvaocos iman, rom emociurad yvelaferi gemos-1 M. Proust. Du côté de chez Swann, gv. 227.367

Tanaa dakavSirebuli. “svanis mxaris” mTxrobelma icis, rom sagnebssiyvaruli molodinSi eniWebaT da Tu kargi amindi iqneba,is elises mondvrebze aucileblad Sexvdeba Jilberts. “Tu iwvimebs,ra azri aqvs eliseis mindvrebze wasvlas? sauzmis Semdegver vwyvet Tvals areul Tu Rrublian cas, is kvlav bnelia,fanjris win aivani nacrisferi... erTi wamis Semdeg aivanigafermkrTalda”. 1prustTan Zalian mniSvnelovania danawevrebis teqnika, romelicyovelTvis erTs ukavSirebs meore sagans, anu axdens asocirebas,risi saukeTeso magaliTia munjuri salami, romelsacmTxrobelsa da mis ojaxs legrandeni aZlevs. es ukanaskneli imdenadsnobia, rom maRali wris qalis kompaniaSi gzad SemxvedrebsTvals aridebs, an ufro sworad, vinaidan met-naklebadzrdilia, SeumCneveli mimikebiTa da TvalebiT esalmeba. “eklesiasTanCven legrandens gadaveyareT, romelic sapirispiro mxaresmiacilebda qalbatons manqanisaken, man Cvens win ise gaiara, rommezobelTan laparakic ar Seuwyvetia da cisferi Tvalis kuTxiTraRac gvaniSna ise, rom quTuToebi da saxis kunTebi arcSeurxevia da SeumCneveli darCa Tavisi mosaubrisTvis, magramcdilobda am laJvardovan kuTxeSi is grZnoba gamoexata, racCvendami iyo miZRvnili: gaibrwyina keTilganwyobam, gamoikveTasinatife da sabolood ifeTqa megobrobis rwmenam, siyvarulisgancxadebas rom udrida, ganaTda _ mxolod CvenTvis, qalisagandafarulad da SeumCnevlad _ gayinul saxeze Seyvarebuli guga”.2 Seyvarebuli guga gayinul saxeze _ sxeulis amgvari dayofaironias iwvevs. sxva pasaJSi ki prusti frazis “SevsebiT” iZlevamSvenier liriul dasasruls.xelovneba siyvarulis uaryofas moiTxovs da siyvarulisiluziebis uaryofa mTavari wyaroa prustis asociaciuri stilisa.misi azriT, siyvaruli mxolod warmodgenis nayofia da damokidebuliaimaze, Tu rogor gaaRizianebs ama Tu im pirovnebiswarmodgenas, vin rogori TvaliT dainaxavs qalis saxes, rogoribgerebi moaxdenen masze gavlenas. svani, magaliTad, venteilis sonetismusikalurma frazam, siqstis kapelis mSvenebam da botiCelissepforam daRupa. odeta misTvis Cveulebrivi, cxovrebis miergaeSmakebuli qali ki ar iyo, aramed venteilis musikaluri fra-1 M. Proust. Du côté de chez Swann, gv. 162.2 M. Proust. Du côté de chez Swann, gv. 81.368

ziT da botiCelis tiloTi gaRizianebuli warmodgenis nayofi.realur cxovrebaSi aseTi ram xdebao, ambobs prusti: “Cveniarsebobis zogierT momentSi gansakuTrebuli SeTvisebis unarigvaqvs, msgavsad imisa, rogorc sisustisa da daRlilobis JamsuZlurni varT xolme yovelnairi mikrobebis winaSe, Cvens organizmsrom uteven; SeviyvarebT ara romelime gansazRvrul arsebas,aramed imas, SemTxveviT rom aRmoCndeba Cvens winaSe, sworedmaSin, am Sexvedris auxsnel moTxovnilebas rom ganvicdiT. Cvenisiyvaruli im arsebis ZiebaSi daZrwis, romelzedac SeCerdeba”. 1prustma Tavisi stili Seqmna, romelsac gansazRvruli wesebiaqvs, sadac sakuTar sivrceSi SegrZnebaTa amouwuravi simdidregamovlinda. esaa nawarmoebi, romelic iqmneba “WeSmaritisinamdvilis~ (“Vrai réel”) ZiebaSi da Tan sdevs prustis mier danawevrebuliesTetikuri aluziebi, rac sabolood, Cemi azriT,aRar saWiroebs fsiqoanalitikur gamokvlevas, radgan is Seucnobelicnobiereba, rac man mogvawoda, did literaturul miznebsmoxmarda.1 M. Proust et Jeacques Rivière. Correspondance (1914-1922). P., 1955, gv. 114.24. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi369

KHATUNA TSIKLAURITHE ASSOCIATIVE TECHNIQUE AND THE ARTISTIC TIMEIN MARCEL PROUST’S “SWANN’S WAY”Marcel Proust by associative ways tries to create his work“Swann’s Way”, to conduct the narration as it goes on in his consciousness,to follow the flow until it stops by itself or changes the directionwhich makes some of his sentences seem endless. The most importantthing for him is to write a book which will be only a pure collection ofpoetic and associative moments. For his characters to exist and torepresent themselves as they are Proust creates associations which simultaneouslydescribe the reality and connect the object and the body. It isobvious that Proust’s style does not resemble anyone’s and if we considerit as a peculiarity then it has precise laws in the depths of which inordinateinspiration is buried. In his artistic devices Proust shows his bent forthose numerous allusions and reminiscences which he so often resorts to.This is the work which is created in the search of genuine reality and isaccompanied by Proust’s diffused aesthetic allusions and which eventuallydoes not need psychoanalytical research as the unfamiliar consciousnessoffered to us has been applied to the mammoth literary goals.370

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008nana kuciaàsi uZvelesi iaponuri leqsis~irma ratianiseuli Targmanis gamojidu kriSnamurti eseebis ciklSi `saubrebi bombeiSi~ TargmanisurTules xelovnebas `foTlidan foTolze namis gadacurebas~adarebs. 1 natifi aRmosavluri msoflaRqmis dammarxveliufaqizesi Sedareba warmoaCens mTargmnelis maRali `moSromis~oqsimorons _ sizifur garjas da `sivrceebSi~ originalis avtorTan`Tanabar~ livlivs _ erTdroulad.marina cvetaeva `ramdenime werilSi rainer maria rilkes~Targmnis procesis sizifurobisa da meditaciurobis analizisasgenialuri avtoris kongenialuri mTargmnelis wrfeli pirdapirobiTaRniSnavs (davidasturebT vrcel amonarids): `Сегодня мнехочется, чтобы Рильке говорил через меня. Это в просторечии называетсяп е р е в о д. Насколько у немцев лучше – „nachdichten!“ – идяпо следу поэта заново прокладывать всю дорогу, которую прокладывалОн. Пусть „Nach“ – «вслед», но „Dichten“ – то, что «всегдазаново». „Nachdichten“ – заново прокладывать дорогу по мгновеннозарастающим следам.Но есть у «перевода» ещё другое значение – перевести нетолько «на» (русский язык, например), но и «через» (реку).Я Рильке перевожу на русскую речь, как он когда-нибудь переведётменя на тот свет – за руку – через реку». 2am yuC kamerulobas, intims `sivrceebSi Tanabrobis~ maRalisimSvide esaZirkvleba. cvetaevasi _ rilkesadmi.sacnauria, rom, qarTuli saxismetyvelebiT, sityvebi `Targmaneba~da `ganmarteba~ maRali jufTia (magaliTad, eqvTime aToneliseuliTargmani ioane oqropiriseuli Txzulebebisa `TargmanebaOmaTes saxarebisaO~, `TargmanebaO ioanes saxarebisaO~...).cneba `ganmarteba~ ganacocxlebs ZvelqarTuli teqstis gamWvir-1 jidu kriSnamurti. saubrebi bombeiSi. _ literaturuli saqarTvelo,6XI.1998, gv. 12.2 М. Цветаева. Несколько писем Р. М. Рильке. – wgn. М. Цветаева. Собр. соч. в2-х томах, т. 2, М., 1988, gv. 350.371

vale reminiscencias: `yurni gulisa da gonebisa Tqvenisani ganhmarteniTsmenad~. 1 gulisa da gonebis sarkmelTa `ganmartebis~(ganRebis) mdabali vedreba unaTlesi wignis reminiscenciasacmoicavs: `ganicadeniT SroSanni velisani~ (maTe 6, 8). rogor`ganimarteba~ (ganixvneba) gulisa da gonis maRali sarkmeli,`ganicdeba~ velis SroSanTa RvTaebrivi, sada silamaze?! mxolodufalma uwyis... isic, vin ganicados, vis ganemartos...wmidaTawmidasTan maRali ganmartoebis yuCi simSvide swyalobebodaT`sibrZne balahvarisas~ ucnob mTargmnels, goeTes _àRmosavlur-dasavluri divanis~ Txzvisas, paunds _ `Chatai”-saRmosavluri stilizaciebis sakralur samyaroSi ganmartoebisas,CaRrmavebisas... albaT, miiaxlebdnen, miiaxloebdnen aRmosavleTisgamlRvar mzes, RvTaebriv garindebas, maRal mocaleobas... ùcaloviyav, ufro RamiT damiweria~, _ iqneb, mxolod Zvel etratTagadamwerebisas rodi ityoda gogla?! 2asi uZvelesi iaponuri leqsis irma ratianiseul Targmansmzis naySi amSvenebs. yda, mzis foni, `gadamwifebuli forToxlisferia~,3 Tu unabisferi. 4 Tumc mzis disko mkafio konturiTaa SemosazRvruli,absoluturi formisaa [absoluturi _ absolutisanarekli! _ `he, mzeo, vis xatad RmrTisad gityvian filosofosniwinani~ _ qarTuli reminiscencia], es mainc aRmosavluri mzea_ mcxrali, gamlRvari, gamTangavi... iqneb, `mze Semodgomis~?!`yovelive rogor nazdeba~, roca wignidan SemoganaTebs (TuamoganaTebs) es yuCi mze! (am mzis `Semodgomurobas~ unabisferi,Tu gadamwifebuli forToxlisferi foni amkveTrebs)... mze wign-Si (Tu wignze) ZvelTuZvelesi qarTuli paradigmaa: `gelaTisakademiis karibWeze horeliefuri naqandakaria... gamosaxuleba undawarmoadgendes wigns, romelSiac Caxazulia mze. wigni sibrZniswyaroa, sibrZne _ sinaTlea, anu mzea WeSmaritebisa _ es gaazrebaZvelTagan modis. ioane petriwi Tavis `ganmartebaSi~ asegaiazrebs mzesa da wigns, 5 `ganmarteba~ ki gelaTis akademiis1 iovane sabanisZe. habos wameba. _ qarTuli mwerloba, I. Tb., 1987,gv. 444.2 g. leoniZe. Zveli leqsis mwerali. _ qarTuli poezia, XIV. Tb.,1984, gv. 314.3 m. iursenari. rogor gadarCa uan fo. _ afra, #2, 1998, gv. 78.4 m. joxaZe. demonebi da mfarveli angelozebi. _ Cveni mwerloba19.12.08, #26 (78), gv. 28.5 ioane petriwi. ganmarteba. _ Sromebi. t. I. Tb., 1937, gv. 32372

mTavari wigni iyo~. 1ucxoTa saganZuridan `keTils Seiwynarebda, jerkuals ganagdebda~grigol xanZTeli. 2 keTilis Sewynarebis Soreuli anarekliaàsi uZvelesi iaponuri leqsis~ irma ratianiseuli, natifiTargmani. leqsTaTvis darTul winasityvaobaSi mTargmneliXIIs. iaponuri Txzulebis _ ùsaTauro Canawerebis~ frazas moixmobs:àdamianebi qmnian simRerebs, leqsebs. gadis asi, xSiradaTasi welic. STamomavlebi kiTxuloben maT Canawerebs da uneburadeqmnebaT genialur avtorebTan piradad Sexvedris iluzia~. 3`genialur avtorebTan piradad Sexvedris iluzia~ absoluturadarailuzorulad garwmunebs droisa da sivrcis pirobi-TobaSi, maRali (maRalTa) sevdis sinaTlesa da maradiulobaSi.maRali poezia uneblieT wanislavs droisa da sivrcis myifesamanebs da rwmundebi: `Senad miCneul fiqrebs fexi audgamT evfratispirad~. 4 èvfrats~ iaponur poeziaSi Caenacvleba Tundactacuta (tanka me-17) an èrTi cida mdinare nara~ (tanka 98-e)...unabisfer siRrmeSi CamlRvar mzeze tuSis ucnauri, natifimonasmia _ iqneb qaragma, an weroebis mwuxare mwkrivi, anac _RrubelTa mowyvladi Zewkvi, iqneb, fiqria fujivaraTa _ aristokratuli,naRvliani... kvlav _ qarTuli reminiscencia:`melnad vixmare giSris tba da kalmad _ me na rxeuli......tani kalmad maqvs, kalami _ navRelsa amonawebi...~. 5erTnairi _ msubuqi sevdiT andobda saidumlos lerwamietrats uZveles iaponiaSi, uZveles saqarTveloSi...Zveli qveynis maRali sevda iRvreba maRali qveynis poeziismaRali Targmanebidan. mTargmneli droisa da sivrcis samanebsiseTi mSvidi ubraloebiT iurvebs, rom iaponuri poezia _ aqamdis`mtili daxSuli, wyaroi dabeWduli~_ gangexvneba, gepkureba.uuSoresi iaponia ise mogeaxleba, mogiaxlovdeba, rogorc giaxlovebdnenodesRac en-gadis venaxs, indoeTis zRaprul feradov-1 r. siraZe. simbolo sulieri naTlisa. _ wgn.: r. siraZe. qristianulikultura da qarTuli mwerloba, I. Tb., 1992, gv. 3.2 giorgi merCule. grigol xanZTelis cxovreba. _ qarTuli mwerloba,t. I. Tb., 1987, 632.3 asi uZvelesi iaponuri leqsi. Targmani i. ratianisa. Tb., 2008, gv. 3.4 o. WilaZe. Tixis sami firfita. _ Txzulebani 3 tomad, t. II. Tb.,1986, gv. 475.5 SoTa rusTaveli. vefxistyaosani. _ qarTuli mwerloba, t. IV, Tb.,1988, gv. 3.373

nebas, eladis gamWvirvale cas `qebaTa qebis~, `sibrZne balahvarisis~,`samoTxis~ saxeliani Tu usaxelo, yuCi mTargmnelni... `ke-Tils Seiwynarebdnen, jerkuals ganagdebdnen~ da mzes efina adamianuritkivilis mwuxare ieroglifi _ qarTulad naTargmanebi,gaqarTulebuli ucxo poezia, ikvreboda `saweliwdoO iadgarad~(àw dakargulad~), Tu modrekilis himnTa maRal krebulad...irma ratianiseuli, daxvewili Targmani tradiciis mokrZalebulxibls gagznebinebs. ori maRali poeturi kultura _qarTuli da iaponuri _ erTurTs ki ar exleba, mieaxleba, er-TurTs SeeRvreba da lRveba, rogorc damavali, mcxrali mze _Semodgomis mewamul caze. Targmanis stilur sisadaves (gemovnebisupirates niSats) qarTuli mTargmnelobiTi tradiciebis uRrmesigacnobiereba esaZirkvleba.`miyvars yvelaferi sada,miyvars yvelaferi Zveli~_ galaktioni SemTxveviT rodi awyvilebs `sadas~ da `Zvels~.Zveli, tradiciuli, mSvidi ubraloebiT, Sinagani da garegnulisisadaviTaa aRbeWdili _ yvelgan, iaponiaSic, saqarTveloSic...rodesac qveyanas, ers aTasxuTaswlovani (yvelaze mcire) mTargmnelobiTitradicia aqvs, aRar gaocebs maRali Targmani. `xams~...mTargmnelis maRali erudicia, daxvewili gemovneba aramxolodTargmanebSi, tankaTaTvis darTul komentarebSic ilandeba.leqsisa da komentaris jufTi TiTqos tonalobaTa mSvidi cvalebadobisTvis,kontrapunqtis efeqtisTvisaa moxmobili (rogorcrusTavelTan _ maRali da dabali Sairis, an klaviaturaze_ Sav da TeTr klaviSTa monacvleoba). komentari TiTqosunda gazRvevdes poetur licenciaTagan, magram, imdenad poeturiaTavadac, leqsis refleqsiad ufro warmoCndeba, vidre ganmmartebelfaqtTa mosawyen konstatirebad.kvlav m. cvetaevas zemoaRniSnul eses davesesxebiT: «Вскрытьсущность нельзя, подходя со стороны. Сущность вскрываетсятолько сущностью, изнутри – внутрь. Не исследование, а проникновение.Взаимопроникновение, Дать вещи проникнуть в себя и проникнутьв нее. Как река вливается в реку. Точка слияния вод – онаникогда не бывает точкой, посему – встреча вод – встреча без расставания...Проникаясь – проникаю». 1 …rusi poeti uzustes definiciasipovis _ `ganimsWvaleba da (Ca)swvdeba.~ qarTveli mTargm-1 М. Цветаева. Несколько писем Р. M. Рильке, gv. 356.374

nelic arss arsiTve axsnis, ki ar igrZnobs, ìgznebs~ (robaqiZiseulisityva robaqiZiseulsave reminiscencias amoiyolebs: `wiTuraddaferili~ zardaxSa maSin gaxseni, rodesac liToniviT erTifiqriT aivsebio 1 _ mamis anderZia arCibald mekeSisadmi).albaT, `liToniviT erTi fiqriT avsebisas~, anu saTargmnteqstSi sruli CalRobisas, `rogorc futkari _ TeTr qrizan-TemaSi~ (ana axmatova) 2 Tu Seigzneba ùcxo~ poezia da xdebabolomdis Seni. mere ra, rom tanka leqsis qarTuli `tani~ (forma)ar aris. RmerTma _ mTavarma da erTaderTma _ Seqmna `saxeyovlisa tanisa.~ iaponuri tankas `tani~ TargmanSi uzustesformad CamoiRvreba, mTargmnelis niWierebisa da pasuxismgeblobiswyalobiT, xelovnurobisa da naZaladeobisagan absoluturaddazRveuli, dawmendili.Zveli iaponia qarTul darbazSi Semoabijebs _ mSvidi, sada,mainc saritualo nabijiT, Cais yuC aromats, abreSumis grilikimonoebis lbil Srials, Tavazian, naRvlian Rimilsa daamayi qedismoxris ceremonials Semoiyolebs. mkiTxveli, mTargmnelismaRali ZalisxmeviT, aRar iqneba `TargmanSi dakarguli~...ìaponelebi gansakuTrebul pativs scemen uZveles poezias.iSviaTia ojaxi, sadac misaReb oTaxSi, gamosaCen adgilas ar ekidoslamazi kaligrafiiT Sesrulebuli amonaridi “Hyaku-nin-isshu”-spoeturi krebulidano~, aRniSnavs irma ratiani. leqsTaCrdilSi, sigrileSi mkvidroben esTeti iaponelebi. sityviTnaxatebixatebad transformirdebian. iaponelis ufaqizesi sulimTavar codnas daimarxavs _ mikrokosmosisa da makrokosmosisRvTaebriv, harmoniul erTarsebobas.kvlav mTargmneliseul winasityvaobas davesesxebiT: `samyarosaRqmis iaponuri modeli ar hgavs evropuls. Tu evropulicnobierebisaTvis samyaro warmoadgens erTgvar sacdel obieqts,iaponuri msoflmxedveloba moiazrebs mas, rogorc mocemulobas,romlis koreqtirebis ufleba Tavad ar gaaCnia...adamiani aris adaptori, romlis erTaderT funqciasac Seadgenssamyaros miReba imgvarad, rogoradac is Semoqmedisganaa mocemuli.iaponeli xelovanis qmnilebaSi mudmivad SeigrZnoba uZirosicariele, rogorc absolutTan Serwymis WeSmariti gza...XIIs. ucnobi iaponeli mxatvris CanaxatSi ukidegano zRvaSi1 g. robaqiZe. gvelis perangi, falestra. Tb., 1988, gv. 85.2 А. Ахматова. Вечерняя комната. Стихотворния. М., 1988, gv. 56.375

eulad micuravs patara saTevzao navi. fragmenti TavisTavad badebsTvaluwvdeneli sivrcis SegrZnebas da, amave dros, SegrZnebasuCveulo simSvidisa, rac globaluri martoobisa da garindebisauriTaa nakarnaxevi... primitiuli umweobis miRma kontrastuladSeigrZnoba absolutis yovlismomcveli Zala, rac warmar-Tavs patara saTevzao navis moZraobas zRvaSi da, zogadad, samyarosmoZraobas.`RvTisaTvis datovebuli sivrcis modeli~ arsebi-Tia iaponur poeziaSi... sakraluri sicariele TiTqmis yoveli saleqsoversiis konceptualur atributs warmoadgens, TiTqmis yovelsaleqso versiaSi ikveTeba es `diadi~ pauza~. 1winasityvaobis vrceli amonaridi uzustesad gansazRvravsmTargmnelis damokidebulebas teqstisadmi _ irma ratiani esa-TuTeba Zveli iaponiis daxvewil suls, adamianisa da samyarosRvTaebriv harmonias gznebs leqsTa natif anamcvrevebSi. `Cven,kacTa, mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa~ _ mTargmnelsmSobliuri poeziis uarsebiTesi Teza ucxo `feradebis~ moxilvisada Targmanebisas SeeSveleba. avTandili ùmzerda Wavlsawylisasa~, tato `fiqrT gasarTvelad~ mTawmindasa da mtkvrissanaxebs moixilavda... qarTuli meditaciebi ise hgavda iaponelaristokratTa (asive uZvelesi leqsis avtori sulisa da sisxlisaristokratia) `simSvides, globaluri martoobisa da garindebisauriT nakarnaxevs~...martoobisa da garindebis aura ver iguebs stilis RvlarWnilebas,`Wrel saubars~. mTargmneli `sasTumlis sityvas~ (kideverTi uzustesi, unatifesi detali!) moixelTebs (ra iolia konstatirebada ra Zneli _ moxelTeba!), sada eleganturobiT aRbeWdavsleqsis kompozicias da qarTul leqsad daiRvreba uZvelesiiaponuri melodiebi. romajiT (laTinuri SriftiT) daSifrulimelodia mogeaxleba, giaxlovdeba. romaji mzerisTvis ufro axlobelia,vidre idumali iaponuri ieroglifi _ `mtili daxSuli,wyaroi dabeWduli.~ mTargmneli, Tavad bednieri ucxo melodiisyuCi sisadavis gznebiT, mkiTxvelsac Seasmens Soreul eqosadreuli Sua saukuneebidan monaqroli poeziis mSvidi musikisa...`Zieba da Serwyma, siRrme da ara zedapiri, SigniT da aragarSemo~ _ ai, iaponuri msoflaRqmis RvTaebrivi `kliteni~,mTargmnels rom swyalobebia, `kliteTagan~ upirvelesis _ iaponurienis codnis wyalobiT. èna _ yofierebis saxli~ (haidege-1 asi uZvelesi iaponuri leqsi. Tb., 2008, gv. 14.376

i) 1 mTargmnels uSinaurebs iaponelTa mistikur yofas, mTargmneli,Tavis mxriv _ iaponuris armcodne, `keTilis Sesawynareblad~mzadmyof qarTvel mkiTxvels. am unatifes leqsebSi `jerkuali~araferia, yvelaferi _ mxolod keTili...Tu emersonis `saxlsa da beRelSi~ ocnebebs kari ar ganexvneba(winasityvaobaSi mTargmneli daimowmebs amerikeli transcendentalistisfrazas, sinanuliT gajerebuls, àr vici, raaris ca carieli, ca _ mowmendili idealizmio~), RvTaebrivimocaleobis, maRali simSvidisa da sinaTlis damaunjebel qar-Tul saxlSi _ odis mziur wnulSi, ase rom hgavs iaponelTagamWvirvale, naTel samkvidros, ivanebs iaponuri poeziis uunaTlesiniSati _ `mSvenieri sasowarkveTa~. 2xatebi-sityviTnaxatebi hgvanan akvarelis mWvirvale fragmentebs,`mina~ _ Targmanis sifrifana, gamyofi tixari _ ucnauradrom gardatexs, cremlis ganmwmed Wavls gadaavlebs da daibadebaaxali leqsi _ originalis natifi jufTi da ... kidev ra-Rac sxva _ gansxvavebuli... Semodgomis Rrublian diliT oqrosferiTavTavebis yuCi bzinva (ruxisa da oqrosfris unatifesioqsimoroni) pirveli akvarelia asi uZvelesi leqsis krialakrialosanSi. amaoa tenCis mSvidi sasowarkveTa _ `ver damifaravswvimisagan sadgomi Cemi~ _ meSvide saukunis wvimas, ager,ukve ToTxmeti saukunea, leqsSi Sehfarvia daRaluli imperatori.ToTxmeti saukunea, `ciuri angelozi _ mzeqali frTasxmuli~amo no kagus Tovlian mwvervalze rodi, imperatrisa jitoscida tankaSi aSrobs gamWvirvale, dacvarul mosasxams, sanammTvareze, Sin dabrundeba...da es leqsebi, leqsebze metad, akvarelia... akvareli _ mea-Te, mease... da yvela _ mSvenieri, `mSvenieri sasowarkveTis~ dammarxveli...`qarvisferi xoxbis kudze grZelia da usasrulo miusafarmartoobaSi garindulis umweo Rame...~ `tagos fiqriviTCamonislul sanapiroze codvili sulis sinanuli _ farfatebsfifqi...~ àmayi fuji, garinduli TovlTa fantomSi...~ xilvebi,leqsebiT monaqroli: `kaWkaWTa idumal xidze naperwklebs gahyrismeufe Wirxli...~ `molandeba gansacvifrebi _ mTvaris naTeli,dafenili mikasas mTaze...~ujis mwuxar mTasaviT mwuxarea yofa berisa (reminiscencia:1 m. haidegeri. saxli soflis gzaze. Tb., 1988, gv. 168.2 l. sturua. asi soneti da sxva. Tb., 1998, gv. 14.377

ùvicTagan ucnaurno, aw mZinareno xorciTa da mRviZareno suliTa,mkvdrad Seracxilno mkvdarTagan da ukunisamde cxovelnoqristeisgan taZrisa mis sulisaiTa~). 1 JamTa dinebiT gaxunebulisilamaze ono komaCis... `SeSlil zRvaTa mRelvareba~... `minas CanCqeri_ kacis guliviT bnel-idumali~... siyvarulis Savi wyali[komentaridan: `Koi `wylis Sav fersac~ niSnavs da `siyvarulsac~]...`moji-Zuris Wreli qsovili _ vazis foTlebis anarekligril abreSumze~ [kvlav reminiscencia _ `WiWnauxtisa saqmisa~]...iaponuri enZelebiT _ vakanebiT savse sveli kalTa...monastrebis moCurCule saidumlo... (qarTuli reminiscencia:ès Srialia, rom iwvevs mTels idumalebas Semodgomisas~). 2lodiniT daRlili fiWvi (komentaridan: matsu niSnavs `fiWvisxes~, magram ikiTxeba, rogorc `lodinic~)...mdinare tacuta, `daferilinekerCxlis wiTeli foTlebiT...~ juja bambukebiT mor-Tuli naniva (osaka)... `mTvare _ sadafi, moelvare Rameul caze,mkrTali TiTebiT rom gadaburavs cisirgvliveTs pirquS sudariT~...hurikane _ Semodgomis qari, àfTruli JiniT rom eZgerebaunazes lerwams~... ylorti, biliks rom ikvlevs gauval gzebze...`sxivTa fantomSi aelvarebuli Soreuli, pirquSi mTebi~...mTebSi Cakarguli soflis `mxuTavi siCume~ (àq sofelia. wvima.rutina~)... tairebi da minamotoebi _ iaponeli iorkebi da lankasterebi...`SeWirxluli qrizanTemebis feradi farCa~... dilismTvare, `SerCenili cis kabadonze _ Sori da mtruli~ (qarTulisaxismetyvelebiT _ `cisTvali~)...iaponuri alublis, `sakuras mwuxare kvdoma~... `qarvadqceuliwveni aTaswlovani fiWvis~... `Zvel alayafTan gadaSlilinazi yvavili, msubuq surneliT rom gamoqargavs bavSvobis biliks~(momagondeba iasamnisferi yvavilebiT Seblardnili, mezoninianisaxli soxumSi)... ayvavebuli qliavebi... dilis balaxzemocimcime wveTebi cvrisa... moRalate qmarze mgloviare natifiqali, ezra paundis `dilis mSvenieri inanTis~ personaJs romucnaurad hgavs. 3Waobispirs moSriale leliani... mitovebuli taZris saxu-1 giorgi merCule. grigol xanZTelis cxovreba. _ qarTuli mwerloba,I. Tb., 1987, gv. 608.2 g. tabiZe. es iyo oqtombris damlevs. _ leqsebi or tomad, t. I.Tb., 1988, gv. 213.3 ezra paundi. dilis mSvenieri inanTi. Targmani z. ratianisa. _ àrili~,10.VIII, 1998, gv. 8.378

avi, gadaxunZluli yurZniT, damkrefavi rom aravin hyavs... ibukismTaze dakrefili saSimogusa... `xsovnis uSores wiaRebidanmoCqafune laJvardovani wylebi~... `rva-rvad dafurcvlil yvavilebismotkbo inanTSi mogizgize alublis cecxli~... `sasTumliswigni~ (62-e tanka)...`korohos Tovli, romelic mxolod maSin moCans, Tu fardasaswev~... `Semodgomis civ RameSi gawolili sqeli bindbundi~...islis saxuravebi... brinjis yanebi... `tagasakoze ayvavebulsakuras usaxur librad gadakruli qula Rrubeli~... qafisTeTr labadaSi moqaTqaTe talRa... `qariviT Wirveuli qalwuli~...Ramis gatexili siCume (gatexili Ramis siCume sxvaa)...`daWrili irmis amobRavleba ukanaskneli...~ `darabebs Soris gamoklakniliviwro naprali...~suleTis qveynidan mofrenili gugulis moZaxilis eqo (ucnauria,konstantine gamsaxurdias `xogais mindiaSic~ gugulebisqveyana mistikuri samkvidroa, suleTi)....`mwkrivebi brolis _ Sxapuna wvima,mZivebi naZvze _ wveTebi brolis...~nekerCxlis wiTeli foToli _ gamoTxovebis mwuxare niSani:`WriWinebis anci WriWini...~`napirisaken momcuravi sveli navebi...~ucnauri, unatifesi avtoportreti _ ès Tovli me var...~(96-e tanka). uneblieT magondeba Cexoviseuli: `me Tolia var~...meTovlia var... mwuxris bindbundi da èrTi cida mdinare narasfaqizi sunTqva...~ `saxuravisken nela mcocavi veluri suro gadausxlavi_ gapartaxebis Tavneba macne~ (sulSi goderZi Coxelismwuxare miniaturebis naRvliani melodia iWrebodes TiTqos). komentarismSvidi Suqi: `Shinoby niSnavs `mcocav mcenares~, magramSeiZleba wakiTxul iqnes, rogorc `wuxili...~ (RvTaebrivi orazrovneba...wignis prezentaciaze, `Cveni mwerlobis~ darbazSi, givialxaziSvilis uzustesi replika: `wuxilic mcocavia~...).unatifes saxe-xatTagan verc erTs Seelevi, margalitebadgana ramdens amokreb iaponuri poeziis krialosnidan?! irma ratiani-mTargmneliaSkarad Tavadvea poeti... suls usurvaziviTexveva mcocavi mcenare – wuxili, mainc RvTaebrivad naTeli:`poezia musikaa, naTeli, niuansebi, elferebi. sxva danarCeniaris literatura~ (pol verleni). 11 П. Верлен. Отрывки. – История французской литературы. М., 1984, gv. 18.379

wigni SeiZleba giyvardes Tavisi metaforiT, aliteraciiT,hiperbolebiT. mokle Sinaarsis siyvaruli ar SeiZleba~ (l.sturua). 1 STabeWdileba yovelTvis usaxuri `mokle Sinaarsia~...`mxolod suli hgrZnobs, Tu viTari sZRveniT mas Sveba~ _ bara-TaSvilis striqoniT gamovxatavdiT mTargmnelisadmi madlierebasunatifes poeziasTan miaxlebis da miaxloebis yuCi bednierebismoniWebisTvis... kvlav gaikiafebs goglas striqoni: ùcaloviyav, ufro RamiT damiweria~ 2 _ RvTaebriv simSvides, uZvelesiaponur leqsebSi romaa daunjebuli, `dRis utifar naTebaSi~(novalisi) ver mieaxlebi _ dRe amkveTrebs konturs da `ferisCumi gadaRvra ferSi~ cuddeba.`mzis amosvlis qveynidan~ (amomavali mzis qveyanas poeturadgadanaTlavs rostom CxeiZe) 3 gamoxmobili mcxrali mze qar-Tul `saxlsa da beRels~ (kvlav emersons davesesxebiT) ganatfobsmSvidi, mcxralive SuqiT da feriT. 4`qveyana gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa~ _ iaponuri poeziismcxrali mzis Suqi ise aklda ferTa qarTul palitras... ramdenimeunazesi Targmani (m. lebaniZis, o. CxeiZis...) ufro amZafrebdaiaponuri sityvis saganZurs miaxlebis survils. rusuli sityvisprizmaSi gardatexili aRwevda es mqrqali Suqi qarTvelimkiTxvelis gulamdis. reminiscencia rezo inaniSvilis umSvenieresi,winaswarmetyveluri miniaturisa, iaponur tankas rom ucnauradhgavs tragikuli lakonurobiT: `seqtembris naxevaria _umSvenieresi dro zRvis sanapirosTvis, magram guSinwin uceb gadabrundazRva... Tumca mze anaTebs, wyalSi ar Caisvleba. mZime,civi niavi modis iqidan xmeleTze da gadavwyvite, wavide zeviT,bzifis SesarTavTan. marjvena xeliT mivibjen bzis joxs, marcxeniTmiWiravs «Японская поэзия». amgvari mogzaurobisas leqsebsaraferi sjobs, miT ufro, Cinur da iaponur klasikur leqsebs.midixar ukacriel, rbil, qviSian gzaze. zRva feTqavs. amoikiTxavswrafad:«Нищий на пути! Летом весь его покров – небо и земля».raRac agwevs mxrebSi, gageRimeba da waxval...1 l. sturua. leqsebi. _ literaturuli palitra, #1, 2009, gv. 102.2 g. leoniZe. Zveli leqsis mwerali _ qarTuli poezia, t. 12, Tb.,1986, gv. 138.3 asi uZvelesi iaponuri leqsi (minaweri ydaze).4 r. emersoni, asi uZvelesi iaponuri leqsis winasityvaoba. Tb., 2008,gv. 8.380

Semzaravi winaTgrZnoba daeufleba bzifis SesarTavTanmdgar mwerals (miniatura 1988 welsaa dawerili _ n.k.).SeZrwunebuli isev «Японская поэзия»-s gadaSlis. male gaeRimeba:«Над ручьем весь деньЛовит, ловит стрекозаСобственную тень». 1iqneb, yvela werilze ukeT, swored es mSvidi ganmartoeba`sasTumlis wignTan~ (ase vuxmobdiT às uZveles iaponurleqss~, krebulidanve amosxletil natif sintagmas davesesxebodiT,Tumc es sxva iaponuri krebulis saTauria, see Sonagonisliteraturuli Sedevrisa (ix. 62-e tankas komentari) gamoxatavdesiaponuri poeziis arss, gulisguls.`ra saWiroa gamocnoba, gznebaa saWiro~, _ ityoda grigolrobaqiZe. 2 bednieri gznebiT, da ara gamomcnobis civi logikiTTxzul ulamazes eseSi `demonebi da mfarveli angelozebi~ (esessaTauri tankas gamWvirvalebas imarxavs) maka joxaZe mSvenieriTargmaniT aRZrul STabeWdilebas ise aRwers, tankas TxzavdesTiTqos: ìrma ratiani, rogorc adamiani da xelovani, siyvarulissanTliT SemiZRva uZveles iaponur samyaroSi. am sanTlisSuqiT aRivso pawia baRCebi, baRebi, walkotebi, am sanTliT ganaTdanisliani mTebis, koSkebisa da monastrebisaken mimavaliviwro bilikebi... dairRva droisa da sivrcis pirobiToba da xelovnebissaswaulmoqmedi ZaliT iaponur mRvimeebSi moCuxCuxewylebi ufro xelmisawvdomi gaxda, vidre aTonis mRvimeebSi daunjebulitbebis cremliani kankali~. 3ucnauria, revaz inaniSvilisa `bzifis SesarTavis~ mziurisasowarkveTa da maka joxaZis àTonis mRvimeebSi daunjebulitbebis cremliani kankali~ iaponuri poeziis natif paradigmebsrom ejufTeba. `siSoris siaxlove~ Tua, `maradis mZafri... nanatriedemebi, sikvdilis swori~... `yvelas raime aqvs saxsovari~ daiaponuri leqsi-ieroglifi, leqsi-akvareli daimarxavs Zvirfass_ wamis warmaval mSvenierebas, poetur xatad transformirebuls,waruvalobis madli rom CahRvria.1 r. inaniSvili. bzifis SesarTavi, patara biWi golgoTaze. Tb.,1989, gv. 160.2 g. robaqiZe. gvelis perangi, falestra, Tb. 1987, gv. 44.3 m. joxaZe. demonebi da mfarveli angelozebi, gv. 27.381

daunjebuli mSveniereba idumal simSvides CaRvris sulSi.`vin arian am ucnauri simSvidis matarebel striqonTa avtorebida personaJebi? ZiriTadad, aristokratia: `princebi, imperatorebi,ministrebi, fujivaraTa Tu sxva didgvarovanTa ojaxebidanda klanebidan gamosuli adamianebi, qalbatonebi da batonebi,romelTac ixiles da igemes miwiur siameTa mravali nayofi daxibli, mividnen amqveyniuri amaoebis SegrZnebamde da Seecadnen,srulad miscemodnen simSvides. isini mixvdnen: rac ufro viwroahorizonti, miT metia mRelvareba. rac ufro farToa horizonti,miT naklebia mRelvareba~. 1`gulisTqma Cemi Sens iqiTa eZiebs sadgurs, zenaarT sadgurs,rom dahSTos aq amaoeba~, _ xilul zecas, maradisobis karibWesSeevedreboda tato. imave `sadgurs~ moinatrebdnen sulisada sisxlis iaponeli aristokratebi, wamis warmaval mSvenierebasleqsad rom isagzlebdnen maradis gzaze. fujivarebis, takubokes,oes, misimas, murakamis, akutagavas, kurosavas, sakurasa da harakirisidumali, sadafovani qveynis mcxrali, natifi Suqi qarTul`saxl-beRelSi~, sulis mziur talanSi SemoiRvreba...borxesis daxvewili miniatura iaponuri leqsis RvTaebrivarss uzustesad ganmartavs (àTargmanebs~): èrTxel, Semodgomaze,mravalTagan erT-erTi Semodgomispirs, sintoisturi RmerTebi,vin icis, meramdened, iZumos mTaze Seikribnen (miniaturaborxess iZumoze dauweria _ n.k.). amboben, rva milioni RmerTiiyoo, magram moridebuli kaci var da aseT simravleSi Tavsuxerxulad vigrZnobdi. amas garda, aseT warmoudgenel mravalricxovnebasverc aRviqvamdi. davuSvaT, rva RvTaeba iyo (miT ufro,rom rva am kunZulebze bednieri cifria). RmerTebi iyvnennaRvlianni, magram ar imCnevdnen _ aki RmerTebis saxe `kansia~ _SeuRweveli. Sekrebilni wred dasxdnen mwvane borcvis mwvervalzeda kacTa modgmas gadmohxedes Tavisi cidan, Tu qvebidan,Tu Tovliani mwvervalebidan. RmerTTagan erTma brZana: `mravalidRis Tu saukunis win aq SevikribeT, rom iaponia da samyaroSegveqmna. wylebi, Tevzebi, cisartyelas Svidi feri, mcenareebida cxovelebi arcTu cudi gamogvivida. am mravalferovnebiTrom ar Segvewuxebina, kacTa modgmas STamomavloba, feradi dReda erTiani Rame vuwyalobeT, kidev _ unari cvalebisa. futkariimeorebs fiWis ujredebs.1 m. joxaZe. demonebi da mfarveli angelozebi, gv. 33.382

adamianma iaraRi gamoigona: guTani, gasaRebi, kaleidoskopi,maxvili da saomari xelovneba. bolos da bolos, uxilavi iara-Ric Seqmna, samyaros ganadgureba rom SeuZlia. es ugunurebarom ar davuSvaT, movsraT adamianeTi~.yvelani Cafiqrdnen. sxva RvTaebam auCqareblad brZana:ès simarTlea. maT saSineli iaraRi Seqmnes, magram aki sxvaramec _ ai, es, Cvidmetmarcvledi...~ da warmoTqva. is ena ar vici,Tqmuli ver gavige... RmerTTagan mTavarma daaskvna: `de, darCnen~.ase gadarCa kacTa modgma xaikus (xokus) wyalobiT~. 1ìaponuri poezia (tanka, xaiku, gendaisi)~ _ ewera pawia,nekerCxlis wiTeli yvaviliviT, Tu sakuras naferTaliviT sifrifanawigns, bzifis SesarTavis, aTonis mRvimeebis kamkama, cremlovaniwylebis siaxloves rom darCa (oRond _ ara leTas wylebSi)_ soxumSi, iq, `sadac zRva da cis dasavali sityvis uTqmeladgrZnoben erTmaneTs~...ver davibruneb... dakargul wignebs da gardacvlil adamianebsmxolod ufali aRadgens mkvdreTiT... samagierod, maqvs sxvakrebuli _ rusuli Targmani Tanamedrove (ufro zustad, ociwlis winandeli) iaponuri poeziisa. saTauri rilkes sintagmaa:`saganTa xmebi~. winasityvaobaSi ubralod, mSraladaa konstatirebuli:`didi dro gavida mas Semdeg, diadi basio iaponiisgzebze rom exeteboda, Semodgomis wvimebze, zamTris Wirxlze,ayvavebuli sakuras mowyvlad silamazeze xaikus naRvlian samtaepedebsTxzavda... Seicvala qveyana, adamianebi, poeziac. Tanamedroveiaponuri leqsi ucnauri nazavia erovnulis da nasesxebis,Zvelis da axlis. tradiciuli tanka da xaiku klasikis mcodneTda motrfialeT hSTeniaT. Tanamedrove JurnalebSi maT Tavisufalileqsi _ gendaisi Caenacvla, bulvaruli romanebis, komiqsebis,daSaqruli saestrado simRerebisa da reprizuli erzackulturisuarmyofeli.gendaisis poetebisTvis xelovneba mtanjveli TviTCaRrmavebaa,yofierebis maradiul kanonTa wvdoma, sulis maRali `moSroma~.2 iaponur tankaTa irma ratianiseuli, unatifesi Targmanebigendaiss misaaxlebladac ganawyobs suls. iqneb, inebos ufalma...`da sadaa zustad eg iaponia?~ _ hkiTxavs erve Jonkuri baldabi-1 Х. Л. Борхес. Тайнопись. – Собр. соч. в 4-х томах, т. 4. М., 1988, gv. 256, TargmaniCvenia _ n.k.2 Голоса вещей. Послевоенная Японская поэзия. М., 1988, gv. 5.383

es Tanamedrove bestselerSi _ alesandro barikos àbreSumSi~.ìq, sul pirdapir, qveynierebis dasalierSi~, 1 _ bundovaniapasuxi. iaponia aqvea, Zalian axlos _ mzeCaRvril, unabisfer patarawignSi...NANA KUTSIAABOUT “THE HUNDRED OLDEST JAPANESE VERSES”TRANSLATED FROM JAPANESEBY IRMA RATIANIThe oriental poetical world outlook differs from the European oneabsolutely. The Universe is only an “experimental object” for the European,but for the Japanese the world is a given reality, that men do nothave the right to change. From the position of Japanese world outlookman is an adaptor, whose only function, obligation is to accept the objectivereality, as it has been created by God. The incredible, unbelievablefeeling of serenity is dictated by global loneliness and meditation, but,beyond this fake human weakness, there is the all-encompassing strengthof the Absolute, which rules and reigns. “Sacral emptiness” is the conceptualattribute of each Japanese verse and it must be preserved in thetranslation. This “great pause” is reflected everywhere. Searching andmixing, depth, but not surface, “inner”, but not ”outer” is the essence ofJapanese poetry. This essence is reflected in the Georgian translation of“The Hundred Oldest Japanese Verses” by Irma Ratiani. The translatoradds very interesting commentaries as well. This is the first attempt attranslation of Japanese poetry into Georgian from the language of original,the attempt very successful and interesting. The translator respectsthe ancient traditions of the Georgian school of translation. An interestingand unusual synthesis of the traditional and the innovative aspects createsthe pure lyrical artistic background of Irma Ratiani`s translation.1 Aa. bariko. abreSumi. Tb., 2005, gv. 16.384

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008АЛЬТОН БЕСЕЛИЯПРИВЫЧКА СВЫШЕ НАМ ДАНАПСИХОАНАЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ РАЗБОР ПОЭМЫ АЛЕКСАНДРАБЛОКА «СОЛОВЬИНЫЙ САД»Александр Блок – поэт сложный. Поэзия Блока – плод неповторимыхособенностей его творческого метода. Создавая поэтическиеобразы, он всегда шёл от жизни к символу, а не наоборот, какэто делали многие его современники. Поэзии Блока порой присущяркий отблеск романтизма, однако его символизм всегда зиждитсяна твердой реалистической основе. Это освобождает поэзию Блокаот громоздких условностей, присущих символизму начала XX века.В его поэзии трепещет, смеётся и плачет сама жизнь со всеми своимисложностями и неповторимым очарованием.Поэтому Блока уже при жизни любила вся читающая Россия.Но долгое время о нем нечего не говорило официальное советскоелитературоведение. О поэте стали говорить в 60-80-ые годы XXв.Но поэма «Соловьиный сад» продолжала оставаться незамеченной.В исcледованиях об его творчестве 1 это поэма всего лишь упоминается.Только А. Е. Горелов в своем сборнике статей помещает о поэменебольшую отдельную статью. 2 Однако в ней рассматриваетсялишь значение символики Блока, но ничего не говорится о главном,её глубоком художественном психоанализе.Чуткость художественной интуиции помогла Блоку постичь философиюсимвола. Перу поэта подвластны тонкости художественнойприроды этого самого древнего образного человеческого мышления.Мышления, которое с времён наскальных идеограмм и мифологическихметафор, помогала человеку выражать непростую содержательностьсамых различных жизненных форм и явлений. Художественнаяинтуиция помогала Блоку вникать в генетическую сущностьсимвола и этим самым возводить содержание своей поэтической об-1 Л. И. Тимофеев. Творчество Александра Блока. М., 1963; И. Т. Крук. ПоэзияАлександра Блока. М., 1970; Б. И. Соловьев. Поэт и его подвиг. Творческий путьА. Блока. М., 1980.2 А. Е. Горелов. Гроза над соловьиным садом. Л., 1973.25. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi385

разности до новых высот совершенства. Большинство этих достиженийнашли свое яркое воплощение в его известной поэме «Соловьиныйсад».Поэма, её сюжет в целом, представляет единство довольно сложнойобразной системы. Каждая из её семи компактных глав доведеныдо такого поэтического совершенства, что читаются одним дыханиемподобно стихотворению. В содержательность их сюжетнойгармонии попеременно вплетаются то торжественность гимна:«Я ломаю слоистые скалы», 1то лирическая задушевность песни:«И она меня, лёгкая манит,И кружением и пеньем зовет». 2Завершает поэму мудрая притчевая концовка. Гимн воспеваеттруд, лирическая задушевность – любовь, а притчевость вносит мудростьв глубину поэтической мысли. Единство этих разных жанровыхособенностей воплощает художественную идею поэмы.Образность своих поэтических символов Блок никогда не сводилдо узости их первичной семантической значимости. Его символылишены обычной статичности. В них заключена динамика развитиясюжета. Поэтому они всегда активно раскрывают глубину егосодержания. В этой своей поэме Блок как будто бы обращается к такимдовольно расхожим символам, как соловей и роза. Они в поэмесохраняют свое исходное символическое значение, но одновременнообретают ещё и новую содержательность. Обычная символичностьобраза соловья в поэме растворилась в экспрессивном, динамическомфоне соловьиного звенящего сада:«Сладкой песнью меня оглушили,Взяли душу мою соловьи». 3На внутреннем лирическом монологе героя построена вся поэма.Этим своим монологом герой сам ведёт своеобразный психоанализсвоих действий и поступков. Через его монолог в поэме происходитудивительное превращение однозначного символа в сложныйхудожественный образ бесподобного соловьиного сада, напоминающегочем-то остров сирен из «Одиссеи».Символ розы в поэме тоже неповторим своей оригинальностью.Содержательная динамика её подвижной, эластичной образностиделает символ розы в поэме предельно ёмким и лиричным. Еёобразная многозначность гармонично сочетает в себе обычный ли-1 А. Блок. Соловьиный сад. – Собрание сочинений в 6-ти томах, т. 3, 1971, с. 151.2 А. Блок. Соловьиный сад, с. 152.3 А. Блок. Соловьиный сад, с. 153.386

рический текст и особый подтекст. Этим самым поэт лучше раскрываетперемены душевного состояния героя поэмы. Герой смотрит ивидит розы под ракурсом собственного настроения:«И томление всё безысходней,И идут за часами часы,И колючие розы сегодняОпустились под тягой росы». 1Несмотря на то, что герой поэмы сам решил покинуть сад, емунепросто дается это расставание. Он тайком, без слов расставанияпокидает свою любимую:«И спускаясь по камням ограды,Я нарушил цветов забытьё,Их шипы, точно руки из сада,уцепились за платье моё». 2Так даёт Блок свою символическую интерпретацию известнойфольклорной традиции одушевления природы, которая в русскойпоэзии так богато представлена в «Слове о полку Игореве».Важная роль в поэме принадлежит и символике труда. Она активнопротивостоит символике любви, что и определяет художественнуюидею поэмы. Это – ржавый лом, кирка, каменоломня и такоебезропотное трудолюбивое животное, как осёл. Герой поэмы иногдадаже ведёт с ним довольно выразительный мнимый диалог:«И осёл удивляется бедный:«Что хозяин, раздумался ты?». 3Осёл и лом в поэме несут важную символическую нагрузку вописываемых сценах процесса труда:«Отдыхает осёл утомленный,Брошен лом на песке под скалой». 4Блок является большим мастером находить особый художественныйракурс для раскрытия своей художественной идеи. Настоящеепротивопоставление представляет особую точку пересечениявыразительных символических линий развития сюжета поэмы междуприродой любви и сущностью труда. Художественная идея поэмыочень оригинальна и сложна своей психологической сущностью.Любовь и труд уже отдельно являются вечными жизненными проблемами.В каждой из них постоянно присутствует как личный, так иобщественный аспект. Психология этики любви и различные формы1 А. Блок. Соловьиный сад, с. 153.2 А. Блок. Соловьиный сад, с. 154.3 А. Блок. Соловьиный сад, с. 152.4 А. Блок. Соловьиный сад, с. 152.387

труда развивались и складывались тысячелетиями. Для лирики этотемы вечные. Ее постоянно интересовали и интересуют жизненныепроявления правовых и морально-этических норм любви и труда, укоторых есть свои различные общественно-исторические особенностии свои национальные традиции. Их по-разному преломляли всебе как природа любви, так и сущность труда. Но в основе своей исама природа любви и сущность труда оставались неизменными.Так вот Блок, пожалуй, первый обращает внимание на особый ракурсточки их идейного противостояния. Поэма «Соловьиный сад»представляет художественный психоанализ их особых, непримиримыхвзаимоотрицаний.Самой древней родовой формой художественной литературыявляется лирика. Поэма Гесиода «Труды и дни» представляет художественно-дидактическийкодекс труда древнего эллинского общества.Лирика Анакреонта является далеко не первой художественнойтрактовкой проблемы любви в древнегреческой поэзии. Наиболеефундаментально эту проблему развивает древнеримский поэт ОвидийНазон в своих лирических сборниках «Наука любви» и «Лекарстволюбви». С тех пор проблема труда и проблема любви представляютвечные темы литературы. Но очень трудно припомнить, чтобыв русской литературе кто-либо кроме Блока обращал внимание наих скрытый, заложенный в них острый антагонизм друг к другу. Вэтой скрытой бескомпромиссности, увиденной Блоком, и кроетсяважность темы и художественная оригинальность идеи. Идеи, на которойи основывается конфликтность поэмы «Соловьиный сад».Создавая поэму, Блок учитывал и биологическую, и общественнуюоснову любви и труда. Он реально связывал их проблемностьс инстинктом продления рода и выработанную человеком необходимостьборьбы за свое физическое существование. Блок несомненнопришёл к художественной идее своей поэмы через лирическийсвод «Стихов о Прекрасной Даме». Его поэму можно считатьсвоеобразным завершением этого лирического цикла.Недаром поэма «Соловьиный сад» представляет одну из высотпоэтического мастерства Блока. Поэт в ней через художественныйпсихоанализ создает неповторимый образ своего лирического героя.Для этого он с большим поэтическим мастерством использует формумнимой субъективации. Поэма, в сущности, представляет развёрнутыйвнутренний монолог героя произведения. Блок этим самым влирике продолжает эпические традиции художественного раскрытияпсихологизма Л. Н. Толстого.Особо поражает то, с каким мастерством Блок использует все388

три формы принципа субъективации. Уже отмечалось, с каким художественнымсовершенством он обращается с формой мнимой субъективации,какой содержательный внутренний монолог ведёт геройпоэмы. Мнимой потому, что в ней лирическое «я» никакого отношенияне имеет к самому поэту. С помощью формы мнимой субъективацииА. С. Пушкин создал свое стихотворение «Узник». Прямойпротивоположностью этой форме является прямая субъективация,когда собственное «я» совпадает с лирическим «я» поэта. Еёклассическим примером является ода Горация «Памятник». Гениальноеразвитие эта жанровая форма получила в одноименных лирическихмотивировках Г. Р. Державина и А. С. Пушкина. К ней Блокв настоящей поэме не обращается.Зато Блок, хоть и редко, но обращается к наиболее сложной иредкой третьей форме принципа субъективации, к «лирическому гротеску».Форма эта представляет семантический переход лирического«я» в лирическое «мы». Её художественные возможности Блок вполной мере использует в «Скифах»:«Да, скифы – мы! Да, азиаты – мы». 1Одним из первых в русской лирике её применил Пушкин в известномстихотворении «Клеветникам России». Эпическую интерпретациюформа эта получила в романе Е. Н. Замятина «Мы». 2 Блокэту форму очень оригинально комбинирует с мнимой субъективациейв поэме, создавая образ своего лирического героя:«Донесём до железной дороги,Сложим в кучу, и к морю опятьНас ведут волосатые ноги,И осёл продолжает кричать». 3Так через внутренний монолог, как бы вкрапливая «лирическийгротеск», поэт раскрывает характер своего героя. Герой Блоканапоминает строителя железной дороги Н. А. Некрасова. Их типологиюхарактеризует одна моральная и общественная сущность:«Не разогнув свою спину горбатую,Он и теперь еще тупо молчитИ механически ржавой лопатоюМерзлую землю долбит». 41 А. Блок. Скифы. – Собрание сочинений в 6-ти томах, т. 3, 1971, с. 244.2 Об этом подробнее: А. Беселия. Систематика основ литературного творчества.Тб., 2001, с. 41-56.3 А. Блок. Соловьиный сад, с. 151.4 Н. А. Некрасов. Железная дорога. – Собрание сочинений в 3-х томах, т. I. М.,1971, с. 100.389

Из этой портретной характеристики специально выделим слово«механический». Это уже то самое состояние человека, когда положительнаячерта его характера незаметно обретает отрицательноесвойство. Причинность и мотивация этого преобразования, когда человектеряет самоконтроль и становится рабом собственной, пустьдаже хорошей, привычки. Именно её психологическая подоплёка ипривлекла внимание Блока. Но самое главное здесь в том, что этовнимание было не психолога, а художника. Так научная проблема всознании поэта становится художественной идеей будущего произведения.Психологическое раскрытие этой идеи Блок осуществляетчерез сложный художественный план своей поэмы. В ней поэт убедительнодоказывает, что если человек не обладает твёрдым характером,то он становится рабом собственной привычки. Об этом и предупреждаетнас известная пословица своим мудрым подтекстом, котораягласит следующее: «Привычка свыше нам дана, замена счастиюона». Дилемма этой неполноценной альтернативы и делает лирическогогероя поэмы своей жертвой.В поэме даётся художественное раскрытие этого непростогопсихологического конфликта. Это конфликт героя с самим собой, сукоренившейся привычкой, которая стала его второй натурой. Поэтомусюжет поэмы не поддаётся однозначной критической оценке. Впроцессе своего художественного анализа Блок проникает в глубинуподсознательного психологического антагонизма, скрытого в характерегероя. Антагонизма, когда: вечно праздная от природы любовьсталкивается с сущностью труда, который не терпит праздности.Этой сложной проблемой подсознания, непосредственно связаннойс ней рефлексией, только уже не в поэзии, а в науке занималисьИ. М. Сеченов, И. П. Павлов, Зигмунд Фрейд. Просто труднопредставить, что проблема, которой занимались такие маститые учёные,оказалась и поэтическим интересом Блока. И он решил её в чистожизненном плане божественным даром своей поэтической интуиции.Поэт образно и точно описал противостояние в подсознании героямежду инстинктом любви и выработанной привычкой условноймеханической рефлексии.На феномен художественной интуиции одним из первых обратилвнимание Фрейд. В работе «Бреды и сны в «Градиве» В. Иенсена»он задает вопрос: «Может ли художественное описание генезисабреда устоять перед приговором науки?» И сам отвечает на него:«Тут мы, видимо, должны дать неожиданный ответ, что в действительности,к сожалению, дело обстоит наоборот: наука не устоит пе-390

ред достижениями художника». 1Достижения художника в области психоанализа Фрейд мотивируеттем, что «описание человеческой психики его самая важнаявотчина; он всегда был предшественником науки, а также и научнойпсихологии». 2 Однако это всего лишь логический вывод учёного.Он не объясняет феноменальную сущность природы художественнойинтуиции, которая во многом отличается от научной.Литературное творчество всецело основывается на художественнойинтуиции. Это – дар Божий, который осеняет литературу смомента её появления. Элементы психоанализа мы с удивлениемобнаруживаем уже в образе Гильгамеша, а в «Илиаде» дело имеем собразцами его классического проявления. Что касается поэмы Блока,то художественная интуиция при ее создании служила поэту ведущимканалом взаимосвязи с изображаемой действительностью.Поэма начинается с пробуждения любовных чувств её героя кхозяйке соловьиного сада. Торжество этого чувства достигает своегоапогея в четвертой главе. Герой поэмы входит гостем, а хозяйкасада не отпускает его. Он с радостью остается и восхищенно отмечает:«Чуждый край незнакомого счастьяМне открыли объятия те,И звенели, спадая, запястья,Громче, чем в моей нищей мечте». 3 (4,153).Смена настроения после этого в герое начинается постепенно.Инстинкт, заложенный природой в сознании героя, нежно опекает еголюбовное чувство. Но герой поэмы начинает осознавать в себе определённоепротивостояние. Противостояние это возбуждают в нём отдалённые,но очень знакомые ему звуки морского прибоя. В подсознаниигероя просыпается условный рефлекс его трудового навыка.Навыка, который он приобретал годами труда в борьбе за своё физическоесуществование. Для него, наконец, становится ясно:«Пусть укрыла от дальнего горяУтонувшая в розах стена,– Заглушить рокотание моряСоловьиная песнь не вольна». 41 З. Фрейд. «Бреды и сны в «Градиве» В. Иенсена». Классический психоанализ ихудожественная литература. – Хрестоматия по психологии. Изд. дом «Питер».СПБ., 2002, с. 26.2 З. Фрейд. «Бреды и сны в «Градиве» В. Иенсена», с. 18.3 А. Блок. Соловьиный сад, с. 153.4 А. Блок. Соловьиный сад, с. 153391

В сознании героя поэмы происходит психологическая борьбамежду любовью и силой привычки, между силой инстинкта и условногорефлекса. Любимая сразу почувствовала в нем перемену:«И во мгле благовонной и знойнойОбвиваясь горячей рукой,Повторяет она беспокойно:«Что с тобою, возлюбленный мой?». 1Однако любимый не находит в себе мужества ответить на поставленныйвопрос. Он лишь чувствует, как его одолевает безволие,и что ничего не может поделать с собой:«Но вперяя во мглу сиротливо,Надышавшись, блаженством спеша,Отдаленного шума приливаУж не может не слышать душа». 2Больше того, «за далеким рычаньем прибоя» герою поэмы дажечудится жалобный, призывающий крик своего осла:«Крик осла был протяжен и долог,Проникал в мою душу, как стон». 3– повествует о своем безнадежном психологическом состоянии герой.И вот последняя его беспомощная попытка:«И тихонько задернул я полог,Чтоб продлить очарованный сон». 4Сон оказался недолгим. Герой поэмы тайком покидает любимую ивыбирается из сада... Итак, он вернулся туда, откуда ушёл. Он пытаетсявозвратиться к прежнему образу жизни:«Где же дом?– И скользящей ногою,Спотыкаюсь о брошенный лом». 5Направляемый выработанным рефлексом, герой до конца несовсем осознанно хватает его:«Размахнувшись движеньем знакомым(Или все ещё это во сне?)»,– он «ударил заржавленным ломомПо слоистому камню на дне...». 61 А. Блок. Соловьиный сад, с. 154.2 А. Блок. Соловьиный сад, с. 154.3 А. Блок. Соловьиный сад, с. 154.4 А. Блок. Соловьиный сад, с. 154.5 А. Блок. Соловьиный сад, с. 155.6 А. Блок. Соловьиный сад, с. 155.392

Итак, развитие сюжета достигло финала. Песнь несложившейсялюбви оборвалась, отзвучал последний аккорд трудового гимна.Герой поэмы оглядывается вокруг и с сожалением убеждается:«А с тропинки, протоптанной мною,Там, где хижина прежде была,Стал спускаться рабочий с киркою,Погоняя чужого осла». 1Ситуация чем-то немного схожая с историей незадачливой старухииз сказки А.С. Пушкина «О рыбаке и рыбке». Два этих совершеннонепохожие ни по содержанию, ни по форме сюжета произведенияроднит мудрость притчевого подтекста: имей лишь то, чтозаслуживаешь, и не больше того, что способен оценить.1 А. Блок. Соловьиный сад, с. 155.393

alton beselia`Cveva zecidan gvewyalobeba~naSromSi aleqsandre blokis poemis `bulbulis baRis~ mTavarigmiris qmedebaTa mxatvruli fsiqoanalizia warmodgenili,ganxilulia sulieri gancdebi personaJisa, romelic bulbulisbaRis diasaxlisze iyo Seyvarebuli, da mocemulia qmedebebisfsiqologiuri dasabuTeba. Tavad poema `bulbulis baRi~ blokispoeturi ostatobis erTi simaRleTagania. masSi poeti mxatvrulifsiqoanalizis gamoyenebiT qmnis Tavisi lirikuli gmirisganumeorebebel xatebas. moCvenebiTi subieqtivizaciis xerxia gamoyenebuli.poema, arsebiTad, warmoadgens ganvrcobil Sinaganmonologs nawarmoebis mTavari personaJisa. bloki lirikaSi agrZelebsepikur tradiciebs mxatvruli fsiqoanalizisa, tradiciebs,jer kidev lev tolstoim rom Cauyara safuZveli.ALTON BESELIAHABITS ARE SENT FROM HEAVENThe present work is the artistic psychoanalysis of the main characterof the poem by Alexander Blok “The Nightingale’s Garden”. Thepoem reflects the spiritual ordeals of the personage who fell in lovewith the mistress of the garden and gives the psychological substantiationof his actions. The poem “The Nightingale’s Garden” is one of theheights of Blok’s mastery. The poet creates the peerless icon of his lyricheroine with the help of psycho-analysis. With great unsurpassed poeticalskill he uses the device of imaginary subjectivization. The poemactually is an extended inner monologue of the main character. A. Blokproceeds with the epic traditions of poetical psycho-analysis laid byLev Tolstoy in Russian Literature.394

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008ОЛЬГА ПЕТРИАШВИЛИЯЗЫК ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННОЙ ПРОЗЫИВАНА БУНИНАЗа свою долгую жизнь (1870-1953) Иван Алексеевич Бунин создалмножество произведений, Полное собрание его сочинений составляетдевять томов. 1 Это повести и рассказы, стихи и путевые очерки,роман “Жизнь Арсеньева”, переводы на русский язык А. Мицкевича,Дж. Байрона, Г. Лонгфелло. Закономерно, что именно И. А.Бунину была присуждена Нобелевская премия в области литературы(1933). На родине писателя – в России, после 1920 года И. А. Бунинане вспоминали, прочно приклеив ярлык белоэмигранта. Только после1956 года стали публиковаться произведения этого замечательногорусского писателя, и то не сразу, а постепенно, начинаяс периферии большой страны. Впервые Полное собрание сочиненийИвана Алексеевича Бунина было издано в 1965-1967 годах.Число литературно-критических статей и монографий об И. А. Бунинес каждым годом растёт. При этом наблюдается следующая закономерность:если в первых статьях и монографиях 50-х – начала60-х годов преобладало чувство приобщения к И. А. Бунину, радостьоткрытия писателя для российского и советского читателя, товпоследствии – в 70-е – 80-е годы начинает преобладать серьёзныйкритический анализ творчества писателяё.Литература об И. А. Бунине обширна и разнообразна. Литературно-критическиеработы о творчестве Ивана Алексеевича можноподразделить на несколько категорий. Это прежде всего обширныемонографии, литературоведческие исследования различных сторонжизни и творчества И. А. Бунина. Следует отметить монографии И.П. Вантенкова, 2 А. А. Волкова, 3 Т. М. Бонами, 4 О. Н. Михайлова, 5 В.1 И. А. Бунин. Полное собрание сочинений в 9 тт. М., 1965-1967.2 И. П. Вантенков. Бунин-повествователь (рассказы 1890-1916 гг). Минск, 1974.3 А. А. Волков. Проза Ив. Бунина. М., 1976.4 Т. М. Бонами. Художественная проза И. А.Бунина, М., 1963.5 О. Н. Михайлов. Иван Алексеевич Бунин. Очерк творчества. Тула, 1987.395

А. Гейдеко, 1 А. А. Никонова 2 и другие. Далее, это воспоминания современниковоб И. А. Бунине В. Н. Муромцевой-Буниной, 3 В. П. Катаева4 и другие. 5 В России в настоящее время сформировался центризучения творчества И. А. Бунина – это Елецкий государственныйуниверситет. 6 Здесь проводились международные научные конференции,посвященные творчеству И. А. Бунина (2001, 2006). Следуетотметить некоторые интересные кандидатские диссертационныеработы, защищённые в этом университете. 7В Грузии изучение творчества И. А. Бунина представляет определенныйнаучный интерес. В Тбилисском государственном университетеимени Иванэ Джавахишвили были защищены диссертации насоискание ученой степени кандидата филологических наук. 8Славу большого писателя, мастера слова, лучшего стилистаклассической русской литературы принёс Ивану Алексеевичу Бунинуего безупречный русский язык. И. А. Бунин бережно относилсяк родному языку, завещанному ему классиками русской литературыXIX века, он не позволял себе в авторской речи чрезмерностив использовании архаизмов, неологизмов, а диалектные и просторечныеслова вводил в произведения только для колорита илихарактеристики речи персонажей. Что касается языковых художественныхсредств выразительности, то среди них следует упомянутьтакие, как музыкальность прозы И. А. Бунина, роль просторечной ииноязычной лексики, случаи ассимиляции, “обрусения” некоторыхтопонимов Западной Грузии, что и должно быть специально рассмотренопри изучении особенностей прозаических произведений1 А. Гейдеко. А. Чехов и Ив. Бунин. М., 1987.2 А. А. Никонов. Горький и Ив. Бунин. История отношений. Проблемы творчества.Л., 1984.3 В. Н. Муромцева-Бунина. Жизнь Бунина. Париж, 1958.4 В. П. Катаев. Трава забвения (об И. Бунине и В. Маяковском). М., 1967.5 А. Никонова. Тема России и русской культуры в произведениях Бунина периодаэмиграции. – В кн.: “Воронежский край и зарубежье”. Воронеж, 1992; О. Н. Михайлов.Проза Бунина. – Вопросы литературы, № 15, 1957; В. А. Назаров. Темпоральнаяструктура рассказов Бунина. – В кн.: “Актуальные проблемы лексикологиии стилистики”, Саратов, 1993; Бунинский сборник Материалы научной конференции,посвященной 100-летию со дня рождения И. А. Бунина. Орел, 1970.6 Елецк – город, где в детстве жил Бунин.7 Е. Т. Атаманова. Русская литература ХIХ века в контексте художественной прозыИ. А. Бунина (1998), Л. Н. Юрченко. Диалектика образа: историко-культурный иструктурно-поэтический аспект (2000), Е. Е. Ермакова. Художественная перспективав поэзии И. А. Бунина (2003).8 С. С. Кошут. И. А. Бунин и буржуазная действительность (дооктябрьская проза)(1967); О. М. Петриашвили. Рассказы Ивана Бунина (1988-1953 гг.) (1997).396

Ивана Алексеевича Бунина.Устная человеческая речь с момента своего зарождения обладалаи атрибутивно обладает определённой ритмикой, внутренней,естественной размерностью, периодами, паузами, аллитерацией,внутренней рифмой, органически присущими речи по законам фонетики,независимо от национальной специфики языка. Так называемыйречитатив, сказание под аккомпанемент музыкальных инструментов,в особенности, песня повышают уровень музыкальностичеловеческой речи. Наконец, писатели-прозаики пишут иногдаспециально ритмизированной прозой, например, “Стихотворенияв прозе” И. С. Тургенева, “Песня о Соколе” М. Горького, “Петербург”А. Белого.Замечено, что писатели, пришедшие в литературу из поэзии илиимеющие опыт поэтического стихосложения, отличаются особой музыкальностьюпрозы, – достаточно вспомнить хотя бы А. С. Пушкинаи его прозаические произведения. Сказанное верно и для других писателей,как русских, так грузинских и европейских. Назовём, к примеру,классические образцы прозы таких известных поэтов, как ИльяЧавчавадзе, Акакий Церетели и Важа Пшавела. Менее известно, чтоМопассан тоже начинал свою творческую биографию со стихов. Средирусских писателей XX века такая характеристика больше другихподходит к И. А. Бунину, чья проза отмечена истинно поэтическойинтонацией, ритмичностью, музыкальностью.Конечно, И. А. Бунин не стремился сознательно создавать особыймузыкальный строй в своих произведениях, – поэтическая натурабольшого художника одинаково музыкально проявлялась во всехжанрах, избегая неблагозвучия, нарушения ритма в коротких илидолгих периодах. В особенности, это характерно для более позднеготворчества Бунина (цикл “Тёмные аллеи”) – по двум основным причинам:во-первых, писатель почти уже оставил поэзию и весь поэтическийталант реализовывал в малом эпическом жанре, а во-вторых,сама тематика “Тёмных аллей” – любовь – предоставляла авторуширочайший простор для проявления поэтического дара именно впрозе. Подобный синтез и придаёт художественной прозе И.А. Бунинаособую музыкальность. Например, в рассказе “Косцы”, созданномсразу после эмиграции из России и навеянном ностальгией поней, повествуется не просто о косцах, а о косцах-певцах, приводитсяи текст их песен, бунинская проза предстаёт во всём блеске её внутреннеймузыкальности. Рассказ начинается так: “Мы шли по большойдороге, а они косили в молодом берёзовом лесу поблизости от неё – ипели. Это было давно, это было бесконечно давно, потому что та397

жизнь, которой мы жили в то время, не вернётся уже вовеки. Они косилии пели, и весь берёзовый лес, ещё не утративший густоты и свежести,ещё полный цветов и запахов, звучно откликался им... Стадоовец серело впереди, старик-пастух с подпаском сидел на меже, навиваякнут”. 1Приведённый небольшой отрывок (а весь рассказ написан именнов такой музыкальной тональности) может служить нагляднымобразцом музыкальности бунинской прозы. Характерное её отличие –совершенно очевидное, воспринимаемое даже на слух присутствие втексте логически-смысловых ритмических единиц, напоминающихмузыкальную фразу. Такому музыкальному восприятию способствуюти повторы (“Это было давно, это было бесконечно давно...”,трижды в коротком отрывке повторяются слова о “берёзовом лесе” ио том, что косцы “косили и пели”), и употребление соединительногосоюза и, как ритмообразущей связки (“Они косили и пели, и весь берёзовыйлес...”), и виртуозные, но ненавязчивые аллитерации почти вкаждом предложении (“стадо овец серело впереди, старик-пастух сподпаском сидел на меже...”). Говоря о “дивной прелести” песни косцов,писатель шесть раз повторяет слово “прелести” в разных смысловыхоттенках. Подобные повторы и аллитерации создают тонкоепоэтическое настроение всего небольшого рассказа. Сходная музыкальность,ритмичность, напевность, повторы, аллитерации присущии рассказу “В одной знакомой улице”:“ – И там светил. И мела метель, и ветер сдувал с деревяннойкрыши снег, дымом развевал его, и светилось вверху, в мезонине...”.2 Здесь использован тот же приём с союзом и, что в очереднойраз подтверждает его ритмообразующую роль. Разбирая языковыесредства художественной выразительности прозы И. А. Бунина,нельзя обойти вниманием употребление им, с одной стороны, русскойпросторечной лексики для характеристики речи персонажей,их социального, имущественного и образовательного статуса, а сдругой стороны, иноязычной, главным образом, украинской, французскойи английской речи. О просторечной лексике в речи персонажейИ. А. Бунина отмечалось неоднократно. К примеру, ИванАлексеевич мастерски, со знанием дела воспроизводит орловскокалужско-тульскуюфонетику.“Да будя вам бряхать-то!” – кричит Алёна. “А рожна им няхочется?” – огрызается она же (“Веселый двор”).”Табе вон на клад-1 И. А. Бунин. Косцы. – Собрание сочинений в четырех томах. М., 1988. Т. 3, с. 23.2 И. А. Бунин. В одной знакомой улице. – Собрание сочинений в четырех томах.М., 1988. Т. 4, с. 146.398

бишшу поместье давно готова!” “Табе” мы услышим потом в “Ночномразговоре”. А вот просторечная лексика натурщицы художникаиз рассказа “Второй кофейник”: “Это мине художник Ярцеввыучил. Вы его знавали?”, “Я испужалась до того, что и крикнутьне смогла. Вцепилась ему в грудь, в пинжак, да куда тебе!”, “Осталасья сиротой по шашнадцатому году, а он мине и привёз”. 1 Уличнаяпроститутка из рассказа “Мадрид” говорит: “Только за радибога не дуйте в шею”, “Ой, не щекотите...”, “Сичас, сичас... я чтой-тораздумалась...”.Особенно часто русская просторечная лексика появляется в устахперсонажей рассказа “Ночной разговор”, поскольку весь рассказпостроен так, что в беседу вступает то один, то другой мужик сосвоими историями. И. А. Бунин, приводя образцы их речи, показывает,до какой степени темны, неграмотны и духовно неразвиты мужики,которые и по-русски, с точки зрения литературной нормы, говорятнеправильно: “ – Это своя допущенье, – деловито вставил Пашка”,“ – Понятная дело, – сказал Федот”. 2 Здесь нет согласования вроде между определением и определяемым словом, а барчук, гимназист,во всём подражая мужикам, коверкает свою речь под простонародную,он так говорит о донимавших его блохах: “Мочи нет, –отозвался гимназист. – Вот баб, девок, тех не трогают, А уж кого бы,кажись, жилять, как не их”. 3 Возникает комический эффект, однакоподобная речь не смешна, скорее, уродлива, как каррикатурно самоявление – попытка опрощения под мужика.Особо следует остановиться на случаях ассимиляции, обрусенияназваний некоторых городов и местностей Западной Грузии вречи персонажей рассказа “Ночной разговор”. Вот исковерканнаяна русский лад транскрипция грузинских городов: “Зухдены” (Зугдиди),“Новые Сеняки” (Сенаки), Переиначивание происходит либопо звучанию; либо по смыслу: “Сенаки” – “Сеняки”, то есть подыскиваетсяблизкое по звучанию русское слово, в данном случае –“Сени”, добавляется русский суффикс -як, а грузинское окончаниеименительного падежа множественного числа -и осмысливается,как русское окончание именительного падежа множественного числаот слова “Сеняк” и получается “Новые Сеняки” (с ударением на –1 И. А. Бунин. Второй кофейник. – Собрание сочинений в четырех томах. М.,1988. Т. 4, с. 170.2 И. А. Бунин. Ночной разговор. – Собрание сочинений в четырех томах. М., 1988.Т. 2, с. 317.3 И. А. Бунин. Ночной разговор, с. 311.399

и), – почти точное совпадение. С “Зухденами” дело обстоит сложнее,но и здесь грузинское окончание -и в названии города “Зугдиди”воспринимается как показатель русского множественного числа,и в результате получается “Зухдены”, чему есть немало других аналогов:“Озургеты”, “Гагры” и пр. Остальные вставные звуки либопридуманы солдатом, либо так значились в армейских канцеляриях.В рассказе “Хорошая жизнь” важную роль в создании образаНасти играет индивидуализированная речь. Лексика Насти представляетсобой соединение крестьянской речи с уездно-мещанской:“стыдь” (холод), “как ни мога”, “салаш” (шалаш), а также “человеккредитный”, “недвижимым имуществом владаю”, “капитал”. Сложнойпо словарному составу является сказовая новелла “Святые”.Бывший лакей Арсенич, всю жизнь прослуживший в семье у помещиков,говорит на крестьянском просторечии: “спать ляжу”, “радрадехонек”,“тверезый”. Но за долгое время службы он усвоил и лексикугоспод: “отменная красавица и бездушная кокетка”, “стала неглижироватьсвоими обязанностями”, “век бездушный”, “кураж”. Ввосприятии читателя складывается удивительный образ бывшегокрепостного крестьянина, многолетнего господского слуги, чья судьбатесно переплетается с судьбой дворянской семьи (тема взаимосвязирусского дворянства и крестьянства является одной из ведущихв творчестве И. А. Бунина).В целом просторечная лексика в прозе И. А. Бунина представляетсобой разновидность ненормированной лексики, куда входят,с одной стороны, диалектизмы средней полосы России (курскоорловскийговор), а с другой стороны, мещанско-городской говор, ато и просто безграмотная речь персонажей, далёкая от литературнойнормы. Особенно увлекался И. А. Бунин такими этнографическимии фольклорными элементами в построении речи персонажей, какпоказывают наши исследования, в раннюю пору литературной деятельности,– позже в своих произведениях он крайне редко использовалпросторечие.На другой языковой почве, в эмиграции у И. А. Бунина появляетсяиноязычная лексика, которая, следует отметить, менее всегоисследована, а потому нуждается в специальном изучении. Имеетсяв виду не иноязычная лексика вообще (например, в устах интеллигенциии аристократии), а слова и целые выражения по-украински,по-французски, по-английски, по-латыни. “Ой, зашумiли луги ще йбыстрii рiкi!”, говорит по-украински лирник Родион в одноименномрассказе и потом запел старинную песню о сироте и мачехе. “Слу-400

хайте ж, люде: хто сiроти має, нехай доглядя, на путь наставляє”. 1Господин из Сан-Франциско говорит презрительно, сквозь зубы топо-английски, то по-итальянски: “Go away! Via! (“Прочь!”), а коридорныйЛуиджи, с притворной робостью, с доведённой до идиотизмапочтительностью спрашивал:– Ha sonato, signore? (“Вы звонили, синьор?”).И из-за двери слышался неспешный и скрипучий, обидно вежливыйголос:– Yes, come in…(“Да, входите...”). 2Гротескная ночная сцена разыгрывается после внезапной смертиамериканского миллионера, когда слуга Луиджи, издеваясь, повторяетэти же слова в пародийном ключе, высмеивая надменность заокеанскогогостя. Писатель применяет прием травестирования ситуации,когда богач из Америки, окруженный подобострастным вниманиеми почетом, скончавшись, становится просто мертвым теломи возвращается на родину в темном трюме того же корабля, на которомс таким почетом еще недавно плыл в Европу. Принцип кольцевойкомпозиции помогает автору рассказа показать мертвящуютело и душу власть денег.“В Париже” И. А. Бунин ввел в текст рассказа шесть французскихпословиц и поговорок, которые произносит персонаж. Писательне стремился к созданию национального колорита и особогофранцузского стиля. Французские фразеологические единицы сталиформой и средством выражения психологического состояния героя.Бывший русский генерал, эмигрант, после того, как его бросила жена,жил с постоянной раной в сердце. Он никогда не говорил об этом, нонеприятно шутил в беседах о женщинах, бросая колкие французскиепоговорки: ”Rien nèst plus difficile que de reconnaître un bon melon etune femme de bien” (“Нет ничего более трудного, как распознать хорошийарбуз и порядочную женщину”); “Làmour fait danser les ânes”(”Любовь заставляет даже ослов танцевать”. 3 В рассказе “Генрих”четырежды повторяются по-французски вопрос Глебова и ответпортье отеля: “Pas de télégrammes” (”Нет телеграмм!”) 4 , усиливая инагнетая напряжение героя в ожидании известия от возлюбленной1 И. А. Бунин. Лирник Родион. – Собрание сочинений в четырех томах. М., 1988.Т. 2, с. 450.2 И. А. Бунин. Господин из Сан-Франциско. – Собрание сочинений в четырёх томах.М., 1988. Т. 2, с. 532.3 И. А. Бунин. В Париже. – Собрание сочинений в четырех томах. М., 1988. Т.4, с. 99.4 И. А. Бунин. Месть. – Собрание сочинений в четырех томах. М., 1988. Т. 4, с. 117.26. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi401

Генрих (Елены Генриховны) из Вены.В рассказе “Месть” 16 строк непрерывного диалога героя рассказас официанткой на французском языке в пансионе в Каннах, какэлемент привязки к месту действия, национального колорита, своеобразияобстановки, почти как у Л. Н. Толстого в “Войне и мире” впервой же главе дается описание салона Анны Павловны Шерер ибеседы великосветских гостей. И, наконец, “Бернар”, где дваждызвучат по-французски (и ещё трижды по-русски) слова Бернара: “Jecrois bien que j`étais un bon marin!” (”Думаю, что я был хороший моряк”),1 являясь своеобразным девизом автора.Таков неполный перечень случаев употребления иноязычныхфраз в тексте прозаических произведений Ивана Алексеевича Бунина.Подчеркнём ещё раз, что если фольклорные и просторечные(крестьянские, мещанские) элементы в речи персонажей художественныхтекстов И. А. Бунина подробно изучены, то иноязычныевкрапления ещё ждут своего исследователя.1 И. А. Бунин. Бернар. – Собрание сочинений в четырех томах. М., 1988. Т. 4, с.231.402

olRa petriaSviliivane buninis mxatvruli prozis enastatiaSi farTo literaturul masalaze dayrdnobiT dasabuTebuliaazri, rom ivane buninis prozauli nawarmoebebi gamoirCevaritnmiulobiT, musikalurobiT, metaforulobiT. naSrom-Si gansakuTrebiT gamoyofilia xalxuri da ucxo enebis leqsikisroli, agreTve dasavleT saqarTvelos zogierTi toponimisasimilaciisa, “garusebis” SemTxvevebi. aRniSnulia, rom folkloruli,xalxuri da normatuli elementebi iv. buninis nawarmoebaTapersonaJebis enaSi sakmaod detaluradaa Seswavlili,xolo ucxoenevani leqsikis gamoyeneba iv. buninis prozaSi jerkidev moiTxovs gamokvlevas.OLGA PETRIASHVILITHE LANGUAGE OF IVAN BUNIN’SBELLETRISTIC PROSEThe present work is devoted to the analysis of I. Bunin’s belletristictexts. It is concluded that the prosaic works of this outstanding Russianauthor are marked by truly poetic intonation, rhythm, melodiousness, figurativeness.In the article especially emphasized are low colloquial andloan vocabulary, the cases of assimilation, Russification of some westGeorgian place-names. It should be noted that folklore, colloquial andstandard elements in the personages’ speech of I. A. Bunin’s works havebeen studied particularly well. The use of foreign vocabulary and loanwordsrequires a further investigation.403

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. II, 2008404НИНО ЭТЕРИЯОБ ОСОБЕННОСТЯХ КОМИЧЕСКОГО В ПРОЗЕВАСИЛИЯ ШУКШИНАПринципы сатирического изображения и отрицания в прозеВасилия Шукшина близки по форме к сатире М. Горького (роман«Жизнь Клима Самгина»). В прозе В. Шукшин безошибочно выделяетподлого героя, симпатизирует простому и открытому человекуи, самое главное, смеётся над тем, что изображает комично. По мнениюЕ. Ершова: «Я не понимаю, почему, у В. Шукшина, в отличиеот других сатириков совсем не нужно ничего домысливать, додумывать.Здесь всё как на ладони, пороки общества не выделены на страницахсписком, но что воздействует на него?». 1В. Шукшин, реализуя формы сатиры в очерке, повести и фантастическойсказке, умело использует в каждом из этих жанров нужныеязыковые средства для достижения, задуманного эффекта. Комическоев текстах писателя выражается посредством юмора и сатиры,при этом используются различные приёмы комизма: физическоесущество человека, комизм питья и опьянения, комизм сходства иотличий, человек – вещь, поведение, алогизм, пародирование, посрамлениеволи, одурачивание, преувеличение, языковые средства и др.Таким образом, видоизменяются традиционные принципы и приёмысатиры – аллегория, гротеск, карикатура, подчинённые целям заострениясоциально-психологического анализа. 2В своих ранних рассказах («Стёпкина любовь», « Демагоги»,«Гринька Малюгин» и др.) В. Шукшин использует комический приём– «одурачивания». В ряде ранних рассказов В. Шукшина особое вниманиеуделяется внешности персонажа, чаще на «несуразность» еговнешнего портрета («Гринька Малюгин», «Воскресная тоска», «СтенькаРазин» и др.). Странности внешнего вида персонажей смешныне сами по себе – комичны ситуации, в которых оказываются герои,часто – вследствие особенности внешности. Вызывает смех жизненнаяфилософия героев – желание жить «по душе».1 Л. Ершов. Сатира и современность. М., 1978, с. 102.2 В. А. Апухтина. Проза В. Шукшина. М., 1986, с. 48.

В поэтике поздних рассказов В. Шукшина проявляются ощутимыеизменения, связанные, по словам самого писателя, «с более трезвымвзглядом на жизнь». 1 Здесь главной темой, о которой сам авторупоминает так: «Душа болит...», юмор вытесняется сатирой. Это вноситизменения в типологию персонажей и характер комического втекстах автора: утверждаются такие типы героев как «хам», «чудик»,появляются новые персонажи – «крепкий мужик» (житель села) иблизкие ему по мироощущению «энергичные люди» (городские жители),«социальный демагог чувств», расширяются средства комизма.Анализ произведений В. Шукшина зрелого возраста показывает,что при всей значимости речевых средств комизма на первыйплан выдвигаются поступки отдельных персонажей, подвергающихсясатирическому высмеиванию. К примеру, «крепкий мужик» НаумКречетов в рассказе «Волки», «социальный демагог» Лизавета Васильевнав рассказе «Мой зять украл машину дров» и т.д. В рассказе«Билетик на второй сеанс» В.Шукшин мастерски использует такназываемый приём «комизма питья и опьянения». Безусловно, пьянство– это порок, оно не может вызывать смех, но смешны не пьяные,а «пьяненькие». «Пьяненький» Худаков, действительно, создаёткомическую ситуацию, но это далеко не комический персонаж.Вспомним как он «тоскавал и злился». Причина тоски ему не вполнепонятна (В доме есть.., всего невпроворот...»), просто хочется «родитьсяещё разок» - получить «билетик на второй сеанс», чтобы «вначальстве походить». В. Шукшин беспощаден в диагнозе состояниягероя: у него душа умерла, материальное подавило в нём духовноеначало.В своих поздних рассказах В. Шукшин сатирически разоблачаетпотребительское отношение к жизни, накопительству, равнодушию,мстительности и злобности. Писатель ярко использует приёмы комического:контраст, посрамление воли, особенности языка, алогизм поведениягероя. Различные средства комизма образуют при этом внешнийсюжет – нравственных потерь, утрат, усложняя содержаниепроизведения, предавая тем самым драматическое, а подчас и трагическоезвучание («Штрихи к портрету», «Сураз, «Психопат»). 2Шукшинские «чудики» – важнейший тип героя рассказов рубежа60-х-70-х годов XXв. Это люди, чья душевная боль не такая как увсех: люди, живущие в мелочах повседневной суеты и не понимающиееё разрушительного воздействия на душу, забывающие о таких1 В. Ф. Горн. Характеры Василия Шукшина. Барнаул, 1981, с. 36.2 В. Ф. Горн. Василий Шукшин. Штрихи к портрету. М., 1993, с. 79.405

понятиях, как любовь, жалость, сострадание, стыд. Необычное поведение«чудика» не совсем подходит общепринятым нормам советскогообраза жизни и разрушает стереотипы, что не может не раздражатьокружающих. В своих рассказах о «чудиках» В. Шукшин используетряд приёмов комического, в основном – комизм отличий. Помнению В. Шукшина, любая особенность или странность, выделяющаячеловека из общества, может сделать его смешным. В произведенияхавтора поведение персонажа, его поступки, цель которых –«осчастливить» людей, сделать мир добрее («почему они злые-то такие?»– Василий из рассказа «Чудик»). Чудик надеялся на понимание,но окружающие не просто не принимают его устремлений, они агрессивноих отвергают: «Когда его ненавидели, ему было очень больно.И страшно. Казалось: ну, теперь всё, зачем жить?». 1В этом рассказе и во многих других («Сураз», «Жена мужа вПариж провожала», «Жил человек», «Охота жить» и др.) комическоепереплетается с трагическим финалом, что является выражениеминдивидуальной особенности мироощущения автора, к тому же, исовременная действительность не позволяла писателю оцениватьпроисходящее иначе. В. Шукшин показывает, что стремление отдельныхего героев жить по-другому, по совести, с чувством личной ответственности,вступает в противоречие с общепринятыми нормами,искажающими основные духовно-нравственные принципы жизнирусского народа. Разрешение этого социально-психологического конфликтапроисходит в зрелой сатирической прозе В. Шукшина часто втрагикомических формах.Развивая комическое, В. Шукшин глубоко осмысливает возможностисуществования тех жизненных явлений, которые сам разоблачает,что, безусловно, играет свою роль в достижении комическогоэффекта. По мнению С. Залыгина, «автор не просто пишет слова налисте бумаги, он продумывает каждую мелочь ситуации, пропускаетеё через себя». 2 Так в рассказе «Мнение» некий служащий Кондрашинпоказан явно комически: портрет «полненького гражданина», заученныежесты, готовые фразы, приспособленность – всё это обрисовываетживучий тип хамелеона. Но в нём есть и то, чем оправдываетКондрашина писатель: хамелеонство порождает среда, где нормой становитсяложь, чинопочитание, лесть, карьеризм, демагогия, безделье.Особенно важное место среди всех средств выразительности, к ко-1 В. Шукшин. Рассказы. Избранные произведение произведения в 2-х томах, т. I.М., 1976, с. 110.2 С. Залыгин. Герой в кирзовых сапогах. – Предисловие в книге В. Шукшина. Избранныепроизведения в 2-х т.М., 1975, с. 57.406

торым прибегает В. Шукшин, имеет диалог, присутствующий в каждомрассказе. По словам В. Карповой, «он никогда не несёт функциипростой информативности, в нём заключено движение повествования,в нём раскрываются характеры». 1 Детальное рассмотрениерассказов В. Шукшина способствует более глубокому проникновениюв идейно-художественное содержание его прозы, позволяет выявлятьспецифику форм и средств выражения комического. ВысказываниеЛ. Ершова «о назначении комизма – как возможности вскрытьнедостатки духовного и морального порядка» 2 , вполне соответствуетпониманию комического, выраженного в своих рассказахВ. Шукшиным.Сатирические произведения «Энергичные люди», «До третьихпетухов», «А по утру, они проснулись...» – инопланетный мир, мирфантастики, один из излюбленных жанров В. Шукшина. Этот мир заселёнреальными существами, живущими по своим неписанным законам.«Энергичные» люди или персонажи повести «А по утру, онипроснулись...» выступают как реальные, однако их действия и речивыходят за грань естественного. Внутренние связи произведения объединяютсяв форму комического – сатиру. 3 Так сатирически обрисованыфигуры, лишённые индивидуальности. Такие, как Санька, Галка,Милка, Алка-Несмеяна, мрачный крановщик, очкарик, Медведь,запуганный Горынычем, Иван, наречённый дураком... Хотя многиеиз них виноваты сами перед собой, поскольку жертвами они сталивследствие личной слабости, нестойкости, безволия. Простой человекпреклоняется перед «энергичными».Мрачный крановщик, устроив дебош в чужой квартире, внутреннепримирился с разгульным образом жизни своей жены-спекулянтки;Медведь, запуганный чертями и Горынычем, совсем отчаялся;Иван долгие годы оставался дураком...Такова деятельность «энергичных»,весёлая жизнь чертей-пустоплястов и...последствия бесхарактерностисамих жертв. «Энергичные» – агрессивны, бездуховны,уверены в своей безнаказанности. «Конкретные люди», как себя ониназывают, явно мыслят и определяют цель жизни грубо материально:в цифрах, количествах, вещах. К примеру, Брюхатый так ведётбухгалтерию: «Я имею трёхкомнатную квартиру, – Брюхатый сталзагибать пальцы, – дачу, «Волгу», гараж... У меня жена, Валентина,на семнадцать лет моложе меня... что я потерял за эти четыре года ивосемь месяцев? ...А ничего. Даже похудел... Счас веду переговоры1 В. Карпова. Талантливая жизнь. М., 1986, с. 54.2 Л. Ершов. Сатира и современность. М., 1978, с. 90.3 И. Дедков. Последние штрихи. – Дружба народов, № 4, 1975, с. 19.407

насчёт института питания – надо маленько сбросить...». 1 Вместе стем, «Энергичные» люди не являются бездельниками, они искажённыенатуры, не столько в погоне за деньгами, сколько в стремлении«жить как люди». Скудность души они компенсируют туго набитымишкафами. Сатирическое содержание повести В. Шукшин выделяетдраматической обстановкой, реализуя формы гротеска, карикатурыв диалогах, которые стали главными средствами саморазоблачения«конкретных». Разыгрываемое «энергичными» действо, грубое и циничное,вызывает естественные чувства неприятия и отвращения.Таким образом, создаётся полное представление о способе мышления,жизненных целях, психологический портрет отпетых спекулянтов.Подобно Баеву, Брюхатый очень высокого мнения о своёмуме: «А у меня – голова...Это ведь тоже, как деньги...А со мной всёмоё богатство – тут! – Брюхатый ударил себя кулаком в лоб. Хвастатьне буду, но... прожить сумею...». 2 Курносый учит Веру Сергеевну:«...У меня один артист знакомый. Красавец! Под два метра ростом,нос, как у Потёмкина... А ему гараж позарез нужен: я договорюсь сним... можно же так жизнь украсить!... 3 . Можно сказать, что именнов подобной активности, жизнедеятельности и самоуверенности –секрет материального преуспевания и устойчивости существования«конкретных» шукшинских персонажей. Вживание «энергичных» вэкономические отношения повлияли на устойчивость их психологическихчерт: «развязность», самомнение, наглость.Не в первый раз Кузькин спекулировал автомобильными покрышками.И сейчас у него в передней «не существующие» покрышки:их нигде не делали, они никуда не поступали. Появление милиции,которым завершается повествование, отвечает внутреннемутребованию немедленного наказания спекулянтов и жуликов. Хотя,возникает вопрос: насколько реален финал, и вдруг «энергичные» вогне не сгорят и в воде не утонут? Это, учитывая «опыт» Брюхатого,хитрость «большого демагога» Кузькина, «конкретность мышления»Курносова, их жестокость и вероломство.В повести В. Шукшина не выделяется ничего, чтобы кореннымобразом отличало её от других произведений писателя. Специальнаянезатейливость сюжета «Энергичных людей» служит тому, чтобышироко раскрыть быт и нравы мещанско-торгового подворья. 4 Пи-1 В. Шукшин. Рассказы, с. 188.2 В. Шукшин. Рассказы, с. 170.3 В. Шукшин. Рассказы, с. 174.4 Л. Ершов. Обновление старого жанра. Сатира В.Шукшина. – Наш современник№ 10. 1975, с. 11.408

сатель не только описывает поведение героев дома и на службе, но ипоследовательно и точно воссоздаёт стихию языка персонажей, фиксируетих образ мышления. На вид обыденное, будничное, привычное– становится страшным.В художественном плане комическое В. Шукшина значительнообогащает поэтику современного реализма. 1 В своих рассказах В.Шукшин изображает идеал человечности, духовности и нравственныхценностей, отчуждение человека от естественного бытия, представляетфарс жалкого существования паразитирующих отщепенцев. 2Цель сатиры В. Шукшина не сводится к простому осмеянию.Его сатира – высокая, гражданская, по сути трагедийная. В творчественародного писателя глубоко распознаётся общественное назначениелитературы, перспективы её развития. Неповторимость каждогочеловеческого типа, воссоздание под покровом повседневностичерт, создающих в целом русский национальный характер – значениенаследия В. Шукшина.nino eTeriakomizmis Taviseburebebis Sesaxebvasili SukSinis prozaSivasili SukSini, axdens ra satiris formis realizebas narkvevSi,moTxrobasa da fantastikur zRaparSi, moxerxebulad iyenebsyovel am JanrSi saWiro enobriv saSualebebs Cafiqrebuliefeqtis misaRwevad. mwerlis teqstebSi komikuri iumorisa da satirissaSualebiT gamoisaxeba, amasTan komizmis sxvadasxva xerxigamoiyeneba: adamianis fizikuri arsi, dalevisa da simTvraliskomizmi, msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis komizmi, adamiani – sagani,qceva, alogizmi, parodizmi, parodireba, nebisyofis Sercxvena, gasuleleba,gazviadeba, enobrivi saSualebebi da sxv. amdagvarad saxesicvlis satiris tradiciuli principebi da xerxebi – alegoria,groteski, karikatura, daqvemdebarebuli da socialur-fsiqologiurianalizis gamaxvilebis miznebze. v. SukSinis satirismizani ar aris mxolod dacinva. misi satira – maRali, moqala-1 Л. Емельянов. Василий Шукшин. Л., 1983, с. 35.2 В. Коробков. Василий Шукшин. Творчество. Личность. М., 1992, с. 46.409

qeobrivi, Tavisi arsiT tragediulia. saxalxo mwerlis SemoqmedebaSiRrmad SeigrZnoba literaturis sazogadoebrivi daniSnuleba,misi ganviTarebis perspeqtiva. yoveli tipis adamianis ganumeorebloba,yoveldRiurobiT dafaruli Tvisebebis aRdgena,romlebic erTianobaSi rusul nacionalur xasiaTs qmnian – yoveliveamaSi mdgomareobs v. SukSinis memkvidreobis mniSvneloba.NINO ETERIAON THE PECULIARITIES OF THE COMICAL IN VASILISHUKSHIN’S NOVELSRealizing the form of satire in his essays, novels and fantastic storiesVasili Shukshin artistically employs all the figures of speech characteristicof the respective genre to accomplish the necessary effect. Through the comichumor and satire, as well as various means of the comical, the authorin his writings conveys the physical essence of human nature, the comismof taking alcohol and consequent drunkenness, the comism of resemblanceand dissimilarity, a human being and a physical object, behavior, alogism,parody, mockery of fragile will, hyperbole, figures of speech, etc. Thus thetraditional principles and means of satire, such as allegory, grotesque, caricatureare altered as a response to the psycho-social analysis and subsequentgoals. The aim of V. Shukshin’s satire is not a mere mockery, but in itsessence it portrays highly tragic spirit of social life. The authors’ works depictthe social value of literature, as well as the prospective development ofsuch a trend. The uniqueness of individual human nature and the revival ofhidden aspects of daily life, thus composing the national Russian character,are the most valuable aspects of V. Shukshin’s heritage.410

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008i s t o r i a, a r q e o l o g i akaxaber fifiaiberia-romis urTierToba IIs. 20-30-ian wlebSiimperatori adriane da farsman IIax.w. IIs. 20-30-iani wlebi qarTul-romauli mravalsaukunovaniurTierTobebis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso periodia.es aris romaul-mediteranul samyaroSi òmze metad mSvidobismoyvare~imperatoris 1 adrianes (117-138ww.) mier gamocxadebulisayovelTao mSvidobis _ `Pax Romana~-s, romis sagareopolitikuri kursisa da samxedro-TavdacviTi koncefciisZireuli cvlilebebis xana, ramac didi gavlena iqonia imperiispolitikuri gavlenis qveS myofi qveynebis, maT Soris qarTulipolitikuri erTeulebis mdgomareobazec. am periodSi aRmavlobisgzaze mdgari iberiis (qarTlis) samefos saTaveSi dgas antikurixanis saqarTvelos istoriis erT-erTi gamorCeuli figurafarsman II, romelic qarTul saistorio tradiciaSi `qvelis~epiTetiTaa Semkuli. 2farsman II-is mmarTvelobis dros iberiis romze damokidebuleba,e.w. `megobroba-mokavSireoba~, 3 romelic gaformda Zv.w.1 El. Spart. Hadr. X, 2 – Scriptores Historiae Augustae (SemdgomSi – SHA),.vsargeblobT SHA-s uaxlesi gamocemiT. _ ix. Властелины Рима. Биографииримских императоров от Адриана до Диоклетиана (перевод С. П. Кондратева,послесловие М. Л. Гаспарова), М., 1999; ix.: agreTve, Авторы жизнеописанийАвгустов. Перевод С. П. Кондратьева, под редакцией А. И. Доватура. –Вестник древней истории, 1957, #1, gv. 255-269.2 leonti mroveli. cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa.., _ qarTlis cxovreba.teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.yauxCiSvilis mier. t. I. Tb., 1955, gv. 50-53.3 iberia-roms Soris dadebuli xelSekruleba miekuTvneboda `Feodussociale~-s tipis xelSekrulebaTa saxesxvaobas _ Feodera non aequas,romelic araTanasworuflebian, calmxriv kavSirs gulisxmobs(ix.: Л. Алексидзе. К вопросу о международно-правовых взаимоотношениях Иберии(Картли) с Римом. _ Tsu Sromebi. t. 65, 1957, gv. 161-179; n. lomouri.saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobaTa saTaveebTan. _ qarTulidiplomatia. I, Tb., 1994, gv. 50-52. Sdr. s. janaSia. saqarTvelo adrindelifeodalizmis gzaze. _ Sromebi, I, Tb., 1949, gv. 182, 192.411

Is. 60-ian wlebSi, 1 faqtobrivad srul fiqciad iqca da mxolodformalur xasiaTs atarebda. es iyo im politikis logikuri Sedegi,rasac iberiis samefo jer kidev ax. w. I saukunidan atarebda.iberiis gaZlierebasa da misi politikuri ambiciebiszrdas xels uwyobda qveynis geostrategiuli mdebareoba. iberiaakontrolebda CrdiloeT kavkasiis uReltexilebs, maT Sorisyvelaze mniSvnelovan darialis gadmosasvlelsac, da saWiroebisSemTxvevaSi, SeeZlo imierkavkasieli mravalricxovani meomarinomadebis gadmoyvana. iberiis mmarTvelebs, brZolebSi ganTqmulCrdilokavkasielebTan kavSirSi, SeeZloT ara mxolod sakuTaripolitikuri interesebis dacva, aramed regionis masStabiT nebismierisaxelmwifosaTvis problemis Seqmna. 2 garda amisa, romisaRmosavlur politikaSi iberiis rolis gaZlierebas xelsuwyobda am ukanasknelis parTiasTan siaxlove da armeniasTanuSualo mezobloba.aRmosavleTSi romsa da parTias Soris permanentuli dapirispirebisSedegad Seqmnili e.w. `politikuri dualizmis~ pirobebSi,3 romaeli imperatorebi cdilobdnen gaeTvaliswinebinaTiberiis mmarTveli wreebis interesebi, SeenarCunebinaT maTTanmSvidobiani urTierToba, raTa es ukanasknelni ar mimxrobodnenparTias da mxari ar daeWiraT antiromauli tendenciebisaTvissomxeTSi. ax.w. I saukunidan iberiis samefo sakmaod damoukidebelsagareo politikas atarebda, romelic xSirad ar emTxveodaromis aRmosavlur politikas. Tumca, Tu am dros iberiismmarTvelebi maqsimalurad cdilobdnen SeeniRbaT sakuTari po-1 romaelTa saqarTveloSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb dawvr. ix.: Н. Ю. Ломоури.Грузино-римские взаимоотношения. Тб., 1981, gv. 99-117; k. fifia. romida aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi I-II ss. (politikuri urTier-Tobebi). Tb., 2005, gv. 27-30.2 s. janaSia. adreuli feodalizmi. _ Sromebi, II, Tb., 1952, gv. 181-182; Н. Ю. Ломоури. Грузино-римские взаимоотношения, gv. 106; m. inaZe. kaspiiskari (dariali, darubandi) ax. w. I-IV saukuneTa saerTaSorisodiplomatiururTierTobebSi. _ qarTuli diplomatia, 3, Tb., 1996,gv. 49-54; k. fifia. romi da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi I-II ss., gv.29-30; k. fifia. neronis kavkasiuri laSqrobis miznebisa da mimar-Tulebis sakiTxisaTvis. _ soxumis universitetis Sromebi, I, Tb.,2007, gv. 184-185.3 am sakiTxis Sesaxeb dawvr. ix.: k. fifia. parTia-romis urTierTobaZv.w. I s. SuaxanebSi da `politikuri dualizmis~ sistemis Seqmnawina aziaSi. _ kavkasiis macne, XII, 2005, gv. 67-70.412

litikuri interesebi da angariSi gaewiaT imperiisaTvis (maali-Tad, mefe farsman I-is dros), 1 IIs. 20-30-ian wlebSi. isini rom-Tan ukve aSkara konfrontaciasac ar eridebian. iberia-romis ur-TierTobaSi am axali etapis dawyeba, ra Tqma unda, garkveulwiladdakavSirebuli iyo TviTon iberiis samefos gaZlierebasTan.Tumca, rogorc Cans, iberiis aRmavlobas gansakuTrebiT xeli Seuwyoim dros maxlobel aRmosavleTSi Seqmnilma axalma politikurmakoniuqturam.traianes (98-117ww.) aRmosavluri laSqrobis Semdeg, 2 adrianesprincipatis xanaSi romis sagareo politikam mkveTri cvlilebaganicada. romaelTa aRmosavluri katastrofis Sedegebisacileba arc Tu ise advili iyo da imperatorma adrianem romissaxelmwifos saTaveSi mosvlisTanave uari Tqva winamorbedi princepsismier dawyebul globalur eqspansiaze da imperiis sazRvrebisdacvis politikas daubrunda. adrianes mier agresiul politikazeuaris Tqma da TavdacviT strategiaze gadasvla ganpirobebuliiyo im saerTo-politikuri realobis obieqturi SefasebiT,romelic im droisaTvis iyo Seqmnili romis imperiaSi.traianes warumatebeli aRmosavluri kampaniis Semdeg imperiasfaqtobrivad amowuruli hqonda globaluri eqspansiis warmoebisaTvissaWiro yvela resursi.ax.w. II saukuneSi imperiis ekonomikis erTi SexedviT arnaxuliaRmavlobis, soflis meurneobis, vaWrobis, xelosnobis,saqalaqo cxovrebis dawinaurebisa da romauli xmelTaSuazRvispireTisistoriaSi òqros xanis~ dadgomis miuxedavad, romissaxelmwifos sazogadoebriv-politikur da ekonomikur ganviTarebaSiukve SesamCnevi iyo krizisis niSnebi da Sinagan winaaRm-1 ax.w. Is. iberia-romis urTierTobis Sesaxeb ix.: g. meliqiSvili.saqarTvelo ax. w. I-III saukuneebSi. _ saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi.t. I. Tb., 1970, gv. 500-529; n. lomouri. romisa da amierkavkasiisqveynebis urTierTobisaTvis ax.w. I saukuneSi. _ Tsu Sromebi. t. 77,1959, gv. 127-154; k. fifia. neronis kavkasiuri laSqrobis.., gv. 177-190;Г. А. Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии. Тб., 1959, gv. 337-357; Г. А.Меликишвили. Усиление Картлийского царства (Иберии) в I-II вв. н.э. – Очеркиистории Грузии, т. I. Тб., 1989, gv. 307-320; Н. Ю. Ломоури. Грузино-римскиевзаимоотношения. gv. 133-182; К. К Пипия. К истории кавказской политики Нерона.– Право и Политология, №3 (4), 2008, gv. 53-57.2 traines aRmosavlur laSqrobaSi qarTul politikur gaerTianebaTamonawileobis Sesaxeb ix.: k. fifia. traines aRmosavluri politikada saqarTvelo. Tb., 2005, gv. 14-20, 43-49.413

degobaTa zrda grZeldeboda `bednier saukuneSic~. socialurekonomikurikrizisis niSnebi aSkarad daetyo rogorc imperiiscentrs _ italias, 1 aseve provinciebsac. 2 garda socialuri daekonomikuri bazis sisustisa, globalur eqspansiaze uaris Tqmanakarnaxevi iyo adrianes mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi imperiis TiTqmisyvela sazRvarze Seqmnili arastabiluri mdgomareobiT. kirenaSi,egviptesa da kviprosze grZeldeboda jer kidev traianesdros dawyebuli iudevelTa ajanyeba da mis Caqrobas imperiisdidi samxedro da finansuri saSualebebi dasWirda. 3 garda amisa,mRelvarebebi daiwyo britaneTsa da mavritaniaSi. dunais sazRvarzegaaqtiurdnen sarmatebi da roqsolanebi. 4aseT viTarebaSi romis mmarTvel wreebs fiqric ki ar SeeZloTsabrZolo moqmedebebis ganaxlebaze aRmosavleTSi, amitomaxali imperatoris erT-erTi pirveli nabiji iyo romaelTa miermd. evfratis aRmosavleTiT okupirebuli teritoriebis dauyovneblividacla. 5 romsa da parTias Soris sazRvari kvlav evfratigaxda. 6 provincia armenia daemxo da somxeTSi kvlav aRdgeniliqna rogorc romis vasaluri samefo arSakidebiT saTaveSi. 7es iyo aRmosavleTSi romaelTa politikis sruli marcxis aRiareba.Tumca, Seqmnili situaciiT verc parTiam isargebla.traianes kampaniis dros gancdili mZime marcxis SemdegparTiis samefosac ar aRmoaCnda kontrSetevaze gadasvlisa dawina aziaSi politikuri iniciativis sakuTar Tavze aRebis unari.arSakidebs dakarguli hqondaT Zveli Zlevamosileba da isiniukve aRar warmoadgenda im realur Zalas, romelsac SeeZloebrZolaT mTeli wina aziis dasapyrobad da àqemenidTa memkvidreobisdasabruneblad~. aseT pirobebSi, rogorc ki romauli armiamoSorda evfrats, orive mxarem faqtobrivad Sewyvita saoma-1 v. sergeevi. Zveli romis istoriis narkvevebi. naw, II. Tb., 1941, gv.641; Н. А. Машкин. История Древнего Рима. Л., 1948, gv. 458-459; А. Г. Бокщанин.Социальный кризис Римской империи в I веке н.э., М., 1954, gv. 46-62;Всемирная история, т. II, М., 1956, gv. 643.2 С. И. Ковалев. К вопросу о характере социального переворота III-V вв. в ЗападнойРимской империи. – Вестник древней истории, 1954, #3, gv. 35-41.3 Г. М. Лившиц. Классовая борьба в Иудее и восстание против Рима. Минск,1957, gv. 310-311.4 El. Spart. Hadr. V, 2; Euseb. Eccl. Hist., IV, 2.5 El. Spart. Hadr. V, 3, IX, 1; Eutr. Brev., VIII, 6, 2.6 Eutr. Brev., VIII, 6, 2.7 El. Spart. Hadr. XXI, 11; Cass. Dio. LXVIII, 33; Eutr. Brev., VIII, 6, 2.414

i moqmedebebi. 1 zavi orive mxarisaTvis sasurveli gaxda da adrianesmier SeTavazebuli `Pax Romana~ arSakidTa samefo saxlmayovelgvari zedmeti pretenziebis gareSe miiRo.ase rom, IIs. dasawyisidan aRmosavleTSi politikuri situaciamkveTrad Seicvala. saukuneebis manZilze aRmosavleTSi politikuriamindis ganmsazRvrelma orive Zalam _ romma da par-Tiam, TandaTanobiT daTmo poziciebi. maT ukve aRar SeeZloT mTlianadgaekontrolebinaT politikuri situacia axlo aRmosavleTSida iq arsebuli yvela saxelmwifosaTvis Tavs moexviaTTavianTi interesebi. aseT pirobebSi iwyeba calkeuli, romTan daparTiasTan SedarebiT, ra Tqma unda, arc Tu ise mniSvnelovani,magram mainc sakmaod Zlieri da aqtiuri politikuri erTeulebisaRzeveba, romlebic iwyeben am ori zesaxelmwifosagan damoukidebelida xSirad mtruli politikis gatarebas.aseTi iyo pirvel rigSi iberiis samefo, romlis ambiciebida sazRvrebis gafarToebis politika kulminacias swored am periodSiaRwevs. farsmani ar erideba imperiis avtoritetsac ki,masTan Ria dapirispirebazec midis da romis politikur sistemaSiCarTuli kolxeTis zRvispireTis erT-erT seqtors eufleba.flavius arianes cnobiT, makron-henioxebsa da lazebs Sorismosaxle zidritebi farsmanis qveSevrdomni yofilan. 2 ramdenadacariane saWirod ar Tvlis specialurad aRniSnos Tu romelfarsmanzea saubari, ueWvelia, rom aq igulisxmeba adrianesTviskargad cnobili iberiis mefe. 3 zidritTa toms ekava WoroxisSesarTavis CrdiloeTiT dRev. aWara-qobuleTis mxare. 4 farsmanismier zidritTa olqis dakavebas adgili unda hqonoda 117-129wlebs Soris. 5Cven ar viciT Tu rogor da ra pirobebSi moxda iberiisZalauflebis gavrceleba kolxeTis zRvispireTis am seqtorze.1 А. Г. Бокщанин. Парфия и Рим, ч. II. М., 1966, gv. 253.2 Arr. PPE, 11; flavius ariane. mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo. Targmani,gamokvleva, komentarebi da ruka n. keWaRmaZisa. Tb., 1961, gv. 42-43.3 Н. Ю. Ломоури. Грузино-римские взаимоотношения, gv. 192.4 n. lomouri. egrisis samefos istoria. Tb., 1968, gv. 8-10; n. lomouri.dasavleT saqarTvelos eTno-politikuri suraTi ax. w. II saukuneSi._ saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumis narkvevebi,VII, 2001, gv. 6. Sdr.: g. meliqiSvili. saqarTvelo ax. w. I-III saukuneebSi,gv. 544; Г. А. Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии, gv. 370.5 am sakiTxis Sesaxeb dawvr. ix.: k. fifia. romi da.., gv. 111-112.415

ogorc aRniSnavs g. meliqiSvili, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im drosromsa da iberias Soris arsebul daZabul urTierTobas, Znelisavaraudoa, rom farsmanis mier zidritTa olqis dakaveba romisTanxmobiT momxdariyo. 1 Cveni azriT, sakiTxis am kuTxiT dasmacki arasworia romis Tanxmoba am aqciaze, miuxedavad am qveynebsSoris urTierTobis xasiaTisa, yvela SemTxvevaSi gamoricxuliiqneboda. am periodSi iberia-roms Soris Tundac rom keTilmezobluriurTierToba yofiliyo, gamoricxulia, rom roms iberiisaTvissakuTari nebiT gadaeca zidritTa olqi, ramdenadackolxeTis zRvispireTi imperiis erTiani sasazRvro-TavdacviTisistemis nawils warmoadgenda da mis erT-erT seqtorze, TundacmokavSire qveynis politikuri interesebis gaTvaliswineba,romis strategiul interesebs ewinaaRmdegeboda. zidritTa olqisdamorCilebiT, iberiis samefom erTmaneTisagan gaTiSa romaulisamflobeloebi aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi da daarRviaromauli sasazRvro-TavdaciTi sistemis, ponto-kavkasiis sasazRvroxazis mTlianoba. es sistema saTaves trapezuntSi iRebda daadrianes mmarTvelobis droisaTvis sebastopolisamde vrceldeboda.2 am erTian sasazRvro perimetrze iberiis gamoCeniT ki, orumniSvnelovanes romaul forposts – afsarossa (makron-heniox-Ta miwa-wyalze) da fasiss (lazeTis teritoriaze) Soris gadaWriliqna saxmeleTo komunikacia, ris Sedegadac maTi erTmaneTTandakavSireba mxolod sazRvao gziT gaxda SesaZlebeli.amis daSveba ki roms, ra Tqma unda, ar SeeZlo.dRes Cvens xelT arsebuli wyaroTa simwiris gamo ZnelisaTqmelia, farsmanis eqspansias dasavleTisaken Sexvda Tu araromaelTa winaaRmdegoba da ra poziciaze idga adgilobrivi mosaxleoba.magram SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom sabrZolo moqmedebebsadgili ar hqonda, radganac aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTisam monakveTze, uSualod zidritTa samosaxlo teritoriaze, romauligarnizonebi ar iyo dislocirebuli. zidritTa olqi iberiisaTvisteritoriuladac ufro advilad misawvdomi da SedarebiTdaucvelic iyo. amasTan, zidritTa tomi arianes mier aRwerilsxva tomebTan SedarebiT (mag., makron-henioxebi, lazebi),ufro mcirericxovani Cans. amdenad, maTi politikuri organizaciacufro susti unda yofiliyo, vidre mezobeli tomebisa. yo-1 g. meliqiSvili. saqarTvelo ax. w. I-III saukuneebSi, gv. 526; Г. А.Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии, gv. 354.2 k. fifia. romi da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi.., gv. 85-86, 147-149.416

vel SemTxvevaSi, maTi gansaxlebis areali warmoadgenda yvelazesust seqtors aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis am monakveTze, orZlier mezobels makron-henioxebisa da lazebis `samefoebs~ Soris.farsmanis agresia am ori `samefos~ teritoriis mimarTulebiTki met winaaRmdegobas Sexvdeboda rogorc adgilobrivimosaxleobis, aseve aq dislocirebuli romauli samxedro SenaerTebismxridan. yovelive amis gamo, farsmanis mier Savi zRvissanapiro zolis mitaceba moxda zidritTa gansaxlebis olqSi,romelic SedarebiT susti da daucveli, amasTan iberiisaTvisteritoriuladac ufro advilad misawvdomi iyo.yovel SemTxvevaSi, erTi ram faqtia, farsmanis mier dasavleTsaqarTvelos zRvispira zolSi gasvla warmoadgenda romissawinaaRmdego aqcias, romlis Tavidan acileba da am seqtorzeimperiis gavlenis aRdgena adrianem ver moaxerxa. Cveni azriT,farsmanis mier zidritTa olqis mitaceba gaxda iberia-roms SorisurTierTobis gafuWebisa da im konfrontaciis mTavari mizezi,romelic adrianes princepsobis mTel manZilze SeimCneoda amqveynebs Soris.adrianes biografis elius spartianes cnobiT, aRmosavleTSiTavisi meore mogzaurobis dros, 1 kapadokiaSi myofma imperatorma`megobrul Sexvedraze moiwvia adgilobrivi mmarTvelebi da mefeebi;mowveul iqna parTiis mefe xosroc, daubruna mas qaliSvili,romelic traianem daatyveva da Sehpirda warTmeuli taxtis ukandabrunebas. roca masTan gamocxadda zogierTi mefe, maT ise moeqca,rom imaT vinc ar isurva masTan misvla, sananebeli gauxdaT.is ase, pirvel rigSi, farsmanis gamo moiqca, romelmac qedmaRluradugulebelyo misi (e.i. adrianes – k. f.) mowveva~. 2 mkvlevarTaabsoluturi umravlesoba elius spartianes am cnobas yovelgvarikritikis gareSe iRebs da qarTul istoriografiaSifaqtobrivad miRebulia mosazreba, rom farsmanma ar ikadra adrianesTangamocxadeba. 3 TavisTavad imperatoris biografis es1 al. gamyreliZe. axladaRmoCenili laTinuri warwera farsman mefisa._ ciskari, #9, 1959, gv. 135-140. Sdr. Н. Ю. Ломоури. Грузино-римскиевзаимоотношения, gv. 191.2 El. Spart. Hadr. XIII, 8-9.3 saqarTvelos istoria, I (uZvelesi droidan XIX saukunis dasasrulamde).Tb., 1958, gv. 67; m. inaZe. iberiisa da romis urTierToba IIsaukunis pirvel naxevarSi. _ ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisinstitutis Sromebi, t. I, 1955, gv. 321; g. meliqiSvili. saqarTve-27. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi417

cnoba udavod Zalze mniSvnelovania da gasagebicaa misi popularobaqarTul istoriografiaSi. marTlac, elius spartianesmtkiceba, rom qarTvelma mefem qedamRlobis gamo Tqva uari imdroindelimsoflio zesaxelmwifos _ `maradiuli romis~ erTpirovnulmmarTvelTan gamocxadebaze, Zalze mimzidvelia, 1 magramigi realur viTarebas ar unda asaxavdes. qedmaRlobas (superbia)romaelebi saerTod mefeTaTvis damaxasiaTebel naklad Tvlidnen 2da spartianec, marTalia, amiT cdilobs farsmanis am nabijis axsnas,magram realuri mizezi sxva ram unda iyos.Zneli warmosadgenia, rom farsmans, romelic gamocdilipolitikuri moRvawe Cans, mxolod siamayis gamo eTqva uari adrianesTangamocxadebaze da mas gacnobierebuli ar hqonoda isSesaZlo garTulebebi, rasac es nabiji mis qveyanas moutanda. imperatorisignorireba da misi mowvevis demonstraciuli ugulebelyofa,3 vfiqrobT, farsmanisaTvis momgebiani ar unda yofiliyoda mis aseT aradiplomatiur gadawyvetilebas sxva, raRacufro mniSvnelovani safuZveli unda hqonoda. romis mokavSiremmarTvelTa es Sekreba Sedga 129 wels, 4 sadRac zemo evfratisaxlos, satalaSi 5 an samosataSi 6 . am krebamde 7 arc Tu ise didilo ax. w. I-III saukuneebSi, gv. 529; Г. А. Меликишвили. К истории древнейГрузии, gv. 358; Н. Ю. Ломоури. Грузино-римские взаимоотношения, gv. 194.1 qarTul istoriografiaSi farsmanis adrianesTan gamoucxadeblobiskonkretuli, elius spartianes cnobisagan gansxvavebuli,ufro realuri mizezis dadgenis mcdeloba ar yofila da sakiTxiam kuTxiT arc dasmula. faqtobrivad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erTgvargamonakliss warmoadgens Cveni naSromi _ `zidritTa olqisproblema iberia-romis diplomatiur urTierTobebSi (ax. w. II s. 20-30-iani ww.)~ (ix. kreb: ìstoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebani~, X, Tb.,2008, gv. 45-55.), sadac, im dros aRmosavleTSi Seqmnili politikurisituaciisa da wyaroTa kritikuli analizis safuZvelze, SevecadeTgagverkvia farsmanis am politikuri Jestis realuri mizezi.2 D. Braund. Hadrian and Pharasmanes. – Klio, vol, 73, 1991, #1, gv. 208-219.3 ix. Н. Ю. Ломоури. Грузино-римские взаимоотношения, gv. 191.4 G. Kerler. Die Aubenpolitik in der Historia Augusta. Bonn, 1970, gv. 34; R. Syme.Hadrian and the Vassal Princes. – Athenaeum. 59, 1981, gv. 276; R. Syme. RomanPapers. III. Oxford, 1984, gv. 1438; D. Braund. Hadrian and Pharasmanes, gv. 211-212,Sen. 25.5 D. Magie. Roman Rule in Asia Minor. Princ., 1950, vol. I, gv. 621; A. B. Bosworth.Arrian and the Alani. – Harward Studies in Classical Philology, 1977, 81, gv. 228.6 D. Braund. Hadrian and Pharasmanes, gv. 211-212.7 aRsaniSnavia, is faqti, rom farsmani ar yofila erTaderTi mefe,vinc adrianesTan ar gamocxadda. elius spartianes cnobiT, analogiuradmoiqca albaneTis mefec (SHA, Hadr. XIII, 9, XXI, 13). Tu gaviT-418

xniT adre iberiam SemoierTa romis xeldebuli zidritTa olqi,riTac man ara marto Selaxa imperiis prestiJi, aramed daarRviaaRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis romauli sasazRvro-TavdacviTisistemis mTlianobac. Tumca, im periodSi Seqmnili politikurisituacia roms ar aZlevda saSualebas kidev ufro gaemwvavebinaviTareba kavkasiaSi. adrianesaTvis, romelmac sabolood Tqva uariSeteviT omebze, miuRebeli iyo iberiasTan urTierTobis gar-Tuleba da imierkavkasieli nomadebiT zurggamagrebuli farsmaniswinaaRmdeg Ria sabrZolo moqmedebebis dawyeba. amitom adriane,romelic mudam `yidulobda mSvidobasa da zavs~, 1 diplomatiurigziT cdilobs farsmanTan urTierTobis daregulirebasda zidritTa olqSi Seqmnili problemis mogvarebas.adriane saxelmwifos marTvaSi, mokavSire mmarTvelebTan TumowinaaRmdegeebTan urTierTobaSi mudam did mniSvnelobas ani-Webda pirovnul kontaqtebs. 2 es aSkarad misi Zlieri mxare iyo. 3valiswinebT im dros iberia-albaneTis urTierTobas da farsmanisaSkarad agresiul politikas am ukanasknelis mimarT (ix. Dio Cass.LXIX, 15, 1), gamoricxulad migvaCnia, rom farsmansa da albaneTismefes es diplomatiuri nabiji _ mowvevaze uaris Tqma, erTmaneT-Tan SeTanxmebuli hqonodaT. kapadokiaSi ar Casula parTiis mefexosroc, miuxedavad imisa, rom adrianem mas daubruna traianes mierqtezifonis aRebisas datyvevebuli qaliSvili da oqros taxtisdabrunebasac Sehpirda (SHA, Hadr., XIII, 8). rogorc Cans, xosro imitomver Cavida kapadokiaSi, rom igi am dros, parTiaSi mimdinareSinaomis gamo, rTul mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. marTlac, misi ukanasknelimonetebi 128/129 wliT TariRdeba. (А. Г. Бокщанин. Парфия иРим, ч. II, М., 1966, gv. 260; N. C. Debevoise. A Political History of Parthia. Chicago-Illinois,1938, gv. 242; The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3 (1), Camb., 1983, gv.93). kapadokiis krebidan mokle xanSi xosro sabolood damarcxdada gaqra istoriis asparezidan (А. Г. Бокщанин. Парфия и Рим, ч. II, gv.259). sakmaod damajerebeli Cans d. braundis mosazreba, rom SesaZloaalbanTa mefemac imave mizeziT, parTiaSi Seqmnili arastabilurimdgomareobis gamo Tqva uari Tavisi qveynis datovebaze daarCia dalodeboda Tu rogor ganviTardeboda movlenebi parTiaSi,sadac dinastiuri omi gadamwyvet fazaSi iyo Sesuli (D. Braund.Hadrian and Pharasmanes, gv. 213), Tumca, am Sexedulebis meqanikurigavrceleba iberiaze da igives mtkiceba farsmanis mimarT (ix. D.Braund. Hadrian and Pharasmanes, gv. 213; D. Braund. Georgia in Antiquity. Oxford.1994, gv. 232), miuReblad migvaCnia (d. braundis am mosazrebis kritikaix.: k. fifia. zidritTa olqis problema.., gv. 48-52).1 El. Spart. Hadr. XVII, 10.2 R. Syme. Hadrian and the Vassal Princes, gv. 275.3 cnobilia, rom adrianem molaparakebebSi uSualo CareviTa dapiradi kontaqtebis xarjze SeZlo faqtobrivad saomrad gamzade-419

a Tqma unda, kapadokiis Sekrebaze imperatori yovelnairad ecdeboda`zidritTa problemis~ mogvarebas. SesaZloa, rom farsmanispecialurad am mizniT iqna miwveuli kidec `megobrulSexvedraze~. yovel SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, rom imperatorTan Casulfarsmans am sakiTxze aucileblad mouwevda saubari da gamoricxuliaraa, rom romaelebi mas zidritTa olqs daaTmobinebdnenkidec. vfiqrobT, swored es unda yofiliyo imis mizezi,rom farsmanma uari ganacxada kapadokiaSi Casvlaze. igi ar apirebdastrategiulad mniSvnelovani zidritTa olqis, am axalmopovebulizRvaze gasasvlelis daTmobas da imperatorTan mZimesaubars arCia saerTod uari eTqva masTan vizitze.Tumca, ra Tqma unda, farsmanis adrianesTan gamoucxadeblobiTzidritTa olqis problema ar amowurula. kapadokiis krebisSemdeg romis xelisufleba, romelsac Zala ar Seswevda ur-Ci vasalis dasasjelad, aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis romaulisasazRvro-TavdacviTi sistemis gaZlierebis gziT cdilobs farsmanzezemoqmedebis moxdenas da regionSi Seqmnili situaciis ramdenadmedaregulirebas. adrianes dros modernizebul iqna kolxe-Tis romaul cixesimagreTa sistema (afsarosi, fasisi, sebastopolisi),romlis Tavdacvisunarianoba specialurad Seamowma da romauliforpostebis gaZlierebisaTvis damatebiTi RonisZiebebicgaatara kapadokiis provinciis prokonsulma flavius arianem. 1rogorc arianes cnobidan irkveva, aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSiarsebuli romauli cixesimagreebidan gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavadafsarosi gamoiyureboda, rac misi geostrategiuli mdebareobiTiyo ganpirobebuli. igi uSualod emezobleboda zidritTa olqsda warmoadgenda ZiriTad forposts iberiis samefos winaaRmdeg.afsarosis umTavresi daniSnuleba iyo romis vasaluri teritoriebisdacva gaZlierebuli iberiisagan da iq dislocirebuliiyo aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis yvelaze Zlieri romauli garnizoni.amave dros gamagrebul iqna fasisis cixec, romelic samxedromanqanebiTac yofila aRWurvili. 2romis mier kolxeTis cixesimagreTa ganaxleba-ganmtkicebaunda dawyebuliyo uSualod kapadokiis Sekrebis Semdgom da masbuli parTelebis Semorigeba da axali grandiozuli omis Tavidanacileba (SHA, Hadr., XII, 8).1 Arr. PPE, 6, 9, 10; n. lomouri. egrisis samefos istoria, gv. 32-33.2 Arr. PPE, 9.420

adgili hqonda 129-131 wlebSi. rogorc cnobilia, adrianemprincepsebidan yvelaze metad gaaZliera da moawesriga imperiisTavdacviTi sistema. misi mmarTvelobis dros, imperiis totalurTavdacvaze gadasvlasTan dakavSirebiT, sazRvrebis usafrTxoebisgasaZliereblad iwyeba grandiozuli samxedro-strategiulisamuSaoebi. 1 imperatori piradad mogzaurobda sasazRvroprovinciebSi, misi mogzauroba emsaxureboda samxedro-politikurda administraciul miznebs, jarebisa da gamagrebuli adgilebisinspeqcias. 2 adriane adgilebze ecnoboda imperiis TviTyvelaze uSoresi sasazRvro garnizonebis mdgomareobas. 3 adrianesmogzaurobisas Tan axlda samxedro mSeneblobis specialist-Ta Stabi da mis gamoCenas romis sasazRvro raionebSi Tan axldadidi safortifikacio samuSaoebis dawyeba. 4rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, adriane kapadokiaSi imyofeboda129w. am provinciis sainspeqcio Semovlisas, is trapezuntsacestumra. 5 trapezuntSi misuli imperatori uyuradRebod ar datovebdaaRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis romaul TavdacviT sistemasac,miTumetes, roca iqve, trapezuntis siaxloves, zidritTaolqSi Seqmnili problema am dros Zalze gamwvavebuli iyo dakapadokiis krebidan wamosul imperators gansakuTrebiT daZabuliurTierToba hqonda iberiis mefesTan.am mosazrebis siswores isic adasturebs, rom 131 wlisaTvistrapezunt-sebastopolisis sasazRvro xazze ganlagebuliromauli forpostebis ganaxleba-ganmtkicebis procesi jer kidevar iyo dasrulebuli. arianes trapezuntSi yofnisas iq gr-Zeldeboda adrianes brZanebiT dawyebuli navsadguris mSenebloba.6 afsarosisa da fasisis cixeebis gamagreba-ganmtkicebac axaliambavi rom aris, esec aSkarad Cans arianes `periplusidan~ _ ka-1 El. Spart. Hadr. XII, 6.2 К. Крист. История времен римских императоров от Августа до Константина, т.I. Ростов-на-Дону, 1997, gv. 421.3 История Древнего Рима. Под редакцией В. И. Кузищина. М., 1981, gv. 222.4 Н. А. Машкин. История Древнего Рима. Л., 1948, gv. 445-446; К. Крист. Историявремен.., gv. 426; S. Jonson. Hadrian’s Wall. L., 1997, gv. 9-12.5 Arr. PPE, 1. adrianes trapezuntSi vizitis Sesaxeb ix.: k. fifia.romis mier aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis eTno-politikur gaerTianebaTammarTvelTaTvis `samefo xelisuflebis~ gadacemis droissakiTxisaTvis. _ saistorio Ziebani. III. Tb., 2000, gv. 64-65.6 Arr. PPE, 16.421

padokiis mmarTveli specialurad atyobinebs imperators fasisSiCatarebuli samSeneblo RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb. 1 amasTan, es procesijer kidev ar yofila bolomde dasrulebuli da arianesmouwia ramdenime damatebiTi RonisZiebis gatarebam navsadgurisada cixis gareT mdgomi saxlebis dasacavad. 2iberiis sazRvrebTan romauli forpostebis modernizacia,ra Tqma unda, xels ar aZlevda mefe farsmans. mas Tavisi samefosaTvisaxali SemoerTebuli hqonda zidritTa olqi, romelicuSualod esazRvreboda romaul cixesimagreebs da albaT yovelmxrivecdeboda axladSemoerTebul teritoriaze iberiis gavlenisgaZlierebas da misi romaelTa xelyofisagan dacvas. SesaZloa,rom swored am mizniT yofiliyo gatarebuli farsmanis mier romisadmimtruli kidev erTi RonisZieba. dion kasiosis cnobiT: àmasobaSiiudevelTa omi damTavrda, xolo meore omi alanebisqveynidan (romlebic masagetebi arian) atexil iqna farsmanes mier.[omma] Zalze Seawuxa albania da midia, Seexo agreTve armeniasada kapadokias, xolo mas Semdeg, rac alanebi erTi mxriT vologezessaCuqrebiT iqnen mosyidulni da meore mxriT ki kapadokiismmarTvelis flavius arianes mier SeSinebulni, omi Sewyda~ 3 .farsmanis mier alanTa gadmoyvanas, dion kasiosis cnobidangamomdinare, adgili hqonda iudevelTa omis, e.i. 132-135 wlebSi,iudeaSi simeon bar-koxbas meTaurobiT mimdinare ajanyebis dasrulebisSemdeg. dion kasiosi iqve miuTiTebs, rom alanebis Semosevamas Semdeg Sewyda, rac isini kapadokiis mmarTvelma flavius arianemSeaSina. ariane ki, rogorc cnobilia, kapadokiis mmarTveliiyo 131-137 wlebSi. ase rom, alanTa Semosevas adgili hqonia135-137 wlebSi. 4 farsmanis mier organizebulma alanTa laSqrobamdaazarala ara marto albaneTi da somxeTi, aramed parTiisada romis provinciebic (Sesabamisad, midia da kapadokia). 5 TualanTa Tavdasxmas somxeTze ufro adre, 72-74 wlebSic hqondaadgili da romi maincdamainc ar wuxda amis gamo, romaul pro-1 Arr. PPE, 9; n. lomouri. egrisis samefos istoria, gv. 32.2 Arr. PPE, 9.3 Dio Cass. LXIX, 15,14 al. gamyreliZe. axladaRmoCenili laTinuri warwera.., gv. 139.5 ix.: В. А. Кузнецов. Очерки истории Алан. Орджоникидзе, 1984, gv. 17-18; Р.А. Габриелян. Аряно-аланские отношения (I-X вв.). Ереван, 1989, gv. 64-70; И.Алиев. Сармато-аланы на пути в Иран. – История Иранского государства икультуры. К 2500-летию Иранского государства. М., 1971, gv. 198-206.422

vincia kapadokiaze Tavdasxma warmoadgenda ukve aSkarad mtrulaqcias imperiis winaaRmdeg. 1 rogorc n. lomouri aRniSnavs, `gamoricxuliar aris, rom es movlenebi raRacnairad dakavSirebuliyofiliyo iberiis mier zidritTa olqis dapyrobasTan. SesaZloa,romi apirebda iberiis SavizRvispireTSi SeWris winaaRmdegzomebis miRebas; cxadia, rom aseTi RonisZiebebis gatarebadaekisreboda kapadokiis mmarTvels (prokonsuls) da ai, am ukanasknelisgasafrTxileblad farsmanma saWirod miiCnia alanebisSeWris organizeba swored kapadokiaSi~. 2rogorc Cans, romaelTa mxridan safrTxe realuri iyo daiberia marTlac idga teritoriis dakargvis saSiSroebis winaSe.winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi farsmani aseT ukidures nabijze ar wavidoda_ am aqciiT xom man faqtobrivad yvela mezobeli TaviswinaaRmdeg ganawyo; magram, etyoba, farsmans sxva gamosavali arhqonda, garda imisa, rom romisaTvis eCvenebina Tavisi realuriZala. alanTa gadmoyvaniT farsmanma yvelas aSkarad daanaxa, rommisi interesebis gauTvaliswineblobis SemTxvevaSi, nebismierdros SeeZlo destabilizacia gamoewvia mTel regionSi.amrigad, farsmanis mier alanTa gadmoyvana warmoadgendazidritTa olqSi iberiis damkvidrebis sawinaaRmdegod romaelTamier gatarebuli kontrzomebis _ fasisisa da afsarosis cixesimagreTamodernizaciisa da amdenad, iberiis sazRvrebTan romael-Ta gaZlierebis sapasuxo RonisZiebas. farsmanis mier romaulsamflobeloebze alanTa Tavdasxmis organizeba iyo iberiis samefosrealuri Zalis demonstrireba da miznad isaxavda iberiispoziciebis ganmtkicebas amierkavkasiaSi da, pirvel rigSi, saxelmwifosteritoriuli monapovaris SenarCunebas SavizRvispireTSi,zidritTa olqSi.sayuradReboa isic, rom farsmani am antiromauli aqciisganxorcielebisas ar eZebs parTiis mxardaWeras. piriqiT, igi amukanasknelis gaRizianebasac ar erideba. iberiis mmarTvelebs,iseT mrisxane ZalasTan kavSirSi, rogoric imierkavkasieli nomadebiiyvnen, etyoba SeswevdaT Zala dapirispirebodnen romsa daparTias erTdroulad. 3 rogorc mosalodneli iyo, alanTa SeW-1 Н. Ю. Ломоури. Грузино-римские взаимоотношения, gv. 193-194.2 Н. Ю. Ломоури. Грузино-римские взаимоотношения, gv. 194.3 g. meliqiSvili. saqarTvelo ax. w. I-III ss., gv. 529; Г. А. Меликишвили.К истории древней Грузии, gv. 357.423

am midiaSi vologez II-is didi guliswyroma gamoiwvia. man veraferigaawyo midiaSi SeWril alanTa winaaaRmdeg da maTi TareSisaRsakveTad iZulebuli gaxda gamosasyidi gadaexada. 1 amas-Tan, parTiis mefe realurad verafers upirispirebs farsmanisqmedebas. man mxolod is SeZlo, rom farsmanze saCivari gagzavnasenatSi. dion kasiosis cnobiT, `rodesac vologezem da iazigebmaelCebi gamogzavnes, pirveli raRacaSi adanaSaulebda farasmanes,xolo meoreni zavs moiTxovdnen; man (adrianem – k.f.) elCebisenatSi Seiyvana da brZana misTvis (e.i. farsmanisaTvis) pasuximoeTxovaT. Caawerina Cveneba da elCebs waukiTxa~. 2dion kasiosis es cnoba ramdenamde bundovania da ar Cans senatSigamarTul am molaparakebaSi monawileobda Tu ara TviTonfarsmani. a. gutSmidis azriT, farsmani am dros romSi imyofebodada piradad eswreboda masze Semosuli saCivris ganxilvas. 3Tumca, rogorc samarTlianad aRniSnavs m. inaZe, is faqti, romelCebs farsmanis werilobiTi Cveneba waukiTxes, imis maCvenebelia,rom iberiis mefe romSi ar yofila; amas adasturebs eliusspartianes cnobac, rom farsmani uars ambobda adrianesTan gamocxadebaze.4ase rom, farsmanma arc amjerad isurva romSi Casvla daadrianeca da parTielTa elCebic misi werilobiTi pasuxiT dakmayofildnen.ra Sedegi mohyva am molaparakebas, samwuxarod, esdion kasiosis cnobidan ar Cans. magram, cxadia, rom alanTamxridan Semdgomi Tavdaxmebis Tavidan asacileblad aucilebeliiyo prevenciuli RonisZiebebis gatareba da am mimarTulebiT romaulidiplomatia kidev ufro gaaqtiurdeboda. farsmanTan ur-TierTobis daregulirebis mizniT, adrianem iberiaSi, rogorcCans, sagangebo despani gagzavna. rogorc g. meliqiSvili varaudobs,adrianes elCi iberiaSi flavius ariane unda yofiliyo. 5SesaZlebelia, rom swored am dros miuZRvna adrianem iberTa mefes`brwyinvale saCuqrebis garda, kidev spilo da ormocdaaTka-1 Dio Cass. LXIX, 15, 1.2 Dio Cass. LXIX, 15, 2.3 A. Gutschmid. Geschichte Irans und seiner Nachbarländer. Tübingen, 1888, gv.146-147.4 m. inaZe. iberiisa da romis urTierToba II saukunis pirvel.., gv. 322.5 g. meliqiSvili. saqarTvelo ax. w. I-III ss., gv. 530; Г. А. Меликишвили.К истории древней Грузии, gv. 358-359.424

ciani kohorta~. 1 savaraudoa, rom es saCuqrebi farsmans sworedflavius arianem Caabara. 2 magram, rogorc Cans, imperatorma adrianemmainc ver moaxerxa farsmanis gulis mogeba da arianeselCobac marcxiT dasrulda. 3iberiaSi flavius arianes warumatebeli vizitis Semdeg adrianemfaqtobrivad amowura farsmanze zemoqmedebis yvela resursida man Tavisi guliswyroma mxolod imiT gamoxata, rom `rodesacfarsmanisganac didi saCuqrebi miiRo, maT Soris mooqroviliwamosasxamebi, adrianem mis dasacinad arenaze gamouSva samasidamnaSave am mooqrovil wamosasxamebSi~. 4 amis Semdeg imperatorsacdidxans ar ucocxlia da is maleve, 138w. gardaicvala. racSeexeba farsmans, man Tavisi Tanmimdevruli da ukompromiso politikiTSeZlo sakuTari politikuri miznebis realizeba, SeinarCunadapyrobili zidritTa olqi da mogvianebiT miaRwia imasac,rom adrianes memkvidris, antoninus piusis (138-161ww.) mmar-Tvelobis dros romma cno iberiis samefos teritoriuli gafar-Toeba kolxeTis zRvispireTSi, romauli samflobeloebis xarjze.1 El. Spart. Hadr. XVII, 11.2 g. meliqiSvili. saqarTvelo ax. w. I-III ss., gv. 531; Г. А. Меликишвили.К истории древней Грузии, gv. 358-359.3 g. meliqiSvili. saqarTvelo ax. w. I-III ss., gv. 531; Г. А. Меликишвили.К истории древней Грузии, gv. 359.4 El. Spart. Hadr. XVII, 12.425

KAKHABER PIPIAIBERIA-ROME RELATIONS IN 120-130’S A.D.EMPEROR ADRIAN AND PARSMAN IIIn the present article the Iberia-Rome relations in 120-130’s A.D.,in the epoch of Adrian’s principate, are studied on the basis of the newinterpretation of the ancient sources. This problem is investigated on thebackground of the political events in the Southwestern Asia. After thedeclaration of “Pax Romania’’ by Emperor Adrian and after the transitionto the strategic self-defence foreign policy of the empire in the NearEast there formed the utmost favourable new political conjuncture for theIberia Kingdom. In 117-129 the King of Iberia Parsman ceized the regionof the Zidrits which was under the influence of Rome. Adrian who wasagainst the further aggravation of the situation tried diplomatically to settlethe relations with Parsman. With this view in 129 he invited KingParsman “to a friendly meeting’’ but the latter declined the invitation.The Roman authorities who did not have enough power to punish thedisobedient vassal in 129-131 to influence Parsman modernized the Romanoutposts near Iberia borders though in reply Parsman opened theNorth Caucasus crossings to the normad Alans and set them on at theRoman domains. After this action, it seems, the Iberia-Rome relationswent on a negotations regime again. Finally Parsman by his uncompromisingpolicy to retain the region of the conquered Zidrits and later ofRome was obliged to recognize the territorial expansion in the coastalarea of Colchis.426

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008nodar berulava, revaz TolordavaCaxaris naqalaqari da misimianelTaantibizantiuri ajanyebis (555-556ww.)zogierTi aspeqtimisimianelebi kodoris xeobis zemo welSi cxovrobdnen,àfsilTa tomis CrdiloeTiT, odnav aRmosavleTisken”. 1 afxazuristoriografiaSi arsebuli maTi qarTvelobis uaryofis mcdelobismiuxedavad am tomis svanuri warmoSoba dRes aranaireWvs ar iwvevs. 2 misimianelTa ajanyeba didi iranul-bizantiuriomis erT-erTi epizodia (542-562ww.), romlis mTavar frontsdasavleT saqarTvelo warmoadgenda. misimianelTa ajanyebis Ziri-Tadi movlenebi ki `tsaxaris” (Caxaris) cixis irgvliv mimdinareobda,romlis nangrevebi dRevandeli s. CxalTis midamoebSimdebareobs. aRniSnuli samxedro kompania aRwerilia VIs. bizantieliavtoris agaTia sqolastikosis mier.2008w. zafxulSi kodoris xeobaSi warmodgenili naSromisavtorTa monawileobiT imyofeboda soxumis universitetis arqeologiurieqspedicia. Sedegad Cven gvqonda adgilis Seswavlisa daagaTias teqstis pirad dakvirvebasTan Sejerebis saSualeba. moxerxdaaseve cixisa da mimdebare teritoriaze kartografiulisamuSaoebis Catareba. samwuxarod, agvistos cnobili movlenebisgamo, kvleva daumTavrebeli darCa, Tumca zogierTi daskvnebisgakeTeba VIs. movlenebis geografiaze moxerxda.Caxaris oriarusiani cixe agebulia maRali xarisxis duRabiTSekavSirebuli riyis qvebisgan da mdebareobs maRal, cicabokldeze, romelic qmnis mdinareebis Kkodorisa da CxalTis SesarTavTansamkuTxa koncxs, romlis viwro, wamaxvilebuli wveri1 agaTia sqolastikosi. _ georgika. bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebisaqarTvelos Sesaxeb. berZnuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamoscada ganmartebebi daurTo s. yauxCiSvilma, III. Tb., 1936, gv. 86.2 s. yauxCiSvili. misimianTa tomi. _ Tsu-s Sromebi, t. I. Tb., 1936, gv.277-280; T. mibCuani. dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTvel mTielTa eTnogenezisgansazRvrisa da kulturis istoriidan. Tb., 1969, gv. 128-145.427

mimarTulia aRmosavleTisaken (nax. 1, 1). kldis TiTqmis mTelizedapiri dReisaTvis tyiTaa dafaruli. oTxkuTedis formis cixe-simagrisnaSTebi kldis dasavleT nawilSi mdebareobs da daaxloebiT0,25 ha ukavia. SedarebiT kargadaa SenarCunebuli cixisdasavleTi kedeli. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom kedlis es nawiliufro mtkiced iyo nagebi, radganac am mxridan cixe mtrisTvisSedarebiT advili misasvleli iyo. Tumca uSualod cixiskedlebamde misasvlelad mters aqac 10 metramde simaRlis kldovanicicabo aRmarTi unda gadaelaxa. dReisaTvis cixis dasavleTikedlis saZirkveli mdebareobs zRvis donidan 529 m-ze, maSin rocakldis kalTebi 518 m. niSnulamde eSveba (nax. I, 2). sworedaq, yvelaze dabal adgilze, unda arsebuliyo mdinareebis CxalTasada kodoris SemaerTebeli TavdacviTi Txrili, romelic romaelebmaagaTias mixedviT, Sturmis win amoavses. Semdeg, dasavle-Tis mimarTulebiT, isev iwyeba aRmarTi, romlis kalTebze gadissoxumis samxedro trasa, romlisgan samxreT-dasavleTiT, md. kodorisken,eSveba savele gza (nax. 1, 3). danarCeni mimarTulebidanam cicabo kldeze masirebuli ieriSebis mitana praktikulad SeuZlebelia,Tumca, romaelebma erTxel mainc moaxerxes aq mcirerazmis ayvana. cixes teritoriis daaxloebiT erTi mesamedi ukavia(reliefis daxrilobis gaTvaliwinebiT).ajanyeba daiwyo 555 wels, rodesac bizantielTa moxelesoteriqe Camovida misimielTa cixe buqlonSi (nax. II, 1). masevaleboda Crdilokavkasieli mokavSireebisaTvis jamagiris gacema.magram uecrad gavrcelebulma Worma imis Sesaxeb, rom sateriqeTiTqos apirebda simagris alanebisTvis gadacemas aRaSfoTamisimianelebi. maTma wargzavnilebma mosTxoves sateriqes simagrisdatoveba. aseTi `TavxedobiT~ ganrisxebulma moxelem xalxiswarmomadgenlebi gaamaTraxebina, riTac saTave daudo konfliqts.misimianelebma, mokles sateriqe da gawyvites mTeli misiamala, fuli ki gaitaces.buqlonis cixe, Cveni azriT, SeiZleba gaigivebuli iyossof. omariSaris midamoebSi, mdinare kliCis xeobis marcxena mxaresmdebare bokeris cixesTan, romelic rogorc Cans, swored amepoqaSia agebuli. amaze, garkveuli fonetikuri msgavsobis garda,TviT am cixis adgilmdebareoba miuTiTebs – ufro miaxloebuliaCrdilo kavkasiaSi gadasasvlelebTan (nax. II, 2, 3).bizantielebma sadamsjelo operacia misimianeTSi webeldis mxri-428

dan daiwyes, magram am qveyanaSi SeRweva arcTu martivi iyo: aga-Tias TqmiT am gzaze `mdebareobs arcTu maRali, magram cicabomTa, romelzec gadioda viwro, cudad datkepnili biliki, romlisdacvas Tundac erTi kaci SeZlebda, mTeli jaris winaaRmdeg”.1 magram misimianelebma ver moaswres am adgilis dakaveba damaTi daudevrobis wyalobiT romaelebma uproblemod moaxerxesmisi gadalaxva. rogorc Cans, es adgili mdebareobda sof. laTasmidamoebSi. SesaZloa, aq igulisxmeba bagaTas klde (nax. II, 4),romelic sakmaod Seesabameba zemoT moyvanil aRweras.misimianelebma TviTon gadawves is cixeebi, romelTa dacva,Zalebis simciris gamo, SeuZleblad miaCndaT. Tavdacvis centradmaT aqcies yvelaze saimedo `tsaxaris” cixe, mis irgvliv mdebaremiuval kldesTan erTad. aq (rogorc Cans cixisagan aRmosavleTiTada samxreTiT) iyo ramdenime xis qoxic, sadac meomreb-Tan erTad, droebiT, maTi ojaxebic cxovrobdnen. ra Tqma unda,aRniSnuli cnoba ar unda gavigoT ise, TiTqos xeobis mTeli mosaxleobaaq, daaxloebiT erT heqtar farTobze, iyo Tavmoyrili.rasakvirvelia, ZiriTadi Zalebi, saukeTeso meomrebiT, icavdnensimagres, misgan aRmosavleTiT ki darCnenmxolod adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi. maT, rogorc Cans, imdenadsjerodaT am adgilis miuvalobis, rom col-Svilic aq daitoves.danarCeni soflebis mosaxleoba ki, albaT, tyeებSi imalebodada mters xSiri ^TavdasxmebiT awuxebda. is, rom cixisalya am saomari kompaniis mTel Sinaarss ar warmoadgenda, CansTundac agaTias im sityvebidan, rom romaelTa axalma sardalmaioane dakikma jarSi wesrigis damyarebis Semdeg Zalebi cixisirgvliv ganalaga da Tavdasxmebs mis gareT darCenil misimianelebzecaxorcielebda ,,raTa CaSalos yvela maTi saqmeebi”. 2 aRniSnulisityvebis miuxedavad, namdvili, gauvali alya, rogorcCans, maSinac ar arsebobda.bizantielTa Zalebi, uTuod mWidrod lagdebodnen mxolod1 Агафий. О царствовании Юстиниана. Пер. статьи и примечания М. В. Левченко.М., 1953, gv. 119.2 Агафий. О царствовании Юстиниана, gv. 119. dakikis Camosvlamde romaelebსcentralizebuli mmarTveloba ar hqondaT, ris gamoc meTaurebiufro erTmaneTTan metoqeobaze fiqrobdnen, vidre saerTo saqmeze,amitomac ver uzrunvelyves cixis alya. TavianTi banaki ki ganalagesmoSorebiT da ganaxorcieles erTi moumzadebeli Tavdasxma,romelic warumateblad damTavrda. (Агафий. О царствовании.., gv. 120).429

cixisgan dasavleTiTa da Crdilo-dasavleTiT, mdinareebis kodorisada CxalTas Soris, Tanac kldisagan moSorebiT, im gaTvliT,rom kldidan nasroli isrebis radiusSi ar moxvedriliyvnen.orive mdinaris sapirispiro napirebze ki, saidanac ieriSismitana SeuZlebeli iyo, savaraudod maTi gamagrebuli blok-postebida mxedarTa mobiluri jgufebi unda yofiliyo. Tumca amisdarwmunebiT mtkiceba SeuZlebelia, radganac orive mdinare amadgilebSic sakmaod swrafi dinebiT gamoirCeva. Sesabamisad, ararsebobda imis garantia, rom aborigenTa Tavdasxmisas ZiriTadijari maT miSveliebas operatiulad moaxerxebda.rogorc teqstidan Cans, romaelebi cixis aRebas SimSiliTarc ki cdilobdnen. rogorc Cans, misimianelebma sursaTi sakmaodmoimarages, bizantielebs ki ar awyobdaT cixis garSemo didxansdgoma. cixis wyliT momarageba ki kldidan, erTi cicabobilikiis meSveobiT xdeboda. is faqti, rom es romaelebma mxolodmogvianebiT SeamCnies, kidev erTxel mowmobs srulfasovanialyis ararsebobas. magram yvelaze sayuradReboa is, rom misimianelebiwyals iRebdnen ara mdinaridan, aramed mTis Ziras, Walazearsebuli ramdenime wyarodan, 1 romlis arseboba gamoricxuliarogorc dasavleTis, ise CrdiloeTis mxridanac, sadac mdinareCxalTa uSualod ekvris pitalo kldes. rac Seexeba cixissamxreT misadgomebs, mdinaresa da kldes Soris, dResac arsebobsvake adgili. marTalia wyaroebi vizualurad dReisaTvis arCans da es adgili tyisaganac Tavisufalia, gazafxulze kodoriswyaldidobebisas Walis datborvis gamo. Tumca, Cvens mieres adgili ar yofila imdenad Seswavlili, iq wyaroebis arsebobarom gamovricxoT.amasTan, mdinaris am nawilSi sanapiro xazi ar aris mkveTraddafiqsirebuli, rac ar gamoricxavs misi kalapotis xSircvlilebas. rogorc Cans, swored cixisagan samxreTiT iyo isadgili, saidanac misimianelebi wyliT maragdebodnen. aqve undaiyos is `sicocxlis bilikic”, romelic SemdegSi misimilianebisaTvisfataluri aRmoCnda. alyis erT-erT sabediswero RamesromaelTa jariskacma isavrebis mTieli tomidan SeamCnia wyalzeCasuli aborigenebi da malulad dazvera iqauroba. manve saidumlobilikic aRmoaCina, razec meTaursac Seatyobina. swored ambilikiT gagzavnilma aseulma miitana zurgidan ieriSi misimilia-1 Агафий. О царствовании Юстиниана, gv. 120.430

nelebze, roca mTavarma jarma maT dasavleTidan Seutia. amasTan,misimilianelTa tragediis erT-erTi mizezi maTi daudevrobacgaxda: isini imdenad darwmunebulni iyvnen bilikis SeumCnevloba-Si, rom mis dasacavad sul rva kaci daayenes, romelTac romaelebmamZinares waaswres. maTi amoxocvis Semdeg meomrebi kldisaRmosavleT nawilze avidnen, sadac ganlagebuli iyo adgilobrivimosaxleobis qoxebi, sayviriT signali misces Tavisianebs da Tavsdaesxnen mZinare dasaxlebas, sadac, viwro platoze, rogorc Cans,qoxebi erTmaneTTan ise mWidrod idgnen, rom erTi CiraRdniT ga-Cenili xanZari 1 ucbad modebia mTel dasaxlebas.agaTia, romelic garkveuli sifrTxilis miuxedavad, yovel-Tvis cdilobs SeinarCunos meti obieqturoba, vidre CveulebriviCenda, Tundac, misi winamorbedi prokofi kesarieli, ver malavsTavis aRSfoTebas genocidis am aqtis sisastikis gamo, Tumca,tonis Serbilebis mizniT, ixsenebs misimianelebis veragul gamoxdomassoteriqes mimarT, maT sijiutesa da ukompromisobas.gansakuTrebul gakicxvas misi mxridan imsaxurebs masobrivixocva-Jletis faqti romlis msxverpli umweo bavSvebi da qalebiaRmoCndnen. is, rac mas Semdeg bizantielebs Tavs daatydaT,misi azriT, iyo sakadrisi sasjeli. 2 misi mxridan am azris dafiqsirebasakmao siTamames moiTxovda.gamTeniisas, roca romaelebs egonaT rom miRweulia sruligamarjveba da Ramis peripetiebisagan daRlilebi isvenebdnen, cixidangamovida misimielTa razmi da romaelTa didi nawili amoxoca,gadarCenilebma Tavs gaqceviT uSveles, Tumca rTuli reliefisgamo bevrma mZime travmebi miiRo. am operaciaSi, agaTiasTqmiT, misimianelTa mxridan monawileobda 500-mde meomari. 3 escifri ndobas ar imsaxurebs, radgan gaurkvevelia, vis SeeZlozemoT aRwerili rTul mdgomareobaSi misimianelTa daTvla, TanacmeomarTa es raodenoba savaraudod aRemateba cixeSi myofTaTavdapirvel ricxvsac ki. aRniSnuli cnoba badebs ramdenime SekiTxvas.gaurkvevelia, magaliTad, ra Sedegi moyva romaelTa mierkldis Tavidan micemuli sayviris signals, agreTve – ratom da-1 romaelebi kldeze adiodnen malulad, cecxlis gareSe. CiraRdanimisimianelma qalma gamoitana, romelmac, rogorc Cans, gaigoromaelTa sayviris xma da gareT gamosvlisTanave moklul iqna.Агафий. О царствовании Юстиниана, gv. 123.2 Агафий. О царствовании Юстиниана, gv. 134.3 Агафий. О царствовании Юстиниана, gv. 123.431

igviana cixeSi myofi misimianelTa kontrSetevam, ratom CaTvaleskldeze myofma romaelebma Tavi gamarjvebulad, maSin roca maTgverdiT imyofeboda misimianelTa auRebeli cixe? yvelaferi dadgebaTavis adgilze, Tu ki Cven vivaraudebT, rom romaelTa signalsmoyva ZiriTadi Zalebis winaswar SeTanxmebuli sinqronuliSeteva cixeze dasavleTis mxridan, romelic mogeriebul iqna,Tumca kldeze asul ,,specrazms” es ar SeumCnevia.mxolod ZiriTadi ieriSis mogeriebis Semdeg cixis garnizonsmieca aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT moqmedebis SesaZlebloba.magram amdeni warumatebeli Sturmis arsebobis faqti verjdeba agaTias koncefciaSi, romelic cdilobs warmoadginos eskonfliqti mcire sisxlis fasad mopovebul gamarjvebad. misimtkicebiT, mTel am kompanias romaelTa mxridan sul 30 kaciSeewira. amave dros, misive TqmiT, cixis zurgSi moqmedma 100-kacianmamoieriSe razmma, misimianelTa kontrSetevis dros dakarga,,Zalian bevri” mebrZoli. amasTan, arc paralelurad, dasavleTismxridan mimdinare Sturmi iqneboda xanmokle da, ra Tqmaunda, sagrZnobi danakargebiT damTavrdeboda. warumatebeli ieri-Sis pirobebSi msxvrepli, gansakuTrebiT Semtevi mxarisaTvis iqnebodamniSvnelovani. Tanac, es Sturmi ar iyo arc pirveli daarc ukanaskneli. agaTis cnobiT, am SemTxvevis Semdeg `romaelebiukve ver bedavdnen am kldeze asvlas, aramed umjobesad miiCnevdnenkedlis Sturms im nawilSi, saidanac Seteva yvelaze mosaxerxebeliiyo, xolo Txrili amovsebuli”. 1 marTalia, Semdgomimoqmedebebis aRwera Sturms, rogorc aseTs, ar gavs: romaelebmaaaSenes ramdenime qoxi, romlebSic imalebodnen misimielTa isrebisagan,TviTon ki cixis mimarTulebiT isrodnen Subebs, isrebsada qvebs. avtori aRniSnavs, rom misimianelebi amis gamo `mZimeditanjebodnen da Zalian Seviwroebulni iyvnen, magram winaaRmdegobasar wyvetdnen”. 2 Tumca nakleb savaraudoa, rom srola er-Ti mxridan, Tundac masiuri, warmoadgenda aseT rTul problemasCaxarisnairi Zlieri simagrisaTvis. misi kapitaluri kedlebieWvgareSea ufro uzrunvelyofdnen usafrTxoebas vidre romael-Ta qoxebi. Znelad savaraudoa, rom romaelebi seriozul imedebsamyarebdnen am xerxiT kapitulaciis miRwevaze. ucnobi rCeba, iyoTu ara romaelebis SeiaraRebaSi am kompaniisas qvis satyorcni1 Агафий. О царствовании Юстиниана, gv. 123.2 Агафий. О царствовании Юстиниана, gv. 123.432

saalyo mZime teqnika, magram misi gamoyenebis efeqturoba saeWvodgveCveneba, radganac kldis amoburculi kalTebi da sipiqvebisagan nagebi kedlebi icaven cixes qvemodan natyorcni Wurvebisagan.amasTan, agaTiac arafers wers sangrevi teqnikiT kedlebisdazianebaze. rogorc Cans, ramdenime uSedego SturmisSemdeg romaelebs ubralod sxva saSualeba ar hqondaT. marTalia,kontrSeteva, romelsac misimianelebi axorcielebdnen e.w.`kus” (SejavSnuli farebisagan gakeTebuli fardulebi) dacvisqveS, agaTis TqmiT, dasrulda maTi moieriSeebis daRupviT. es,ra Tqma unda, mtkivneuli momenti iyo cixis mcirericxovanidamcvelebisaTvis, magram romaelTa saqmesac seriozulad winver wawevda. msgavsi epizodi, cxadia, araerTi iqneboda metnaklebadxangrZlivi alyis dros, Tumca agaTis TxzulebaSi iwerebodamxolod is, rac romaelebs awyobdaT.sabolood, omi dazavebiT damTavrda. agaTia cdilobs SedegebimisimianelTa upirobo kapitulaciad warmoaCinos. Tumca zavispirobebi mainc Seicavda garkveul kompromiss, `paturi” situaciidangamosavals, romelic orive mxares awyobda. romaelebsomis gawelva zamTramde ar sWirdebodaT, misimianelebs ki sparselebisdaxmarebis imedi ukve ar hqondaT, 1 xolo maT gareSe bizantiasTanomi uperspeqtivo iyo. misimianelebma mxolod sateriqisfuli daabrunes, misces mZevlebi da dades erTgulebis fici.sazavo molaparakebisas misimianelTa warmomadgenlebis sityvebisagaTiaseuli interpretacia metad sainteresoa. romaelebTanomi, rasakvirvelia, mcirericxovani tomisTvis didi ubedurebaiyo. araa gamoricxuli, rom am omSi naxulma adamianurma danakargebmacSeasrules Tavisi roli misimianelTa gaqrobaSi momdevnosaukuneebis istoriuli wyaroebidan. magram, miuxedavad imisa, rombizantia Tavisi interesebis dasacavad namdvilad ar gaCerdebodamTeli tomebisa da xalxebis ganadgurebis winaSe, 2 imisi mtkiceba,rom am brZolebis Sedegad `misimielTa tomis gaqrobamde cotaram aklia” sabrZolo moqmedebebis masStabisa da maTi viwro geografiisgaTvaliswinebiT, gazviadebuli Cans. absurdulia, agreTvemtkiceba, rom misimianelebma dakarges àranakleb 5000 zrdasrulimamakaci, amaze bevrad meti qali da kidev ufro meti bavSvi”, 31 З. В. Анчабадзе. Из истории средневековой Абхазии. Сухуми, 1959, gv. 69.2 З. В. Анчабадзе. Из истории средневековой Абхазии, gv. 52-53.3 Агафий. О царствовании Юстиниана, gv. 124.28. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi433

adganac am raodenobis mosaxleoba dalis xeobaSi arasodes yofila(brZolisunariani asakis mamakacebi, exlac, naklebSvilianojaxebis pirobebSic ki, Seadgenen ukeTes SemTxvevaSi mosaxleobiserT meSvideds). Caxaris cixesa da mis SemogarenSi ki saer-Tod, Zlivs Tu daeteoda aTasamde kaci, qalebisa da bavSvebisCaTvliT. magram, Cveni azriT, agaTias am cnobebSi marto Sovinisturitrabaxis danaxva mainc Secdoma iqneboda. mas udavod undodaTavi bizantielTa ,,sagmiro saqmeebis” mexotbed warmoeCina,radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi oficiozi ar miiRebda mis tolerantulda SedarebiT obieqtur miniSnebebs.agaTias mier motanili, viTomc misimianelTa warmomadgenlismier gamoTqmuli sityvebi imaze, rom romaelebis mimarT odesRacerTguli, erTmorwmune misimianeli xalxi mxolod `cdilobdaTavis dacvas uamravi usamarTlobisagan, Tumca akeTebda amas barbarosuliugunurobiT”, 1 miuTiTebs SeniRbul, magram gulwrfelTanagrZnobaze da obieqturobis dacvis mcdelobaze.NODAR BERULAVA, REVAZ TOLORDAVATHE SITE OF CHAKHAR AND SOME ASPECTS OF THE ANTI-BYZANTINE ARMED REVOLT (A.D. 555-556)The Missimians were a Svan tribe living in the upper reaches of theKodori River. In 555-556 they had an armed conflict with the ByzantineEmpire. The fighting operations took place mainly around the ChakharFortress the ruins of which are located in the upper region of the presentGulripshi, Abkhazia. In summer, 2008, the archaeological expedition ofthe Sokhumi State University with the participation of the author of thepresent article explored the Chakhar Site and worked out a detailed planof the locality which promoted a better visualization of the general sceneof the given military campaign.1 Агафий. О царствовании Юстиниана, gv. 124.434

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soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008zurab papasqirikidev erTxel saqarTvelos sagareopolitikurimdgomareobis SesaxebVIII saukuneSisaqarTvelos politikur-saxelmwifoebrivi ier-saxe, misi rolida adgili saerTaSoriso arenaze mTeli Tavisi istoriis man-Zilze, qveynis geopolitikuri mdebareobidan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovanwiladdamokidebuli iyo msoflioSi (upiratesad wina aziasada maxlobel aRmosavleTSi) ganviTarebul politikur procesebze.ase magaliTad, sruliad aSkaraa, rom Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebismijnaze qarTli-iberiis samefos formireba-aRzeveba ZiriTadadgansazRvra im periodSi saqarTvelos samxreTiT momxdarmadidma kataklizmebma, kerZod ki, aleqsandre makedonelismier aRmosavleTis uZleveli imperiis _ aqemeniduri iranis damxobisada mogvianebiT (aleqsandres gardacvalebis Semdeg) misadgilze Semdgom axali elinisturi gaerTianebebis warmoqmnis SedegadSeqmnilma saerTaSoriso koniunqturam, rac ase mkafioddaafiqsira Zvelma qarTulma saistorio tradiciam. 1am TvalsazrisiT aranakleb TvalsaCinoa lazika-egrisis magaliTiax.w. II-IV saukuneebSi. am periodSi lazika-egrisis Zlierisamefos warmoqmna-dawinaurebis umTavresi ganmsazRvreli faqtoriudavod imJamad (ax.w. III-IVss.) romi-sasaniduri iranis ur-TierTobaSi arsebuli ZalTa balansi iyo. am SemTxvevaSi, ramdenadacucnaurad ar unda mogveCvenos es, laz mefeTa aRzevebasa damaTi kverTxis qveS mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos (istoriulikolxeTis) gaerTianebas xels misi siuzereni _ romis imperia uwyobda,rac, pirvel rigSi, TviT romis interesebidan gamomdinare-1 amis Sesaxeb dawvril. ix.: g. meliqiSvili. qarTli (iberia) Zv. w.VI-IV saukuneebSi. qarTlis samefos warmoqmna. _ wgn.: saqarTvelosistoriis narkvevebi, t. I. Tb., 1970, gv. 422-444; Г. А. Меликишвили. Кистории древней Грузии. Тб., 1959, gv. 277-279: Г. А. Меликишвили. ОбразованиеКартлийского (Иберийского) царства. – Очерки истории Грузии, т. I. Тб.,1989, gv. 245-258.436

obda. rogorc cnobilia, ax.w. III-IV saukuneebSi gaZlierebis gzazemdgarma sasanidurma iranma realuri safrTxe Seuqmna romismflobelobas aRmosavleTSi. amave periodSi gaxSirda CrdiloeTkavkasiidan sxvadasxva tomTa (guTebis, hunebis) amaoxrebeli Semosevebi.aseT viTarebaSi roms daqsaqsuli wvrili `samefoebis~nacvlad dasWirda Zlieri vasali-mokavSire 1 _ akad. d. musxeliSvilismoswrebuli SeniSvniT, `Zlieri mokavSire.., vidre sustivasali~, 2 romelic gadaiqceoda mTavar dasayrdenad amierkavkasia-Si. swored es funqcia ekisreboda lazika-egrisis samefos ax.w.III-IV saukuneebSi. 3warmodgenil statiaSi, Cven SevecadeT kavkasia-axlo aRmosavleTSiganviTarebuli movlenebis fonze gagveSuqebina qarTulipolitikuri samyaros sagareo politikuri mdgomareoba VIIIsaukuneSi da gveCvenebina imJamindeli saerTaSoriso koniunqturisgavlena qveynis SigniT mimdinare procesebze. aqve sagangebodunda aRvniSnoT, rom esaa erTgvari gagrZeleba da ufro siRrmiseuliSeswavla im sakiTxebisa, romlebic nawilobriv ganxiluliiyo Cvens adrindel publikaciebSi. 4VIIIs. mTel manZilze samxreT kavkasia rCeboda bizantia-arabebisada agreTve xazarTa xakanaTis samxedro-politikuri da diplomatiuriWidilis arenad. 5 bizantia-arabebis konfrontacia sa-1 n. lomouri. dasavleT saqarTvelo (egrisi) IV-V saukuneebSi. _saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II. Tb., 1973, gv. 162; Н. Ю. Ломоури.Западная Грузия Эгриси (Лазика) в IV-Vвв. . – Очерки истории Грузии, т. II.Тб., 1988, gv. 114.2 d. musxeliSvili. saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi. Tb., 2003, gv. 106..3 dawvr. ix.: g. meliqiSvili. saqarTvelo ax.w. I-III saukuneebSi. _ wgn.:saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. I. Tb., 1970, gv. 556-557; Г. А. Меликишвили.К истории древней Грузии. Тб., 1959, gv. 382-384; Г. А. Меликишвили.Население исторической Колхиды в первые века н. э. Возникновение и укреплениеЛазского царства. – Очерки истории Грузии, т. I. Тб., 1989, gv. 341; n. lomouri.dasavleT saqarTvelo (egrisi) IV-V saukuneebSi, gv. 161-163;d. musxeliSvili. saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi.., gv. 105-106.4 ix.: z. papasqiri. bizantiis diplomatia da politikuri cvlilebebidasavleT saqarTveloSi VIIIs. I naxevarSi, _ qarTuli diplomatia,weliwdeuli, 4. Tb., 1997, gv. 291-308;Oz. papasqiri. dasavleT saqarTvelo-afxazeTispolitikuri istoriidan. VIII saukunis I naxevari._ wgn.: z. papasqiri. afxazeTi saqarTveloa. Tb., 1998, gv. 102-120;z. papasqiri. qarTuli politikuri samyaro saerTaSoriso arenazeVIIIs-Si. _ qarTuli diplomatiis istoria. Tb., 2003, gv. 98-109.5 amis Sesaxeb dawvril. ix.: s. janaSia. araboba saqarTveloSi. _ Sro-437

qarTvelo-kavkasiis irgvliv, rogorc cnobilia, daiwyo jer kidevVIIs. 40-iani wlebidan, rodesac iranis dakavebis Semdeg saxalifosjarebi samxreT kavkasias moadgnen. am droidan dawyebuli,bizantia da arabebi periodulad upirispirdebodnen erTmaneTs.686w. bizantia-arabebis morigi Sexla-Semoxla erTgvari kompromisulizaviT dasrulda, romlis Tanaxmadac somxeTsa da qar-TlSi akrefil xarks bizantia da saxalifo Suaze iyofdnen. 1jer kidev VIIs. miwuruls _ xalifa abd al-maliqis mmarTvelobis(685-705ww.) dros _ TandaTanobiT gamoikveTa arabebis upiratesobada maT ara marto fexi amoukveTes bizantielebs qar-TlSi, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelodanac ki gaaZeves isini. bizantieliavtoris Teofane JamTaaRmwerlis cnobiT, 697w. axlo xanebSilazikis xelisufalma sergi barnukis Zem, romelic patrikiozisbizantiur sakariskaco tituls atarebda, uari Tqva konstantinopolismorCilebaze da Tavisi qveyana arabebs dauqvemdebara.2 VIIIs. damdegs ki arabebma fexi moikides lazika-egrisis ganapiramxareebSi, kerZod, maTi garnizonebi Cadgnen kodoris xeobiscixeebSi. 3 saxalifos uzenaesoba cno abazgia-afxazeTmac, 4 romemebi,t. II, Tb., 1952, gv. 365-367; М. И. Артамонов. История хазар. Л., 1962, gv.202-252; А. Н. Тер-Гевондян. Армения и Арабский халифат. Ереван, 1977, gv. 85-88; А. А. Богверадзе. Раннефеодальные Грузинские государства в VI-VIIIвв. – Очеркиистории Грузии, т. II. Тб., 1988, gv. 173-185; b. silagaZe. arabTa batonobasaqarTveloSi. arabuli cnobebis mixedviT. Tb., 1991, gv. 66-87.1 Teofanes qronografi. _ georgika. bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebisaqarTvelos Sesaxeb. berZnuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT gamoscada ganmartebebi daurTo s. yauxCiSvilma, t. IV, nakv. I. Tb., 1941,gv. 104; s. janaSia. araboba saqarTveloSi, gv. 366; a. bogveraZe. adrefeodaluriqarTuli saxelmwifoebi VI-VIII saukuneebSi. _ saqar-Tvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II. Tb., 1973, gv. 287.2 Teofanes qronografi.., gv. 105; s. janaSia. araboba.., gv. 368.3 Teofanes qronografi.., gv. 106; s. janaSia. araboba.., gv. 368.4 Teofanes qronografi.., gv. 107; З. В. Анчабадзе. Из истории средневековойАбхазии. VI-XVIIвв. Сухуми, 1959, gv. 89-90; А. А. Богверадзе. РаннефеодальныеГрузинские государства.., gv. 174; z. papasqiri. bizantiis diplomatia dapolitikuri cvlilebebi.., gv. 292; aRsaniSnavia, rom istoriografiaSiar aris erTi azri namdvilad iyo Tu ara abazgia-afxazeTimoqceuli arabTa gavlenis qveS. mag., m. kanari, alaniaSi leon isavrielisvoiaJis Sesaxeb Teofane JamTaaRmwerlis cnobis komentirebisas,saubrobda mxolod lazikis mxridan arabTa batonobis aRiarebazeimperator leontis (695-698) mmarTvelobis periodSi, racSeexeba abazgebsa da afSilebs, mecnieris azriT, isini ubralod ganudgnenbizantiis imperias, leon isavrielis eqspediciis mizani ki438

lic am droisaTvis moicavda teritorias md. gumisTis CrdiloeTiT_ md. bzifis SesarTavamde. amrigad, VIIIs. 10-iani wlebisdasawyisisaTvis arabebi, faqtobrivad, mTel saqarTvelos daepatronnen.aRsaniSnavia, rom es maT moaxerxes ara farTomasStabianisamxedro eqspediciebis mowyobis gziT, aramed moqnili diplomatiiswyalobiT. am TvalsazrisiT gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqondadasavleT saqarTvelos imdroindeli lideris, lazikis patrikiozissergi barnukis Zis gadmobirebas, romelmac, rogorc ukveaRvniSneT, TviTon Caabara qveyana arabebs. yovelive es bizantiuridiplomatiis sruli kraxi iyo.bizantiis imperiis xelisufleba, cxadia, ver Seegueboda movlenebisamgvar ganviTarebas da man umalve gadadga sapasuxo diplomatiurinabijebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi Seryeuli poziciebisaRsadgenad. imperiis mesveurebma `RalatisaTvis~ lazTa da abazg-Ta samagaliTo dasja gadawyvites. 1 am mizniT konstantinopolmasagangebo diplomatiuri misiiT kavkasiaSi moavlina saimperatorokaris maRali rangis moxele (spaTari), cnobili samxedro da politikurimoRvawe (momavali imperatori), moqnili diplomatileon isavrieli, romelsac alanTa mosyidva da maTi abazg-lazebiswinaaRmdeg amxedreba daevala. 2 leon isavrielis mogzaurobamkavkasiaSi ZiriTadad miaRwia dasaxul mizans. ramdenadme SeiryaarabTa gavlena dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ leon isavrielis diplazikaSiiustiniane keisris laSqrobamde abazgebze alanTa Tavdasxmisprovocireba iyo (M. Canard. L'aventure caucasienne du spathaire Léonle futur empereur Léon III. – Revue des Etudes arméniennes. 8. 1971, p. 354.miTiTebulia wignidan: И. С. Чичуров. Византийские исторические сочинения.М., 1980, 389-e komentari, gv. 137). arabTa yofnas abazgia-afxazeTSikategoriulad uaryofs s. zeteiSvili (С. Г. Зетейшвили. Сведенияоб аланах в «Хронографии» Феофана. – Древнейшие государства на территорииСССР. М., 1976, gv. 85). maTgan gansxvavebiT i. CiCurovs sruliaddamajereblad miaCnia Teofane JamTaaRmwerlis cnoba da aseve Tvlis,rom abazgia-afxazeTi aRiarebda arabTa uzenaesobas (И. С. Чичуров.Византийские исторические сочинения, 389-e komentari, gv. 137).1 З. В. Анчабадзе. Из истории средневековой Абхазии, gv. 85; Т. Г. Папуашвили.Взаимоотношения грузин и абхазов на фоне политической обстановки в ЭгрисиАбхазии в VII-VIIIвв. – wgn.: Г. А. Амичба, Т. Г. Папуашвили. Из историисовместной боръбы грузин и абхазов против иноземных завоевателей (VI-VIIIвв).Тб., 1985, gv. 75.2 Teofanes qronografi.., gv. 106-107; s. janaSia. araboba saqarTvelo-Si. _ Sromebi, t. II, Tb., 1952, gv. 368; А. А. Богверадзе. РаннефеодальныеГрузинские государства.., gv. 174.439

lomatiuri misiis Sedegad abazgiisa da afSileTis mesveurebmacnes bizantiis imperiis uzenaesoba da amieridan, rogorc Cans,abazgia-afxazeTs èrisTavi keisrisa~ marTavda. 1am bolo dros, m. sanaZis mxridan adgili aqvs sruliad dausabuTebelmcdelobas, juanSer juanSerianis TxzulebaSi dafiqsirebulièrisTavi keisrisa~ leoni, romelic, rogorc cnobilia,mxarSi edga murvan yrus mier devnil qarTlis erismTavrebsmirsa da arCils, gaigivebul iqnas TviT leon isavrielTan. 2 esTvalsazrisi agebulia Zalze saeWvo daSvebaze, TiTqos gviandelmakompilatorma meqanikurad gaaerTiana mirisa da arCilis cxovrebissxvadasxva (VIIIs. 10-iani wlebis damdegisa da VIIIs. 30-ianiwlebis Sua xanebis) epizodebi da is moaqcia murvan yrus laSqrobis(735-738ww.) peripetiebSi. 3 sinamdvileSi ki miri da arCilianakofiaSi imyofebodnen ara murvan yrus Semosvlis Jams _735-738 wlebSi, aramed 712w. axlo xanebSi, rodesac, movses ka-Rankatvacis cnobiT, dasavleT saqarTvelo dalaSqra maslama ibnabd al-maliqma. 4 m. sanaZis (agreTve T. beraZis) mtkicebiT, mirisada arCilis anakofiaSi yofnisas àfxazTa laSqari, eWvgareSea,Tavisi erisTaviTurT~ anakofiaSi imyofeboda, 5 xolo èrisTavikeisrisa leon~, romelic `Sesrul iyo cixesa Sina sobRisasa,romel ars gardasavalsa ovseTisasa~, 6 aucileblad unda yofiliyoara sxva vinme, aramed TviT leon isavrieli, vinaidan `qar-Tlis cxovreba~ samxedro misiiT gamogzavnil ucxo saxelmwifo-Ta moxeleebs... erisTavs uwodebs~. 7m. sanaZe 8 da, masTan erTad, T. beraZe ufro Sorsac midian1 z. papasqiri. bizantiis diplomatia da politikuri.., gv. 295-296.2 m. sanaZe. erismTavrebi miri da arCili da `qarTlis cxovreba~. _mesxeTi. saistorio krebuli, #4. Tb.-axalcixe, 2001, gv. 76-78. ix. agreTve:m. sanaZe. T. beraZe. VIII s-is I naxevris qarTlisa da egrisispolitikuri istoriidan. _ qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, X. Tb., 2004,gv. 74-75.3 m. sanaZe. erismTavrebi miri da arCili.., gv. 71; m. sanaZe. T. beraZe.VIII s-is I naxevris qarTlisa da.., gv. 71.4 m. sanaZe, T. beraZe. VIII s-is I naxevris qarTlisa.., gv. 72.5 m. sanaZe, T. beraZe. VIII s-is I naxevris qarTlisa da egrisis politikuriistoriidan, gv. 74, xazgasma Cvenia _z.p.6 juanSer juanSeriani. cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa, _ qarTliscxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.yauxCiSvilis mier. t. I. Tb., 1955, gv. 235.7 m. sanaZe. T. beraZe. VIII s-is I naxevris qarTlisa da egrisis.., gv. 74.8 m. sanaZe. erismTavrebi miri da arCili.., gv. 77-78.440

da, arc meti, arc naklebi, Teofane JamTaaRmwerlis TxzulebaSidafiqsirebul àfsilTa Soris upirveles~ marines, romelic, rogorccnobilia, daexmara leon isavriels Tavisi misiis warmatebiTSesrulebaSi, 1 TviT qarTlis erismTavar mirad acxadeben. 2 maTam azrs sruliad ukritikod eTanxmeba zogierTi sxva mkvlevari. 3erTi sityviT, gamodis, rom leon isavrieli sulac ar yofilamarto _ mas gverdSi edgnen qarTlis erismTavrebi: miri daarCili, romlebic anakofiaSi gamagrdnen bizantiis mokavSire abazgia-afxazeTiserisTavTan erTad, yvela isini erTad warmatebiT umklavdebianarab sardals maslama ibn abd al-maliqs. 4 j. gamaxariasaerTod Tvlis, rom anakofiis gaxmaurebuli epopea swored maslamazemopovebuli (misi azriT 714w.) gamarjvebaa, anakofiasTangamarTuli meore brZola (738w.) ki murvan yrus gamarjvebiT dasrulebula.5rogorc vxedavT, saqme gvaqvs VIIs. miwurulisa da VIIIs. Inaxevris saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis principuli sakiTxebisseriozuli gadasinjvis mcdelobasTan, Tumca, samwuxarod,ver vityviT, rom yovelive es Semagrebuli iyos damajerebeli argumentebiT.pirveli, rac TvalSi sacemia mTels am ZiebebSi arisis, rom is mTlianad ewinaaRmdegeba, metad sando bizantieli avtoris_ Teofane JamTaaRmwerlis TxzulebaSi (sxvaTaSoris, erTaderTiwyaros, romelSic TiTqmis dokumenturadaa aRwerili imperiisaganlazikis mmarTvelis sergi barnukis Zis gandgomisa dakavkasiaSi leon isavrielis diplomatiuri misiis peripetiebi) asaxulviTarebas. bizantieli mematianis monacemebiT, gamoricxulia,1 Teofanes qronografi.., gv. 113.2 m. sanaZe, T. beraZe. VIII s-is I naxevris qarTlisa da egrisis politikuriistoriidan, gv. 75-76.3 j. gamaxaria. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria I saukunidan VIIIsaukunis Sua xanebamde. _ wgn.: narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan.afxazeTi. uZvelesi droidan dRemde. Tb., 2007, gv. 86. N4 m. sanaZis azriT, maslamam dasavleT saqarTveloSi orjer ilaSqra:pirvelad _ 713-714 wlebSi, rodesac is anakofiidan ukuaqciescixe-qalaqSi gamagrebulma mirma, arCilma da maTTan myofma afxazeTiserisTavma da meored _ 729-731 wlebSi, rodesac sasikvdiloddaiWra miri. mkvlevari Tvlis, rom swored maslamas es sadamsjeloeqspedicia igulisxmeba juanSer juanSerianis mier aRwerilimurvan yrus laSqrobaSi das. saqarTveloSi (m. sanaZe. erismTavrebimiri da arCili.., gv. 81-85).5 j. gamaxaria. Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria I saukunidan VIIIsaukunis Sua xanebamde, gv. 86-87.441

om imperias VIIIs. damdegisaTvis ukve hyoloda dasjili lazikaegrisismmarTveli elita da dasavleT saqarTvelo iuridiuladboZebuli qarTlis erismTavris stefanozis saxlisaTvis, rogorcamas fiqroben m. sanaZe da T. beraZe. 1Teofane JamTaaRmwereli sruliad naTlad aCvenebs, rom leonisavriels araviTari dasayrdeni ar hqonda lazika-egrisSi darom imJamad (rodesac imperiis emisari Camovida dasavleT saqar-TveloSi) 2 `sarkinozebs epyraT abazgiac, lazikec da iberiac”. 3ufro metic, rogorc bizantieli qronografis masalebidan irkveva,leon isavrielisaTvis micemuli am davalebis ukan imperator1 m. sanaZis azriT, stefanoz erismTavarma egrisis patrikiozoba miiRoimperator vardan-filipikosisagan (711-713). m. sanaZe. erismTavrebimiri da arCili.., gv. 71-72; m. sanaZe. T. beraZe. VIII s-is I naxevrisqarTlisa da egrisis.., gv. 70-71.2 istoriografiaSi araa erTi azri leon isavrielis kavkasiaSi voiaJisdaTariRebasTan dakavSirebiT. mkvlevarTa erTi nawili mxolodimis aRniSvniT ifargleba, rom bizantieli emisris misia kavkasiaSiramdenime weli gagrZelda (K. Schenk. Kaiser Leon's Walten. – BizantinischeZaitschrift, V, 1896, S. 285. miTiTebulia wignidan: И. С. Чичуров.Византийские исторические сочинения, 417-e komentari, gv. 140. analogiurTvalsazrisze idga m. artamonovic (М. И. Артамонов. История хазар, gv.361). akad. T. uspenski am movlenas 711-713 wlebiT aTariRebda (ix. Ф.И. Успенский. История Византийской империи. М., 1996. ix eleqtronuliversia: http://www.sedmitza.ru/text/442832.html). m. kanari aseve Tvlida,rom leon spaTaris misia dasrulda 713w. (M. Canard. L'aventure caucasiennedu spathaire Léon, p. 357. miTiTebulia: И. С. Чичуров. Византийские историческиесочинения, 417-e komentari, gv. 140-141. principSi, amave Tvalsazrissiziareben m. sanaZe da T. beraZe (m. sanaZe. T. beraZe. VIII s-isI naxevris qarTlisa da egrisis politikuri istoriidan, gv. 73). s.zeteiSvilis azriT, leonma Tavisi eqspedicia iustiniane keisrisCamogdebamde (711w.) daasrula (С. Г. Зетейшвили. Сведения об аланах в«Хронографии» Феофана, gv. 84). a. bogveraZe, rogorc Cans, v. obolenskisada T. ternovskis Targmanis gavleniT (Летопись византийца Феофанаот Диоклетиана до царей Михаила и сына его Феофилакта. В переводе сгреческого В. И. Оболенского и Ф. А. Терновского; С предисловием О. М.Бодянского. М., 1884, gv. 286. ix. eleqtronuli versia: http://www. fictionbook.ru/author/feofan_ispovednik/hronografiya/read_online.html?page=27),asaxelebs709 wels (А. А. Богверадзе. Раннефеодальные Грузинские государства..,gv. 174-175) i. CiCurovi, Teofane JamTaaRmwerlis Txzulebis Sesabamisifragmentis gamowvlilviTi wyaroTmcodneobiTi analizis safuZvelze,Cveni azriT, savsebiT damajereblad aTariRebs leon isavrielismisias 708-711 wlebiT (И. С. Чичуров. Византийские исторические сочинения,417-e komentari, gv. 140-141).3 Teofanes qronografi.., gv. 107, xazgasma Cvenia _z.p.442

iustinianes mzakvruli Canafiqri imaleboda. saqme isaa, rom zogierTmoSurnes leon isavrieli iustiniane keisarTan daubezRebia_ `samefo Zalauflebisaken miiswrafiso”. imperators àr surdamisTvis aSkarad evno, magram usiamovno grZnoba gulSi mainchqonda CarCenili da amitom gagzavna is alaniaSi~. 1 rogorc vxedavTiustiniane II waugebel aqciaze midioda. im SemTxvevaSi TuspaTari leoni warmatebiT gaarTmevda dakisrebul misias da alanovsebismeSveobiT moaxerxebda abazgTa dasjas da amiT dasavleTsaqarTveloSi arabTa batonobis moryevas, xom kargi, Tu arada,arc misiis kraxis SemTxvevaSi iqneboda imperatori ukmayofilo,vinaidan is, am gziT, umtkivneulod moicilebda Tavidan metad saxifaTometoqes.marTlac, imperatorma yvelaferi gaakeTa imisaTvis, rom leonisavriels ver Seesrulebina dasaxuli amocana. `radgan iustinianessurda misi (spaTar leonis _ z.p.) mospoba, _ wers TeofaneJamTaaRmwereli, _ amitom man kaci gaugzavna da wamoaRebina fazisidanis fuli~, romelic alaniisken mimavalma leon isavrielma`fazisSi dastova Sesanaxavad”. 2 miuxedavad keisris veragobisa,leonma afsiliis gavliT mainc moaxerxa alaniaSi gadasvla, sadacalanebma is `didis pativiT miiRes, daujeres mis naTqvams, SeiWrnenabazgiaSi da wartyvevnes es qveyana~. 3 àbazgebis mTavarma~ 41 Teofanes qronografi.., gv. 107, xazgasma Cvenia _ z.p.2 Teofanes qronografi.., gv. 107, xazgasma Cvenia _ z.p.3 Teofanes qronografi.., gv. 107.4 akad s. yauxCiSvili berZnul `κύριος~ Targmnis rogorc `mTavars~(Teofanes qronografi.., gv. 107). v. obolenski da T. ternovskis mixedviT`κύριος~ niSnavs `Владетель~-s (Летопись византийца Феофана.., gv.287. ix. eleqtronuli versia: http://www.fictionbook.ru/author/feofan_ ispovednik/hronografiya/read_online.html?page=27), i. CiCuroviT ki _ `властитель~-s(И. С. Чичуров. Византийские исторические сочинения, gv. 65). s. zeteiSvilisTargmanSi vxvdebiT: `владика~-s (С. Г. Зетейшвили. Сведения обаланах в «Хронографии» Феофана, gv. 82). irkveva, rom formiT `κυροΰ~ _`κύριος~ (`batoni~) rogorc wesi, mimarTavdnen TviT imperators (F.Dölger. Byzantinische Diplomatik. Ettal, 1956, gv. 131. miTiTebulia wignidan: И.С. Чичуров. Византийские исторические сочинения, 266-e komentari, gv. 112).ucxo qveynebis liderTa mimarT yvelaze miRebuli forma iyo àrqonti~.И. С. Чичуров. Византийские исторические сочинения, 266-e komentari,gv. 112). aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom abazgiis mmar-Tvelis reitingi bizantiaSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi im dros mainc,rodesac Teofane JamTaaRmwereli werda Tavis Txzulebas _ mkvlevarTaazriT 811-814 wlebSi (И. С. Чичуров. Византийские исторические сочинения,266-e komentari, gv. 18) _ sakmaod maRali iyo.443

leonis sanacvlod fuli SesTavaza alanebs, magram maT pirdapirganucxades abazgTa elCebs, rom `mefis (bizantiis imperatoris _z.p.) siyvarulis” gamo ar wavlen amgvar garigebaze. maSin abazgebmaorjer meti Tanxa SesTavazes alanebs. amjerad, alanebma moatyuesabazgebi, leonTan SeTanxmebiT aiRes fuli da es ukanaskneli abazgebsgadasces, Semdeg ki àlanebi itazis meTaurobiT ukanidan daewivnenabazgebs da amoJlites isini, spaTari ki damales. itazma Sekribajari, daiZra abazgiis winaaRmdeg, moulodnelad SeiWra klisurebSi,didZali natyvenavi Caigdo xelT da daarbia abazgebi”. 1erTgvarad gawbilebuli imperatori, mixvda ra, rom mis mierwargzavnilma emisarma “davaleba ufulodac~ Seasrula, `weriligaugzavna abazgebs~, romelSic spaTaris uvneblad gamotarebamosTxova da amis sanacvlod `Secodebebis patieba” aRuTqva. abazgebma`sixaruliT~ miiRes imperatoris winadadeba da saswrafodafrines mociqulebi alaniaSi, raTa maTTvis spaTari gadaecaT.magram leon isavrieli ar endo abazgebs da mxolod mas Semdegdatova alania, rodesac acnobes, rom iustiniane keisris miergamogzavnili `romaelebi da armenielebi 2 lazikeSi SeiWrnen daarqeopoliss alya Semoartyes~. magram leon isavriels mainc gauWirdasamSvidobos gasvla, vinaidan arabebma saswrafo zomebimiiRes da romaelebi arqeopolisidan fazisisaken ukuaqcies. romaelTalaSqridan mxolod orasi meomari, romelic, rogorc Cans,ZiriTad razms gamoeyo da `kavkasiis mTebSi~ yaCaRobiT irCenda1 Teofanes qronografi.., gv. 107-109.2 2001w. gamoqveynebul werilSi m. sanaZe, yovelgvari argumentaciisgareSe, Teofane JamTaaRmwerlis (an misi wyaros) Secdomad acxadebdacnobas lazikaSi `romaelebTan~ erTad àrmenielebis~ SeWris Sesaxebda àrmenielebSi~ iberielebs moiazrebda (m. sanaZe. erismTavrebimiri da arCili da `qarTlis cxovreba~, gv. 75, 77). mogvianebiT,man es Tvalsazrisi gadasinja da gaiziara, Tavis droze, maqsime ber-ZniSvilis mier wamoyenebuli Sexeduleba (maq. berZniSvili. levondiscnoba foTis Sesaxeb. _ Tsu Sromebi, XXVI b. Tb., 1944, gv. 218)imis Sesaxeb, rom Teofanes àrmenielebi~ iyvnen somexi istorikosislevondis mier dafiqsirebuli (История халифов вардапета Гевонда,писателя VIII века. Перевод с армянского К. Патканова. СПб. 1862, gv. 24.eleqtronuli versia: http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus11/Gewond/frametext1.htm)Aiustiniane II-is mokavSire sumbat kurapalati da sxva somexididebulebi, romlebic man Seifara da, romelTac misca `qalaqifuiTi egerTa qveynebSi~, sadac ucxovriaT 6 weli (m. sanaZe. T.beraZe. VIII s-is I naxevris.., gv. 71-72).444

Tavs, aRmoCnda spaTaris gankargulebaSi. 1gamouval mdgomareobaSi myofi leon isavrieli `rkinis cixed~wodebul cixe-simagres miadga, romlis `mcvelad ijda vinmefarasmani, sarkinozTagan dayenebuli~. am farasmans `mSvidobianiurTierToba~ hqonia armenielebTan. am garemoebis gamoyeneba scadaleonma, romelmac farasmans dazaveba da cixis romaelebisaTvisgadacema SesTavaza. magram farasmanma es winadadeba ar miiRo. ma-Sin `spaTarma gagzavna masTan ramdenime Tavisi kacic da armenielebic~da maT miparviT cixeSi Sesasvleli karebis dakaveba daavala.es davaleba warmatebiT Sesrulda. miuxedavad amisa, `radgancixe magrad iyo daculi, spaTarma ver SesZlo misi aReba~. 2aseT kritikul mdgomareobaSi, leons daxmareba aRmouCina `marinem,afsilTa upirvelesma kacma~, romelic `samasi kaciT~ eaxlamas da samSvidobos gayvanas Sepirda. 3 Teofane JamTaaRmwerlisgancxadebiT, Turme es man gaakeTa bizantielTa SiSiT, 4 rac naklebaddasajerebelia. ufro savaraudoa, rom marines es nabijimisi Sorsmimavali gegmis nawili iyo. rogorc cnobilia, afsiliaafSileTijer kidev VIs. Sua xanebidan lazikis administraciulerTeuls warmoadgenda, romelsac lazikis centraluri xelisuflebismier wargzavnili moxele marTavda. 5 aSkaraa, rom sworedamis winaaRmdeg gamodioda àfsilTa upirvelesi kaci” (ara mTavari),romelic am gziT cdilobda lazikisagan damoukidebeli afsiliis(afSileTis) saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnis Seqmnas da misi(`saxelmwifos~) oficialuri meTauris statusis miRebas. rogorcirkveva, marinem miaRwia kidec dasaxul mizans. bizantiisimperiam daakmayofila àfsilTa upirvelesis” politikuri ambiciebi,aRiara is afsiliis `suverenul” mmarTvelad da patrikio-1 Teofanes qronografi.., gv. 110-111.2 Teofanes qronografi.., gv. 111-112.3 Teofanes qronografi.., gv. 112.4 Teofanes qronografi.., gv. 112.5 amis Sesaxeb dawvril. ix.: З. В. Анчабадзе. Из истории средневековой Абхазии,gv. 66; n. lomouri. dasavleT saqarTvelo (egrisi) IV-V saukuneebSi,gv. 166; d. musxeliSvili. saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiisZiriTadi sakiTxebi. I. Tb., 1977, gv. 117, 129-131; Т. Г. Папуашвили.Взаимоотношения грузин и абхазов.., gv. 50, 59-60; Н. Ю. Ломоури. ЗападнаяГрузия.., gv. 118; А. А. Богверадзе. Раннефеодальные Грузинские государства.., gv.183-184: z. papasqiri. narkvevebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis istoriuliwarsulidan, nak. I. uZvelesi droidan 1917 wlamde. Tb., 2004, gv. 34.445

zis tituli uboZa mas. 1 leon isavrielma motyuebiT SeZlo cixeSiSeWra, cecxls misca iqauroba da `cixis kedlebi miwasTangaaswora”, ris Semdeg `Cavida afsiliaSi, Tan axlda marine, afsilTaSoris upirvelesi: afsilebma is didis pativiT miiRes~. 2rogorc vxedavT, Teofane JamTaaRmwereli imdenad Tanmimdevruladda damajereblad gviyveba leon isavrielis voiaJis peripetiebs,rom raime eWvis Setana mis faqtologiur monacemebSi ZalzegaWirdeba. 3 sakiTxavia, ratom ar unda davujeroT bizantieliavtoris versias da uarvyoT, rom abazgebi im periodSi erTniSnadupirispirdebodnen bizantiis imperias? an ranairad moxda, romTeofane JamTaaRmwerelma, romelmac sakmaod kargad icis qarTulipolitikuri samyaro: iberia, lazika, abazgia, svaneTi, icis iberiismmarTvelTa vinaoba da maTi saqmianoba, 4 amjerad ver gaarkmiris_ qarTuli saistorio tradiciiT ara marto qarTlis, ara-1 А. А. Богверадзе. Раннефеодальные Грузинские государства.., gv. 184; z. papasqiri.bizantiis diplomatia da politikuri.., gv. 295-296.2 Teofanes qronografi.., gv. 113.3 Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Teofane JamTaaRmwerlis faqtologiurimonacemebis sandoobis maRali xarisxi (gansakuTrebiT VIIIsaukunis movlenebis gaSuqebisas) sayovelTaod aRiarebulia istoriografiaSi.amis Sesaxeb ix.: И. С. Чичуров. Византийские историческиесочинения, gv. 15, 18-19.4 iberias, iberielebs Teofane JamTaaRmwereli Tavis TxzulebaSiramdenimejer axsenebs da, rac mTavaria, ganasxvavebs maT lazebisada abazgebisagan. ase, magaliTad, is miuTiTebs im uTanxmoebaze, romelicgaCnda herakle keisarsa da mis mokavSire lazebs, abazgebsada iberielebs Soris, romlis Semdeg am ukanasknelebma uari ganacxadessaomar moqmedebebSi monawileobaze (ix.: Teofanes qronografi..,gv. 95). ufro metic, bizantielma mematianem icis qarTvelliderTa _ lazikis mefe waTes (Teofanes qronografi.., gv. 77-80) daiberiis mefis ZamanarZes (Teofanes qronografi.., gv. 80) moRvaweoba;icis, Tu rogor mouyva iberiis mefe bakurma istorikos rufinuss,iberielTa `moqcevis~ ambavi konstantine imperatoris mmarTvelobisperiodSi (Teofanes qronografi.., gv. 75); icis àrqontis ioanes(bizantieli strategosi ioane cibe _ z.p.) vercxlismoyvareobisada usamarTlo moqmedebis~ Sesaxeb, romlis gamoc lazebi `romaelebsgadaudgnen da sparselebTan gaiqcnen~ (Teofanes qronografi..,gv. 85); afiqsirebs herakle keisris jaris mier `sparselebisqveSevrdom iberielTa~ mTavar varsamuses datyvevebas (Teofanesqronografi.., gv. 101) da a.S. dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, romTanamedrove qarTuli istoriografia sruli ndobiT ekideba TeofaneJamTaaRmwerlis TiToeul am da sxva cnobas da uyoymanod eyrdnobamaT saqarTvelos istoriis ama Tu im sakiTxis kvlevisas.446

med egrisis umaRlesi xelisuflis, romelic, sxvaTa Soris, imperiam`samefo gvirgviniT~ Seamko, vinaoba da ratomRac is mxolodàfsilTa upirveles kacad” gamoacxada?vis ufro unda davujeroT, Teofane JamTaaRmwerels, TiTqmisamave movlenebis Tanamedroves, 1 romelic faqtobrivad dokumenturisizustiT aRwers leon isavrielis voiaJs kavkasiaSi daodnav miniSnebasac ar akeTebs qarTlis erismTavrebze, Tu Tanamedroveistorikoss, romelic srul ignorirebas uwevs erTaderTiwyaros cnobas? pasuxi, albaT, did dafiqrebas ar moiTxovs. aRniSnulidangamomdinare, m. sanaZisa da T. beraZis mier motaniliargumentaciis safuZvelze Sorsmimavali daskvnebis gakeTeba daVIIIs. saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikur procesebze arsebulitradiciuli Sexedulebebis Zireuli revizia, rbilad rom vTqvaT,naCqarevad migvaCnia. 2leon isavrielis misia, rogor ukve zemoT aRvniSneT, warmatebuliaRmoCnda da bizantiis imperiam VIIIs. 10-iani wlebis damdegisaTvis,Camoacila ra lazika-egriss abazgia da afSileTi,rogorc Cans, nawilobriv SeZlo Tavisi gavlenis aRdgena dasavleTsaqarTveloSi. konstantinopolis amgvarma revanSma ukiduresadgaamwvava urTierToba bizantiasa da arabTa saxalifos Soris.am dapirispirebaSi bizantiis imperiis mTavari mokavSire da satelitiiyo xazarTa xakanati, romelsac, bunebrivia, sakuTari interesebigaaCnda kavkasiaSi. am konfrontaciaSi aqtiurad aRmoCndaCarTuli qarTlis erismTavris saxli. qarTlis politikur liderTaantiarabuli saqmianobis gaaqtiureba gamowveuli iyo imiT,rom saxalifom, Tavis mxriv, gaaZliera zewola maTze. mas mere,rac arabebma lazika-egrisi daikaves da amiT daasrules mTelisaqarTvelos dapyroba, maT TavianTi reJimi qarTlSi kidev ufrogaamkacres. VIIIs. 20-ian wlebis miwuruls saxalifos mier daniS-1 miRebuli TvalsazrisiT is cxovrobda da moRvaweobda 760-818wlebSi. ix. s. yauxCiSvili. Teofane JamTaaRmwereli. _ georgika. bizantielimwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. berZnuli teqstiqarTuli TargmaniT gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo s. yaux-CiSvilma, t. IV, nakv. I. Tb., 1941, gv. 70; И. С. Чичуров. Византийские историческиесочинения, gv. 17-18.2 m. sanaZis, agreTve m. sanaZisa da T. beraZis erTobliv publikaciebSiwamoWril sakiTxebs VII-VIII saukuneebis politikuri istoriiscalkeul sakiTxebze, gansakuTrebiT ki qarTlis erismTavarTa vinaobasada rigTan dakavSirebiT, Cven sagangebod uaxloes xanebSimovubrundebiT, amjerad ki amiT SemovifarglebiT.447

nulma amierkavkasiis axalma gamgebelma jarah ibn-abdallahma ganaaxlae.w. `dacvis sigeli~, romlis Tanaxmadac, qarTlis mosaxleobasaxali valdebulebebi daekisra. 1 aman ukiduresad daZabaviTareba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi.qveynis xelisufleba arabTa diqtatis winaaRmdeg seriozulizomebis miRebisaTvis mzadebas Seudga. 730w. axlo xanebSi, `qar-Tveli maliqi~ gamovida saTanado diplomatiuri iniciativiT, waravlinaTavisi elCi xazarTa xakan xakasrTan da mas samxreT kavkasiaSiarabTa winaaRmdeg erToblivi laSqrobis mowyoba SesTavaza.xazarebi gamoexmaurnen qarTlis lideris am iniciativas dagamogzavnes didi laSqari xakanis Zis barjikis sardlobiT. gadamwyvetiSetakeba moxda 730w. azerbaijanSi, q. ardebilTan. xazarebmagaanadgures arabTa jari. arabTa damarcxebaSi didi wvliliSeutania `qarTvelTa maliqs~, romelic Tavisi `Wkvianuri rCevebiT~didad daxmarebia xazarTa sardals. 2bizantiis imperiam, romelic arabTa saxalifo-xazareTis dapirispirebisasaSkarad xazarebs umagrebda zurgs, 3 Tavis sasargeblodgamoiyena qarTlis mmarTveli dinastiis mzardi avtoritetida aqtiurad dauWira mxari mis Semdgom aRzevebas sruliadsaqarTvelos masStabiT. am droidan dasavleT saqarTvelos udidesinawili, md. kelasurs iqiTa mxaris _ afxazeTis, romelic`saberZneTis~ (e.i. bizantiis imperiis) farglebSi Sedioda, gamoklebiT,qarTlis erismTavris xelisuflebis qveS moeqca. es moxdabizantiis imperiis aqtiuri diplomatiuri mxardaWeriT. bizantiissaimperatoro karma amiT erTgvarad Suri iZia `moRalate~ lazikispatrikiozis sergi barnukis Zis sagvareuloze da dasavleTsaqarTveloSi misTvis sasurveli reJimi daamyara.amrigad, VIIIs. 30-ian wlebisaTvis aSkarad gamoikveTa bizantia-qarTliserismTavarTa aliansi, romelic, pirvel rigSi, mimarTuliiyo arabTa saxalifos mxardamWeri Zalebis winaaRmdegdasavleT saqarTveloSi. ufro metic, am dros, rogorc Cans, bizantiamda qarTlma moaxdines lazika-egrisis erTgvari gadanawileba.imperiis xelisuflebam `daakmayofila~ abazgia-afxazeTis1 b. silagaZe. arabTa batonoba saqarTveloSi.., gv. 75-85.2 М. И. Артамонов. История хазар.., gv. 213; b. silagaZe. arabTa batonobasaqarTveloSi.., gv. 85.3 А. П. Новосельцев. Хазарское государство и его роль в истории ВосточнойЕвропы и Кавказа. М., 1990, gv. 178; z. papasqiri. bizantiis.., gv. 298-299.448

liderTa swrafva, CamoSorebodnen lazika-egriss da TavisTvisdaitova es mxare (md. kelasuramde), xolo lazikis danarCen nawilSiqarTlis erismTavris mflobeloba scno. amiT bizantiamerTxel da samudamod wertili dausva lazika-egrisis, rogorccalke saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebis, arsebobas. egrisis didinawilis qarTlisaTvis mierTebiTa da bizantiis erTguli qarTli-egrisiserTiani saxelmwifos (`saqarTvelos~) SeqmniT imperiaiuridiulad ganavrcobda Tavisi gavlenis sferoebs da faqtobrivadcdilobda im viTarebis aRdgenas, romelic Seiqmna 628w. heraklekeisrisa da xazarebis mier Tbilisis aRebis Semdeg. amTvalsazrisiT, namdvilad ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi, rom ZveliqarTuli saistorio tradicia, maincdamainc am periodis (VIIIs.30-iani wlebi) movlenebis aRwerisas afiqsirebs pirvelad cnebas`saqarTvelo~, romelic moicavs qarTl-egriss da romlis saz-Rvari `saberZneTTan~ (anu bizantiasTan) gadis md. kelasurze. 1arabTa saxalifo, bunebrivia, ase iolad ver daTmobda Tavispoziciebs saqarTvelo-kavkasiaSi. VIIIs. 30-iani wlebis Sua xaneb-Si arabebma moawyves grandiozuli samxedro eqspedicia cnobilisardlis murvan ibn-muhammadis meTaurobiT, romlis drosac dalaSqresrogorc amier, ise imierkavkasiac da seriozuli dartymamiayenes xazarTa gavlenas regionSi. am laSqrobis dros arabebmasastikad iZies Suri ùrC~ qarTvelebze. jer iyo da aaoxres aRmosavleTsaqarTvelo, Semdeg ki qarTlis erismTavris stefanozisZeTa _ mirisa da arCilis devnis motiviT gadavidnen lazika-egrisSicda iqaurobac moaoxres. magram dasaxuli amocana arabebmabolomde mainc ver Seasrules, maT ver Seipyres miri da arCili,xolo anakofiis (axali aToni) cixis kedlebTan gancdili marcxisSemdeg saerTod iZulebulni Seiqnen dasavleT saqarTvelo daetovebinaT.bizantiis diplomatiam marjved gamoiyena mirisa daarCilis mier afxazeTSi mopovebuli samxedro warmateba da qar-Tlis erismTavrebi konstantinopolis mfarvelobis qveS aiyvana. esmoxda mas Semdeg, rac murvan-`yrus~ laSqarze gamarjvebisTanavemirma da arCilma, agreTve leon àfxazeTis erisTavma~ sagangeboelCoba wargzavnes konstantinopols, romelmac bizantiis imperatorssazeimod amcno arabebze mopovebuli gamarjvebis ambavi. 21 ix.: juanSer juanSeriani. cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa, gv. 235.2 juanSer juanSeriani. cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa.., gv. 239; z.papasqiri. bizantiis diplomatia.., gv. 301-302; z. papasqiri. qarTuli29. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi449

imperiis xelisuflebam sworad Seafasa dasavleT saqarTveloSiganviTarebuli movlenebi da mniSvnelovani politikur-diplomatiurimxardaWera aRmouCina arabTa winaaRmdeg mebrZol qar-Tvel liderebs. bizantiis saimperatoro karma oficialurad scnomirisa da arCilis samefo uflebebi qarTl-egrisSi da maT amisdamadasturebeli ori samefo gvirgvini gamougzavna. amave dros,imperatorma gansazRvra leonis statusic da daumtkica mas àfxazeTiserisTavoba~ memkvidreobiT, Tan gaafrTxila is, rom amieridanar evno qarTlis `mefeTaTvis~. 1 erTi sityviT, bizantiisxelisuflebam dasavleT saqarTveloSi, faqtobrivad, axali wesrigidaamyara. man ganamtkica qarTlis mmarTveli dinastiis legitimuriuflebebi egrisze, xolo àfxazeTis erisTavs~ ubrZana,loialoba gamoeCina qarTl-egrisis xelmwifeTa mimarT. 2bizantiis imperatoris es `brZaneba~ gaxda leon àfxazeTiserisTavis~ Semdgomi daaxloebis safuZveli qarTli-egrisis `samefo~saxlTan, romlis saTaveSi miris gardacvalebis Semdeg, misiumcrosi Zma arCili erTpirovnulad moeqca, rac dinastiuri qorwinebiTacganmtkicda. leoni daqorwinda miris erT-erT asulzeda amiT qarTli-egrisis `samefo~ saxlis sruluflebiani wevrigaxda. magram afxazeTis erisTavi ufro Sorsac wavida. man diplomatiuraduari Tqva arCilis mier saCuqris saxiT SemoTavazebulteritoriul SenaZenze, Tavi arCilis vasalad gamoacxadada Tavisi samkvidrebelic (e. i. afxazeTi) mas gadasca. amis sanacvlodSorsmWvretelma àfxazeTis erisTavma~ legitimuriTvalsazrisiT gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani politikuri kompensaciamiiRo: mas ergo bizantiis imperatoris mier mirisa dapolitikuri samyaro.., gv. 104. mkvlevarTa erT nawils eWvi SeaqvsimaSi, rom anakofiis epopeas adgili hqonda murvan ibn muhammadislaSqrobis dros da es brZola VIIIs. 10-ian wlebSi gadmoaqvT (g.abramiSvili. stefanoz mamfalis freskuli warwera atenis sionSi.Tb., 1977, gv. 26-32; freskuli warwerebi. I. atenis sioni. gamosacemadmoamzades, gamokvleva da saZieblebi daurTes g. abramiSvilma daz. aleqsiZem. Tb., 1989, gv. 35; m. sanaZe. erismTavrebi miri da arCili..,gv. 81-85; v. goilaZe. ratom gadavida qarTlis erismTavari stefanozII ojaxiT egrisSi. _ istoriis da eTnologiis institutisSromebi, VIII. Tb., 2008, gv. 85).1 juanSer juanSeriani. cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa.., gv. 240; z. papasqiri.bizantiis diplomatia da politikuri cvlilebebi.., gv. 302-303; z. papasqiri. qarTuli politikuri samyaro.., gv. 105.2 z. papasqiri. qarTuli politikuri samyaro.., gv. 105.450

arCilisaTvis gamogzavnil or `gvirgvinTagan~ erTi (mirisaTvisgankuTvnili) `samefo gvirgvini~. 1amrigad, VIIIs. 30-iani wlebis miwurulisaTvis saqarTvelo-Si Seiqmna sruliad axali saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri viTareba.mTeli amer-imeri, kelasurs iqiTa mxaris (maSindeli afxazeTis)CaTvliT, iuridiulad gaformda erTian saxelmwifoSi, romlissaTaveSi idga qarTlis erismTavris _ arCilis saxli. 2 àfxaze-Tis erisTavma~ leonma uari Tqva `saberZneTze~, nebayoflobiTSemovida saerTo-qarTul politikur samyaroSi da Tavisi axali_ qarTli-egrisis `mefis~ miris erT-erTi politikuri memkvidris_ statusiT, zogad-qarTuli politikuri elitis wamyvanfigurad iqca. istoriografiaSi gamoTqmulia, Cveni azriT, savsebiTsafuZvliani mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac leonis nebayoflobiTiSemosvla saerTo-qarTul samyaros sanqcirebuli iyo konstantinopolismier. 3 am droidan iwyeba àfxazeTis erisTavis~politikuri karieris axali etapi, romelic mogvianebiT (VIIIs.70-ian wlebSi), arCilis memkvidreTa (iovane, juanSeri) politikuriarenidan wasvlis Semdeg, dasavleT saqarTveloSi misi er-Tpirovnuli mmarTvelobis damyarebiT dasrulda. 4qarTli-egrisis erTian saxelmwifoSi gaerTianeba qarTlis1 juanSer juanSeriani. cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa.., gv. 242-243.2 istoriografiaSi sul ufro popularuli xdeba azri imis Sesaxeb,rom juanSeris TxzulebaSi dafiqsirebuli qarTli-egrisis er-Tianoba da stefanoz qarTlis erismTavris saxlis egidiT saerToqarTuli saxelmwifos Seqmna axlos unda iyos istoriul realobasTan.amis Sesaxeb ix.: n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi.Tb., 1990, gv. 270, 579; z. aleqsiZe. qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebiVII s-is damdegs qarTlisa da egrisis saeklesio erTianobisSesaxeb. _ wgn.: epistoleTa wigni. somxuri teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT,gamokvleviTa da komentarebiT gamosca z. aleqsiZem. Tb., 1967,gv. 173, 181-186; g. abramiSvili. stefanoz mamfalis warwera atenis sionSi.Tb., 1977, gv. 36-37; a. bogveraZe. qarTlis politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuriganviTareba IV-VIII saukuneebSi. Tb., 1979, gv. 98-100;d. musxeliSvili. saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebi. II.Tb., 1980, gv. 76-77; d. musxeliSvili. saqarTvelo.., gv. 376-383; Т. Г.Папуашвили. Взаимоотношения грузин и абхазов на фоне политической обстановки..,gv. 64-65; z. papasqiri. bizantiis diplomatia da politikuricvlilebebi.., gv. 297-3003 З. В. Анчабадзе. Из истории.., gv. 73; Т. Г. Папуашвили. Взаимоотношениягрузин и абхазов на фоне политической обстановки.., gv. 66.4 z. papasqiri. bizantiis diplomatia da politikuri cvlilebebi..,gv. 302-308; z. papasqiri. qarTuli politikuri samyaro.., gv. 105-106.451

erismTavris arCilis mesveurobiT, romelic bizantiis imperiisdasturiTa da diplomatiuri mxardaWeriT ganxorcielda, mxolodformaluri aqti aRmoCnda. realurad aseTi saxelmwifoarc arsebobda, vinaidan murvan ibn muhammadis sadamsjelo eqspediciisSedegad arCilis xelisufleba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSisruliad nominaluri iyo. faqtobrivad, is mxolod kaxeT-hereTs(isic pirvel etapze) akontrolebda. ufro metic, am droidan(arabTa saxalifoSi abasidebis dinastiis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis_ 749 wlis _ Semdeg) arabTa saokupacio reJimi kidev ufro gamkacrda,rac saxalifos axali administraciuli erTeulis _ Tbilisissaamiros SeqmniT iyo gamowveuli.istoriografiaSi am bolo dromde TiTqmis erTsulovnadiyo miCneuli, rom Tbilisis saamiros Seqmna mohyva uSualod murvanyrus laSqrobas saqarTveloSi da am movlenas ZiriTadadVIIIs. 30-iani wlebis meore naxevriT aTariRebdnen. 1 pirveli, vincSeecada am Tvalsazrisis gadasinjvas, iyo a. novoselcevi, romelmacarabTa saamiros daarseba VIIIs. 80-90-ian wlebSi gadaitana.am sakiTxs sagangebo werili miuZRvna g. alasaniam, romelmac argaiziara a. novoselcevis Tvalsazrisi, Tumca rusi mecnieris midgomazogadad moiwona. misi azriT, Tbilisis saamiros daarseba savaraudoaara VIIIs. 80-90-ian wlebSi, aramed VIIIs. 70-iani wlebisdamdegs da is uSualod unda mohyoloda 770-772 wlebSi mimdinarewanar-kaxTa ajanyebas arabebis winaaRmdeg. 21 m. lorTqifaniZe. Tbilisis saamiros istoriidan. _ mimomxilveli.II. Tb., 1951, gv. 186; m. lorTqifaniZe. arabTa mflobelobis xasiaTisaqarTveloSi. _ masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis.nakv. 35. Tb., 1963, gv. 82; m. lorTqifaniZe. axali feodaluri sam-Tavroebis warmoqmna. _ saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II. Tb.,1973, gv. 494; М. Д. Лордкипанидзе. Возникновение новых феодальных государств.– Очерки истории Грузии, т. II. Тб., 1988, gv. 343; a. bogveraZe. qarTlispolitikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba IV-VIII saukuneebSi.Tb., 1979, gv. 97; a. bogveraZe. adrefeodaluri qarTuli.., gv.290; А. А. Богверадзе. Раннефеодальные Грузинские государства.., gv. 178; ЛетописьКартли. Перевод, введение и примечания Г. В. Цулая, Тб., 1982, Sen. 6, gv.80; o. cqitiSvili. arabTa mflobelobis winaaRmdeg qarTveli xalxisganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis istoriidan. ahmad ibn asam al-qufiscnobaTa mixedviT. _ macne, istoriis... seria, #1, 1986, gv. 75; b.silagaZe. arabTa batonoba saqarTveloSi, gv. 107 da sxv.2 g. alasania. Tbilisis saamiros daarsebis TariRisaTvis. _ analebi.saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis ivane javaxiSvilis sax. istoriisada eTnografiis institutis Jurnali. I. Tb., 1999, gv. 21-26.452

Cven mTlianad viziarebT g. alasanias am daskvnas da asevemiviCnevT, rom swored VIIIs. 70-iani wlebis damdegs unda mieRogadawyvetileba arabTa xalifas TbilisSi pirdapiri arabuli mmar-Tvelobis SemoRebis Sesaxeb da is ukavSirdeba im antiarabul kampanias,romelsac eweoda am periodSi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSiqarTlis erismTavari nerse. am SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebeliakidev erTi garemoeba, romlis gamoc Zneli warmosadgenia, romsaxalifos centraluri xelisufleba wasuliyo aseT mkveTr nabijzeVIIIs. 30-iani wlebis II naxevarSi, Tundac murvan yrus sadamsjeloeqspediciis fonze.aq uTuod mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoeba, rom mrisxanearabma sardalma ver moaxerxa qarTlis oficialuri xelisuflebismeTaurTa _ mirisa da arCilis xelSi Cagdeba, ufro metic,anakofiasTan mopovebulma warmatebam qarTlis `mefeebis~ avtoritetiufro aamaRla da aramarto qveynis SigniT, aramed saerTa-Soriso arenaze, ris dadasturebad bizantiis imperatoris miermirisTvis da arCilisTvis samefo gvirgvinis gamogzavna unda miviCnioT,razedac zemoT gamaxvilda yuradReba.aseT viTarebaSi, arabebma, rogorc Cans, ufro mizanSewoniladmiiCnies erismTavris taxtze sxva sagvareulos warmomadgenlisadarnase bagrationis aRzeveba. miuxedavad imisa, rom iovanesabanisZe, romelic iZleva erTaderT cnobas am lideris Sesaxeb,arafers ambobs mis bagrationobaze, 1 magram imis gaTvaliswinebiT,rom mogvianebiT swored adarnase-nerse-stefanozis xaziT daeuflaerismTavris taxts aSot didi, romlis bagrationobaSi ZneliaeWvis Setana, savaraudoa, rom adarnasec bagrationTa sagvareuloswarmoadgenda. amasTan dakavSirebiT, niSandoblivia, romimave murvan ibn muhammadma somxeTSi xelisuflebis saTaveSi sworedbagrationebi (aSot bagratuni) moiyvana. 2 marTalia, somexrationebs manamdec epyraT somxeTis mmarTvelis (iSxanis) TanamaRniSnulipublikacia ix. agreTve wignSi: g. alasania. saistoriokrebuli. Tb., 2007, gv. 9-14; g. alasania. `qarTvelTa samefos~ SeqmnissaTaveebTan. _ qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba. XI. Tb., 2006, gv. 29.1 wamebaÁ haboÁsi, romeli iwama qarTlsa Sin, qalaqsa tfiliss, gamoTqmuliiovane Zisa sabanisi _ ix.: Zveli qarTuli hagiografiuliliteraturis Zeglebi, il. abulaZis redaqtorobiT. t. I. Tb.,1963, gv. 55.2 История халифов вардапета Гевонда.., gv. 81; А. Н. Тер-Гевондян. Армения иАрабский халифат, gv. 89.453

deboba, magram maTi politikuri aRmasvlis Tvisobrivad axali etapi,romelic mogvianebiT am sagvareulos warmomadgenlis gamefebiT(886w.) damTavrda, swored murvan yrus yofnas kavkasiaSi ukavSirdeba.1 garda amisa, ar SeiZleba yuradReba ar miiqcios saxelmaàdarnase~, romelic Zalze popularuli iyo swored bagrationTasagvareuloSi. 2bizantiis imperias sagareo politikur asparezze am period-Si, aqcentebi, rogorc Cans, sxva mimarTulebiT hqonda gadatanili.imperatori konstantine V kopronimi (741-775ww.). marTalia,Tavisi mmarTvelobis I etapze (VIIIs. 40-ian wlebSi) man energiuladSeutia arabebs CrdiloeT siriasa da SuamdinareTSi dadaaTmobina maT poziciebi, 3 magram, mogvianebiT (VIIIs. 50-ian wleb-Si), misi yuradReba mTlianad bulgareTisken aRmoCnda gadarTuli,4 ris gamoc, etyoba, konstantinopolma kavkasiisTvis jerovnadver moicala. Tumca, arc imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom bizantielebimTlianad iyvnen gamoTiSulni saqarTvelo-kavkasiaSi mimdinareprocesebidan. savaraudoa, rom VIIIs. 60-iani wlebidan samxreT1 amis Sesaxeb dawvril. ix.: А. Н. Тер-Гевондян. Армения и Арабский халифат,gv. 89-91.2 adarnase kurapalatisa da erismTavris, agreTve misi Zis nerse IIisbagrationoba Cven davafiqsireT 2003w. gamoqveynebul naSromSi(z. papasqiri. qarTuli politikuri samyaro.., gv. 107-108). es daskvnayovelgvari komentaris gareSe Secdomad miiCnia g. alasaniam (g.alasania. `qarTvelTa samefos~ Seqmnis saTaveebTan, gv. 40). amasTandakavSirebiT, sagangebod gvinda SevniSnoT: azri imis Sesaxeb, romadarnase-nerse II bagrationTa saxlis warmomadgenlebi arian araxalia,amas sakmao damajereblobiT asabuTebda g. abramiSvili (ix.: g.abramiSvili. stefanoz mamfalis warwera atenis sionSi, gv. 51-52. ambolo dros igive Tvalsazriss anviTarebs v. goilaZec (v. goilaZe.bizantiis aRmosavluri politikis asaxva qarTul epigrafikaSi. Tb.,2008, gv. 61, 68).3 Константин V Копроним. – veb-gverdi: Византийская империя. Рубрикихроноса. Страны и государства. http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_k/kostantin5. html(ix. agreTve: С. Б. Дашков. Императоры Византии. М., 1997).4 am dros konstantine V-m ramdenime warmatebuli kampania moawyobulgarTa winaaRmdeg (zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, is `pirvel bulgarTmmusvreladac~ki SeiZleba iwodos (А. Lombard. Etudes d'histoirebyzantine: Constantin V, empereur des Romains. Paris, 1902, p. 59. miTiTebuliawignidan: А. А. Васильев. История византийской империи. т. I. Время до крестовыхпоходов до 1081 г. ix. internet-versia: http://www.krotov.info/libr_min/v/vasilyev/VAA151.htm#vaa151para02), Tumca saboloo Sedegs mainc vermiaRwia. ix.: А. А. Васильев. История византийской империи. т. I.454

kavkasiis mimarTulebiT xazarebis samxedro-politikuri gaaqtiurebisukan swored bizantiis saimperatoro kari da uSualod xazarTaxakanis siZe konstantine V kopronimi 1 idga.es unda yofiliyo erTgvari sapasuxo reaqcia regionSi arab-Ta gavlenis gamtkicebis sapirispirod, romelic gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevigaxda saxalifos saTaveSi 749w. abasidebis dinastiis mosvlisSemdeg. safiqrebelia, rom xazarTa gaaqtiureba moxda saqar-Tvelos calkeul regionebSi, kerZod, kaxeTis mTis raionebSi, antiarabuliwinaaRmdegobis eskalaciis fonze. xazareTis mmarTveliwreebi da maT zurgs ukan bizantiis imperia, etyoba, cdilobdnenmaqsimalurad gamoeyenebinaT antiarabuli ganwyobilebebi saqarTveloSida moemzadebinaT niadagi saxalifos winaaRmdeg farTofrontiT SetevisaTvis.albaT, amas isaxavda miznad xazarTa xakanis diplomatiuriiniciativa, dakavSireboda kaxeTSi damkvidrebul arCil `mefis~saxls, romelic saqarTveloSi antiarabuli frontis winamZRoladiTvleboda da masTan axlo dinastiur-naTesauri urTierTobebisdamyarebiT samxedro-politikuri blokis Sekvras Seecada,magram xazarTa elCoba kaxeTSi uSedegod dasrulda. juanSer ar-Cilis Zis garemocvam ar miiRo xakanis winadadeba damoyvrebis Taobaze(xakans juanSeris dis, SuSanis colad SerTva surda), ri-Tac gaanawyena potenciuri mokavSire. xazarTa elCobidan 3 wlisSemdeg ki 764w. xakanma gamogzavna didi laSqari, romelic darubandisgziT 2 SemoiWra samxreT kavkasiaSi, daesxa kaxeTs, Seipyro1 es dinastiuri qorwineba jer kidev ufliswul konstantinesa daxazarTa xakanis asul irines Soris Sedga 732w., imperator leon IIIisavrielis iniciativiT. ix.: Хронография» Феофана. – wgn.: И. С. Чичуров.Византийские исторические сочинения, gv. 68; А. А. Васильев. История Византийскойимперии. т. I..; А. П. Новосельцев. Хазарское государство.., gv. 182.2 mkvlevarTa Soris araa erTi azri imasTan dakavSirebiT, Turomeli marSruti igulisxmeba matiane qarTlisaÁs `gza lekeTisa~-Si. i. javaxiSvilis mixedviT, `gza lekeTisa~ ueWvelad daRestanzegadioda (iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria, w. II. _ Txzulebani,t. II. Tb., 1983, gv. 70), m. lorTqifaniZe ki Tvlis, rom, `leke-Tis gza~ `darialis gzasTan~ unda iqnes gaigivebuli (Матиане Картлиса.Перевод, введение и примечания М. Д. Лордкипанидзе, Тб., 1976, gv. 63,Sen. 6.), rac saeWvodaa miCneuli (Летопись Картли, gv. 79; i. jiWonaia.`matiane qarTlisa~-s masalebi CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebisa dasaqarTvelo-CrdiloeT kavkasiis urTierTobebis Sesaxeb (VIII-XI ss.)._ saistorio Ziebani, weliwdeuli, II. Tb., 1999, gv. 46). rogorc savsebiTsworad miuTiTebs g. wulaia, qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebi455

juanSeri da misi da SuSani, Semdeg aaoxra Tbilisi, mTlianadqarTli da darialis gziT ukan gabrunda. 1 gzaSi SuSanma Tavi moiwamlada, amdenad, dinastiuri qorwineba xazarTa xakansa da ar-Cil `mefis~ saxls Soris, rasac garkveuli sargeblobis motanaSeeZlo arabTa winaaRmdeg mebrZoli qarTvelebisaTvis, ar Sedga.miuxedavad amisa, xazareTis mefem juanSers kargi miReba mouwyo,7 wlis ganmavlobaSi is pativSi hyavda da bolos didi saCuqrebiTsamSobloSi gamoistumra. 2juanSeris saqarTveloSi aryofnaSi (Tu manamde ara), SesaZlebelia,gardaicvala misi Zma iovane _ dasavleT saqarTvelosmmarTveli. swored iovanes gardacvalebiTa da juanSeris tyveobiTgamowveuli vakuumiT isargebla albaT àfxazeTis erisTavma~(araa gamoricxuli, es marTlac yofiliyo leon I) da, rogorc`xosroianTa~ saxlis legitimurma warmomadgenelma (siZem)daikava iovanes adgili. 3 am droidan, afxazeTis erisTavma oficialuradmTavris statusi miiRo da misi xelisuflebis qveS mTelidasavleT saqarTvelo moeqca. rogorc Cans, es aqtic bizantiissaimperatoro karis sanqciiT unda momxdariyo.wyaroebidan ar Cans, Tu ra bedi ewia `xazarTa tyveobidan~dabrunebul juanSers da daibruna Tu ara man xelisufleba. amfonze metad niSandoblivia nerse qarTlis erismTavris mamis adarnasesmoxsenieba kurapalatis tituliT, rac udavod miuTiTebsimaze, rom bizantiis imperias imJamad axali partniori gamouCnda,imdenad kargad icnoben `darialis gzas~, rom Zneli dasajerebelia,maT is areodaT `lekeTis gzaSi~ (Летопись Картли.., gv. 79). amasTan,Zneli gasaziarebelia g. wulaias mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom `gzalekeTisa~ arafriT ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo `darubandis gza~ (ЛетописьКартли.., gv. 79). miuxedavad imisa, rom zogadad namdvilad araris gamosaricxi darubandis gasasvlelisagan gansxvavebuli `gzalekeTisas~ arsebobac, ufro marTebulad unda miviCnioT a. bogveraZisdaskvna bluCanis laSqris `darubandis gziT~ mosvlis Sesaxeb(А. А. Богверадзе. Раннефеодальные грузинские.., gv. 180), romelsaciziarebs i. jiWonaia (i. jiWonaia. `matiane qarTlisa~-s.., gv. 46).1 matiane qarTlisa.., gv. 249-250; iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli erisistoria, t. II. Tb., 1965, gv. 80-81. i. jiWonaia. `matiane qarTlisa~-smasalebi gv. 44-46.2 matiane qarTlisa.., gv. 250; z. papasqiri. qarTuli politikurisamyaro.., gv. 106-107.3 z. papasqiri. àfxazTa~ sakaTalikosos dawesebis qronologiisaTvis._ SoTa mesxia _ 90. saiubileo krebuli miZRvnili SoTa mesxias90 wlisTavisadmi. Tb., 2006, gv. 204.456

omelsac daekisra arabTa saxalifos winaaRmdeg brZolis warmoeba.1 anu is funqcia, romelsac adre asrulebda arCilis saxli,amjerad qarTlis erismTavris taxtze misi moqiSpe sagvareuloswarmomadgenelma adarnase kurapaltma itvirTa.Zneli saTqmelia, Tu ramdenad warmatebuli iyo adarnase kurapalatisbrZola arabebis winaaRmdeg, magram erTi ram cxadia _misma memkvidrem nerse erismTavarma, romelic faqtobrivad saTave-Si Caudga antiarabul moZraobas saqarTveloSi, 2 imdenad Seawuxasaxalifos xelisufleba, rom am ukanasknels mouwia sagangebo damsjelizomebis miReba qarTlis gaurCebuli lideris mimarT. 772w.is dabarebul iqna baRdads, sadac daapatimres da sami wliT sapyrobileSiCasves 3 . ai swored is periodi unda yofiliyo, marTlac,yvelaze xelsayreli qarTlSi uSualo arabuli mmarTvelobisSemosaRebad, rac TbilisSi amiras dasmiT ganxorcielda.am daskvnas namdvilad ar uSlis xels is, rom Tavis drozeakad. m. lorTqifaniZem TiTqos daadgina Tbilisis pirvel amiraTasia. mecnieris dakvirvebiT, xalifa al-mansoris mmarTvelobisperiodSi (754-775ww.) arminiis valis Tanamdebobaze gamwesebuliiazid ibn useid as-sulami, romelmac daimorCila wanarebi,moqmedebda rogorc amira. 4 aseve Tbilisis amirad miiCnevs m. lor-TqifaniZe arminiis arabuli provinciis, kidev erT mmarTvels alhasanibn kahtabas, romelmac mkvlevris azriT, 765-766 wlebSiaseve CaaxSo wanarTa amboxi. 5 am SemTxvevaSi, gadamwyveti mniSvnelobaunda mieniWos im garemoebas, rom am movlenebis amsaxvelarabul masalebSi (romelsac eyrdnoba mecnieri) araferia naTqva-1 Tavis droze, akad. k. kekeliZe amaxvilebda ra yuradRebas erismTavaradarnases kurapalatobaze, savsebiT marTebulad miuTiTebda,rom kurapalatis tituls `mas arabTa mosisxle mteri bizantia,sruliad uangarod ar mianiWebda~. ix.: k. kekeliZe. adrindelifeodaluri qarTuli literatura. k. kekeliZis redaqciiTa da gamokvleviT.tf., 1935, gv. 32.2 o. cqitiSvili. qarTlis erismTavris nerses politikuri moRvaweobissakiTxisaTvis. _ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe,t. 129, #1, 1988, gv. 205-207.3 wamebaÁ haboÁsi, gv. 55-56. k. kekeliZe nerse erismTavris dasmenasxalifas winaSe xazareTidan mobrunebul juanSers abralebda, romelmacmecnieris azriT, intrigebis `mTeli qseli~ gaaba (k. kekeliZe.adrindeli feodaluri qarTuli literatura, gv. 32), racCveni azriT, safuZvels moklebulia.4 m. lorTqifaniZe. Tbilisis saamiros istoriidan, gv. 187.5 m. lorTqifaniZe. Tbilisis saamiros istoriidan, gv. 187.457

mi zemoT dasaxelebuli pirebis amirobaze. 1 amasTan, rogorc daadginao. cqitiSvilma al-hasan ibn kahtaba orjer yofila arminiisvali: pirvelad 753-754 wlebSi, xolo meored 770-775 wlebSi.2 ufro metic, al-qufis cnobiT, am dros (meore mmarTvelobisperiodSi), al-hasan ibn kahtabas jurzanis, Tbilisisa da momijnaveteritoriebis mmarTvelad Tavisi vaJi ibrahimi dauniSnavs.3 swored o. cqitiSvilis mier qarTul istoriografiaSi Semotanilal-qufis am cnobaze dayrdnobiT, g. alasania ibrahimsTbilisis pirvel amirad miiCnevs da, Cveni azriT savsebiT mar-Tebulad, Tbilisis saamiros daarsebas am periodiT aTariRebs. 4775w. xalifa mahdim nerse Seiwyala da kvlav daabruna taxtze.5 magram nerse arc amis Semdeg iCenda saWiro loialobasarabTa saxalifos xelisuflebisadmi, ris gamoc kvlav daibaresbaRdads. amjerad nerse erismTavari ar eaxla xalifas da arabTawinaaRmdeg gadamwyveti moqmedebebis dawyebisaTvis mzadebas Seudga.Tavdapirvelad man ojaxi dasavleT saqarTveloSi, `sarkinoz-Tagan krZalul~ qveyanaSi, romelsac ukve afxazeTis mTavari ganagebda,gaxizna, TviTon ki samxedro-politikuri daxmarebis miRebisimediT xazarTa xakanis kars miaSura. xazarebma is maRal donezemiiRes da karga xans qarTlis erismTavari da misi sakmaodmravalricxovani amala did pativSic hyavdaT. 6 magram diplomatitiurimolaparakebebi xazarTa xakanTan umaRles doneze uSedegoaRmoCnda. im etapze xazarebma Tavi Seikaves samxedro kampaniisaganaRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. gawbilebuli erismTavari iZulebuligaxda, daetovebina xazareTi da Tavi afxazeTisaTvis (dasavleTsaqarTvelo) Seefarebina.is, rom afxazeTis mTavari _ xosrovanTa saxlis wevri (siZe),romelsac logikurad unda daecva arCilis memkvidreTa interesebi,araTu ar mtrobs adarnase-nerses saxls (xosrovanTa TvalsazrisiT,qarTlis erismTavarTa taxtis mimtacebels), aramedpolitikur TavSesafars aZlevs arabebisgan devnil qarTlis er-1 sxvaTa Soris, amas TviT m. lorTqifaniZec aRniSnavs. ix.: m. lorTqifaniZe.Tbilisis saamiros istoriidan, gv. 187.2 o. cqitiSvili. arabTa mflobelobis winaaRmdeg.., gv. 74.3 o. cqitiSvili. arabTa mflobelobis winaaRmdeg.., gv. 78, 81; ix. agreTve:o. cqitiSvili. qarTlis erismTavris nerses.., gv. 205.4 g. alasania. Tbilisis saamiros daarsebis TariRisaTvis, gv. 10-12.5 wamebaÁ haboÁsi, gv. 56.6 wamebaÁ haboÁsi, gv. 58.458

ismTavars, aSkarad metyvelebs Secvlil saxelmwifoebriv-politikurkoniunqturaze. rogorc Cans, arCilis saxlma 764w. xazarebTangancdili katastrofis Semdeg amowura Tavisi SesZleblobebida asparezi sabolood adarnase kurapalatis saxls dauTmo(an daaTmobines). araa gamoricxuli, rom xelisuflebisaTvisbrZolaSi afxazeTis erisTavma mxaric ki dauWira qarTlissaxelmwifos axal liders, romelmac amis sanacvlod aRiara leonI-is legitimuri uflebebi dasavleT saqarTveloze.nerses urCobiT gabrazebulma arabebma, rogorc Cans, aaridesTavi situaciis gamwvavebas qarTlSi, ar gaauqmes erismTavrisinstituti da am Tanamdebobaze nerses saxlikaci, misi diswulistefanoz gurgenis Ze dasves, xolo TviT nerses darTes neba,ojaxTan erTad qarTlSi dabrunebuliyo da, rogorc kerZo pirs,Tavisuflad ecxovra. es iyo garkveuli kompromisi arabebismxridan, rac gamowveuli unda yofiliyo imiT, rom am droisaTvis(VIIIs. 80-iani wlebis) arabTa saxalifos Zliereba ramdenadmeSeryeuli iyo da is dapyrobil mxareebSi ukve uwindeburad veraxerxebda radikaluri zomebis gatarebas vasalebis mimarT, rasacis ase Tu ise axerxebda jer kidev VIIIs. Sua xanebSi. 1amrigad, rogorc vxedavT, VIIIs. mTel manZilze qarTulipolitikuri samyaro urTulesi sagareo-politikuri problemebiswinaSe aRmoCnda. mTavar safrTxes am etapze arabTa saxalifowarmoadgenda. miuxedavad imisa, rom arabebma erTi periodi(VIIIs. damdegs) moaxerxes mTeli saqarTveloze sruli kontrolisdamyareba, IXs. damdegisaTvis maT xeli realurad mxolodistoriuli qarTlis erTi nawilze Tu miuwvdebodaT. qarTvelipolitikuri liderebi yovelnairad cdilobdnen da, umetes Sem-TxvevaSi, warmatebiT axerxebdnen kidec gzebisa da saSualebebismoZebnas, maT Soris, aqtiuri diplomatiuri saqmianobiT, arabTasaxalifos zewolis gasauvnebelyofad da qveynis suverenitetisraRac doziT mainc SesanarCuneblad.1 VIIIs. 50-ian wlebSi, rogorc cnobilia, arabTa sardalma asim-ibn-abdallahmaTavi mohkveTa saqarTveloSi antiarabuli frontis aRiarebulTavkacs arCil `mefes~. ix.: leonti mroveli. wameba wmidisada didebulisa mowamisa arCilisi, romeli-igi iyo mefe qarTlisa. _qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnawerismixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. I. Tb., 1955, gv. 247-248.459

ZURAB PAPASKIRIONCE AGAIN ABOUT THE FOREIGN POLITICAL SITUATIONOF GEORGIA IN THE 8 th CENTURYThe article is devoted to the analysis of the Georgian Politicalworld’s outward appearance in the 8th century on the basis of the originalsource findings and the critical interpretation of the special scientific literature.It is maintained that during the whole 8th century the South Caucasusremained a military-political and diplomatic struggle arena of theByzantium, Arabs and Khazar kingdom. The main danger at that time camefrom the Arab Caliphate. Despite the fact that at some period (at thebeginning of the 8th century) the Arabs managed to take the entire Georgiaunder a full control in the early 9th century they could hardly controlany but one part of the historical Kartli. The Georgian political leaderstried in every way and in most cases succeeded in finding the waysand means by their active diplomatic activities to neutralize the ArabCaliphate’s pressure and to retain to some degree at least the country’ssovereignty. Certain issues of the political history of Georgia of the 8thcentury are given a new interpretation. In particular, the time and the circumstancesof Leon’s, Abkhazia’s Prince transference as governor of theentire West Georgia are specified. New arguments have been suggestedto strengthen the viewpoint which has recently been advanced in the historiography(G. Alasania) about the foundation of the Tbilisi Emirate atthe beginning of the 70's of the 8th century.460

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008kaxa kvaSilavarodis gaxda md. enguri odiS-afxazeTissazRvariam bolo dros separatistulad ganwyobili afxazi da rusiistorikosebi cdiloben, radac ar unda daujdeT, daarwmunonTavianTi Tanamemamuleni imaSi, TiTqos mdinare enguri istoriuladyovelTvis yofiliyos afxazeTis e.w. `saxelmwifo sazRvari~saqarTvelosTan. jer kidev sabWoTa periodSi cnobili afxazimxareTmcodne v. faCulia Tanamedrove galis raionis teritoriasùxsovari~ («с незапямятных времён») droidan afxazeTisistoriul nawilad acxadebda. 1 XXs. 90-iani wlebis damdegs md.enguris, rogorc damoukidebeli afxazuri saxelmwifos sazRvrisistoriuloba daadastura i. voronovma. misi mtkicebiT, XVIIsaukunis miwuruls afxazebma mas Semdeg, rac `SturmiT~ aiRese.w. `kelasuris kedeli~ aRadgines `по реке Ингур свою древнююполитическую границу~. 2 faqtobrivad amasve amtkiceben àfxazeTisistoriis~ e.w `saxelmZRvanelos~ 3 avtorebi, romelTa daskvniTac`этническая граница между абхазами и картвелами~,1 В. П. Пачулиа. Древняя, но вечно молодая Абхазия. Сухуми, 1991, gv. 301.2 Ю. Воронов. Абхазы – кто они?. Гагра, 1992, gv. 15; Ю. Н. Воронов, П. В.Флоренский, Т. А. Шутова. Белая книга Абхазии. Документы, материалы, свидетельства.1992-1993. М., 1993. wigni ganTavsebulia internetSi: http://www.abhazia.com/book/?page=book&cat=wb_00.3 О. Х. Бгажба, С. З. Лакоба. История Абхазии. С древнейших времен до нашихдней. Сухум, 2007. aRsaniSnavia, rom am wignis avtorebi, TavianTi `naSromis~(romlis propagandistuli daniSnuleba, sruliad aSkaraa,SemTxveviTi araa, rom es wigni farTod vrceldeba dasavleTel mecnierebSi,politologebSi, JurnalistebSi, risi TviTmxilveli damowmec am striqonebis avtoric iyo amerikis SeerTebul StatebSiyofnisas), cdiloben gaataron mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom qarTvelebida megrelebi sxvadasxva eTnosebi arian. sxvaTa Soris, analogiur`sibrZnes~ am bolo dros uxvad àfrqvevs~ cnobili britaneliqarTvelologi jorj hiuitic. JurnalSi «Гражданское общество»is wers: «Я никогда не считал мегрелов и сванов грузинами, и они только с 1930официально стали относиться в этой категории» («Джордж Хьюитт отвечает занас», – Jurn.: «Гражданское общество», Сухум, №79, 2007, gv. 28-29).461

md. engurze Turme jer kidev ax.w. II aTaswleulis damdegamdecgadioda, romelmac TandaTanobiT `приобрела одновременно игосударственный политический статус, сохраняющийся уже более300 лет~. 1 sinamdvileSi, sruli kategoriulobiT SeiZlebavamtkicoT, rom md. enguri XVIIIs. damdegamde istoriulad arasodesar warmoadgenda sazRvars afxazeTsa da danarCen saqarTvelosSoris da rom amJamindeli politikur-administraciulikoniunqtura mxolod XVII-XVIIIss. mijnaze Camoyalibda. SevexoTam sakiTxs ufro dawvrilebiT.XVIIs. ukanasknel meoTxedSi gansakuTrebiT garTulda odi-Sis mdgomareoba. levan III (Samadavle) dadiani (1661-1681), romelicqarTul istoriul wyaroebSi `sruliad odiSisa da afxazeTismpyrobel-mqonebelis~ tituliT moixsenieba, 2 ver gamodgasaxelovani biZis levan II didis (1611-1657), romlis saxelicgamTavrebisTanave dairqva, Rirseuli memkvidre. 1672w. seqtemberSi3 igi axalcixis faSam ixmo quTaisSi. gamwvavebuli feodaluriSinaaSlilobis Sedegad dasavleT saqarTveloSi gamefebulianarqiis wyalobiT da qarTvel feodalTa xelSewyobiT1669 wlidan quTaisSi ukve osmalTa jari idga. 4 `CxeiZe sexniamara ineba mefoba bagratisa 5 da aRiRo moparviT da zakBT quTa-Tisis cixe da misca osmalTa da mieriT upyravT dRemde~. 6 vara-1 О. Х. Бгажба, С. З. Лакоба. История Абхазии. С древнейших времен до нашихдней. Сухум, 2007, gv. 168; (xazgasma bRaJba-lakobaseulia – k.k.) bolodroindeli publikaciebidan ix. agreTve: М. М. Гунба. Об автохтонностиабхазов в абхазии. eleqtr. versia: http://www.abkhaziya.org/server-articles/article 67b29ce2daa13cbacb983efe16775a02.html.2 pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni. XI-XVII ss. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebismixedviT. t. II. gamosacemad moamzades: d. kldiaSvilma, m.surgulaZem. Tb., 1993, gv. 9.3 b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba (XV-XVIIIss.). Tb., 1996, gv. 108.4 is, rom qarTvel feodalTa am ugunur aqts dasavleT saqarTvelosgamahmadianeba ar mohyolia msgavsad samcxesaaTabagosi, n. berZeniSviliosmalTa imperiis dasusteba dacemis procesis dawyebasmiiCnevda (n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelo XI-XVIII saukuneebSi, –wgn.: n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. wigni VI.Tb., 1973, gv. 274).5 bagrat IV, romelsac oTxjer eWira imereTis samefos taxti:1660w., 1663-1668ww., 1669-1678ww. da 1679-1681ww. (m. rexviaSvili. imere-Tis samefo (1462-1810). Tb., 1989, gv. 498).6 batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. – qarTliscxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviTs. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. IV. Tb., 1973, gv. 839.462

udoben, rom axalcixis faSas levan III-is nacvlad axalcixisfaSis karze aRzrdili levan II dadianis SviliSvilis gamTavrebasurdaT. 1 dadiani miuxvda am `mipatiJebis~ realur arss dawinaaRmdegobis gasawevad moemzada. daxmarebisaTvis man afxazebsuxmo. 19 seqtembers SarvaSiZe Tavisi mxedrobiT Sevida odiSSi,Tumca dadians damxmare Zalis nacvlad erT-erT amawiokebladmoevlina. 2 mkvlevarTa varaudiT, es unda yofiliyo kaTolikemisionerTa werilebSi `sustar saraziad~ moxseniebuli 3 saustan(bagrat) SarvaSiZe. 4 ierusalimis patriarq dosiTeosis cnobiT,maT TiTqmis mTeli odiSis teritoria mourbeviaT. 5 afxazebi sakmaoddidxans arbevdnen odiSs (TiTqmis 13 oqtombramde) da`wauyvaniaT aTas orasi kaci, bevri pirutyvi da didi nadavliwauRiaT; daurbeviaT erTi TeaTinelis saxli, saidanac sami tyvewauyvaniaT~. 61 b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba.., gv. 108.2 Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi(cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb). frangulidan Targmna, gamokvlevada komentarebi daurTo m. mgalobliSvilma. Tb., 1975. gv. 207;Voyages du Chevalier Chardin, en Perse, et autres lieux de l’Orient, enrichis d’ungrand nombre de belles figures en tailles-douces, représentant les Antiquités et leschoses remarquables du pays. Nouvelle édition, Soigneusement conférée sur trois éditionsoriginales, augmentée d’une Notice de la Perse, depuis les temps les plus reculeésjusqu'à, de Notes, etc. par L. Langlès. Tome premier. Paris, 1811. gv. 336-337; ПутешествиеШардена по Закавказью в 1672-1673 гг. Перевод С. В. Бахутовой и Д.П. Носовича. (Из журнала «Кавказский Вестник» за 1900 и 1901 гг.). С пятьюрисунками. Тфл., 1902. gv. 104.3 m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris. gv. 208.4 b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba.., gv. 108; z. papasqiri. narkvevebiTanamedrove afxazeTis istoriuli warsulidan. nakv. I. uZvelesidroidan 1917 wlamde. Tb., 2004, gv. 102. mis dros gansakuTrebiTgaxSirda afxazTa marbieli Tavdasxmebi samegreloze da,rogorc z. anCabaZe aRniSnavda, afxazebi ukve mudmiv sacxovrebladacrCebodnen kodori-RaliZgas SuamdinareTSi (З. В. Анчабадзе. Мегрелияи Абхазия в XVII веке. Диссертационная работа на соискание ученной степеникандидата исторических наук. Тб., 1947, gv. 142).5 z. papasqiri. zogi ram afxazeTis warsulze da qarTul-afxazururTierTobebze, – wgn.: z. papasqiri. afxazeTi saqarTveloa. Tb.,1998, gv. 47.6 Voyages du Chevalier Chardin.., gv. 35-351; Jan Sardenis mogzauroba.., gv.215-16; Путешествие Шардена.., gv. 110-111; erTi Tvis Semdeg ki odiSismosaxleoba axali gansacdelis winaSe dadga. amjerad samTavroSiosmalebi SeiWrnen, romlebmac saSinlad daawiokes samegrelos samTavro(b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba.., gv. 108-109).463

ogorc Cans, am movlenebs unda exmaurebodes erTi afxazurixalxuri leqsi, 1 sadac yuradRebas iqcevs is, rom dediserTasaTbei mihyavT oCamCireSi. konteqstidan gamomdinare, unda vigulisxmoT,rom is mihyavT saomrad metad saSiS mxareSi, rasac armalaven saTbei da dedamisi. amasTave, SeimCneva, rom oCamCires mxareSisaomari konfliqti permanentul xasiaTs atarebs. finalSiki vigebT, rom saTbeim `jgerdas Temis~ `xalxisaTvis gawira Tavi~da brZolac im midamoebSi momxdara. nawarmoebSi ar aris dakonkretebuli,Tu vis ebrZvian afxazebi oCamCireSi da arc istoriuliepoqaa gansazRvruli. SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom mahmadianisaTbei (yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi Turquli warmomavlobis saxeliam sarwmunoebaze migviTiTebs) gagzavnilia oCamCireSi odiSar-Ta winaaRmdeg saomrad. nawarmoebis gmiris sarwmunoeba da brZolisgeografia gvafiqrebinebs, rom saubaria XVIIs. II naxevris movlenebze,roca afxazTa samTavro warmatebiT permanentulad axdendaodiSis Crdilo-dasavleTi miwebis dauflebas. Tumca, es brZolebi(miuxedavad imisa, afxazebi warmatebebs aRwevdnen) arc iseioli iyo afxazTaTvis da iq saomrad wasvla maTTvis didi saSiSroebaswarmoadgenda. Cans, iqiT meomarTa gagzavna ufro iZulebisxasiaTs atarebda. savaraudoa, leqsSi asaxuli movlenis dros,afxazeT-odiSis sazRvari jgerdasa da oCamCires Soris gadioda,radgan rogorc vnaxeT, saTbeim `jgerdas Temis~ `xalxisaTvis gawiraTavi~ anu, es xalxi misTvis mSobliuri iyo.aRsaniSnavia, rom 1672w. movlenebi k. okujavas safuZvelsaZlevs afxazeTis samTavros saboloo Camoyalibeba XVIIs. 70-ianiwlebiT daaTariRos, radgan am samxedro aqtiT `SarvaSiZeebma saboloodmoiSores samTavro valdebulebebi da siuzerenis yovelgvaridamokidebulebisagan ganTavisufldnen~. 2 vfiqrobT, rom SarvaSiZisam `veragul moqmedebebs~ 3 safuZvlad sul sxva ram edo.1 kavkasiis xalxTa folklori. proeqtis avtori da mTavari redaqtorin. gelaSvili. krebuli Seadgina, winaTqma da SeniSvnebi daurTospec-redaqtorma l. ClaiZem. Tb. 2008. gv. 204-2052 k. okujava. afxazeTi XVII saukuneSi. Tb., 2002, gv. 24, 26; zogadad,es sakiTxi jer kidev samecniero davis sagania da am problemisgarSemo sxvadasxva mosazreba arsebobs. dawvrilebiT amis Taobazeix.: n. jiqia. afxazeTis samTavros warmoqmnis sakiTxisaTvis. – kreb.:saistorio Ziebani. weliwdeuli. t. IV. Tb., 2001, gv. 120-142; eleqtr.versia ix.: http://saistoriodziebani.googlepages.com/dziebani20013 Voyages du Chevalier Chardin.., gv. 35-351; Путешествие Шардена.., gv. 110-111;Jan Sardenis mogzauroba.., gv. 215-16.464

XVIIs. dasawyisSi afxazeTSi Zlierdeba osmaleTis gavlenaiseve, rogorc dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebul sxva politikurerTeulebSi. Turqebi iq, gansakuTrebiT – soxumSi, damkvidrebasaccdiloben. iwyeba afxazi didebulebis mier islamismiReba, rac, TavisTavad, niSnavda stambolis politikuri kursisaRiarebas. ukve imave aswleulis 30-iani wlebisaTvis wyaroebiafiqsireben erT-erT SarvaSiZes, romelic aSkarad Turquli warmoSobissaxels _ yara-bei (Carabey) _ atarebs. 1 afxazeTi osmaleTismoxarke xdeba. 2 etyoba, 1672w. ambebis win osmalo diplomatebmakargad imuSaves afxazeTis mTavarTan da uzrunvelyves misimxridan garantia imisa, rom afxazebi odiSarT, am SemTxvevaSi,daxmarebas ar gauwevdnen. albaT, SeuZlebelic iyo, rom axalcixisfaSas es samxedro operacia wamoewyo dasavleT saqarTvelo-Si potenciuri mokavSiris Zieba gareSe. SarvaSiZis agresia dadianiswinaaRmdeg ki mowmobs imas, rom is ukve ar eloda osmalTaSemosevas sakuTar samTavroSi.rac Seexeba afxazeTis samTavroze dadianis xelisuflebisdakargvas, rogorc Cans, aqtiuri faza am process levan II dadianisgardacvalebis (1657w.) Semdeg unda mieRo. es Zlevamosilixelisufali TiTqmis mTeli Tavisi mTavrobis manZilze odiSzeafxazTa Setevebis SekavebiT iyo dakavebuli. marTalia, misi mecadineobaam mimarTulebi, SedarebiT, warmatebuli aRmoCnda,Tumca, mxolod droebiT, radgan mis memkvidreebs ukve naklebadSeswvdaT unari odiSis Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvrebis SenarCunebisa.ukve 1661w. solomon SarvaSiZem uari SeuTvala vamey dadianismeuRles elene guriels, odiSarebTan erTad SebrZolebodaqarTlis mefes vaxtang V Sahnavazs (1658-1675). 3 vameyis damarcxebisSemdeg, Sahnavazi zugdidSi Cavida, dadianoba Samadavleiosebis Zes (zemoxsenebuli levan III) uboZa da solomonSarvaSiZesac, romelic mas zugdidSi eaxla, 4 odiSis axali mTavrismorCileba (vasaloba) daubara. 51 З. В. Анчабадзе. Из истории средневековой Абхазии (VI-XVII вв.). Сухуми,1959. gv. 273, 289; j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba (Is. –1921w.). Tb., 2005, gv. 196.2 З. В. Анчабадзе. Из истории средневековой Абхазии.., gv. 273; m. rexviaSvili.dasavleT saqarTvelo XVII saukuneSi. Tb., 1978, gv. 94.3 b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba.., gv. 103.4 batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa.., gv. 849-850, 836.5 z. papasqiri. narkvevebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis.., gv. 100-101.30. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi465

ogorc Cans, swored aman ganapiroba levan III-is titulatura,romelic zemoT vaxseneT. sxva aranairi istoriuli sabu-Ti ar arsebobs imisa, rom gavigoT, Tu rogor gaxda is àfxaze-Tis mpyrobel-mqonebeli~. etyoba, afxazebs garkveuli Zalebismokreba sWirdebodaT odiSze Setevebis dasawyebad da amitom damorCildasolomon SarvaSiZe Sahnavazs. savaraudoa, rom sakuTrivafxazeTis samTavroSi mimdinare Sida socialur-politikuriprocesebi (urTierTobebi sakuTriv SarvaSiZeTa saxlis wevrebsSoris, sxva adgilobriv didgvarovnebTan) ar iZleoda SesaZleblobasodiSis winaaRmdeg (engurs gamoRma mainc) saomari operaciebisganasaxorcieleblad. marTlac, sul mokle xanSi, afxazebmaganaaxles marbieli Setevebi samegreloze: isini Tavs dasxmiancaiSis taZars, walenjixis monasters. 1 is, rom afxazTalaSqrobebi afxazeT-odiSis sazRvrebidan esoden moSorebul teritoriebzeganxorcielda, albaT, miuTiTebs SarvaSiZeTa urCobas.miT ufro, es cxadi xdeba Jan Sardenis erTi cnobis mixedviT,sadac naTqvamia, rom levan III-is mier dasaxmareblad `mowveul~SarvaSiZes odiSis mTavrisaTvis àRTqma da fici~ miucia,rom osmalTa winaaRmdeg daxmarebas aRmouCenda. 2 rogorc Cans,Tu ara aseTi garantiebi, dadiani, albaT, arc daukavSirdebodaSarvaSiZes. marTalia, àRTqma da fici~ Cveulebrivi movlenaasiuzerenisa da vasalis urTierTobebSi, magram is winaviTareba,rac am konkretul SemTxvevas uZRoda, migvaniSnebs, rom Tavadlevan III àfxazeTis mpyrobel-mqonebeli~ mxolod am titulaturiTTu iyo. 31 e. TayaiSvili. arxeologiuri mogzaurobidan samegreloSi, – wgn.:Zveli saqarTvelo. e. TayaiSvilis redaqciiT, t. III, tf., 1914. gv.188, 222; b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba.., gv. 110; `JamebTaamaT Sina iyo kirTeba odiSs afxazTagan~, aRniSnavs vaxuSti amwlebis movlenebze saubrisas (batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosasaqarTvelosa, gv. 842).2 Voyages du Chevalier Chardin.., gv. 35-351; Путешествие Шардена.., gv. 110-111;Jan Sardenis mogzauroba.., gv. 215-16.3 akad. d. musxeliSvilis azriT es titulatura miuTiTebs imaze,rom, afxazeTi levan III dadianis drosac ki, afxazeTi `qarTul politikur-kulturulisamyaros~ nawilad iTvleboda (Д. Мусхелишвили.Исторический статус Абхазии в грузинской государственности. – kreb.: Разысканияпо истории Абхазии/Грузия. Под редакцией Г. Жоржолиани и Э. Хоштария-Броссе. Тб., 1999, gv. 140). viziarebT ra, rom afxazeTi qarTuli samyaroswevrad rCeboda (momdevno saukuneebSic ki), CvenTvis gaugebarirCeba, Tu ratom daakavSira avtorma es daskvna maincdamainclevan III-s titulaturasTan.466

sabolood, vasalobis nominaluri valdebulebis CamoSorebaSarvaSiZeebma, etyoba, levan III gardacvalebis Semdeg odiSSiamtydari SinaaSlilobis dros moaxerxes. ganTavisuflebuliodiSis taxtisaTvis umwvavesi brZola gaCaRda. taxtis erTaderTimemkvidre manuCari giorgi III gurielma (1664-1684) mokla,romelsac Tavad mounda am `vakansiis~ dakaveba. 1 am areulobiTisargebla zemoxsenebuli saustan SarvaSiZis Svilma sorexma (savarexma),laTin misionerTa relaciebis `sarek saraziam~ (SarrechSarrasia), 2 romelmac gailaSqra odiSSi da Tavi mTavrad gamoacxada,radgan kaTolike misioneris gaetano rasponis cnobiT, ìmasdaepyro iqauroba~. 3 sorexi sakmaod Zlieri da gavleniani piriyofila, ara marto sakuTriv afxazebsa Tu odiSarebSi, aramedCrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovreb alanebSic (Alani). rogorc kaTolikemisioneri rasponi romSi gagzavnil werilSi iuwyeboda,osebTan mimaval rasponisaTvis sorexs sakmaod didi amala gauyolebiada alanTa mTavars buslaysac (Buslak) is didi pativiTmiuRia, rogorc sorexis warmomadgeneli. 4b. xorava varaudobs, rom dedamisi odiSis samTavro saxlidaniyo da es aZlevda mas legitimur uflebas odiSis mTavristaxtze pretenzia ganecxadebina. 5 magram, misi mTavroba odiSar-TaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda. sabolood, sorexma Tavisi xelisuflebisganmtkiceba mxolod md. enguris marjvena sanapirozeSeZlo, danarCeni odiSis dadianoba, osmaleTis sulTnis xeldasmiT,1683w. axalcixeSi myofma levan III dadianis ukanono Svilma– levan IV-m – miiRo. 6 rogorc irkveva, sorex SarvaSiZemxangrZlivad ver SeZlo am teritoriebis floba da am mxares1 batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. gv. 844.2 m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris. namdvilissabuTebis SemotaniTa da ganmartebiT. XIII saukunidgan vidreXX saukunemde. tf., 1902, gv. 208. saustan da sorex SarvaSiZeebi moxseniebuliarian biWvinTis saxarebis erT-erTi minawerSi (xelnawerTaaRweriloba (koleqcia H), t. V. Sedgenili da dasabeWdad momzadebulial. mefariSvilis mier al. baramiZis redaqciiT. Tb., 1949,gv. 74; b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba. gv. 111-112; z. papasqiri.narkvevebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis.., gv. 102).3 m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, gv. 208.4 З. В. Анчабадзе. Мегрелия и Абхазия в XVII веке, gv. 143.5 b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba.., gv. 114.6 z. papasqiri. narkvevebi Tanamedrove.., gv. 103; b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis..,gv. 114.467

zegnay SarvaSiZe daeufla. 11689w. masTan zufus (lixnis) rezidenciaSi `Jamraodenme~stumrobda arCil Sahnavazis Ze, 2 romelsac `moegeba SarvaSiZe,istumra pativiT, viTarca mefe~. 3 rogorc Cans, afxazeTis mTavariukve aRiarebuli moTamaSea saqarTvelos politikuri `Wadrakisdafaze~ da wyaroebSi ukve arafers amboben mis vasalur damokidebulebazedadianis winaSe anu arCils ar miuTiTebia SarvaSiZisaTvis,damorCileboda odiSis mTavars. amitom, vfiqrobT,n. jiqia marTebulad aTariRebs afxazeTis samTavros mier odi-Sisagan de-iure damoukideblobis mopovebas XVIIs. 80-iani wlebiT.4 amave periodiT aTariRebda am movlenas afxazi istorikosiS. inal-ifac. 5swored am movlenebis fonze, XVIIs. miwurulisaTvis afxazeT-odiSissazRvrad mdinare enguri dadginda da afxazeTic TanamedrovesazRvrebSi gaformda. 6 kodor-enguris Sua-mdinareTismosaxleobas urTulesi mdgomareoba Seeqmna: `...mosaxleobis mniSvnelovaninawili ganadgurda – daiRupa, gaixizna, an monad gaiyida.daiwyo dacarielebuli teritoriis aTviseba afxazebis mier,romlebic Camodian kodoris gaRmidan... rac Seexeba ufro samxreTiT– RaliZgasa 7 da engurs Soris mdebare teritorias, misiistoria amgvarad warimarTa: es teritoria daipyres afxazebma~. 81 z. papasqiri. narkvevebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis.., gv. 102-103; b. xorava.odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba.., gv. 114.2 im periodSi igi imereTis taxtze morig asvlas cdilobda.3 batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, gv. 851; n.dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba. teqsti gamosca, winasityvaoba, gamokvleva,komentarebi, saZieblebi da leqsikoni daurTo S. burjana-Zem. Tb., 1962, gv. 166.4 n. jiqia. afxazeTis samTavros warmoqmnis sakiTxisaTvis, gv. 140.5 Ш. Д. Инал-ипа. Абхазы. Историко-этнографические очерки. Второе переработанное,дополненное издание. Сухуми, 1965, gv. 142.6 И. Г. Антелава. Очерки по истории Абхазии XVII-XVIII веков. Второе, исправленноеиздание. Сухуми, 1951, gv. 40-41; z. papasqiri. narkvevebi TanamedroveafxazeTis istoriuli warsulidan. nakv. I, gv. 103.7 Zveli qarTuli matianeebiseuli egriswyali (З. В. Анчабадзе. Из историисредневековой Абхазии.., gv. 7; d. musxeliSvili. saqarTvelos istoriuligeografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi. t. 1. Tb., 1977, gv. 112; v.zuxbaia. vaxuSti bagrationi da afxazeTi. Tb., 2000, gv. 11-12).8 g. anCabaZe. galis fenomeni. aq arc afxazia mteri da arc qarTveli._ wgn.: g. anCabaZe. qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobis sakiTxebi(statiebi, mimarTvebi, interviuebi). Tb., 2006, gv. 226.468

giorgi anCabaZe marTebulad afasebs viTarebas, roca aRniSnavs,rom moxda am teritoriis dapyroba (aq da sxvagan xazgasma Cvenia– k.k.) afxazTa mier. am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc Cans, is imeorebsda eTanxmeba zurab anCabaZiseul analogiur Sefasebas: «абхазскиефеодалы… в начале 80-х гг. XVII в. вторглись на территориюМегрельского княжества и захватили его северные районывплоть до р. Ингури». 1amasTan dakavSirebiT, ar SeiZleba gverdi avuaroT z. anCabaZiserT saeWvo daskvnas, romelsac imeorebs g. anCabaZec. 2 mxedvelobaSigvaqvs mecnieris mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb TiTqos Sarva-SiZeebi mudam cdilobdnen samxreT afxazeTze sakuTari mflobelobisaRdgenas (xazgasma Cvenia – k.k.). 3 z. anCabaZis es daskvnadamyarebuli iyo Tamar mefis anonimi mematianis erTi cnobaze.kerZod, iq CamoTvlil erisTavTa siaze. 4 am siaSi cxumis eris-Tav oTaRo SarvaSis-Zesa da odiSis erisTav bedians Soris moTavsebuliaamanelis-Ze. misi sagamgeblo regionze iq araferia naTqvami.k. kekeliZem miiCnia, rom erisTavis sagamgeblo teritoriaunda yofiliyo argveTi, 5 rac Semdeg s. yauxCiSvilmac gaiziara. 6amis safuZvelze z. anCabaZem CaTvala, rom Tamaris dros TanamedroveafxazeTis teritoriaze adgili unda hqonoda cvlilebebsqveynis teritoriul-administraciul dayofaSi, rac gamoixataafxazeTisa da cxumis saerisTavoebis teritoriebis gaer-TianebaSi cxumis saerisTavos farglebSi. es cvlileba ki Turmeganapiroba eTnikurma faqtorma, kerZod iman, rom orive saeris-Taos teritoriaze saxlobdnen eTnikurad erTgvarovani afxazuri(afsuuri) tomebi. 7magram Tamaris istorikosis qronikis Semdgomi teqstologiuriSeswavlis Sedegad karga xania Setanilia savsebiT dasabu-Tebuli koreqtivi ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTanis~ CvenT-1 З. В. Анчабадзе. Из истории средневековой Абхазии.., gv. 270.2 g. anCabaZe. galis fenomeni, gv. 2263 З. В. Анчабадзе. Из истории средневековой Абхазии.., gv. 237-238, 240-241.4 istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani – qarTlis cxovreba. teqstidadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier.t. II. Tb., 1959, gv. 33-34.5 istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani (cda teqstis aRdgenisa), akad.k. kekeliZis redaqciiTa da gamokvleviT. Tb., 1941, gv. 79.6 qarTlis cxovreba. t. II, gv. 34.7 З. В. Анчабадзе. Из истории средневековой Абхазии.., gv. 177-178.469

vis saintereso fragmentis k. kekeliZe – s. yauxCiSviliseul wakiTxvaSi,1 ris safuZvelzec gamoiricxa cxumisa da afxazeTissaerisTaoebis gaerTianeba ServaSiZeTa mesveurobiT. 2 am sakiTxzemsjelobisas ar SeiZleba yuradReba ar miiqcios erisTavTa siisvaxuSti batoniSviliseulma variantma: `daRaTo SarvaSisZe afxazTa;amunelisZe cxomisa; bedieli odiSisa~ (xazgasma Cvenia _k.k.). 3 savaraudoa, rom mas hqonda ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTanis~gadamwerTa mier daumaxinjebeli xelnaweri, sadac amanelis-ZissaerisTao aucileblad aRniSnuli iqneboda. wyaroebSimisi mouxseniebloba mxolod gadamwerTa mier daSvebuli SecdomiTTu aixsneba. aqve davamatebT imasac, rom cxum-afxazeTis gaerTianebassxva mematianeTa cnobebic gamoricxaven. kerZod, Jam-TaaRmwereli wers, rom laSa-giorgi `nadirobdis cxums da afxazeTs,da ganagnis saqmeni mandaurni~. 4 mkvlevarTa dakvirvebiT,es cnoba pirdapiri mowmobaa imisa, rom aRniSnuli saerisTaoTagaerTianebas adgili ar hqonia. 5administraciul-teritoriul cvlilebebs am mxareSi adgilimxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos mefis daviT rusudanis Zenarinis (1247-1293) gardacvalebis Semdgom periodSi unda hqonoda,roca mis memkvidres konstantines Zma miqaeli aujanyda:`da aqundaT dReTa maTTa maradis brZola-Sliloba da SfoTi daPdoma urTierTTa da iyo oPreba queynisa~. 6 amiT isargebles di-1 g. cqitiSvili. ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~-s erTi adgiliswakiTxvisaTvis. _ kreb. „saqarTvelo rusTavelis xanaSi“, Tb.,1966, gv. 222-227; il. anTelava. masalebi ìstoriani da azmaTa~ teqstisdadgenisa da interpretaciisaTvis. _ wgn.: il. anTelava. XI-XIVss. qarTuli saistorio wyaroebi, Tb., 1988, gv. 13-14. masve Se-taniliaqvs Sesabamisi konieqtura Tamaris istorikosis TxzulebisteqstSi, mis mierve ganxorcielebul `qarTlis cxovrebis~ gamocema-Si. ix.: qarTlis cxovreba /`Zveli qarTlis cxovreba~/. gamosacemadmoamzades, winasityvaoba da terminTa ganmarteba daurTes akademikosebmail. anTelavam da n. SoSiaSvilma. Tb., 1996, gv. 327.2 d. gogolaZe. àfxazTa~ saerisTavos, dRevandeli afxazeTis ZveleTnosTa vinaobisa da eTnosis mkvidrobis sakiTxi. Tb., 1995. gv. 12-14; m. baxtaZe. erisTavobis instituti saqarTveloSi. Tb., 2003, gv.245-247; З. Папаскири. Территория Абхазии в XI-XVвв. – kreb.: Разыскания поистории Абхазии/Грузия. gv. 179, SeniSv. 13.3 batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, gv. 172.4 JamTaaRmwereli. aswliani matiane, – wgn.: qarTlis cxovreba.., t.II. gv. 156.5 З. Папаскири. Территория Абхазии в XI-XVвв., gv. 185.6 batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, gv. 801.470

debulebma da `dadianma giorgim... miitaca saerisTo cxomisaca dadaipyra TBT sruliad odiSi anakofiamde. egreTve SarvaSiZem afxazeTi~1 da a. S. ramdenime wlis Semdeg giorgi V brwyinvalem,faqtobrivad, aRiara Seqmnili viTareba: `misca cxomis saerisTobediels, viTarca pirvel cxomisa iyo~. 2 amis safuZvelze z. papasqiriaskvnis, rom SarvaSiZis saganmgeblo teritorias cxumiar warmoadgenda. 3rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Tanamedrove afxazuri istoriografiis`mesveurebi~ CvenTvis saintereso teritorias mxolod afxazureTnosis sacxovrisad moiazreben. am Tvalsazriss anviTarebdaafxazuri separatizmis erT-erTi `TvalsaCino~ ideologii. voronovi (1941-1995), romelmac saxeli `gaiTqva~ qarTveli daafxazi xalxebis urTierTobebis istoriul monacemTa falsificirebiT.man 1992w. gamosca morigi `Sedevri~ saxelwodebiT «Абхазы– кто они?», 4 romelic erTi wlis (1993w.) Semdeg ucvleladSeitana wignSi «Белая книга Абхазии». 5 am 30-gverdianma broSuramimTaviTve gamoiwvia specialistTa damsaxurebuli kritika. 6i. voronoviseul `gakvalul~ gzas `Rirseulad~ mihyvebiano. bRaJba da s. lakoba, romelnic Tanamedrove qarTvelTa winaprebsarc ki moiazreben dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriaze. ufrometic, Zv. w. V saukunemde isini qarTvelur tomebs kolxeT-Sic ki ar xedaven da sacxovriss Tanamedrove TurqeTSi, md. yizil-irmakis(ist. _ halisi) midamoebSi `gviboZeben~. 7 ise, am epoqaSiqarTvelur tomTa, ganakuTrebiT mesxTa, gavrcelebis arealiserT-erT nawils marTlac warmoadgenda md. halisis mimdebaremidamoebi. 8 afxaz istorikosTa mtkicebiT, Tanamedrove das.1 batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, gv. 801.2 batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, gv. 258.3 З. Папаскири. Территория Абхазии в XI-XVвв. gv. 186-187.4 Ю. Н. Воронов. Абхазы – кто они? (экспресс-очерк). Гагры, 1992.5 Ю. Н. Воронов, П. В. Флоренский, Т. А. Шутова. Белая книга Абхазии. Документы,материалы, свидетельства. 1992-1993. М., 1993; wigni ganTavsebuliainternetSi: http://www.abhazia.com/book/?page=book&cat=wb_00; Y. N. Voronov.Abkhazians – Who are they? (An Express-Sketch), – http://www.circassianworld.com/Abkhazians.html6 amis Sesaxeb ix.: z. papasqiri. ùmecrobis farTi-furTi~, anu cnobilifalsifikatoris morigi gamoxdoma. _ wgn.: z. papasqiri. afxazeTisaqarTveloa, gv. 76-101.7 О. Х. Бгажба, С. З. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 61.8 ix.: М. Инадзе. Вопросы этнополитической истории древней Абхазии. – kreb.:Разыскания по истории Абхазии/Грузия. gv. 67.471

saqarTvelos mTeli teritoria (afxazeTis CaTvliT), Turme,mxolod afxazTa winaprebiTa (romelTa Soris avtorebi henioxebs,koraqsebsa da sxvebs asaxeleben) da berZeni kolonistebiTyofila dasaxlebuli. 1imisaTvis, rom gaverkvioT, Tu ra moxda sinamdvileSi –teritoriebis dapyroba Tu afxazebsa da qarTvelebs Soris èTnikurisazRvris~ aRdgena, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, mokled mimovixiloTTanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze arsebuli eTnikuriviTareba uZvelesi droidan XVII saukunemde.istoriografiaSi arsebuli werilobiTi da arqeologiuriwyaroebi dasaxelebul periodSi (da manamdec) aRniSnul teritoriazesakmaod Wrel eTnikur suraTs warmogvidgenen, romelic,rogorc fiqroben, jer kidev brinjaos epoqidan unda momdinareobdes,roca xdeboda paleokavkasiuri eTno-kulturuli erTobismoSla. 2 berZnul matianeebSi jer kidev elinistur periodSidafiqsirebuli tomebi – henioxebi, kolxebi, kolebi, koraqsebi,mosxebi – qarTveluri samyaros warmomadgenlebi arian, rac sa-Tanado werilobiTi, arqeologiuri, toponimikuri da lingvisturimonacemebiTa da kvlevebiT dasturdeba. Tanamedrove afxa-1 О. Х. Бгажба, С. З. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 61. amasTan dakavSirebiT,savsebiT samarTlianad SeniSnavs m. inaZe, afxazi da proafxazuradganwyobili mkvlevrebi yovelgvari safuZvlisa da arsebulmonacemTa saTanado wayroTmcodneobiTi analizis gareSe afxaze-Tis teritoriaze berZen-romael da bizantiel avtorTa mier dasaxelebultomebs afxazur-adiRur samyaros miakuTvneben (М. Инадзе.Вопросы этнополитической истории.., gv. 61). aqve davamatebT imasac, romafxazuri separatizmis zogierTi ideologi (mag., i. voronovi) kiiqamdisac midioda, rom afxazebs Cveni planetis yvela eris naTesavebadacxadebda (Ю. Н. Воронов. Абхазы – кто они?; Ю. Н. Воронов, П. В.Флоренский, Т. А. Шутова. Белая книга Абхазии..,); i. voronovis falsifikatorulinaRvawis kritika ix.: z. papasqiri. ùmecrobis farTifurTi~,anu cnobili falsifikatoris morigi gamoxdoma. _ wgn.: z.papasqiri. afxazeTi saqarTveloa. Tb., 1998, gv. 76-101; z. papasqiri.interfrontis lideris axali `gmirobani~, anu imis Sesaxeb Turogor gaakritika i. voronovma prof. m. lorTqifaniZis wigni àfxazebida afxazeTi~, _ wgn.: z. papasqiri. afxazeTi saqarTveloa,gv. 76-101; Э. В. Хоштария-Броссе. История и современность. Абхазская проблемав конфликтологическом аспекте. Тб., 1996, gv. 17, 23; Н. Ломоури. Подлинноелицо лжеученного и фашинствуюшего экстремиста, – gaz.: «Свободная Грузия»,№72(675), 5 maisi, 1994).2 О. М. Джапаридзе. К этнокультурной ситуации Северо-Западного Закавказья вэпоху камня и раннего металла. – Разыскания по истории Абхазии/Грузия, gv. 13.472

zeTis teritoriis zemoaRniSnuli eTnikuri suraTi ax.w. I saukuneSicvlilebas ganicdis. regionSi (Zveli welTaRricxvis miwurulidanmomdinare: kolxeTisa da pontos samefoebis gaqroba,mezobeli iberiis dasusteba, `miTridates omebi~ da romis imperiisSemosvla) ganviTarebulma rTulma samxedro-politikurmakataklizmebma `xel-fexi gauxsna mezobel mTielebs baris raionebzewarmatebuli SetevisaTvis~. 1 es procesi imdenad damangreveliyofila, rom wyaroebi (straboni, plinius ufrosi), sxvafaqtebTan erTad, biWvinTis gaZarcvasa da dioskuriis dacarielebasgvamcnoben. 2 Sedegad xdeba is, rom antikuri wyaroebi(plinius ufrosi da flavius ariane) aq ukve, Zvel anu adrevemobinadre tomebTan erTad, axlebsac – sanigebs, afsilebsa daabazgebs – afiqsireben.safiqrebelia, rom isini garkveul tomTa gaerTianebebs, e.w.`samefoebs~ warmoadgendnen 3 da maTi beladebi (`mefeebi~), rogorcamas ariane Tavis `periplusSi~ gvidasturebs, romis imperatorisadmidaqvemdebarebuli xelisuflebi iyvnen: iuliane afsilels`mefoba~ imperator traianesagan (98-117ww.) miuRia, xolorismag abazgiels ki – imperator adrianesagan (117-138ww.). 4 arianesam cnobas sityva-sityviT imeorebs Vs. anonimi istorikosiTavis traqtatSi `mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo~ (“PeriplusPonti Euxini”) 5 zogadad, qarTul istoriografiaSi miRebulia Se-1 g. meliqiSvili. istoriuli kolxeTis mosaxleoba ax. w. I saukuneebSi.lazTa samefos warmoqmna da ganmtkiceba, – saqarTvelos istoriisnarkvevebi. rva tomad. t. I. Tb., 1970, gv. 538; Г. А. Меликишвили.Население исторической Колхиды в первые века н. э. Возникновение и укреплениеЛазского царства, – Очерки истории Грузии. T. I, Тб., 1989, gv. 325.2 g. meliqiSvili. istoriuli kolxeTis mosaxleoba.., gv. 539; Г. А.Меликишвили. Население исторической Колхиды в первые века н. э., gv. 326.3 Г. Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии. Тб., 1959, gv. 375; g. meliqi-Svili. istoriuli.., gv. 539; Г. А. Меликишвили. Население.., gv. 335.4 iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. w. I. _ Txzulebani Tormettomad. t. I. Tb., 1979, gv. 213; saqarTvelos istoria. sakiTxavi wigni.Sedgenili akad. s. janaSiasa da akad. n. berZeniSvilis redaqciiTgamoqveynebuli saxelmZRvaneloebis mixedviT. Semdgenel-redaqtorig. meliqiSvili. gamocema II. Tb., 1990, gv. 48; g. meliqiSvili.istoriuli kolxeTis.., gv. 544; Г. А. Меликишвили. Население исторической..,gv. 332; Д. Мусхелишвили. Исторический статус.., gv. 121.5 anonimi V saukunisa. mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, – georgika.bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. t. II. teqstebiqarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo s. yauxCi-Svilma. meore Sevsebuli gamocema. Tb., 1965, gv. 8.473

xeduleba dasaxelebul tomTa gamoCena dRevandeli afxazeTisteritoriaze ax. w. I-II saukuneebSi, Tumca odnav gansxvavebulimosazrebas afiqsirebs profesori n. lomouri, romelic dasaSvebadmiiCnevs varauds imis Taobaze, rom sanig-afsil-abazgebi, SesaZloa,am teritoriaze manamdec saxlobdnen, Tumca, albaT, SedarebiTadreul wyaroebSi ar figurirebdnen, vinaidan `kolxi~da `kolxi-da~ aRniSnavda ara marto sakuTriv kolxebis eTnonims,aramed mas wyaroebSi sxvadasxva tomTa gaerTianebis (kavSiris)anu politikuri datvirTvac eniWeboda. 1 am tomebis gansaxlebisarealad RaliZga-kelasuris SuamdinareTi miiCneva, ker-Zod, flavius arianes cnobis mixedviT: sanigebi dioskuria-sebastopolisisra-ionidan Tanamedrove soWi-tuafses midamoebamdeiyvnen ganfenilni, 2 maT samxreTiT abazgebi da amaT Semdeg kidevufro samxreTiT – afSilebi. 3 Tumca qarTul istoriografiaSigarkveuli uTanxmoeba gansaxlebis konkretikasTan dakavSirebiT:g. meliqiSvili, s. janaSia da n. lomouri miiCneven, rom afsilebida abazgebi zRvispira zolSi iyvnen gansaxlebulni. 4 p. ingoroyvafiqrobs, rom afsilebi saxlobdnen md. kelasuris zemowelSi. 5 m. inaZec gamoricxavs maT mosaxleobas Savi zRvis sanapirozolSi da miiCnevs, rom afsilebi da abazgebi CrdiloeTkolxeTis mTiswina da mTian zolSi cxovrobdnen. 6 g. gasviansmiaCnia, rom flavius arianes dros afsilebi kelasuri-RaliZgasSuamdinareTSi cxovrobdnen. 7am mosazrebas kategoriulad ar iziarebs d. musxeliSvili,romelic cdilobs moaxdinos daazustos am tomebis gansaxlebislokalizacia. mecnieris varaudiT, afsilebi kelasuri-gumisTisSuamdinareTSi cxovrobdnen, xolo abazgebi ki – md. gumisTasada md. fsous Soris, anu ìs olqebi, romelSic maT vpoulobT1 n. lomouri. egrisis samefos istoria. gv. 16-17; Н. Ломоури. Абхазияв позднеантичную и раннесредневековую эпоху. gv. 94; Ш. Д. Инал-ипа. Вопросыэтно-культурной истории абхазов. Сухуми. 1976, gv. 202.2 Н. Ломоури. Абхазия в позднеантичную и раннесредневековую эпоху, gv. 95.3 g. meliqiSvili. istoriuli kolxeTis mosaxleoba.., gv. 540; Г. А.Меликишвили. Население исторической Колхиды в первые века н. э. gv. 326.4 Д. Мусхелишвили. Исторический статус Абхазии.., gv. 122.5 p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 135, 136.6 М. Инадзе. Вопросы этнополитической истории древней Абхазии, gv. 73, 79;b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba.., gv. 28.7 g. gasviani. afxazeTi. Zveli da axali afxazebi. Tb., 1998, gv. 143.474

V da VI saukuneebSi~. 1 amis mtkicebis safuZvels mas aZlevsplinius ufrosisa da flavius arianes naSromebSi arsebuli er-Tgvari uTanxmoeba sebastopolis kuTvnilebis Taobaze. kerZod,d. musxeliSvili aRniSnavs, rom pliniusi jer asaxlebs toms,Semdeg ki obieqts maT samosaxloSi. aqedan gamomdinare ki, avtoriafsilTa teritoriaze moiazrebs sebastopoliss. 2 magram,ariane naTlad aRniSnavs, rom sebastopolisi sanigTa miwaze mdebareobs.3 avtori miiCnevs, rom arianes SemTxvevaSi saqme undagvqondes an Tavad dasaxelebuli romaeli Cinosanis an am naSromisSemdgom gadamwerTa mxridan daSvebul SecdomasTan. 4 Tumca,sakuTriv pliniusic ki sebastopoliss afsilebsa da sanikebs(sanigebs) Soris aTavsebs. 5 amitom, bunebrivia, d. musxeliSvilismosazreba met dasabuTebas iTxovs.aRsaniSnavia, rom z. anCabaZe afsilTa gansaxlebis samxreTsazRvars md. RaliZgaze varaudobda. 6 afxazuri istoriografia(o. bRaJba, s. lakoba) afsilTa gansaxlebis areals kidev ufroàfarToebs~: «В I-IIвв. они заселяли значительную часть Колхиды ксеверу от Фасиса до Себастополиса». 7 bunebrivia, maT am mtkicebasar gaaCnia aranairi dadastureba saistorio wyaroebSi, Tumca,rogorc mTeli `saxelmZRvanelodan~ Cans, es maTTvis mTavari maincdamaincar unda yofiliyo. rac Seexeba abazgTa gansaxlebisareals I-II saukuneebSi, aq maT raimes Tqma uWirT da pirdapirukve VI saukuneze gadadian da acxadeben, rom isini cxovrobdnenmd. gumisTasa da antikuri wyaroebis md. abaskosis (romelsac1 Д. Мусхелишвили. Исторический статус Абхазии.., gv. 123.2 Д. Мусхелишвили. Исторический статус Абхазии.., gv. 121.3 flavius ariane. mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo. qarTuli Targmani,gamokvleva, komentarebi da ruka n. keWaRmaZisa. Tb., 1961, gv. 43;amasve imeorebs Cvens mier zemoT naxsenebi anonimi mematianec (anonimiV saukunisa. mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo gv. 8). Tumca ukvesaqarTveloSi murvan-yrus Semosevis droisaTvis (735w.) is ukve afsil-afSilTasamosaxlo teritoriaze mdebareobda: `qalaqi afSileTisacxumi~, gvamcnobs juanSeri (juanSer juanSeriani. cxovrebavaxtang gorgasalisa. – qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgeniliyvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. I. Tb.,1955, gv. 235).4 Д. Мусхелишвили. Исторический статус Абхазии.., gv. 123.5 Д. Мусхелишвили. Исторический статус Абхазии.., gv. 121.6 З. В. Анчабадзе. Из истории средневековой Абхазии.., gv. 7.7 О. Х. Бгажба, С. З. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 82.475

xaSupsesTan an bzifTan aigiveben) Soris. 1samecniero literaturaSi dResac grZeldeba kamaTi sanigebisada afsil/afSil-abazgebis eTnikuri identifikaciis Taobaze.mokled SevexoT am problemasac. qarTul istoriografiaSi (i.orbeli, n. mari, s. janaSia, iv. javaxiSvili, p. ingoroyva, g. meliqiSvili,b. gigineiSvili, m. inaZe, n. lomouri, T. mibCuani, g.gasviani, e. xoStaria-brose, z. papasqiri da sxv.) miRebulia Sexeduleba,rom sanigebi qarTveluri eTnikuri samyaros warmomadgenlebiarian. 2 amasTan, mkvlevarTa nawili sanigebs svanur tomebadmiiCnevs, meore nawili ki mxars uWers maT megrul-Wanur (zanur)warmomavlobas. 3 gansxvavebuli mosazrebaa afxazur istoriografiaSi(z. anCabaZe, S. inal-ifa, o. bRaJba da s. lakoba da sxv.),sadac sanigebi afxazur-adiRuri warmoSobis saZebis winaprebad arianmiCneulni. 4 Tumca am Sexedulebas aqvs erTi seriozuli xarvezi,romelzedac savsebiT marTebulad miuTiTa m. inaZem. èTnonim`sanigebis~ amdagvari ganmartebiT avtorebs mxedvelobidan rCebaT,rom specialur literaturasa da wyaroebSi saZebi zemoaRniSnulteritoriaze Cndebian mxolod gviani Sua saukuneebidan– XVIIs. (l. liulies cnobiT, 5 saZenebad iwodeboda afxaz-azeg-1 О. Х. Бгажба, С. З. Лакоба. История Абхазии, gv. 87.2 И. А. Орбели. Город близнецов.., gv. 200-208; Н. Я. Марр. К истории.., gv. 327;s. janaSia. Tubal-Tabali, tibareni, iberi, – Sromebi. t. III. Tb., 1959,gv. 11-15; p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 135; g. meliqiSvili. saqarTvelos,kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis uZvelesi mosaxleobissakiTxisaTvis. Tb., 1965, gv. 67; m. inaZe. Zveli afxazeTis eTnopolitikuriistoriis sakiTxebi. _ macne, istoriis... seria, #2,1992, gv. 46; М. П. Инадзе. Вопросы этнополитической истории.., gv. 69-70; n.lomouri. Zveli afxazeTis.., gv. 30-34; T. mibCuani. dasavleT saqar-Tvelos mTielTa eTnogenezis, gansaxlebisa da kulturis istoriidan.Tb., 1989, gv. 84-89; g. gasviani. narkvevebi.., gv. 200; Э. В. Хоштария-Броссе. История и современность.., gv. 49; z. papasqiri. narkvevebi TanamedroveafxazeTis istoriuli warsulidan. nakv. I. gv. 26.3 ix. Н. Ломоури. Абхазия в позднеантичную и раннесредневе-ковую эпоху, gv.95; z. papasqiri. narkvevebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis.., gv. 26.4 З. В. Анчабадзе. Очерк этнической истории абхазского народа, gv. 36; Ш. Д.Инал-ипа. Абхазы.., gv. 90; Г. К. Шамба. Древний Сухум. Поиски, находки, размышления.Сухум, 2005, gv. 92, 104, 129; О. Х. Бгажба, С. З. Лакоба. История Абхазии,gv. 91-93; am sakiTxSi maT mosazrebebs iziarebs xelovnebaTmcodnee. endolcevac (Е. Ендольцева. Дорога к храму, – Jurn.: Новый взгляд. Сухум,№1, 2008, gv. 50).5 Л. Я. Люлье. Общий взгляд на страны, занимаемые черкесами, абхазами и другимисмежными с ними народами, – wgn.: Записки Кавказского отдела Российскагогеографическаго общества. Тифлис, 1870, gv. 181.476

Ta erT-erT tomi, romelic md. xamiSidan gagramde cxovrobda). 1rac Seexeba afsil/afSil-abazgebis identifikaciis problemas,istoriografiaSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi sruliad ueWveladiyo aRiarebuli daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom afsil-afSilebida abazg-afxazebi Tanamedrove afxazTa winaprebi iyvnen. 2 TumcaXXs. 50-ian wlebSi iyo mcdeloba am sakiTxis reviziisa. ker-Zod, cnobilma mecnierma-filologma p. ingoroyvam Tavis naSrom-Si `giorgi merCule~ gamoTqva mosazreba zemodasaxelebuli tomebisqarTveluri warmoSobaze. 3 magram am Sexedulebam ver hpovadasayrdeni qarTul saistorio mecnierebaSi da mkvlevarTa didinawili, kvlav mxars uWers abazg-afsilTa afxazur-adiReuri warmomavlobas.samecniero dava am sakiTxis irgvliv amJamadac aqtiuradmimdinareobs.vinaidan aRniSnuli problematika gadis Cveni naSromis qronologiuriCarCoebidan da Cveni kvlevis mizansac ar warmoadgens,mis ganxilvas aq ar SevudgebiT. 4 Tumca ar SeiZleba gverdiavuaroT specialur literaturaSi am bolo dros gamoTqmulerT mosazrebas afsilebTan dakavSirebiT. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvsakad. d. musxeliSvilis daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom àfsua~ àfsilis~eqvivalenti araa da es ukanasknelni ara afxazur-adiRur,aramed – qarTvelur eTnukur samyaros unda mivakuTvnoT. 5 sxvaargumentebTan erTad am mosazrebis ganmtkicebas mecnieri cdilobswyaroebSi dafiqsirebuli toponimiT `zixaxoreos~-`jixaxora~,romelic afsilTa miwaze mdebareobda da romelSic `laz-Ta qveynnis WeSmaritad qristesmoyvare patrikiosisa da magistrosisgrigolis pirveli saxli~ mdebareobda. 6 g. meliqiSvilis1 М. Инадзе. Вопросы этнополитической истории древней Абхазии, gv. 71.2 z. papasqiri. narkvevebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis.., gv. 28.3 p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 118-189; aRniSnul mosazrebas iziareben,agreTve, k. okujava, v. zuxbaia (k. okujava. afxazeTi XVII saukuneSi,gv. 62; v. zuxbaia. vaxuSti bagrationi da afxazeTi, gv. 46-50).4 dainteresebul mkiTxvels SeuZlia mimarTos specialur literaturas:z. papasqiri. narkvevebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis istoriuliwarsulidan. nakv. I, gv. 28-29; b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis.., gv. 24-27.5 Д. Мусхелишвили. Исторический статус Абхазии в грузинской государственности,gv. 123-125; analogiuri mosazrebas afiqsirebs b. xoravac (b.xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba.., gv. 26).6 Teodosi gangreli. mogonebebidan, _ georgika. bizantieli mwerlebiscnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. berZnuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurTgamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo s. yauxCiSvilma. t.IV. nakv. I. Tb., 1940., gv. 50.477

samarTliani SeniSvniT, aRniSnuli toponimi axsnas hpovebs megrulenaSi, sadac `jixa~ – cixesimagrea, `xora~ – saxli. 1d. musxeliSvilis mosazrebiT, àfsili~ ar aris Sedgenilitermini, aramed igi martiv ganuyofel fuZes unda warmoadgendes,romelic gansazRvrul eTnoss, toms unda warmodgendes, rac er-TmniSvnelovnad unda mtkicdebodes ZvelqarTuli qoronimiT àf-SileTi~ (afSilTa qveyana), sadac èT~ geografiuli determinativia,analogiurad `rus-eT-i~ (rusTa qveyana). `Tuki afSils`meoradi warmoebis~ eTnikur saxelad CavTvliT, rogorc es, magaliTad,p. ingoroyvas hgonia `kaxelis~ mimarT (eTn. `kaxi~→geogr.`kaxeTi~→eTn. `kaxeli~), 2 maSin am SemTxvevaSic Sesabamisad undagvqonoda àfSeTi~ da ara àfSileTi~, rac ar dasturdeba iseve,rogorc ar dasturdeba àfsneli~ da àfsari~. 3vfiqrobT, eTnonimi àfSili~ namdvilad Sedgenili undaiyos, vinaidan qarTul enaSi gvaqvs, aseve, eTnonimi `megreli~,romelic egrisis mkvidrisagan (egrisi→egris-el-i→m-egris-eli→megr-el-i)aris warmoebuli. `megrelTa qveyana~ qarTul enaSi,gansxvavebiT, magaliTad igive kaxel-kaxeTisagan, `samegrelod~iwodeba: sa-m-egr-el-o. ese igi, am SemTxvevaSi, qoronimi `samegrelo~zustad eTnonim `megrelisagan~ aris aRwarmoebuli. Sesabamisad,àfsil~-àfSileTis~ SemTxvevaSi analogiur movlenas-Tan unda gvqondes saqme. Tumca sxva adgilas d. musxeliSviliaRiarebs àfs-ar~-àfs-ua~-àbazas~ identurobas. 41 Г. Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии, gv. 99; migvaCnia, rom marTaliaaRniSnuli toponimi aSkarad dasavlurqarTuli (megruli) warmoSobisaa,is mainc ar gamodgeba afsilTa qarTvelobis damada-sturebelargumentad.2 p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 139.3 d. musxeliSvili. afSilTa eTnikuri kuTvnilebis sakiTxisaTvis,– Jurn.: àrtanuji~, #10, gv. 21.4 Д. Мусхелишвили. Исторический статус Абхазии.., gv. 132; avtoris azriT,afxazTa TviTsaxelwodeba àfsua~ iSleba rogorc àfs+ua~, sadacùa~ – aris adamianis gamomxataveli fuZe (prefiqsad qceuli) (Д. Мусхелишвили.Исторический статус Абхазии.., gv. 123). anu, gamodis àfs-ua~identuria àfs~-adamianisa. Tumca, sruliad gaugebari xdeba, ratomar unda niSnavdes analogiurs àfsili~, maSin, roca igive warmomavlobisaRmniSvneli sufiqsiT (ìl~) sxva eTnomebi mravlad gvaqvsqarTul enaSi: kaxeli, raWveli, qarTleli da a. S. rac Seexeba àfsars~(àfsarTa eniTa~; istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, gv. 58;fsevdo-skilaqis /Zv.w. IVs./ mier dafiqsirebuli mdinare afsarosi).¬savaraudoa,rom es aris àfsilis~ megrul-zanuri forma (М.Инадзе. Вопросы этнополитической истории.., gv. 72), radgan, magaliTad,478

saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT dgindeba, rom qarTul-afxazurieTnikuri (romelic yovelTvis ar gulisxmobda politikuranu saxelmwifoebriv sazRvars) sazRvari, umTavresad, RaliZga-kelasurisSuamdinareTis teritoriaze `moZraobda~. ase magaliTad,leonti mrovelis cnobiT, farnavazis samefos teritoria mdinareegriswylamde vrceldeboda: `xolo egris wyals quemoT darCaberZenTa, rameTu mkBdrTa mis adgilisaTa ara inebes gandgomaberZenTa~. 1 amgvari viTareba rCeba vaxtang gorgaslis periodamde.III saukuneSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi Zlierdeba egris-lazikissamefo, romelic IVs. dasasrulisaTvis ierTebs afsilias,abazgiasa da sanigeTs. 2 Tumca, Vs. II naxevarSi vaxtang gorgasalisada bizantiis keisars Soris miRweuli SeTanxmebiT, sazRvamegrulSi`qarTleli~¬da `Tbiliseli~ gamoixateba formiT `qarTali~da, Sesabamisad, aq saqme unda gvqondes mxolod sufiqsebSi –àr~-àl~ – fonetikur cvlilebasTan. Tumca, d. musxeliSvilma iqveyuradReba miaqcia, agreTve, im garemoebasac, rom yubanisiqiTa abazinelTaenaSi, romlebic im mxareebSi Savi zRvis sanapiroebidanXIV_XVIss. gadasaxldnen (Л. И. Лавров. «Обезы» русских летописей. – СоветскаяЭтнография. №4, 1946, gv. 169-170; Д. Мусхелишвили. Историческийстатус Абхазии.., gv. 131) arsebobs ZvelqarTulidan nasesxebi sityvaàr~, rac `mxedrobas~ niSnavs (Д. Мусхелишвили. Исторический статус Абхазии..,gv. 131). afsil-abazgTa periodis (anu adreuli Sua saukuneebi)ZvelqarTul enaSi èri~ marTlac analogiuri mniSvnelobisa iyo(С. Джанашиа. Краткий исторический очерк, – Sromebi. t. VI. Tb., 1988, gv.359; Г. А. Меликишвили. Вопросы социально-экономического строя и государственногоустройства Картли в первых веках н. э., – Очерки истории Грузии. T. I,gv. 352). aqedan gamomdinarec ki, àfsari~ àfs~-uri warmoSobis adamians_ adamianebs unda niSnavdes. qarTul matianeSi dafiqsirebulies eTnonimi afxazTa satomo saxelad miaCnda s. janaSiasac da masafsil-afSilis identurad aRiarebda (s. janaSia. saenciklopediomasala, – Sromebi. t. VI. Tb., 1988, gv. 245). odnav frTxili damokidebulebaaqvs am sakiTxisadmi g. amiCbas, romelic wers: «Этноним «апсар»является вероятно, синонимом «апсуа» (самоназвание абхазов)» (Сообщениясредневековых грузинских письменных источников об Абхазии. Тексты собрал, перевелна русский язык, предисловием и комментарями снабдил Г. А. Амичба. Сухуми,1986, gv. 51, sqolio 7). zogadad, mainc qarTuli istoriografia(m. janaSvili, s. janaSia, z. anCabaZe, x. bRaJba, g. wulaia, z. papasqiri,T. gvancelaZe, m. inaZe da sxv.) aRiarebs àfsil~-àfsar~-àfsua~identurobas (dawvr. ix.: М. Инадзе. Вопросы этнополитической историидревней Абхазии. gv. 73, 76, 8; З. Папаскири. Территория Абхазии в XI-XVвв. gv. 185, 200..1 leonti mroveli. cxovreba qarTuelTa mefeTasa da pirvelTagan-Ta mamaTa da naTesavTa, – qarTlis cxovreba. t. I, gv. 24.2 n. lomouri. egrisis samefos politikuri mdgomareoba IV-V saukuneebSi,– saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t. II. gv. 161.479

i bizantiasa da qarTls Soris md. kelasurze daido: `da gamoikiTxakeisarman sazRvari saberZneTisa, queyana zRBs pirisa, romelars afxazeTi, da rqua esreT: ègris wyliTgan vidre mdinaremdemcirisa xazareTisa – ese sazRvaris ars saberZneTisa aleqsandrobiTgan,romeli aq Sen migiRia mklaviTa Cuengan. aw igi ukuemoguec, da odes wariyvanebde colsa Sensa, asulsa Cemsa, maSinmogce misgan queyana~. da dauwera egris wyalsa da klisuras Suaqueyana ziTvad, da sxua afxazeTi ukusca vaxtang berZenTa~. 1mkvlevarTa (p. ingoroyva, d. musxeliSvili) varaudiT, amamonaridSi naxsenebi `Sua qveyana~, romelic moicavs RaliZga-kelasurisSuamdinareTs, igivea, rac XVIIs. miwurulSi warmoqmniliafxazuri toponimi àbJua~, 2 romelic qarTulad swored`Sua sofels~ niSnavs. 3 d. musxeliSvilis mosazrebiT, am toponimiswarmoqmna swored vaxtang gorgaslis epoqaSi unda momxdariyo,xolo is, rom wyaroSi gvaqvs `queyana~ nacvlad `soflisa~,amis mizezs mkvlevari gviandeli xanis gadamweris an redaqtorisCasworebaSi xedavs. 4VII saukuneSi, vaxuStis cnobiT, sazRvarma isev egriswyalzegadainacvla: `xolo Semdgomad stefanoz bagrationis JamsamiuRo erekleos keisarman 5 kualad egrisis mdinaris iqiTi dadasues berZenTa erisTavi TBsi anakofias da uwodes afxazTaerisTavad, iyvnen aqa erisTavni cvlilebiTa~. 6 Tumca, am problemasTandakavSirebiT, odnav gansxvavebul cnobas vxvdebiT anonimisomexi geografosis TxzulebaSi: «Между Болгарами 7 и Понтийскимморем живут народы: Гарши, Куты и Сваны 8 до города Пити-1 juanSer juanSeriani. cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa.., gv. 177, 203-204, 205, 235, 242.2 n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 209; T. WiWinaZe. saqarTvelos istoriismasala. sigeli, – Jurn. `kvali~, #20, 1897 gv. 394; s. janaSia. giorgiSarvaSiZe. kulturul istoriuli narkvevi, – Sromebi. t. IV, gv. 44.3 p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 128; d. musxeliSvili. saqarTvelosistoriuli.., gv. 112.4 d. musxeliSvili. saqarTvelos istoriuli.., gv. 113.5 igulisxmeba bizantiis imperatori herakle I (610-641).6 batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, gv. 795.7 savaraudod, eseni arian Tanamedrove balyarelebi.8 z. anCabaZe, d. musxeliSvili, d. leTodiani anonimiseul `svanebs~sanigebTan aigiveben (З. В. Анчабадзе. Из истории средневековой Абхазии..,gv. 65; d. musxeliSvili. saqarTvelos istoriuli.., gv. 98-99; d. le-Todiani. afxazeTis, afSileTis da sanigeTis politikuri damokidebulebaegrisTan (lazikasTan) IV-VIIIss-Si. Tb., 1991, gv. 82).480

унта (Pitius) на морском берегу страны Авазов (Abasgi), где живутАпшилы и Абхазы до приморскаго своего города Севастополиса (Dioscurias),и далее до реки Дракона, ... отделяюшей Абхазию отстраны Егерь». 1dRemde davas iwvevs md. drakonis identifikaciis sakiTxi. z.anCabaZem igi md. kodorTan gaaigiva, Tumca ar moutania saamisoargumentebi da, rogorc Cans, daskvna am dasaxelebul hidronim-Tan msgavs bgerobriv JReradobaze aago. 2 d. musxeliSvilic am mosazrebasemxroba. 3 mkvlevari, am hidronimis lokalizaciisaTvisiSveliebs Teodosi gangrelis naSromSi dasaxelebul afSileTiscixes `skotori~, 4 romelic sadRac kodoris xeobaSi unda yofiliyo.5 vfiqrobT, rom am mosazrebas erTgvarad amagrebs Teodosigangrelis qarTul TargmanSi `skotoris~ naclad `kotoris~ xmareba:`...Seayenes cixesa afxazeTisasa, romelsa ewodebis kotori~ 6(xazgasma s. yauxCiSvilisaa – k.k.). rogorc Cans, mTargmnelmaerTgvarad Seaswora Teodosi gangrelis mier daSvebuli Secdomaadgilobrivi toponimis gadmocemisas. Tuki, drakons kodor-Tan gavaigivebT da gaviziarebT somexi anonimis am cnobasac, ma-Sin is aSkara winaaRmdegobaSi mova vaxuStisTan. am niuanss, Tavisdroze, yuradReba miaqcia d. leTodianma, romelic, Sesabamisad,Seecada es ori cnoba erTmaneTisaTvis miesadagebina. aqedangamomdinare, mkvlevris varaudiT md. drakonSi egriswyali undaivaraudebodes. 7marTalia, somexi anonimis geografiam, k. patkanovis daskvniT,Cvenmade Zalian damaxinjebuli saxiT moaRwia da saWiroaSemdgomi kvleva-Ziebis warmoeba am teqstis arqetipis aRsadgenad.8 magram, vfiqrobT, rom, am viTarebaSic ki, is unda asaxavdesqarTul-afxazuri sazRvris fiqsacias vaxuStiseul cnobasa dajuanSeris erT cnobas Soris arsebul periodSi. kerZod, aRwersra cnobili arabi sardlis murvan ibn-muhamedis (igive murvan-1 К. Патканов. Из новаго списка географии, приписываемой Моисею Хоренскому,– «Журнал Министерства Народнаго Просвещения». Март, 1883. СПб. gv. 29.2 З. В. Анчабадзе. Из истории средневековой Абхазии.., gv. 65.3 d. musxeliSvili. saqarTvelos istoriuli.., gv. 98-99, 119-120.4 Teodosi gangreli. mogonebebidan, gv. 42, SeniSv. 4.5 d. musxeliSvili. saqarTvelos istoriuli.., gv. 119.6 Teodosi gangreli. mogonebebidan, gv. 43, SeniSv. 4.7 d. leTodiani. afxazeTis, afSileTis.., gv. 15-16, 179, 182.8 К. Патканов. Из новаго списка географии.., gv. 23.31. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi481

yru) laSqrobas dasavleT saqarTveloSi, 1 is wers: `da viTarcaSevlo yruman klisura, romeli mas Jamsa iyo sazRvari saberZne-Tisasa da saqarTvelosa, da Semusra qalaqi afSileTisa cxumi,da moadga cixesa anakofisasa~ (xazgasma Cvenia – k.k.) 2 vaxuStiscnoba TariRdeba VIIs. I naxevriT (herakle keisris zeobis qronologiidangamomdinare), juanSerisa ki – VIIIs. 30-iani wlebisII naxevriT (murvan-yrus laSqroba saqarTveloSi). Tu Cveni mosazrebasworia, maSin, am periodSi (daaxl. 641-730ww.) adgilihqonia qarTul-afxazuri sazRvris garkveul cvlilebas kidevufro Crdilo-dasavleTi (egriswylidan kodorisaken) mimarTulebiT,Tumca es faqti ar asaxula qarTul matianeebSi. vfiqrobT,vaxuStiseuli egriswylidan juanSeriseul klisuramdesazRvris gadawevis logikaSi unda jdebodes Cveni mosazrebac.Tumca am varaudis saboloo dasadastureblad, aucilebelia,rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, anonimi somexi geografosis teqstisdazustebisaTvis Semdgomi kvlevis warmoeba.Semdgom saukuneebSi (afxazeTis saerisTao, àfxazTa” samefoda erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifo) qarTul-afxazuri eTnikurisazRvari isev egriswyalze fiqsirdeba (sazRvari cxomisa dabediis saerisTaoebs Soris). 3 es viTareba ZalaSi rCeba vidreXIIIs-is dasasrulamde, razec ukve visaubreT zemoT. qarTul-afxazurieTnikur-politikuri sazRvris axali revizia ukve XVIIs.damdegidan unda dawyebuliyo. XVIIs. I meoTxedisaTvis CrdiloeTkavkasiidan gadmosuli tomebisa da osmaleTis imperiis mxardaWeriTzurgmomagrebuli afxazeTis samTavro, romlis aRmosavleTisazRvari, vaxuStis cnobiT, anakofiasTan (amJamind. axali aToni)gadioda, 4 sargeblobs odiSSi ganviTarebuli SinaareulobiT daiwyebs permanentul da warmatebul eqspansias samxreT-aRmosavle-Tis mimarTulebiT – samegrelo-odiSis samTavros siRrmeSi. 5 am1 amis Sesaxeb ix.: z. papasqiri. dasavleT saqarTvelo-afxazeTis politikuriistoriidan. VIII saukunis I naxevari, – wgn.: z. papasqiri. afxazeTisaqarTveloa. Tb., 1998, gv. 111-114.2 juanSer juanSeriani. cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa, 235.3 batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, gv. 796.4 batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, gv. 776, 783; vaxuStisam cnobas n. dadianic imeorebs, Tumca mis dros (XIX s. I nax.)es ukve anaqronizmi iyo (n. dadiani. qarTvelT cxovreba, gv. 150, 151).5 z. papasqiri. zogi ram afxazeTis warsulze.., gv. 47; z. papasqiri.narkvevebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis istoriuli warsulidan. nakv. I,gv. 97; b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba.., gv. 75-76.482

procesis SeCereba, miuxedavad odiSarTa calkeuli samxedro dapolitikuri warmatebebisa, 1 faqtobrivad, SeuZlebelic xdeba. saqmesver uSvela levan II dadianis (1611-1657ww.) mier àfxazTagamousvlelobisaTvis~ 2 agebulma e.w. `kelasuris kedelmac~. sxvadasxvawyaroebis, pirvel rigSi ki, ucxoel avtorTa monacemebissafuZvelze SesaZlebeli xdeba regionis saerTo politikuri daeTnikuri viTarebis zogadi suraTis warmodgena.italieli misioneri jovani da luka afxazeT-samegrelossazRvars 1630w. md. aus 3 /abseze 4 afiqsirebda: `21 maisisas movediTZvel qalaq skisornumSi (Schissornum), saca mdinare ausihyofs afxazeTs samegrelosagan~. 5 aRniSnul dasaxlebul punqtsi. tabaRua q. soxumTan aigivebs. 6 Tumca, p. ingoroyvas mosazrebiT,aq saubari unda iyos anakofiaze, 7 rac saeWvod miiCnia n. berZeniSvilma.8 jovani da lukas cnobiT, drandis eklesia odiSis SemadgenlobaSia:wm. andrias saxelobis eklesia àxloa afxazebTan,romlebTanac qarTvelebs Zriel cota megobroba aqvsT~. 9 Tumca,1 z. papasqiri. zogi ram afxazeTis warsulze... gv. 14; don arqanjelolamberti. samegrelos aRwera. gamosacemad moamzada da winasityvaobadaurTo il. anTelavam. Tb., 1991, gv. 28.2 batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, gv. 782; amsafortifikacio nagebobis daniSnuleba rom afxazTa SemosevebisaganodiSis dacva iyo, amas ucxoeli avtorebic mowmoben: a. lamberti(don arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 152), J. Sardeni(Voyages du Chevalier Chardin..., gv. 149-150; Путешествие Шардена...,gv. 21; Jan Sardenis mogzauroba.., gv. 107); T. beraZe miiCnevs, rom1611-1615 wlebisTvis afxazeT-odiSis sazRvari md. kelasurze gadioda(Т. Берадзе. Этнополитические процессы на территории современной Абхазиив XV-XVIII вв, – kreb.: Разыскания по истории Абхазии/Грузия, gv. 208).3 asea m. TamaraSvilTan (m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa..,gv. 144; i. tabaRua. saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi/XIII-XXss pirveli meoTxedi/. t. III (1628-1633). Tb., 1987, gv. 157).4 b. xoravas mosazrebiT, saubaria md. besleTze da ara md. kodorze,rogorc amas i. tabaRua miiCnevs (b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis ur-TierToba.., gv. 94; i. tabaRua. saqarTvelo evropis.., gv. 160).5 m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa, gv. 144; i. tabaRua. saqarTveloevropis arqivebsa da wignTsacavebSi.., gv. 157;6 i. tabaRua. saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa.., gv. 157; am mosazrebasb. xoravac emxroba (b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba.., gv. 94).7 p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, gv. 134.8 n. berZeniSvili. masalebi saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiisaTvis,– wgn.: n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. meoregamocema. d. berZeniSvilis redaqciiT. Tb., 1990, gv. 618.9 m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa, gv. 149.483

am xalxebs Soris rom gamwvavebuli urTierToba iyo, man samegreloSimisvlamde ukve icoda. skisornumSi adgilobrivma Tavadma 1putom mas uTxra, rom àq axlos mezoblad qarTvelebi 2 arian,magram maTTan bevri urTierToba ara maqvso~. 3 samegrelos pirveldasaxlebul punqtad dominikaneli misioneri skurCas (Scourcia,Scorua) 4 asaxelebs, romelic md. kodorTan mdebareobs. rogorcCans, odiSarni sul ufro aRmosavleTiT ixevdnen momxdur afxaz-Ta Semotevebis gamo. Tumca, megruli mosaxleobis garkveuli raodenobisda, Sesabamisad, dasaxlebuli punqtis arseboba dranda-Sic unda vivaraudoT, radgan, rogorc vxedavT, jer kidev funqcionirebsadgilobrivi monasteri, romelic drandeli arqiepiskoposis(Driandelli) 5 sakaTedro taZaricaa. 6Semdgomi 20 wlis manZilze afxazeT-samegrelos sazRvari kidevufro aRmosavleTiT iwevs: 1639-1640ww. odiSSi myofma rusmaelCebma f. elCinma da p. zaxarievma drandis monasteric («Дандреанскаймонастырь») moinaxules (1640w. 6 Tebervals), 7 Tumca amperiodis osmalo avtoris qaTib Celebis rukaze sazRvari md. kelasurTanaadafiqsirebuli. 8 sul ramdenime weliwadSi sazRvarmaor samTavros Soris md. kodorze gadainacvla. 9 XVIIs. 50-iani1 ase aqvs m. TamaraSvils (m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa, gv. 145).2 marTalia, konteqstis mixedviT, aq sasuliero pirebzea saubari,magram, am SemTxvevaSi, amas principuli mniSvneloba ar aqvs.3 m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa, gv. 145.4 m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa, gv. 145.5 m. TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa, gv. 146.6 T. beraZe eWviT uyurebs italiel misionerTa am cnobebs, radgandrandis monasteri, am SemTxvevaSi, odiSis sazRvris gareT Cans (Т.Берадзе. Этнополитические процессы на территории современной Абхазии в XV-XVIII вв, gv. 210).7 Материалы по церковной и этнополитической истории Абхазии. ПосольствоФедота Елчина и Павла Захарьева в Мегрелию (1639-1640). Для издания подготовил,предисловием, комментариями и словарем снабдил Дж. Гамахария. Тб.,2005, gv. 269; j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba, gv. 197-198; b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba.., gv. 93.8 qaTib Celebis cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb. TurqulidanTargmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo g. alasaniam,Tb., 1978, gv. 56; j. gamaxaria. afxazeTi da marTlmadidebloba,gv. 197-198; b. xorava. odiS-afxazeTis urTierToba.., gv. 93.9 don arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera, gv. 11-12; rogorc m.mgalobliSvili SeniSnavs, a. lamberti odiSidan 1649w. gaemgzavra(Jan Sardenis mogzauroba.., gv. 15); imave periodis meore osmalo avtorievlia Celebi wers: mdinare faSa `pirdapir samxreTisaken mi-484

wlebis dasawyisisaTvis Camoyalibebuli statusqvo SedarebiTstabiluri aRmoCnda (saukunis miwurulamde). marTalia, afxazTapermanentuli Tavdasxmebi samegreloze mainc grZeldeboda, 1 magramsazRvris cvlilebas es ar iwvevda.yovelive zemoaRniSnulis Semdeg, vfiqrobT, sruliad aSkaraa,rom araviTari safuZveli araa gansakuTrebiT RaliZga-engurisSuamdinareTi afxazi eTnosis istoriul sacxovrisad miviCnioT.ase rom, z. anCabaZis mier sityvebis `dapyroba~-«захватить»2 gamoyeneba SarvaSiZeTa mier odiSis samTavros teritoriisnawilis _ Semdgomi samurzayanos teritoriis dakavebasTandakavSirebiT sruliad marTebulia.àfxazeT-saqarTvelos~ istoriuli sazRvris ybadaRebulTemis ganxilvis sakiTxSi am bolo dros kidev erTi afxazi istorikosi_ T. aCugba CaerTo. isic yovelnairad cdilobs `daamtkicos~,rom warsuli saukuneebis werilobiTi wyaroebis miedinebada samegrelosa da abazas qveynis Sua zRvas erTvis... mTlianadSavi zRvis Crdilo sanapiroze mdebare abazas qveynis dasawyisiamdinare faSa da sazRvris dasasrulia dasavleTiT ormocdaoridRis savalze kafas vilaieTis mflobelobaSi myofi tamanisnaxevrkunZulis axlos mdebare anapis cixis navsadguri~ (evlia Celebis`mogzaurobis wigni~. Turqulidan Targmna, komentarebi dagamokvleva daurTo g. fuTuriZem. nakv. I. Tb., 1971, gv. 96, 97). mkvlevarTa(g. anCabaZe. b. xorava) mosazrebiT md. faSaSi md. kodoriigulisxmeba (g. anCabaZe. evlia Celebis cnobebi afxazuri da abazuritomebis Sesaxeb. – saistorio krebuli, VI, Tb., 1976, gv. 77; b.xorava. odiS-afxazeTis.., gv. 92).1 Voyages du Chevalier Chardin.., gv. 336-337, 350-351; Путешествие Шардена..,gv. 104, 110-111; Jan Sardenis mogzauroba.., gv. 207, 215-216; afxazebimarto samegreloTi ar `kmayofildebodnen~: giorgi gurielma (sam-Tavros saTaveSia 1669 wlidan) `mosrna mekobred mosrulni afxaznigurias mravalgzis~ (batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa.., gv.840; З. В. Анчабадзе. Из истории средневековой Абхазии.., gv. 268-269; z.papasqiri. narkvevebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis istoriuli.., gv. 102).2 aRsaniSnavia, rom sityvebs: `dapyroba~-«захватить» qarTulsa da rusulenebSi erTi gageba aqvT: esaa sxvisi miwa-wylis ZalismierigziT mitaceba `dapyroba saxeli d a i p y r o b s zmnis moqmedebisa~(qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. erTtomeuli. arn.Ciqobavas redaqciiT. nakv. I, Tb., 1990, gv. 404), `daipyrobs ZaliT(omiT...) aiRebs, xelSi Caigdebs, daimorCilebs (qveyanas, xalxs)~ (qar-Tuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, gv. 378); «Захватить,… 2. кого-что.Силой овладеть кем-чем-н. 3. чужую территорию. 3. пленных» (С. И. Ожегов, Н.Ю. Шведова. Толковый словарь русского языка (Е-Л). Издательство «Азъ», 1992;ix. eleqtron. versia: http://lib.ru/DIC/OZHEGOW/ozhegow_e_l.txt).485

xedviT, èTnikuri sazRvari~ afxazeTis samxreT-aRmosavleTSimd. engurze gadioda. 1 Tumca, yvelaze ùZvelesi~ wyaro, romliswarmodgenac avtorma am Tezisis dasabuTebisaTvis warmoadgina1788 wliT TariRdeba. 2 erTi sityviT, miuxedavad am da sxvamsgavsi mcdelobebisa, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba vamtkicoT, romXVII saukunemde afxazur tomTa gansaxlebis ukiduresi aRmosavleTisazRvari md. RaliZgas ar gascdenia. sxvas rom Tavi davaneboT,amaze pirdapir unda miuTiTebdes sakuTriv dasaxelebulihidronimic (megrulad: Rele kidisa, mdinare sazRvrisa, mijniswyali), da rom swored RaliZga unda yofiliyo erTi periodimainc e.w. èTnikuri sazRvari~ afxazebsa da megrelebs Soris. 3amrigad, afxaz istorikosTa mier md. enguris gamocxadeba`saqarTvelo-afxazeTis istoriul sazRvrad~ mecnieruli TvalsazrisiTsruliad ususuria da elementarul kritikas ver uZlebs.mas mxolod propagandistuli daniSnuleba gaaCnia, romlismizani mxolod da mxolod separatistTa qmede-bebisaTvis istoriografiul-ideologiurisafuZvlebis Seqmna da gamarTlebaa.1 Т. А. Ачугба. О проблемах национального самосознания населения юго-восточнойАбхазии – http://www.abkhaziya.org/books/ samurzaqan/samurz2.html.2 Новый и Полный Географический Словарь Российскаго Государства, илиЛексикон. Ч. I (А-Ж). М., 1788. gv. 3.3 amasTan dakavSirebiT, ver gaviziarebT demografiis specialistism. gejuas mtkicebas, rom àfxazeTis mosaxleoba gvian Sua saukuneebamdeeTnikurad ZiriTadad erTgvarovani iyo. mis teritoriazeqarTveli tomebi cxovrobdnen. me-16, me-17 saukuneebidan afxazeTismosaxleobis raodenoba da eTnikuri Semadgenloba afsuebis CamosaxlebisSedegad sagrZnob cvlilebas ganicdis~ (m. gejua. afxaze-Tisa da afxazeTidan devnili mosaxleobis socialur-demografiuliproblemebi. disertacia ekonomikis mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecnieroxarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb., 1999, gv. 42). rogorc zemoTvnaxeT, wyaroebi namdvilad ar amtkiceben afxazeTis teritoriismonoeTnikurobas.486

KAKHA KVASHILAVAWHEN DID THE ENGURI RIVER BECOME ODISHI-ABKHAZIA’S FRONTIERThe separatively predisposed Abkhaz and Russian historians havebeen trying hard lately to convince their fellow-countrymen at all costs asif the Enguri River historically (“from time immemorial”) had been Abkhazia’sthe so-called Georgian “state frontier”. Relying on the appropriateoriginal sources and special scientific literature in the given article the uttergroundlessness of this assertion of the separatist historiographers’ is proved.It is noted that the declaration of the Enguri River as “a Georgia-Abkhazia’shistorical frontier” by the Abkhaz historians from the scientificpoint of view is utterly feeble and it has only a propagandistic purpose tocreate a historiographic – ideological foundation and a justification of theseparatists’ actions. Actually the Enguri River had never been a frontierbetween Abkhazia and the rest part of Georgia until the beginning of the18th century and the present political-administrative conjuncture was establishedonly at the edge of the 17th and 18th centuries.487

488soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008avTandil kilasonia`dakargva-gardaxvewa~ da ZveliqarTuli samarTali(XVIIIs.)XXs. 90-iani wlebidan damoukidebeli qarTuli saxelmwifobevri problemis winaSe dadga. ruseTis agresiulma zraxvebma,afxazeTis da samaCablos tragediam, mZime socialur-ekonomikurmamdgomareobam, devnilTa simravlem, qronikulma umuSevrobamaseul aTasobiT qarTveli aiZula qveynis gareT eZebna arsebobissaSualeba. zusti statistikis ararsebobis miuxedavad, aRiarebulia,rom saqarTvelo erT-erTi pirvelia sazRvargareT emigrirebulTa,ugzo-ukvlod dakargulTa da trefikingis msxverplTaraodenobiT. 1 msgavsi movlena ukve iyo Cveni qveynis warsulSi.Seqmnil viTarebaSi am warsulis Seswavlas mxolod SemecnebiTimniSvneloba ara aqvs, mas praqtikuli datvirTva aqvs.gvian Sua saukuneebSi erTiani qarTuli politikuri organizmisdaSlam, samefo-samTavroebs Soris arsebulma mtrobam daSinabrZolebma, iran-osmaleTis gabatonebam misi Tanmxlebi yvelanegatiuri movleniT, ganviTarebis normaluri kalapotidan amoagdoda sul sxva gziT warmarTa saqarTvelos Semdgomi bedi. 2XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi dasustebuli qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobaver uzrunvelyofda Tavis qveSevrdomTa usafrTxoebas, socialurwesrigs da kanonierebis saTanadod dacvas. am periodis qarTuliwyaroebis ubralo gadaxedvac sakmarisia, rom TvalSi gveces yvelazeniSandoblivi _ `gaqceva~, `gardaxvewa~, `dakargva~ da sxv.isini arsebiTad, erT did ubedurebas aRniSnaven. am ubedurebaskvebavda mtruli sagareo politikuri garemocva, feodalTa TviTneboba,ukiduresad mZime socialur-ekonomikuri niadagi.XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi mwarmoebeli mosaxleobis umowyaloeqsploataciis xanaa saqarTveloSi. winare xanasTan SedarebiT1 aSS saxelmwifo departamentis gancxadeba. _ ix. gaz. saqarTvelosrespublika~, 22.07.2001.2 iv. javaxiSvili. saqarTvelos istoria. XI-XIV ss. Tb., 1949, gv. 238.

yma glexis begara-gadasaxadebi 6-jer da metad gaizarda. 1 mebatoneTamier TviTneburad gazrdil gamosaRebebs daemata ucxoeldampyrobTa sasargeblod SemoRebuli `saTaTro~, `mali~, `sauri~,`sayaeno~ da misT. am droidan dairRva raodenobrivi Tanafardobagabatonebul da mSromel mosaxleobas Soris. ganuwyvetelomianobebs Seewira mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevari, upiratesadmwarmoebeli masa. Tavadaznauroba darCenilTagan cdilobdaSemcirebuli Semosavlis Sevsebas, rac autanels xdida glexisisedac mZime mdgomareobas. gausaZlisi iyo glexis cxovreba bolomouRebeliSinafeodaluri omebis gamoc. modave feodalebiarbevdnen da Zarcvavdnen erTmaneTis yma-mamulebs, tyveebad mihyavdaTmosaxleoba, romelic, viTarc òmSi naSoebi~, maTi `miudevari~sakuTreba xdeboda.mefis xelisufleba ver axerxebda kanonierebis dacvas, rasaclogikurad mosdevda socialur winaaRmdegobaTa gamwvaveba,`samarTalSi~ Civili da dava, magram am davaSi, rogorc wesi,Zlieri imarjvebda. glexi samarTals ver hpoulobda, radgan samarTali,iseve rogorc mTeli saxelmwifo aparati, ZlierTaxelSi iyo. mudmivma safrTxem, gausaZlisma eqsploataciam dausamarTlobam Seqmna mZime moralur-fsiqologiuri klimati, gaabatonauimedoba da sasowarkveTa. niadag SiSis, daZabulobisa daganukiTxaobis pirobebSi qveynis gareT gadakargva Tavis gadarCeniserTaderT saSualebad Canda. ùsamarTlobam gagvreka saqarTvelodam,ioramisa da beris ymoba ar SegviZlian~, weren gaqcevismizezad ymebi danduraSvilebi, 2 `dakargvis meti Rone ara maqvs~, 3Civis meore; `Tu Tqveni safarveli Cven ar dagvidga, Cven davikargebiT,4 moTqvams mesame; àrc mama yofila da arc papa imisiyma da nurc me damkargavT. Tqveni ymoba msurs da am usamarTlobatonymobisgan gamaTavisufle da Tu ara meSveleba ra, kurTxeulars RmerTi, sadidamac Cemi biZa-mama mosulan, mec iq waval.1 iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria, w. II, Tb., 1948, gv. 190.2 dokumentebi saqarTvelos socialuri urTierTobis istoriidan, II,n. berZeniSvilis redaqciiT. Tb., 1953 #110; g. akofaSvili. glexTaklasobrivi brZola. wignSi. _ saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t.IV. Tb. 1973, gv. 564.3 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. VIII. sasamarTlo arza-oqmebi dakerZo-samarTlebrivi aqtebi. teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada da SeniSvnebidaurTo i. doliZem. Tb., 1985, gv. 201-202.4 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. VIII, gv. 264.489

mravali qristiane aris usjuloSi tyveT, mec iq waval~, 1 imuqrebameoTxe.`dakargva~ Cveulebrivi movlena iyo ucxo mtris Semosevebisada mudmivi omianobis gamoc. àRamahmadxan rom movida daaviyareniT sxvac mravali davkarge da oTxi komlic mamaTqveniswyaloba~, 2 Civis erekle II-sTan erTi feodali. `dakargvis~ umniSvnelovanesiwyaro iyo mTielTa Camowola: afxazTa eqspansia,`lekianoba~ da òsianoba~. gaqceuli, deklasirebuli elementebiuerTdebodnen saqarTveloze momarTul ucxotomelebs da maTTanerTad sCadiodnen uamrav danaSauls. sakuTari Tanamemamuleebistaceba-datyvevebaSi ki momxvdurebs arafriT Camouvardebodnen.obieqturad maT xeli Seuwyves imierkavkasiis mTielTa saqarTvelosbarSi damkvidrebas. savsebiT marTali iyo akad. n. berZeniSvili,rodesac, magaliTad, aRmosavleT kaxeTSi, saingiloSi da-RestnelTa gabatonebas kaxeTSi batonymuri uRlis damZimebasada klasobrivi brZolis gamwvavebas ukavSirebda. 3 mTis Camowolisda mTielebTan qarTuli elementis agrerigad Serwyma-Seer-Tebis Sedegi iyo, garkveulwilad, awindeli afxazeTisa da ose-Tis warmoSobac.`dakargva~, `gardaxvewa – Sors gaqceva~, 4 Tu `gaxizvna~socialuri protestis formebi iyo da, Tumca iZulebiT, magrammainc nebelur nabijs warmoadgenda. aseTi qmedeba gabedul dafizikurad Tu sulierad Zlier individebs SeeZloT, magram umetesSemTxvevaSi maTi Tavganwirvis Sedegi datyveveba, monobaSiCavardna iyo. maSindel mZime kriminogenur viTarebasa da ganukiTxaobaSiadamianebze monadire kriminalebs, ase vTqvaT, uneburaduvardebodnen xelSi da ìkargebodnen~ adgilidan-adgilzegadanacvlebuli Tu yana-mindorSi momuSave adamianebi da isinictyveebis rigebs avsebdnen, `saqonlad~ iqceodnen da aRmosavle-Tis monaTa bazrebze daubrkoleblad gaedinebodnen.1 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, gv. t. VIIIgv. 266-267.2 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, gv. t. VIII gv. 498.3 n. berZeniSvili. XVIII saukunis saqarTvelos istoriidan. _ saqarTvelosistoriis sakiTxebi. t. II. Tb., 1965, gv. 187; m. qiqoZe. socialuriurTierTobis mowesrigebis cdebi. klasobrivi brZola XVIII s.pirvel meoTxedSi. _ saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, gv. 397.4 sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. I. avtografiuli nusxebismixedviT moamzada, gamokvleva da ganmartebaTa leqsikis sa-Zieblebi daurTo il. abulaZem. Tb., 1991, gv. 148.490

qarTulma istoriulma azrovnebam am danaSauls Sesatyvisitermini mouZebna _ `tyvis syidva~. 1 `tyvis syidvis~ Sedegad saukuneebismanZilze sazRvargareT gaedineboda da saqarTvelossamudamod ekargeboda misi mosaxleobis TiTqmis mTeli bunebrivinamati 2 . `dakargvis~ yvela formas SeZlebisdagvarad ebrZoda dauZlurebuliqarTuli saxelmwifo da samarTali. yvelaze reliefurades qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeTa saqmianobaSi aisaxa.XVIIIs. I meoTxedSi qarTlis mefe vaxtang VI Seecada moSlildamaxinjebulisocialuri urTierTobebis mowesrigebas, `batonymuririgis~ dacvas, romelsac ukanonobaTa gaxSirebiT sasikvdilosafrTxe Seqmnoda. miuxedavad imisa, rom CvenTvis sainteresorealiebi kanonmdebels calke ganyofilebad ara aqvs warmodgenili,maT gadawyvetas exeba vaxtangis samarTlis mTeli rigimuxlebi, romlebic gafantulia sxvadasxva adgilze. damaxinjebulbatonymur urTierTobebs awesrigebs 95-e, 142-e, 198-203-e,211-e, 214-216-e, 234-e, 258-262-e, 267-e, 269-e da sxva muxlebi.bunebrivia, rom vaxtang VI-is samarTali, upirveles yovlisa,feodalTa klasis interesebs icavs, Sesabamisad mkacria misiumTavresi postulati – dakarguli glexis Zebnis 6, 12 da 30wliani vada, magram mebatoneebs samarTlianobiskenac mouwodebs,ùdebis dadebas~ ukrZalavs, raTa usamarTlo mopyrobiT gaqcevadakargviskenar ubiZgon. samarTlis 201 muxliT, `Tu aqedam ayriliglexi sxva sabatonoSi wavida, iq eqvsi weliwadi dayos daisre xelmwife mouvida, Tu unda miscems xelmwife da Tu undaar miscems. xelmwifis gunebaze hkidia. es imitom davswereT, romenura kaci Tavis ymas Zalas nu daatans, Torem wava, eqvs weliwadssxvagan dahyofs, mova, xelmwifes eymoba da yma daekargeba. 3202-e muxliT, `Tu sabatios kacis Svilis yma sxvas sabatonoSidwavides, Tu ocdaaTi weliwadi iq dahyos da isre movidada sxvas kacs eymo, veRaras Seua, Tu naklebi dayo da isremovida, veravin Seecileba, isrev Tavis Zvel batons unda mieces.magram TrialeTze, qarTveli batonis (mefe – a.k.) saxasoSi,1 sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, tyve iyo `laSqarTagan wartacebuli,gina mZlavrebiT ayrili, gina moparviT gayiduli~. sulxan-sabaorbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. II. Tb., 1993, gv. 150.2 dawvr. ix. a. kilasonia, adamianebiT vaWroba saqarTvelo-kavkasiaSiXVI-XIX saukuneebSi. istoriul-samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi. Tb., 2006.3 samarTali vaxtang meeqvsisa. teqsti daadgina, gamokvleva da sa-Zieblebi daurTo i. doliZem, Tb., 1981. gv. 239.491

Tormeti wlis wasuli rom movides, aRar miscems~. 1xelisufleba cdilobda gaWirvebaSi Cavardnili kacisTvisxeli moemarTa da fexze daeyenebina. vaxtangis samarTlis 132-emuxliT, `Tu kaci gaRaribebuliyos da valis micema aRar SeeZlos,diaR dacemuliyos, Tavnzedac daikleba da cota aris, romSeuZlia, Tavni unda misces da sargebeli Caivlis~ 2 . valis gadavadebis,sargeblis miucemlobisa da SeRavaTis upirveles sapatiomizezad `dakargva~, `tyved yofna~ da `movalis gatexiloba~miiCneva. 133-e muxliT, `Tu kaci dakarguliyos da wvriliSvili hyvandes da coli, Tu aqvs rame, misis SeRavaTiT miscesda Tu ara, movalem im kacis mosvlamdis daacados~. 3zemoT damowmebul da kidev sxva muxlebSic kargad Cansvaxtangis samarTlis preventuli buneba CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxSi.im avbediTsa da safrTxian droSi erTeulebi Tu axerxebdnen`Sors gaqcevas~. mimZlavrebelTa umravlesoba TviT qveynisSigniT, saqarTvelos romelime sxva kuTxeSi ìkargeboda~,imata `xizan glexTa~ raodenobam, qarTlelebi kaxeTsa da oseb-Si eZebdnen TavSesafars, megrelebi – afxazeTSi da sxv. calkeulimebatoneebi sakuTari ZaliT ver axerxebdnen gaqceul ymaTaukan dabrunebas, amitomac 1707w. qarTlis centralurma xelisuflebamradikalur zomebs mimarTa _ `dakargulTa~ umravlesobaZaliT daabruna Zvel keraze. es RonisZieba `myrelobis~ saxeliTSevida istoriaSi. is sagangebo moxeleebma `myrelebma~aRasrules da masSi kaxeTis samefo karmac aqtiuri monawileobamiiRo. àxal mosul kacebs~ seriozuli SeRavaTebi dauweses –isini erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi yovelgvari begara-gadasaxadisa dagamosaRebisgan gaaTavisufles. 4XVIIIs. 20-iani wlebidan jer òsmalobam~, Semdeg `yizilba-Sobam~ axali biZgi misca gaqceva-gardaxvewas, xiznoba-boganobas.osmalur-yizilbaSuri gadasaxadebiT Seviwroebuli da mTielTaTareSebiT gawamebuli mosaxleoba iyreboda mSobliuri keridan.mag., TiTqmis daicala somxiT-sabaraTiano, rac saingilos Semdeg1 samarTali vaxtang meeqvsisa, gv. 240.2 samarTali vaxtang meeqvsisa, gv. 220.3 samarTali vaxtang meeqvsisa, gv. 220.4 dasturlamali. _ qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, II, gamosca i. doliZem,Tb., 1965, gv. 11; m. qiqoZe. socialuri urTierTobis mowesrigebiscdebi.., gv. 387.492

meore didi tragedia iyo. 1 qarTlidan gaqceuli glexebis umravlesobaamjeradac kaxeTs iyo Sexiznuli. Teimurazma da ereklemiranis karTan SeTanxmebiT gamosces kanoni, romlis ZaliTac `yizilbaSobis~dros kaxeTs gaxiznulebi TavianT batonebTan undadabrunebuliyvnen, 2 xolo òsmalobis~ dros gaqceul-dakargulebismimarT xandazmulobis principi iqna gamoyenebuli da maTi ayrada qarTlSi dabruneba savaldebulo ar iyo. es norma kargadCans erT-erT kerZo-samarTlebriv aqtSi, sadac vkiTxulobT: `xelmwifisada mefeebisgan samarTali da brZaneba ase iyo, rom osmalobaSikaxeTSi Casuli kaci rac rom xizani iyo, imisi daWera kiar iqneboda, unda Tavisis patronisTvis miecaT. esre iyo xelmwifisada mefeebisgan im dros es samarTali~. 3Teimurazisa da erekles xelisufleba aseve cdilobda `batonymuririgis~ dacvas, gaqceva-dakargvisa da msgavsi socialurimovlenebis prevencias da es saTanadod aisaxa im periodiskerZo-samarTlebriv aqtebSic _ àrzebsa~ da maTze darTul òqmebSi~.`SeRavaTiT moeqec da rigianad, rom aRar iCivlos, Sencgamogadges da Sens Svilsac~, 4 `Sens sargos aiRebde da usamarTlosnuras aiReb, nurc aras usamarTlos moindomeb~, 5 `Tu romTqveni mamulidan mkvidri kaci aiyara... icodeT, didad avad mogepyrobiTda gardagaxdevinebT~, 6 afrTxilebda erekle mkacr mebatoneebs.CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxis samarTlebrivi daregulirebisTvalsazrisiT metad sainteresoa erekle II-sa da anton I-issakanonmdeblo `ganweseba Sinamosul tyveTa ymobidan gaTavisuflebisSesaxeb~, gamocemuli 1765w. 23 aprils. am `ganwesebiT~ 71 m. dumbaZe. `batonymuri rigis~ dacva. brZola samefo Semosavlisgazrdisa da qveynis sameurneo ganviTarebisaTvis. _ saqarTvelosistoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, gv. 520.2 saqarTvelos saxelmwifo centraluri saistorio arqivi. (Semdgom:sscsa), f. 1450, davT. #4, sab. 261.3 sscsa, f. 1448, #361; sin., IV, gv. 5214 e. TayaiSvili. saqarTvelos siZveleni, II, gv. 4605 sscsa, f. 229, davT. 24, sab. 1096 n. berZeniSvili. XVIII saukunis saqarTvelos istoriidan, II, gv. 212.7 miRebuli TvalsazrisiT, `ganwesebisa~ da `ganCinebis~ cnebaTaqveS igulisxmeba xelisuflebis mier sanqcionirebuli norma annormaTa krebadoba, romelsac, yvela damaxasiaTebeli niSnis mixedviT,kanonis Zala aqvs (ix. m. kekelia. sasamarTlo organizacia daprocesi saqarTveloSi, ruseTTan SeerTebis win. wigni I. qarTlkaxeTissamefo. Tb., 1970, gv. 45.493

xelmZRvanelobdnen sasamarTloebSi tyveobidan dabrunebul ymebzedavis gamo ganaCenis gamotanisas: `Cven – mefe erekles, saqar-Tvelos kaTalikossa da darbaiselTa – es piroba dagvidviaRmrTis ficiTa, rom, romelic tyve movides, Zvel patrons xeliaRar aqvs, Tavis ufalia, visac unda, imas eymoba. amis wigni dagvidviada dagvimtkicebia~. 1 `tyviT mosulis~ Sesaxeb brZanebisgamocemis Semdeg sasamarTlo praqtikaSi mravlad vxvdebiT iseTsaCivrebsa da ganaCenebs, romlebic am samarTlebriv normas efuZneba,2 rac imaze metyvelebs, rom kanoni muSaobda da problemismogvarebas aqtiurad Sveloda.`dakargvisa~ da `datyvevebis~ prevenciis TvalsazrisiT mni-Svnelovani iyo erekles mier inicirebuli samxedro-samarTlebriviaqtebi da Sesabamisi institutebi: `mdevari~, `morige~, `yarauli~,`tyvisa da mparavT mZebneli~ da sxv., magram isini specifikurida rTuli Sinaarsisaa, amitom Cven maT sxva dros SevexebiT.1 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, IV, sasamarTlo ganCinebani (XVI-XVIIIss.). teqstebi gamosca da SeniSvnebi daurTo i. doliZem. Tb.,1972, gv. 513.2 dokumentebi saqarTvelos socialuri istoriidan, t. II. gv. 154; e.TayaiSvili. saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. III, tf., 1915. qarTuli samar-Tlis Zeglebi, t. IV, gv. 514, 577, 592 da sxv.494

AVTANDIL KILASONIA“THE LOSS AND BANISHMENT” AND THE OLD GEORGIANLAW IN THE 18 th CENTURYSince the 90-ies of the last century and due to the hard home and foreignpolitical and socio-economic conditions overseas emigrations (goingoff in search of a living) have grown catastrophically. It is a very painfulprocess: Georgia is recognized as one of the first in the Post-Soviet expanseby the number of the missing and trafficking victims. The similarevent took place in Georgia in the 16-18th centuries and the investigationof this past is without doubt of practical importance and value. The articletouches upon the reasons of the loss and banishment” in Georgia in theold times: the domination of Iran and Ottoman Turkey, the existinghostility between the principalities and the civic wars, strengthening of theservile exploitation, infringing the servile line to the detriment of thepeasants, etc. The main stress is laid on the state and legal steps of theEastern Georgia’s royal power to protect the social order, law and thesafety of the subjects. These measures were introduced for the purpose ofpreventing “running away and getting lost”. On the basis of analysis of therelevant judicial facts and the materials of the legal precedings it isconcluded that the law worked and the measures of the Government had apositive effect.495

496soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008beJan xoravaruseTis damkvidreba Savi zRvisCrdilo-aRmosavleT sanapirozeXIXs. 30-40-ian wlebSiXIXs. 30-ian wlebSi ruseTis winaSe mwvaved idga Savi zRvisCrdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiros dakavebis amocana. am mizniT Semu-Savda gegma, romelic iTvaliswinebda Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTsanapiroze mniSvnelovani punqtebis dakavebas, riTac mTielebsgare samyarosTan, pirvel rigSi, osmaleTTan da inglisTanurTierTobis saSualebas mouspobdnen. afxazeTis sanapiroze damkvidrebisa(1830w.) da webeldis eqspediciis (1837w. maisi) warmatebiTdasrulebis Semdeg, 1 kavkasiis korpusis mTavarsardalida kavkasiis mTavarmarTebeli gr. rozeni (1831-1837) imperatorismier damtkicebuli gegmis Sesabamisad adleris koncxis dasakavebladmzadebas Seudga. ganzraxuli iyo eqspediciis mowyobasaxmeleTo gziT, magram aRmoCnda, rom gza gagris qedis gavliTTiTqmis gauvali iyo, xolo mis mosawesrigeblad didi samuSaosCatareba iqneboda saWiro da, Sesabamisad, didi dro, Tumca maSinacjarisTvis rTuli gasavleli iqneboda. amitom mTavarsardalmaadleris koncxis dakaveba desantiT gadawyvita. 2webeldis eqspediciis paralelurad kavkasiis xazis ufrosma,general-leitenantma a. veliaminovma md. yubani gadalaxa, SafsuReTSiSeiWra da 24 maiss md. fSadas SesarTavi daikava. 6 ivniss,samebobas, aq safuZveli Caeyara simagres, romelsac novotroickoeewoda. 3 26 maiss korpusis Stabis ufrosma, general-1 dawvrilebiT ix. b. xorava. 1830 wlis afxazeTis eqspedicia. _ saistorioZiebani, VI. Tb., 2003, gv. 92-114; b. xorava. rusuli mmarTvelobisdamyareba webeldaSi 1837 wels. _ axalgazrda mecnierTa daaspirantTa IV sauniversitetTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis masalebi.Tb., 2006, gv. 198-207.2 Акты собранные Кавказской Археографической Комиссией. Под ред. Ад. Берже,т. VIII. Тифлис, 1881, №347, gv. 462-463.3 Н. М. Воспоминания о Кавказе 1837 года. – Библиотека для чтения , т. 80. СПБ.,1847, gv. 139.

maiorma v. volxovskim gr. rozens auwya, rom adleris koncxismidamoebis dasazverad da desantis gadasxmisTvis adgilis SesarCevadsoxum-yaledan brigi gagzavna. 1 29 maiss mTavarsardalmasamxedro ministrs, graf a. CerniSevs auwya Tavisi gadawyvetileba,adleris koncxi desantiT daekavebina. 23 ivniss soxumidan gavida eskadra jaris nawilebiT, romelsacuSualod gr. rozeni meTaurobda. 7 ivniss v. volxovskismeTaurobiT desanti adleris koncxze gadasxda da brZoliTdaikava. 8 ivniss aq safuZveli Caeyara sviatogo duxas simagres.imavdroulad mimdinareobda mimdebare tyis gawmenda mTielebisagan.3 am brZolaSi daiRupa cnobili mwerali, dekabristi aleqsandrebestuJev-marlinski, romelic gagris garnizonSi, SavizRvis saxazo me-10 batalionSi msaxurobda da v. volxovskisadiutantis movaleobas asrulebda. 4adleris eqspediciaSi imereTis, guriis, samegrelos da afxazeTismiliciac monawileobda, sul, 150-mde mebrZoli. 5 eqspediciismonawile dekabrist v. norovis cnobiT, adleris koncxisdakavebisas afxazebi `haerSi isrodnen... da male isini saxlSigaistumres,~ rogorc arasaimedoni. 6adleris koncxi Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapirozeda Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi tomebisaTvis Turqeb-Tan savaWro urTierTobis mniSvnelovan punqts warmoadgenda. samagrisasagebad SeirCa md. mzimTas SesarTavi, romelic generalmaiora. simborskis razmma daikava. gr. rozenis winadadebiT, adleriskoncxs didi mTavris, mefis Zis, konstantines saxeli ewoda.didi mTavari konstantine iyo grenaderTa qarTuli polkisSefi, romelic adleris koncxis dakavebaSi monawileobda. 7 adleriskoncxis axlo-maxlo mcxovreb mosaxleobasTan mosalaparakebladgr. rozenma ubixi hasan barsegi gaagzavna. mTavarsardaliubixebs ruseTis xelisuflebisTvis damorCilebas sTavazob-1 Материалы к истории, под ред. С. Эсадзе. – Кавказский сборник. т. XXXII, ч. 2.Тифлис, 1912, gv. 288-289.2 Материалы к истории, gv. 289-290.3 Материалы к истории, gv. 289-296; АКАК, т. VIII, №748, gv. 872.4 Материалы к истории, gv. 295; Гр. И. Филипсон. Воспоминания. М., 1885, gv.109; Г. А. Дзидзария. Декабристы в Абхазии. Сухуми, 1970, gv. 65.° °°°5 Материалы к истории, gv. 292.6 Г. А. Дзидзария. Декабристы в Абхазии, gv. 38.7 Материалы к истории, gv. 293-295.32. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi497

da. erTi Tvis Semdeg hasan barsegi dabrunda da Turqulad daweriliubixebis pasuxi moitana. mTielebi ruseTis sardlobas afr-Txilebdnen, rom maT miwa-wyalze gamoCenis SemTxvevaSi didi dapatara samSoblos dasacavad dadgeboda. 1 amasobaSi, ruseTis jarisnawilebi, romelsac generali a. simborski meTaurobda, gamalebiTmuSaobdnen simagris agebaze, Tumca maT ubixebi perioduladTavs esxmodnen. 16 ivniss gr. rozenma a. simborskis daavala:axlomdebare aulebis ganadgureba, Tu maTi mcxovreblebi morCilebasar gamoacxadebdnen; daeCqarebina sviatogo duxas simagrisageba, Semdeg Tavisi razmiT afxazeTSi gadasuliyo da soxum-yaledanbiWvinTamde gzis gayvanas Sedgomoda. afxazeTis sanapirozemokreisere eskadris meTaurs, I rangis kapitans, iurievs mi-TiTeba mieca a. simborskisTvis saWiro daxmareba gaewia. 2amrigad, erTi mxriv, gr. rozenis mier adleris koncxis, xolomeore mxriv, a. veliaminovis mier md. fSadas SesarTavis dakavebiT,saTave daedo imperatoris mier dasaxuli gegmis ganxorcielebas.am droidan, ruseTis sardlobam, kavkasiel mTielTa winaaRmdegefeqturi brZolis mizniT, meti yuradReba miaqcia SavizRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros mniSvnelovan punqtebSi simagreebisagebas da dapyrobil teritoriebze gzebis gayvanas. rogorc wesi,simagreebi da fortebi igeboda mdinareebis SesarTavTan, adgilobrivmkvidrTaTvis warTmeul teritoriaze. simagreebis agebiT rusebikavkasiel mTielebs uspobdnen garesamyarosTan, pirvel rig-Si, TurqeTTan da inglisTan urTierTobis saSualebas, amasTanrusebi mkvidrdebodnen Savi zRvis sanapiroze, ruseTis flotsSav zRvaze batonobisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebi eqmneboda. 34 ivliss a. CerniSevma gr. rozens auwya, rom imperatorssurda, kavkasiis korpusis sardloba miRweuliT ar dakmayofilebuliyoda adleris Semdeg daekavebinaT moxerxebuli punqtimis CrdiloeTiT; amasTan, daerwmunebinaT mTielebi, rom winaaRmdegobisgaweva ruseTis jaris nawilebisTvis SeuZlebeli iyoda nebayoflobiT damorCilebodnen. mTielebis winaaRmdeg Zalis1 К. Кудрявцев. Сборник материалов по истории Абхазии. Сухум, 1922, gv. 177.2 Материалы к истории, gv. 296-298, 302-305, 313-314.3 Военно-статистическое обозрение Российской империи, т. XVI, ч. 10, Восточныйберег Черного моря. СПБ, 1853, gv. 32; С. К. Бушуев. Из истории внешнеполитическихотношений в период присоединения Кавказа к России (20-70-е годыXIX в.). М., 1955, gv. 39.498

gamoyeneba, maTi sacxovreblebis, jogebisa da maragebis ganadgurebaerT-erTi damxmare saSualeba unda yofiliyo miznis misaRwevad,Tumca imperators surda, rom Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTsanapiros dakavebisas aseTi zomebisTvis rac SeiZlebanaklebad, mxolod ukiduresi aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi miemar-TaT. imperators surda, rom mTielebis winaaRmdeg yoveli moqmedebiswin maTTvis morCilebis gamocxadebis winadadebiT miemarTaT.1 am miwerilobis miRebis Semdeg, 24 ivliss gr. rozenmaa. simborskis ubrZana, daeCqarebina sviatogo duxas simagris agebada am procesSi mTielTa aulebis ganadgurebisagan Tavi Seekavebina;simagris agebis Semdeg ki md. soCis maxloblad meorepunqtis dakavebisaTvis samzadiss Sedgomoda, radgan am adgilidanmTielebs ucxoelebTan intensiuri urTierToba hqondaT. aqunda aegoT simagre 200 meomrisTvis. 21837w. ivlisis dasawyisSi a. veliaminovma daamTavra novotroickoesxis simagris ageba da samxreTisaken gadawyvita gzisgagrZeleba, xolo simagris dasacavad mcire razmi datova. 13ivliss a. veliaminovma md. vulanis SesarTavi daikava da safuZveliCauyara mixeilis simagres _ mixailovskoes. 3 eqspediciasmcire Setakebebi hqonda mTielebTan, Tumca isini ruseTis regularuljaris nawilebs saTanado winaaRmdegobas ver uwevdnen.mravalricxovan adiRur tomebs Soris mudmivi qiSpi da mtrobaarsebobda, ris gamoc isini rusebis winaaRmdeg didi Zalis gamoyvanasver axerxebdnen, maTi mcire jgufebi ki marcxdebodnen.amasTan, mTielebi, sanam cocxlebi iyvnen, tyved ar nebdebodnen,xolo daRupulTa gvamebi brZolis velidan gahqondaT. Tu mTielTagvamebi rusebis xelSi aRmoCndeboda, brZolis Semdeg maTiwarmomadgenlebi sanacvlod rus tyveebs an ramdenime sul pirutyvssTavazobdnen. 4 seqtemberSi a. veliaminovis eqspedicia gelenjikSidabrunda, iqidan ki yubanis marjvena napirze _ dislokaciismudmiv adgilze gadavida. 5 aqtiurad mimdinareobda afxazeTidanSavi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiro punqtebis1 Материалы к истории, gv. 300-301..2 Материалы к истории, gv. 305-306.3 Н. М. Воспоминание.., gv. 2-10; А. Юров. Три года на Кавказе. 1837-1839. –Кавказский сборник, т. VIII. Тифлис, 1884, gv. 144-147.4 Н. М. Воспоминание.., gv. 67-68.5 Н. М. Воспоминание.., gv. 13-22; А. Юров. Три года на Кавказе, gv. 149.499

dakavebisaTvis mzadeba. am mizniT, imperatoris brZanebiT, Semodgomaze,gagris garnizoni ori aseuliT, xolo biWvinTisa dadrandis garnizonebi TiTo aseuliT Semcirda. 11837w. 26 seqtembers adleris koncxis reidze dadga gemi`CrdiloeTis varskvlavi~, romelzec imperatori nikoloz I(1825-1855) imyofeboda. zRvis Zlieri Relvis gamo, imperatormanapirze gadmosvla ver moaxerxa. 2 oqtomberSi nikoloz I TbilisSiCamovida. igi ukmayofilo darCa Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTsanapiroze ruseTis armiis miRwevebiT da baron rozenismmarTvelobiT, ris gamoc igi gadaayena. 1837w. 30 noembers calkekavkasiis korpusis mTavarsardlad da kavkasiis samoqalaqoadministraciis mmarTvelad, mTavarmarTeblad, infanteriis generalievgeni golovini (1837-1842) dainiSna.e. golovinis SefasebiT, 1838 wlisTvis Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTsanapiroze mdgomareoba aseTi iyo: ,,предстоялодовершение береговой линии и откритие нового, более надёжногосообщения берега с низовьями Кубани и черноморьем~. 3 rac SeexebaafxazeTs, e. golovinis dakvirvebiT àfxazeTi warmoadgendapartiebs Soris Sinagan uTanxmoebaTa asparezs. mTavars, romelicndobiT da pativiscemiT ar sargeblobda, xalxSi TiTqmis aravi-Tari wona ar hqonda. amitom misi Rirseba da ufleba am provinciismorCilebis garants sulac ar warmoadgenda~. 4 mTavarmar-Teblis azriT, saWiro iyo afxazeTis mTavrisadmi daxmareba misixelisuflebisa da gavlenis ganmtkicebis mizniT. 5 amis Semdeg, kavkasiisaxalma rusulma administraciam kursi aiRo mixeil Sarva-SiZis xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisaken, rasac am mxareSi ruseTismflobelobis ganmtkiceba unda mohyoloda.Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze sanavsadguro punqtebisdasakaveblad gansazRvrulma jaris nawilebma 1838w. gazafxulzesoxum-yalesa da tamanSi moiyares Tavi. 11 aprils afxazeTisrazmi general a. simborskis meTaurobiT soxum-yaledangavida xomaldebiT da 13 aprils mTielTa sastiki winaaRmdegobismiuxedavad ubixeTSi md. soCis SesarTavi desantiT daikava.1 Материалы к истории, gv. 309.2 Материалы к истории, gv. 310-311.3 Записка Головина. – АКАК, т. IX, ч. I. Тифлис, 1884, gv. 280.4 Записка Головина, gv. 280.5 Записка Головина, gv. 281.500

eqspediciis warmateba mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba sadesanto eskadrismeTauris, kontr-admiral artiuxovis da mokreisere xomaldebiseskadris meTauris, kontr-admiral staniukoviCis daxmarebam.21 aprils a. simborski md. soCis SesarTavTan, maRlobze, ubixebisyofili aulis adgilas simagris agebas Seudga. radgan simagresdedoflis _ aleqsandra Tevdores asulis dabadebis dRes CaeyarasafuZveli, a. simborskis winadadebiT mas aleqsandria ewoda. 1tamanSi Sekrebili razmi general n. n. raevskis meTaurobiT12 maiss md. tuafses SesarTavSi gadmosxda da simagris agebasSeudga, romelsac 1838w. 27 marts gardacvlili kakasiis xazisufrosis, general-leitenant a. veliaminovis pativsacemad veliaminovskiewoda. simagris agebis Semdeg, razmi kvlav gemebSi Casxdada 10 ivliss yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe md. SafsuxosSesarTavi daikava. ruseTis jaris nawilebi aqac simagrisagebas Seudgnen. 22 agvistos simagris ageba dasrulda da masTenginis polkis pativsacemad Tenginskoe ewoda. 21838w. zafxulSi Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis daTvalierebame. golovini daarwmuna, rom sujukis yure md. cemesis Sesar-TavSi, usafrTxo da yovelmxriv daxurul reids warmoadgenda.imperatorma brZaneba gasca aq aegoT simagre, samxedro navsadgurida saadmiralo Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze mokreisereeskadrisaTvis. 12 seqtembers Savi zRvis flotis sardalma, admiralmam. lazarevma desantiT daikava md. cemesis SesarTavi, sadacsafuZveli Caeyara novorosiiskis simagres. 3 1839w. ganzraxuliiyo Savi zRvis sanapiroze simagreebiT daekavebinaT md. Saxesda md. fsezuapes SesarTavebi; cemessa da anapas Soris, md.meskagze simagris ageba da novorosiiskis simagris mSeneblobisdasruleba. 4Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze mcxovrebi tomebicdilobdnen xeli SeeSalaT ruseTis damkvidrebisaTvis ammxareSi da Suri eZiaT afxazeTis mTavarze, romelic daumor-1 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, №393, gv. 453-456; Записка Головина, gv. 282; А. Юров. Тригода на Кавказе, gv. 167-171.2 Записка Головина, gv. 272; Гр. Филипсон. Воспоминания, gv. 153-154,169; А.Юров. Три года на Кавказе, gv. 179-184, 192-196.3 Записка Головина, gv. 282; Гр. Филипсон. Воспоминания, gv. 170; А. Юров.Три года на Кавказе, gv. 197-198.4 Гр. Филипсон. Воспоминания, gv. 170.501

Cilebeli mTielebis SemomtkicebaSi ruseTis xelisuflebas diddaxmarebas uwevda. 1839w. martis dasawyisSi, md. mzimTas xeoba-Si, jiqebis aul artkuajSi aznaur kerentux barzegis meTaurobiT2 aTasamde jiqi da ubixi Seikriba. isini qveiTad SeiWrnenafxazeTSi, RamiT gverdi uares bomboris simagres, Tavs daesxnensof. aWandaras lixnidan 5 versze, gaZarcves da gadawves igi.sanam mTavari mdevars agrovebda, mTielebma 63 tyve gaitaces, pirutyvigairekes da samSvidobos gavidnen. 1 am faqtma gaamwvava afxazebisurTierToba mezobel jiqebTan da ubixebTan. 2 afxazeTismTavari imedovnebda, rom jiqebze da ubixebze SurisZiebaSi xelisuflebamas saTanado daxmarebas gauwevda.1839w. aprilSi, Savi zRvis sanapiro yvela simagre md. yubanisSesarTavidan md. Coloqamde, agreTve afxazeTi da webeldaiq ganlagebul jarebTan erTad, imperatoris brZanebiT, SavizRvis sanapiro xazis sistemaSi Sevida, romlis ufrosad general-leitenantin. n. raevski dainiSna. sanapiro xazi or ganyofilebadgaiyo: 1. md. yubanis SesarTavidan md. soCis SesarTavamde(aleqsandriis forti); II. md. soCis SesarTavidan md. ColoqisSesarTavamde (wm. nikolozis saguSago, SekveTili). I ganyofilebisufrosad dainiSna kontr-admirali l. m. serebriakovi; IIganyofilebis ufrosad _ general-maiori m. m. olSevski. sanapiroxazis II ganyofilebis ufrosi imavdroulad afxazeTSi ganlagebulijarebis sardlis movaleobas asrulebda. Savi zRvis sanapiroxazis ufrosis rezidencia novorosiiskSi iyo. aqve iyo Iganyofilebis ufrosis adgilsamyofeli, xolo II ganyofilebisufrosis _ soxum-yaleSi. amasTan, soxum-yaleSi dainiSna portiskapitani da mokreisere eskadrisTvis sazRvao proviziis saTadarigomaRazia Seiqmna. n. raevski I ganyofilebis mxriv kavkasiisxazisa da SavizRvispireTis jarebis sardals, II ganyofilebismxriv ki _ uSualod e.golovins daeqvemdebara. 3 mogvianebiT, n.raevskim dasva sakiTxi, rom ubixebis miwa-wyali, romlis nawiliI ganyofilebaSi, xolo nawili II ganyofilebaSi iyo moqceuli,1 Архив Раевских, т. III, издание П. М. Раевскаго. Редакция и примечания Б. Л.Модзалевскаго. СПБ., 1910, gv. 95-96.2 Архив Раевских, т.III, gv. 96.3 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #404, gv. 461; Гр. Филипсон. Воспоминания, gv. 184; М.Ф. Федоров. Походные записки на Кавказе с 1835 по 1842 год. – Кавказский сборник,т. III, Тифлис, 1879, gv. 167-168.502

mTlianad II ganyofilebas mikuTvneboda da I da II ganyofilebasSoris sazRvrad md. subaSi dawesebuliyo. e. golovinmac a. CerniSevissaxelze aRZra Suamdgomloba n. raevskis moTxovnis dakmayofilebisTaobaze, rac dadebiTad gadawyda. 1amrigad, afxazeTi Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis II ganyofilebaSimoeqca. ruseTis sardloba afxazeTis mTavris xelisuflebasar zRudavda. igi aRiarebda, rom mxolod mTavris xelisuflebismeSveobiT SeiZleboda `saimedo zemoqmedeba mTel afxazeTze~,amitom cdilobda is ganemtkicebina, raTa misi meSveobiTemarTa qveyana. 2 TviT n. raevskic Tbilad iyo ganwyobili mixeilSarvaSiZis mimarT da misi xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas yovelmxrivxels uwyobda.aprilis bolos, e. golovinis nebarTviT mixeil SarvaSiZemjiqeTSi kargad organizebuli eqspedicia moawyo. masSi bzifisafxazeTis saxalxo laSqarTan erTad rusebic monawileobdnen.samxedro eqspedicia, romelSic 7 galera da samxedro navi monawileobda,adleris koncxs miadga, sadac pirqaris gamo 2 dRedarCa. aq eqspedicias kidev erTi samxedro navi Seemata. 25-dan26 aprilis RamiT, mixeil SarvaSiZem sviatogo duxasa da aleqsandriisforts Soris desanti gadmosxa. ès moulodneli RamisTavdasxma, _ aRniSnavda Semdeg e. golovini, _ SarvaSiZisgonivruli gankargulebebis wyalobiT didi warmatebiT ganxorcielda.afxazebma gadawves napiridan 5 versze mdebare ori auli,wamoasxes tyveebi da alafi wamoiRes~. Cerqezebi mixvdnen,rom Tavdamsxmelebi zRviT unda mosuliyvnen da desantis gadmosxmisadgilisaken gaemarTnen, magram sarezervo razmis srolamda samxedro navebis qvemexebis cecxlma isini ukuaqcia. Cerqezebiramdenjerme daesxnen Tavs alafiT datvirTul afxazTarazms, magram maT es Semotevebi moigeries, galerebSi Casxdnenda 26 aprilis diliT sviatogo duxas simagreSi dabrundnen.imavdroulad, CerqezTa yuradRebis gadatanis mizniT, mTavrismier saxmeleTo gziT gagzavnili askaciani razmi 28 aprils isedabrunda afxazeTSi, rom jiqebTan Setakeba ar hqonia. 3eqspediciis warmatebiT gaxarebulma mixeil SarvaSiZem e. go-1 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #405, gv. 461.2 m. dumbaZe. dasavleT saqarTvelo XIXs. pirvel naxevarSi. Tb., 1957,gv. 274.3 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #207, gv. 179.503

lovins sTxova kvlavac daerTo msgavsi aqciebis mowyobis neba damxolod samxedro xomaldebiT daxmareboda. 1 e. golovini Tvlida,rom afxazebis aseTi moqmedeba urCi mTielebis winaaRmdeg did saxsrebsar moiTxovda da arc danakargebi mohqonda ruseTis xelisuflebisTvis,sargebloba ki didi iyo. aseT aqciebs mTielTa dasaSinebladda dasasusteblad didi mniSvneloba hqonda. afxazeTiki nawilobriv daculi iyo Tavdasxmebisgan, amitom general n. n.raevskis miswera, neba daerTo afxazeTis mTavrisTvis moewyo msgavsiaqciebi da amisTvis samxedro navebiT daxmareboda. 2Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis sardloba sanapiro punqtebis dakavebasda simagreebis agebas kvlav agrZelebda. 1839w. 3 maiss,n. raevskim mTielTa sastiki winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad desantiTdaikava md. subaSis SesarTavi da simagris agebas Seudga, rac ivnisSidasrulda. mas e. golovinis pativsacemad forti golovinskiewoda. ivlisis dasawyisSi n. raevskim desantiT daikavamd. fsezuapes SesarTavi da simagre aago. mas admiral m. lazarevispativsacemad forti lazarevi ewoda. amis Semdeg n. raevskisrazmi anapaSi dabrunda da seqtemberSi, anapasa da novorosiisksSoris, md. meskagze fortis agebas Seudga, romelsac mis pativsacemadraevski ewoda. imavdroulad, simagres md.soCaze aleqsandriisnacvlad navaginski ewoda, radgan Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTsanapiroze, gelenjikidan 18 versze, aleqsandriis saxelwodebiTkidev erTi simagre arsebobda. imave wels novorosiiskissimagris agebac dasrulda. 3mTielebi yovelnairad xels uSlidnen maT miwa-wyalze rusulisimagreebis agebas. 1839 w. 28 seqtembers, gamTeniisas, isiniSturmiT SeiWrnen navaginskis simagreSi, magram garnizonmaSeZlo Setevis mogerieba da momxdurni simagris kedlebidan gadayara.29 da 30 seqtembers Cerqezebi kvlav Seecadnen simagreSiSeWras, didi ZalebiT alyaSi moaqcies is da garnizons srolaautexes, Tumca cixesimagris damcvelebma es Setevac moigeries. 4Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze kvlav aqtiurob-1 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #207, gv. 179.2 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #207, gv. 179-180.3 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #409, gv. 463; Записка Головина, gv. 285; Гр. Филипсон.Воспоминания, gv. 184; А. Юров. Три года на Кавказе. – Кавказский сборник, т.IX, Тифлис, 1885, gv. 116-128, 129-132, 134.4 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #408, gv. 463.504

dnen kontrabandistebi. m. olSevskis cnobiT, oqtombris dasawyisSimixeil SarvaSiZem gaigo, rom konstantines koncxis (adleri)maxloblad idga Turquli kanjo, romliTac TiTqos TurqeT-Si unda wasuliyo ingliseli agenti jeims beli, romelic didixnis ganmavlobaSi CerqezebTan cxovrobda. afxazeTis mTavarma kanjosxelSi Casagdebad 4 galeriT praporSiki marRania gaagzavna.magram aRmoCnda, rom kanjo ramdenime versis manZilze iyo mdinareSiSeyvanili da usafrTxo adgilas idga didi aulis maxloblad,sadac misi Skiperi da mgzavrebi cxovrobdnen. amitom mar-Raniam kanjos xelSi Cagdeba ver moaxerxa. 11839w. Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis ageba dasrulda. yvela mniSvnelovaniadgili Savi zRvis Cardilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze, romelicxelsayreli iyo kontrabanduli xomaldebis misadgomad,simagreebiT iqna dakavebuli. Tumca es simagreebi mokle droSiagebis, garnizonis simcirisa da sxva mravali problemis gamo,sulac ar iyo mrisxane da auRebeli. klimaturma avadmyofobebma1839w. Semodgomaze da 1840w. zamTarSi, garnizonis Seucvlelobam,gazafxulisTvis ise daasusta Savi zRvis sanapiro simagreebi,rom fortebis ufrosebs ar ZaluZdaT araTu daesrulebinaT dar-Cenili samuSaoebi, aramed Tovlisa da wvimisagan dazianebuli Zelebisgamocvlac ki, radgan sakmarisi garnizoni ar hyavdaT. 21840w. dasawyisSi jiqebma, ubixebma da SafsuRebma Savi zRvisCrdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze gaaqtiures moqmedeba ruseTis jarebiswinaaRmdeg. dasavleT kavkasiaSi antirusul ganwyobilebas inglisisagentebic aRvivebdnen, romlebic kavkasiel mTielebs `nislianialbionis~ mfarvelobas hpirdebodnen. inglisi cdilobdaruseTis pozicebis Sesustebas kavkasiaSi da, sabolood, am mxarisruseTisagan mowyvetas. 3 kavkasieli mTielebisaTvis cnobiliiyo, rom Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis simagreebi saTanadod ar iyodaculi, mcirericxovani iyo simagreTa garnizoni, jariskacebsmravali problema hqondaT, maT Soris, SeiaraRebis mxriv da sxv.amasTan, ramdenime wlis mousavlianobam Cerqezul tomebSi Sim-Siloba gamoiwvia, aman mTielebi sayovelTao ajanyebisaTvis ganawyo.maT iaraRiT xelSi sikvdili arCies SimSiliT mtanjvel1 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #407, gv. 462.2 Записка Головина, gv. 289.3 Н. А. Смирнов. Политика России на Кавказе в XVI-XIX веках. М., 1958, gv. 197.505

sikvdils da radgan icodnen Savi zRvis sanapiro simagreebismZime mdgomareoba, maTi aReba da iq arsebuli sursaTis maragisdaufleba gadawyvites. 11840w. 7 Tebervals mTielTa didma razmma alya Semoartyalazarevis forts da miuxedavad garnizonis medgari winaaRmdegobisa,daeufla mas. amiT gamxnevebulma mTielebma 29 TebervalsieriSi miitanes veliaminovskoeze da aseve aiRes; 23 marts alyaSemoartyes mixailovskoes da mZime brZolis Semdeg simagreSiSeiWrnen, magram rusma jariskacma arxip osipovma denTis sardafscecxli waukida da simagre, mis damcvelebTan da iq SemoWrilmTielebTan erTad, aafeTqa; 2 aprils mTielebi nikolaevskisfortsac daeuflnen. Semdeg, sxva simagreebzec miitanes ieriSi,Tumca uSedegod. 26 maiss maT abinis simagres Seuties, magramsastiki marcxi iwvnies da gaifantnen. amis Semdeg, raime mniSvnelovaniRonisZiebebisTvis maT ar miumarTavT. 2dasavleT kavkasiis mTielTa gaaqtiurebasTan erTad, 1840w.gazafxulze, martSi, Samilic gaaqtiurda. kavkasiis xazisa da SavizRvispireTisjarebis sardali, general-adiutanti p. grabe 30marts graf a. CerniSevs auwyebda, rom kavkasiis korpusis mTavarsardalsar SeeZlo raime mniSvnelovani damxmare Zalis gamogzavna,miTumetes, rom mRelvareba iyo daRestanSi, mRelvareba mosalodneliiyo afxazeTSic, sadac general-maior m. olSevskiscnobiT simSvide ar iyo, amdenad, viTareba amierkavkasiis sruladgaSiSvlebis saSualebas ar iZleoda, 3 magram, male, mdgomareobaSedarebiT gamosworda.1840w. maisis dasawyisSi n. raevskim tamansa da feodosiaSiori razmi Sekriba. erTma 10 maiss md. tuafses SesarTavi, xolomeorem 22 maiss md. fsezuapes SesarTavi daikava. male, veliaminovskoesada lazarevis dangreuli simagreebi yovelgvari winaaRmdegobisgareSe aRadgines. 4 imavdroulad, 1840w. maisis dasawyisSi,mixeil SarvaSiZis mcdelobiT, jiqebis canTa Temis Ta-1 Записка Головина, gv. 289; М. Ф. Федоров. Походные записки.., gv. 185-187;А. Юров. 1840, 1841 и 1842 годы на Кавказе. – Кавказский сборник, т. Х, Тифлис,1886, gv. 229-240.2 Записка Головина, gv. 289; М.Ф. Федоров. Походные записки.., gv. 185-187; А.Юров. 1840, 1841 и 1842 годы на Кавказе, gv. 229-246.3 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #225, gv. 250.4 Записка Головина, gv. 292.506

vadebi _ omar, beslan da islam canbebi ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSiSevidnen da imperatoris erTgulebis fici dades. canbebi md. xo-Sufseze, candrifSSi cxovrobdnen da 150-mde koml glexs flobdnen.miuxedavad imisa, rom canbebis mTeli sagvareulo ar SesularuseTis qveSevrdomobaSi, da vinc imperatoris erTgulebisfici dado, bevrni ar iyvnen, rogorc e. golovini fiqrobda, maTmagaliTs SeeZlo sxva jiq Tavadebze gavlena moexdina. 1 e. goloviniscnobiT, mixeil SarvaSiZe Zalas ar iSurebda jiqebisruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sesayvanad, ris Sedegadac gagris simagreda mTeli afxazeTi maTi Tavdasxmebisagan daculi iqneboda. 2general gr. filipsonis cnobiT, mixeil SarvaSiZe da kac marRaniasami Tve awarmoebdnen jiqebTan molaparakebebs, rac saboloodwarmatebiT dasrulda. 3 jiqeTSi boqaulad afxazeTis mTavrisZma _ aleqsandre dainiSna, romelic Semdeg solomon zvanbamSecvala. 4canbebis damorCileba imiTac iyo mniSvnelovani, rom es sworedmaSin moxda, roca Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapirozemcxovrebi tomebi ruseTis simagreebs kvlav emuqrebodnen. 5Savi zRvis sanapiro xazze mdgomareobis SedarebiT gamosworebismiuxedavad, simSvide ar iyo afxazeTis mTis TemebSi _ webeldasada dalSi, sadac mRelvareba 1840w. ivnisSi ruseTis xelisuflebiswinaaRmdeg ajanyebaSi gadaizarda. ajanyebas SabaT marSaniameTaurobda, romelmac dali-webeldidan rusebis gandevna gadawyvita.ajanyebul dals webeldac SeuerTda. ivnisis meore naxevarSi,mixeil SarvaSiZis meTaurobiT webeldasa da dalSi damsjelieqspedicia moewyo, romelmac es mTis Temebi winaaRmdegobisgareSe daimorCila. 6 male, kvlav daiwyo mRelvareba dalSi.webelda-dalis damorCilebis Semdeg, fsxus gavlenianma TavadmafSemayom ruseTis xelisuflebas morCileba gamoucxada misqveSevrdom aznaurebTan da glexebTan _ sul, 100 komli, _ er-1 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, №389, gv. 448.2 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, №389, gv. 448.3 Гр. Филипсон. Воспоминания, gv. 213-214.4 Г. А. Дзидзария. Присоединение Абхазии к России. – Труды, I. Сухуми, 1988,gv. 63.5 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, №389, gv. 448.6 b. xorava. webelda-dalis ajanyeba. _ kreb.: svaneTi _ qarTuli kulturissavane. Tb., 2008, gv. 72-79.507

Tad, rac fsxus mosaxleobis mesameds Seadgenda. 1 e. golovinisamxedro ministrs auwyebda, rom kavkasiis mmarTvelobaSi misimosvlis dRidan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda fsxus damorCilebas,Tumca sxvadasxva garemoebaTa gamo es yovelTvis gadaido.misi azriT, am mTiani Temis damorCileba, romelic erTimxriv _ webeldasa da afxazeTs, xolo meore mxriv, mTis Cerqezultomebs esazRvreboda, imiT iyo mniSvnelovani, rom webeldisdamorCilebis Semdeg es iyo erTaderTi Temi, romelic gagrisqeds aqeT ruseTis xelisuflebas ar emorCileboda, Riadeweoda adamianebiT vaWrobas, mezobeli mxareebidan yaCaRebsa dasxvadasxva juris damnaSaveebs TavSesafars aZlevda. marTalia,misi azriT, fSemayos damorCileba ar niSnavda mTeli fsxus damorCilebas,magram ramdenadme uzrunvelyofda afxazeTs mTiel-Ta Tavdasxmebisagan, romlebic fsuxs gavliT iWrebodnen. fSemayover aukrZalavda maT SemoWras, magram droze Seatyobinebdasardlobas mTielTa moZraobis Sesaxeb, rac maT mogeriebas gaaadvilebda.amasTan, e. golovinis azriT, albaT, fSemayos magali-Ti dadebiTad imoqmedebda sxva fsxuel Tavadebze, romlebic er-Ti gvaris warmomadgenlebi iyvnen da, amas, garkveulwilad, xelsSeuwyobda afxazeTis mTavaric, romelic Seecdeboda isini ruse-Tis xelisuflebisadmi damorCilebis sikeTeSi daerwmunebina. 21840w. oqtomberSi Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis reorganizaciaganxorcielda. samxedro ministris 11 seqtembris brZanebiTsami ganyofileba Camoyalibda: I. yubanis SesarTavidan gelenjikamde;II. gelenjikidan navaginskamde; III. navaginskidan wm. nikolozissaguSagomde (SekveTili). am ukanasknelSi Sedioda: navaginskis,golovinskis, adleris, gagris, biWvinTis, bomboris,soxum-yales simagreebi; mrambis, drandis, kvitoulis, ilorissaguSagoebi; anakliis, redut-yales, foTis, ozurgeTis simagreebida wm. nikolozis saguSago. 3 III ganyofilebis ufrosi valdebuliiyo ,,afxazeTze politikuri meTvalyureoba gaewia~. aucileblobisSemTxvevaSi mas iaraRis gamoyenebis uflebac hqonda. 4Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis reorganizaciis Semdeg, I ganyofi-1 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #389, gv. 448.2 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #389, gv. 448-449.3 Военно-статистическое обозрение.., gv. 36-37; И. Барсуков. Граф НиколайНиколаевич Муравьев-Амурский, кн. I, М., 1891, gv. 80.4 М. Ф. Федоров. Походные.., gv. 191; Г. А. Дзидзария. Присоединение.., gv. 50.508

lebis ufrosad dainiSna kontr-admirali l. m. serebriakovi; IIganyofilebis ufrosad _ general-maiori a. k. opermani; III ganyofilebisufrosad _ polkovniki n. n. muraviovi. 1Semodgomaze ruseTis sardloba eqspediciis mowyobas gegmavdaSavi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze, navaginskidanubixebis miwa-wyalze. mogvianebiT, n. raevskis winadadebiT gegmaSeicvala da gadawyda eqspediciis mowyoba jiqeTSi, gagridansviatogo duxas simagremde. xelisuflebis azriT, am eqspediciasmTielebisTvis unda eCvenebina, rom ruseTis sardlobisTvis àvazakTabunagebi~ yvelgan xelmisawvdomi iyo 2 sxvanairad fiqrobdan. muraviovi. misi azriT, jiqebisa da ubixebis dasamorCilebladsaWiro iyo fsxus damorCileba, rac ahWifsxus damorCilebasacgamoiwvevda. aseT SemTxvevaSi, ruseTis jaris nawilebi, rogorcsanapirodan, ise mTidan, ubixebs Seutevdnen, romlebsac dasayrdeniar eyolebodaT mTaSi, da advilad daimorCilebdnen. saWiroiyo aseve gzebis gayvana: gagridan md. mzimTisaken da, sasapalnegzisa fsxusa da ahWifsxuSi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ubixebisaulebis aoxreba mniSvnelovan Sedegs ar moitanda. 31840w. dekember _ 1841w. ianvarSi damsjeli eqspedicia IIIganyofilebis ufrosis movaleobis Semsruleblis, polkovnik n.muraviovis meTaurobiT, cecxliTa da maxviliT SeiWra dalSi daes mTis Temi daimorCila. meamboxe marSaniebi fsxuSi, Semdeg kiahWifsxuSi gadavidnen. n. muraviovis brZanebiT, dalSi mcxovrebi500-mde ojaxi ayares da webeldasa da afxazeTSi Camoasaxles. 41841w. ianvarSi, Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis ufrosma, general-leitenantman. raevskim, romelic kavkasieli mTielebisadmiliberaluri damokidebulebiT gamoirCeoda, gadadgoma iTxova, racmartSi dakmayofilda. sanapiro xazis ufrosad general-maiori i.anrepi dainiSna, 5 romelsac general-letenantis Cinic eboZa. mogvianebiT,1841w. 28 Tebervlis werilSi a. CerniSevisadmi, n. raevskikavkasiis dapyrobas espanelebis mier amerikis dapyrobasadarebda. misi azriT, saWiro iyo ara mTielebis ganadgureba,aramed maTTan savaWro urTierTobebis damyareba da am gziT maTi1 М. Ф. Федоров. Походные записки.., gv. 191.2 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #429, gv. 494, 191.3 И. Барсуков. Муравьев-Амурский, кн. I, gv. 78-79.4 scssa, f. 416, aRw. 4, s. 12, furc. 14-15; Записка Головина, gv. 292.5 И. Барсуков. Муравьев-Амурский, кн. I, gv. 91.509

daaxloeba. TviTon n. raevski mTielebTan aseTi urTierTobis damyarebasyovelmxriv uwyobda xels. maTTan vaWrobis mniSvnelovanicentri Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze anapa iyo. cixe-simagriskomendanti, polkovniki fon-brinki mTielebTan mSvidobianisavaWro urTierTobebis ganviTarebas aqtiurad uwyobda xels. rusebTanvaWrobdnen naTxvajebi da jiqebi, sxva tomebi ki am ukanasknelTaganiZendnen savaWro saqonels. n. raevski Tvlida, rom sxvatomebi albaT male darwmundebodnen rusebTan savaWro urTier-Tobis sikeTeSi. am kursis aqtiuri mowinaaRmdege iyo kontr-admiralil. serebriakovi, romelic mTielebTan saomari moqmedebebisada maTi dapyroba-ganadgurebis politikas uWerda mxars. 11841w. TebervalSi ubixebis razmi afxazeTSi SeiWra gagrissimagris gverdis avliT, md. Joekvaras xeobiT, metad rTuli, tyianibilikiT, da ramdenime sofeli aaoxra. kvlav areuloba iyowebeldaSi. n. muraviovi afxazeTis ubixebisagan dacvis mizniT JoekvarasxeobaSi koSkis agebas da webelda-dalSi uwesrigobebisaRmosafxvrelad laSqrobisaTvis saTanado saxsrebs daJinebiT iTxovda.i. anrepma koSkis agebisa da Semodgomaze, sicxeebis dacxromisSemdeg, ubixeTSi eqspediciis mowyobis sicxeebis dacxromisSemdeg, ubixeTSi eqspediciis Taobaze gankarguleba gasca. 2aseT viTarebaSi, 20 maiss jiqebis Temebma, romlebic gagrasada sviatogo duxas simagres Soris cxovrobdnen, ruseTis xelisuflebasmorCileba gamoucxades da i. anrepTan sviatogo duxassimagreSi fici dades. am faqtma maTi mezobeli ubixebi aRaSfoTa.isini moiTxovdnen, rom maT uari eTqvaT ruseTis xelisuflebismorCilebaze, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi imuqrebodnen, romamas ZaliT gaakeTebinebdnen. 3 ubixebma muqara maleve Seasrules.ubixebma daapatimres ruseTis xelisuflebisadmi damorCilebulijiqi Tavadebi ahmed aubla da zurab xamiSi, agreTve ramdenimeubixi, romlebsac i. anrepis sviatogo duxas simagreSi yofnisasmasTan molaparakebebi hqondaT, maT Soris: haji dagumoyva barzegi,misi ZmisSvili kerentux barzegi da vardanes mcxovrebi, ubixebsSoris simamaciT cnobili muradi. ahmed aubla da zurabxamiSi iZulebuli gaxdnen uari eTqvaT ruseTis xelisuflebismorCilebaze da mxolod maSin gaaTavisufles. haji barzegic1 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #434, gv. 505.2 И. Барсуков. Муравьев-Амурский, кн. I, gv. 93.3 Записка Головина, gv. 296510

didxans ar daukavebiaT. rogorc ki is gaaTavisufles, man ubixebisSekrebisa da jiqebis winaamdeg laSqrobis brZaneba gasca.jiqebma ruseTis sardlobas mosalodneli safrTxis Tavidan acilebismizniT daxmareba sTxoves. navaginskisa da sviatogo duxassimagreTa ufrosebma n. muraviovs dauyovnebliv acnobes amis Taobaze.n. muraviovma jiqebs ubrZana erTianad gamosuliyvnen TavianTimamulis dasacavad, xolo TviTon, dauyovnebliv, 22 maissrusTa razmiT gagridan sviatogo duxas simagrisken gaemarTa. 1es iyo rusebis pirveli laSqroba gagris Crdilo-dasavle-TiT Savi zRvis sanapiroTi. gza rTuli iyo, gansakuTrebiT ZneliSeiqna foniT gadasvla mdinareebze. jiqebi sixaruliT xvdebodnenn. muraviovis razms, romelsac zRvidan xomaldebi miacilebdnen.imave dRes, saRamos 6 saaTze razmma md. mzimTas miaRwiada sviatogo duxas simagris win dabanakda. aq Tavi moiyaresjiqebmac. n. muraviovi eloda afxazeTis saxalxo laSqarsac mixeilSarvaSiZis meTaurobiT, amasTan, man mokreisere eskadrisufross sTxova jaris gadmosayvanad xomaldebi soCaSi an gagra-Si gaegzavna. male mixeil SarvaSiZec Camovida 11 galeriT, 500milicielis TanxlebiT, Camovida damxmare jaris nawilebic dasviatogo duxas simagresTan STambeWdavma Zalam moiyara Tavi. miuxedavadamisa, i. anrepma n. muraviovi gaafrTxila, raime mniSvnelovaninabiji ar gadaedga ubixebis winaaRmdeg, radgan odnavwarumateblobasac ki uaryofiTi Sedegebi mohyveboda ubixeTSiganzraxuli didi saxmeleTo eqspediciisTvis. 2ruseTis sardlobis saomarma samzadisma ubixebi daafrTxo.maT ojaxebi mTebSi gaxiznes, amasTan jiqebs winadadebiT mimar-Tes, maT Soris wamoWrili uTanxmoeba mSvidobianad moegvarebinaT.4 ivniss navaginskisa da sviatogo duxas simagreebs SorisSedga jiqebisa da ubixebis mamasaxlisebis Sexvedra, romelsac n.muraviovic eswreboda. Sexvedris adgilis pirdapir, napirTanruseTis samxedro flotis xomaldebi idgnen, xolo adlerSidabanakebuli jaris nawilebi yovel wuTs mzad iyvnen salaSqrod.n. muraviovma brZana ubixebisTvis gadaecaT ruseTis sardlobismoTxovnebi, romlis Tanaxmadac maT sami Tve eZleodaT1 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #435, gv. 505; И. Барсуков. Муравьев-Амурский, кн. I, gv.94-95.2 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #435, gv. 506; #436, gv. 508; И. Барсуков. Муравьев-Амурский,кн. I, gv. 96.511

nebayolobiT dasamorCileblad. am drois ganmavlobaSi isini arunda dasxmodnen Tavs jiqebs da afxazeTs da arc jiqebi daesxmodnenebixebs; dauyovnebliv daebrunebinaT jiqebisTvis mZevlebi.es piroba unda damtkicebuliyo tradiciulad ficis dadebiT.Tu ubixebi am pirobebs ar daTanxmdebodnen, n. muraviovi maTimiwa-wylis aoxrebiT imuqreboda. ubixebma piroba dades, rom ammoTxovnebs Seasrulebdnen. adlerSi dabrunebuli jiqebi gamarjvebaszeimobdnen. ruseTis sardlobac Tvlida, rom mniSvnelovanwarmatebas miaRwia. marTlac, ruseTis gavlena Savi zRvis Crdilo-amosavleTsanapiroze mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. xamiSebma n.muraviovs auwyes, rom isini ruseTis xelisuflebis erTgulebirCebodnen, soCelma Tavadma ahmed aublam ki SemoTvala, rom ubixeTSiruseTis jarebis gamoCenisTanave, is Tavisi qveSevrdomebiTmaT SeuerTdeboda.5 ivniss n. muraviovi gagraSi dabrunda, mixeil SarvaSiZemacdaiTxova saxalxo laSqari. 1 Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis ufrosii. anrepi Tvlida, rom jiqebi ukve mtkiced iyvnen damorCilebuli.amasTan, ubixebis siamaye da Tavdajerebulobac mniSvnelovnadSemcirda, isini grZobdnen, rom jiqebis saxiT ZlierimokavSireebi dakarges da rusebis uSualo mezoblebi aRmoCndnen,amieridan ki maTi miwa-wyali rusebisTvis yovelTvis xelmisawvdomiiyo. ubixeTSic gaCnda jgufi, romelic mzad iyo morCilebisgamosacxadeblad, magram mas gavlena ar hqonda. i. anrepifiqrobda, rom misi Zala ruseTi jaris ubixeTSi Sesvlisas ufrogamoikveTeboda. 2 ruseTis sardlobis mTavari amocana jiqeT-Si ganmtkiceba gaxda. am mizniT daiwyo afxazeTidan jiqeTiskengzis gayvana, mdinareebze xidebis ageba. 3 md. Joekvaras xeobaSiaages koSki, romliTac gagris simagris SemovliTi gza mTielebisTvisCaiketa. 4 am RonisZiebebis Sedegad afxazeTic ufro daculixdeboda. imavdroulad, ruseTis sardloba did yuradRebasuTmobda ubixeTis eqspediciis momzadebas.i. anrepi ubixeTSi eqspediciis mowyobas seqtembris dasaw-1 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #436, gv. 508-509; И. Барсуков. Муравьев-Амурский, gv. 96-97.2 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #436, gv. 509.3 Н. А. Волконский. 1840, 1841 и 1842 годы на Кавказе. – Кавказский сборник, т.ХIII. Тифлис, 1889, gv. 397.4 a. n. diaCkov-tarasovi. gagra da misi Semogareni. rusulidan Targmnes,Sesavali da komentarebi daurTes zurab papasqirma da beJanxoravam. Tb., 2003, gv. 120.512

yisSi gegmavda. am droisaTvis zafxulis mindvris samuSaoebisdasrulebis Semdeg, SesaZlebeli iqneboda saxalxo laSqris Sekreba;amasTan, zafxulis sicxeebis dacxromis Semdeg, seqtemberoqtomberiyvelaze kargi dro iyo am mxareSi saxmeleTo laSqrobismosawyobad; ubixebisTvisac ufro mgrZnobiare iqnebodarusebis SeWra maT qveyanaSi, radgan swored am dros Semodiodaaq Romi da simindi, rac umTavresi marcvleuli kulturebi iyomaTTan da dasakargic meti eqnebodaT. Savi zRvis sanapiro xazissardals surda, gagraSi mdgari razmi md. mZimTaze Caeyenebina,sviatogo duxas simagridan 20 versze, raTa damorCilebuli jiqebiubixebisagan daecva; aseve, saomari moqmedebebis dawyebamdejiqebis mTis Temebi _ aibga da ahWifsxu daemorCilebina. Tuamas moaxerxebda, ubixebis nebayoflobiT damorCilebasac ar gamoricxavda1 ivnisis dasawyisSi samxedro ministrma, grafma a.CerniSevma i. anreps auwya imperatoris neba, rom mas surda ubixeTSieqspedicia agvistos dasawyisSi Semdgariyo. 2 Savi zRvissanapiro xazis ufrosi imperatoris nebis aRsrulebisaTvis mzadebasSeudga. aseT viTarebaSi, 22 ivliss n. muraviovma jiqebisTavadebisagan miiRo cnoba, rom soCasTan Tavi moiyares ubixebma,romelTa ricxvi ganuwyvetliv izrdeboda. maT ganzraxuli hqondaTnavaginskze da, Semdeg, jiqebis miwa-wylis gavliT, sviatogoduxas simagreze Tavdasxma. jiqebs ar sjerodaT, rom ubixebimaT miwa-wyalze gavlisas, qveyanas ar aaoxrebdnen, amitom n. muraviovssTxoves sviatogo duxas simagridan razmi win waewia daisini daecva.23 ivliss n. muraviovma jaris nawilebi md. xoroTTan Caayena,riTac md. mzimTas xeobisken gza Caketa. 28 ivliss mTielebinavaginsks miadgnen da qvemexebis cecxli dauSines. n. muraviovmaxomaldiT damxmare Zalebi gadaiyvana simagreSi. mTielebisieriSi Semdeg dReebSic gagrZelda. navaginsks 16 aTasamde ubixi,abaZexi da SafsuRi utevda. forts jiqebic icavdnen, xolo Tavadebi:sozron aridba, aslan-bei geCi da misoust geCi TavianTiqveSevrdomebiT sviatogo duxas simagresTan zRvis sanapiros datyis bilikebs darajobdnen, radgan Cerqezebis gamoCenas iqac moelodnen.magram, moulodnelad, 30 ivlisis RamiT, mTielebma navaginskismimdebare teritoria datoves. amis Semdeg, n. muraviovi1 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, gv. 509-510.2 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #436, gv. 509.33. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi513

Tavisi razmiT sviatogo duxas simagreSi dabrunda. igi i. anrepisadmimoxsenebiT baraTSi aRniSnavda, rom ùbixebis ukanaskneliZalisxmeva navaginskis fortisa da jiqebis winaaRmdeg keTiladdamTavrda~. miuxedavad amisa, i. anrepi sruliad samarTlianadTvlida, rom ubixebis mtruli moqmedebebi jiqebis winaaRmdegmxolod maTi damorCilebis Semdeg Sewydeboda da am faqtidanacCanda ubixeTSi eqspediciis mowyobis aucilebloba, winaaRmdegSemTxvevaSi, SeiZleboda maT jiqebis ndoba daekargaT, rac, saboloodjiqeTis dakargvas gamoiwvevda. 11841w. zafxulSi ubixebis Temma saSem da jiqeTis mTis Temmawvijam ruseTis sardlobasTan samSvidobo molaparakebebi daiwyes.imavdroulad, sviatogo duxas simagreSi Tavmoyra daiwyesubixeTis eqspediciis monawile Zalebma. aseT pirobebSi dasavleTkavkasiaSi gavrcelda cnoba guriis ajanyebis Sesaxeb. amitom adlerSiguriisa da samegrelos saxalxo laSqari ar gamocxadda,Zalian mcirericxovani iyo samurzayanodan da svaneTidan mosulisaxalxo laSqari. ruseTis sardloba afxazeTis mTavarsac bolomdear endoboda. jiqebamde da ubixebamde guriis ajanyebis(1841w. maisi-seqtemberi), ambebi damaxinjebuli da gazviadebuliaRwevda, amitom wvijasa da saSas Temebma rusebTan molaparakebaSewyvites. jiqebis sanapiro Temebi aulebis gamagrebas Seudgnen,radgan fiqrobdnen, rom rusebi SavizRvispireTidan guriaSi wavidodnenda ubixebis winaSe daucvelni darCebodnen. 2Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis ufrosi, generali i. anrepi ma-Sin aRniSnavda: «невольный свидетель, я видел, как быстро развиваласьвесть о восстании в Гурии по всему восточному берегу (Черногоморя), какие симпатии и надежды она возбудила не только в непокорныхнародах, но даже в тех, которые издавна пользовались всемивыгодами гражданства под сенью нашего правительства». 3 rodesacmixeil SarvaSiZe xelisuflebis brZanebiT saxalxo laSqrisSekrebas Seudga guriis ajanyebis CasaxSobad, am laSqrobaSi monawileobazeafxazebma uari Tqves. afxazeTis mTavarma saerToduari Tqva abJuaSi laSqris Sekrebaze im motiviT, rom abJuelebimas ar daemorCilebodnen. samurzayanoSic 600 milicielis nacv-1 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #437, gv. 512.2 Н. А. Волконский. 1840, 1841 и 1842 годы на Кавказе, gv. 421-422; И. Барсуков.Муравьев-Амурский, кн. I, gv. 104.3 Очерки истории Абхазской АССР, ч. I. Сухуми, 1960, gv. 182.514

lad mxolod 300 Segrovda. 1amrigad, guriis ajanyebam gamoZaxili hpova dasavleT saqar-Tvelos mxareebSi _ samegrelo-samurzayano, afxazeTi; Savi zRvisCrdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiros mTielebma gaaaqtiures moqmedebaruseTis agresiis winaaRmdeg. seqtemberSi Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTsanapiro mTielTa masobrivma mRelvarebam moicva.naTxvajebi da SafsuRebi Tavs esxmodnen ruseTis simagreebs.amasTan, anapasa da novorosiiskSi molaparakebebze modiodnen dayubanis marcxena napirze simagreebis moxsnis sanacvlod sardlobasmSvidobas sTavazobdnen; ubixebi darwmunebulebi iyvnen,rom rusebi maT miwa-wyalze ver Sevidodnen da jiqebs rusebiswasvlis mere aklebiT emuqrebodnen. ubixebis uSualo mezobelijiqebis xamiSisa da aredis Temebi yoymanobdnen rusebisTvis dae-WiraT mxari Tu ara. 2 Seqmnili viTareba ruseTis sardlobisgandroul da gadamwyvet moqmedebas moiTxovda, sanam mTel kavkasiaSiar hpovebda gamoZaxils. e. golovini azriT, ubixebis dasjada jiqebis morCilebis ganmtkiceba uSualod iyo dakavSirebuliguriis ajanyebis CaxSobasTan. amitom i. anrepma eqspedicia 20seqtembramde gadado da Seqmnil viTarebaSi ukeT gasarkvevad redut-yaleSiCavida. ajanyebis swrafad CaxSobis mizniT igi mzadiyo sami batalioni polkovnik m. arRuTinski-dolgorukis dasaxmarebladguriaSi gaegzavna. sanacvlod, ajanyebis CaxSobis mere,is imereTis, samegrelos da guriis milicias iTxovda ubixeTiseqspediciisTvis. misi azriT, guriis miliciis monawileoba eqspediciaSiam mxareSi wesrigis damyarebis yvelaze naTeli mowmobaiqneboda da sasurvel gavlenas moaxdenda aramarto samurzayanosada afxazeTze, aramed jiqeTze da ubixeTze. amasTan, xelisuflebaskargad esmoda, rom mxolod regularuli jarisnawilebiT, saxalxo laSqris gareSe, mTielebis damorCileba SeuZlebeliiqneboda. 3kavkasiaSi ruseTis garTulebuli mdgomareobiT sargeblobasinglisi Seecada. `nisliani albioni~ cdilobda kavkasia TavisigavlenisTvis daemorCilebina, amitom ruseTis am regionSidamkvidrebas kvlav mniSvnelovan dabrkolebas uqmnida. 30-40-ian1 Н. А. Волконский. 1840, 1841 и 1842 годы на Кавказе, gv. 421.2 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #439, gv. 513.3 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #199, gv. 173; Н. А. Волконский. 1840, 1841 и 1842 годына Кавказе, gv. 422-423.515

wlebSi dasavleT kavkasiis mTielTa gaaqtiureba ruseTis winaaRmdegbrZolaSi, CeCneT-daRestnisagan gansxvavebiT, mniSvnelovanwiladbritaneTis agenturis wamqezebeluri saqmianobiT iyogamowveuli. 1 inglisi afxazeTsa da Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTsanapiroze iaraR-saWurvels da Tavis emisrebs agzavnida.TurqeTSi myofi ingliseli diplomatebi 1841w. tyvia-wamalsajanyebul gurulebsac awvdidnen. 2seqtembris Sua ricxvebSi xelisuflebam guriis ajanyebasastikad CaaxSo, magram, `rogorc mosalodneli iyo, _ aRniSnavdai. anrepi, _ amis Sesaxeb cnobas ramdenadme mainc ar SeeZlois zarali aenazRaurebina, rac mTielebis Cvendami ganwyoba-Si am ubeduri ajanyebis Sesaxeb cnobam iqonia~. 3 guriis ajanyebisCaxSobis Semdeg, kavkasiel mTielTa winaaRmdeg sabrZolveladmeti SesaZlebloba mieca. kavkasiis korpusis Stabis ufrosis,general-maior p. kocebus didi mecadineobiT, imereTis, samegrelosda guriis milicia 16 seqtembers afxazeTisken daiZra.mixeil SarvaSiZem ganzraxuli 800 meomris nacvlad 1500 gamoiyvana;samurzayanos miliciac movida biWvinTaSi. seqtembris bolos,md. mzimTas sanapiroze.dabanakebul general i. anreps n. muraviovic SeuerTda sanapiroxazis III ganyofilebis razmiT da afxazeTis, svaneTis, samegrelos,samurzayanos, imereTis, guriis saxalxo laSqriT.afxazeTis mTavari dainiSna mTeli miliciis ufrosad, romelic3 aTasamde meomars iTvlida. jars cieba awuxebda da rom arasaxalxo laSqari, avadmyofobiT dasustebuli regularuli jarisnawilebiT ubixeTSi laSqroba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. 4 ruse-Tis jaris nawilebisa da saxalxo laSqris adlerSi gamoCenis-Tanave ubixebma ojaxebi mTebSi gaxiznes, TviTon ki saomar sam-1 J. F. Beddeley. The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus. London-New York, 1908, gv.348; Н. С. Киняпина, М. М. Блиев, В. А. Дегоев. Кавказ и Средняя Азия во внешнейполитике России (вторая половина XVIII - 80-е годы XIX в.). М., 1984, gv. 138.2 g. xaWapuriZe. guriis ajanyeba 1841w. Tb., 1931, gv. 35; i. sixaruliZe.glexTa ajanyeba guriaSi. baTumi, 1956, gv. 63; ab. kikviZe. saqarTvelosistoria (XIX saukune). Tb., 1954, gv. 208; m. dumbaZe. dasavleTsaqarTvelo.., gv. 273; a. CxeiZe. inglisis politika kavkasiaSi. Tb.,1973, gv. 34.3 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #439, gv. 513.4 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #439, gv. 513-514; М. Ф. Федоров. Походные записки.., gv.206-210; И. Барсуков. Муравьев-Амурский, кн. I, gv. 103.516

zadiss Seudgnen _ daiwyes md. soWis xeobisken mimavali sanapirogzis gamagreba, Seagroves 5 aTasamde meomari da sxv. hajidagumoyva barzegma sajarod ganacxada, rom `wvers moiparsavdada qalis kabas Caicvamda, vidre Tundac erT russ mainc SeuSvebdaTavis miwaze~. ubixebma jiqebs SeuTvales, rom gaanadgurebdnen,Tu Tundac erTi jiqic ki SeuerTdeboda rusebs. jiqebimzad iyvnen ubixebs SeerTebodnen. i. anrepma CaTvala, rom aseTviTarebaSi dayovneba ar SeiZleboda, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi jiqeTisdakargva garduvali Canda, rac kidev ufro mZime Sedegebsgamoiwvevda rusebisTvis Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze,amitom dauyovnebliv galaSqreba gadawyvita. jiqebis Tavadebsman ubrZana milicia ar gamoeyvanaT da sakuTari miwa-wylisdacvis sababiT saxlebSi darCeniliyvnen. 1ubixebis yuradRebis sxva mxares gadatanis mizniT, i. anrepisbrZanebiT, mixeil SarvaSiZe 450 milicieliT golovinskissimagreSi gadavida da RamiT axlomdebare aulebSi SeiWra, magramaulebi dacarielebuli iyo. afxazebma carieli qoxebi gadawvesda nadavlis gareSe dabrundnen. cxadi gaxda, rom ubixebi,visac iaraRis aReba SeeZlo sabrZolvelad iyo gamosuli. 21841w. 8 oqtombers eqspedicia ubixeTisken daiZra. zRvidan massabrZolo xomaldebis eskadra uWerda mxars. eqspedicias ubixebida jiqebis mTis Temebi, romlebic maT dasaxmareblad movidnen,medgar winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen. eqspedicia brZoliT miiwevdawin. am brZolaSi 8 oqtombers daiRupa webeldeli zausxanmarSania. 10 oqtombers eqspedicia navaginskSi Cavida. ase-Ti gadasvla ubixebs SeuZleblad miaCndaT, maT Soris msxverplididi iyo. ubixebis winamZRolis, 70 wlis haji dagumoyva barzegis9 vaJiSvilidan 4 brZolaSi daiRupa, sxvebi daiWrnen. sul,barzegebis warCinebuli sagvareulodan 11, xolo ZiaSis warCinebulisagareulodan _ 7 daiRupa. mravali saukeTeso meomari,romelic Cveulebriv wina rigebSi ibrZoda, daiRupa an daiWra.daRupulTa ricxvi imdenad didi iyo, rom mTielebi arc cdilobdnenTavianTi micvalebulebis brZolis velidan gayvanas,rogorc sCveodaT. damarcxebulma ubixebma ruseTis sardlobas-Tan molaparakebebi daiwyes. 31 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #439, gv. 514; И. Барсуков. Муравьев-Амурский, gv. 104-105.2 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #439, gv. 515.3 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #440, gv. 518-519; Записка Головина, gv. 296; М.Ф. Федо-517

ubixebis damarcxebisa da maT miwa-wyalze ruseTis jarisnawilebis SeWris ambavi mTebSi swrafad gavrcelda. SafsuRebiscnobiT, eqspediciis sami dRis _ 8-10 oqtomberi _ ganmavlobaSiubixebma moklulTa da daWrilTa saxiT 1700 kaci dakarges, maTSoris, saukeTeso vaJkacebi. ubixebma daxmareba sTxoves abaZexebsada SafsuRebs, magram isini omis gagrZelebis winaaRmdegi iyvnen.ubixebi miatoves jiqebis mTis Temebmac. imavdroulad, ruse-Tis sardloba mixeil SarvaSiZis meSveobiT ubixebTan molaparakebebsagrZelebda. rogorc i. anrepi aRniSnavda, ubixebis Tavdajerebulobada Seudrekeloba, rac yovelTvis gamoarCevda maTsxva mTielTagan, gaqra. rusebTan mosalaparakeblad TviT hajibarzegic araerTxel movida. 1ubixebi iTxovdnen daaxloebiT erT wels, raTa xalxi gacnobodarusebs, romlebTanac maT garda mtruli urTierTobisa,sxva urTierToba ar hqoniaT da pirobas debdnen, rom rusebisada mTielTa damorCilebuli tomebis winaaRmdeg mtrul moqmedebebsar mimarTavdnen. i. anrepma ubixebs ganucxada, rom imperatorisnebiT wyvetda usargeblo sisxlisRvras, Tuki mSvidobianisaSualebebi maTze imoqmedebda, xolo mtruli moqmedebebisgagrZeleba rusebisa da damorCilebuli tomebis winaaRmdeg, maTusaTuo ganadgurebas gamoiwvevda. 2ubixeTis eqspedicia damTavrda da mas ruseTis sardlobisTvisraime realuri Sedegi ar moutania. ruseTis sardlobamTavi Seikava ubixeTis siRrmeSi SeWrisagan, rac jaris mZime sanitarulimdgomareobiT iyo gamowveuli. jariskacebi ciebiT iyvnendaavadebuli, rogorc generali gr. filipsoni aRniSnavda,rusebis mxridan ubixeTis siRrmeSi seriozul Setevaze fiqricar SeiZleboda. 3 i. anrepis brZanebiT, navaginskis maxloblad,maRlobze, saidanac ubixebi cecxls uSendnen simagres, koSkiaages, riTac mTielTa Tavdasxmebisagan simagre ufro daculigaxda. i. anrepma eqspediciis mizani amowurulad CaTvala daukan dabruneba brZana. 4ров. Походные записки.., gv. 210-216; И. Барсуков. Муравьев-Амурский, кн. I,gv. 105-108.1 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #440, gv. 520-521.2 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #440, gv. 521.3 Гр. Филипсон. Воспоминания, gv. 240.4 Записка Головина, gv. 296; И. Барсуков. Муравьев-Амурский, кн. 1, gv. 108.518

40-iani wlebis dasawyisSi mniSvnelovani Zvrebi moxda kavkasiisxazis marjvena flangze. 1840w. yubanis sakordono xazimd. labaze gadaitanes, Tumca yubansa da labas Soris teritoriajer kidev ar iyo kazakebiT dasaxlebuli. 1 1841w. yubansada labas Soris 3 stanica moewyo, TiToeulSi kazakTa 200 ojaxiT,riTac safuZveli Caeyara labis saxazo kazakTa polks. amas-Tan, labis xazi ramdenime simagriT gaZlierda. labis xazismowyobas kavkasiis xazis marjena frTis sardali, general-leitenantigr. zasi axorcielebda. rusebis gaaqtiurebam yubanispireTSi,dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebis mZafri reaqcia gamoiwvia.marjvena flangzec faqtobrivad igive moxda, rac 1840w. marcxenaflangze, rodesac mravalricxovanma CeCnebma, romlebic mSvidobianadcxovrobdnen md. sunjasa da md. Tergs Soris, datovesTavianTi miwa-wyali, mTebsa da tyeebSi gaixiznen da ruseTis xelisuflebasmtrad gauxdnen. aseve, 1841w. dasawyisSi Temirgoi,maxvaSebi, egeruyvebi, romlebic md. labaze cxovrobdnen, md. belaiasxeobaSi wavidnen da rusebze Tavdasxmebi daiwyes. 21842w. zafxulis bolomde marjvena flangze simSvide iyoda jarebi labasa da yubans Soris dafuZnebuli kazakTa stanicebismowyobaze muSaobdnen. 3 Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze,ubixeTis eqspediciis Semdeg simSvide iyo da mTielebiTavdasxmebiT TiTqmis sul ar awuxebdnen sanapiro simagreebs.1842w. TebervalSi, ubixebis subaSis Temma, romelic md. Saxeze(subaSi) cxovrobda, ruseTis xelisuflebisadmi damorCilebissurvili gamoTqva. i. anrepi golovinskis simagreSi gaemgzavra,ubixebisgan morCilebis fici miiRo da mZevlebi aiyvana. 4 ruse-Tis sardloba Seudga anapidan da novorosiiskidan yubanis mxareSigzis gayvanas, romlis mizanic Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTsanapiros yubanis mxaresTan mtkiced dakavSireba iyo. amproeqts Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis I ganyofilebis ufrosi,kontr-admirali l. serebriakovi axorcielebda. 5 rac SeexebaafxazeTs, rogorc e. golovini aRniSnavda: àfxazeTSi damyardaTanxmoba, mTavris Rirseba amaRlebulia, misi xelisufleba na-1 Записка Головина, gv. 2922 Записка Головина, gv. 2963 Записка Головина, gv. 304.4 Записка Головина, gv. 296, 304; И. Барсуков. Муравьев-Амурский, gv. 115.5 Записка Головина, gv. 304.519

xevradvelur da onavar afxazebze, SeZlebisdagvarad ganmtkicebulia,riTac am mxareSi Cveni gavlena sul ufro da ufromtkicdeba~ 1 e. golovins Tavisi mosazreba hqonda im RonisZiebebisSesaxeb, rac saWiro iyo Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze ruse-Tis mflobelobis ganmtkicebisaTvis. mas aucileblad miaCnda savaWrourTierTobis damyareba am mxaresa da samxreT ruseTs Soris,rac xels Seuwyobda orive mxaris mosaxleobis materialurimdgomareobis gaumjobesebas, Seamcirebda fass saqonelze, romelicamierkavkasiis mxareSi saqarTvelos samxedro gziT Semodioda.misi azriT, am vaWrobis mTavari punqti Savi zRvis aRmosavleTsanapiroze soxum-yale unda yofiliyo.1842w. ivlisSi, dalidan gandevnili marSaniebi mTielTarazmiT kvlav SeiWrnen webeldaSi da mrambis simagres Seuties,magram garnizonma Seteva moigeria. am brZolaSi SavizRvispire-Tis saxazo me-11 batalionis rigiTma sofron raZievskim 22 agvistosSabaT marSania mokla. amis Semdeg mTielTa gundi gaifanta.ruseTis batonobis winaaRmdeg Tavdadebuli mebrZoli SabaTmarSania mrambaSi daasaflaves. mis dakrZalvaze, marSaniebis sagvareulospativiscemiT, afxazeTidan da samurzayanodan mravaliTavadi amovida. 2 SabaT marSanias sikvdilis Semdeg, webelda-dalisTemebis mTielTa brZolas ruseTis batonobis winaaRmdeg,misi umcrosi Zma eSsou Caudga saTaveSi. agvistos dasawyisSiyubanispireTis tomebSic mRelvareba daiwyo. Samilis mier gamogzavniliramdenime mola yabardos gavliT abaZexebTan Cavidada SariaTis qadageba daiwyo, ramac am tomebSi maTTvis aqamdeucxo fanatizmi gaaRviZa. abaZexebis nawili yubanis zemo welisakendaiZra da mTebSi gaiyolia is aulebi, romlebsac adre ruse-Tis xelisuflebisTvis morCileba hqondaT gamocxadebuli. generaligr. zasi gaubedavad moqmedebda, ramac mTielebs saSualebamisca TavianTi ganzraxva ganexorcielebinaT. amrigad, besleneebi,baSilbaebi da Tamebi, romlebmac TavianTi sacxovreblebi datoves,ruseTis xelisuflebis mowinaaRmdege tomebs SeuerTdnen. 3male kavkasiaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda. 1842w. gazafxulzekavkasiaSi samxedro ministri a. CerniSevi Camovida,romelsac imperatorisagan davalebuli hqonda mxareSi arsebul1 Записка Головина, gv. 304.2 scssa, f. 416, aRw. 4, s. 12, furc. 18-20; АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #432, gv. 496.3 Записка Головина, gv. 304.520

mdgomareobas adgilze gacnoboda. rogorc varaudobdnen, xelmwifisrisxva ar ascdebodT kavkasiis korpusis mTavarsardals,e. golovins da kavkasiis xazisa da SavizRvispireTis jarebissardals, general p. grabes. 1 marTlac, ministris kavkasiaSistumrobis Sedegi iyo e. golovinis nacvlad, 1842w. oqtomberSigeneral-adiutant a. neidhartis kavkasiis korpusis mTavarsardlad,xolo kavkasiis xazisa da SavizRvispireTis jarebis sardladgeneral v. gurkos daniSvna. 2 maT daevalaT saqmeebis gamosworebaam mxareSi, magram isini kavkasias sruliad ar icnobdnen.amasTan, winaswar iyvnen ganwyobili yovelive imis winaaRmdeg,rasac maTi winamorbedebi akeTebdnen, da am saqmeebis gamosworebisZalac ar SeswevdaT. 3 amitomac iyo, rom a. neidharti mxolodori weli (1842-1844ww.) darCa kavkasiaSi.1843w. ganzraxuli iyo webeldasa da dalSi samxedro dasaxlebaTamowyoba. aq unda daesaxlebinaT mTaSi ganTavisuflebultyveTa ojaxebic. 4 amasTan dakavSirebiT, a. neidhartma 1843wlis 25 ianvars general i. anreps ubrZana kazakTa dasaxlebebis-Tvis adgilebi moeZia, webeldasa da dalSi samxedro dasaxleba-Ta Seqmnis sruli proeqti da xarjTaRricxva 1 ivlisamde warmoedgina.5 gazafxulze kvlav daiwyo mRelvareba webeldaSi. aprilSin. muraviovi webeldaSi gaemarTa. ruseTis jaris nawilebisgamoCenisTanave meamboxeebi gaifantnen. aprilis meore naxevarSin. muraviovs ukve adlerSi mouxda galaSqreba jiqebis dasacavad,romlebsac ubixebi emuqrebodnen. ivnisSi is kvlav webeldaSigaemarTa wesrigis aRsadgenad da memboxeebTan mcire Setakebachqonda. 61843w. ivnisSi a. neidhartma Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis simagreTainspeqtireba moawyo. soxumSi yofnisas n. muraviovma dapodpolkovnikma bagration-muxranelma mas acnobes, rom webeldelimeamboxeebis erT-erTma winamZRolma Sirinbei marSanma mzadyofnagamoTqva TanamebrZolebTan erTad mTavrobas damorCileboda.igi Sewyalebas iTxovda, xolo misma abragebma, rogorc xe-1 И. Барсуков. Муравьев-Амурский, кн. 1, gv. 116.2 И. Барсуков. Муравьев-Амурский, кн. 1, gv. 126.3 Гр. Филипсон. Воспоминания, gv. 248; И. Барсуков. Муравьев-Амурский, gv. 126.4 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #443, gv. 527-529, #444, gv. 529-530.5 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #736, gv. 895.6 И. Барсуков. Муравьев-Амурский, кн. 1, gv. 127.521

lisfleba meamboxe da TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZol mTielebsuwodebda, dalSi dasaxlebis survili gamoTqves. a. neidhartiTvlida, rom abragebis xSiri SemoWra webeldaSi, areulobas iwvevdaafxazeTSic, amitom webeldis sakiTxi yvela saSualebiTunda mogvarebuliyo. man n. muraviovs daavala gamoecxadebinamaTTvis, rom patiebas da webeldaSi dasaxlebis nebas miiRebdnen,magram dalSi dasaxlebaze uari eTqva. 1 seqtemberSi isev daiwyomRelvareba webeldaSi da n. muraviovi 15-dan 27 seqtembris CaTvliTruseTis jaris nawilebiT mrambasTan iyo dabanakebuli, sanamsimSvide ar aRdga. 2oqtombris bolos Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis axal ufross,general-maior a. budbergs ubixebis erT-erTi winamZRoli hajidagumoyva barzegi Sexvda da ubixebis damorCilebis Taobaze molaparakebagamarTa. a. budbergi mas SeuTanxmda, rom konkretulsakiTxebze molaparakebas masTan n. muraviovi da mixeil SarvaSi-Ze gamarTavdnen. noembris dasawyisSi n. muraviovi da afxazeTismTavari ubixebTan mosalaparakeblad navaginskSi Cavidnen. simagresTanmale Tavi moiyares ubixebis mamasaxlisebma da sxva sapatiopirebma, sul 400-mde kacma. ubixebs mixeil SarvaSiZis didindoba da pativiscema hqondaT, rac am Sexvedrazec dadasturda.mixeilTan movida 20-mde ubixi, Tbilad miesalmnen mas, Coxazeda xelze emTxvivnen, moefernen. erTma 80 wlis moxucma isicgaixsena, rom pataraobisas is mxarze Semosmuli dahyavda. eseniiyvnen haji dagumoyva barzegis glexebi, romlebmac afxazeTismTavris, rogorc maTi saxlis aRzrdilis, naxva isurves. 3molaparakeba ramdenime saaTs gagrZelda. ubixebma, romlebicvaJkacobiT da simamaciT kavkasionis qedis orive mxaresmcxovrebi Cerqezi xalxebis meTaurad iyvnen miCneuli, n. muraviovsmorCilebis piroba misces, magram sanam fics dadebdnen damZevlebs miscemdnen, iTxoves ukanasknelad gaemarTaT molaparakebaafxazebTan da SafsuRebTan. haji dagumoyva barzegi darwmunebuliiyo, rom isini keTilganwyobiT Sexvdebodnen maT gadawyvetilebasda ramdenime TveSi es saqme damTavrdeboda. miuxedavadamisa, n. muraviovi fiqrobda, rom a. neidhartis uadgilo xelmoWerilobas,gamoucdelobas, undoblobas da sijiutes SeeZlo1 АКАК, т. IX, ч. I, #738, gv. 898.2 И. Барсуков. Муравьев-Амурский, кн. 1, gv. 127.3 И. Барсуков. Муравьев-Амурский, кн. 1, gv. 133-134.522

es saqme CaeSala, 1 rac asec moxda.1844w. 16 ivliss 6 aTasamde ubixi Tavs daesxa golovinsks,magram garnizonma Semoteva moigeria. ubixebma moklulTada daWrilTa saxiT 1000-mde kaci dakarges. simagris mimdebareteritoria mofenili iyo mkvdrebiT, ramac mTielebze didi STabeWdilebamoaxdina. Semdeg isini modiodnen da madlobas uxdidnengarnizonis ufross, romelmac mTielebi daasaflavebina damxecebis sajijgnad ar datova. bevri ubixi Semdeg WrilobebisagandaiRupa. ubixeTSi ar iyo auli, sadac am brZolis dros da-Rupuls ar dastirodnen. am mZime viTarebas daemata Savi zRvisCrdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiros mcxovrebTa SiSi mousavlianobisgamo mosalodnel SimSilobaze. Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis IIganyofilebis ufrosma a. budbergs acnoba, rom SafsuRebma TxovniTmimarTes, maTTvis gelenjikSi puri mieyidaT, magram man daumorCilebelimTielebisaTvis puris miyidvaze uari ganacxada. 240-iani wlebis dasawyisSi dasavleT kavkasiis mTielebis mierruseTis winaaRmdeg brZolis gaaqtiurebasTan erTad, CeCneTdaRestanSiSamilic gaaqtiurda. rusebma mTlianad dakarges CeCneTi,avaria da daRestnis didi nawili. aseT viTarebaSi, 1844w.dekemberSi nikoloz I-ma (1825-1855) kavkasiaSi mefisnacvlobaSemoiRo. mefisnacvlad da kavkasiis korpusis mTavarsardlad ganaTlebuli,SorsmWvreteli, grafi mixeil voroncovi (1844-1854) dainiSna. 3mefisnacvali arsebiTad mxolod imperators emorCilebodada didi uflebebiT iyo aRWurvili. imperatorma m. voroncovspiradad gaacno xelisuflebis miznebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasia-Si: am mxaris garuseba da imperiasTan Serwyma; ruseTTan kavkasiissruli politikuri da ekonomikuri damokidebulebis Senar-Cuneba. 1845w. martSi m. voroncovi movaleobis Sesrulebas Seudga.imavdroulad, igi darCa novorosiis general-gubernatoradda mefisnacvlad besarabiaSi.kavkasiis korpusi SedarebiT gaZlierda, mTavarsardals ufrofarTo uflebebi mieca, magram m. voroncovis pirveli nabijebibolomde warmatebuli ar yofila. 1845w. laSqroba daRestan-1 И. Барсуков. Муравьев-Амурский, кн. 1, gv. 135.2 АКАК, т. IX, ч. II, #742, gv. 904-905.3 М. Б. Щербинин. Биография генерал фельдмаршала князя Михаила Семеновича.СПБ., 1853, gv. 215.523

sa da iCqeriaSi, darRos eqspedicia (1845w. 31 maisi _ 20 ivlisi),rusebisTvis kinaRam katastrofiT damTavrda. moklulTa dadaWrilTa saxiT maT 3500-ze meti jariskaci da oficeri dakarges,xolo m. voroncovi datyvevebas Zlivs gadaurCa. amis SemdegruseTis sardlobam brZolis taqtika Secvala. daiwyo tyeebisgaCexva, gzebis gayvana, simagreebisa da gamagrebuli xazebis ageba,rac mTielebs aiZulebda daetovebinaT vake adgilebi da mTebissiRrmeSi Sesuliyvnen. 1 es sistema hgavda ermolovisas, magrammTielebisadmi ufro liberaluri damokidebulebiT gansxvavdeboda.m. voroncovis saqmianoba mxaris kolonizaciisa da imperiasTansruli Serwymisaken iyo mimarTuli, magram amas moqnilad,meTodurad akeTebda.1845w. miwuruls ruseTis xelisuflebam meamboxe webeldelebisnawils, maT Soris baTalbei marSanias patieba gamoucxadada webeldaSi dabrunebis neba darTo. amis Semdeg, baTalbei mar-Sania mTavrobis ndobis mopovebas cdilobda da xelisuflebispoziciebis ganmtkicebas am mxareSi yovelmxriv xels uwyoda.adgilobrivi rusuli administracia mis damsaxurebas miawerdawebeldis damSvidebas, ris Sedegadac boqauli misdami rwmunebulmxareSi dacvis gareSe, mxolod Tarjimnis TanxlebiT dadioda.2 baTalbei gadamterebuli iyo ZmasTan _ eSsousTan. rodesacwebeldel abragebs epatiaT danaSauli da webeldaSi dabrunebisneba darTes, baTalbeis CareviT eSsoum patieba ver miiRo.ruseTis xelisuflebisTvis naTeli iyo, rom baTalbeis da eSsouswebeldaSi erTad cxovreba SeuZlebeli iyo, amitom baTalbeisSemorigeba arCia. mogvianebiT, m. voroncovma dadeSqelianebisSuamdgomlobiT eSsou Seiwyala da webeldaSi dabrunebis nebadarTo. amis Semdeg, Zmebs Soris mtroba ganaxlda da webeldaSisimSvidis SenarCuneba kiTxvis niSnis qveS dadga. eSsou isev gandevneswebeldidan da kvlav abragul cxovrebas daubrunda. igiiWreboda webeldasa da afxazeTSi, magram gzaze yovelTvis Zmis_ baTalbeis winaaRmdegobas awydeboda da warmateba ar hqonia.Tavis droze, baTalbei aseve mtrobda Zmebs _ xinkurass da Sa-1 С. Эсадзе. Историческая записка об управлении Кавказом, т. I. Тифлис, 1907, gv.41-42; А. В. Фадеев. Антиколониальные движения народов Северного Кавказа в20-60-х годах XIXв. – Преподавание истории в школе. #6, 1957, gv. 42; Crdilokavkasiis xalxTa istoriis narkvevebi, nakv. II. Tb., 1978, gv. 57-63.2 АКАК, т. XI. Тифлис, 1888, #38, gv. 50.524

aTs. Zmebis winaaRmdeg misi brZola uzomo pativmoyvareobiT dawebeldaSi pirvelobis mopovebis surviliT iyo nakarnaxevi. ruseTisxelisuflebasTan Serigebis Semdeg baTalbeim xelSi CaigdoZmebis mamulebi. amis Semdeg is im webeldeli Tavadebis winaaRmdegobaswaawyda, romlebic adre Zmebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSiSvelodnen, amitom mowinaaRmdegeebis gzidan Camosacilebladmudmivad ruseTis xelisuflebis daxmarebas eZiebda. 1CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Seqmnili viTareba ruseTisTvis kvlavmZime iyo. Samili Seecada miRweuli warmatebebi ganemtkicebinada 1846w. aprilSi yabardoSi SeiWra. misi mizani ruseTis winaaRmdegbrZolaSi Crdilo-aRmosavleT da dasavleT kavkasiismTielTa gaerTianeba da Sav zRvaze gasvla iyo. am miznis misaRwevadki saWiro iyo yabardos xelSi Cagdeba, magram Samilsmxolod ramdenime yabardoeli feodali SeuerTda. maTi umravlesobaam dros carizmTan mtkiced iyo dakavSirebuli da masar ganudga. Samils arc osebma da inguSebma dauWires mxari, amitomruseTis jarebis moaxloebis gamo man Tavis ganzraxvaze xeliaiRo da ukan gabrunda. 2yabardoSi damarcxebis Semdeg, 1848w. miwuruls SamilmadasavleT kavkasiaSi misi erT-erTi naibi muhamed emini gagzavna.am ukanasknelis mizani erTmaneTis mimarT mtrulad ganwyobilidasavleT kavkasiis tomebis Serigeba, Tavisi xelisuflebisTvisdaqvemdebareba, ruseTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad darazmva daSamilTan SeerTeba iyo. 3 1849w. zafxulSi Savi zRvis CrdiloaRmosavleTsanapiroze mcxovrebma tomebma muhamed eminis mowodebiTgadawyvites arCeuli mamasaxlisebi saxalxo krebaze gaegzavnaT,romelic agvistos Sua ricxvebSi adagumas an fsifis xeobaSiunda gamarTuliyo. xalxi am krebis gadawyvetilebis molodinSiiyo. am dros ubixeTSi, barzegebisa da Cizmas sagvareuloebsSoris brZola mimdinareobda. 4 ubixebis winamZRoli, moxucihaji dagumoyva barzegi 1846w. zafxulSi meqadan samSobloSimomavali gardaicvala. 5 politikuri asparezidan CamovidaruseTis winaaRmdeg dasavleT kavkasiis mTielTa ganmaTavisufle-1 АКАК, т. XI, #38, gv. 50.2 Н. Смирнов. Политика России..., gv. 206; Crdilo kavkasiis.., II, gv. 64.3 Т. Макаров. Племя адыгэ, II. – gaz.: «Кавказ», 1862, #30; С. К. Бушуев.Из истории..., gv. 53-57; Н. Смирнов. Политика России..., gv. 217.4 АКАК, т. X. Тифлис, 1885, #628, gv. 678.5 АКАК, т. X, #775, gv. 830.525

eli brZolis erT-erTi meTauri. am droidan ubixebis faqtobriviwinamZRoli misi ZmisSvili, uaRresad pativmoyvare kerentuxbarzegi gaxda.daZabulobis kerad kvlav rCeboda webelda, sadac mRelvarebaisev grZeldeboda. eSsou marSaniam CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi400 kaciani razmi Sekriba da dalSi gadmovida. igi xelsayreldros eloda, raTa mowinaaRmdeges Tavs dasxmoda, amasTan ganzraxulihqonda Tavisi qveSevrdomebi, romlebic misi gaqcevisSemdeg webeldaSi darCnen, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gadaesaxlebina.baTalbei marSaniam da misma biZaSvilma Sirinbei marSaniam yvelaviwroebi da mdinareze gadasasvlelebi daikaves, raTa eSsousTviswebeldis gza SeekraT. Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis ufrosma,baronma a. budbergma soxumidan webeldaSi saxazo batalioniserTi aseuli gagzavna da, yoveli SemTxvevisTvis, sarezervo nawilicgaamzada. 1baTalbei da Sirinbei marSaniebTan fsxus mflobeli marSaniebicmtrobdnen. webeldeli marSaniebis sagvareulo davaSiisini eSsous uWerdnen mxars da masTan SeerTebasac apirebdnen.fsxuelebi 1849w. ivlisSi webeldaSi SeiWrnen da SirinbeiskuTvnili 8 aTasi cxvari gaitaces. general-adiutant a. budbergiscnobiT, marSaniebis sagvareuloSi SinabrZolebis erT-erTimizezi marSaniebsa da anCabaZeebs Soris dapirispireba da beslangurmarSanias mokvla iyo. am mkvlelobaSi anCabaZeebTan erTadmarSaniebis nawilic iyo gareuli. ivlisis Sua ricxvebSi ahWifsxuelimarSaniebi candrifSSi SeiWrnen da iq mcxovreb anCabaZeebs3 aTasi suli cxvari wahgvares. 2 adgilobrivi rusuli administraciisdidi Zalisxmevis Sedegad eSsou marSaniam webeldaSiSeWra ver SeZlo. ruseTis xelisufleba webeldaSi mtkiceddamkvidrebas cdilobda da amisTvis adgilobrivi feodalebis _baTalbei da Sirinbei marSaniebis mxardaWeras aqtiurad iyenebda,romelTa waxalisebas samxedro CinebiT da jildoebiT cdilobda.eSsou marSania kidev ramdenime xans ibrZoda rusebis batonobiswinaaRmdeg, mxolod 50-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi maniaraRi dayara da TurqeTSi gadasaxlda, radgan darwmunda, romruseTis batonobis damyarebas xels veraferi SeuSlida.muhamed eminis dasavleT kavkasiaSi Camosvlis Semdeg, sul1 АКАК, т. X, #628, gv. 679.2 АКАК, т. X, #628, gv. 679.526

male, misi xelisufleba cnes abaZexebma, maxvaSebma, egeruyvebma,Temirgoim; 1850w. _ ubixebma, SafsuRebma, naTxvajebma. isini moelodnen,rom muhamed emini maT Soris mSvidobas Camoagdebda dawesrigs daamyarebda. 1 ruseTis xelisufleba SiSobda, rom misigavlena afxazeTSic ar gavrcelebuliyo, sadac mosaxleobis nawiliislams aRiarebda, 2 rac mas, ra Tqma unda, damatebiT sir-Tuleebs Seuqmnida, Tumca es SiSi ar gamarTlda. 1851w. 15 maissmuhamed emini general-maior g. erisTavisa da polkovnik p.volkovis jarebTan brZolaSi md. urupze damarcxda. imavdroulad,rusebma xamiSebis winaaRmdeg gailaSqres, romlebic md.fseyufsesa da md. agrifss Soris cxovrobdnen, daamarcxes dadaimorCiles isini; vice-admiralma l. serebriakovma aiZula md.belaiasa da md. fSiSs Soris mcxovrebi CerCeneebi ruseTis xelisuflebasdamorCilebodnen; manve, 1852 w. SafsuRebisa danaTxvajebis 44 auli gaanadgura. 3 1852w. muhamed emini 2 aTasimTieliT Seecada gagris viwroebiT afxazeTSi SeWriliyo, magramruseTis jaris nawilebma md. mzimTas napirze, adlerTan axlos,SeaCeres da ukuagdes. imave wlis zafxulSi igi kidev erTxelSeecada yabardos meSveobiT Samils SeerTeboda, magram es cdacmarcxiT damTavrda. 4ubixebis mxridanac ar iyo simSvide. haji kerentux barzegipiradi miznebidan gamomdinare xan mtrobda, xan uaxlovdebodaruseTis xelisuflebas. 1851 wlamde is ruseTis xelisuflebisganpensiasac iRebda, magram rodesac mTavrobas misi moqmedebasaeWvod moeCvena, pensia Seuwyvita. amis Semdeg is aSkara mtrobazegadavida, Tavs esxmoda rusTa razmebs, romlebic navaginskidanSeSis saWrelad gadiodnen, mudmiv blokadaSi hyavda esforti da mosaxleobas iq savaWrod ar uSvebda. 1852w. ubixTamravalricxovani razmiT igi afxazeTSi apirebda SeWras, magrammTebidan gamosvlisas rusTa didi razmi daxvda da daamarcxaigi. amis Semdeg haji kerentux barzegi ruseTis xelisuflebas-1 АКАК, т. X, #631, gv. 680; Ив. Дроздов. Обзор военных действий на ЗападномКавказе с 1848 по 1856 год. – Кавказский сборник, т. X, gv. 518-532; Crdilokavkasiis xalxTa.., II, gv. 55.2 С. К. Бушуев. Из истории.., gv. 57.3 Т. Макаров. Племя адыгэ, II. – ,,Кавказ~, #30, 1862.4 АКАК, т. X, #340, gv. 337; Т. Макаров. Племя адыгэ; С. К. Бушуев. Из истории..,gv. 53-57; Н. Смирнов. Политика России.., gv. 217.527

Tan daaxloebas kvlav Seecada. 1Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze da dasavleT kavkasiaSiSeqmnili rTuli viTareba afxazeTzec axdenda gavlenas.1853w. 26 Tebervals, gaabragebuli afxazi Tavadi yizilbek mar-Sania sxvadasxva tomebis warmomadgenelTagan Semdgari razmiT,gumisTis xeobiT afxazeTSi SeiWra, Tavs daesxa ZiafS-ifebiskuTvnil sofel eSeras soxumidan 10 versze da tyved gaitaca40-mde qali da bavSvi. am Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb cnobis miRebisTanavesoxumis cixidan gavida 500 kaciani razmi maior veliamovskismeTaurobiT, da Seecada marbielTaTvis mTebisken dasabrunebeligza moeWra gumisTis xeobaSi. saCqarod Seikriba afxazeTis miliciacpolkovnik dimitri SarvaSiZis meTaurobiT da jars Seuer-Tda. mdevrebma droulad Caketes xeoba, magram yizilbek marSaniamCasafrebas moxerxebulad auara gverdi da fsircxas xeobiTqedze avida. dimitri SarvaSiZe gaekida mas da srolac autexa,magram marSaniam mcire msxverplis fasad samSvidobos gaRwevaSeZlo. male, kvlav gavrcelda xmebi, rom yizilbek marSaniaaxal partias krebda afxazeTSi SesaWrelad da TiTqos masSimonawileobas eSsou marSania da ubixebic apirebdnen. 2 amdenad,afxazTa gamosvlebs rusuli imperiuli politikis winaaRmdegbolo ar uCanda. dasavleT kavkasiis mTielTa brZolis gaaqtiurebisasruseTis sardloba cdilobda ar daeSva jiqebisa da ubixebisSeWra afxazeTSi, rac kidev ufro arevda isedac aramyarsituacias am mxareSi. Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis ufrosi, vice-admiralil. serebriakovi m. voroncovs 1852w. auwyebda: `Cvenimdgomareoba afxazeTSi samxedro TvalsazrisiT metad aradamakmayofilebelia~.3 amitom ruseTis sardloba saswrafod aZlierebdaTavis nawilebs afxazeTSi.amrigad, XIXs. 30-40-ian wlebSi ruseTis xelisufleba cdilobdamtkiced damkvidrebuliyo Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTsanapiroze da afxazeT-webeldaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom masaq simagreebi hqonda da jaris mniSvnelovani nawilebic hyavda,am mxareSi Tavs myarad ver grZnobda, misi poziciebi jer kidevsusti iyo. amitomac iyo, rom yirimis omis dawyebis Semdeg, ruseTissardlobam afxazeT-webeldidan jaris nawilebi gamoiyvanada Savi zRvis sanapiro xazis likvidaciac moaxdina.1 АКАК, т. XI, #38, gv. 48.2 АКАК, т. X, #644, gv. 694.3 Очерки истории Абхазской АССР, ч. I, gv. 187.528

BEZHAN KHORAVASTRENGTHENING OF RUSSIA ON THE NORTH-EAST SHOREOF THE BLACK SEA IN 1830-1840’SIn 1830-1840’s one of the main goals of the Russian authority wasto strengthen itself on the north-east shore of the Black Sea. After strengtheningon the Abkhazia shore (in 1830) and establishing Russian authorityin Tsebelda (May of 1837), the commandership of the Caucasian corpusbegan to think of strengthening itself on the north-east shore of theBlack Sea. In 1837-1839 the units of Russian troops landed and capturedthe mouths of the following rivers: Pshada, Mzimta, Vulan, Sochi, Tuapse,Shapsukho, Tsemesi, Shakhe, Psezuape and erected there fortresses.In 1839 all the Russian fortresses of the east shore of the Black Sea fromthe mouth of the River Kubani to the River Choloki, as well as Abkhaziaand Tsebelda together with troops situated there, entered the system ofthe Black Sea’s shore line. Strengthening of Russia on the north-east shoreof the Black Sea was followed by a frantic resistance of the local population– Jiks, Ubikhs, Shapsughs. This resistance was being respondedby the units of the Russian troops with military expeditions, which resultedin annihilation of the Caucasian mountain dwellers, as well as a totaldestruction of their land. In addition, the Russian authority was trying toinvolve the local population in commercial-economical processes anddistract them from the armed resistance as well as to bribe and win overthe social upper level of the mountain dwellers.The goal of Russia in theCaucasus was russification of the area and its absorption into the empire,which gave a rise to the liberation movement. Tsebelda-Dali revolts andthe revolt in Guria (in 1841) which found great response with the Caucasianmountain dwellers, were integral parts of the battle for liberation againstthe Russian colonization politics. Though Russia had fortresses on thenorth-east shore of the Black Sea and significant units of troops too, its positionin that area was still weak. That’s why after starting the Crimea warRussia withdrew the troops from Abkhazia and Tsebelda and liquidatedthe shore line of the Black Sea.34. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi529

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008boris kvaracxeliaafxazeTSi carizmis diskriminaciulienobrivi politikis sakiTxisaTvissaqarTveloSi carizmis diskriminaciuli enobrivi politikadRemde srulyofilad ar aris Seswavlili. arsebobs calkeulimonografiebi, romlebic fragmentulad aSuqeben ruseTisantiqarTul politikas. am saxis naSromebs miekuTvneba tr. xundaZisSromebi. s. siguas, v. gaguas, l. goderiZis, ap. silagaZis,v. gurulis da sxvaTa gamokvlevebi 1 . rac Seexeba afxazeTSi carizmisenobrivi politikis sakiTxebs, is saerTod ar yofilaspecialuri Seswavlis sagani. es Tema mxolod zogadad aisaxa n.vekuas naSromSi. 2winamdebare statiaSi gamoyenebulia saarqivo dokumentebi,XIXs. II naxevris presis masalebi, Temis garSemo arsebula literatura.naSromi afxazeTSi carizmis diskriminaciuli enobrivipolitikis Seswavlis pirveli mcdelobaa da mas ara aqvs aRniSnulisakiTxis amomwuravi gaSuqebis pretenzia.XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi ruseTis xelisuflebam afxazixalxis mimarT gaugonari danaSauli Caidina. afxazebi, rogorcàrakeTilsaimedo~ da `damnaSave xalxi~, mSobliuri adgilebidanayara, iZulebiT TurqeTSi gadaasaxla da muhajirebad aqcia. aseTidanaSaulebrivi politikis mizani saqarTvelodan am ZirZveli1 tr. xundaZe. carizmis saganmanaTleblo politika saqarTveloSi,Tb., 1940; tr. xundaZe. narkvevebi saxalxo ganaTlebis istoriidansaqarTveloSi. Tb., 1951; tr. xundaZe. qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvisgamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba. narkvevi saarqivo masalebis mixedviT.1879-1927. Tb., 1960. s. sigua. saxalxo ganaTlebis istoria saqarTveloSi.Tb., 1950; v. gagua. saxalxo ganaTleba me-19 saukunisreformisSemdgom saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1974; l. goderiZe. kulturulsaganmanaTleblomoZraoba saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis meorenaxevarsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi. qarTuli TviTmoqmedi sazogadoebebi.Tb., 2005; ap. silagaZe, v. guruli. istoriul politikurinarkvevebi. Tb., 2001.2 n. vekua. saxalxo ganaTlebis dawyebiTi saswavleblebi revoluciamdelafxazeTSi (1851-1917ww.). soxumi, 1958.530

kuTxis Camocileba, afxazeTSi imperiis Sida guberniebidan rusebisCamosaxleba da misi saboloo kolonizacia iyo.TviTmpyrobelobis koloniur politikaSi adgilobrivi mkvidrimosaxleobis garusebisa da asomilaciisaTvis carizms sxvamraval saSualebaTa Soris rusuli ena, rusuli eklesia undagamoeyenebina. ruseTis xelisuflebis rusifikatoruli politikismiznebi da amocanebi daufaravad Camoayaliba cnobilma rusmaSavrazmelma, saqmosanma a. vereSCaginma saimperatoro ekonomikurisazogadoebis saerTo krebaze: `Никто, полагаю, – aRniSnavda is, –также не будет отрицать, что на черноморском прибережье Кавказа,как на окрайне государства, стоящей так много Русской крови и денег,по праву должны господствовать: церковь русская, язык русский,грамота русская… Низкий уровень образования поселян, равнокак их разноплеменность вызывают необходимость основания школ,так как только школою это разноплеменное население в будущемможет сделаться русским”. 1XIXs. II naxevaridan rusifikatorulma politikam kavkasia-Si, maT Soris afxazeTSi, iseve rogorc mTels saqarTveloSifarTo masStabebi miiRo. swavlebis mTlianad rusul enaze gadayvana,qarTuli kulturis devna-Seviwroeba erovnuli skolisdauZinebeli mtris k. ianovskis saxels ukavSirdeba, romelic1878 wels dainiSna kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrunvelad. amdroidan afxazeTis dawyebiT sasawavleblebSi, ise rogorc ruse-Tis yvela ganapira mxareSi, swavleba mimdinareobda moswavleTa-Tvis ucxo rusul enaze, rac arTulebda swavla-aRzrdis saqmes.skolis winaSe dasmuli iyo amocana, aRezarda monarqistulimsoflmxedvelobis, rusuli cnobierebis mqone axalgazrdoba.Tavdapirvelad qarTuli inteligencia miesalma k. ianovskisam Tanamdebobaze daniSvnas. i. WavWavaZe Jurn. ìveriaSi” amisTaobaze werda `ganaTlebas sazogadod, da xalxis ganaTlebaskerZod, kargs arafers uqadis midrekileba da mimarTuleba misi,vinc axlad dainiSna kavkasiis samoswavlo olqis meTaurad damzrunvelad. Cven TviTon ara rame pir-da-piri cnoba ara gvaqvsuf. ianovskisa; magram visac ki hqonia SemTxveva an uwindeli misimoqmedeba Seutyvian da an axla mousmenia misi hazrebi... erTxmad1 Черноморское прибережье Кавказа и его Колонизация. Доклад А. В. Верещагинана общем собрании Императорского Вольного экономического общества 9 января1878 г. С-Петербург, gv. 22 .531

aRiareben, rom axlis mzrunvelisagan samoswavlo nawili bevrskargs da nayofiers cvlilebas unda moelodeso~. 1cnobili publicisti da sazogado moRvawe sergi mesxi didiimediT aRsavse werils ugzavnis k. ianovskis. àq dRemdin mudamda yvelgan irRveoda pedagogiis upirvelesi WeSmariteba, rom ymawvilmaTavis samSoblo enaze, gasageb enazed unda miiRos pirveldawyebiTiswavlao. sxva gareSe mizezebma, srulebiT ara pedagogiurmamizezebma da garemoebama daaviwyebina, gaaTelvina fexqveSCvens pedagogebs es pedagogiuri WeSmariteba. Tqvengan moveliTaxla am WeSmaritebis aRdginebas, Tqvengan moveliT imis mkvidrsafuZvelzed damyarebas”. 2 magram qarTveli moRvaweebi scdebodnen,radgan ianovskis unda gaetarebina TviTmpyrobelobis politika,skolebidan qarTuli enis gandevniT gaerusebina qarTveliaxalgazrdoba da amiT laxvari Caeca erovnuli kulturisaTvis.1880 wlis dekemberSi kavkasiis saswavlo olqTan arsebulisamzrunvelo komitetis sxdomaze k. ianovskim ganacxada, romrusuli ena unda iswavlebodes ara mesame wlidan, aramed pirveliwlis meore naxevridan, xolo mesame ganyofilebaSi swavlebaupiratesad rusul enaze unda mimdinareobdes, yovelive amenaze Seswavlilis mSobliur enaze TargmniT. 1881 wlis ianvar-Si es dadgenileba saxelwodebiT: `Об учебном плане начальнойшколы в среде туземного населения по постановке в ней русскогоязыка” damtkicebul iqna mefisnacvlis, didi mTavris mixeil romanovismier, warweriT: `savsebiT iwonebs am gegmas, rogorcmtkiced Sefardebuls saR pedagogiur moTxovnilebebTan da safuZvlianTan,romelnic umaRlesobis namestnikis umaRlesad mowonebulimoasazrebebiT”. 3am gadawyvetilebam, rasakvirvelia, didi ukmayofileba gamoiwviaqarTvel inteligenciaSi. s. mesxi `Ria werilSi b. ianovskisadmi”werda: `Tqveni daniSvna imis (igulisxmeba kavkasiis saswavloolqis yofili mzrunveli neverovi _ b.k.) adgilze gvixarodaimitom, rom peterburRidamve kargi xmebi ismoda TqvenskeTilgonierebazed, miudgomlobazed, pedagogiis saqmis erTgulebazed...cirkuliarSic da piradadac maswavleblebs da SegirdebseubnebodiT, ambobdiT, acxadebdiT, rom yvelam Tavisi sam-1 i. WavWavaZe. Sinauri mimoxilva. _ Jurn.: ìveria~ #1, 1979, gv. 152-153.2 s. mesxi. uf. ianovskis. _ droeba, #267, 1978.3 tr. xundaZe. carizmis saganmanaTleblo politika.., gv. 48.532

Soblo ena unda Seiswavloso... pirvel-dawyebiTi swavla soflisskolebSi, ueWvelad samSoblo enazed iyoso! magram _ Cvendasamwuxarod, am ukanasknels dros rogorRac sxva xmebi gvesmisda sxva nayofs vxedavT Tqveni moqmedebisa... da Tqven gnebavTaxla, rom soflis skolebis saSvalobiT, uecrad mospoT xalxisena da ucxo enaze agvalaparakoT? da Tqven gnebavsT, romis, rac ori aTasis wlis ganmavlobaSi sisxlis RvriTa da tanjva-wvalebiTSeuZenia da Zvirfas saunjed gardmoucia TavisSTamomavlobisaTvis, erTis Tvalis daxamxamebaSi xalxma daiviwyos?qarTvelebis survili igivea, rac yvela xalxisa: daicvanTavisi samSoblo ena, mamuli, sjuli da sarwmunoeba... Tqvenisurvili ki, rom qarTvelebs qarTuli daaviwyoT, rom pirveldawyebiT skolebSi Sesvlis umalve ymawvilebma ucxo enaze swavladaiwyon, es survili winaaRmdegia, rogorc saxelmwifo interesisa,agreTve, rasakvirvelia, namdvil da politika aurevelpedagogiur WeSmaritebisa”. 1rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT i. WavWavaZe miesalma kavkasiis saswavloolqis mzrunvelad k. iankovskis daniSvnas da imeds gamoTqvamda,rom mSobliuri enis swavlebas saTanado yuradRebadaeTmoboda. magram mas Semdeg, rac ruseTis administraciam daiwyoskolebidan qarTuli enis gandevna da rusuli enis iZulebiTdanergva, is imTaviTve win aRudga carizmis rusifikatorulpolitikas. i. WavWavaZem ara erTi saprotesto werili miuZRvnaam saWirboroto Temas.ai ras werda is goris saostato seminariaSi arsebuli vi-Tarebis Sesaxeb: `seminariis gulisxmiers gamgeobas gadauwyvetia,rom qarTvelTa bavSvebis ostats qarTuli codna guls ausuyebso.amis gamo im seminariaSi qarTuls enas ar aswavlian. aserom qarTulis saxsenebelic gauqriaT. rogor mogwonT? SuagulsqarTlSi mTavrobam seminaria gaxsna, mere imisTvis, rom qarTulissoflis bavSvebisaTvis ostatebi gamoswrTnos da mainc kidev qar-Tuls ar aswavlian. vicinoT amazed Tu vitiroT?~. 2 rasakvirvelia,goris saostato seminaria gamonakliss ar warmoadgenda,radgan qarTuli enis winaaRmdeg totaluri ieriSi mTel saqar-TveloSi xorcieldeboda.1 s. mesxi. Ria werili b. ianovskisadmi. _ gaz. `droeba~ #254, 1980.2 i. WavWavaZe. werilebi saxalxo ganaTlebis sakiTxebze. vicinoT TuvitiroT. _ Txzulebani, t. IV. Tb., 1955, gv. 315.533

ogorc cnobilia, XIXs. 80-iani wlebidan qarTuli enisdevna-Seviwroebam ufro farTo masStabebi miiRo. òci weliwadigadis, rac qarTulis enis uflebas icavs Cveni uRono azri dagoneba, _ gulistkiviliT werda i. WavWavaZe, _ icavs Zlieradda Tavganwirulad da aqobamde, aramcTu sasamarTlo uwyebaSi dasaerTod sazogadoebriv saqmeebSi, aramed TviT pirveldawyebiTskolaSi da, ase gasinjeT, sasuliero uwyebaSiac ki ver damkvidrebularigianad. es garemoeba migvaCnia Cven mizezad, rom aseSeferxebiT midis Cvenis xalxis ganaTleba da pirveldawyebiTiskolis saqme.~ 1kavkasiis administraciam afxazeTSi antiqarTuli ganwyobilebisdanergvis, afxazTa da qarTvelTa Soris SuRlis CamogdebismizniT daiwyo afxazuri alfabetis rusul grafikaze dayrdnobiTSeqmna. afxazuri damwerlobis rusul grafikis safuZvelzeSeqmnas ufro politikuri misia gaaCnda, vidre kulturul-saganmanaTleblo.amis Sesaxeb mefisnacvlis sabWos wevri e. veidenbaumiRiad, cinikurad acxadebda: “Абхазский язык, не имеющийписьменности и литературы, обречен, конечно, на исчезновение вболее или менее близком будущем. Вопрос в том: какой язык заменитего?.. Очевидно, что роль проводника в население культурных идей ипонятий должен был бы играть не грузинский, а русский язык. Мнекажется поэтому, что учреждение абхазской писменности должнобыть не целью само по себе, а только средством к ослаблению, путёмцеркви и школы потребности в грузинском языке и постепенной заменеего языком государственным... Упустив это из виду, мы рискуемсоздать сверх грузинской и прочих автономии, еще и автономиюабхазскую”. 2afxazuri anbanis SesamuSaveblad saimperatoro resuli geografiulisazogadoebis kavkasiis ganyofilebam i. bartolomeisTavmjdomareobiT Seqmna komisia, romelSic Sevidnen: d. furcela-Ze, v. trirogovi. komisiis muSaobaSi monawileobdnen afxazeTismkvidrni, afxazuri enis mcodneni: konstantine da grigol Sarva-SiZeebi, ivane gegia, giorgi qurcikiZe, simon eSba. amgvarad, 1865wels TbilisSi gamoica i. bartolomeis komisiis mier dazustebuli,p. uslaris rusuli grafikis safuZvelze Seqmnili pirve-1 i. WavWavaZe. saqarTvelos matiane. Sinauri mimoxilva. _ Txzulebani,t. V. Tb., 1955, gv. 281.2 ix.: З. В. Анчабадзе. Очерк этнической истории абхазского народа. Сухуми,1976, gv. 96.534

li afxazuri anbani. rogorc cnobilia, man ver hpova gavrcelebaafxazeTSi. p. uslarma afxazuri enis bgerebis gamosaxatavad mxolod24 niSani aiRo, danarCeni ki TviTon SeTxza. es niSnebi damwerlobisaTvissruliad gamousadegari aRmoCnda. qarTvelebis dasaqarTvelos mimarT arcTu didad keTilganwyobili s. aSxacava p.uslaris mier Sedgenili anbanis Sesaxeb werda: “Русское монархическоеправительство, желая разьеденить абхазов от родственных имнародов, решило для этой цели прибегнуть к помощи народного языка...Абхазы инстиктивно чувствовали эту подкладку и относились кэтому делу враждебно и потому дальше Усларовского алфавита иБартоломеевского букваря эта «письменность» не двигалась, а вместес тем задерживалось, конечно, и культурное развитие”. 1p. uslaris anbanis Sesaxeb dimitri gulia werda: “p. uslarismizani iyo ara wera-kiTxvis swavleba afxaz bavSTaTvis, aramedTviT afxazebisa da maTi zne-Cveulebebis Seswavla, raTa moesinjaufro advili gzebi rusuli carizmisadmi afxazeTis srulidamorCilebisaTvis”. 2 amis Semdeg dRis wesrigSi dadga axalianbanis Seqmnis sakiTxi. 1892 wels dimitri gulia k. maWavarianTanerTad iwyebs afxazuri anbanis Seqmnas. imave wels gamovidamaT mier Seqmnili rigiT meore afxazuri anbani da pirvelisakiTxavi wigni.cnobili sazogado moRvawe da saxalxo maswavlebeli nikojanaSia, romelic yovelTvis mtkiced da gulwrfelad idga qar-TvelTa da afxazTa erovnuli interesebis sadarajoze, miesalmaafxazuri anbanis Seqmnas, rogorc mniSvnelovan kulturul movlenas.magram man imave dros amxila da dagmo mefis xelisuflebismoxeleTa mcdeloba es anbani gamoeyenebinaT qarTvelTa daafxazTa Soris mtrobis CamosagdebaT, antiqarTuli ganwyobilebebisdasanergad. “aq Savrazmelobam gamohyo Tavi da es wmindasaqme, _ werda is, _ SuRlisa da mtrobis CasaTesad ixmares: “ai,xedavT, rogor mzrunvelobas viCenT Tqvenze, xolo amaSi xelsgviSlian qarTvelebi, romelTac Tqveni Caylapva surTo” gaiZaxianyovel nabijze... am mizniTve am komisiaSi, _ romelic TargmnissaRmrTo werils afxazur enaze, ar miiwvies arcerTi iseTi pi-1 С. М. Ашхацава. Пути развития абхазской истории. Доклад читанный на І-м ВсесоюзномКраеведческом съезде Абхазии 12 сентября 1924 г. Сухуми, 1925, gv. 37-38.2 a. drozdovi. afxazuri prozis narkvevebi. _ gaz. `sabWoTa afxazeTi~,1949w. #99.535

i, romelsac ase Tu ise Seswames qarTvelTadmi midrekileba...garda amisa, aq moipoveba imisTana qarTvelnic, zogi maTgani afxazTaenis zedmiwevniT mcodne, romelnic dids da daufasebelsamsaxurs gauwevdnen am SemTxvevaSi afxazT. me aq vasaxeleb qar-Tul literaturaSi sakmaod cnobils petre Waraias, romelmaczedmiwevniT icis afxazuri ena da Tanac lingvisturi momzadebacaqvs, garna, samwuxarod, saTofezedac ar miikares igi, aqaoda qarTveliao, uSlis qarTveloba amaSi rasmes? ra Tqma unda,ara. qarTvelebs Tavis zurgze gamoucdiaT, Tu ra aris erovnulidevna, da es mware gamocdileba Tavmdebia imisi, rom TiTonar ikisrebs imave jalaTis rols, mere jalaTisas ara erTi adamianisas,aramed mTelis xalxisas! da, ramdenadac saqmesTan gacnobilivar, jer arc erTs qarTvels ar uTqvams: “afxazno, nugindaT sakuTari mwerloba, Cveni ikmareTo!”. 1carizmis veragul Canafiqrze, gamoeyenebinaT damwerlobaqarTvelTa da afxazTa istoriul-kulturuli erTobis winaaRmdegda CamoegdoT SuRli am or xalxs Soris, saubaria p. Waraiaswerilze, romelic gazeT “isarSi” gamoqveynda. rogorc iswerda: “afxazuri ena imdenad mdidaria sxvadasxva bgerebiT, romis uslarmac ver SeniSna, radgan verc erTi alfaviti, maT Sorisrusulic ver gamoxatavs amden bgeras. amitom afxazuri anbanisSedgenaSi safuZvlad unda mieRoT qarTuli anbani, radganqarTuli ena bgeraTa sistemis mxriT, yvelaze metad uaxlovdebaafxazurs... magram maSin, gaavrceles afxazebs Soris xma: qarTvelebsundaT mogispon ena da erovnebao, imaTa surT Tqveni gaqar-Tvelebao. aseTis cru mowmobiT da qadagebiT, imdenad moixiblada gafanatikosda zogi, rom RvTis wyaloba rom geTqva, RvTiswyromad CagiTvlidnen. Tu afxazebi dafiqrdebian imaze, Tu rasuqadis maT qarTvelebTan kavSiris gawyveta da miiReben afxazurwera-kiTxvis axlad Seqmnil qarTul anbans, romelic rogorc b-ni i. gogebaSvili gvaxsenebs, mraval saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi afxazuriciyo da romelic yvelaze ufro Seesabameba afxazurienis xmebs, maSin qarTvelebic Zmurad xels gauwvdian maT daSeZlebisamebr daxmarebas gauweven afxazuri wera-kiTxvis Semo-Rebis saqmeSi. magram radgan, politikanebis zemoqmedebiT, es maTar inebes, aseT garemoebaSi qarTvelebs darCeniaT mxolod erTi:1 hamuT-bei (n janaSia). Wreli SeniSvnebi afxazTa da afxazeTis Sesaxeb._ droeba, 1909w. #282.536

usurvon afxazebs, rom dawyebuli saqme maTis erovnebisaTvis sasargeblogziT wasuliyos da gaaxsenon, Zmoba – erToba qarTvelebTanafxazebs sikeTis mets arras moutans”. 1marTalia, k. maWavariani Cabmuli iyo kulturul-saganmanaTleblosaqmianobaSi, magram mas aSkarad gamokveTili antiqarTulipozicia hqonda. k. maWavariani, soxumis mTielTa skolis gamge,did daxmarebas uwevda kavkasiis saswavlo olqs afxazeTis adgilobrivimosaxleobis garusebis saqmeSi. or skamze mjdomi k. ma-Wavariani kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrunvels k. ianovskis afxazeT-samurzayanoSicarizmis politikis gamtarebel proeqtebs ugzavnida.ase magaliTad, 1884w. is k. ianovskis werda: “me vfiqrob,rom afxazebi da samurzayanoelebi mxolod maSin gamovlen qristianulicivilizaciis gzaze, rodesac yovel eklesiaSi RvTis msaxurebamaT mSobliur (megrul da afxazur) enaze iwarmoebs, skolaSiki upiratesoba rusuls da mSobliurs miecema”. amas mzrunveliareze warweriT daudastura: “Справедливо”. 2 ùnda iTqvas,_ ganagrZobs Semdeg k. maWavariani, _ samurzayanoelebis... upirvelesiena megrulia da nawilobriv qarTuli da afxazuri. afxazebiki wminda afxazuri kiloTi laparakoben, maSasadame, samurzayanosskolebSi swavleba megrulsa da rusul enebze unda mimdinareobdes,afxazeTSi ki – afxazursa da agreTve rusuls enebze.amaTu im mSobliuri enis Sesaswavlad saWiro iqneba saxelmZRvaneloebisSedgena, magram es did siZneles ar warmoadgens. amgvaradveSeiZleba rusuli enidan adgilobriv enebze yvela locvebigadaiTargmnos”. 3erTi sityviT, am gaqnilma da orpirma mefis moxelem winaswargansWvrita am sakiTxis dayeneba, romelic usaTuod manamdisacafiqrebda ianovski-levickis. quTaisis guberniis saxalxoskolebis direqtorma f. levickim Seadgina rusuli enis saxelmZRvaneloI da II ganyofilebisaTvis saxelwodebiT: `Курсрусского языка для начальных училищ”. saxelmZRvanelo agebuliiyo e.w. naturalur meTodze. levicki ar iyenebda moswavleTamSobliur enas. bavSvebs ucnob movlenebsa da sityvebs maTTvis1 p. Waraia. afxazuri anbanis Sesaxeb _ isari, 1907w. #282.2 scssa, fondi 107, aRwer.saq. 1288, f. 10-11; tr. xundaZe. carizmis saganmanaTleblopolitika.., gv. 115.3 scssa, fondi 107, aRwer.saq. 1288, f. 10-11; tr. xundaZe. carizmis saganmanaTleblopolitika.., gv. 115.537

gaugebar enaze, situaciis imitaciiT, munjurad uxsnidnen. ianovski-levickisamiT erTi maTTvis metad mniSvnelovani sakiTxisgadaWra undodaT. saxeldobr, qarTuli skolebidan qarTvelimaswavleblebis gandevna da maTi rusebiT Secvla. `munjuri”meTodi ki amis saSualebas iZleoda, radgan Tu yvela saganirusul enaze unda eswavlebinaT, raRa saWiro iqneboda qar-Tveli maswavleblebis daniSvna dawyebiT skolaSi. piriqiT,swored qarTveli maswavlebeli xelisSemSleli xdeboda maTimiznis misaRwevad.afxazeTis qarTveli inteligencia uSiSrad ibrZoda rusifikatorulipolitikis winaaRmdeg. Jurnal-gazeTebSi sistematuradqveyndeboda saprotesto werilebi mSobliuri enis uflebebis,am enaze wer-kiTxvis swavlebis moTxovniT.cnobilma pedagogma da sazogado moRvawem petre Waraiamamxila da dagmo swavlebis `munjuri” meTodi, romelic gamoricxavdamoswavleebisaTvis gaugebari ucxo sityvebis mSobliurenaze axsnas. `... aq, soxumis olqSi”, im skolebSi, sadacmegrelis bavSvebi swavloben, rogorc iq samegreloSi, _ werdais, _ unda iswavlebodes qarTuli ena, rogorc savaldebulosagani, rogorc Cveni samwerlo _ saliteraturo da saeklesiosamSoblo ena. magram rogorc saministro, ise saeklesio skolisufrosni yovel nabijze sxva da sxva saSualebebiT sdevnianqarTul enas skolebidan, qarTulisa da afxazuris swavlebasyovelis mxriT aferxeben... Tqveni samSoblo ena xom megrulia,qarTuls ra undao, amboben zogierTebi, romelTac arcmegrelebis da samegrelos warsulisa da awmyosi da arc megrulisada qarTulis damokidebulebisa araferi gaegebaT~. 1afxazeTis skolebSi `munjuri” meTodis danergvis mavneSedegebze T. saxokia werda: àfxazeT-samegrelos skolebSi esukanaskneli ramdenime weliwadia b-n levickis ucnauri saxelm-ZRvanelos wyalobiT gonebiTad daClungeba bavSvebis sistematuradswarmoebs... b. levickis saxelmZRvanelo sadacaa, iq qar-Tuli enis WaWaneba ar aris~. 2afxazeTSi carizmis diskriminaciul enobriv politikas winaRudga gamoCenili qarTveli pedagogi da sazogado moRvawe i.1 p. Waraia. qarTuli ena soxumis olqis skolebSi. _ Jurn. `ganaTleba~#1, 1914w., gv. 556-57.2 T. saxokia. provinciis cxovreba. afxazeTi. _ Jurn. `moambe~, 1895,#11, gv. 122.538

gogebaSvili. qarTveli ganmanaTlebeli medgrad ibrZoda afxazebisuflebebis dasacavad. mas kargad esmoda, rom mSobliurienis gandevna, afxazuris nacvlad rusul enaze swavlebis mizaniiyo afxazebis asimilacia. amitom mas saWirod miaCnda afxazixalxis kulturuli ganviTarebisaTvis afxazur enaze wignebisgamocema, maTi mSobliuri mwerlobis ganviTareba. rogorc isaRniSnavda: àfxaz da qarTvel pedagogebs advilad SeuZlianTramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi Seadginon SeerTebuli ZaliT afxazuri“deda-ena” da dabeWdon igi. piradad Cven mzad varT yovelidaxmareba aRmouCinoT SeZlebisdagvarad, tradiciuli Zmobisda erTobis mociqulebs, metadre axlis mwignobrobis Seqmnasada gamocemaSi. Tu adgilobriv ver SeZleben am wignebis dabeWdvas,gamougzavnon TbilisSi “wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebas” da igididi siamovnebiT gamoscems Tavisi xarjiT”. 1i. gogebaSvils qarTveli inteligenciis movaleobad miaCndaiseve ezruna afxazuri saliteraturo da saRvTismsaxurebo enisganviTarebisaTvis, rogorc qarTulisa. “Cven, qarTvelebs, _ werdais, _ mxurvaled gvsurs rogorc Cveni saRvTismsaxuro enis,ise Cveni mSobliuri literaturis ganviTareba da gamdidreba,movaleni varT, igive visurvoT sxva erovnebebisTvisac, maT SorisafxazebisTvisac”. 2carizmis rusifikatorul politikaSi erT-erTi wamyvani adgilieklesias ekava. qarTvelebis garusebas mefis administraciaRvTismsaxurebis rusul enaze gadayvaniTac cdilobda. am mxrivarc afxazeTi iyo gamonaklisi. aq xSirad mRvdlebad iniSnebodnenrusi berebi, romelTac arc afxazuri icodnen da arc qarTuli.amis Sesaxeb gaz. ìveria” ityobineboda: `samwuxaroa, rom aqeTqarTuli enis WaWaneba arsad ar ismis, arc erT saswavlebelSi.warmoidgineT aqauris qarTvelis mdgomareoba. bevrs maTgans isear esmis rusuli ena, rogorc Tqvens umorCiless monas Cinurida mTeli weliwadi erTxel versad ver moismenT qarTuls wirvalocvas,Tumca qarTveli mRvdlebi arian, romelTac SeuZlianTqarTul enaze wirva-locva. am garemoebas ganmarteba aRar eWirveba,radgan cxadia, ris maswavlebelic aris aseTi ambavi~. 31 i. gogebaSvili. politikanoba afxazeTSi. _ Txzulebani. t. 4. Tb.,1955, gv. 174.2 i. gogebaSvili. politikanoba afxazeTSi, gv. 200.3 wamsvleli. mowerilia ambavi _ ìveria~,#85, 1892w.539

1895w. Jurn. “moambeSi” gamoqveynda Tedo saxokias werili,romelic exeba afxazeTis eklesiaSi arsebul mZime viTarebas.“1887 wlidan, _ werda igi, _ axlad dadgenilma soxumis eparqiamoTxi mRvdelTmTavari gamoicvala; verc erTma ver moaswroafxazTa gacnoba, maTTan daaxloeba, afxazeTSi odesRac ayvavebuliqristianobis dacemis mizezebis Seswavla. samagierod maT “daudgeniaT”:“Tavi da Tavi mizezi afxazeTSi qristianobis daqvei-Tebisa _ qarTuli ena ariso, radgan es qarTuli ena mkvidrT aresmiTo, swored is qarTuli ena, romliTac Cveni wminda mamaniafxazT qristes moZRvrebas uqadagebdnen biWvintisa, lixinisa, moqvisa,drandisa, fsircxisa (awindeli axali aToni), bediisa,ilorisa da afxazeTis sxva taZrebSi. am saxiT aTvaliswunebuliiqmna qarTuli ena qarTulis eklesiebSi... biWvintis, fsircxisada drandis Zvel monastrebs rusis monazvnebi daepatronnen. amtaZrebSi amJamad qarTulad wirva-locvis xseneba aRarc-kia”. 1amave Temas exeba gaz. `cnobis furcelSi” gamoqveynebuliwerili, romelSic naTqvamia, rom ruseTma mTeli Zal-RoniT miitanaieriSi ara rusebzed da moindoma maTi nacionaluri fizionomiisganadgureba, xelebiT iwyo faTuri maTs wmidaTa-wmidaSi_ enasa da sarwmunoebaSi. `soxumis olqSi mcxovreb 60 aTasamdisqarTvelis danaSaulad is kmaroda, rom igi qarTveli yofiliyo...Cven Svilebs, _ sinanuliT werda statiis avtori, _ skolebSi`dikarebs” eZaxdnen, eklesiebSi Cvens enas _ `ZaRlis Rmuils”.aramc Tu wirva-locva eklesiebSi, aramed saxlSi micvalebulzedwesis agebac qarTulad akrZaluli gvqonda... adamianis adamianobasmxolod rusuli enis codniT Tu ucodinrobiT sjidnen. mgonia,mkiTxvels axsovs vostorgovis azri afxazTa Sesaxeb: afxazebikavkasiis yvela xalxs sjobnian, radganac yvelaze ufro rusulsiTvisebeno! ai, ra situtucemdis mividnen”. 21890 wlidan soxumis olqis samrevlo skolebi eparqiaSiSeqmnil `saeklesio Zmobis” gamgeblobaSi Sevida. `Zmoba” miznadisaxavda bavSvebisaTvis mxolod rusuli ena eswavlebinaT. masTanTanamSromlobda `qristianobis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba”. amskolebis mizani gaevrcelebina mahmadian afxazebSi qristianulisarwmunoeba, mxolod niRabi iyo. namdvilad samrevlo skolebi1 T. saxokia. provinciis cxovreba. afxazeTi. _ Jurn. `moambe~, #11,1895, gv. 115-116.2 soxumeli. qarTuli ena da eklesia afxazeTSi. _ cnobis furceli,#2853, 1905w.540

mowodebuli iyo, adgilobriv mkvidrTa momavali Taoba carizmiserTgulebiT aRezarda. amis dasturia Tundac is, rom amgvari tipisskolebi samurzayanos im nawilSic arsebobda, sadac arc er-Ti mahmadiani an sxva romelime araqristianuli sarwmunoebis aRmsarebelixalxi ar esaxla, garda qristiani megrelebisa.qarTul enaze RvTismsaxurebis aucileblobis sakiTxs nikojanaSia bevrjer Seexo. am saWirboroto Temas man araerTi werilimiuZRvna. “14 ianvars, ninooba dRes, adgilobrivma sazogadoebam,romelsac ager 10 weliwadia wirva-locva deda-enazed armousmenia, sTxova sasuliero mTavrobas, rom neba mogveciT amdRes wirva da paraklisi qarTuls enazed gardavixadoTo, magramsoxumelTa samwuxarod, es Txovna ar iqmna Sewynarebuli.amgvarad, soxumma saqarTvelosaTvis RirsSesaniSnavi dRe jerovnadver idResaswaula”. 1amave sakiTxs exeba n. janaSias momdevno statia, sadac isgulistkiviliT werda: “ager aTi weliwadia, rac Cven qarTuliwirva-locva ar gagvigonia,. ase gasinjeT, aRdgomasac ar gvesmistkbili samSoblos enaze saxarebis kiTxva! rac patiosanma mR. t.saxokiam ganisvena, mas Semdeg ar vRirsebivarT mSobliurs wirva-locvas,TiTqos patiosan moZRvars qarTuli wirva-locva TansamareSi Caetanoso~. 2zogierTi qarTveli moRvawe uaryofiTad Sexvda afxazurenaze saRvTo wignis Targmnas, wirva-locvis Sesrulebas. i. gogebaSvilmadagmo es usafuZvlo da ugunuri mosazreba. misi azriTafxazebs unda hqonodaT mSobliur enaze RvTismsaxurebisufleba. “gazeTebis zogi qarTveli korespondenti mtrulad epyrobaafxazur enaze saRvTismsaxurebo wignebis Targmnas da amenaze RvTismsaxurebis Sesrulebas. es metismetad maocebs. mar-Talia, afxazeTi mravali saukunis manZilze Seadgenda saqarTvelospolitikuri sxeulis nawils, iq RvTismsaxureba sruldebodaqarTul enaze da damwerlobac qarTuli iyo afxazTa survilisamebr,magram xom ueWveli faqtia, rom afxazuri ena qar-Tuli enis kilo ar aris, aramed damoukidebeli enaa, TumcaqarTuli enis monaTesave. rogorc damoukidebel enas, mas udavodaqvs ufleba Tavis RvTismsaxurebaze, Tavis damwerlobaze,1 hamuT-bei (n. janaSia). soxumi _ iveria, #17, 1898w.2 iliko vermicanaSvili (n. janaSia). werili soxumidan. _ iveria,#239, 1897w.541

Tavis xalxur literaturaze... usamRvdeloesi kirioni didadTanaugrZnobda afxazuri damwerlobisa da literaturis Seqmnas.man moiTxova kidec monawileoba mieRo afxazuri enis nacionalurisaxelmZRvanelos SedgenaSi. am mimarTulebiT unda imoqmedonsoxumelma qarTvelebma da yovelnairad daexmaron afxazebsam kulturul wamowyebaSi”. 1qarTveli inteligenciis Zalisxmevam, RvTismsaxurebis mSobliurenaze SesrulebisaTvis Seurigebelma brZolam, Sedegi gamoiRo.carizmi iZulebuli gaxda daTmobaze wasuliyo da 1898w.seqtemberSi ruseTis sinodma gamosca gankarguleba qarTvelebisdasaxlebaSi wirva-locva qarTul enaze Sesrulebuliyo. raodendidi iyo sixaruli afxazeTis qarTvelobis, roca mas mieca uflebawirva-locvis mSobliur enaze Catarebisa. amis Taobaze nikojanaSia aRfrTovanebuli werda: “soxumis olqSi mcxovrebmegrel-qarTvelobas amieridan eZleva ufleba wirva-locva qar-Tulad, samSoblo enazed moisminon. vgoneb, exla SeuZlian mkiTxvelssakmaod gaiTvaliswinos is sixaruli, is aRtaceba, ra sixarul-aRtacebacgamoiwvia aqaur qarTvel mcxovrebTa Sorisuwmindesi sinodis samarTlianma brZanebam. ueWvelia, zneobrivismxriv dids da TvalsaCino nayofs gamoiRebs es gankarguleba~. 2afxazeTSi qarTuli kulturis dacvisa da ganviTarebissaqmeSi didi wvlili Seitana qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelisazogadoebis soxumis ganyofilebam, romelsac sa-TaveSi edga mariam dadiani-anCabaZisa. afxazeTSi saxalxo ganaTlebiscnobil moRvaweTa Soris mas gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia.m. dadiani iyo TvalsaCino qarTveli mwerlisa da sazogadomoRvawis Salva dadianis da, cnobili afxazi mecnieris, afxaze-Tis saxelmwifo universitetis pirveli reqtoris z. anCabaZisbebia. mis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli ara erTi mniSvnelovanikulturul-saganmanaTleblo RonisZiebis Catareba. m. dadianisxelSewyobiT qarTuli skolebi daarsda oCamCiresa da gudauTSi,sadac qarTuli enis swavlebas didi yuradReba eTmoboda. aRsaniSnaviamariam anCabaZis fasdaudebeli Rvawli afxazeTSi sascenoxelovnebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi.1910w. qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sa-1 i. gogebaSvili. afxazeTis Sesaxeb. Txz. t. 4. Tb., 1955, gv. 200-201.2 hamuT-bei (n. janaSia). werili afxazeTidgan. wirva-locvis mini-Weba. _ iveria #273, 1898w.542

zogadoebis soxumis ganyofilebis didi Zalisxmevis Sedegad gaixsnaqarTuli skola soxumSi, romelsac sicocxlis bolomdecnobili saxalxo maswavlebeli n. janaSia xelmZRvanelobda.exeboda ra dawyebiTi skolis mniSvnelobas momavali TaobisaRzrdis saqmeSi, n. janaSia werda: “didi samsaxuris gaweva SeuZlianpirvel dawyebiT skolas, ... es skola unda gadaiqces patarakerad, romlis garSemoc moiyris Tavs soxumeli qarTveloba... gamarjvebaimas ekuTvnis, vinc orive xeliT ibrZvis da Tavis bedsTviTonve sWeds. maS meti mxneoba da meti siyvaruli, raTa momavaliTaoba mainc vixsnaT damaxinjebisa da gadagvarebisagan”. 1mSobliuri enis uflebisa da siwmindisaTvis daucxromelimebrZoli p. Waraia soxumis qarTul skolebSi qarTuli enisswavlebiT aRfrTovanebuli werda: `radgan soxumis olqis qar-Tul skolebSi qarTuli enis swavlebis Sesaxeb vlaparakob, undavaxseno soxumis qarTuli skolac. me am wels pirvelad vnaxees saswavlebeli, romelmac bevri saimedo azrebi aRmiZragulSi. vaSa soxumel qarTvelobas, romelmac aseTi mtkice sa-Zirkveli Cauyara am saSviliSvilo saqmes... saWiroa qarTvelmasazogadoebam rame iRonos, rom qarTulis swavleba Sesafer donezedaayenos soxumis olqis qarTul skolebSi~. 2rasakvirvelia, amaSi didi wvlili niko janaSias miuZRoda.misi mosazrebiT eris cxovrebaSi upirvelesi saqme enis dacva iyo.“qarTuli ena, _ werda is, _ gandevnilia skolidan ... iq sadacsaswavleblis atmosfero gaJRenTilia uzomo siZulviliT amenisadmi, sadac ena devnilia... sadac b-nni pedagogni warb-Seuxreladuwodeben am enas “животный язык”-s, iq ra unda gaakeTosmaswavlebelma?... aq mxolod TviT sazogadoebas SeuZlian iRonos,zed gavlena iqonios da Zala daatanos, rom ukeTesi pirobebidaamyaron aw arsebul saswavleblebSi. xolo patarasaTvisaucileblad saWiroa, rom pirvel oTx-xuT weliwads mainc miecessaSualeba samSoblo enaze ganviTarebisa: am gziT is undadedis rZesaviT tkbilad Seezardos da Seesisxlxorcos dedaenas,Seiyvaros Tavisi samSoblo”. 31 hamuT-bei. Wreli SeniSvnebi afxazTa da afxazeTis Sesaxeb, weriliVII, _ droeba, #52, 1910w.2 p. Waraia. qarTuli ena soxumis olqis skolebSi. _ Jurn.: `ganaTleba~,#1, 1944, gv. 62-63.3 hamuT-bei (n. janaSia). Wreli SeniSvnebi afxazTa da afxazeTisSesaxeb, werili VII. _ droeba, #52, 1910w.543

XIXs. 90-iani wlebidan afxazeTis inteligenciis brZolamcarizmis rusifikatoruli politikis winaaRmdeg ufro aqtiurixasiaTi miiRo. im periodSi afxazeTSi Camoyalibda qarTveli inteligenciisjgufi, romelic daundoblad aaSkaravebda mTavrobisSavrazmul saqmes, erovnuli suliskveTebiT aerTianebda afxazeTisqarTvelobas. am jgufSi, romelsac T. saxokia xelmZRvanelobda,Sediodnen: anTimoz juReli, spiridon norakiZe, ivaneburWulaZe, petre Waraia, grigol kandelaki, ivane gegia, farnadaviTaia da sxv.quTaisis samxedro gubernatori f. gerSelmani kavkasiis mTavarmarTvelisadmimoxsenebaSi am organizaciis saqmianobis Sesaxebwerda: “saxokiam soxumis olqSi Camoayaliba qarTvelTa partia,romelic iswrafvis: a) afxazuri mosaxleobis eklesiebSi moawyosRvTismsaxureba ara slavur, aramed mxolod qarTul enazeda b) samrevlo-saeklesio skolebSi da kavkasiaSi qristianobisaRmdgenel skolebSi, romlebic afxazeTsa da samurzayanos farglebSia,yvela sagnis swavleba moawyos qarTul da ara rusulenaze, rom am gziT gaaqarTvelos afxazeTisa da samurzayanos mosaxleoba”.11904w. kavkasiis mTavarmarTvelis kancelariaSi momzadda sabraldebosaqme “qarTuli partiis” wevrTa “danaSaulebrivi moqmedebis”Sesaxeb afxazeTSi, romlis safuZvelze xuT-xuTi wliTruseTSi gadasaxleba miesaja am jgufis wevrebs `Являющихсяглавными представителями грузинской партии, противодействующеймероприятиям правительства по обрусению населения округа”. 2am jgufis wevrTa dapatimrebis Semdeg, bunebrivia, T. saxokias`qarTulma partiam” sasurvel mizans ver miaRwia, magram manseriozuli problemebis winaSe daayena kavkasiis administracia.1 a. silagaZe, v. guruli. Tedo saxokias qarTuli partia afxazeT-Si. _ istoriul-politikuri narkvevebi. Tb., 2001, gv. 244-245.2 a. silagaZe, v. guruli. Tedo saxokias qarTuli partia.., gv. 247.544

BORIS KVARATSKHELIATSARISM’S DISCRIMINATORY LANGUAGE POLICYIN ABKHAZIASince the second half of the 19th century the russifying policy inGeorgia, including Abkhazia, took a dangerous turn touching on the fieldof education too. To russify the indigenous population Tsarism carried adiscriminatory language policy. This policy in connected with the overseerof education authority of the Caucasus Ianovski’s name. By his orderbeginning from the primary classes in all the types of school therewas introduced Russian as an obligatory subject. At school there was implantedthe so-called “natural method’’, according to which the Georgianlanguage was expected to fulfil an auxiliary role in teaching Russian. Inthe russifying policy one of the leading roles was performed by thechurch. With the view of russifyng the Abkhazian people Tsarism made along cunning step – the Abkhazian alphabet was switched to the Russianscript which had ratter a political mission than a cultural and educationalone. The progressive – minded Georgian intelligentsia under I. Chavchavadzeresisted Tsarism’s assimilation policy. In this fight actively wereenrolled the Abkhazian public figures: N. Janashia, T. Sakhokia, P. Charaiaand others who attached a great importance to the preservation of theGeorgian language.35. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi545

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008jambul anCabaZeagraruli reforma saqarTvelosdemokratiul respublikaSisaqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis istoriis sakvanZosakiTxebze araerTi mecnieri muSaobs. bolo wlebSi gamoqveyndasaintereso naSromebi, romlebic ZiriTadad sazogadoebriv-politikur,sagareo urTierTobebisa da kulturis sferoebs moicavs.rac Seexeba socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sakiTxebs, igijerac ar gamxdara sagangebo mecnieruli kvlevis sagani. Tumcaunda iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli problema saerTod ar darCenilamecnier-istorikosTa yuradRebis miRma. arsebobs araerTi naSromi,romelTa avtorebi aRniSnul sakiTxs ganixilaven, magrammxolod ganmazogadebel gamocemebSi. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia al.bendianiSvilis uaRresad saintereso monografia `saqarTvelospirveli respublika~, 1 sadac avtori qveynis socialur-ekonomikuriganviTarebis mTavrobiseuli programis gaSuqebisas mokledganixilavs agrarul sakiTxsac. al. bendianiSvili am sakiTxsgakvriT exeba saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvaneloSic. 2f. lomaSvils saqarTvelos istoriis skolis saxelmZRvaneloSicalke paragrafad aqvs gamoyofili saqarTvelos demokratiulirespublikis agraruli politika. 3 avtori am sakiTxs ganixilavsim moculobiTa da siRrmiT, rac saskolo programasSeesabameba.Cvens sakvlev Temas exeba S. vadaWkoria monografiaSi `qar-Tuli social-demokratia 1917-1921 ww.~ 4 naSromi moicavs saqarTvelossocial-demokratebis saqmianobas erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobisaRdgenis, Camoyalibebisa da saerTaSoriso arenazeqveynis interesebis dacvis saqmeSi. avtors socialur-ekonomiku-1 al. bendianiSvili. saqarTvelos pirveli respublika. Tb., 2001.2 al. bendianiSvili. saqarTvelos istoria 1801-1821 wlebSi. Tb., 1999.3 f. lomaSvili. saqarTvelos istoria, saskolo saxelmZRvanelo,Tb., 1991.4 S. vadaWkoria. qarTuli social-demokratia 1917-1921 ww. Tb., 2001.546

i ganviTarebis problemebi, maT Soris agraruli reforma calkeTavad aqvs gamoyofili da am sakiTxs ganixilavs qarTveli social-demokratebispolitikuri saqmianobis fonze. S. vadaWkoriasmonografia, udavod, maRal Sefasebas imsaxurebs, magram, naSromisstruqturidan gamomdinare, igi qveynis socialur-ekonomikuriganviTarebis problemebs srulad ver warmoaCens.agrarul sakiTxs exeba ak. surgulaZec. 1 miwis sakiTxzeamierkavkasiis komisariatis, seimisa da saqarTvelos demokratiulirespublikis parlamentis mier miRebul dekretebsa da kanonebsigi calsaxad uaryofiTad afasebs. gvjera, rom mecnierispozicia am sakiTxze misi msoflmxedvelobidan ar gamomdinareobda.bolSevikuri reJimis mier im periodSi dakavSirebul politikuri-ideologiuriwnexis pirobebSi mas sakuTari poziciisdafiqsirebis SesaZlebloba ar mieca.mogvianebiT, gasuli saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi, saqarTveloSiganviTarebuli cnobili movlenebis fonze ak. surgulaZem,erT-erTma pirvelma qarTvel istorikosebs Soris, realurad warmoaCinamenSevikuri mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebuli socialurekonomikurigardaqmnebi. agraruli reforma ak. surgulaZes detaluradar ganuxilavs, magram obieqturad ki Seafasa. 2yuradRebas imsaxurebs saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikisfinansTa da vaWroba-mrewvelobis maSindeli ministris –konstantine kandelakis wigni `saqarTvelos erovnuli meurneoba~, 3sadac avtori sakmaod vrclad ganixilavs qveynis socialur-ekonomikuriganviTarebis sakiTxebs. k. kandelaki saqarTvelos mTavrobaSierT-erTi gamorCeuli figura iyo. is uZRveboda qveynisekonomikis mniSvnelovan sferoebs. bunebrivia, am mimarTulebiTsaqarTvelos mTavrobis saqmianobas yovelgvari kritikuli SeniSvnebisgareSe dadebiTad afasebs. igi analogiuri paTosiT aSuqebsargarul reformasac.amasTan unda aRvniSnoT, rom k. kandelakis wignidan aSkaradCans qveynis kapitalisturi ganviTarebisadmi uaRresad pozitiuridamokidebuleba, romelic ganasxvavebs mas Tanapartielebisa da1 ak. surgulaZe. amierkavkasiis komisariatisa da seimis saSinao dasagareo politika. _ saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. VI. Tb.,1972.2 ak. surgulaZe, p. surgulaZe. saqarTvelos istoria. Tb., 1990.3 k. kandelaki. saqarTvelos erovnuli meurneoba, wigni II, parizi, 1960.547

kolegebisagan. miuxedavad imisa, rom k. kandelakis wignSi SeiniSnebaiseTi niuansebi, rac evropis social-demokratias araxasiaTebs, misi damokidebuleba dasavleTis faseulobebisadmiaSkarad dadebiTia. k. kandelakis dasavleTisadmi simpaTia ganapiroba,albaT, misma xangrZlivma emigraciam evropaSi. mas hqondaSesaZlebloba wlebis ganmavlobaSi Tvali miedevnebina iq mimdinaresocialur-ekonomikuri gardaqmnebisTvis, ormoci wlis gadasaxedidan(wigni gamovida 1960 wels) ufro realurad Seefasebinaam mxriv saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi.saqarTvelos xelisuflebis agraruli politikis ZiriTadiprincipebi mokled Camoayaliba aseve maSindelma miwaTmoqmedebisministrma – noe xomerikma wignSi àgraruli reforma da Cvenisasoflo meurneoba~. 1 igi am saqmes uSualod xelmZRvanelobda,cxadia, isic mTavrobis mier gatarebul agrarul reformas calsaxaddadebiTad afasebs. miuxedavad amisa, mis mier gamoTqmulirigi mosazrebani friad sagulisxmo da misaRebia.amgvarad, naTlad Cans, rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikissocialur-ekonomikuri problemebis kvlavis TvalsazrisiTjer kidev bevri ram aris gasakeTebeli, amitom avirCieT esproblema ZiriTad sakvlev Temad. amjerad winamdebare statia agrarulreformas mivuZRveniT. mdidar faqtobriv masalaze dayrdnobiTgavaanalizeT qarTul sofelSi agraruli mdgomareoba,warmovaCineT is mTavari faqtorebi, romlebmac ganapirobes agrarulireformis gatarebis aucilebloba, Tvali mivadevneT TviTreformis mimdinareobis process da gamovTqviT Cveni mosazrebaam uaRresad mniSvnelovan sakiTxze; srulyofilad warmovaCineTmenSevikuri mTavrobis mier gatarebuli agraruli politikis arsida gavarkvieT misi mniSvneloba qveynis socialuri problemebisgadaWris TvalsazrisiT mocemul periodSi.saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebis ekonomikurpolitikaSi agrarul sakiTxs mniSvnelovani adgili ekava.qveynis mosaxleobis 80% soflis meurneobiT iyo dakavebulida Semosavlis 2/3-s es dargi iZleoda. msoflio omma pirvelrigSi sofeli daazarala. arc saqarTvelo iyo am mxriv gamonaklisi.omis Sedegad aqac mkveTrad Semcirda soflis meurneobisproduqciis saerTo moculoba, daeca Sromis nayofiereba, Sewyda1 n. xomeriki. agraruli reforma da Cveni sasoflo meurneoba. Tb., 1920.548

marcvleulis, yurZnis da Tambaqos eqsporti. problema SeeqmnaSida bazars. faqtobrivad moxda sasoflo produqciis naturalizacia.anarqia da qaosi Seexo soflis meurneobis yvela sferos,mebaReobidan dawyebuli mecxvareobiT damTavrebuli. 1seriozul problemas qmnida miwis simcire. glexobis mniSvnelovaninawili mciremiwiani iyo, nawils saerTod ar gaaCnda mamuli.omis Semdeg sagrZnoblad imata mosaxleobam, umTavresadCamosaxlebis xarjze, maSin rodesac saxnav-saTesi farTobi igiverCeboda. mesakuTreTa mniSvnelovani nawili ki ar aRmoCnda mzadmeurneobis progresuli meTodebiT marTvisTvis.viTarebas amZimebda ruseTis faqtori. saqarTveloSi damkvidrebisTanaveruseTis xazina erT-erTi msxvili memamule gaxda. isjer qarTvel mefeTa sagvareulo miwebs daepatrona, Semdeg saeklesiomiwebi miiTvisa. garda amisa, ruseTis xazinam sxvadasxvaxrikebiTa da akrZaluli qmedebebiT, kerZod, urCobisa da mTavrobisRalatis cru braldebebiT, mis mier marTuli sasamarTlosmeSveobiT bankebSi giraos gadauxdelobisaTvis konfiskaciis gziTxelSi Caigdo TavadaznaurTa qonebis mniSvnelovani nawili. 2miwaTmflobelobis sakiTxis mowesrigebis motiviT ruseTisadministraciam SemoiRo yovlad miuRebeli samarTlis kodeqsi,romelic kerZo mesakuTreebs avaldebulebda miwis sakuTrebisdamadasturebeli sabuTis wardgenas. 3 qarTvel memamuleTa umravlesobasaseTi sabuTi ar gaaCnda. damkvidrebuli tradiciis TanaxmadmesakuTris mier uZravi qonebis SeZena Sinauri nasyidobissafuZvelze xdeboda. aseTi wesiT SeZenil miwebs ruseTis administraciaukanonod miiCnevda da xazinis sakuTrebaSi ricxavda. 4am droisTvis saqarTvelos miwis fondi 5.537207 desetinas Seadgenda,aqedan kerZo mesakuTreebs 3 517195 desetina anu 63.6%ekuTvnoda. ruseTis xazinas ki 2020012 desetina anu 36.4%. 5amgvarad, uxeSi administrirebiTa da arasamarTlebrivi gzebiTruseTis xazina saqarTveloSi umsxvilesi memamule gaxda.ruseTis adgilobrivi administracia sruliad ugulebelyofda aq1 gaz. `saqarTvelo~, 4.VI.1918.2 k. kandelaki. saqarTvelos erovnuli meurneoba, wigni meore. parizi,1960, gv. 146.3 k. kandelaki. saqarTvelos erovnuli meurneoba, gv. 146-147.4 k. kandelaki. saqarTvelos erovnuli meurneoba, gv. 147.5 s. avaliani. miwismflobeloba saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1920, gv. 7.549

meurneobis marTvis progresuli meTodebis damkvidrebas, wineRobeboda intensiuri meurneobis ganviTarebas. TviTon ruseTissoflis meurneobis marTvis sistema uaRresad CamorCenili iyo.mas ar Seswevda unari es dargi Tanamedrove meTodebiT emarTa.amis Sesaxeb 1918w. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ iuwyeboda: `Cven omamdevcxovrobdiT CamorCenil ruseTTan da vaCanagebdiT wuTisofels...CvenSi gabatonebuli ekonomikuri azrovneba, Tu mas azrovnebadaerqmis, siRaribidan Tavis daRwevis yovelgvar xaliss ukargavsxalxs. aq ruseTis ubeduri memkvidreoba Cans~. 1agrarul sferoSi arsebul mdgomareobas arTulebda is faqti,rom saqarTveloSi mesakuTreTa nawili mciremiwiani iyo. qar-Tvelma Tavadaznaurobam sasaqonlo fuladi meurneobis Casaxvisada ganviTarebis fonze Semosavlis ZiriTad wyarod miwis dagiravebaan gayidva gaixada, ris Sedegadac xelidan ecleboda saku-Tari miwis fondis mniSvnelovani nawili. magaliTad: agrarulireformis gatarebis Semdeg Tavadaznauroba flobda 1776823 desetinamiwas. 1918 wlisTvis mis sakuTrebaSi mxolod 621625desetina iyo. e.i. am periodSi gasxvisebul iqna 994828 desetinamiwa. 2 samwuxarod, qarTvel mesakuTreTa miwis mniSvnelovani nawilisxva erebis warmomadgenlebma Caigdes xelSi. miwismflobelobisTvalsazrisiT qarTveli glexobis mdgomareoba arasdros yofilasaxarbielo. mesakuTre glexebi, cxadia, ukeTes mdgomareobaSiiyvnen, magram maTi miwis fondi uaRresad mwiri iyo.xiznebs ufro meti piradi Tavisufleba hqondaT. maTi erTinawili memamulesTan wlidan wlamde dadebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelzerigiTi moijaradris uflebiT, meore nawili ki mudmivimoijaradris uflebiT sargeblobda. SedarebiT ukeTesi iyosaxelmwifo glexebis mdgomareoba. XIXs. 60-iani wlebis saglexoreformis Sedegad am kategoriis glexobis TiToeulma komlmaaRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 17,8 desetina, dasavleT saqar-TveloSi, bevrad naklebi _ 4,2 desetina miwa miiRo. 3 ukiduresadmZime mdgomareobaSi iyo Cavardnili sabatono glexoba. erTinawili sxvisi miwiT sargeblobda da cxovrobda, meore nawilisaerTod umiwawylo iyo.glexTa Soris miwis ganawilebis SedarebiT realuri sura-1 gaz. `saqarTvelo~ 1918 4.VI.1918.2 s. avaliani. miwismflobeloba saqarTveloSi, gv. 148.3 s. avaliani. miwismflobeloba saqarTveloSi, gv. 14.550

Tis warmoCenis TvalsazrisiT sensaciuri monacemebia dafiqsirebuli1917w. statistikuri xasiaTis masalebSi. 1917 wlisTvismTel saqarTveloSi (aWaris garda) 321383 komli iricxeboda.TiToeul komlSi daaxloebiT 5,84 suli, e.i. qveynis masStabiT1.876869 glexi cxovrobda. maTi sakuTreba iyo 817456 desetinamiwa. 1 TiToeul komlze modioda dasavleT saqarTveloSi – 2,27desetina, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi – 2,73 desetina, soxumis olqSi2,57 desetina. mTel saqarTveloSi (aWaris garda) modioda2.57 desetina. 2 TiToeul sulze dasavleT saqarTveloSi modioda0,39 desetina, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi – 0,44 desetina,soxumis olqSi – 0,64 desetina miwa. 3mTlianad saqarTveloSi (aWaris garda) – TiToeul sulze0,43 desetina miwa modioda. cxadia, zogs meti miwa hqonda, zogs– naklebi. glexobis 2%-s saerTod ar gaaCnda mamuli. 4 15,23%-smsxvilfexa saqoneli ar hyavda, xolo 39,51%-s muSa saqoneliar hyolia. 5 evropis qveynebSi miwis deficitis uaryofiTi SedegebisdaZleva ZiriTadad intensiuri meurneobis ganviTarebis safuZvelzexdeboda. saqarTveloSi amis pirobebi ar arsebobda.wvrilmesakuTreTa mniSvnelovan nawils, romelic mciremiwianida Raribi iyo, meurneobis finansebiT da teqnikiT uzrunvelyofisSesaZlebloba ar gaaCnda. Tavadaznaurobas bankebis vali axrCobdada intensiur meurneobaze naklebad zrunavda. arc msxvilimemamuleebi zrunavdnen amaze. bankebi mxolod sesxis gacemiTiyvnen dainteresebuli.saqarTveloSi glexobis mniSvnelovani nawili miwas ijariTiRebda (aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 60-64%, dasavleT saqarTveloSi42%). 6 saijaro gadasaxadi ki sakmaod maRali iyo. garda amisa,glexi ixdida Ralas, sakomisio, sasoflo, saerobo, sagzao dasxva gadasaxads. jer kidev SeiniSneboda Ralis naturiT gadaxdisprecedenti. 7 moijare glexebis umravlesobas memamuleebTanerTwliani saijaro xelSekruleba hqonda dadebuli. cxadia, isver iqneboda dainteresebuli, sxvis miwaze fuli daebandebina.1 k. kandelaki. saqarTvelos erovnuli meurneoba, gv. 148.2 s. avaliani. miwismflobeloba saqarTveloSi, gv. 17.3 s. avaliani. miwismflobeloba saqarTveloSi, gv. 17.4 s. avaliani. miwismflobeloba saqarTveloSi, gv. 17.5 k. kandelaki. saqarTvelos erovnuli meurneoba, gv. 149.6 k. kandelaki. saqarTvelos erovnuli meurneoba, gv. 149.7 k. kandelaki. saqarTvelos erovnuli meurneoba, gv. 150.551

amrigad, saqarTvelos sofelSi arsebuli uaRresad mZime mdgomareoba,kerZod, miwis simcire, miwismflobelobis sakiTxis mougvarebloba,meurneobis progresuli meTodebiT marTvis TvalsazrisiTmiwis mesakuTreTa sruli uunaroba, meurneobis marTvisrusuli mankieri meTodebis gadmonaSTebi dRis wesrigSi ayenebdaagraruli reformis gatarebis aucileblobas. amas moiTxovdaara marto glexobis momavali keTildReoba, aramed mTeliqveynis socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri interesebi. cnobilia,rom mefis ruseTis mier gatarebulma reformam sasurvelSedegs ver miaRwia. droebiTma mTavrobam am mimarTulebiT radikaluricvlilebebi ver ganaxorciela, Tumca Tavisi moRvaweobisdasawyisSi miwis sakiTxis dadebiTad gadawyvetis mcdeloba hqonda.am mizniT 1917 wlis 21 aprils gamosca debuleba `sagubernioda samazro saadgilmamulo komitetebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb~,1 romlis mizani iyo agraruli reformisaTvis niadagis momzadeba.warmodgenili debulebis proeqti damfuZnebel krebasunda daemtkicebina. magram krebis mowveva gaWianurda, amitom amdokumentis damtkiceba sakanonmdeblo organoSi ver moxerxda.bolSevikuri diqtaturis damyarebis Semdeg amierkavkasia faqtobrivadCamoscilda ruseTs, Seiqmna adgilobrivi mTavroba –komisariati, romelmac 1917w. 16 dekembers daamtkica dekreti`saxazino yofili saufliswulo, samonastro, iuridiuli pirebisda kerZo mesakuTreTa miwebis saadgilmamulo komitetebisaTvisgadacemis Sesaxeb~. dekretis Tanaxmad yvela mesakuTres dawesebulnormaze meti miwebi usasyidlod CamoerTmeoda da saxelmwifofondSi Cairicxeboda. saadgilmamulo komitetebi am miwebsumiwao da mciremiwian glexebs gaunawilebda. 2komisariatis dekrets seriozuli xarvezebi hqonda, masSiar iyo gansazRvruli mesakuTrisaTvis dasatovebeli miwis norma,aseve ar iyo garkveuli, Tu ra wesiT gadaecemoda glexobas memamulisaTvisCamorTmeuli miwebi. am uaRresad mniSvnelovani sakiTxisgaurkvevlobam soflad agrarul niadagze warmoSobil stiqiurmoZraobas garkveuli stimuli misca.amierkavkasiis seimi am sakiTxs ufro realisturad miudga.1 scssa, f 1915, aRw. 1 saq. 752, furc. 3-4.2 a. surgulaZe. amierkavkasiis komisariatis da seimis saSinao da sagareopolitika. _ saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. VI, gv. 345.552

1918w. 7 marts miiRo kanoni, romelic miwismflobelobis normasgansazRvravda. kerZod, mebaReoba-mevenaxeoba-mebostneobis sfero-Si dakavebulTaTvis miwis norma 7 desetiniT ganisazRvra. marcvleulismwarmoebelTaTvis 15 desetiniT, xolo mecxoveleobisa-Tvis 40 desetina. 1 seimis mier miRebuli kanoni adasturebda CamorTmeulimiwebis saadgilmamulo komitetebis gankargulebaSigadacemas. maT ufleba eZleodaT kanonis farglebSi, adgilobrivipirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, TavianTi Sexedulebisamebr emoqmedaT.saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg saadgilmamulosakiTxebs gacilebiT meti yuradReba mieqca. saqarTvelosxelisuflebas gacnobierebuli hqonda qveynis agrarulipolitikis sworad warmarTvis aucilebloba. am sferos ZiriTadadmTavroba, kerZod, miwaTmoqmedebis saministro uZRveboda. seimmamiwis norma ki gansazRvra, magram miwismflobelobis sakiTxijer kidev Riad rCeboda. am uaRresad seriozul problemaze politikurpartiebs gansxvavebuli pozicia hqondaT.socialist-federalistebma parlamentSi gansaxilvelad sakuTarikanon-proeqti waradgines. socialist-federalistebis proeqtisTanaxmad saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi miwa xalxissakuTrebad cxaddeboda. miwiT sargebloba SeeZlo mxolodmiwis muSas. saqarTvelos moqalaqes – Tanabari uflebiT, ganur-Cevlad erovnebisa, sarwmunoebisa da sqesisa, saWiroebis gaTvaliswinebiT.saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi miwis fondi saxelmwifos srulgankargulebaSi gadadioda. danarCeni miwis ganmkargavi adgilobriviTviTmmarTveloba xdeboda, romelsac saxelmwifo gauwevda zedamxedvelobas.qveynis farglebSi miwis yidva-gayidva ikrZaleboda.saxelmwifos evaleboda miwis muSebis amxanagobebis, kooperativebisxelSewyoba, romlebic miwas saerTo SromiT daamuSavebdnenda mosavals Sromis mixedviT gainawilebdnen. 2 aseTi iyo socialist-federalistebispozicia miwis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.social-demokratebs Tavidan miwis municipalizaciis programahqondaT. am programis mixedviT saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis garda,yvela miwa adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis xelSi gadadioda, romelicgansazRvrul saijaro fasSi daarigebda miwas. SemosuliTanxa TviTmmarTvelobis amxanagobebSi Cairicxeboda da adgilze1 s. avaliani. miwismflobeloba saqarTveloSi, gv. 27.2 scssa, f 1836, aRw. 1 saq. 44, furc. 243-244.553

arsebuli problemebis mogvarebas moxmardeboda. 1 mogvianebiT social-demokratebiam programis uaryofamde mividnen. `Cven sasurveladmigvaCnia miwis municipalizacia, magram cxovrebis kanoniufro Zlieri aRmoCnda, vidre Cveni mosazrebebi... wvril warmoebaskerZo ufro egueba, amitom aviReT Cven xeli municipalizaciazeda SevCerdiT iseT formaze, romelic arc ekonomikur ganvi-Tarebas Seborkavs da arc masebisTvis iqneba miuRebeli _ es arismiwis kerZo sakuTreba~, _ acxadebdnen social-demokratebi. 2rac Seexeba socialist-revolucionerebs, isini miwis kerZosakuTrebaSi gadacemis kategoriuli winaaRmdegi iyvnen. erT-erTipolitikuri Zala, romelic Tavidan bolomde ibrZoda miwis ker-Zo sakuTrebisTvis, erovnul-demokratiuli partia iyo. erovnuldemokratebikategoriulad moiTxovdnen umiwo glexobisaTvis Se-RavaTian fasebSi, grZelvadiani kreditiT miwis srul sakuTreba-Si gadacemas. 3 seriozuli msjelobis sagani gaxda glexobis miwiTsargeblobis formis sakiTxi (gamosyidviT Tu usasyidlod).politikosTa erTi nawili miwis Sesyidvas uWerda mxars. maTi varaudiT,glexobis nawils miwis Sesyidvisken hqonda miswrafeba.Tu saxelmwifo amis SesaZleblobas miscemda, mesakuTre glexTaricxvi mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeboda. xazinaSi ki soliduri TanxaCairicxeboda, romelic qveynis ekonomikur mdgomareobas odnav maincgaaumjobesebda. 4 sapirispiro mosazrebis avtorebs miaCndaT,rom glexobis mier miwis Sesyidvis dakanoneba qveyanaSi qaoss dauwesrigobas xelsayrel niadags Seuqmnida. wlebis manZilzeglexobisaTvis miwis ufasod gadacemis mudmivi dapirispirebisfonze Zneli iqneboda maTi dayolieba miwis Sesyidvaze. socialdemokratebmaTviTon Caigdes Tavi uxerxul mdgomareobaSi. menSevikebimarTlac pirdebodnen glexebs miwis ufasod gadacemas, amitommaTTvis sxva winadadebis SeTavazeba euxerxulebodaT.qveyanaSi Seqmnili umZimesi ekonomikuri da politikuri situaciidangamomdinare, agraruli reforma, SeiZleba iTqvas, mokledroSi momzadda. 1919w. 28 ianvars saqarTvelos parlamentmamiiRo kanoni `saxelmwifo saadgilmamulo fondebidan glexobisa-Tvis miwis kerZo sakuTrebad gadacemis Sesaxeb~. kanoni yvela sa-1 gaz. `saqarTvelo~, 6.VI.1918.2 gaz. èrToba~, 18.I.1919.3 gaz. `saqarTvelo~, 21.VI.1918.4 gaz. èrToba~, 18.I.1919.554

xelmwifo, saufliswulo, saeklesio-samonastro da kerZo mesakuTreTamiwebis konfiskacias da saxelmwifo saadgilmamulo fondSiCaricxvas iTvaliswinebda. 1 tyeebi, wylebi, saZovrebi, bunebriviwiaRiseuli kulturuli da sakvlev-sacdeli meurneobebi saxelmwifomeurneobebad gamocxadda da ar eqvemdebareboda ganawilebas.danarCeni miwa ki eZleodaT kerZo sakuTrebaSi umiwo damciremiwian glexebs, vinc miwaTmoqmedebiT irCenda Tavs.memamuleebisaTvis dasatovebeli miwa misi xarisxisa da gaSenebulikulturis mixedviT sam kategoriad iyofoda da mesakuTresrCeboda im normiT, romelic amierkavkasiis seimma 1918 wlis7 marts daamtkica (7-15-40). rac Seexeba gamosasyidis 2 normas,miwis mimRebi glexebisaTvis unda gadaenawilebinaT is Tanxa, romelic,reformis gatarebis da miwaTmoqmedebis gaumjobesebisaTvisfondis Sesaqmnelad daixarja. 1920 wlisTvis saqarTveloSisaxelmwifo fondSi Cairicxa 610 553 desetina miwa. saxelmwifomiwis fondi, imis gamoklebiT, romelic qveynis samomavlo saWiroebisaTvisiyo gaTvaliswinebuli, 350-480 desetinas Seadgenda.maSin saqarTveloSi dafiqsirebuli 317633 ojaxidan TiToeulsuwevda daaxloebiT 1 desetina (1 ha-ze cota meti). amasTan zogimesakuTre iyo. cxadia, is miwas ver miiRebda. es ar iyo sakmarisi,magram saerTod umiwoTaTvis mainc erTgvari Sveba iyo.28 ianvris dekretiT yofili sanadelo miwebi, romlis dakanonebadroebiT valdebulma glexebma 1912w. 20 dekembris kanonisTanaxmad ver moaxerxes, gamocxadda kerZo sakuTrebad. 3 ker-Zo sakuTrebad gamocxadda agreTve yofili saxazino glexebis miwebi,romelic maT saSviliSvilo sargeblobaSi imyofeboda, asevexiznebis saxazino uflebiT sargeblobaSi myofi miwebi. 4 28ianvris dekretis miRebamde saqarTvelos mTavrobam nayofieradimuSava. 1918w. maisidan mimdinareobda memamuleebisaTvis normazemeti miwebis konfiskacia, xolo 1919w. martidan ki daiwyo CamorTmeulimiwebis glexebis sakuTrebaSi gadacemis procesi. 5 reformisperiodSi mimRebi komisiebi, romlebic yvela mazraSi iyo1 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebiskrebuli. 1918-1921ww. Tb; 1990, gv. 217.2 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi.., gv. 217.3 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi.., gv. 218.4 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi.., gv. 218.5 scssa, f 1915, aRw. 1 saq. 8. furc. 7.555

Seqmnili, seriozuli problemebis winaSe aRmoCnda. gansakuTrebiTrTuli viTareba Seiqmna duSeTis mazraSi, bolSevikebis antisaxelmwifoebrivigamosvlebis Sedegad komisiebma muSaoba Sewyvites.1 analogiuri situacia Seiqmna quTaisis, Sorapnis, ozurge-Tis, senakis, zugdidis, saCxerisa da leCxumis mazrebSi, osebiTdasaxlebul soflebSi borCalos mazraSi. 2 borCalos mazraSi mosaxleobazeuaryofiTad imoqmeda adgilobriv muslimTa mxridanantireformulma propagandam. isini sdevnidnen mimReb komisiebs,xalxs arwmunebdnen, rom movidoda am miwis namdvili patronida is daurigebda yvelas Tavis kuTvnil miwas. duSeTidan bol-Sevikebis gandevnis Semdeg aq da sxva raionebSic 1918 wlis Semodgomazekomisiebma muSaoba ganaaxles.afxazeTSi konstituciis SemuSavebamde agraruli reformisganxorcieleba da saxelmwifo mamulebis gamgebloba daekisra afxazeTiskomisariats, romelic saqarTvelos miwaTmoqmedebis saministrosTanSeTanxmebiT niSnavda xelmZRvanel pirebs. 3 soxumisolqSi komisiebma muSaoba 1918 wlis dekembridan daiwyes. 1918wlis 7 martis kanoni qalaqebis teritoriaze ar vrceldeboda,amitom mis farglebSi moqceuli miwebi xelSeuxebeli darCa. reformisorganizatorebi am sakiTxiT dainteresdnen. miwaTmoqmedebissaministrom qalaqebis xelmZRvanelobasTan, sakanonmdebloda aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan erTad SeimuSavarekomendacia qalaqis sazRvrebis gamijvnisa da mis farglebsgareT darCenili miwebis saxelmwifo fondSi gadacemis Sesaxeb.4 miwis normas gansazRvravda qalaqis gamgeoba da miwaTmoqmedebissaministro amtkicebda. SesaZlebeli iyo CamorTmeulimiwebis ijariT aReba. 5agraruli reformis konteqstSi jdeba saqarTvelos damfuZnebelikrebisa da respublikis mTavrobis 1920 wlis 28 maisiskanoni `mkvidrTagan mitovebuli yofili saxazino-sanadelomiwebis saxelmwifo fondSi gadasvlis Sesaxeb~. is miwebi, romlebic1919w. 28 ianvris kanoniT kerZo sakuTrebad gamocxadda,magram mepatroneebi ar cxovrobdnen saqarTveloSi, saadgilmamu-1 scssa, f 1915, aRw. 1 saq. 8. furc. 7.2 scssa, f 1915, aRw. 1 saq. 8. furc. 7.3 scssa, f 1915, aRw. 1 saq. 8. furc. 84 scssa, f 1891 aRw. 1 saq. 650. furc. 75 scssa, f 1891 aRw. 1 saq. 650. furc. 7-8556

lo fonds gadaecemoda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi,dRidan am kanonis gamocxadebisa, ar daubrundebodnen TavianTmamulebs. 1 aseve uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo saqarTvelosdemokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebeli krebis 1920w. 10 Tebervlisdekreti, romelic miwebis yidva-gayidvis Tavisuflebasawesrigebda. 2reformis pirvel wels mesakuTreTa mamulebis mniSvnelovaninawili xeluxlebeli darCa. mamulis mflobelebs normaze metimiwa ki CamoarTves, magram droebiT patrons dautoves saijaroxelSekrulebis safuZvelze. saijaro gadasaxadi SedarebiTmcire iyo, amitom TiTqmis yvela miwaTmflobeli cdilobda normazemeti miwa Tavisi meurneobis farglebSi daetovebina. aseTipraqtika daaxloebiT erTi weli gagrZelda. agraruli reformisgatarebis procesSi aSkarad Canda, rom wamowyebuli reformamosaxleobas miwiT srulad ver daakmayofilebda, amitom saWirogaxda qveynis mWidrod dasaxlebuli raionebidan umiwo da mciremiwianiglexebis im raionebSi Casaxleba, sadac SedarebiT ufrometi auTvisebeli miwis fondi arsebobda.am RonisZiebebis gatareba mTavrobam 1918w. meore naxevridandaiwyo. xelisufleba did mniSvnelobas aniWebda sasazRvro raionebSiauTvisebel miwebze qarTveli glexobis dasaxlebas. 3 xelisuflebisam sakiTxiT dainteresebas realuri safuZveli hqonda.kerZod, iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac mezobel qveynebTan dapirispirebisas(mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs konfliqtebi somxeTTan da azerbaijan-Tan) sasazRvro raionebSi mcxovreb araqarTuli mosaxleobis mniSvnelovannawils antiqarTuli pozicia ekava, amitom aq umiwoqarTveli glexebis Casaxleba usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiTac gamarTlebuliiyo. umiwo glexebis Casaxleba pirvelad lagodexisraionSi daiwyo, Semdeg zaqaTalis olqSi, Siraqis, eldaris daaxalqalaqis mazrebSi, mamisonis uReltexilze. 4 gansakuTrebulimniSvneloba eniWeboda umiwo qarTveli glexebis afxazeTSi Casaxlebas.am sakiTxs oficialuri xasiaTi ver mieca. afxazeTis1 saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba, stenografiuli angariSi, me-20sxdoma, 28.V.1920, gv. 1.2 saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba, stenografiuli angariSi, 86-esxdoma, 1920.10.II, gv. 3.3 scssa, f 1915, aRw. 1 saq. 951. furc. 14 scssa, f 1815, aRw. 1 saq. 951, furc. 2, furc. 5557

saxalxo sabWo masTan SeTanxmebis gareSe am mxareSi qarTvelebisCasaxlebis winaaRmdegi iyo. amasTan dakavSirebiT afxazeTis oficialurwarmomadgenlebs Sexvedrebi hqondaT mTavrobis TavmjdomaresTan,miwaTmoqmedebis ministrTan. isini Txovdnen n. Jordaniasmuhajirebis samSobloSi dabrunebis sakiTxis garkvevamdesaqarTvelos mTavrobas SeeCerebina Casaxlebis procesi. n. Jordaniaam sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saTanado reagirebas dahpirda. 1miuxedavad amisa soxumis olqSi qarTveli glexebis Casaxlebisprocesi grZeldeboda.umiwo da mciremiwiani glexebis Casaxleba mimdinareobda Tbilisis,goris, Telavis, TianeTis mazrebSi, marabdaSi, sarTiWalaSida sxvagan. am periodisTvis saqarTvelos sxvadasxva raion-Si Casaxlebul iqna 2800 komli, ukve moZiebuli Tavisufali miwisfondma Seadgina 67000 desetina, sadac daaxloebiT 8 aTasikomlis Casaxleba iqneboda SesaZlebeli. 2 saqarTvelos mTavrobismier ganxorcielebuli Sidamigraciuli RonisZiebebi sasargebloiyo glexTa miwiT dakmayofilebis TvalsazrisiT, amasTan masstrategiuli datvirTvac hqonda.amrigad, 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTveloSi gatarebuli agrarulireforma ZiriTadad dadebiT Sefasebas imsaxurebs. amiT men-Sevikurma mTavrobam mniSvnelovani nabiji gadadga soflad bur-Juaziuli garemos Seqmnisaken.memarjvene mimarTulebis politikurma Zalebma dadebiT SefasebasTanerTad reformis mimarT araerTi kritikuli SeniSvnadaafiqsires. erovnul-demokratebi arasworad miiCnevdnen mesaku-TreTa miwebis konfiskacias. maTi azriT, umiwo glexebi im mesakuTreebisxarjze unda daekmayofilebinaT, romlebic solidurmiwis fonds flobdnen, magram saTanadod ar amuSavebdnen mas.aseve miwa ar unda CamorTmeoda im memamuleebs, romlebmac didiraodenobiT kapitali Cades intensiuri meurneobis Sesaqmnelad. 3arada moxda ise, rom yvela, didi Tu patara mesakuTre, romelsacmeurneobis marTvis mravalwliani tradicia hqonda, mamapapurmamuls Camoaciles da 7 desetina miwis amara datoves. mesakuTreTaTvisdasatovebeli miwis normis gansazRvrisas ar iyo gaTvaliswinebulimaTi ojaxebis Semadgenloba, ar iyo bolomde argu-1 scssa, f 1915, aRw. 1 saq. 947. furc. 82 scssa, f 1915, aRw. 1 saq. 951. furc. 63 k. kandelaki. saqarTvelos erovnuli meurneoba, gv.121.558

mentirebuli dekretis is muxli, mesakuTreze dasatovebeli miwisnormas rom gansazRvravda imis mixedviT, Tu meurneobis rasferoTi iyo is dakavebuli.erovnul-demokratiuli partiis liders al. asaTians 7 desetinamiwaze srulyofili meurneobis mowyoba SeuZleblad miaCnda:`meurneTaTvis, romlebsac 10 desetina miwa SeuZeniaT damouwyviaT meurneoba, gauSenebiaT baR-venaxebi, 3 desetina miwisCamorTmevas realobis SefasebasTan araviTari kavSiri ar aqvs~.Tumca debulebis mixedviT reformis adgilobriv organoebs realuripirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT 7 desiatinidan 10-mde ayvanisSesaZlebloba hqondaT, magram reformis gatarebis procesSimsgavsi precedenti ar Seqmnila.saqarTveloSi mimdinare agraruli reforma mkacrad gaakritikagermanulma gazeTma. eqspropriaciis an ZaldatanebiT sakuTrebismospobis Sesaxeb dekreti mxolod ramdenime Tvea, rac gamoqveyndada man gamanadgurebeli Sedegi miiRo. seimma daadgina,rom yvela araglexi, didi mesakuTre mama-papur miwas Camocilebodada sakuTari mamulebidan samowyalod 7 desetinamiwa rgeboda. im wodebas, romelmac mravali wlis ganmavlobaSimiwaTmoqmedis kultura Seinaxa da daicva, uceremoniod waar-Tves mamuli. kanonis Semdgenlebs daaviwydaT, rom ZaldatanebiTada aseTi siCqariT sakuTrebis Secvlas Tan sdevs sameurneo krizisi.aseTi formiT miwebis CamorTmevas arc erT kulturulqveyanaSi adgili ar hqonia. 1agrarul reformas marcxnidanac aqtiurad utevdnen. socialist-revolucionerTafraqciam mouwoda damfuZnebel krebas,gaeuqmebina adre miRebuli agraruli kanonebi. ilia nucubiZemagraruli kanonis ZiriTad naklad miiCnia is, rom mas ar asuldgmulebdasocialisturi ideali, rom is ar iyo mecnieruladdasabuTebuli dokumenti. 2 eserTa protesti kidev ufro gamZafrdamiwis yidva-gayidvis kanonis miRebis Semdeg.socialist-federalistebi eserebis msgavsad brals sdebdnenmmarTvel partias socializmis principebis RalatSi. mTavrobisadrindel saqmianobas da samomavlo gegmas mkacrad akritikebdasocialist-federalistTa lideri S. aleqsi-mesxiSvili:1 gaz. `saqarTvelo~, 6.IX.1918, gadmobeWdilia germanuli gazeTidan.2 saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba, stenografiuli angariSi, me-80sxdoma, 1920, 23.I, gv. 10-11.559

soflis meurneobaSi, mrewvelobaSi, aReb-micemobaSi mTavroba undamiiswrafodes, sadac ki SesaZlebelia, koleqtivizaciisaken...mTavroba yovelmxriv unda daexmaros koleqtiur warmoebas soflad1 da a.S.reformis mimarT, rogorc erTi, ise meore mxridan gamoTqmulpretenziebs Taviseburad pasuxobdnen mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi.memamuleebisaTvis dasatovebeli miwebis dabali normisdawesebasTan dakavSirebiT opoziciis SeniSvnebze pasuxi aseTi iyo:ùmiwawylo mosaxleobis miwiT dakmayofileba, mxolod mesakuTreTamamulebis CamorTmevis xarjze iyo SesaZlebeli. am ukanasknelTaSoris cota iyo msxvili memamule, xolo umiwawylo glexoba– mravalricxovani. amitom Seqmnili situacia moiTxovdamemamuleebisaTvis rac SeiZleba naklebi miwis norma dagvewesebina.winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi umiwawylo glexobis dakmayofilebaSeuZlebeli iyo~. 2 rac Seexeba mesakuTreebisaTvis kompensaciebisgacemas, amis SesaZlebloba saxelmwifos ar gaaCnda. aRsaniSnaviarom CamorTmeuli miwebis udidesi nawili Tavadaznaurobas, sam-Rvdeloebasa da vaWar-kapitalistebs ekuTvnoda. magram maT amRonisZiebebisaTvis araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar gauweviaT. Tavadaznaurobaaqtiurad uWerda mxars saqarTvelos damoukideblobas,amitom Tavisi miwebis udidesi nawilis dakargvas is erovnuliTavisuflebis samsxverploze mitanil wvlilad Tvlida. 3social-demokratebi arc memarcxeneTa kritikul SeniSvnebstovebdnen upasuxod. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia 1920w. 23 ianvris damfuZnebelikrebis sxdomaze social-demokrat k. niniZis gamosvla,romelic Seexeboda miwis yidva-gayidvis Tavisuflebas, romliskategoriuli winaaRmdegi iyvnen socialist-demokratebi da socialist-revolucionerebi.k. niniZe miuTiTebda, rom Tu arsebobsmiwaze sakuTrebis ufleba, maSin misi yidva-gayidvis uflebac undaarsebobdes. rom sakuTrebis ufleba TavisTavad gulisxmobsyidva-gayidvis uflebas. 4 agraruli reformis sawyis etapze, –aRniSnavda k. niniZe, _ saWiro iyo msxvili memamulisaTvis miwis1 al. bendianiSvili. saqarTvelos pirveli respublika (1918-1921 ww.),Tb., 2001, gv. 232.2 k. kandelaki. saqarTvelos erovnuli meurneoba, gv. 152.3 f. lomaSvili. saqarTvelos istoria. saskolo saxelmZRvanelo,Tb., 1991, gv. 18.4 saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba, stenografiuli angariSi, me-80sxdoma, 1920, 23.I, gv. 6-7560

gayidvis akrZalva. amjerad msxvili miwaTmflobeloba likvidirebulia,amdenad 1918w. 23 Tebervlis kanonma amowura Tavisi daniSnuleba.axla igi ukve ewinaaRmdegeba glexobis interesebs. 1saqarTvelos xelisuflebis saqmianobas, kerZod qveyanaSigatarebul agrarul reformas dadebiTi Sefaseba misces 1920wlis Semodgomaze saqarTveloSi stumrad myofma dasavleT evropissocialistur partiaTa liderebma. germaneli socialistisemil vanderveldes mier 1920 wlis 20 oqtombers Jurnal`le popl~-Si gamoqveynebul statiaSi _ `pirveli socialisturimTavroba~ _ vkiTxulobT 1918 wlis socialuri da agrarulirevolucia, romelic moxda saqarTveloSi, aris ara socialisturi,aramed demokratiuli, moxdenili socialistebis mier,... Sefardebuli qveynis realobasTan, mis SesaZleblobebTan. ama-Sia qarTveli social-demokratebis goniereba da sibrZne.~ 2safrangeTis socialisturi partiis erT-erTi lideri pierrenolci 1920w. noemberSi gazeT `le progress de iunion~-is furclebzegamoqveynebul werilebis seriaSi aRniSnavs, rom qarTvelmasocial-demokratebma gamoaswores TavianTi rusi TanamoazreebisSecdoma da droulad, jer kidev amierkavkasiis respublikisarsebobis dros, daiwyes agararuli reformis gatareba, moxdasruli agraruli revolucia sisxlis dauRvrelad, mSvidobianad~.3 qarTveli social-demokratebis saqmianoba Seafasa agreTveinglisis leiboristuli partiis liderma ramzei makdonaldma.`saqarTvelos socialisturma mTavrobam is SeZlo, racevropis saxelmwifoTa social-demokratebma ver moaxerxes... maTukonfliqtod gaatares agraruli reforma, socialuri kanonmdebloba,Sroma daudes safuZvlad respublikis arsebobas~. 4dasavleT evropis socialistur partiaTa liderebis miermenSevikuri mTavrobis socialur-ekonomikuri politikis esodenmaRali Sefaseba gadaWarbebulad gveCveneba, magram mis mier gatarebuliagraruli reformis Sefasebaze xelis Caqneva ar iqnebodasamarTliani. marTalia, saqarTveloSi agraruli reforma1 saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba, stenografiuli angariSi, me-80sxdoma, 1920, 23.I, gv. 7. 1918 wlis 23 Tebervlis amierkavkasiis seimmamiiRo kanoni miwis yidva-gayidvis akrZalvis Sesaxeb.2 l. ToiZe. intervencia okupaciac, ZaldatanebiTi okupaciac, faqtobrivianeqsia. Tb, 1991, gv. 82-83.3 l. ToiZe. intervencia okupaciac.., gv. 82.4 l. ToiZe. intervencia okupaciac.., gv. 83.36. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi561

gatarda ufro adre, ufro srulad, vidre ruseTis imperiissivrcidan gamosul sxva saxelmwifoebSi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,mniSvnelovani xarvezebiT, magram saqarTvelo am mxriv maincar yofila pioneri. 1 pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg evropis araerTqveyanaSi Catarda agraruli reforma. zogan ufro radikaluri,zogan _ zomieri. yvelgan reformis ZiriTadi mizani umiwawyloglexobis miwiT uzrunvelyofa da wvrilmesakuTreTafenis Camoyalibebis xelSewyoba iyo. yovelive es msxvil memamuleTanormaze meti miwis konfiskaciis xarjze xdeboda, magramsasyidlis gadaxdiT. 2 evropis TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi agrarulikanonmdebloba, agrarul reformasTan erTad wvrilmesakuTreTameurneobis sasoflo-sameurneo iaraRebiT, iaffasiani kreditiTda sasoflo-sameurneo ganaTlebiT uzrunvelyofis aucileblobasafiqsirebda. germaniaSi, avstriaSi, fineTSi da sxvagan mesakuTre-Ta da saxelmwifos Soris molaparakebis safuZvelze xdeboda. 3am fonze saqarTveloSi gatarebuli reforma garkveulwiladarasrulyofili da zogjer ki arademokratiulic iyo.menSevikuri mTavrobis agraruli politika ar iyo burJuaziulimimarTulebiT calsaxad gamokveTili. marTalia, sakmaod farToasparezi mieca kerZo iniciativas, individualur meurneobas, magrammiwis mniSvnelovani nawili saxelmwifo sakuTrebad rCeboda.mTavrobas arc municipalizaciis procesze auRia xeli. sakmaodsoliduri miwis farTobi daisakuTres saerobo da saqalaqoTviTmmarTvelobebma, sazogadoebrivma organizaciebma. racionaluradgamarTul mamulebis bazaze Seiqmna saxelmwifo meurneobebi.saxelmwifo meurneobebad gardaiqmna aseve saufliswulouwyebis mamulebi 4 da a.S.miuxedavad amisa, erTxel kidev vafiqsirebT Cvens pozicias,rom menSevikuri mTavrobis mier gatarebuli agraruli reformadadebiTi movlena iyo demokratiuli saqarTvelos istoriaSi. saqarTvelomairCia, rogorc amas maSindeli finansTa da vaWrobamrewvelobisministri konstantine kandelaki aRniSnavda, `socialisturTeoriaSi jer kidev gaurkveveli da sadavo, magram cxovrebissinamdvilesTan orientirebuli gza~.1 k. kandelaki. saqarTvelos erovnuli meurneoba, gv. 155.2 k. kandelaki. saqarTvelos erovnuli meurneoba, gv. 155.3 k. kandelaki. saqarTvelos erovnuli meurneoba, gv. 155.4 al. bendiaSvili. saqarTvelos pirveli respublika, gv. 122.562

JAMBUL ANCHABADZEAN AGRARIAN REFORM IN THE GEORGIANDEMOCRATIC REPUBLICThe article is devoted to the study of the agrarian reform carried bythe authorities of the Georgian Democratic Republic. It is noted that theSeim made an attempt at settling the village problems. They did but theycouldn’t achieve their eventual aim. After declaring independence of Georgiamore attention was devoted to the problems of land. On the 28 th ofJanuary, 1919, the Georgian parliament passed a law “On transferringland out of the state land funds to the peasants” private possession. Thelaw envisaged confiscation of all the state, appenage, ecclesiastical andmonasterial, private owners’ lands and transferring them into the stateland fund. The forests, rivers, pastures, minerals, cultural and researchexperimentalfarms were declared state farms and were not subordinateto distribution. The rest of the land was turned over to the peasants withno land or with little land to their possession. By the decree of January 28the former allocated and state-owned lands were declared private property.Later a very important law was passed on the license of buying andselling land. In spite of a great many faults the agrarian reform realizedby the Menshevik Government was a positive event in the history of DemocraticGeorgia.563

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008564zaza wurwumiaosmaluri desanti afxazeTSi1918 welspirveli msoflio omis win, osmaleTis xelisuflebaSi myofma“axalgazrda TurqTa” partiis liderebma Tavisi da qveynismomavali germanias daukavSires. isini imedovnebdnen, rom germaniasTankavSirSi ganaxorcielebdnen TavianT ideals _ ruseTisimperias mowyvetdnen kavkasias, yirims, volgispireTs, Sua aziasda Seqmnidnen TurqTa did saxelmwifo “Turans”. 1pirvel msoflio omSi Cabmamde, osmaleTis xelisuflebagarkveul saqmianobas awarmoebda kavkasiaSi ruseTTan samxedrokonfrontaciis SemTxvevaSi, musulmanuri mosaxleobis antirusuliganwyobilebebis gasaRviveblad. kavkasiiT gansakuTrebiTdainteresebuli iyo osmaleTis mmarTveli triumviratis wevri,samxedro ministri enver faSa. enver faSas ruseTTan gardauvaliomis molodini hqonda. es garemoeba gamowveuli iyo ruseT-Tan gamZafrebuli politikuri dapirispirebiT, rac umTavresadukavSirdeboda aRmosavleT anatoliaSi mcxovrebi somxur mosaxleobasada balkaneTSi Seqmnil viTarebas. enver faSas mierkavkasiaSi, rogorc diplomatiuri, aseve faruli misiiT gagzavniliwarmomadgenlebis amocanas, rusuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis,samxedro da samoqalaqo administraciis, adgilobrivi mosaxleobisganwyobilebebisa da osmaluri eqspansiisaTvis dasayrdenireligiuri da eTnikuri Temebis Taobaze informaciebisSegroveba, mxardamWerebis Seguleba da maTi meSveobiT Zirgamom-Txreli saqmianoba warmoadgenda. 2osmaleTis xelisufleba yvela Rones xmarobda, rom martoar aRmoCeniliyo ruseTis winaaRmdeg samxedro dapirispire-1 m. svaniZe. TurqeTis istoria. (1299-2000) Tb., 2007, gv. 352.2 V. Keleşyılmaz. Belgelerle Türkiye’nin Birinci Dünya Savaşına giriş süreci. Erdem,Cilt:11), #31, 1999, s. 141; İ. Kurtcephe. Birinci Dünya Savaşında Bir Süryanı Ayaklanması.AÜ Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi (OTAM), #4,1993, s. 291-292.

aSi da cdilobda germaniasTan 1914w. 2 agvistos dadebuli saidumlosamokavSireo xelSekrulebis gamoyenebiT, Zlieri mokavSireSeeZina. am saidumlo xelSekrulebiT, ruseT-germaniisomis dawyebis SemTxvevaSi, osmaleTi valdebulebas iRebda omSigermaniis mxareze gamosuliyo. germania-ruseTis omis dawyebisSemdeg, osmaleTma neitraliteti gamoacxada, radgan mzad ariyo omisaTvis da germaniisagan finansuri daxmarebis miRebacsurda. osmaleTis msoflio omSi Cabma daaCqara germaniis samxedro-sazRvaoflotis ori samxedro gemis “breslausa” da gebenis”dardanelSi Semosvlam. osmaleTma Seifara gemebi da germanuliekipaJi, ganacxada, rom iyida germaniisagan es gemebi, gadaarqvasaxelebi (“midili” da “iavuzi”) da maTze osmaluridroSa aRmarTa. 1Sav zRvaze, osmaleTis droSis qveS, ori mZlavri germanuligemis gamoCenam, osmaleTis xelisuflebaSi germanuli orientaciasabolood gaamyara. 30 oqtombers osmaleTis flotmabaTumi dabomba. 2 noembers ruseTma, 5 noembers inglisma da 6noembers safrangeTma osmaleTs omi gamoucxades. osmaleTma 11noembers samive saxelwifos omi gamoucxada da sulTanma yvelamusulmans “saRvTo omisaken” mouwoda. 2germaniis mxareze omSi Cabmis Semdeg, osmaleTis kavkasiisarmiis samxedro moqmedebebis paralelurad, gaaqtiurda osmaleTissamxedro-politikuri dazvervis samsaxuri “TeSkilaTimahsusa” (qarT: specialuri organizacia _ z.w.), romlis mizanskavkasiaSi da kerZod saqarTveloSi, antirusuli gamosvlebisprovocireba, sabotaJebisa da diversiebis mowyoba warmoadgenda.q. rizeSi ganlagebul “TeSkilaTi mahsusas” StabSi mimdinareobdasaqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi, maT Soris afxazeTSi,diversiuli aqtebisa da Sedegad qaosuri mdgomareobisgamowvevis gziT, sanapiroze osmaluri desantis gadasxmis gegmebisdamuSaveba. 3“TeSkilaTi mahsusas” ufrosis, suleiman askeri beis mier1914 wlis 5 noembers, q. rizeSi organizaciis Stabisadmi gag-1 m. svaniZe. TurqeTis istoria.., gv. 352.2 m. svaniZe. TurqeTis istoria.., gv. 353.3 Vahdet Keleşyılmaz. Kafkas Harekatının Perde Arkası.TC Başbakanlık AtatürkKültür Dil ve Tarihi Yüksek Kurumu. Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi. 2000, ), #47, Cılt XVI.565

zavnil sruliad saidumlo satelegrafo SetyobinebaSi miTiTebulia,rom dauyonebliv unda daiwyos mtris sanapiroze areulobebisgamowveva marbieli desantis gadasxmisa da diversiuliaqciebis organizebis gziT, diversantTa razmebis mxardasaWeradsaidumlod unda SeirCes adgilobrivi pirobebis mcodne, Sesaferisixalxi. suleiman askeri bei gansakuTrebulad aRniSnavs desantisgadasxmis aucileblobas, q. soxumSi. am desantSi undayofiliyvnen soxumis mcodne da afxazeTis viTarebaSi garkveulipirebi. sagulisxmoa, rom “TeSkilaTi mahsusas” xelmZRvaneliubrZanebs Tavis warmomadgenels, soxumis desantSi qristianiqarTvelebi CarTos. osmalebs ganzraxuli hqondaT, am mizniTesargeblaT qarTveli politikuri emigrantebis mier 1914 wels,germaniis mxardaWeriT Camoyalibebuli “saqarTvelos damoukideblobiskomitetis” daxmarebiT. 1 1914 wlis seqtembris damlevs,“saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis” SeqmnisTanave, CamoyalibdaqarTuli legioni, romelic germaniisa da osmaleTis Se-Tanxmebis safuZvelze moqmedebda kavkasiis frontze. ukve 1914wlis oqtomberSi, ruseT-osmaleTis sazRvris maxloblad, mur-Rulis xeobaSi, moxda Setakeba rusul da osmalur razmebs Soris.osmaluri razmi realurad warmoadgenda qarTul SenaerTs,romelic eqvemdebareboda “saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitets”.21914 wlis 15 noembers trapizonis gubernatoris jemalazmis mier osmaleTis mmarTveli triumviratis (enver, talaTda jemal faSa) wevris talaT faSasadmi gagzavnil satelegrafoSetyobinebaSi aRniSnulia, rom soxumSi desantis gadmosxmasqarTvelebi aferxeben. trapizonis gubernators mohyavs “batonisurgulaZis” (“saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis” damfuZnebelipetre surgulaZe _ z.w.) gancxadeba, saidanac irkveva,rom osmalebs dagemili hqondaT soxumSi oTxaskaciani sadesantorazmis gadmosxma, rac petre surgulaZes miuReblad mi-1 Vahdet Keleşyılmaz. Kafkas Harekatının Perde Arkası.., ), #47, Cılt XVI.2 l. uruSaZe. saqarTvelos erovnul ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobada evropis zogierTi saxelmwifos sadazvervo saqmianoba kavkasiaSi1900-ian-1910-ian wlebSi. _ kavkasiologiis saerTaSoriso samecniero-kvleviTisazogadoebrivi institutis moambe. XX. monreali-Tbilisi,2008, gv. 140.566

aCnda. p. surgulaZe amtkicebda, rom arsebul samxedro-politikurviTarebaSi, aseTi mcirericxovani desantis gadasxma afxazeTSiveraviTar sargebels ver moitanda da mxolod gamoiwvevdamis mTlian ganadgurebas. 1 Sav zRvaze ruseTis flotis energiulmamoqmedebebmac, osmaleTis samxedro sardlobas im droisaTvissoxumSi desantis gadmosxma gadaafiqrebina. 2amrigad, rogorc vxedavT, osmaleTi, kavkasiaSi saomarimoqmedebebis dawyebis pirvelive dReebidanve, cdilobda afxazeTSisamxedro-sazRvao desantis gadasxmasa da aq samxedroplacdarmis Seqmnas. “saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis”winaaRmdegobis gamo maSin afxazeTSi SeWra gadaido.ruseTSi momxdari bolSevikuri gadatrialebisa da kavkasiisfrontis daSlis Semdeg kavkasiaSi gabatonebuli samxedromdgomareoba osmaleTma moipova. sabWoTa ruseTis gamosvla pirvelimsoflio omidan damtkicebul iqna 1918w. 3 martisbrest-litovskis sazavo xelSekrulebiT. miuxedavad imisa, romosmaleTma ruseTTan samxedro operaciebSi marcxi ganicada,brest-litovskis xelSekrulebiT igi gamarjvebuli saxelmwifoebis_ germaniisa da avstria-ungreTis gverdiT aRmoCnda. 31918w. 26 maiss saqarTvelom damoukidebloba gamoacxada, xolo1918w. 4 ivniss osmalebis mier okupirebul baTumSi daidoxelSekruleba “mSvidobisa da megobrobis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelosada osmaleTs Soris. 4 xelSekruleba metad mZime iyo saqarTvelosTvisda moiTxovda misgan teritoriul daTmobebs. undaaRiniSnos, rom baTumis xelSekrulebis ratifikacia ar moxdada igi ZalaSi ar Sesula. 51918w. 27 ivniss kodoris SesarTavTan, Tavad aleqsandreSarvaSiZis mamulSi osmaluri desanti gadmoisxa. desantis SemadgenlobaSiosmaleTSi gadasaxlebul afxaz muhajirTa STamomavlebiciyvnen. imave dRes, baTumSi ganlagebuli osmaleTis mesamearmiis sardalma esad faSam soxumis dakavebis brZaneba gasca.6 es iyo osmaleTis mxridan 1918 wels afxazeTSi samxedro1 Vahdet Keleşyılmaz. Kafkas Harekatının Perde Arkası.., ), # 47, Cılt XVI.2 Süleyman Beyoğlu. Birinci Dünya Savaşında Trabzon (1914-1919). – Trabzon Tarihiİlmi Toplantısı 1998, Bildiriler, Trabzon 1999, s. 479-480.3 m. svaniZe. TurqeTis istoria.., gv. 363.4 m. svaniZe. TurqeTis istoria.., gv. 363.5 m. svaniZe. TurqeTis istoria.., gv. 366.6 Г. А. Дзидзария. Очерки истории Абхазии 1910-1921гг. Тб., 1963, gv. 206.567

intervenciis meore cda. pirveli mcdeloba osmaleTs 1918w. maisSihqonda. osmaleTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis pirveli desantisgadmosxma mimdinareobda afxazeTSi bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg gaCa-Rebuli brZolis periodSi. 1918 w. maisSi, osmaleTis imperiasada amierkavkasiis seims Soris mimdinare baTumis samSvidobo konferenciazeCasul afxazTa saxalxo sabWos delegacias, sabWossaxeliT davalebuli hqonda, protesti gamoeTqva saqarTveloSiosmalTa SemoWrasTan dakavSirebiT. 1 saxalxo sabWos delegaciazezegavlenis moxdenas Seecadnen baTumSi Casuli afxazi Tavadebialeqsandre SarvaSiZe da tataS marSania. maT kavSiri daamyaresbaTumSi ganlagebul osmaleTis mesame armiis oficrebTan, warmo-SobiT afxazi muhajirebis STamomavlebTan, jemalbek marSansa dasuleiman bganbasTan. 2 afxazi Tavadebis mizans warmoadgenda osmaleTisafxazeTTan dakavSirebuli gegmebis ganxorcielebaSi monawileobismiReba. maT molaparakebebi gamarTes osmalebis samxedrosardlobis warmomadgenel xalil beisTan. molaparakebazeganxilul iqna Semdegi sakiTxebi: osmaleTSi myofi afxazi muhajirebisafxazeTSi dabruneba da osmaleTis mxridan bolSevikebiswinaaRmdeg mebrZoli afxazeTisaTvis daxmarebis gaweva. xalilbeisTan molaparakebebs awarmoebdnen al. SarvaSiZe da t.marSania. a. WoWuam, a. gicbam da x. Cukbarma uari ganacxades molaparakebaSimonawileobis miRebaze. 3 baTumis molaparakebebzecxadi gaxda, rom osmaleTis mizani iyo kavkasiis mTielTa kav-SirSi afxazeTis gaerTianebis uzrunvelyofa. osmaleTi am mizniTawarmoebda molaparakebebs afxazeTis Turqofilur wreebTan dagegmavda jarebis gagzavnas afxazeTSi. 41918w. 17 maiss, amierkavkasiis seimis davalebiT, erovnulmagvardiam v. juRelis meTaurobiT, q. soxumidan bolSevikuri revkomigandevna. v. juRelis gvardias soxumis portSi osmalTaxomaldebi daxvda, romelTac ori-sami aseulis xmeleTze gadmosxmacmoeswroT. amierkavkasiis mTavrobis Tavmjdomare a. CxenkeliaRniSnavda, rom baTumSi Camosuli afxazTa warmomadgenlebiamzadebdnen Turqebis Tavdasxmas afxazeTze da mxolod qarTuligvardiis mier soxumis dakavebam da komunistebis gandevnam aiZu-1 Г. А. Дзидзария. Очерки истории Абхазии 1910-1921гг., gv. 206.2 А. М. Чочуа. Избранные произведения. Тб., 1987; gv. 68-693 А. М. Чочуа. Избранные произведения, gv. 69.4 Г. А. Дзидзария. Очерки истории Абхазии 1910-1921гг., gv. 206.568

la Turqebi xeli aeRoT Tavis ganzraxvaze. 1amrigad, 1918 wlis maisSi, v. juRelis mier ganxorcielebulisamxedro operacia afxazeTSi, mimarTuli iyo, rogorcbolSevikebis, aseve osmaluri samxedro okupaciis winaaRmdeg.1918 wlis 26 maiss, germaniis mxardaWeriTa da mfarvelobiTgamocxadebuli saqarTvelos damoukideblobis Semdegac, osmaleTisxelmZRvaneloba afxazeTSi samxedro SeWrisaTvis mzadebasagrZelebda. osmaleTis mxridan, afxazeTSi samxedro placdarmisSeqmnis survili dakavSirebuli iyo samxedro ministrenver faSas mier SemuSavebul gegmasTan, romelic iTvaliswinebdaosmaleTis proteqtoratiT CrdiloeT kavkasiis muslimurisaxelmwifos Seqmnas. CrdiloeT kavkasiis islamuri saxelmwifo,romlis SemadgenlobaSi enver faSa afxazeTsac ganixilavda,unda qceuliyo buferad osmaleTsa da ruseTs Soris.enver faSas am gegmis Sesaxeb informacias flobdnen osmaleTismokavSire germaniisa da avstria-ungreTis mTavrobebi.mokavSireebi undoblobiT ekidebodnen osmaleTis xelisuflebispanTurqistul da panislamistur miswrafebebs. 1918w. 25 ivniss,osmaleTis imperiis dedaqalaq stambolSi avstria-ungre-Tis saelCos samxedro ataSem ioseb pomiankovskim, venis saimperiogeneraluri Stabisadmi gagzavnil patakSi aRniSna, rom Turqebissamxedro sardlobas kavkasiaSi da saqarTveloSi Sorsmimavalieqspansionisturi gegmebi gaaCnia da ar apirebs regionSiTavisi mokavSire germaniis SeiaraRebuli ZalebisaTvis poziciebisdaTmobas. amis dasturad, ataSes mohyavs enver faSas mier,osmaleTis armiis general zeki faSasadmi gagzavnili saidumlosatelegrafo Setyobineba, sadac aRniSnulia, rom osmaleTisxelisuflebam unda daamyaros mWidro kavSiri kavkasiis mahmadianurmosaxleobasTan, xeli Seuwyos maTSi axali saxelmwifoebriviwarmonaqmnebis Seqmnas osmaleTTan SeerTebis mizniT. 2 osmaleTismokavSire saxelmwifoebi, osmaluri desantis afxazeTSi1 А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки современного сепаратизма вГрузии. Тб., 1998, gv. 19; d. Citaia. afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelospirvel respublikaSi. afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo 1917-1921 wlebSi.Tb., 2006, gv. 160-168; z. papasqiri. narkvevebi Tanamedrove afxazeTisistoriuli warsulidan. 1917-1993. nakv II. Tb., 2007, gv. 13.2 Serpil Yılmaz. Türk-Gürcü ilişkileri (1918-1921). Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih YüksekKurumu, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi. Ankara; 2001. gv 196-197.569

gadmosxmas, enver faSas samxedro-politikuri gegmebis Semadgenelnawilad miiCnevdnen. germaniisa da avstria-ungreTis warmomadgenlebmaTbilisSi, 1918 wlis 28 ivniss, TavianTi qveynebissagareo uwyebebs Seatyobines afxazeTSi 27 ivniss osmaluridesantis gadmosxmis Sesaxeb. mokavSireTa warmomadgenlebi aRniSnaven,rom osmaluri desanti Sedgeba rvaasi jariskacisagan.aqve naTqvamia, rom afxazTa saxalxo sabWom gaaprotesta desantisgadmosxma. 1saqmeSi saqarTvelos mfarvelis germaniis Carevisa da protestisSemdeg, enver faSam saWirod CaTvala afxazeTSi osmaluridesantis gadmosxmis faqti ase ganemarta saqarTvelosmTavrobisaTvis gagzavnil satelegrafo SetyobinebaSi: “soxumisada misi olqis mosaxleobasTan erTad, afxazebic ganicdidnenbolSevikebisgan Tavdasxmebs. Cven mogvmarTa maTma delegaciam dagvTxova Tavdacva da mfarveloba. am mizniT soxumSi gaigzavnasamxedro SenaerTi, romelic iyo gamiznuli ara okupaciis ganxorcielebisaTvis,aramed mfarvelobisa da daxmarebis aRmosaCenad.arsebiTad, soxumi ar aris saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi dadakavSirebulia CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTavrobasTan, ris gamocdarwmunebuli var, rom es SemTxveva ar Selaxavs Cvens urTier-Tobebsa da megobrobas”. 2rogorc vxedavT, enver faSa soxumSi desantis gadmosxmasim garemoebiTac amarTlebda, rom afxazeTi CrdiloeT kavkasias-Tan iyo dakavSirebuli da saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi ar Sedioda.sinamdvileSi am droisaTvis afxazeTze vrceldebodaqarTuli saxelmwifos iurisdiqcia. àfxazTa saxalxo sabWosa~da saqarTvelos mTavrobas Soris dadebuli 1918 wlis 11 ivnisisxelSekrulebiT, afxazeTi gaformda saqarTvelos avtonomiurerTeulad, Tbilisis centralur mTavrobaSi SemoRebul iqnaafxazeTis saqmeTa ministris Tanamdeboba, romelzec saxalxosabWos wardginebiT r. Cqotua dainiSna. 31 Serpil Yılmaz. Türk-Gürcü ilişkileri (1918-1921).., gv. 197.2 Serpil Yılmaz. Türk-Gürcü ilişkileri (1918-1921).., gv. 197-198.3 amis Sesaxeb dawvril. ix..: Д. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. Абхазия – историческаяобласть Грузии, Тб., 1997, gv. 748-753; А. Ментешашвили. Историческиепредпосылки.., gv. 20-22; d. Citaia. afxazeTis sakiTxi.., gv. 169; z. papasqiri.narkvevebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis istoriuli warsulidan,nakv. II. 191701993. Tb., 2007, gv. 14-19.570

ogorc Cans, enver faSa afxazTa delegaciaSi gulisxmobdabaTumis konferenciaze Casul proosmalurad ganwyobil al.SarvaSiZesa da t. marSanias, magram isini ar yofilan afxazTasaxalxo sabWos delegaciis wevrebi da araviTari uflebamosilebaar gaaCndaT esaubraT misi saxeliT. 1afxazeTSi samxedro desantis gadmosxmaze gadawyvetilebamiRebul iqna osmaleTis umaRlesi samxedro xelmZRvanelobismxridan erToblivad, magram enver faSa, osmaleTis sagareo saqmeTasaministrosadmi gagzavnil werilSi, afxazeTSi samxedrodesantis gadmosxmaze metwil pasuxismgeblobas vehib faSas akisrebdada aRniSnavda, rom osmalo askerebi iZulebulni gaxdnenafxazeTi daetovebinaT germaniis protestis Sedegad. 2saqarTvelos xelisuflebam energiuli zomebi miiRo osmaluridesantis winaaRmdeg. 28 ivniss desantis gadmosxmis adgilas,wyurgilSi Cavida saqarTvelos mTavrobis warmomadgeneliisidore ramiSvili, romelmac desantis meTaurebs saqarTvelosmTavrobis saxeliT ultimatumi wauyena da 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSiganiaraReba mosTxova. 3 desantis meTaurma, osmaleTis armiisoficerma da afxaz muhajirTa STamomavalma jemalbek marSanmaaRniSna, rom desanti warmoadgenda samxedro Zalas, romelic afxazeTSigamoigzavna afxazi xalxisaTvis daxmarebis gawevis mizniTanarqiasTan brZolaSi. àfxazTa saxalxo sabWom~ dagmo desantisgadmosxmis faqti, magram desantis SemadgenlobaSi afxazimuhajirebis yofnis Sesaxeb miRebuli informaciebis SefasebisSedegad, wyurgilSi miavlina molaparakebebis gasamarTavad delegacias. basarias, a. WoWuasa da sxvaTa SemadgenlobiT. 4am droisaTvis, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, afxazeTSisoWidan SemoWrili bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg awarmoebdnenbrZolebs. 18 ivniss samxedro ministris brZanebiT soxumis general-gubernatoraddaniSnulma g. mazniaSvilma, 28 ivnisisTvismTeli afxazeTi gawminda bolSevikebisagan da Seteva gaagrZelaafxazeTis sazRvrebs gareT tuapse-maikopis rkinigzis xazis dakavebismizniT. 51 А. М. Чочуа. Избранные произведения, gv. 69-70.2 Serpil Yılmaz. Türk-Gürcü ilişkileri (1918-1921).., gv. 198.3 Г. А. Дзидзария. Очерки истории Абхазии 1910-1921гг., gv. 206.4 А. М. Чочуа. Избранные произведения, gv. 70.5 g. mazniaSvili. mogonebebi. baTumi, 1990, gv. 59-79.571

general g. mazniaSvilisa da saqarTvelos xelisuflebisdrouli RonisZiebebis Sedegad, moxerxda desantis mier wamowyebulisamxedro operaciis lokalizeba da aRkveTa. generali g.mazniaSvili piradad gaemgzavra desantis dislokaciis adgilze,pirispir esaubra osmalo oficrebs. osmalo oficrebma ganacxades,rom isini desantis miznebisa da amocanebis sakiTxSi SecdomaSiiqnen Seyvanili, radgan daajeres, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleobaSexvdeboda maT, rogorc afxazeTis ganmanTavisuflebelZalas, realurad ki desants mosaxleobis mxridan ignorirebadaxvda da qarTuli jaris garemocvaSi aRmoCnda. osmaleT-Tan politikuri garTulebebis Tavidan asacileblad, generalmazniaSvilis gadawyvetilebiT, uzrunvelyofil iqna osmalo askerebisbarJiT foTSi, foTis samxedro komendantis gankargulebaSigadayvana, SemdgomSi osmaleTSi gadagzavnis mizniT. desantisim nawilis likvidacia, romelic kodoris mazris soflebSigadavida, generalma mazniaSvilma Tavisi Stabis ufross,polkovnik Tuxarels ubrZana. 1àfxazTa saxalxo sabWoSi~ proTurqulad ganwyobili deputatebi,cdilobdnen desanti warmoeCinaT, rogorc osmaleTidanafxazeTSi, bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad Camosulimuhajirebis saqme, amtkicebdnen, rom desantidan kodorismazraSi darCenili muhajirebi ar wamoadgendnen saxelmwifos winaaRmdegmimarTul Zalas. amasTan dakavSirebiT, àfxazTa saxalxosabWoSi~ gamarTul sxdomaze, v. emuxvarma ganacxada, rom desantiSedgeba TurqeTis regularuli armiis jariskacebisaganda dRemde aseTad rCeba. 2afxazeTis mosaxleoba mtrulad Sexvda desantis gamoCenas.samurzayanoSi, sof. moqvSi gamarTulma mosaxleobis krebam desantismonawileTa gasamarTleba moiTxova, sof. bediaSi ki ganiaraRebuliqna 120 osmalo askeri. 3 desantis winaaRmdeg brZolaSidaxmarebis aRmosaCenad, general g. mazniaSvils miuvidasamasi gamorCeuli mxedari afxaz warCinebulTa ojaxebidan,qarTul jarSi mowyalebis debad afxaz TavadaznaurTa qaliSvilebimsaxurobdnen. afxaz mxedarTa aseulis oficerma Tavadma1 g. mazniaSvili. mogonebebi, gv. 70-71.2 j. gamaxaria. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaTa istoriidan. Tb.,1991, gv. 67.3 Г. А. Дзидзария. Очерки истории Абхазии.., gv. 207.572

marSaniam, sabrZolo damsaxurebisaTvis jildod wminda giorgisjvari miiRo. 1 15 agvistos sof. moqvTan da 25 agvistos sof.jgerdasTan Setakebebis Sedegad osmaluri desanti likvidirebuliqna. al. SarvaSiZisa da t. marSanias winaaRmdeg osmaluridesantis Semoyvanis braldebiT sisxlis samarTlis saqme aRiZra.2 1918 wlis mais-ivnisSi, afxazeTSi bolSevikebTan brZolisdReebSi, afxazTa saxalxo sabWoSi deputatebis jgufi, kodorismazraSi osmaluri desantis gadmosxmisaTvis niadags amzadebda.igive jgufi icavda kodoris mazraSi Turqofiluradganwyobil mosaxleobas, romlebic eWvmitanilni iyvnen osmaloaskerebisaTvis daxmarebis gawevaSi. desantis ganadgurebis SemdegTurqofilebi samSoblodan gandevnilebad gamocxadnen. 3arsebobs safuZveli, rom 1918w. maissa da ivnisSi bolSevikebisada osmalo samxedroebis aqciebi afxazeTSi koordinirebuladmiviCnioT. afxazeTSi, saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebiswinaaRmdeg separatistuli - proTurquli da bolSevikuridajgufebebis urTierTkavSiri SeiniSneba afxazTa saxalxosabWos wevris s. basarias politikur saqmianobaSi. s. basariasroli, afxazeTSi osmaluri desantis momzadebis sakiTxSi,mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebuli iyo misi kavSirebiT stambol-Si moqmed “CrdiloeT kavkasiis politikur sazogadoebasTan”,romelic osmaleTis samxedro-politikuri xelmZRvanelobis iaraRswarmoadgenda kavkasiis mimarTulebiT. 1917w. s. basaria kavkasiismTielTa respublikis delegaciis SemadgenlobaSi, imyofebodastambolSi, sadac masTan Sexvedrebis Sesaxeb cnoba daculiaqvs afxazuri warmoSobis Turq publicistsa da sazogadomoRvawe mustafa butbais (butba). mustafa butbai, s. basariasada kavkasiis mTielTa respublikis delegaciis vizitsukavSirebs osmaleTis sagareo politikis kavkasiis mimarTulebas,romelic miznad isaxavda CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebis daafxazebis gaerTianebas erT, osmaleTis proteqtoratis qveSmyof Crdilokavkasiis islamur saxelmwifoSi. 4am politikuri mimarTulebidan gamomdinare, pirveli msof-1 Г. А. Дзидзария. Очерки истории Абхазии.., gv. 187.2 Д. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. Абхазия – историческая область Грузии, gv. 763-766.3 d. Citaia. afxazeTis sakiTxi.., gv. 227.4 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevı. Ankara, 1990,gv. 6.573

lio omis dasawyisSi, osmaleTis samxedro-politikuri xelmZRvanelobisiniciativiT, stambolSi Seiqmna “CrdiloeT kavkasiispolitikuri sazogadoeba”, romlis meSveobiT osmaleTi koordinirebasuwevda afxazeTisa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis proTurquladganwyobil Zalebs. sazogadoebaSi Sediodnen afxazuri daCerqezuli warmoSobis osmaleTis cnobili sazogado moRvaweebida samxedro pirebi. 1osmaleTi kavkasiaSi Tavisi interesebis gatarebisaTvismniSvnelovan saSualebad miiCnevda XIX saukuneSi carizmis mierosmaleTSi gasaxlebul muhajirTa STamomavlebs. aRsaniSnavia s.basarias aqtiuroba afxaz muhajirTa sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.1918w. 28 ivliss, àfxazTa saxalxo sabWos~ dadgenilebis safuZvelze,sabWos wevrebs, s. basariasa da g. Tumanovs mieniWaTrwmunebebi, rom Sesuliyvnen, rogorc mrCevlebi, saqarTvelosdiplomatiur misiaSi stambolis konferenciaze, misiis muSaobaSimonawileobisa da im sakiTxTa garkvevisaTvis, romlebic ukavSirdebodaTurqeTis teritoriaze mcxovreb gadasaxlebul afxazTasamSobloSi dabrunebas. 2 aRsaniSnavia, rom s. basarias axlo ur-TierToba akavSirebda afxazeTSi moqmed bolSevikuri razmis “kiarazis”meTaur v. agrbasTan da gamoCenil afxaz bolSevik nestorlakobasTan. s. basaria da v. agrba iyvnen 1917w. maisSi e.w.afxazuri samRvdeloebis krebis mowvevis iniciatorebi, romelmacqarTuli eklesiis mier avtokefaliis gamocxadebis fonze,damoukidebeli afxazuri eklesiis Seqmnis gadawyvetileba miiRo.am krebas eswreboda da sityviT gamovida nestor lakoba. 3afxazeTis bolSevikTa aRiarebuli xelmZRvaneli nestorlakoba, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis iusticiis saministrosgangamocxadebuli iyo sisxlis samarTlis damnaSavedda “sazRvargareTuli komitetebis” xelmZRvanelad. 4 Nnestor lakobaojaxuri wriT mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli baTumSi da osmaleTisimperiaSi mcxovreb afxaz muhajirebTan. igi, meore cnobilafxaz bolSevik efrem eSbasTan erTad, bolSevikuri ruse-1 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 7.2 T. nadareiSvili. d. Citaia. p. daviTaia. separatizmis problema saqarTveloSi.istoria da Tanamedroveoba. wigni I. Tb; 2003. gv. 196.3 Г. А. Дзидзария. Формирование дореволюционной абхазской интеллигенции.Тб; 1979. gv. 287-288.4 Г. А. Дзидзария. Киараз. Сухуми, 1987, gv. 61.574

Tis gansakuTrebulad saidumlo davalebebis Sesasruleblad,araerTxel iyo mivlinebuli osmaleTSi. 1 pirveli msoflio omisganmavlobaSi, osmaleTis imperia, Tavisi samxedro da politikurimiznebis Sesabamisad, afxaz muhajirebs da afxazeTSi arsebulTurqofilur Zalebs iyenebda afxazeTSi samxedro-politikuriplacdarmis Sesaqmnelad. osmaleTi cdilobda afxazeTSi damkvidrebiT,safuZveli Caeyara CrdiloeT kavkasiis islamuri saxelmwifosSeqmnisaTvis, romelic osmaleTis proteqtoratis qveS,ruseTis winaaRmdeg mimarTul buferul zonad unda eqcia. 2ruseTSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebam da afxazeTSibolSevikebis gaaqtiurebam, afxazi Turqofilebi bolSevikebs daukavSiradamoukidebeli saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. 1918 wlis mais-ivnisSi,afxazeTSi, bolSevikebisa da Turqofilebis erTdrouligamosvlebi, erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulad migvaCnia. am kavSirismizani afxazeTis saqarTvelodan Camocileba iyo. saqarTvelosdemokratiulma respublikam samxedro ZaliT CaSala rogorcTurqofili, aseve bolSeviki separatistebis gegmebi. afxazeTisaqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSidarCa avtonomiuri erTeulis saxiT.1 Н. А. Лакоба. Статьи и речи. Сухуми, 1987, gv. 9.2 Mustafa Butbay. Kafkasya Hatıraları.., gv. 7-8.575

ZAZA TSURTSUMIATHE OTTOMAN MILITARY RAIDON ABKHAZIA IN 1918In 1918 the military-political leaders of the Ottoman Empire madean attempt at a military invasion of Abkhazia and setting up a springboardfor the advance in the direction of the North Caucasus. To thisend, in May and June, 1918, the Ottoman Black Sea Fleet landed troopsin Abkhazia. The article on the basis of analysis of the Georgian andTurkish sources highlights the issues related to the preparation and conductof the Ottoman military raids on Abkhazia. There is asserted a connectionof the Bolshevik invasion of 1918 with the plans of the pro-Turkish group within the Abkhaz People’s Council against the GeorgianDemocratic Republic. At the end of the First World War the military andthe de facto ruler of the Ottoman Empire Enver Pasha in his plans to establisha North-Caucasian Islamic State under the protectorship of theOttoman Empire paid a special attention to the seizure of Abkhazia andlaying a military-political springboard for advancing to the North Caucasus.Back in November 1914 there was being prepared an Ottomaninvasion of Abkhazia. The Georgian emigrants from the Committee ofIndependent Georgia were expected to participate in the Ottoman troops.However, the invasiom failed because of the refusal of the head of theCommittee Petre Surguladze. In May 1918 the Georgian National Guardprevented the attempt of the Ottoman invasion of Abkhazia. On June 27,1918 Ottoman sold landed in Abkhazia. By the vigorous actions of GeneralG. Mazniashvili some troops were rendered harmless, some weresent to Poti for further transfer to Turkey, but part of the froops taking.Kodori district were extinguished. The pro-Turkish group in the AbkhazPeople’s Council instigated the Ottoman invasion in Abkhazia. The articlemaintains that there was a connection between the Bolshevik rebellionsin Abkhazia and the military raid by the Ottoman troops. The pro-Turkish forces in Abkhazia coordinated their actions against Georgiawith the Bolsheviks. The aim of both – the pro-Turkish forces and theBolshevik groups – was separation of Abkhazia from Georgia.576

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008dazmir jojuasaqarTvelos istoriis RerZuliproblemaqarTuli sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis ganviTarebis Tanamedroveetapze uaRresad didi mniSvnelobisa da inteleqtualuriRirebulebis mqone problemad moiazreba qarTveli erisa da misisaxelmwifoebriobis istoriis arsebiTi etapebis wminda mentalurianalizi, filosofiur-Teoriuli ganzogadeba. am problemiskonteqstSi, gansakuTrebiT ki mis paradigmatul nawilSinaTlad vlindeba da realizdeba istoriuli mecnierebis prognostikurifunqcia _ warsulis gamocdilebis Teoriuli gaazrebisbazaze momavali ganviTarebis met-naklebad optimalurimodelis Seqmna, momavlis prognozireba, ra Tqma unda, fardobi-Tobisa da ZiriTad tendenciaTa relatiuri warmoCenis garkveulidoziT. nebismieri istoriuli gamokvlevis Rirebuleba mxolodkonkretuli faqtologiuri masalis warmodgenaSi rodimdgomareobs. saWiroa am empiriuli masalis analizi da mravalferovani,istoriuli procesebis adeqvaturi poliparametrulikonceptualuri modelis Seqmna.qarTuli istoriografiis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapzecentraluri amocanaa meTodologiuri plastis gaumjobeseba imsaxiT, rom unda moxdes mkveTri Semobruneba ,,movlenaTa istoriidan”,,struqturaTa istoriisaken”. ,,movlenaTa istoria” Tavisitradiciuli orientaciiT socialur-politikuri movlenebisfaqtologiur fiqsaciaze unda Secvalos ,,struqturaTa istoriam”_ Sinaarsobrivad da meTodologiurad axalma istoriosofiulmasistemam, romelic faqtografiuli masalisa da konceptualurikategorialur-cnebiTi aparatis sinTezis safuZvelzeSeZlebs calkeuli faqtebisa da movlenebis, an kidevgarkveuli istoriuli tendenciebis da, SesaZloa, mTeli istoriuliprocesebis sistematizacias da tipologizacias gansazRvrulqronologiur Tu Tematur ,,struqturebad”.saqarTvelos istoriis calkeuli faqtebisa da movlenebis37. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi577

aRwera da analizi TavisTavad mniSvnelovania, mas didi evristikulifaseuloba gaaCnia. magram amgvari meTodis farglebSi analizisobieqti xdeba sakuTriv faqti an movlena da ara misi mawarmoebeliesa Tu is sabaziso tendencia Tu procesi, romelicSemecnebiTi refleqsiis miRma rCeba. amitom istoriuli mecnierebisSemecnebiTi funqciis gaumjobesebisaTvis aucilebelia ganzogadebiT-sinTezuriplastis aqtivizacia. saqarTvelos istoriisimanenturi sazrisis gacnobierebis amocana moiTxovs calkeulmovlenaTa ,,dalagebas” tipologiur ,,struqturebad”. mxolodfaqtografiis bazaze damyarebuli istoriuli kvleva da,ase vTqvaT, calmxrivi istorizmi uZluria istoriuli procesebisimanenturi azris gaSifrvaSi, saqarTvelos istoriuli ganviTarebiszogadi xazisa da Sinagani logikis gansazRvraSi.saqarTvelos istoriuli procesis amgvari SemecnebiTi,,totalizacia”, cxadia, xels Seuwyobs analizuri modelis ganzogadebasda aRmofxvris Cveni istoriuli codnis fragmentaciascalkeuli movlenebis faqtografiul Sreebad. aseT SemTxveva-Si istoriuli kvlevis sabaziso erTeuli xdeba gansazRvruliTematuri ,,struqtura” da ara izolirebuli faqti-movlena.rogorc Sedegi, istoriografia, faqtebisa da movlenebis qaoturierTobliobis nacvlad iRebs Teoriulad da sistemurad gaazrebuli,konceptualizebuli Temebis sistemur aRnagobas, asevTqvaT, struqturuli fenomenebis pluralizmis formas. aseT pirobebSiTavidan iqneba acilebuli Cveni qveynis istoriis Tematur-qronologiuridanawevreba-fragmentacia da istoriuli procesiSeiZens integralur xasiaTs, struqturuli mTlianobisformas, rogorc ganzogadebuli kompleqsur-struqturuli fenomenebiserToblioba.gadasvla ,,struqturaTa istoriaze”, uwinares yovlisa gulisxmobsmeTodologiur inovaciebs. kerZod, kvlevis ganmazogadebelida tipologizaciis meTodebis gamoyenebas, amave dros,istoriuli kvleva-Ziebis procesSi struqturalizmisa da sistemuriTeoriis ideebis gamoyenebas.aseTi meTodologiuri inovacia iTvaliswinebs istoriuliprocesebis analizSi erTganzomilebiani da mravalganzomilebiani,Sesabamisad logomonocentristuli da logopolicentristulisaazrovno principebis sinTezs da urTierTSerwymas. logomonocentrizminiSnavs imgvar azrobriv proceduras, romlis578

drosac faqtebis, movlenebisa da tendenciebis empiriuli mravalferovnebadayvanilia raRac erTian birTvze Tu centrze. esbirTvi Tu centri ganixileba, rogorc kvleviTi movlenis yvelazearsebiTi da sasicocxlod aucilebeli Tvisebebis koncentrirebuligamovlena, maTi fundamenturi sawyisi.sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis TvalTaxedviT monocentristulisistemis klasikuri magaliTebia, vTqvaT, atomis aRnagobada ujredis struqtura. pirvel SemTxvevaSi Cven gvaqvsbirTvi da mis irgvliv moZravi eleqtronebi. magram atomis mTelimasa, mTeli misi ,,Tvisobrioba” Tavmoyrilia mxolod birTv-Si. meore SemTxvevaSi ki gvaqvs birTvi da citoplazma, magrammxolod birTvi marTavs cilebis warmoqmnas da saerTod yvelafiziologiur process ujredSi.socialuri mecnierebebis blokSi logocentristuli SemecnebiTiparadigmebis magaliTebia marqsizmi da civilizaciurimidgoma. orive maTgani istoriuli procesis farglebSi axdenserTi pirveladi sabazo struqturis gamoyofas da mas uqvemdebarebsprocesis mTel mravalferovnebas. marqsizmisaTvis aseTistruqturuli centris funqcia aqvs ekonomikur faqtors (konkretulad_ sawarmoo Zalebisa da warmoebiTi urTierTobebis,,sinqronias”), xolo civiliografiisaTvis _ civilizaciur, religiur-kulturulda sulier parametrebs.saqarTvelos istoriaSi logocentrizmis SemecnebiTi metaprincipisgamoyeneba saSualebas iZleva Cveni istoriuli procesisqronologiur qselSi gamoyofil iqnas araerTi da orierTganzomilebiani fenomeni. monocentristuli sistemebis magaliTebia:mtkvar-araqsisa da TrialeTis arqeologiuri kulturebi;qarTlis (iberiis) saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba; qarTulimarTlmadidebluri samociqulo eklesia; qarTveli eris eTnogenezisprocesi; erTiani qarTuli feodaluri monarqia (XI-XIIIsaukuneebis erTiani qarTuli monarqia warmoadgens erTganzomilebianiierarqiuli sociopolitikuri sistemis yvelaze klasikurtips); XI-XV saukuneebis kavkasiis qarTlocentristuli geocivilizacia;tipiuri monocentristuli sistemis gamovlena iyoaseve sabWouri totalitaruli reJimi saqarTveloSi da a.S.logopolicentrizmis koncefcia gamomdinareobs imis mtkicebidan,rom istoriuli procesi mravalferovania Tavisi fundamenturisawyisebis TvalsazrisiT. istoriuli faqtebis, mov-579

lenebisa da struqturebis empiriuli mravalferovneba yovelTvisrodi gamomdinareobs raRac saerTo sawyisidan Tu erTiani,,mmarTveli” centridan. garkveul doneebze istoriuli procesisorganizacia dakavSirebulia mravalvariantulobasTan, TanacSinagani, yvelaze arsebiTi da substanciuri principebis mravalgvarobasTan.amis Sedegad procesebis ganmsazRvreli Tvisebebiar aris koncentrirebuli raRac erTian yovlismomcvel ,,birTv-Si” (mag., ekonomikur faqtorSi), aramed danawilebulia sxvadasxva,,centrebSi” (funqcionalur aspeqtSi, magaliTad ekonomikur,politikur, kulturul da sxva qvesistemebSi, sivrcobrivaspeqtSi _ teritoriul qvestruqturebSi). amis Sedegad mravalganzomilebiansistemebSi funqcionirebs sxvadasxva centrebiTav-TavianTi periferiebiT.saqarTvelos istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi pluralisturipolicentristuli struqturebis magaliTebia: kolxas,diaoxisa da sasperebis adresaxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebi; qar-Tuli warmarTuli religia; kolxeTis saxelmwifo; VIII-X saukuneebisqarTuli politikuri sivrce da sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebrivierTeulebis erTdrouli Tanaarseboba (politikuri ,,koevolucia”);qarTuli feodalizmi da vasalitetis sistema; politikuriviTareba XV saukuneSi erTiani monarqiis daSlis Semdeg;gviandeli feodalizmis epoqis saTavadoebis senioralurkorporaciulisistema da a.S. analogiuri struqturis magali-Tia postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi liberaluri demokratiis modelisqmnadobis procesi.erTi sityviT, logocentrizm-policentrizmis erTianobismeTodologiuri arsenali saSualebas iZleva axleburad iqnasgaazrebuli rogorc istoriuli procesi mTlianad, iseve misicalkeuli tendenciebi da ganviTarebis struqturebi.rogori struqtura SeiZleba hqondes Cveni erovnuli istoriiskonceptualur models? vfiqrobT, rom am struqturisarsebiTi elementi unda iyos iseTi sakiTxi, romlis dasmaca damecnieruli gadawyvetis esa Tu is mcdelobac miiRebs saqarTvelosistoriisadmi zeempiriuli, azrobrivi mimarTebis formas.migvaCnia, rom aseTi sakiTxis statusi unda gaaCndes RerZulproblemas, anu iseT problemas, romelSic erTgvarad fokusirebuliaama Tu im epoqaSi saqarTvelos ganviTarebis ganmsazRvreli,arsebiTi tendenciebi, Tanac mis pozitiur gadawyvetaze580

aris damokidebuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi da erovnuliuSiSroebis garantirebis xarisxi, erovnuli identurobis realizaciisdone, sociokulturuli TviTmyofadobisa da istoriul-kulturuliRirebulebebis pozitiuri konservaciis masStabebida a.S. imTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos istoriisRerZuli problema, uwinares yovlisa, Tavisi strategiulixaziT garesamyarosTan Cveni qveynis urTierTobebis sistemaSi gadadioda.Sesabamisad is sinqronizebuli iyo qarTveli eris nacionalurideasTan, garkveul msoflmxedvelobriv orientirTan,globalur geopolitikur da sociokulturul sivrceSi saqar-Tvelos adgilisa da istoriuli funqciis gaazrebasTan.saqarTvelos istoriis RerZuli problemis struqtura damisi gadawyvetisaTvis qarTuli politikuri elitisa da mTelieris mzadyofnis xarisxi sxvadasxva periodSi gansxvavebuli iyo.es araerTgvarovneba gamomdinareobda TviT eris wiaRSi arsebulipolitikuri, samxedro da kulturuli potencialis realizaciisaraidenturi doneebidan. amitom RerZuli problemis gadawyveta-vergadawyvetiscikluri dinamika ganapirobebda saqarTvelosganviTarebis istoriul procesSi progresisa da ukusvlis,aRmavlobisa da regresiis fazebis permanentul monacvleobas,xatovnad rom vTqvaT, Cveni istoriis pulsacias.amdenad, RerZuli problemis fenomenis Semotana qarTvelieris istoriis saerTo procesis stadialuri diferencirebis sa-Sualebas iZleva. am SemTxvevaSi es fenomeni ganixileba, rogorcsaqarTvelos istoriis periodizaciis erT-erTi kriteriumi, rogorcistoriuli etapebis klasifikaciis erT-erTi sistema. am SemTxvevaSiRerZuli problema gamodis, rogorc garkveuli struqturulifenomenis kategoria da centraluri cneba, rogorc movlenaTagansazRvruli sistema da saqarTvelos istoriuli ganviTarebiserT-erTi mTavari faqtori.,,struqturaTa istoriis” centraluri cneba _ ,,istoriulistruqtura” igive konkretul-istoriul situaciaSi institualizebulRerZul problemas warmoadgens. amgvari struqturiselementebad moiazreba garkveul droiT monakveTSi yvelainstitualizebuli wesi da sistemuri urTierTobani, rogoricaa,magaliTad, qarTveli eri, qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba, qar-Tuli sociumi, sulier-kulturuli viTareba da a.S. maSasadame,aq saubaria eris yofierebis sociopolitikur da sociokultu-581

ul substanciaze, romlis konkretul droiT-sivrciT gamovlenaswarmoadgens ,,struqtura”.,,struqtura” aq warmogvidgeba istoriuli procesis erTgvar,,atomad”, erTgvar azrobriv konstruqciad, romlis meSveobiTacSesaZlebelia saqarTvelos istoriuli ganviTarebis procesisganzogadeba, zeempiriuli determinireba, cxadia, tradiciulpolitikur istoriografiasTan (e.i. empiriuli faqtebisa damovlenebis istorizmTan) SezavebiT.arada, amgvari SeTanasworeba uaRresad saWiro da aucilebelia.gadasvla ,,movlenaTa istoriidan” ,,struqturaTa istoriaze”srulebiTac ar gulisxmobs maTs urTierTgamoricxvas.piriqiT, es aris samecniero azris moZraoba faqtologiidan ganzogadeba-generalizaciisaken.,,movlenaTa istoriac” da ,,struqturaTaistoriac” warmoadgens procesis mecnieruli definiciisor urTierTdakavSirebul aspeqts, romelTa gamoyenebiT udavodfarTovdeba istoriuli horizonti.amasTan, Cvenis azriT, ,,struqturaTa istoriis” evristikulifaseuloba niSandoblivia ideologiuri TvalsazrisiTac. isuaryofs sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri formaciebis marqsistulTeorias, radganac istoriuli procesebis miseul modelSi,,formaciis” cnebas cvlis sociopolitikuri an sociokulturuli,,struqturis” cneba. Sesabamisad, istoriuli procesiwarmodgenilia ara rogorc klasTa brZolis bazaze sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuriformaciebis ,,kanonzomieri” cvalebadoba, aramedrogorc msxvili istoriuli struqturebis ciklur-stadiuriurTierTmonacvleoba, e.i. permanentuli socialuri evolucia.tradiciul politikur istoriografiasTan, e.i. faqtebisada movlenebis istoriasTan sinTezirebiT SesaZlebelia mravaliistoriuli ,,struqturis” gamoyofa, romelic saSualebas iZlevagaanalizdes rogorc saqarTvelos ganviTarebis istoriuliprocesi mTlianobaSi, iseve konkretulad esa Tu is mniSvnelovanida gansakuTrebuli tendencia. es ,,struqturebia”, magali-Tad, – qarTveli eris eTnogenezisi; qarTuli civilizaciis genetikurida funqcionaluri struqturebis Camoyalibeba; qarTulipoliTeisturi sociumi; qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis genezisi;qarTuli marTlmadidebluri qristianoba da samociquloeklesiis istoria; qarTuli feodalizmi da vasalitetis sistema;qarTuli nacionalizmi; globalizacia da saqarTvelo da a.S.582

ogorc ukve aRvniSneT, amjerad garkveuli ganmazogadebeliistoriuli ,,struqturis” rangSi Cven ganvixilavT saqar-Tvelos istoriis RerZul problemas, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevsCvens istoriul procesSi gamoyofil iqnas ramdenime mniSvnelovanietapi.Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebis mijnaze qarTveluri tomobrivigaerTianebebis winaSe istoriuli kanonzomierebis mier ,,dasmul”RerZul problemas warmoadgenda ,,neoliTuri revoluciis” SedegebisaTviseba. mis gadawyvetas ki Sedegad mohyva pirveli tomobrivifederaciebis Camoyalibeba, mtkvar-araqsisa da TrialeTispotamiuri kulturuli erTobebis formireba, TviT eTnogenetikuriprocesebis dinamizacia da, saboloo aspeqtiT, qarTuli ,,pirveladi”civilizaciis arsebiTi tendenciebis safuZvelCayra.Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi arsebuli RerZuli problemisstruqturam, Sinagani da garegani faqtorebis urTierTgadaxlarTvisgamo, dualisturi forma miiRo; eris SigniT arsebulipolitikur-ekonomikuri da inteleqtualuri resursebisamoqmedebis saWiroeba logikurad daukavSirda imdroindel saer-TaSoriso arenaze dominirebad saxelmwifoebTan koaliciuri ur-TierTobebis damyarebis aucileblobas. (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ur-TierTobani selevkidebis samefosTan da pontosTan). RerZuliproblema pozitiurad gadawyda, ramac arsebiTi cvlilebebi SeitanaqarTuli civilizaciis ganviTarebis procesSi _ SidaeTnikuripolitikuri konsolidaciisa da unifikaciis bazaze CamoyalibdakolxeTisa da iberiis saxelmwifoebi im droisaTvis aprobirebulipolitikuri reJimebiT. saxelmwifos Seqmna TavisTavadgulisxmobs sazRvrebis Seqnas. pirvelad saqarTvelos istoriaSicxadad ganisazRvra saxelmwifoebrivi sazRvrebi, e.i. Camoyalibdaeris arsebobis ,,politikuri oikumena”, fiqsirebulisivrce, rogorc misi sasicocxlo interesebis strategiul-politikuriareali; daCqarda socialuri institucionalizaciisprocesi, Camoyalibda sxvadasxva socialuri fenebi, riTac qar-Tuli sazogadoebis socialurma struqturam met-naklebadmdgradi da stabiluri forma miiRo; Seiqmna universaluri saxelmwiforeligia da oficialurma kultma saxelmwifoebriviideologiis xarixsi miiRo: erTi sityviT, RerZuli problemisgadawyvetis am uaRresad mniSvnelovanma etapma, iseTi procesebiT,rogoricaa eTnogenezi, saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTareba, so-583

ciogenezi da sxv., gamoiwvia qarTuli eTnokulturis transformaciacivilizaciad. es mtkiceba srulebiTac ar gaxlavT gada-Warbeba an, Tu gnebavT, zRvarsgadasuli eTnocentrizmi. amgvaridaskvnis gakeTebis savsebiT realur SesaZleblobas iZleva aRniSnulietapis civiliografiuli analizi.Cveni welTaRricxvis I-II aTaswleulebis mijnaze RerZuliproblema isev tradiciuli dualisturi modelis saxiT gamoikveTa;Sinagani faqtori feodalizmis genezisis procesiT ganisazRvra,sagareo ki_arabTa xalifatTan da bizantiis samxedroreligiurimperiasTan urTierTobebis ganviTarebiT. problemispozitiurma gadawyvetam sruliad axali civilizaciuri TvisobriobaSeqmna _ erTiani qarTuli feodaluri monarqia, centralizebulisaxelmwifoebrivi sistemiT da vasalitetisa da patronymuriierarqiis im droisaTvis progresuli socialuri reJimiT.amave periodSi srulyofilebis umaRles safexurs miaRwiaqarTulma qristianobam, rogorc kulturulma fenomenma. sworedmaSin miiRo qarTulma qristianulma kulturam dasrulebulklasikuriforma uaRresad spiritualuri esTetikiT, xorcielzesulieris upirobo primatis aRiarebiT, qarTveli kacis Rrmasulierebis formirebiTa da misTvis eTikuri normirebis sistemisaTu moralur-zneobrivi kodeqsis SeqmniT. arafers vambobT,,qarTul renesansze” da ideacionalur principze damyarebulisaero qarTuli kulturis aRmavlobaze aRniSnul periodSi.samwuxarod, garkveuli istoriuli kataklizmebis gamo ukveII aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan saqarTvelos istoriaSi iwyebaRerZuli problemis vergadawyvetis, anu misi negatiuri ,,gadawyvetis”ciklebi. unda iTqvas, rom es ciklebi, maTs SigniT negatiurifazebis monacvleobis procesTan erTad sakmarisze metadgrZelvadiani gamodga. gviandeli feodalizmis mTeli xangrZliviepoqa, arsebiTad da umTavres parametrebSi, swored RerZuliproblemebis vergadawyvetis periodia. Cveni erovnuli istoriisam negatiuri refleqsiis uaryofiTi Sedegebic saxezea _ erTianimonarqiis politikuri daSla, sociokulturuli daRmasvla,islamuri samxreTis permanentuli zewola da amiT gamowveulimadestabilizebeli tendenciebi rogorc regionalur da subregionalurpolitikur doneze, iseve eTnokulturul sferoSi(mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs eTnikuri identurobisa da religiur-kulturuliTviTmyofadobis dakargvis realuri safrTxe).584

aRniSnul etapze RerZuli problemis gacnobierebam, mismaerTgvarma konceptualizaciam qarTul politikur da sazogadoebrivazrovnebaSi ,,saqarTvelos gamoxsnisa da aRdgomis”strategiis forma miiRo. XVIIIs. II naxevarSi upiratesoba mieniWaam strategiis, ase vTqvaT, ,,Crdilour” taqtikur variants,riTac saqarTvelos istoriaSi dasabami mieca RerZuliproblemis ,,georgievskis epoqas”.,,georgievskis epoqa”, romlis farglebSic saqarTvelo warmoadgendajer caristul-imperiuli, xolo Semdeg komunisturimperiuliruseTis Sida geopolitikur vels, ori saukune gagrZelda.arsebiTad ,,georgievskis epoqac” RerZuli problemisvergadawyvetis epoqaa. misi pirveladi progresuli impulsebi(fizikuri gadaSenebis militaruli safrTxis mocileba, ruseT-Tan erTmorwmuneoba, evropuli kulturisaken axali arxis gaWra)Zalian male gaqra. gauqmda qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba, saukuneebismanZilze formirebuli erovnuli socialuri sistema.unda iTqvas, rom verc wminda fizikuri usafrTxoebis sakiTxiiqna srulfasovnad gadawyvetili. eris fizikuri usafrTxoebamxolod sicocxlis SenarCunebas rodi niSnavs. Tu o. Spenglerisistoriosofias davesesxebiT, cxadi gaxdeba, rom yovelerovnul kulturas gaaCnia mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeliorganuli struqtura, plastikuri ,,Jesti”, instiqturi taqti,ritmi, rac erTobliobaSi am kulturis substancias qmnis. essubstancia ki aZlevs adamians ,,sakuTar formas”. 1religiuri suverenitetis likvidacia, rusifikacia, qarTulienis winaaRmdeg mizanmimarTuli brZola, eris inteleqtualurielitis ganadgurebis calkeuli fazebi, erovnuli TviTSemecnebisSezRudva da a.S. _ es aris arasruli reestri im tendenciebisa,romelTa maqsimizaciiT ruseTi cdilobda qarTvelieris kulturuli substanciis daSlas, Cveni erovnul-kulturuliorganizmis mokvdinebas. amitom aRvniSnavT, rom ,,georgievskisepoqaSi” qarTveli eris fizikuri gadaSenebis problema armoxsnila, Seicvala mxolod mis gadawyvetaze negatiurad zemomqmedisafrTxis veqtori _ militaruli safrTxe transformirdaaramilitarulSi. sabWoTa imperiis dezintegraciam da saqar-Tvelos mier saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis deklarirebamwertili dausva ,,georgievskis epoqas”.1 О. Шпенглер. Закат Европы, т. I. М., 1923, gv. 315-316.585

qarTul istoriul procesSi, Cveni eris ganviTarebis dinamikistraeqtoriaSi gamoikveTa radikaluri cvlilebebis tendencia.am sruliad axali mdgomareobis arsi, vfiqrobT, RerZuliproblemis axleburi ganzogadebis konteqstSi unda moviazroT.migvaCnia, rom meore da mesame aTaswleulebis mijnaze, SesaZloaXXIs. mTels sigrZeze, saqarTvelos istoriis RerZul problemaswarmoadgens mimarTeba msoflio sivrceSi mimdinare globalizaciisprocesisadmi. mis gadawyvetaze aris damokidebuliqarTveli eris da qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis momavali istoriulibedi, erovnuli sociokulturuli wyobisa da RirebulebiTiorientaciebis qarTuli modelis istoriuli perspeqtiva.Cvenis azriT, Tanamedrove RerZuli problemis Sinaganistruqtura gamoirCeva mravalvariantulobiT, paradigmatul sakiTxTauaRresad rTuli kompleqsiT. es sirTule SemTxveviTirodia. igi ganpirobebulia TviT globalizaciis procesis araerTgvarovnebiT,misi ganmsazRvreli kriteriumebisa da parametrebismravalgvarobiT. dRes am problemis masStaburi analizida met-naklebad obieqturi, pozitiuri ganzogadeba garkveuliinteleqtualuri funqciis matarebel procesad gvesaxeba.rogor SeiZleba warmovidginoT globalizaciis mimarT saqarTvelosdamokidebulebis, rogorc gansazRvruli gonismieriprocesis, funqcionaluri plasti? jer erTi, es aris orientaciaglobalur sivrceSi, qarTuli mentalitetis, azrovnebisqarTuli wesis SemecnebiT-gnoseologiuri mimarTeba Tanamedrovemsoflio sistemis farglebSi mimdinare politikuri, ekonomikuri,teqnologiuri da sociokulturuli tendenciis mimarT. esaris saqarTvelos msoflmxedvelobrivi mimarTeba garesamyarosadmi,erTgvari istoriosofiuli refleqsia, msofliosTan mimarTebaSisakuTari adgilisa da misiis gaazreba, ufro sworadrom aRvniSnoT, qarTveli eris istoriuli TviTgamorkveva globalurcivilizaciaSi. unda iTqvas, rom danarCen samyarosTan,,dapirispirebaSi” istoriul-kulturuli TviTobis gansazRvrismomenti araxalia qarTuli mentalitetisaTvis. qarTuli cnobierebayovelTvis iyo orientirebuli filosofiur-istoriulproblematikaze. CvenSi yvelaferi an TiTqmis yvelaferi mis konteqstSiwydeboda. qarTveli eris yovel Taobas hqonda zemoTTqmuliistoriuli TviTgamorkvevis moTxovnileba. magram saqarTvelosistoriaSi iyo periodebi, roca es moTxovnileba gansa-586

kuTrebulad mZafrad aRiqmeboda. Tanamedrove epoqa swored amgvariperiodia.meore: globalizaciis procesis arsobrivi tendenciebis analizigarkveuli eTnocentistuli funqciis matarebelia; msoflmxedvelobrividamokidebuleba globaluri procesebis mimarT warmoadgenserovnuli ideis ZiriTad Semadgenel komponents, SeiZlebaiTqvas, mis substanciur safuZvels. am SemTxvevaSi problemissayrdens warmoadgens msoflios ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebisdefinireba erovnuli interesebis konteqstSi. e.i. globaluricvlilebebis aRqmisa da ganmartebis umTavresi wanamZRvariaris am cvlilebebis saqarTveloze zemoqmedebis SesaZlo variantebisdadgenis miswrafeba, globalur ,,gamowvevebze” qarTuli,,pasuxebis” gacemis Sinaarsisa da formis SemuSavebis aucilebloba,qarTuli eTnokulturuli da eTnoreligiuri identurobiskonservaciis sagarantio safuZvlebis Seqmna.maSasadame, globalistikuri kvlevebis dros swored saqar-Tvelo unda iyos warmodgenili inteleqtualuri interesebiscentrad, msoflio procesebis Sefasebis umTavres sazomad.mesame: aRniSnul sakiTxs pragmatul-prognostikuri funqciacaqvs, rac misi gadawyvetis teleologiur, miznobriv daniSnulebasukavSirdeba. globalizaciis procesis gaazrebas gaaCniagansazRvruli mizani _ am procesis kvlevis, misi ZiriTadimaxasiaTeblebis logikuri analizis bazaze SemuSavdes saqarTvelosganviTarebis grZelvadiani strategia. am strategiaSi undaganisazRvros: saqarTvelos erovnuli interesebi globalizaciismsoflio procesis prizmaSi; globalizaciis im tendenciebisnusxa, romlebic safrTxes uqmnian am interesebs da amdenad CveniusafrTxoebisaTvis riskis faqtorebs warmoadgenen; adeqvaturian alternatiuli qmedebebis xasiaTi da funqciebi. aseTistrategiis formireba unda xdebodes modelirebis principebissafuZvelze, rac gulisxmobs globalizaciis mimarT orientaciisqarTuli lokaluri prognostikuri modelebis Camoyalibebas.587

DAZMIR JOJUATHE AXIAL PROBLEM OF THE GEORGIANHISTORYThe article presents some points of view on certain principal tendenciesof development of the Georgian national historiosophy. First of all, theurgency of improving the methodological side of the Georgian historiographyis stressed: the transition from “the history of events”, or “the politicalfactology” to “the history of structures”; the use of the generalizing typologicalmethods; the orientation towards the systemic theory and theideas of structuralism, etc. The article considers the axial problem of thehistory of Georgia as one of these typological and thematic structures. Separatestages of resolving or non-resolving the axial problem at differentperiods of our history are presented. It is also noted that the History of Georgiarepresents a permanent alternation of the axial problem of resolvingand non-resolving cycles. (The dichotomy of “Progress-Regress”, “GoingAhead – Going Backwards”, “Rise – Fall”). That’s why it’s maintainedthat the introduction of “the axial problem” phenomenon will create ratheran optimum scheme of the period division of the History of the Georgianpeople and a new system of classification of the historical epochs.588

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008meri gabedavaruseTis SeiaraRebuli intervenciasaqarTveloSi 2008 wlisagvistoSiXXs. 90-ian wlebSi socialisturi banakisa da ssr kavSirisdaSlam axali politikuri realiebi Seqmna. warmoiqmnen suverenuli,damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi, romelTa mniSvnelovani nawilievrokavSirsa da nato-Si gawevrianda. es organizaciebi umTavresievropuli Rirebulebebis – samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos arsebobis,politikuri sakiTxebis gadasaWrelad omis miuReblobisgamoxatuleba da garantia. ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Sedegad esmiRwevebi seriozuli safrTxeebis winaSe aRmoCnda. ruseTis politikuriistebliSmenti uaryofs saxelmwifoTa suverenul Tanasworobasda misi neoimperiuli wersigiT Canacvlebas cdilobs.saqarTvelos intervencia da okupacia ruseTis mxridan axali imperiulipolitikisken gadadgmul nabijs warmoadgenda.eqspertebis azriT, ruseTis geopolitikuri warmatebisaTvisgadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba saqarTveloSi arsebul CrdiloeT-samxreTisgazsadenze kontrolis dawesebas. 1 ruseTis mier saqarTvelozekontrolis damyarebis SemTxvevaSi Seiqmneba ruseTiraniserTiani strategiuli sivrce, riTac Seiqmneba yvela pirobaantidasavluri samxedro-politikuri blokis SekvrisaTvis. 22006w. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam gazsadeni saprivatizacioobieqtebis nusxaSi Seitana, magram aSS-is diplomatiis pirdapiriCareviT privatizaciis procesi SeCerda. bunebrivia, amfaqtma ruseTis seriozuli ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. saqarTvelozepolitikuri kontrolis mopovebas ruseTis samxedro da politikurielita xangrZlivi drois manZilze amzadebda konf-1 R. Parsons. Georgia, Abkhazia, Russia: the war option. 13.05.2008. ix. el-versia:http:// www. opendemocracy.net/article/georgia-abkhazia-russia-the-war-option.2 z. papasqiri. imedi mainc Wiatebs! saqarTvelo-ruseTis omi da afxazeTiskonfliqtis mowesrigebis perspeqtivebi. _ gaz. saqarTvelosrespublika. 25.X.2008.589

liqtur regionebSi politikuri poziciebis ganmtkicebis gziT.samxreT oseTis separatistuli xelisufleba da SeiaraRebuliZalebi ruseTis federaciis samxedro struqturebis kontrolisada xelmZRvanelobis qveS moeqca. cxinvalSi xelmZRvaneli postebiruseTis samSvidobo Zalebis ufrosma oficerebma, dazvervisada sxva samarTaldamcavi uwyebebis samxedro Cinovnikebma daikaves.2005w. samxreT oseTis de-faqto mTavrobis premier-ministraddainiSna ruseTis federaciis moqalaqe iuri morozovi, romelsacwlebis manZilze sxvadasxva maRali Tanamdeboba ekavabaSkireTSi. Sinagan saqmeTa ministri gaxda ruseTis miliciispolkovniki mixeil minZaevi, romelic 2004 wlis beslanis kontrteroristuloperaciaSi ФСБ-is specialur qvedanayofs«Альфа»-s xelmZRvanelobda. 2006 wlidan samxreT oseTis nacionaluriusafrTxoebis sabWos mdivania ruseTis SeiaraRebuliZalebis polkovniki, avRaneTisa da CeCneTis omebis monawile anatolibarankeviCi, xolo saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetisTavmjdomare boris atoevia, romelic wlebis manZilze imyofebodaКГБ-s sxvadasxva Tanamdebobaze, avRaneTSi misiis dasrulebisSemdeg msaxurobda moskovSi ФСБ-is centralur aparatSi.2007 wlidan samxreT oseTis saxelmwifo dacvis samsaxuris ufrosigaxda ruseTis armiis polkovniki, CeCneTisa da bosniisbrZolebis monawile vladimir kotoevi. 2008 wlis martidanTavdacvis saministros saTaveSi Caudga ruseTis armiis generalivasil lunevi, xolo saxelmwifo sasazRvro samsaxuris xelmZRvaneladdainiSna ФСБ-is polkovniki oleg Cebotarevi. am TanamdebobispirTa meSveobiT ruseTi srulad akontrolebda aramarto samxreT oseTis de-faqto xelisuflebas, aramed mTelskonfliqtis zonas. amiT ruseTma daarRvia neitralitetis valdebulebada, faqtobrivad, konfliqtis monawile mxared iqca.swored am Zalebis mier iqna inspirirebuli is provokaciuliqmedebebi, romliTac 2008 wlis agvistos dasawyisSi saqarTvelosTavs moaxvies farTomasStabiani saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebulikonfliqti.2008w. 1 agvistos saqarTvelos mier kontrolirebad samxreToseTis teritoriaze ori bombi afeTqda, romlis SedegadxuTi qarTveli policieli daSavda. situaciis gamwvavebis Tavidanacilebis mizniT centralur xelisuflebas sapasuxo zomebiar miuRia. 2 agvistos msxvilkalibriani yumbarmtyorcnebidan in-590

tensiuri srolebi ganxorcielda qarTvelebis mier kontrolirebadiSvidi soflis mimarTulebiT, daiWra erTi samoqalaqopiri da erTi qarTveli policieli.2 agvistodan cxinvalidan daiwyo qalebisa da bavSvebis evakuacia.3 agvistos samxreT oseTis separatistulma mTavrobam gamoacxada500-ze meti adamianis, maT Soris, 400 bavSvis evakuaciisSesaxeb, magram CrdiloeT oseTis premier-ministris moadgilemaxali ambebis saagento ìnterfaqsTan~ uaryo evakuaciis faqti.misi ganmartebiT, bavSvebi waiyvanes CrdiloeT oseTis sazafxulobanakebSi dasasveneblad winaswar dagegmili proeqtis Sesabamisad.Tumca, gansxvavebul informacias avrcelebdnen ruseTis sainformaciosaSualebebi. erT-erTi cnobiT, 4 agvistosaTvis konfliqtiszonidan gaiyvanili iyo 2500-ze meti adamiani. 13 agvistos ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saministrom oficialuradgancxada, rom samxreT oseTi farTomasStabiani samxedrokonfliqtis saSiSroebis winaSe dgas, xolo 5 agvistos moskovmagaakeTa gancxadeba, rom is daicavs ruseTis moqalaqeebis interesebssamxreT oseTSi. am dRidan osma separatistebma daiwyesmasStaburi samxedro operaciebi samxreT-oseTis qarTuli anklavebiswinaaRmdeg. kerZod, yumbarmtyorcnebidan cecxli gaxsnessofel nulis mimarTulebiT, ieriSi miitanes fronesa da liaxvisxeobebis qarTul soflebze _ vanTa, eredvi, frisi da sarbruki.daiWra 2 mcirewlovani bavSvi da qarTuli samSvidobo Zalebissami warmomadgeneli.6 agvistos saqarTvelos xelisuflebisa da samxreT ose-Tis de-faqto xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTs cecxlisgaxsnaSi adanaSaulebdnen. 6 agvistos Ramis intensiurisrolebis Sedegad daiWra saqarTvelos samSvidobo Zalebis 2samxedro mosamsaxure. separatistuli mTavroba amtkicebda, rommsxverpls adgili hqonda maT mxaresac. 6 agvistos Ramis sateleviziokomentarebSi saxelmwifo ministri reintegraciis sakiTxebSiT. iakobaSvili Seqmnili viTarebidan gamosavals cxinvalismTavrobasTan pirdapir dialogSi xedavda, romelSic Suamavlisroli sagangebo davalebaTa elCs iuri popovs unda Seesrulebina.im saRamos da 7 agvistos gamTeniisas intensiuricecxli gaixsna oseTis qarTuli soflebis _ avnevis, didi muxa-1 Зону грузино-осетинского конфликта покинули более 2,5 тыс. человек. 4.08. 2008.ix. eleqtronuli versia: http://korrespondent.net/world/ 542928591

muguTis mimarTulebiT. dakavebuli poziciebis dacvis mizniTcentralurma xelisuflebam SezRuduli cecxli gaxsna. region-Si Seqmnili viTarebidan gamomdinare, avnevidan, nulidan da ergneTidandaiwyo bavSvebisa da qalebis evakuacia. 17 agvistos, diliT, ruseTis sainformacio saagentoebisadmimicemul interviuSi samxreT oseTis de-faqto prezidenti e.kokoiTi daimuqra _ Tu saqarTvelos xelisufleba ar gaiyvandaSeiaraRebul Zalebs, maSin is TviTon daiwyebda regionis `wmendas~.daWrili qarTveli samxedroebis mosanaxuleblad gorissamxedro hospitalSi misulma saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeilsaakaSvilma ruseTis prezidents mouwoda samxreT oseTidan gaewviaruseTis Tanamdebobis pirebi, romlebic sakuTar Tavs e.w.samxreT oseTis mTavrobas uwodebdnen, faqtobrivad ki, axorcielebdnenruseTis kontrols regionSi.7 agvistos separatistuli mTavrobis warmomadgenlebTanSesaxvedrad konfliqtis zonaSi gaemgzavra molaparakebebSi qar-Tuli delegaciis meTauri T. iakobaSvili. cxinvalSi is SexvdaSereuli samSvidobo Zalebis meTaurs marat kulaxmetovs. samxreToseTis mxarem uari Tqva molaparakebebSi monawileobaze,Sexvedraze aseve ar mividnen ruseTis samSvidobo misiis warmomadgenlebi.imave dRes separatistuli respublikis uSiSroebissabWos meTaurma anatoli barankeviCma ganacxada, rom saqarTvelosSeiaraRebuli Zalebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad CrdiloeToseTidan Camodian kazakTa samxedro dajgufebebi. rogorc «Независимаягазета» ityobineboda, am droisaTvis CrdiloeT ose-Tidan samxreT oseTSi ukve Camosuli iyo 300 moxalise. 2 CrdiloeToseTis respublikaSi saqarTveloSi gasagzavnad boevikTamobilizaciis faqti gaaxmiana saqarTvelos warmomadgenelma gaero-Sii. alasaniam 2008w. 8 agvistos gamarTul uSiSroebis sab-Wos sagangebo sxdomaze. 37 agvistos, SuadRisTvis, separatistebma kvlav ganaaxlesqarTuli soflebis saartilerio dabombvebi. qarTuli samSvidobobatalionis sabrZolo manqanis afeTqebis Sedegad daiWra sami1 g. asaniSvili. erTi nabiji omamde. _ gaz. `24 saaTi~, 8.VIII.2008.2 М. Перевозкина. Это не конфликт, это – война. – «Независимая газета» 8.08.2008. ix. eleqtr. versia: http://www.ng.ru/politics/2008-08-08/1_war.html.3 Совет Безопасности, 5951-е заседание, 8.08 2008. ix. eleqtronuli versia:http://www.un.org/russian/documen/ scaction/2008/index.html592

qarTveli mSvidobismyofeli. qarTulma policiam sapasuxo cecxligauxsna separatistTa SeiaraRebul dajgufebebs. Sedegad mokluliqna ori boeviki da oric daiWra. mogvianebiT, sof. avnevSiaafeTqes qarTveli samSvidoboebis sakontrolo-gamSvebi punqti,ris Sedegadac daiRupa ramdenime qarTveli samxedro da samoqalaqopiri. saRamos saqarTvelos prezidentma os separatistebskidev erTxel mouwoda sabrZolo moqmedebebis dauyovnebliv Sewyvetisada molaparakebebis ganaxlebisaken, aseve sazogadoebasacnoba saqarTvelos mxridan cecxlis calmxrivad Sewyvetis SesaxebmiRebuli gadawyvetileba. saqarTvelos prezidentma saerTa-Soriso sazogadoebriobas mimarTa Zaladobis eskalaciis SeCerebis,pirdapiri molaparakebebis dawyebisa da konfliqtis daregulirebisprocesis internacionalizaciaSi daxmarebis TxovniT.cecxlis Sewyvetis gamocxadebidan daaxloebiT erT saaTSiosma separatistebma dabombes sof. avnevi, romelic srulad ganadgurda.mogvianebiT cecxli gaxsnes saqarTvelos mier kontrolirebadisoflebis frisisa da cxinvalis garSemo ganlagebuliqarTuli poziciebis winaaRmdeg, maT Soris TamaraSenisa daqurTas mimarTulebiT. intensiuri dabombvebis Sedegad qurTaSidaingra policiis ganyofilebis Senoba. ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebmaar miiRes zomebi Zaladobis aRsakveTad, riTac safrTxeSeuqmnes samxreT oseTis qarTuli anklavebis mSvidobiani mosaxleobisusafrTxoebas.ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebis umoqmedoba daadastura 2008w.10 agvistos gaero-s uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomaze generalurimdivnis TanaSemwem mSvidobis dacvis operaciis sakiTxebSi edmonmulem. 1 ufro metic, samxreT oseTis samxedro SenaerTebi qar-Tul soflebs cecxls uSendnen rusi mSvidobismyofelebis zurgsukan gamagrebuli poziciebidan. 2 amavdroulad, saqarTvelos xelisuflebaflobda informacias rokis gvirabis gavliT saqarTvelosteritoriaze ruseTis samxedro SeiaraRebuli Zalebis SemosvlisSesaxeb. amis Taobaze saTanado gancxadeba gaakeTa 8 agvistosgaero-s uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomaze saqarTvelos warmo-1 Совет Безопасности, 5953-е заседание, 10. 08 2008. ix. eleqtr. versia:http://www.un.org/russian/documen/scaction/2008/index.html.2 Daniel Fried. Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs. Testimonybefore the House Committee on Foreign Affairs. Washington, DC. ix. eleqtr.versia: http://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eur/rls/rm/109363.htm.38. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi593

madgenelma i. alasaniam. rusuli presis monacemebiT, 6-7 agvistosalagiridan transkis gavliT, niJni zaramagis sasazRvro punqtismimarTulebiT gadaadgildeboda ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebissamxedro kolonebi da javSanteqnika piradi SemadgenlobiT. 2 agvistosCrdiloeT oseTSi ruseTis samxedro-sahaero Zalebis,samxedro-sazRvao flotisa da armiis swavleba `kavkasia _ 2008~isdamTavrebis Semdeg 58-e armia ar iqna dabrunebuli mudmividislokaciis adgilze nalCikTan, dasaxleba proxladniSi. ruse-Tis sardlobam is strategiul samxedro placdarmze, niJni zaramagSiganaTavsa, romelic rokis gvirabis CrdiloeTis portalidanramdenime kilometrze mdebareobs. 17 agvistos niJni zaramagidan cxinvalSi ruseTis regularuliarmiis nawilebis Seyvanas adasturebs CrdiloeT kavkasiissamxedro olqis 58-e armiis 135-e motomsroleli polkiskapitani denis sidristi. 2 2008w. 20 noembers gazeT «Известия»-sadmimicemul interviuSi v. putinis yofili mrCeveliandrei ilarionovi amtkicebda, rom ruseTis regularuli jaris135-e da 693-e motomsroleli polkebi, 141-e satanko batalionisganyofileba, 22-e brigadis specrazmi 2 000 jariskacisSemadgenlobiT samxreT oseTSi Sevida 7 agvistos SuaRamemde.friad sayuradReboa vadim da vladislav kozaevebis gancxadeba,rom e. kokoiTi winaswar iyo informirebuli samxreToseTSi mosalodneli samxedro operaciebis Sesaxeb da winaswarganzraxviTgadavida cxinvalidan javaSi. vadim kozaevi iyoCr. oseTis Sss TanamSromeli, xolo vladislav kozaevi afxazeTisada oseTis gmiria. 9 agvistos isini Sevidnen cxinvalSidedis gamosayvanad, magram javaSi gadaeyarnen e. kokoiTs, romelTanackonfliqtis gamo orive Zma daapatimres. 3zemoT motanili masala naTlad adasturebs, rom samxreToseTSi, situaciis eskalaciis mizniT, adgili hqonda kargad gaazrebulprovokacias, raTa SemdgomSi gaemarTlebinaT ruseTismier winaswar dagegmili samxedro intervencia saqarTveloSi.1 Ю. Снегирев. Зовут Снегирев. – «Известия», 20.XI.2008.2 Жизнь продолжается. – «Красная Звезда». 3.IX.2008; Все дороги ведут в Рокскийтоннель: война началась на провокационной территории. 11.09. 2008 г. ix.eleqtr. versia: newsru.com3 М. Лепина. Южная Осетия не выдает России ее граждан поднявших руку напрезидента Кокойты. – «Коммерсантъ» , № 155, 1.IX.2008.594

moskovi didi xnis manZilze amzadebda farTomasStabian samxedroagresias saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. srul mzadyofnaSi iyomoyvanili ruseTis regularuli samxedro SenaerTebi, xoloruseTis propagandistuli manqana gamudmebiT eweoda antiqar-Tul kampanias, rom saqarTvelos xelisufleba omisaTvis emzadeba,uars ambobs xeli moaweros SeTanxmebas afxazeTTan daoseTTan cecxlis ganuaxleblobis Sesaxeb, radganac miznad isaxavsSeiaraRebuli gziT gandgomili regionebis reintegraciasda a.S. 2 agvistodan 7 agvistos CaTvliT dsT-s samSvidobo Zalebisumoqmedoba konfliqtis zonaSi iyo winaswar ganzraxulistrategia, romelic miznad isaxavda saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobiswinaSe ruseTisaTvis moemzadebina zneobrivi safuZvelisaqarTvelos winaaRmdeg agresiis gamarTlebisaTvis. rusma mSvidobismyofelebmaaraTu ar Seasrules maTze dakisrebuli valdebuleba,aramed rokis gvirabi gaxsnes sxvadasxva ukanono SeiaraRebuliformirebebisaTvis, riTac praqtikulad 1992-93ww.afxazeTis omis scenari ganmeorda.8 agvistos ruseTis samxedro SeiaraRebulma Zalebma gadmokveTessaqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvari da daiwyes saqarTvelosteritoriebis dabombva strategiuli raketebiTa da reaqtiuliWurvebiT. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT aSS-s xelisuflebamgaavrcela gancxadeba, romelSic mxars uWerda saqarTvelos suverenitetsada teritoriul mTlianobas mis saerTaSorisodaRiarebul sazRvrebSi, moiTxovda ruseTis saxmeleTo SeiraRebuliZalebis gayvanas saqarTvelos teritoriidan da 6 agvistosstatus-qvos dabrunebas. 1 imave dRes gancxadeba gaakeTa aSSissaxelmwifo mdivanma kondoliza raisma. 2 saqarTveloSi mimdinarepolitikur movlenebs pekinidan gamoexmaura SeerTebuliStatebis prezidenti j. buSi. 3 misi azriT, Zalis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSisafrTxes uqmnida mSvidobas regionSi da mxareebsmouwoda sakiTxis mSvidobiani mowesrigebisaken. rogorc Cans,ruseTis Tavdapirvel mizans warmoadgenda konfliqti ar gascdenodaeTnokonfliqtis farglebs da farulad dauWerda mxars1 R. Wood. Acting Deputy Spokesman. Russian Actions in Georgia. Press StatementWashington, DC. 8.08. 2008.2 Russia Move into Georgia. Statement by Secretary Condoleezza Rice. Washington,DC. 8.0 8. 2008.3 President Bush Concerned by Escalation of Violence in Georgia. Westin Beijing Chaoyang.Beijing.595

samxreT oseTis SeiaraRebul Zalebsa da ruseTidan Semosul ukanonoSeiaraRebul formirebebs. saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebismier 8 agvistos cxinvalis Semogarenis dakavebam ruseTisgegmebi radikalurad Secvala, is iZulebuli gaxda Riad CabmuliyosaqarTvelos winaaRmdeg samxedro konfliqtSi “mSvidobisiZulebis” operaciis dawyebis motiviT. Seqmnil viTarebaSi, 9 agvistossaqarTvelos mTels teritoriaze saomari mdgomareoba dasruli mobilizacia gamocxadda. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis esgadawyvetileba srul SesabamisobaSi iyo saerTaSoriso samarTlisnormebTan da gaero-s wesdebis 51-e muxlTan, romelic iTvaliswinebsTavdacvis uflebas gaero-s wevr qveyanaze SeiaraRebuliTavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi.9 agvistos 12 saaTis manZilze grZeldeboda saqarTvelosteritoriis sastiki da masirebuli sahaero dabombva. 100 tankiT,115 sabrZolo javSanmanqaniT da 300 yumbarmtyorcni danadgariTaRWurvili 6000 kaciani ruseTis saokupacio Zalebi, rokisgvirabis gavliT, cxinvalis raionSi Sevidnen. sahaero Tavdasxmissamizne gaxda konfliqtis zonidan daSorebuli obieqtebi.daibomba Tbilisis saaviacio qarxana, dasavleT saqarTveloSimdebare kopitnaris aerodromi, baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenismaxloblad mdebare gaCiani. ruseTis aviaciam sahaero Tavdasxmaganaxorciela q. gorze, rasac mohyva msxverpli mSvidobianmosaxleobaSi. araerTxel daibomba q. oni, foTis porti da q.senaki, senakSi ganlagebuli samxedro baza. ruseTis TviTmfrinavebmadabombes zemo afxazeTis soflebi avadxara da bilisi, administraciulicentri _ sof. CxalTa. 8-9 agvistos afxazeTidansamxreT oseTSi gadasrolil iqna jarebi da mZime teqnika. 9agvistos afxazeTis de-faqto Tavdacvis ministris moadgilemgaero-s damkvirvebelTa misias mosTxova kodoris xeobaSi myofidamkvirveblebis gamoyvana. amavdroulad, afxazeTis de-faqtoprezidentma bagafSma gaakeTa gancxadeba, rom afxazeTis xelisuflebaemzadeba zemo kodoris xeobaSi samxedro operaciisganxorcielebisaTvis. dsT-s samSvidobo Zalebis xelmZRvanelmageneralma Cabanma gaero-s damkvirvebelTa misias acnoba, rom isiniver akontroleben afxazeTis de-faqto xelisuflebas. Tumcasruliad gansxvavebuli gancxadeba gaakeTa bagafSma 10 agvistosmowveul pres-konferenciaze. misi sityvebiT, afxazebis moqmedebaxorcieldeboda dsT-s samSvidobo ZalebTan koordinirebulad.596

10 agvistos ruseTis xelisuflebam ganaxorciela `saqarTvelosaTvismSvidobis iZulebis~ RonisZieba. moaxdines cocxaliZalis mobilizeba javaSi da mTeli Ramis ganmavlobaSi sahaeroieriSebi mihqondaT saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul Zalebze, ibombebodasaqarTvelos mTeli teritoria, maT Soris, saqarTveloze gamavalimilsadenebi. Savi zRvis akvatoriaSi dawesda sami zona,riTac saqarTvelo sazRvao blokadaSi moeqca. 1 ruseTis samxedro-sazRvaoflotma foTis portSi ar SeuSva humanitaruli xorbliTdatvirTuli gemi. oCamCiris portSi Sevidnen ruseTis samxedro-sazRvaoflotis gemebi _ saraketo kreiseri `moskovi~,samxedro xomaldi `smetlivi~ da sarezervo xomaldebi, asevesevastopolidan gadmosxes 4 000 kaciani desanti. ruseTis SeiaraRebuliZalebis teqnika da piradi Semadgenloba Savi zRvissanapiro zolis ganmuxuris xazze ganlagda. 10 agvistodan soxumisaeroportSi daeSvnen ИЛ-76 markis ruseTis sadesantosatransportoTviTmfrinavebi.ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi Sevidnen galis raionSi, separatistulimTavrobis ukanono SeiaraRebul formirebebTan er-Tad gadmolaxes afxazeTis administraciuli sazRvari, daikavesganmuxuri da misi mimdebare teritoria. ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebiganlagdnen zugdidis, xobis, senakis, walenjixis, Cxorowyusraionebsa da q. foTSi, sadac daiwyes poziciebis gamagreba.afxazeTis administraciuli sazRvris mimdebare soflebSiadgili hqonda qarTul mSvidobian mosaxleobasa da afxazebsSoris eTnokonfliqtis provocirebas. konfliqtis regionebsmiRma ganxorcielebuli samxedro qmedebebi udavos xdis ruse-Tis SeiraRebuli agresiis faqts saqarTvelos mimarT. ruseTmadaarRvia saerTaSoriso samarTlis yvela norma, maT Soris gaero-s2008 wlis 15 aprilis 1808-e rezolucia, romelic cnobdasaqarTvelos damoukideblobasa da teritoriul mTlianobassaerTaSorisod aRiarebul sazRvrebSi. samxedro operaciebSi ruseTisRiad CarTvis Semdeg saqarTvelos xelisuflebam erTader-Ti swori gadawyvetileba miiRo. 10 agvistos saqarTvelos prezidentmaxeli moawera brZanebulebas cxinvalis regionSi cecxlisSewyvetis Sesaxeb. brZanebulebaSi naTqvami iyo, rom saqarTvelomzad aris dauyovnebliv daiwyos molaparakebebi ruseTis federaciasTancecxlis Sewyvetisa da saomari moqmedebebis SeCerebasTan1 ruseTis didi Secdoma. _ gaz. `24 saaTi~, #181, 11.VIII. 2008.597

dakavSirebiT. imave dRes saTanado nota gaegzavna ruseTis federaciiswarmomadgenlobas saqarTveloSi. saqarTvelos xelisuflebadaukavSirda ruseTis politikur xelmZRvanelobas, magramruseTis federaciis prezidentma uari Tqva Sesuliyo molaparakebebSiTavis qarTvel kolegasTan.cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb gankargulebis Sesabamisad daiwyosaqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gamoyvana konfliqtiszonidan. saqarTvelos samxedro SenaerTebma cxinvalis mxares humanitaruliderefani gaakeTes da mSvidobian mosaxleobasa da da-Wrilebs konfliqtis zonidan gasvlis SesaZlebloba misces. 1 saqarTvelosxelisufleba calmxrivad asrulebda cecxlis Sewyvetispirobebs. yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe ramdenime aTasmarusma jariskacma gadmolaxa samxreT oseTis administraciulisazRvari da daikava qalaqebi gori da axalgori. araerTxel daibombasaqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, ris gamoc maT ver SeZlessrulad da organizebulad gamosvla konfliqtis zonidan,ramac gazarda msxverpli saqarTvelos samxedro SenaerTebSi.10 agvistos kodoris xeobaSi gadasrolil iqna ruseTissadesanto batalioni. imave dRes afxazeTis de-faqto mTavrobamkodoris xeobis mSvidobian mosaxleobasa da aq ganlagebul SinagansaqmeTa saministros qvedanayofebs regionis dauyovneblivdatovebis ultimatumi wauyena, ris Semdegac 3000 eTnikuriqarTveli aiZules daetovebina mSobliuri kar-midamo. 14 agvistosruseTisa da saqarTvelos prezidentebis mier cecxlis SewyvetisSesaxeb sammxrivi SeTanxmebis xelmoweris Semdeg SeiqmnausafrTxoebis damatebiTi zomebi. usfrTxoebis zona moicavdacxinvalis regionis garSemo 15 km.-ian perimeters da mxolodpatrulirebas iTvaliswinebda. ruseTma TviTneburad gansazRvrasamxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis mimdebare teritoriebis usafr-Txoebis zona, sadac ruseTis jariskacebma blok-saguSagoebis gamagrebadaiwyes. usafrTxoebis zonis siRrme 6-dan 18 km.-s Seadgenda.Tumca amave zonaSi aRmoCndnen senaki da foTi, romlebicafxazeTis administraciuli sazRvridan 30-40 km-ze mdebareoben.ruseTis generalitetma buferuli zonis sazRvrebi afxazeTis mimarTulebiTSemdegnairad gansazRvra: zonis sazRvari gadioda dasaxlebulpunqtebze: nabada, Waladidi, senaki, kvira, xudoni, gunagua,jikumuri, oCamCire da anaklia; samxreT oseTis mimarTule-1 ruseTis didi Secdoma. _ gaz. `24 saaTi~, #181, 11.VIII. 2008.598

iT _ perevi, godora, ali, variani, ikoTi, ciara da faca. samSvidobojarebis saerTo raodenoba 2142 jarikacs Seadgenda.26 agvistos ruseTis xelisuflebam yofili samxreT ose-Tisa da afxazeTis respublikis damoukidebloba aRiara. 28 agvistossaqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo dadgenileba `ruseTisfederaciis mier saqarTvelos teritoriebis okupaciis Sesaxeb~.`2008 wlis 26 agvistos ruseTis federaciis prezidentis gadawyvetilebiTruseTis federaciam aRiara mis mier okupirebuliregionebis damoukidebloba, riTac sabolood daadasturaaRniSnuli teritoriebis mitacebisa da aneqsiis survili~, _naTqvamia dokumentSi. dadgenilebis Sesabamisad ruseTis Seiara-Rebuli Zalebi, romlebic imyofebian saqarTvelos teritoriaze,maT Soris, e.w. samSvidobo Zalebi, saokupacio sajariso Senaer-Tebad, yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi da afxazeTisavtonomiuri respublika ruseTis mier okupirebul teritoriebadgamocxadda. amasTanave, gauqmda yvela is samarTlebrivi aqti,romlebic saqarTvelos teritoriaze ruseTis federaciisSeiaraRebuli Zalebis yofnas iTvaliswinebda. ruseTsa da saqar-Tvelos Soris SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis gamo saqarTvelom gawyvitadiplomatiuri urTierToba ruseTis federaciasTan. saqarTvelosxelisuflebam gaakeTa gancxadeba dsT-dan gamosvlisSesaxeb da daiwyo saTanado procedurebi am gadawyvetilebissisruleSi mosayvanad.ruseTis mier afxazeTisa da yofili samxreT oseTis damoukideblobisaRiarebas uaryofiTi gamoxmaureba mohyva dasavlelipartniorebis mxridan. ruseTma uxeSad daarRvia saerTaSorisosamarTlis normebi da safrTxe Seuqmna stabilurobasa dausafrTxoebas kavkasiaSi. mis am gadawyvetilebas mxari ar dauWiresarc Sanxais TanamSromlobis organizaciis da arc dsT-ssaxelmwifoTa meTaurebma, riTac seriozuli ziani miadga ruse-Tis saerTaSoriso avtoritets. viziarebT im azrs, rom nikaraguasada zogierTi teroristuli organizaciis mier afxazeTisada yofili samxreT oseTis damoukideblobis aRiarebissasargeblod gakeTebuli gancxadebebi, faqtobrivad, am movlenisdiskreditacias warmoadgenda. 1amrigad, 2008 wlis agvistoSi cxinvalis regionSi dawye-1 z. papasqiri. imedi mainc Wiatebs! saqarTvelo-ruseTis omi... _ gaz.saqarTvelos respublika. 25.X.2008.599

uli samxedro moqmedebebi, inspirirebuli ruseTis mier kontrolirebadiyofili samxreT oseTis de-faqto xelisuflebismier, saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris SeiaraRebul saerTaSorisokonfliqtSi gadaizarda. ruseTis xelisuflebam uxeSad daTviTneburad daarRvia arsebuli saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebi,maT Soris gaero-s wesdebis me-2 muxli da gaero-s sxva rezoluciebi.saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli Ria agresiiTruseTma daarRvia suverenuli saxelmwifos teritoriulimTlianoba, moaxdina saqarTvelos samxedro intervencia da okupacia.MARY GABEDAVARUSSIAN MILITARY INTERVENTION IN GEORGIAON AUGUST 2008The August events 2008 in Georgia showed how dangerous frozenconflicts could be for regional security. The separatist regimes are objectsof geopolitical play. They promote destruction of the current world orderand international security. With an overt aggression against Georgia,Russia once more pointed out that it does not recognize post cold warworld order and that it will fight for the restoration of Russia as a superpower.This is the main factor which imparted the features of internationalconflict to the Russian-Georgian regional conflict. With the recentmilitary aggression against Georgia Russia revealed that it is the mainideologist of secessionist movement in Georgia, an instigator of ethnicconflicts and a side in the conflict. Russia’s goal was to establish politicalcontrol over Georgia. It could not attain its goal at this stage. On the contrary,Georgia left the Commonwealth of Independent States, but at thesame time Russia took control over Kodori Valley and Akhalgori District,carried out ethnic cleansing in Abkhazia and South Ossetia againstall the norms of international law. The Georgian government declaredAbkhazia and South Ossetia as the territories occupied by Russia. Withthis move these territories are within frame of international law.600

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008nodar darsaniaexnatonisa da nefertitis cxovrebisdramatuli dasasrulifaraoni exnatoni da dedofali nefertiti saocrad gamor-Ceuli saxeebia Zveli egviptis gamoCenil politikur Tu istoriulpirovnebaTa Soris. rasakvirvelia, exnatoni warmoadgendakontrastebiTa da winaaRmegobebiT aRsavse adamians, magram mismaZlierma Sinaganma impulsebma, mudmivma Ziebebma, dasaxuli miznisakendauokebelma miswrafebam da ltolvam, is ubralo, unayofomistikosad ki ara, yovlisSemZled, udides Semoqmedad gadaaqcia.man SeZlo Tavisi msoflmxedveloba cxovrebaSi gaetarebinaZaliT, uSualod samefo xelisuflebis gamoyenebis gziT.nefertiti _ Zveli egvipteli qalis silamazis simbolo.berlinisa da qairos muzeumebSi dacul misi qandakebebis simSvenieresada momxibvlelobas dResac aRtacebaSi mohyavs Tanamedroveni.nefertitis gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba ekava Zlevamosiliqmris gverdiT, romelic gamowveuli iyo ara marto misiniWierebiTa da gonierebiT, ramdenadac im mimzidvelobiTa da silamazisZaliT, romliTac is Tavisi TviTmpyrobeli meuRlisguls flobda. raoden dasanania, esoden didebis mwvervalzemyof am araCveulebriv gvirgvinosanTa cxovrebis erTob xanmokleperiodi rom dramatulad mTavrdeba.metismetad swrafad da gabedulad, aSkarad ZaldatanebiTgatarebulma reformam farTo masebis protesti gamoiwvia, romlebSicsulis siRrmemde iyo gamjdari Zveli aTaswlovani kulturada is mama papiseuli tradiciebi, romlebic jer kidevZlier gavlenas axdenda milionTa Segnebasa da cnobierebaze. exnatonmasaTanadod ver Seafasa am istoriuli faqtorebis realobada mniSvneloba. ramac missa da gatarebuli reformebisTvistragikuli Sedegi gamoiRo.exnatonis mier ganxorcielebulma religiurma gadatrialebam,romelic gamoxatavda mmarTveli zedafenis Zalian viwrowris interesebs, nomebis warCinebulTa ukmayofileba gamoiwvia.601

maT male aucruvdaT guli axali RmerTis mimarT da Tanda-TanobiT ubrundebodnen Tebes Zvel amons. exnatonma mas egviptisZveli RmerTebis devniT upasuxa. amas ar SeeZlo mdgomareobisgamosworeba, piriqiT, gaaZliera nomis warCinebulTa opoziciamisi politikis winaaRmdeg. opozicia warmoiSva mis axlo garemocvaSic.ase TandaTanobiT ikvreboda winaaRmdegobaTa is mojadoebuliwre, romelSic sabediswerod moeqca exnatoni. CvenTviscnobilia, rom warCinebulTa opoziciam da qurumobam SeTqmulebacki moawyo faraonis fizikurad moSorebis mizniT. amis Sesaxebgvauwyebs is moxatulobebi da warwerebi, romelic Semoinaxafaraonis dacvis ufrosis maxus akldamaSi. sadac naCvenebia,Tu rogor mohyavs maxus did vezirTan sami Sepyrobili SeTqmuli.warwerebSi didi veziri madlobas uxdis atons SeTqmulebisgaxsnaSi gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis da locva-kurTxevas uZRvnisfaraon exnatons. 1viTareba kidev ufro gamwvavda imiT, rom egviptem swrafaddaiwyo Zalauflebis dakargva dapyrobil teritoriebze. saSinaosaqmeebiT dakavebul exnatons ar ecala Tavisi dapyrobili samflobeloebisaTvis,mas Semdeg, rac misma winaprebma sisxlSi Caax-Sves siriis, palestinis, eTiopiis winaaRmdegoba, aSkara ajanyebebiiSviaTad xdeboda. yvelaferma aman moaduna faraonis mebrZolisuli, Tumca roca mzis diskos atonis kults awesebda,axalgazrda faraoni Tavis mgznebare warmodgenebSi farTo masStabisdampyroblur gegmebs adgenda. misi winaprebis dapyrobiTiomebis Sedegad egviptis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen:siria, palestina da nubia. dapyrobili qveynebis mosaxleobisumravlesoba sxvadasxva formiT aRiarebda (Tayvans scemda) mziskults. amitom exnatoni miiCnevda, rom Zneli ar iqneboda maTiatonisken moqceva, radgan atoni, amgvarad gaxdeboda sayovelTaouniversaluri RmerTi mTeli qveynisaTvis. maSin, misi azriT, daiwyebodameore, am droisaTvis mSvidobiani dapyroba, Semomtkicebaam miwebisa, da erTian sarwmunoebaze damyarebuli kavSirebiganamtkicebdnen egviptis saxelmwifos ufro ukeT vidre mTeliSeiaraRebuli Zalebi. amdenad, Tavisi reformiT dakavebulma exnatonmamiiviwya gareSe mtrebi da amiT saSualeba misca maT, gamoeyenebinaTes dro TavianTi samxedro siZlieris gansamtkiceblad.exnatoni Tanamedrove iyo babilonis (kasitTa) mefis bur-1 З. Косидовский. Когда солнце было богом. М., 1991, gv. 142.602

naburiSisa, asureTis mefis aSurbalitisa, xeTebis mefis supiluliumasida a. S.im dros, rodesac exnatoni ojaxuri cxovrebis sitkboTitkbeboda da atonis sapativcemlod himnebs Txzavda, misi imperiaSeirya. XVIII dinastiis saxelganTqmuli faraonebis warmatebulisamxedro laSqrobebis Sedegad Seqmnilma imperiam swrafad iwyodaSla. egviptis `msoflio saxelmwifos~ rRvevas xels uwyobdaaxladgaZlierebuli xeTebis samefo, romelic cdilobda Tavisibatonobis damyarebas siriaSi. sirielma mTavrebma, rogorc ki igrZnesegviptis faraonis sisuste, daiwyes saidumlo molaparakebebiegviptis mtrebTan (xeTebTan), xolo Semdgom erTi meorismiyolebiT ganudgnen egviptes da amoJlites misi garnizonebi.el-amarnaSi napovni mimowerebidan cnobilia, rom egviptelimxedarTmTavrebi malemsrbolelebs agzavnidnen faraonTan, romlebicacnobebdnen mas sul axaldaaxal damarcxebebze da afrTxilebdnen,rom egvipte dakargavda yvela am samflobeloebs, Tudroulad ar iqneboda daxmareba gaweuli axali ZalebiT garnizonebisadmi.magaliTad, q. megidos, askelonis, gezeris garnizonebisasowarkveTilni, mudariT iTxovdnen daxmarebas. q. ierusalimiskomendanti werda: ùTxari mefes uTxari pirdapir: Cems mefisa dambrZaneblis mTel qveyanas emuqreba daRupva~. 1 magram exnatoni ariZleoda araviTar pasuxs, miatova ra garnizonebi bedis anabara.kidev meti, man malemsrbolelebis miRebac ki akrZala. macneebisulmouTqmelad gamorbodnen gzis uaRresad did manZils im imediT,rom faraoni maT gaamxnevebda da aucilebel samxedro daxmarebasacaRmouCenda.saubedurod, exnatoni mdgomarebis gamosasworeblad aravi-Tar samxedro RonisZiebas ar atarebda, ramac egviptisaTvistragikuli Sedegi gamoiwvia. gaxSirda antiegvipturi, SeiaraRebuligamosvlebi siriaSi, palestinaSi. egviptem dakarga finikiisnavsadgurebi, ruqidan gaqra miTanis samefo _ egviptis mokav-Sire, _ ganadgurebuli asurelebisa da xeTebis mier. beduinebimozRvavden palestinaSi, daeuflnen q. megidos da ierusalims.yvelgan damkvidrdnen xeTebi da misi mokavSireebi. egviptis gavlenissferoebi saocari siswrafiT Seikveca. imperia ngrevis winaSeaRmoCnda. 2 faraonis umoqmedoba yovlad gamaognebeli iyo,1 З. Косидовский. Когда солнце было богом, gv. 143.2 К. Жак. Египет великих Фараонов. М., 1992, gv. 205.603

sazogadoebaSi da sasaxlis karze misi mmarTvelobiT ukmayofilebasul ufro izrdeboda. egvipteSi ki SemoerTebuli gareSesamflobeloebis dakargvas ukavSirebdnen faraonis brZolasZvel RmerTebTan da upirveles yovlisa, amonis qurumobis mxardaWerisdakargvas, visi daxmarebiTac es miwebi iyo Semomtkicebuli.exnatoni èretikosadac~ ki monaTles. atonma, romelsacis aRiarebda uzenaes RvTaebad, waarTva xalxs mamacoba, waarTvada dauqveiTa samxedro xelovneba da niWi, romelic mosdgamdaTXVIII dinastiis gamoCenil faraonTa mxridan. miuxedavad, exnatonismmarTvelobis periodze arsebuli arc Tu mwiri dokumenturimasalebisa da wyaroebisa, exnatonis mefobis ukanaskneliwlebi bolomde ar aris gamokvleuli da Seswavlili. amdenad,misi cxovrebis dasasruli jer kidev burusiT aris moculi.Tumca, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs ramdenime mosazreba,magram es mosazrebebi jerjerobiT araviTari nivTieri Tu werilobiTiwyaroebis monacemebiT ar aris ganmtkicebuli da dadasturebuli.SesaZlebelia faraoni apaTiam Seipyro, gaognebuliuZluri aRmoCnda kontroli gaewia movlenebisTvis. anda sigi-Jemdec ki mivida, roca xedavda, Tu rogor imsxvreoda misi ocnebebi.SeiZleba am mdgomareobaSi myofi uarsac ki ambobda gaerkviaviTarebis sruli seriozuloba. 1aranakleb sainteresoa, Tu ra iyo apaTiis mizezi. samwuxarod,amasTan dakavSirebiT zusti, sarwmuno masala ar Semoinaxa.magram arsebuli literaturuli da werilobiTi wyaroebismeSveobiT, exnatonis pirovnuli da fsiqologiuri portretidanda fsiqikuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia warmovidginoT,Tu ra xdeboda sinamdvileSi mis Sinagan samyaroSi.exnatoni mudam qadagebda, rom atoni mSvidobis myofeliRmerTia. xolo TviTon pirveli pacifistic ki iyo istoriaSi,romelic Riad, aSkarad gmobda omebs. misi mTeli sagareo politikadafuZnebuli iyo erTob ara realur ideaze _ egviptisTvisSemoerTeba ucxo qveynebisa, mxolod mSvidobiani gziT. atoniskultis, _ mzis RmerTis, maradiuli sicocxlis, siyvarulisada sixarulis RvTaebis gavrcelebis gziT. amitom adviliwarmosadgenia, Tu ra umZimes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda is. radgantragikulma cnobebma siriidan exnatoni misTvis arasasurvelidilemis winaSe daayena: daZruliyo egvipturi garnizonebis da-1 К. Жак. Египет великих Фараонов, gv. 205.604

saxmareblad da amiT uari eTqva Tavis ideologiur mrwamsze,Sexedulebebze, Tu pasiurad daTanxmebuliyo ajanyebuli samflobeloebisdakargvas. es iyo tragikuli, gadauwyveteli konfliqtimis Sinagan bunebasa da Seqmnil realobas Soris, romelmacexnatonis sulieri simtkice mis nebelobis, nebisyofis paralizebamoaxdina. imavdroulad albaT kidevac daaCqara misi udroodsikvdili. rodesac faraoni iferfleboda sasikvdilo sarecelze,siria ukve dakarguli iyo da mxolod seTi I da ramsesII SesZles misi egviptisaTvis SemoerTeba. 1ra bedi ewia dedofal nefertitis, ra mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndais, roca misi adgili misma metoqem, faraonis favoritmakiiam daikava, ra daemarTa mas? nefertitis Sesaxeb ramodenimemosazreba prevalirebs: nefertiti sakuTari sikvdiliT gardaicvala,Seewira metoqesTan brZolas, an Seurigda metoqis aRzevebasda Tavis mdgomareobas, dedoflobas inarCunebs meuRlisgardacvalebamde. arsebobs aseTi versiac, rom nefertiti meuRlesTanganxeTqilebis gamo gaSorda sasaxles, gancalkevda axetatonisCrdiloeT nawilSi mdebare sasaxleSi. tutanhamonTanerTad cxovrobda iq am ukanasknelis gamefebamde. aseve aris mosazreba,rom is gandevnes sasaxlis karze farulad myofma faraonismowinaaRmdege Zalebma. yvela am hipoTezis damadasturebelipirdapiri cnobebi mkvlevarebs jerjerobiT ar gaaCniaT. mecnier-Ta mier dRemde mopovebuli arqeologiuri da werilobiTi masalebisSedegad, maT mier gamoTqmulia metad saintereso mosazrebebida gakeTebulia sayuradRebo, sarwmuno daskvnebi, Tumcabevri ram jer kidev burusiTaa moculi.nefertitis sakuTari sikvdiliT gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebiTgarkveul sarwmuno mosazrebebi gamoTqves siril oldredimda k. Jakma mecnierTa. maTi varaudiT nefertiti gardaicvalaexnatonis mmarTvelobis me-13 da me-14 wlebs Sua, romelmacZlier imoqmeda exnatonze. exnatoni darCa martodmarto. dakargasayvareli, saTayvano meuRle, iseTi adamianis dakargva, romelTanacerTad is yvelafers qmnida da aRaSenebda, iziarebdayvela mis imeds, ideebs, rwmenas, yovelgvari eWvis gareSe gaxdaganuwyveteli tanjvis mizezi, am zegrZnobieri adamianisTvis. samefoojaxi iyo sawindari saxelmwifos mdgradobisa da uryevobisa.roca nefertiti gardaicvala, exnatoni fizikurad da sulierad1 З. Косидовский. Когда солнце было богом, gv. 144.605

gatyda. 1 xolo mecnierTa erTi nawilis varaudi imis Sesaxeb, romis metoqesTan brZolas Seewira 2 absoluturad arafriT ar dasturdeba.piriqiT, simarTlesTan ufro axlosaa im mecnierTa mosazrebebi(i. perepiolkini, a. blekmani), romlebic miiCneven, romnefertiti Seurigda metoqis aRzevebas da SeinarCuna dedoflobameuRlis sicocxlis bolomde, rasac mowmobs is, rom dedoflislurji gvirgvini kvlav nefertitis ekuTvnis da rac udavod faraonismxridan nefertitis gansakuTrebuli uflebebisadmi pativiscemisda yuradRebis gamoxatva aRiareba gaxldaT. 3mecnierTa Soris aseve gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom kiiasaRzevebasTan dakavSirebiT warmoqmnilma konfliqtma exnatonTan,nefertitis ojaxTan ganxeTqileba gamoiwvia. is iZulebuli SeiqmnagaSorebda sasaxles da gadasuliyo sacxovreblad dedaqalaqisCrdiloeT nawilSi mdebare sasaxleSi. 4 maT mier am periodisadmimiZRvnil monografiebSi 5 gamoTqmuli varaudis damadasturebelfaqts, safuZvels warmoadgenda nefertitis gamosaxulebisSecvla misi asulis miiotis gamosaxulebiT. magram imis Semdeg,rogorc ki gairkva, rom faraonis asulis gamosaxulebiT Secvalesara misi dedis, aramed kiias gamosaxuleba, es safuZvelic moiSala.sxva niSani, sabuTi dedofalsa da faraons Soris bolo wlebSiCamovardnili usiamovnebis Sesaxeb ar arsebobs. xolo maTi megobrobis,urTierTpativiscemisa da axloblobis damadasturebelifaqtebi uamravia gviandeli droisTvisac ki, me-5, me-6 asulisdabadebis Semdegac, exnatonis mmarTvelobis miwurulamdec. 6mecniereTa garkveuli nawili miiCnevs, rom nefertits dauwyesdevna faraonis mowinaaRmdege farulma Zalebma sasaxleSida bolos miaRwies imas, rom is gandevnes. 7 es Cveni azriT rea-1 К. Жак. Египет великих Фараонов, gv. 206.2 A. Erman. Die literatur der Agvipter. Lpz., 1923, S. 113.3 i. perepiolkini. oqros kubos saidumlo. Tb., 1979, gv. 127; Ю. Я. Перепелкин.Кэйэ и Семнех-кере. М., 1979, gv. 122; A. Blackman. The literature ofthe Ancient Egyptian. L., 1927, gv. 78.4 i. perepiolkini. oqros kubos saidumlo, gv. 127.5 i. perepiolkini. oqros kubos saidumlo, gv. 114,129; Ю. Я. Перепелкин.Кэйэ и Семнех-кере, gv. 123,130-131; A. Blacman. The literature of the AncientEgyptian, gv. 81-83.6 i. perepiolkini. oqros kubos saidumlo. Tb., 1979, gv. 126.7 А. С. Шофман. Древний мир в лицах и образах. Казань, 1990, gv. 31; К. Жак.Египет великих Фараонов, gv. 205; i. perepiolkini. oqros kubos saidumlo,gv. 126.606

lobasTan Zalian axlosaa. es Zalebi exnatonis sarwmunoebrivreformas ukavSirebdnen qveynis yovelgvar sagareo Tu saSinaowarumateblobas da ubedurebas. amitom mas dauwyes devna, rogorcatonisturi (atonizmis) religiis Tavgamodebul mimdevars,romelsac is bolo amosunTqvamde icavda. misi gandevna SeeZloTamonis momxreebs, romlebic dedofals _ eresis (mwvaleblebis)matareblad, sulisCamdgmelad Tvlidnen, rogorc faraonisTanamdgoms, misi politikis Tanamoazres.exnatonis mmarTvelobis mTeli xnis manZilze, realuradarsebobda mZlavri qurumTa partia, romelic Riad Tu faruladebrZoda faraons, akeTebda yvelafers, iyenebda yvela saSualebas,rom Ziri gamoeTxaraT misTvis. aziuri samflobeloebis dakargvamaamxedra exnatonis winaaRmdeg bevri energiuli da aqtiuriwarCinebuli adamiani. gamoiwvia aRSfoTeba da guliswyoma TotmesIII-is TanamebrZolTa STamomavlebSi. mogonebebi im didebisda siamayis periodze imdenad Zliero iyo, rom mas rasakvirveliaSeeZlo aenTo guli uamrav meomarTaTvis. aeZulebina isinidaewyoT Zebna samxedro winamZRolisa, romelic daubrunebda egviptesdakargul samflobeloebs.exnatonis ideuri Sexedulebebi da misi damokidebulebamSvidobisadmi, maRali miswrafebebi, ltolva mSvidobisaken,etyoba iseTive arapopularuli iyo, rogori gaugebaric gaxldaTmisi samxedro meTaurTa Soris. am samxedroTa Soris _ horemhebi,romelic sargeblobda exnatonis didi ndobiTa da keTiliganwyobiT, miiswrafoda moepovebina samxedro fenis mxarda-Wera, xolo mogvianebiT aseve amonis qurumTa ndoba da wyalobacdaimsaxura. es qurumebi TavianTi mxriv eZebdnen, iseT pirovnebas,romelic ganaxorcielebda maT mizansa da ganzraxvas. exnatonma,romelmac gaTela egviptelTa odindeli tradiciebi, mosaxleobisdabali fenis mniSvnelovani nawilis aSkara Tu faruliprotesti gamoiwvia. amgvarad, rogorc mosaxleobis dabalifenis garkveuli nawili, ise amonis qurumoba da samxedro fenaerTnairad eZebda yovelgvar saSualebas da eloda Sesabamisdros, rom daemxoT saZulveli reformatori, fanatikosi daeretikosi faraoni. visi Sexedulebebi, naazrevi da nafiqralimaTTvis iyo, rogorc gaugebari aseve, ra Tqma unda miuRebelic. 1swored horemhebis samxedro partia, romelic ibrZoda faraonis1 Дж. Брестед, Б. Тураев. История Древнего Египта. Минск, 2003, gv. 378-379.607

axlad SemoRebuli religiuri politikis winaaRmdeg, awyobdaintrigebsa da xrikebs nefertitis, rogorc faraonis saSinaopolitikis _ sarwmunoebrivi reformis aqtiuri mxardamWerisada misi mgznebare damcvelis winaaRmdeg. 1horemhebi _ samxedro wris warCinebuli warmomadgeneli,romelic msaxurobda exnatonis karze, iyo metad niWieri, organizatoruliTvisebebiT dajildoebuli pirovneba. is ganekuTvnebodauZveles sagvareulos, alebastron-polisis nomarqosTagvars. mas, rogorc didi ndobiT aRWurvil pirs akisrebdnen saxelmwifomniSvnelobis davalebebs. ajildoebdnen oqroTi, uaRresadmniSvnelovani, uangaro samsaxurisaTvis. areulobis, Sfo-Tiani wlebis xanaSi, exnatonis Semdgom susti faraonebis swrafimonacvleobis periodSi, is moxerxebulad moqmedebda. Tanda-TanobiT miaRwia da daikava umaRlesi, gavleniani Tanamdeboba.gaxda mTavarsardali da pirveli mrCeveli faraonis karze. ufrometic, exnatonis Semdom faraonTa taxtze asvla horemhebisuSualo TaosnobiT da TanxmobiT xdeboda. vidre XVIII dinastiisdasrulebis bolo etapze TviTon ar gamefda.amdenad, advili warmosadgenia, Tu ra Zlieri Zala moqmedebdahoremhebis meTaurobiT, rogorc exnatonis, ise nefertitiswinaaRmdeg. Cveni varaudiT, arc nefertitis metoqis kiiasgamoCena gaxldaT, sasaxlis karze, faraonis gverdiT, SemTxvevi-Ti. kiias mier faraonis gulis mojadoeba da nefertitis adgilisdakaveba samxedroTa da amonis qurumTa im mzakvruli gegmisSemadgeneli nawili iyo, romlis mTavar mizans nefertitis sasaxlidangandevna, exnatonisagan misi Camocileba da faraonismZlavri dasayrdenis moSla warmoadgenda. rac SemdgomSi, albaT,exnatonis damxobiT unda dasrulebuliyo, an misi sulierad gatexviTda fsiqikurad moSliT. ukanono colisadmi siyvarulismiuxedavad, exnatoni ver Seegua nefertitis ganSorebas, TavissaTayvano, Seudarebeli mSvenierebis, Zvirfasi adamianis dakargvas.iseTi metad mgrZnobiare adamianisaTvis, rogoric exnatoniiyo, aman didi uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia. SesaZlebelia, mas srulidaZabva, Seborkva da impulsireba daeufla, ramac daaCqaramisi sikvdili. tragikuli, sasikvdilo, stresul mdgomareobaSimyofi, sulierad paralizebuli da umoqmedobiT Sepyrobili exnatonisruliad axalgazrda, 30 wlis asakSi aResrula Zv.w.1 А. С. Шофман. Древний мир в лицах и образах, gv. 31.608

1578w. _ cnobilia, rom misi gardacvalebis Semdeg Zalian moklexanSi ganesvena nefertitic da dakrZales mzisTayvanismcemelTadedaqalaqSi. rogorc Cans, samefo akldamaSi, samefo karisjer kidev qalaqSi yofnis periodSi.ase dramatulad dasrulda didebis kvarcxlbekze myofigvirgvinosnebis, Zveli egviptis saxelganTqmuli reformatorifaraonis amenhotep IV-isa (exnatonisa) da mSvenieri dedoflis,nefertitis, cxovrebis xanmokle gza.39. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi609

NODAR DARSANIATHE LAST DRAMATIC DAYS OF AKHENATENAND NEFERTITIIn spite of the documentary materials and sources about Akhenaten’sgoverning period the last years of his reign haven’t been investigatedand studied yet. The last days of his life and of Queen Nefertiti areshrouded in darkness. True, there are some points of view on this questionbut they haven’t been confirmed by any material and writtensources. The reforms carried by Akhenaten had tragical consequences.He was not able to estimate the realia of the society and the significanceof the historical factors appropriately and was astonished and aggrievedto see his dream falling to to pieces and his imperium collapsing owing tothe onslaught of the Hittite Empire. The Pharaoh’s inactivity aroused resentmentin the society and at court and antagonized them against Akhenaten’spolicy. The powerful priestly party waged a secret fight againstthe Pharaoh, the military party under Khoremkheb carried on an intrigue.There exist several views about Nefertiti: Nefertiti died her own death,perished in the fight against her rival Kiya, the Pharaoh’s favorite, submittedto the glorification of the rival and retained her status, remained aqueen until her husband’s death. Many scientists believe that she was beingpersecuted by the hostile forces and driven out of the palace becauseshe was a follower and a defender of the Pharaoh’s policy. Akhenatencould not reconcile himself to Nefertiti’s loss which had an adverse effecton him and perhaps affected him mentally and precipitated his death.Akhenaten, aged 30, passed away in 1578 B.C. Soon after Akhenaten’sdecease Queen Nefertiti passed away too.610

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008daviT Citaiaerovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisistoriidan ukrainaSiXIX saukunis pirveli naxevariukrainis mosaxleobis erovnuli TviTSegnebis formireba sakmaodxangrZliv periods moicavs _ XIX-XX saukunis damdegi.ukrainuli inteligenciis ZalisxmeviT, XVIIIs. bolosa daXIXs. dasawyisSi ara mxolod Caisaxa erovnuli moZraoba Zvelinawarmoebebis Sekrebis, istoriuli, eTnografiuli gamokvlevebisCatarebis, ukrainuli enis erovnul enad damtkicebis mimar-TulebiT, aramed Teoriuli safuZveli Caeyara ukrainis avtonomiuriwyobis aucileblobis gaazrebas. ukrainuli enisa da literaturisganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani safexuri iyo i. kotliarevskispoemis ”eneidas” gamoqveyneba 1798 wels, romelic Cveulebrivixalxuri eniT iyo dawerili. 1 ukrainuli folklorisSesaniSnavi krebuli gamosca 1819w. Tavadma nikolai certelevmasaTauriT ùZvelesi malorusuli simRerebis Sekrebis mcdeloba”.ukrainuli eTnografiis yvelaze sruli da mecnieruli gamokvlevam. maqsimoviCs ekuTvnis. 2 esaa `malorosiuli simRerebi”,romelic 1827w. gamoica.XIXs. dasawyisSi gaCnda pirveli saidumlo organizaciebi,romlebic masonuri loJebis formiT iqmneboda. Tavidan masonobisamocana adamianis Sinagani srulyofa iyo, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi`Tavisufal mularTa” (ase iTargmneba frangulidan frankmasonebissaxelwodeba) organizaciebma politikuri xasiaTi Sei-Zines. 1818w. mixeil novikovma poltavaSi Seqmna loJa `WeSmaritebissiyvaruli”, romelSic Sediodnen i. kotliarevski, v. tarnovski,v. lukaSeviCi. calkeuli masonuri loJebi Seiqmna agreTve,kremencasa da viSniovkaSi volinze. 1821w. v. lukaSeviCma saidumlo`malorosiuli sazogadoebis” daarseba daiwyo. 3 am orga-1 История Украинской литератупы в 8-и томах, т. IV. Киев, 1967, gv. 247.2 М. А. Максимович. Малороссийские песни. М., 1827.3 Ю. Алексеев. История Украины. Киев, 2005, gv. 57.611

nizaciis mizani unda yofiliyo poloneTTan kavSirSi ukrainisdamoukideblobis miRweva. 1826w. v. lukaSeviCi peterburgis petrepavlescixeSi Casves. man ganTavisuflebis Semdeg mTeli cxovrebaTavis mamulSi gaatara mefis oxrankis meTvalyureobis qveS.carizmis represiebma ver SeZlo ukrainis erovnuli moZraobisSeCereba. am dros mowinave inteligenciis mravalricxovaniwarmomadgenlebi aqtiurad muSaobdnen xarkovisa da kievis universitetebSiukrainis istoriisa da eTnografiis sakiTxebze.taras SevCenkos genialuri Semoqmedebis wyalobiT ukrainuliliteratura erovnuli TviTSegnebis formirebis mZlavr Zaladiqca. 1846w. kievSi Seiqmna ukrainuli inteligenciis saidumloorganizacia saxelwodebiT `kirile-meTodis saZmo”, romlis SemadgenlobaSicSediodnen mikola kostomarovi, taras SevCenko,panteleimon kuliSi, mikola saviCi, afanasi markeviCi, aleqsandretulubi da sxvebi. 1`kirile-meTodes saZmo~-s programa Camoyalibebuli iyo ordokumentSi – ùkraineli xalxis yofis wignSi” (RvTis kanoni)da `kirile-meTodis saZmos wesdebaSi”. 2 saZmos umniSvnelovanesamocanad iTvleboda slavebis ganTavisufleba TviTmpyrobelobisuRlisgan, batonymobisa da wodebebis likvidacia da yvela slavixalxis erT Tanasworuflebian federaciaSi gaerTianeba, sadacTiToeul maTgans sakuTari saxelmwifoebrioba eqneboda. ukrainelebiunda yofiliyvnen pirvelebi, vinc danarCen slavebsganmaTavisuflebeli brZolisken waiyvanda, kievi ki slavuri federaciiscentrad iqceoda. swored ukrainuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeliidea ganasxvavebda `kirile-meTodes saZmo~-s programas`gaerTianebul slavTa sazogadoebis” msgavsi programisgan.saZmos wevrebs Soris taqtikur sakiTxebSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaarsebobda: m. kostomarovs da p. kuliSs saukeTeso variantadTandaTanobiTi reformebis gza esaxebodaT, p. gulaks da t. Sev-Cenkos ki _ ajanyebisa da carizmis damxobis gza. saZmom moamzadamTeli rigi mimarTvebi: `Zmebo ukrainelebo!”, `ruso da poloneloZmebo!”, romlebSic am xalxebs ganmaTavisuflebelibrZolisken mouwodebdnen. 31 История Украинской литературы. Сборник материалов и документов. Под ред.С. М. Клапчука, В. Ф. Остафийчука. Киев, 2000, gv. 298.2 Ю. Алексеев. История Украины. Киев, 2005, gv. 58.3 Н. И. Костомаров. Две русские народности. Спб., 1903, gv. 69.612

am periodSi lvovSi Seiqmna `rusuli samebis wre~. misi damaarseblebiiyvnen lvovis seminariis aRsazrdelebi markian SaSkeviCi,ivan vagileviCi, iakob golovacki. 1832w. am wris wevristudentebis jgufma Tavis miznad ukrainuli erovnuli enisliteraturuli enis donemde transformacia daisaxa. axalgazrdaenTuziastebs mxari dauWires cnobilma swavlulebma izmailsreznevskim, ioseb bodianskim da mixeil maqsimoviCma. jgufmakavSirebi daamyara agreTve CexeTis erovnul moZraobasTan. 1 `rusulisameba” ukrainuli istoriuli tradiciebis, folklorisada ukrainuli miwebis gaerTianebis ideis gavrcelebas cdilobda.`rusuli samebis” moRvaweobis mniSvneloba imaSi mdgomareobs,rom misi gavleniT dasavleTukraineli inteligenciac xalxismasebze gadaerTo; `rusuli samebis” mier gamocemulma `dnestrisalma” daamtkica, rom ukrainuli xalxuri ena SeiZleba literaturuligaxdes.erovnuli moZraobis dawyeba dasavleT ukrainaSi evropis1848w. revolucias daemTxva. 1848w. 13 marts, venaSi, avstriisimperiis dedaqalaqSi, saxalxo ajanyebis Sedegad daemxo meternixisreaqciuli mTavroba da xelisuflebaSi liberalebi movidnen.gamocxadda politikuri Tavisufleba da SemoRebul iqnamarTvis saparlamento forma. 1848w. 15 marts ajanyebam ifeTqabudapeStSi da xelisufleba ungreTis demokratiuli ZalebisxelSi gadavida. avstriis imperia sul ramdenime dReSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelirevoluciis alSi gaexvia. 2galiCinaSi pirvelad polonuri erovnuli moZraoba gaaqtiurda,romlis wevrebic `poloneTis” galiCinisaTvis farTo politikuriuflebebis miniWebas moiTxovdnen. 1848w. 13 aprils,am moZraobis xelmZRvanelobis mizniT, polonelebma Seqmnes centralurisaxalxo rada, Camoyalibda polonuri erovnuli gvardia.provinciis gubernator f. stadionis winadadebiT avstriisimperatorma gamosca manifesti, romlis mixedviTac galiCinisteritoriaze begara uqmdeboda. 3 avstriis monarqia am meTodiTcdilobda glexTa mxardaWera moepovebina polonel wvril azna-1 И. Трайнин. Национальное и социальное освобождение Западной Украины и ЗападнойБеларусии, М., 1939., gv. 144.2 Д. Мин. Западная Украина. М., 1939, gv. 82.3 Отмена крепостного права на Украине. Сборник документов и материалов. Киев,1966, gv. 345.613

urobasTan brZolaSi, romelic poloneTis saxelmwifos ganaxlebazeocnebobda. imperatoris kargi ganwyobiT gulmocemulma ukrainelmasasuliero pirebma 19 aprils mas peticiiT mimarTes.peticiaSi ganmartebuli iyo ukraineli xalxis uflebebi gali-Cinaze, gamoTqmuli iyo Txovna ganaTlebisa da administraciuliaparatis ukrainizaciis Taobaze, saubari iyo sami konfesiis _romaul-kaTolikur, marTlmadideblur da berZnul-kaTolikursasuliero pirTa uflebebis gaTanabrebis Sesaxeb. 11848w. 2 maiss ukrainulma samRvdeloebam lvovSi Seqmna mTavari`ruska rada~ episkopos grigori iaximoviCis meTaurobiT. 2radas SemadgenlobaSi mRvdlebis garda studentebi da inteligenciaSedioda. radam Seqmna ganyofilebebi, romlebic ganaTlebas,finansebs, glexTa saqmeebs da a.S. kurirebda. mTavar radasmTeli aRmosavleT galiCinis provinciebis radebi eqvemdebarebodnen,romlebic saeklesio sazogadoebebSi iqmneboda.1848w. 15 maiss pirvelad gamovida ukrainuli yovelkvireuli`galiCinis zaria”. mTavar `ruska rada~ Tavis moTxovnaTadasabuTebad mohyavda galiCinis dayofa ukrainul da polonurnawilebad da ukrainuli galiCinis gaerTianeba karpatispireT-Tan. qalaqebSi strii, Jovka, ternopoli, bereJani da sxvebi ukrainiserovnuli gvardiis qvedanayofebi Seiqmna.1848w. zafxulSi pirvelad Catarda avstriis parlamentisarCevnebi da ukrainelebma 39 sadeputato adgilis miReba SeZles.TavianT pirvel amocanad saparlamento debatebSi ukrainelideputatebi galiCinis gayofis moTxovnas miiCnevdnen. gardaamisa, isini glexobis interesebsac icavdnen. 3yvelaze didi miRweva 1848-1849 wlebSi ukrainis erovnulmoZraobas kulturul-saganmanaTleblo sferoSi hqonda. dafuZ-ndaukrainis kulturul-saganmanaTleblo organizacia `galickoruska maticia”, romelic sagamomcemlo moRvaweobas eweoda daskolebSi ukrainuli enis swavlebis SemoRebas uwyobda xels.1848w. Semodgomaze Sedga ukraineli swavlulebisa da kultu-1 Ф. Е. Лось. Формирование рабочего класса на Украине и его революционнаяборьба в конце 19-го нач. 20-го ст. Киев, 1955, gv. 238.2 Л. Кизя, М. Коваленко. Вековая борьба украинского народа против Ватикана.Киев,, 1959, gv. 139.3 В. А. Лазаревский. Галицкая Русь в ее борьбе за свою национальную самобытности.Киев,, 1315, gv. 218.614

is moRvaweTa yriloba, romelic mTavarma radam moiwvia. yrilobazemiRebul iqna gadawyvetilebani ukrainuli sasaubro enissaliteraturod cnobisa da laTinuri anbanis nacvlad kirilicasgamoyenebis Sesaxeb. 1lvovSi daiwyo saxalxo saxlis mSenebloba, sadac undaganTavsebuliyo biblioTeka, muzeumi da saxalxo klubi. lvovisuniversitetSi Seiqmna ukrainuli enis kaTedra. ukrainul enazeswavleba SemoRebuli iyo saxalxo skolebSi da, rogorc aucilebelisagani, igi gimnaziebSic iswavleboda. SesamCnevi iyo miRwevebiliteraturul cxovrebaSic. galiCinaSi pirvelad gamoicaukraineli mwerlebis nawarmoebebi, gaixsna ukrainuli samkiTxvelodarbazebi.o. duxnoviCis, d. baludianskis, e. dencikisa da sxvaTa SemoqmedebiswyalobiT aqtiurad ganviTarda ukrainuli literatura,istoriuli mecniereba. Seiqmna literaturuli sazogadoebebi,romelTa Sorisac aRsaniSnavia `priaSevskis literaturulisazogadoeba” da `vasili didis sazogadoeba”. 21851w. zafxulSi avstriis monarqiam mTavari `ruska rada~gaauqma. 1867w. prusiis zewolis Sedegad, avstriam aRiara ungreTisufleba TviTgamorkvevaze da mas karpatispireTi misca.ukrainis erovnuli miRwevebis mniSvneloba daikarga.1 Р. И. Розин. Народное образование на правобережной Украине в 70-80-х годах19-го века. Киев, 1969, gv. 192.2 В. А. Лазаревский. Галицкая Русь в ее борьбе за свою национальную самобытности.Киев,, 1315, gv. 221.615

DAVID CHITAIAFROM THE HISTORY OF THE NATIONAL LIBERATIONMOVEMENT IN THE UKRAINEIN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19 th CENTURYThanks to the efforts of the Ukrainian intelligentsia in the late 18thand early of the 19th centuries the national movement not only emerged,but it theoretically confirmed the urgency of the renewal of the UkrainianAutonomous system. In the beginning of XIX century the first secret organizationsappeared, the aim of which was to achieve the independence ofthe Ukraine. The repression of Tsarism couldn’t stop the development ofthe Ukrainian movement. At this period numerous representatives of progressiveintelligentsia actively work studying the Ukrainian history, ethnography,the Ukraine literature becomes powerful might for the formation ofthe national self-consciousness of the Ukrainian people. In the WestUkraine a number of organizations were formed with the purpose of spreadingthe Ukrainian historical traditions, folklore, ideas of uniting theUkrainian lands. The rise of the national movement in the West Ukrainecoincided with the period of the European revolutions of 1848, that gavethe Ukrainian people an opportunity to continue a national-liberation strugglemore actively. The greatest achievement of the Ukrainian national movementwas in the sphere of culture and education.616

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008estate (Tengiz) anTelavamTielTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolabolSevikuri xelisuflebis winaaRmdegsaid-Samilis xelmZRvanelobiT1920w. l. trockis xelmZRvanelobiT SemuSavda mSvidobianpirobebSi socializmis mSeneblobis gegma. igi iTvaliswinebda sasursaTogawerisa da sayovelTao SromiTi begaris gafarToebas,ekonomikis srul gasaxelmwifoebriobas, SromiTi armiis Seqmnas,saerTo saxelmwifo gegmis SemuSavebasa da mmarTvelobis mTelisistemis militarizacias. rkp(b) IX yrilobam (1920w. marti-aprili)da sruliad ruseTis sabWoebis VIII yrilobam (1920w. dekemberi)mTlianad moiwones trockis mier Camoyalibebuli socializmismSeneblobis kursi, rac niSnavda samxedro komunizmispolitikis gafarTovebasa da gamkacrebas.leninma 1920w. martSi kavkasiis mSromelTa sruliad ruse-Tis I yrilobaze gamosvlisas yuradReba miaqcia qveynis uaRresadmZime sasursaTo mdgomareobas da dasva sakiTxi `respublikis samrewveloraionebis sasursaTo mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis Sesaxebcimbirisa da samxreT ruseTis mdidari raionebis xarjze~. 1leninis `brZnuli~ miTiTebebis Sesruleba Crdilo kavkasiis, donis,cimbiris revkomebis sasursaTo razmebis umniSvnelovanes sameurneoamocanad iqca. sameurneo armiis razmebis dasaxmarebladsoflebSi gaigzavna gansakuTrebul daniSnulebaTa razmebi. sayovelTaoxasiaTs Rebulobda adgilobrivi mmarTvelobiTi organoebis`gawmenda~ klasobrivi mtrebisgan. am mizniT, 1920w. 30 ivnissrkp(b) politbiurom miiRo dadgenileba CrdiloeT kavkasiis revkomiswevrad sruliad ruseTis sagangebo komisiis Tavmjdomarismoadgilis i. x. petersis daniSvnis Sesaxeb. samoqalaqo omis damlevsleninma sasursaTo gaweraze gadaiyvana `partiis saukeTeso~Zalebi. erT-erTi qmediTi pirovneba, romelic axorcielebdasasursaTo diqtaturas, iyo stalini, romelic leninma daniSna1 v. lenini. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t. 22, gv. 226617

mTeli samxreT ruseTis sasursaTo saqmeTa saerTo xelmZRvanelad,romelsac gansakuTrebuli uflebebi mieniWa. `SegiZliaTdarwmunebuli iyoT, _ swerda stalini belads, _ rom ar davindobTaravis... purs ki mainc mogcemT~. 1ase, 1920w. agvistodan 1921w. Tebervlamde, stavropolisglexobas CamoarTves 12528058 fuTi puri da 9599 vagoni sursaTi.1920 wels yabardo-balyareTis mTiulebs CamoerTva 660000fuTi puri, 12000 msxvilfexa rqosani saqoneli, 922 fuTi Taflida a.S. 2 CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, iseve rogorc mTeli qveynismasStabiT, sabWoebi, revkomebi, sagangebo komisiebi, sasursaTorazmebi, dawyebuli sasoflo da saTemodan, damTavrebuli guberniebiT,olqebiT, erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen amoRebuli sasoflo-sameurneo,samrewvelo produqciis da daxocil TeTrgvardielebis,òbobebisa~ da `wurbelebis~ raodenobaSi. vinc mets xvretda,aRmoaCenda kontrrevolucionerTa bunags, iCenda ulmobelobasada siZulvils adamianebisadmi, maT axalisebdnen, aZlevdnenfulad premiebsa da swrafad awinaurebdnen samsaxurebriv kibeze.leninis fraza _ `kargi komunisti amave dros kargi Cekistia~, 3niSnavda, rom `partiis yvela wevri, romlebsac sapasuxismgebloTanamdebobebi ekavaT, valdebuli iyo sagangebo komisiisaTvis ecnobebinayvela monacemi, romlebic maTTan Sedioda rogorc ker-Zo, aseve oficialuri gziT da warmoadgenda interess kontrrevoluciasTanbrZolaSi~. 4 ase esmoda lenins partiisa da sagangebokomisiis erTianoba.am TvalsazrisiT, magaliTad, moviyvan Tergis olqis revkomisTavmjdomaris kvirkvelias brZanebas `О применении репрессивныхмер к контрреволюционным элементам, занимающимся антисоветскойдеятельностью”. 5 aRniSnul brZanebaSi, erovnuli,patriotuli Zalebi warmoCenilia, rogorc TeTrgvardielTanarCenebi, kontrrevolucionerebi, mTieli xalxis mtrebi, romelTawinaaRmdeg `Tu gons ar movidnen, gamoyenebuli iqneba yvelazeulmobeli represiuli zomebi~. “Революционный комитетТерской области _ naTqvamia brZanebaSi, _ приказывает всем окру-1 И. В. Сталин. Полн. собр. соч. Том 4. М., 1950, gv. 412.2 Отчет отделов Губревкома. Ставрополь, 1921. gv. 144.3 Ленин и ВЧК. М., 1975, gv. 281.4 Центральный государственный архив Чечено-Ингушской АССР (Semdgom: ЦГАЧИ АССР) f. 73, aRw. 1, saq. 6. furc. 3.5 ЦГА ЧИ АССР, furc. 73, aRw. 1, saq. 6, furc. 3.618

жным, отдельским и местным ревкомам, чрезвычайным комиссиям идругим органам зорько следить за преступными элементами и всехраспространителей вздорных, провокационных слухов, сеющих смуту,подрывающих доверие к власти и обостряющих национальнуювражду, немедленно задерживать и препровождать в Чрезвычайнуюкомиссию по борьбе с контрреволюцией~. 1gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom adgilobrivi xelisuflebisorganoebis msgavsi xasiaTis brZanebebs propagandistulidaniSnulebac gaaCnda. maT unda daerwmunebinaT mTielebi, rom sab-WoTa xelisufleba ebrZvis mxolod maT, vinc xels uSlis damoukidebelisabWoTa CrdiloeT kavkasiis mSeneblobis process. racSeexeba antisabWoTa elementebis dasjas, Cekas f. ZerJinskis borotganzraxuliinstruqciis Tanaxmad, warmomadgenlebs revkomebisdaukiTxavadac SeeZloT. arsebobs yovelgvari safuZvelivamtkicoT, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi bolSevikebis mier terorisgaCaReba iyo maTTvis ara marto Zalauflebis SenarCunebis, aramed`samxedro komunizmis~ politikis ganxorcielebis erTaderTi sa-Sualeba. 1920 wlis pirveli naxevris gaweris gegma bolSevikebmamasobrivi teroris meoxebiT Seasrules. maT CrdiloeT kavkasiismosaxleobas CamoarTves ukanaskneli kilogrami puri. garda amisa,bolSevikebma TavianTi danapirebis `Sesruleba~, CrdiloeT kavkasiisxalxebis damoukideblobis aRiarebis Taobaze, “gadades” adgilobrivisabWoebis arCevnebamde.sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier `samxedro komunizmis~ politikisgamkacrebam mTeli qveynis masStabiT, maT Soris CrdiloeTkavkasiaSi, gamoiwvia antisabWour gamosvlaTa axali talRa.1920w. oficialurad aRricxulia 114 ajanyeba, 2 romlis CaxSobassabWoTa xelisuflebam Seswira 171185 wiTelarmielis sicocxle.3 1920 wlis 11 maiss CeCneTis sofel kapSi CatardamTielTa yriloba, sadac erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisxelmZRvanelad areuli iqna Samilis umcrosi vaJiSvili muhamedqamili.igi daibada kalugaSi 1861w. 1869 w. maisSi, aleqsandreII nebarTviT, Samili ori colis, muhamed-qamilis, sami qaliSvilisada SviliSvilis TanxlebiT meqaSi gaemgzavra. ojaxis danarCeniwevrebi, maT Soris ori vaJiSvili, xelisuflebam ru-1 ЦГА ЧИ АССР .., furc. 3.2 gaz. «Последняя новость». 1921, 23 maisi.3 gaz. «Руль». 1922, 18 ianvari.619

seTSi datova. 1871w. meqaSi Samilis gardacvalebis Semdeg, misiojaxis wevrebi, „misi ududebulesobis keTili nebiT~, xelaxlagaerTiandnen da sacxovreblad TurqeTSi gadasaxldnen. aq, muhamed-qamilmamiiRo kargi samxedro ganaTleba da TurqeTis SeiaraRebuliZalebis generlis wodebas miaRwia. man kapSis mTielTayrilobis gadawyvetileba didi aRfrTovanebiT miiRo, magramavadmyofobis gamo, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gamgzavreba ver SeZloda Tavis warmomadgenlad erTaderTi vaJiSvili, 19 wlis said-Samili gagzavna.said-Samili stambulSi daibada, daamTavra galaTasarais prestiJuliliceumi, mSobliuri avariulis garda, Turqul, arabul,frangul, inglisur da rusul enebs flobda. 1920w. agvistoSisaid-Samili Camovida saqarTveloSi, sadac mas elodebodnen mTielTaerovnul-gamanTavisuflebeli brZolis cnobili moRvaweebiCrdiloeT kavkasiis meoTxe imami naJmudin gocinski da generalialixanovi. isini saqarTvelos mTavrobis xelSewyobiT ayalibebdnenmoxaliseTa SeiaraRebul razmebs. «По полученным сведениям(путем агентуры и от приехавших из Грузии частных лиц) бывшимофицером Алихановым сформирован в Телавском уезде офицерскийотряд в 500 сабель с целью движения в горный Дагестан», 1 _ aRniSnavsdaRestnis samxedro komisari 1920 wlis 5 seqtembrissaidumlo brZanebaSi.rogorc ukve zemoT aRiniSna, saqarTvelos demokratiulimTavroba, saxelmwifo interesebidan gamomdinare, mxars uWerdamTielTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel brZolas da SesaZleblobisdagvaradmaterialur da samxedro daxmarebas uwevda. ai, raswers aRniSnulis Sesaxeb daRestanSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebisaTvisaqtiuri mebrZoli, bolSeviki r. magomedovi: «ВТифлисе... Были организованы шайки лже-имама Гоцинского и полковниковАлиханова и Джафарова, вооруженные пулеметами, винтовкамии другим снаряжением. Грузинское правительство предоставилоГоцинскому и Алиханову 600 лошадей, помогло грузинскимкомандным составом в числе 60 офицеров и дало возможность бандеГоцинского и Алиханова переправиться через Анхуцо-Копучинскийи Дидоевский перевалы». 21 Борьба за установление Советской власти в Дагестане (1917-1921гг.). Сборникдокументов и материалов. Грозный, 1958, док. №487, gv. 432.2 Р. Магомедов. Съезд народов Дагестана и приезд товорища Сталина. Махачкала,1940, gv. 43.620

1920w. seqtembris dasawyisSi said-Samili, gocinski, alixanovimravalricxovani samxedro razmiT, saqarTvelodan daRestanSigadavidnen ori mimarTulebiT _ cunta-andiisa da ancuxokapuCinis.1 antibolSevikuri ajanyeba mimdinareobda ramdenime mimarTulebiT.yovel mimarTulebas hyavda Tavisi sardali, generalalixanovis razmi Sedgeboda 1600 meomrisagan, jemala aidemirovis_ 2000-mde, murTaz alis _ 600, said-Samilis _ 500 daa.S. yvela razmi Seadgenda „mTieli xalxebis SariaTul jars~,romelsac hyavda mTavarsardali (polkovniki jafarovi) TavisStabiT. umaRles sasuliero-saero xelisuflebas warmoadgendasaid-beis SeixTa sabWo, romelsac emorCileboda „mTieli xalxebisSariaTuli jari~ mTavarsardali. 2 aRsaniSnavia, rom CrdiloeTkavkasiis revkomis xelmZRvanelobisTvis cnobili gaxda saqar-Tvelodan mTielTa SeiaraRebuli razmebis gadmosvlis Sesaxeb.«Анцухо-Капучинский участок целиком находится на стороне противника..._ vkiTxulobT gunibis okrugis samxedro komisrisomarovis erT-erT moxsenebiT baraTSi, _ Противник ждет распоряженияот имама Гоцинского, Алиханова, Гайдар Бамата и внукаимама Шамиля, которые находятся в Грузии». 3CrdiloeT kavkasiis wiTeli armiis sardlobam sadazvervomonacemebis safuZvelze mTielTa SeiaraRebuli moZraobis marSrutebismimarTulebiT Tavi mouyara did Zalebs: «Для поддержанияв горах Дагестана революционного порядка, а также для дачи достойногоотпора бандам Тиханова и Гоцинского, _ naTqvamia daRestnissamxedro komisrisa da samxedro xelmZRvanelis smirnovisbrZanebaSi, – если они двинутся из Грузии в Дагестан, приказываю:выделить один батальон ротного состава; немедленно выставить коннуюзаставу на одном из проходов по Аваро-Кахетинской дороге дляразведки и защиты прохода; выставить сторожевое охранение» 4 dasxv. mTielTa razmebma CafuSes bolSevikebis gegmebi. saqarTvelossazRvarTan wiTeli armiis nawilebi ganadgurebuli iqna damTielebi daRestanSi umniSvnelo danakargebiT Semovidnen. Casafrebuli,kargad SeiaraRebuli wiTeli armiis nawilebis ganadgurebamowmobda, rom daRestanSi Semovida seriozuli antibol-1 Борьба за установление Советской власти в Дагестане. dok. #486, gv. 432.2 А. Тодорский. Красная Армия в горах. Действия в Дагестане. М., 1924, gv. 52.3 http://www.allrussia.ru/nawadays/default.4 Борьба за установление Советской..., dok. ## 487, 448, gv. 432-433.621

Sevikuri SeiaraRebuli Zala, romelsac ZaluZs mTielTa sayovelTaoantisabWouri ajanyebis organizacia. didi mniSvnelobahqonda imasac, rom ajanyebulTa Soris imyofeboda Samilis SviliSvilisaid-Samili, romlis gamoCenas daRestanSi mTielebialahis nebad Tvlidnen. imami Samilis aulidan (gimri) 25 gimrelmaikisra saidis dacvis pasuxismgebloba.saqarTvelos sazRvarTan wiTeli armiis rCeuli nawilebisganadgurebam SeaSfoTa bolSevikuri xelisuflebis xelmZRvaneloba.1920w. 9 seqtembers leninma kavkasiis frontis samxedro-revoluciursabWosa da orjonikiZes gaugzavna Semdegi SinaarsisdepeSa: «Быстрейшая и полная ликвидация всех банд и остатковбелогвардейщины на Кавказе и Кубане – дело абсолютнойобщегосударственной важности, осведомите меня чаще и точнееположении дела». 1leninis moTxovna ajanyebulTa swrafi da sruli ganadgurebisSesaxeb, faqtobrivad niSnavda teroris gafarTovebasa dagamkacrebas. sabWoTa xelisuflebis politikiT ukmayofilo mosaxleobaajanyebulTa rigebs avsebda. mokle droSi maTi ricxvi10 aTasamde gaizarda. gocinskim oqtombris dasawyisSi xunZaxida gunibi alyaSi moaqcia. daRestanSi bolSevikebs kritikulidReebi daudgaT. orjonikiZem 9 oqtombers moiwvia e.w. `daRestnisRaribTa yriloba~. am momentisTvis daRestnis mTis aulebiantisabWourma ajanyebam moicva da iqauri „Raribebi~, cxadia,orjonikiZis mier mowveul „yrilobaze~ monawileobas ar mii-Rebdnen. sakiTxavia isic, Tu rogor moaxerxa orjonikiZem erTdReSi sruliad daRestnis RaribTa warmomadgenlebis Sekreba?cxadia, rom mas aranairi yriloba ar mouwvevia. orjonikiZem,levaSSi sabWoTa muSakebisa da wiTeli armiis meTaurebis TaTbiriCaatara, sadac eswrebodnen levaSisa da mis axlomdebareaulebis mTielTa warmomadgenlebi. orjonikiZe daRestanSi leninisdavalebis _ ajanyebulTa „swrafi da sruli ganadgurebis~Sesasruleblad Cavida, romelsac wiTeli armiisa da „internacionaluri~razmebis meTaurebTan daRestnis mTis ajanyebuli mosaxleobisganadgurebis gegmas ixilavda, xolo e.w. `yrilobaze~,romelsac mxolod propagandistuli daniSnuleba hqonda,TvalTmaqcurad ganacxada: «В горах небольшие, считавшиеся дикимиплемена Дагестана, осознав правду на знаменах большевиков, це-1 В. И. Ленин. ПСС. т. 51. М., 1982, gv. 6.622

лый год отстаивали от казаков эту правду. Но вот вас, вольных горцев,вновь зовут на новые жертвы. Всплывшие на поверхность нажмудинГоцинский, кайтамас Алиханов и другие». 111 oqtombers, orjonikiZem lenins depeSiT acnoba, rom gocinski,alixanovi da sxva „mTielTa mTavrobis~ wevrebi, Tbilisidangunibisa da andiis okrugebSi Semovidnen da ajanyeba moawyves.saqarTvelos mTavrobam isini moamaraga iaraRiTa da fuliT...zomebi swrafi likvidaciisTvis miRebulia. 2 rogorc vxedavT,orjonikiZe ajanyebis namdvil mizezebs Segnebulad ar aRniSnavsda ajanyebis organizaciis mTel pasuxismgeblobas saqar-Tvelos mTavrobas akisrebs.bolSevikuri propagandistuli manqana xalxs arwmunebda, romsaqarTvelos mTavrobis iniciativiTa da xelSewyobiT, kvlavamotivtivdnen mTieli xalxis moRalateebi _ naJmudin gocinski,kaicmaz alixanovi da sxvebi, romlebmac „aRmoaCines~ imami Samilis„cru SviliSvili~ («Лжевнук Шамиля»), raTa «Воскреситьв бандах Гоцинского шамилевские традиции, фанатическое упорствои сопротивление врагу. Мечту об освобождении Дагестана от какогобы то ни было русского влияния». 3bolSevikuri presa aWrelebuli iyo cnobebiT, TiTqos mTielixalxi erTianad dairazma „ajanyebul banditTa xrovis~ winaaRmdeg.«Вся молодежь округа становится под ружье. Желающихтак много, _ werda gazeTi «Советский Дагестан» – что нет возможностиих приниять... Настроение всего кази-кумухского народастоль бодрое и решительное, что многие, перевалившие за восемьдесятлет передают, что такого приполнятого настроения они не помнятникогда. Разве только в момент изгнания персидских полчишНадир-шаха из Дагестана...» 4 aRniSnuli gazeTidan moyvanili amonaridisSinaarsi ar Seesabameba istoriul sinamdviles. faqtobrivad,sabWoTa xelisuflebam didi ZalisxmeviT moaxerxa mTiel-Ta umniSvnelo nawilis ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg brZolebSi Cabma.aRsaniSnavia, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi wiTeli armiis nawilebidaqsaqsuli iyo. yvelgan, sadac sabWoTa xelisufleba gamocxaddada revkomebi Seiqmna, idga wiTeli armiis razmebi, romlebicsabWoTa mmarTvelobiTi organoebis ZiriTad dasayrdens war-1 Борьба за установление Советской.., dok. #495, gv. 437.2 Р. Магомедов. Съезд народов Дагестана.., gv. 41.3 Н. Самурский. Гражданская война в Дагестане. Махачкала, 1925, gv. 14.4 gaz. «Советский Дагестан». 1920, 25 oqtomberi.623

moadgendnen, amitom maTi brZolebSi CarTva baris regionebSic gamoiwvevdasabWoTa xelisuflebis damxobas. yovelive zemoaRniSnulinaTlad adasturebs, rom bolSevikebma ver SeZles ajanyebulTawinaaRmdeg mTielTa mobilizacia, xolo CrdiloeT kavkasiaSiganlagebuli wiTeli armiis nawilebi da daqiravebuli„internacionaluri~ razmebi sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda ajanyebis„swrafi da sruli~ ganadgurebisaTvis.erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli ajanyebis areali swrafad far-Tovdeboda. daRestnis, CeCneTis, inguSeTis mTis aulebi ajanyebulTaxelSi iyo. ajanyebis pirvel etapze (1920w. seqtemberi-oqtomberi)mopovebuli iqna mniSvnelovani samxedro gamarjvebebi.maT Soris aRsaniSnavia 1920w. 30 oqtombers arxonTan kargad SeiaraRebuli,mravalricxovani wiTeli razmisa da noemberSi boltixTanrevoluciuri disciplinis polkis sruli ganadgureba. 1omiTa da sasursaTo gaweriT ganadgurebuli sofeli produqtebiTver amaragebda samrewvelo centrebs. 1920w. Semodgomis dasawyisSimoskovis, petrogradisa da sxva msxvili samrewveloqalaqebis mosaxleoba naxevrad mSieri iyo, xolo volgispireTi,ukraina, CrdiloeT kavkasia SimSilobam moicva. 1920 w. SemodgomisdasawyisSi mTeli qveynis masStabiT daiwyo antisabWouriajanyebebi. sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg ajanyebulTa ricxobriviraodenoba sagrZnoblad gaizarda. magaliTad, tambov-voroneJisregionSi ajanyebulTa armia 60 000 iTvlida. ukrainaSimaxnos meTaurobiT _ 35000 dasavleT cimbirSi _ 200 000, 2CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi arasruli monacemebiT _ 20 000 3 da sxv.bolSevikurma xelisuflebam mas Semdeg, rac 1920w. noembrisSua ricxvebSi vrangelis jarma yirimi datova da poloneT-Tan zavi dado, regularuli armiis nawilebi s. kamenevis, m. tuxaCevskis,m. frunzes, i. uboreviCis, i. iakiris da sxv. wiTeliarmiis meTaurebis sardlobiT ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg gagzavna.1920w. Semodgomaze wiTeli armiis raodenoba Seadgenda 4,5 mil.adamians. 4 sabWoTa xelisuflebam mis yofil mokavSireebs _ glexobassastiki da daundobeli brZola gamoucxada. samxedro1 ix.: http://www.allrussia.ru/navadays/default.2 История России ХХ – начала ХХ1 века. Под редакцией Л. В. Милова. М.,2007, gv. 339.3 Р. Магомедов. Съезд народов.., gv. 49.4 История СССР. т. 2, под. ред. А. А. Данилова. М., 1995, gv. 165.624

olqebis sardlebi, yovelgvari sindisis qejnis gareSe, asrulebdnenleninis barbarosul brZanebebs da erTmaneTs ejibrebodnenmasobrivi daxvretebis, gadamwvari soflebis, mZevlebis ayvanisada dapatimrebulTa raodenobis mixedviT. leninis jalaTebmayvelgan datoves sisxliani kvali. tulis guberniis epifanismazraSi daxvrites 150 adamiani, riazanis guberniis ponskis mazraSi_ 300, kalugis _ 500, smolenskis _ 600, 1 CrdiloeT kavkasiaSimxolod ekaterinodaris cixeSi daxvrites 3000. 2miuxedavad imisa, rom sabWoebma masobrivi teroris meoxebiTmoaxerxes bevri ajanyebuli keris CaxSoba, magram mainc mTeliqveynis masStabiT antibolSevikuri winaaRmdegoba imdenadZlieri iyo, rom lenini, romelsac Sepyrobili iyo msofliorevoluciis bolSevikuri ideebiT, xelisuflebis dakargvis Si-SiT, iZulebuli gaxda Seecvala Sidapolitikuri kursi. 1921w.TebervalSi, leninma saswrafod Seadgina axali ekonomikuri politikisTezisebi, romlebic safuZvlad daedo 1921w. martisrkp(b) X yrilobis mier miRebul rezolucias „gaweris naturalurigadasaxadiT Secvlis Sesaxeb~.rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, 1920w. Semodgomis miwurulSimTielTa antibolSevikurma ajanyebam, romelsac faqtobrivadimam Samilis SviliSvili said-Samili (said-begi) xelmZRvanelobda,did warmatebebs miaRwia. ajanyebulebma ramdenime gamanadgurebelidamarcxeba miayenes wiTeli armiis nawilebs. ajanyeba,romelic mTis regionebSi daiwyo TandaTanobiT erTiani saxalxoerovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis xasiaTs Rebulobda,rac metad saSiSi iyo sabWoTa xelisuflebisTvis. ajanyebismTeli CrdiloeT kavkasiis masStabiT gavrcelebis SemTxvevaSi,bolSevikebs mTielTa winaaRmdeg xangrZlivi brZola mouxdebodaT,Tanac am potencialuri konfliqtis religiuri konteqsti,jixadis droSis qveS gaaerTianebda volgispireTis, yirimisa daSua aziis muslimur mosaxleobas, sabWoTa xelisufleba kargavdakavkasias, groznosa da baqos navTobs.CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi „socialisturi revolucia~, romelic„ganxorcielda~ XI armiis mier, realuri safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda.lenini, romelic msoflio revoluciis bodviTi ideebiTiyo Sepyrobili, xelisuflebis dakargvis SiSiT, seriozulad1 gaz. «Революционная Россия», #12, 1920.2 «Кубанская чрезвычайка» Tebervali, 1921w. gv. 227.40. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi625

daiwyo fiqri, yoveli ruseTis imperiis farglebSi, sabWoTa xelisuflebisdamyarebisa da ganmtkicebisaTvis. leninis xelisuflebisupirveles amocanad iqca CrdiloeT kavkasiis politikursaxelmwifoebrivi,miwis, mTielTa da kazakTa urTierTobis sakiTxebisswrafi mogvareba.rogorc cnobilia, ruseTis mier damorCilebuli xalebis,maT Soris kavkasiis, erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis sakiTxebi,rogorc wesi, wydeboda moskovSi leninis uSualo monawileobiTada xelmZRvanelobiT. sabWoTa mTavrobisa da rkp(b)ckpolitbiuros sxdomebze. CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivimowyobis sakiTxic SemuSavebuli da damtkicebuliiqna sabWoTa mTavrobis da rkp(b) centraluri komitetismier. leninma aRniSnuli dadgenilebis realizacia daavalastalinsa da orjonikiZes. faqtobrivad, maT evalebodaT demagogiurida cru dapirebebis, lozungebis, dadgenilebebis fonze,antibolSevikuri Zalebis ganadgureba da CrdiloeT kavkasiissruli Semomtkiceba.1920w. oqtombris miwurulSi, orjonikiZem daRestnisa daTergis olqis Tavmjdomareebs xalxTa yrilobebis mowveva daavala,sadac «Сталин объявит решение Центрального Советского правительстваи ЦК РКП(б) о предоставлении автономии». 1 1920w. 12noembers, stalini da orjonikiZe Camoviden Temir-xan-SuruSi(maxaCyala). 13 noembers, yrilobis dawyebamde, stalinma moiwviapartiuli aqtivi, romelmac moiwona moskovSi SemuSavebuli deklaraciadaRestnis avtonomiis Sesaxeb. stalinma partaqtiviswinaSe ganacxda, rom «Противникам автономии на съезде не место,что их надо гнать из Дагестана». 2 stalinis muqaram Sedegi gamoi-Ro, yrilobaze sabWouri avtonomiis mowinaaRmdegebma krintisdaZvrac ver gabedes. ai, ras wers amis Sesaxeb yrilobis monawilebolSeviki r. magomedovi: «Противникам автономии был дантакой сокрушительный отпор, что на съезде они не решилисьвыступить со своими возражениями». 3rogorc mosalodneli iyo, yrilobam stalinis mier wakiTxulideklaracia erTxmad miiRo. stalinma yrilobas auwya,rom igi sabWoTa mTavrobis saxeliT acxadebs – «Советское Пра-1 Р. Магомедов. Съезд народов Дагестана.., gv. 43.2 Р. Магомедов. Съезд народов Дагестана.., gv. 44.3 Р. Магомедов. Съезд народов Дагестана.., gv. 45.626

вительство предоставляет каждому народу полное право управлятьсяна основании своих законов и обычаев». 1 ufro metic, stalinmaTavis gamosvlaSi xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom sabWoTa mTavroba SariaTsTvlis iseTive uflebamosilad, CveulebiT samarTlad, rogoricaqvT ruseTSi mcxovreb sxva xalxebs. Tu daRestnel xalxssurT Tavisi kanonebisa da Cveulebebis SenarCuneba, maSin isiniSenarCunebulni unda iqnen. «Если вы прогоните Гоцинского, врагатрудящихся Дагестана, 2 _ afrTxilebs stalini daRestnel xalxs,– то тем самым оправдаете доверие, которое оказывает высшая Советскаявласть, давая Дагестану автономию». 3 Tu aRniSnul citatasstriqonsa da striqons Sua amovikiTxavT, mivxvdebiT, romstalinma daRestani gaafrTxila _ avtonomiis miRebis umniSvnelovanesipirobaa antibolSevikuri ajanyebis CaxSoba da gocinskisgandevna daRestnidan, sxva SemTxveaSi, mis mier wakiTxulidokumenti darCeba mxolod, deklaratiul gancxadebad.1920w. 17 noembers Sedga Tergis olqis iseTgvari `xalTayriloba~, rogorc daRestanSi. aqac stalini moxsenebiT gamovida.«Сегодняшний съезд созван для того, _ ambobs igi Tavis moxsenebisdasawyisSi, _ чтобы объявить волю Советского правительстваоб устроении жизни терских народов и об их отношениях кказакам», 4 sabWoTa xelisufleba mTielTa da kazakTa TanacxovrebaserT administraciul sazRvrebSi dauSveblad miiCnevs. «Воизбежание взаимных обид и кровопролитий». 5 amis safuZvelzemTavrobam miiRo gadawyvetileba, aRniSnavs stalini: «Выделитьбольшинство казаков в особую губернию, и большинство горцев вавтономию Горскую Советскую Республику». 6 yrilobaze stalinmadaiviwya ra severskis, iakiris sadisturi qmedebebi kazakebismimarT, sverdlovis saidumlo direqtiva _ kazakebis sruli ganadgurebisSesaxeb, usircxvilod ganacxada: «Советская властьстремилась к тому; чтобы интересы казачества не попирались. Онане думала, товарищи казаки, отбирать у вас земли. У нее была однатолько мысль – освободить вас от ига царских генералов и багатеев.Она вела эту политику с начала революции. Казаки же вели себя бо-1 gaz. «Советский Дагестан», 17.XI.1920.2 gaz. «Советский Дагестан», 17.XI.1920.3 И. Б. Сталин. Съезд народов Терской области. – Соч. т. 4. М., 1950, gv. 399.4 И. Б. Сталин. Съезд народов Терской.., gv. 399.5 И. Б. Сталин. Съезд народов Терской.., gv. 399.6 И. Б. Сталин. Съезд народов Терской.., gv. 399.627

лее чем подозрительно. Они все глядели в лес. Не доверяли Советскойвласти...» dabolos, man gaafrTxila kazakebi: «Но если казакибудут вести себя впредь как честные граждане России, я заявляюздесь перед всем съездам, что ни один волос не упадет с головы казака».1bolSevikuri xelisufleba, CrdiloeT kavkasiis kazakTa guberniisSeqmniT, CeCneTisa da inguSeTis istoriuli teritoriebidanmaTi gamosaxlebiT, miznad isaxavda mTielTa gulis mogebas,kazakTa cxovrebis ekonomikuri safuZvlisa da istoriulad Camoyalibebulicxovrebis wesis moSlas. lenini samoqalaqo omSi gamarjvebebiskvalobaze, aZlierebda kazakebis mimarT represiebsa dagenocidis politikas. stalini ki yrilobaze aSkarad cruobda.man Segnebulad gverdi auara, leninis mier sanqcinirebul, severskisada iakiris egreTwodebul ìnternacionalistebis~ sadisturqmedebebs samxreT ruseTis kazakuri regionebis mSvidobianimosaxleobis mimarT, sverdlovis saidumlo direqtivas kazakebis`sruli ganadgurebis~ Sesaxeb da sabWoTa xelisufleba warmoaCina,rogorc maTi Tavgamodebuli mfarveli da meqomage.amgvarad, CrdiloeT kavkasiis swrafi bolSevizaciis politika,romelic mxolod Zalismier meTodebs iTvaliswinebda,mTielTa seriozul winaaRmdegobas iwvevda. said-Samilis ajanyebamCrdiloeT kavkasiaSi bolSevikuri xelisuflebis arsebobissakiTxi, kiTxvis niSnisqveS daayena. sabWoTa xelisufleba iZulebuligaxda CrdiloeT kavkasiis damorCilebis politikis sakiTxSisaswrafod Seetana koreqtivebi, Seecvala taqtikurisvlebi da moexdina misi dauyovnebliv deklarireba.am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa v. leninis werili a. iofesadmi:«Для всей нашей (weltpolitik) дьявольски важно завоеватьдоверие туземцев; трижды и четырежды завоевать; доказать, что мыне империалисты... Тут надо быть 1000 раз осторожным». 2swored, am amocanas emsaxureboda stalinis xmamaRali, Tval-Tmaqcuri gancxadebebi, daRestnisa da Tergis xalxTa egreTwodebulyrilobebze, adaTisa da SariaTis Sesaxeb. man, miuxedavadimisa, rom SariaTisa da adaTis samarTlebrivi normebi SeuTavsebediasabWour ideologiasTan da bolSevizmi kategoriulad gamoricxavdapolitikur pluralizms, maT Soris religiasTan,1 И. Б. Сталин. Съезд народов Терской.., gv. 400-401.2 В. И. Ленин. ПСС, т. 53, gv. 190.628

stalinma àRiara~ maTi upiratesoba, raTa daerwmunebina mTielebi,rom islamuri ideologia aris CrdiloeT kavkasiis sabWoTarespublikis Seqmnis safuZveli.marTalia, rom bolSevikebma TavianTi TvalTmaqcuri lozungebiT,deklaraciebiTa da dapirebebiT moaxerxes daRestnis,CeCneTis, inguSeTis da sxva regionebis glexeobis garkveuli nawilismotyueba da gadmobireba, magram mainc ver miaRwies mTavarmizans _ eTnokonfliqtur stabilizacias. ufro farTo damZafri xasiaTi miiRo mTielTa antibolSevikurma ajanyebam. sab-WoTa xelisuflebam said-Samils daupirispira XI armia da sxvadamatebiTi samxedro nawilebi, romlebmac mxolod 1921w. seqtemberSiSesZles misi damarcxeba. said-Samilma moaxerxa saqarTvelosgavliT TurqeTSi dabruneba, saidanac igi mravali wlisganmavlobaSi eweoda antisabWour propagandas.sabWoTa xelisufleba ganuxrelad agrZelebda kavkasiisaneqsiis leninur gegmas, romelic man jer kidev 1918w. germaniasTanseperatuli zavis dadebis Semdgom SeimuSava. leninma 1918wlis 7 marts ruseTis komunisturi partiis (bolSevikebis) VIIsagangebo yrilobaze ganacxada: «Только Благодаря тому, что нашареволюция попала в этот счастливый момент, когда ни одна из двухгигантских групп хищников не могла немедленно ни броситься однана другую, ни соединиться против нас – только этим моментом международныхполитических и экономических отношений могла воспользоватьсяи воспользовалась наша революция, чтобы проделатьэто свое блестящее триумфальное шествие в Европейской России,перекинуться в Финляндию, начать завоевывать Кавказ». 1 (xazgasmaCvenia. _ e.a.). bolSevikebi arwmunebdnen kavkasiis xalxebs,rom ruseTi maT exmareba erovnuli saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobissakiTxebSi, romlis safuZvelia proletaruli socializmis namdviliTanasworuflebianobisa da urTierTdaxmarebis principebi,rac faqtobrivad, `proletaruli~ neokolonizatoruli politikisSeniRbuli forma iyo. bolSevikebis masobriv terors 1944wels mohyva CeCnebis, inguSebis, balyarelebis da yaraCaelebisdeportacia.1 В. И. Ленин. ПСС, т. 51, gv. 316.629

ESTATE (TENGIZ) ANTELAVATHE NATIONAL LIBERATION STRUGGLEOF THE MOUNTAIN-DWELLERS AGAINST THEBOLSHEVIK POWER UNDER SAID-SHAMILOn the basis of analysis of the archives documents and the press materialthe article elucidates the national liberation struggle of the mountaindwellersof the North Caucasus against the Bolshevik power under Said-Shamil in 1920-1921. It was a rebellion of a large scale during which Dagestan’s,Chechnya’s, Ingushetia’s mountain auls were in the hands of therebels. At the first stages of the rebellion (September-October, 1920) essentialmilitary victories were won. Among them the most noteworthy arecomplete routings on October 1920 of a numerous well-armed red squadnear Arkton and in November of a regiment of a revolutionary disciplineunder Baltich. The article stresses that the Soviet Power steadily continuedLenin’s annexation plan of the Caucasus which he had worked out still in1918 after concluding a separate truce with Germany. The Bolshevics assuredthe Caucasian peoples that Russia was helping them in establishing anational state the foundations of which were the principles of true equalityof rights and mutual aid of the proletarian socialism which, in fact, was adisguised form of the proletarian neo-colonizer policy. The Bolshevic terrorof 1944 was followed by the deportation of the Chechens, the Ingushes,the Balkars and the Karachais.630

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008Teimuraz papasqirifineTis sakiTxi germania-sabWoTa kavSirisurTierTobebSi 1940w. noemberSi1940w. 12 noembers daiwyo sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqme-Ta saxalxo komisris, viaCeslav molotovis oficialuri vizitiberlinSi. aRniSnuli viziti sulac ar iyo Cveulebrivi movlena.12-13 noembers molotovma gamarTa molaparakebebi ara martoTavis uSualo vizavi ioaxim fon ribentropTan, germaniis sagareosaqmeTa ministrTan, aramed orjer Sexvda Tavad germaniisraixskanclers adolf hitlers. aqve unda xazi gaesvas, rom1939w. Semodgomis Semdeg es iyo pirveli pirdapiri molaparakebebiori qveynis sagareo saqmeTa uwyebebs Soris (1939w. seqtembrismiwurulidan moyolebuli yvela sakiTxebis gadawyvetaxdeboda mxolod saelCoebis doneze).berlinSi gamarTuli molaparakebebis ganxilvisas aucilebladunda aRiniSnos, rom didi xnis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda wyaroebisproblema. meore msoflio omis Semdeg gamoqveynebuli iqnamolotovis vizitis dros Semdgari Sexvedrebis mxolod germanuliCanawerebi, romlebsac awarmoebdnen oficialuri TarjimnebiSmidti da hilgeri. 1 gamoqveynebuli Canawerebi mTlianad em-Txveva saarqivo monacemebs, magram mas gaaCnia erTgvari xarvezi:is garkveulwilad Semajamebel xasiaTs atarebs, radganac germanulimxaris gamonaTqvamebi Cveulebriv moyvanilia mesame pirSi.rac Seexeba sabWoTa mxares, aq oficialuri Canawerebi mxolod1 Akten zur Deutschen Auswärtigen Politik. Serie D. B. 11, 1. Die Kriegsjahre. Bd. 4,Hbd 1, 1. September bis 13. November 1940. Bonn: Gebr. Hermes KG, 1964. aRsaniSnavia,rom originalis enaze dokumentebis gamoqveynebas win zu-Roda inglisuri gamocema: Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941. Documents fromthe Archives of the German Foreign Office. Ed. by Raymond James Sontag and JamesStuart Beddie. Washington, 1948, gv. 218-255; Documents on German Foreign Policy1918-1945. Series D (1937-1945). V. XI. The War Years. September 1, 1940 – January31, 1941. London, HMSO, 1961. vinaidan pirvelad aRniSnuli Canawerebigamoqveynda krebulSi Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, Cven SemdgomSiswored mas daveyrdnobiT.631

1993 wels gamoqveynda, 1 Tumca Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad sandoaisini. daeWvebis safuZvels iZleva is garemoeba, rom hitlerisada molotovis Sexvedrebis aRwerisas ribentropis iq yofna saer-Tod ar aris dafiqsirebuli da germaniis sagareo saqmeTa ministrisyvela replika uSualod raixskanclerze aris miwerili. 2garda oficialuri Canawerebisa, wyarod SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnassabWoTa mxaris Tarjimnis v. bereJkovis memuarebi, sadac amvizitis detalebic aris asaxuli. 3 arsebobs agreTve f. Cuevis mierCawerili saubrebi molotovTan, magram, jer erTi, iq berlin-Si vizits didi adgili ar ukavia, da meorec, maTi sandoobis xarisxiZalian dabalia. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom molotovs àraxsovs~, Tu ra saxis saidumlo SeTanxmebebi iqna gaformebuligermaniasTan 1939w. agvistoSi (da es im fonze, rom mas Zaliankargad àxsovs~ sxvadasxva molaparakebebis detalebi). 4berlinSi molotovis yofnisas sul gaimarTa oTxi Sexvedra.pirveli da meoTxe Sexvedra iyo molaparakebebi uSualodsagareo saqmeTa uwyebebis xelmZRvanelebs Soris, meore da mesameki iyo molotovis audiencia hitlerTan, romelsac eswrebodaribentropic. molaparakebebis mTavari sakiTxi, erTi SexedviT,iyo sabWoTa kavSiris SeerTeba sammxriv paqtTan, magram aqaRsaniSnavia erTi garemoeba: stalinis mier molotovisaTvis micemuldireqtivebSi pirdapir iyo miTiTebuli, rom molaparakebebismTavari sakiTxi iyo bulgareTi, romelic unda SesuliyosabWoTa kavSiris interesebis sferoSi, 5 Tumca berlinSi yvelazemeti dro daeTmo fineTis sakiTxs, ramac, sxvaTa Soris, molotoviserTgvari gaRizianebac gamoiwvia da man SeniSna kidecstalinisaTvis gankuTvnil moxsenebaSi, rom aRniSnul problemazesaubars aramarTebulad bevri dro daeTmo. 6 miuxedavad amisa,1 Поездка Молотова в Берлин в ноябре 1940г. Предисловие академика Г. Н. Севостьянова,публикацию подготовили В. А. Лебедев и Б. Л. Хавкин. – Новая и новейшаяистория, №5, 1993, gv. 64-99.2 Поездка Молотова в Берлин в ноябре 1940г, gv. 74-78, 80-88.3 В. М. Бережков. Страницы дипломатической истории. М., 1987, gv. 9-33.4 Ф. Чуев. 140 бесед с Молотовым. М., Терра, 1991, gv. 21.5 Директивы И. В. Сталина В. М. Молотову перед поездкой в Берлин в ноябре1940г. – Новая и новейшая история, №4, 1995, gv. 76-79; Документы внешнейполитики. Т. 23, кн. 2. М., 1998, gv. 30-32; Л. А. Безыменский. Гитлер и Сталинперед схваткой. М., 2000, T. 20.6 Л. А. Безыменский. Гитлер и Сталин перед схваткой, T. 20.632

unda aRiniSnos, rom sakiTxis dasmis iniciatori, pirvel rigSi,swored sabWoTa mxare iyo, romelmac fineTTan dakavSirebiT germanelebispoziciis garkveva scada.fineTis sakiTxi pirvelad wamoiWra hitlerisa da molotovispirveli Sexvedrisas, rodesac ssrk-s sagareo saqmeTa saxalxokomisarma ganacxada, rom 1939w. SeTanxmeba praqtikuladmTlianad iyo Sesrulebuli da mxolod erTi problema, kerZodki fineTis sakiTxi, ar iyo bolomde gadawyvetili. amasTan dakavSirebiT,molotovma ikiTxa, Tu rCeboda ZalaSi aRniSnuliSeTanxmeba da dasZina, rom sabWoTa mxaris damokidebuleba Se-Tanxmebis am punqtisadmi ucvleli iyo. 1 unda aRiniSnos, rom amSemTxvevaSi germanuli da sabWoTa Canawerebi erTmaneTs sruladar emTxveva. sabWoTa CanawerSi mocemulia Semdegi fraza: `sab-WoTa mxare Tvlis, rom germaniam Seasrula SeTanxmebis yvelapunqti, garda erTisa _ fineTis Sesaxeb. amasTan dakavSirebiT,molotovs surs gaigos (sabWoTa Canaweri mesame pirSi mogviTxrobsambebs, rac kidev ufro iZleva imis daeWvebis safuZvels,rom is redaqtirebulia), rCeba Tu ara germania arsebuli SeTanxmebisarsis erTguli. ssrk am sakiTxSi ar iTxovs arafers,rac ar iyo SeTanxmebuli gasul wels~. 2rogorc vxedavT, molotovma faqtobrivad daadanaSaula germanulimxare SeTanxmebis SeusruleblobaSi. hitlers uSualodpirveli Sexvedris dros ar gaucia pasuxi am sakiTxze (Sexvedramolotovis kiTxvidan ramdenime wuTSi dasrulda), magram, wesiTda rigiT, misTvis sakiTxis am kuTxiT dayeneba moulodneli arunda yofiliyo. vizitamde ramdenime dRiT adre, 2 noembers, ssrkavSirSi germaniis elCma grafma fon Sulenburgma berlins acnoba,rom wina dRiT saelCos warmomadgenel doqtor Snuresa da a.miqoians Soris Semdgari saubrisas am ukanasknelma aSkara gaRizianebiTaRniSna, rom germania ar asrulebda Tavis valdebulebebsda ar aZlevda ssr kavSiris samxedro aRWurvilobas, maSin rodesacis didi raodenobiT awvdida SeiaraRebas fineTs. SulenburgiaRniSnavs, rom molaparakebebis msvlelobisas sabWoTa mxarem pirveladaxsena germaniis samxedro daxmareba fineTisadmi. 3 savara-1 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 232.2 Поездка Молотова.., gv. 77.3 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 217. sabWoTa mxaris monacemebi sworiiyo, radganac 1940w. 1 oqtombers germaniasa da fineTs Soris xeli633

udod, germanulma mxarem gaiTvaliswina es momenti da saTanadodacmoemzada am mimarTulebiT, Tumca hitlerma ar CaTvala saWirodpasuxis umal gacema. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom mas surdaeCvenebina sabWoTa mxarisaTvis, rom misTvis sakiTxis amgvari saxiTwamoWra moulodneli iyo da pasuxis gasacemad momzadebasWirdeboda.meore dRes gamarTuli Sexvedrisas fineTis sakiTxi pirvelivewuTidan wamoiWra. hitlerma iniciativa xelT igdo da gaixsenamolotovis sityvebi _ `germaniam Seasrula SeTanxmebisyvela punqti, garda erTisa _ fineTis Sesaxeb~. 1 ssr kavSirissagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisarma aRniSna, rom saubari am Sem-TxvevaSi exeboda ara mxolod oficialur SeTanxmebas, aramedsaidumlo oqmsac. 2 rogorc Cans, germaniis raixskancleri kargadiyo momzadebuli SexvedrisaTvis. man pirdapir ganucxada molotovs,rom germania, gansxvavebiT rusuli (asea germanul CanawerSi_ T.p.) mxarisagan, srulad icavda saidumlo oqmiT gaTvaliswinebulSeTanxmebebs, romelSic, sabWoTa mxaris moTxovniT,ramdenime Sesworeba Sevida. 3 man ganacxada, rom germanias ar daukavebiaarc erTi teritoria, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris gavlenissferoSi iyo moqceuli. hitlerma aRniSna, rom lublinissavoevodo, romelic man miiRo litvis sanacvlod, ekonomikuriTvalsazrisiT veranairad ver Secvlida litvas, magram is maincdaeTanxma aseT gacvlas, rodesac sabWoTa mxridan gaCnda inicimoeweraSeTanxmebas SeiaraRebis miwodebis Sesaxeb. iaraRis pirvelipartiis gagzavna germanias unda daesrulebina 10 dekembrisaTvis(ix.: А. Б. Широкорад. Северные войны России. М., 2001, gv. 696).1 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 234; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 80.2 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 234. germanul da rusul CanawerebsSoris aqac aris garkveuli gansxvaveba: rusul CanawerSi aRniSnuliaSemdegi: `SeTanxmeba ssrk-sa da germanias Soris, pirvel rigSi,aris paqti Tavdausxmelobis Sesaxeb, romelic, rasakvirvelia, Zala-Si rCeba. Sesabamisad, saubari SeiZleba iyos saidumlo oqmis Sesrulebaze...~(«...соглашение между Германией и СССР – это прежде всего пакт оненападении, который, конечно, остается в силе. Можно говорить следовательно,о выполнении секретного протокола...». – Поездка Молотова.., gv. 80). ZnelisaTqmelia, romeli varianti aris ufro swori am SemTxvevaSi. CveniazriT, mcire upiratesoba germanul Canawers unda mieniWos, vinaidanfineTisaTvis iaraRis miwodeba sakuTriv paqtis darRvevac gamodioda,Tumca, meores mxriv, sabWoTa mxares formaluri pretenziebiamasTan dakavSirebiT berlinSi ar gamouTqvams.3 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 234; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 80.634

ativa am mimarTulebiT. 1 raixskanclerma gaixsena bukovinac da ganacxada,rom germaniam, Tavis droze, uari Tqva mxolod besarabiaze,magram SemdegSi, gaiTvaliswina ra Tavisi partnioris interesebi,daTanxmda revizias am nawilSic. 2fineTis sakiTxi, hitleris azriT, amave kategoriaSi xvdeboda.raixskanclerma ganacxada, rom germanias ar gaaCnda politikuriinteresebi fineTSi da Seaxsena molotovs, rom ssrk-fineTisomis dros germania xelSekrulebis erTguli iyo, rasacTavad molotovic daeTanxma. 3 ufro metic, hitleris TqmiT, manabsoluturad ukananod daakava bergenidan fineTSi mimavali gemebi,ramac seriozulad gaurTula urTierTobebi SvedeTTan daSemdgomSi, SvedeTis mxridan SesaZlo safrTxis aRmosafxvrelad,gamoiwvia gacilebiT ufro meti Zalebis gamoyenebis aucileblobanorvegiis operaciis dros, vidre es iyo saWiro uSualodsamxedro miznebis misaRwevad. 4hitlerma xazi gausva agreTve imasac, rom germanuli mxarisinteresi fineTis mimarT mxolod or punqtSi mdgomareobda:1 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 234-235; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 80-81. aRsaniSnavia,rom am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT garkveuli polemika warmoiSva.molotovis TqmiT, gacvla germaniis interesebSic Sedioda,winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sabWoTa mxare ar moiTxovda xelSekrulebisrevizias, razec ribentropma SeniSna, rom, marTalia, ssrk-s mxridanar yofila SeTanxmebis upirobo Secvlis moTxovna, magram aSkaradigrZnoboda amis ganxorcielebis didi survili (ix.: Nazi-SovietRelations 1939-1941,gv. 236-237; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 82). amasTan dakavSirebiT,ar SeiZleba yuradReba ar miiqcios im faqtma, rom ribentropispasuxi ar aris moyvanili sabWoTa wyaroSi, rogorcCans, im ubralo mizeziT, rom misi iq yofna molaparakebebisas saerTodar aris dafiqsirebuli.2 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 235; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 80-81. es saubarikidev erTxel mowmobs, rom sabWoTa mxares surda ara martoCrdiloeT, aramed samxreT bukovinis miRebac. ufro metic, rogorcmolotovis gancxadebidan Cans, kremli SeSfoTebuli iyo im faqtiT,rom germaniam rumineTs garantiebi misca da pasuxi ar gasca sabWo-Ta kavSiris moTxovnas. am SemTxvevaSi hitlerma pirdapir Seaxsenamolotovs, rom rumineTisaTvis micemuli garantiebi aranairad ararRvevda ssrk-sTan dadebul SeTanxmebas besarabiis Sesaxeb (Nazi-SovietRelations 1939-1941, gv. 237; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 82).3 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 235; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 81. rusulCanawerSi ar aris dafiqsirebuli molotovis Tanxmoba, rac namdviladar unda iyos SemTxveviTi.4 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 235; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 81.635

1. fineTidan germaniisaTvis saWiro xe-tyis masalisa da nikelismiwodebis uzrunvelyofa; 2. baltiis zRvaze axali saomari kerisargaCena. 1 amasTan dakavSirebiT, hitlerma xazi gausva, romsabWoTa mxare informirebuli iyo germanuli nawilebis kirkenesSi(norvegia) gadasrolis Sesaxeb, risTvisac saWiro iyo fineTisteritoriis gamoyeneba da aRuTqva molotovs, rom tranzitisdasrulebis Semdeg fineTSi arc erTi germaneli jariskaciar iqneboda gagzavnili. raixskancleris TqmiT, arsebobda imissaSiSroeba, rom ingliselebi ecdebodnen fineTis aeroportebisdakavebas da baltiis zRvis regionSi placdarmis Seqmnas. 2bunebrivia, hitleris es gancxadeba metad aradamajerebeliiyo, magram molotovma amjerad Tavi Seikava am Temis gavrcobisagan.3 saubari mcire xniT sxva sakiTxebs Seexo, ris Semdegachitlerma kvlav gausva xazi, rom germania ar iyo dainteresebuliaxali omiT baltiis zRvis regionSi da rom es ar niSnavdassr kavSirTan dadebuli xelSekrulebebis revizias. misi TqmiT, er-Tad yofnis SemTxvevaSi germania da sabWoTa kavSiri udides sargebelsmiiRebdnen, Tu ssrk dauyovnebliv ar moindomebda im teritoriebs,romlebSic germania dainteresebuli iyo omis msvlelobisperiodSi. hitleri gamoTqvamda Rrma rwmenas, rom maTiori qveynis mokavSireobis SemTxvevaSi dedamiwaze ar iqnebodaZala, romelic win aRudgeboda am alianss. 4molotovi daeTanxma germaniis raixskancleris am Sefasebas1 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 235; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 81.2 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 235-236; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 81. sabWo-Ta CanawerSi ar aris moxseniebuli, rom germanulma mxarem gaafrTxilassrk tranzitis Sesaxeb. Cveni azriT, am SemTxvevaSi germanuliCanaweri ufro sworia, radganac 1940w. seqtemberSi germanelebmamarTlac gaafrTxiles sabWoTa kavSiri fineTis gavliT norvegiaSijarebis gadasrolis Sesaxeb (Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 188-189).sxva saqmea, rom pirveladi SeTanxmeba tranzitis Sesaxeb miRweuliqna 1940w. agvistoSi, xolo oficialurad is gaformebul iqna 12da 22 seqtembers (Gerhard L. Weinberg. Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essaysin Modern German and World History. New York: Cambridge University Press,1995, gv. 162), mas Semdeg, rac xeli moewera 6 seqtembris SeTanxmebasssrk-sa da fineTs Soris fineTis teritoriaze sabWoTa jarebistranzitis (aRniSnuli SenaerTebi hankos sabWoTa bazaze unda gadasroliliyo)Sesaxeb. (ix.: The Continuation War. – wignSi: Finland: A CountryStudy. Eds. Eric Solsten and Sandra W. Meditz. Wash., 1988).3 am Temas is mogvianebiT Seexo, razec saubari qvemoT gveqneba.4 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 238; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 82.636

da daamata, rom or saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobebis gantkicebisaTvisaucilebeli iyo meorexarisxovani sakiTxebis gadawyveta,romlebsac SeeZloT aliansisTvis zianis miyeneba. misiTqmiT, Tu germaniasa da ssr kavSirs Soris iqneboda urTierTgageba,maSin sakiTxi omis gareSe gadawydeboda, oRond fineTisteritoriaze ar unda yofiliyo germanuli nawilebi da undaSewyvetiliyo antisabWoTa demonstraciebi. 1 pasuxad hitlermaaRniSna, rom germanias araviTari kavSiri ar hqonda mitingebTanda gamosvlebTan fineTSi, germaneli samxedroebi ki momavalSifineTis teritoriaze ar gamoCndebodnen, Tu miRweuli iqnebodasaerTo SeTanxmeba. 2Cveni azriT, hitleris es pasuxi fineTis sakiTxTan dakav-SirebiT erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan gancxadebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos, rom is winaaRmdegobaSimodioda imave dRes gakeTebul gancxadebebTan (rogorc manamde,ise Semdgom), romelTa Tanaxmadac germania erTmniSvnelovnad aRiarebdafineTs sabWoTa gavlenis sferos nawilad. Zneli saTqmelia,Tu ra mosazrebebi amoZravebda hitlers msgavsi poziciisdafiqsirebisas. SesaZloa, hitlers mobezrda stalinis mxridan1939w. saidumlo SeTanxmebebis darRveva da ubralod surdagarkveva, Tu ra undoda sabWoTa mxares. amave dros, ar aris gamoricxuli,rom mas fineTis sakiTxi savaWrod sWirdeboda daTu sabWoTa mxare uars ityoda Tavis moTxovnebze rumineTis,bulgareTisa da TurqeTis mimarTulebiT, maSin germania mas fineTTandakavSirebiT problemebs ar Seuqmnida.molotovi, Tavis mxriv, valSi ar darCa hitlers da ganucxadamas, rom demonstraciebTan dakavSirebiT mas mxedveloba-1 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 238; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 82. rusuliCanaweri am SemTxvevaSi erTgvarad arasrulia da masSi am nawilSiar aris moxseniebuli antisabWoTa demonstraciebi fineTSi, Tumcasaubris konteqstidan gamomdinare, molotovs swored aq unda exsenebinapirvelad saprotesto gamosvlebis Tema. amis gamo, Cvenupiratesoba isev germanul Canawers mivaniWeT.2 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 238-239; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 82. rusuliCanaweri odnav gansxvavebulia germanulisagan da aq aris naxsenebifraza: `Tu moxerxda sxva sakiTxebis gadawyveta, maSin es sakiTxicdaregulirebul iqneba~ («...если другие вопросы будут решены, то иэтот вопрос будет урегулирован.» – Поездка Молотова.., gv. 82). radganac saubrisganmavlobaSi hitleri ramdenimejer axsenebs saerTo SeTanxmebas,Cven am SemTxvevaSi germanul Canawers mivaniWeT upiratesoba.637

Si hqonda ara marto fineTSi mimdinare gamosvlebi, aramed fine-Tis delegaciebis vizitebi germaniaSi. amave dros, ssr kavSirissagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisris TqmiT, fineTis mxares, rogorcCans, aimedebda germanuli jarebis yofna Tavis teritoriaze,ris gamoc is eweoda antisabWoTa ritorikas da mitingebisgamarTvas lozungiT: ìs ar aris fineli, vinc urigdeba 12 martisxelSekrulebas~. 1pasuxad hitlerma scada molotovis darwmuneba, rom germaniayovelTvis mouwodebda fineTsa da rumineTs, raTa maT daekmayofilebinaTsabWoTa mxaris moTxovnebi, magram kremlis emisrisaTvises sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda. misi TqmiT, fineTis sakiTximxolod sabWoTa kavSiris gadasawyveti iyo da amisTvis1939w. xelSekruleba savsebiT sakmarisi iyo. 2 molotovis gancxadebiT,amas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda swored maSin,rodesac midioda omi, radganac, marTalia, ssrk ar iyo Cabmulidid omSi, magram man monawileoba miiRo sabrZolo moqmedebebSipoloneTis winaaRmdeg, ioma fineTTan da mzad iyo besarabiisaTvisomisTvis. mas ainteresebda, Tu Seicvala germaniis damokidebulebafineTis sakiTxisadmi. 3molotovis am remarkis Semdeg dadga molaparakebebis erTerTisakvanZo momenti. hitlerma, erTi mxriv, ganacxada, rom mispozicias am problemis garSemo cvlileba ar ganucdia da aRniSna,rom ramdenime dReSi germanuli nawilebis gadayvana fineTis1 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 239. rusuli Canaweri odnav gansxvavdebagermanulisagan. masSi ar aris naxsenebi fineTis delegaciebisvizitebi germaniaSi, samagierod molotovi protests acxadebs demonstraciebTandakavSirebiT, romelic imarTeba fineTsa da germaniaSi(Поездка Молотова.., gv. 83). miuxedavad imisa, rom es gansxvavebagansakuTrebulad principul xasiaTs ar atarebs, Cveni azriT, prioritetimainc germanul Canawers unda mieniWos, radganac, winaaRmdegSemTxvevaSi, sabWoTa mxare ufro met yuradRebas dauTmobdafineTis mxardamWer demonstraciebs germaniaSi da molotovi mxoloderTxel ar moixseniebda am faqts, Tumca fineTSi gamarTulsaprotesto gamosvlebs mxareebi ramdenimejer ubrundebian Semdeg-Si. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom molotovis gancxadeba mizanmimar-Tulad iyos damaxinjebuli sabWoTa CanawerSi, raTa daedanaSaulebinaTgermania mokavSirisadmi aragulwrfelobaSi.2 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 239; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 83.3 Поездка Молотова.., gv. 83. aRsaniSnavia, rom molotovis es gancxadebebiar aris Sesuli germanul CanawerSi, romelsac aSkarad etyobaSemokleba am adgilas.638

gavliT dasruldeboda, meore mxriv ki xazi gausva fineTis, rogorcxe-tyis masalisa da nikelis mimwodeblis mniSvnelobasgermaniisaTvis da gaimeora, rom is ar iyo dainteresebuli omiTbaltiispireTSi. 1 amave dros, man hkiTxa molotovs, xom ar apirebdasabWoTa kavSiri fineTis winaaRmdeg saomari moqmedebebisganaxlebas. 2 kremlis emisarma garkveulwilad Tavi aarida amkiTxvaze pasuxs. es arc aris gasakviri, vinaidan stalini namdviladapirebda meore omis dawyebas fineTis winaaRmdeg da saamisogegmac jer kidev 1940w. aprilidan iyo SemuSavebuli. sxvaTaSoris, berlinSi ssrk-s sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisris erTerTiamocana iyo zondaJi am mimarTulebiT, Tu rogori iqnebodagermaniis pozicia am SemTxvevaSi. 3amitom molotovma ganacxada, rom Tu finelebi Sewyvetdnenprovokaciul qmedebebs, maSin yvelaferi wesrigSi iqneboda. 4 esniSnavda, rom ssrk Tavisi survilis mixedviT imoqmedebda amSemTxvevaSi, rasac, rogorc Cans, hitleric mixvda. man SeniSna,rom saomari moqmedebebis ganaxlebis SemTxvevaSi SvedeTi amjeradCaebmeboda omSi da mxars dauWerda fineTs, 5 Tumca molotovzeam argumentma gavlena ver iqonia. ufro metic, man ganacxada,rom, aseT SemTxvevaSi, SvedeTis neitralitetiT, pirvelrigSi, swored germania unda yofiliyo dainteresebuli da aqvedasZina, rom orive qveyanas surda mSvidoba baltiis zRvis auz-Si da rom, ssr kavSiris xelmZRvanelobis azriT, regionSi mSvidobauzrunvelyofili iyo. 6rogorc Cans, molotovis am remarkam hitleri gaaRizianada man pirdapir miaxala sabWoTa delegaciis xelmZRvanels, rom,1 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 239; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 83. hitlermaaqve aRniSna, rom mas agreTve ar awyobda saomari moqmedebebirumineTSi, romelic iyo navTobis mTavari momwodebeli.2 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 239; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 83. rusulCanawerSi am kiTxvas win uswrebs agreTve hitleris sityvebi, romsaWiro iyo ufro mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze gadasvla, `fineTi kisabWoTa kavSirs versad ver gaeqceoda~ (Поездка Молотова.., gv. 83).3 Директивы И. В. Сталина В. М. Молотову перед поездкой в Берлин в ноябре1940г. – Новая и новейшая история, №4, 1995, gv. 76-79; Документы внешнейполитики. Т. 23, кн. 2. М., 1998, gv. 30-32; Л. А. Безыменский. Гитлер и Сталинперед схваткой. М., 2000, T. 20.4 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 239; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 83.5 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 239; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 83.6 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 239; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 83.639

unebrivi pirobebis gamo, fineTSi omis swrafad damTavrebapraqtikulad gamoricxuli iyo. 1 yovelive es ki Seqmnida regionSidid britaneTisa da, SesaZloa, aSS-s Carevis winapirobas.raixskanclerma gamoxata gakvirveba, Tu saerTod raSi sWirdebodasabWoTa kavSirs omi, rodesac mcire xanSi is uomradac miiRebdayvelafers, rac surda. aqve man aRniSna, rom miiRo notafineTis mTavrobisagan, romelSic es ukanaskneli ssr kavSirTanmWidro urTierTobebis SenarCunebis pirobas debda 2 .miuxedavad imisa, rom hitlerma mravaljer agrZnobina saubrisganmavlobaSi molotovs fineTTan axali omis arasasurveloba,sabWoTa diplomatma mainc gaagrZela am Temaze saubari.man pirdapir ganucxada fiurers, rom ar esmoda, Tu ratom undagadaedo moskovs Tavisi miznebis ganxorcieleba 6 TviT an saer-Tod erTi wliT. molotovma Seaxsena hitlers, rom xelSekrulebisTanaxmad fineTi ssr kavSiris gavlenis sferoSi iyo daganacxada, rom vinaidan, Tavis droze, amasTan dakavSirebiT, aranairivada daTqmuli ar yofila, germania-inglisis omis damTavrebamdeam sakiTxis gadawyvetis gadadeba xelSekrulebis dar-Rveva iqneboda 3 . germaniis raixskanclerma Tavis daZvrena scadada kidev erTxel ganacxada, rom mas ar surda mxolod axaliomi baltiispireTSi, rac, hitleris TqmiT, sulac ar niSnavdaxelSekrulebis darRvevas. aqve man aRniSna, rom omi baltiispireTSiseriozulad gaarTulebda germaniisa da sabWoTa kavSirisurTierTobebs. 4 sabWoTa diplomatma igrZno, rom hitleri gaurbodapirdapir pasuxs da gaagrZela am Temaze msjeloba. man SeniSna,rom saubari exeboda ara oms baltiispireTSi, aramed fineTissakiTxs, romelic gadawyvetili iyo 1939w. xelSekrule-1 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 239-240; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 83.Cveni azriT, hitlerma gulwrfelad gamoxata Tavisi rwmena omisgaWianurebasTan dakavSirebiT, oRond am SemTxvevaSi, savaraudod,mas egona, rom fineTSi sabrZolo moqmedebebi didxans gastandaara bunebrivi pirobebis, aramed sabWoTa jaris sisustis gamo.2 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 240; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 83.3 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 240; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 84. sabWo-Ta CanawerSi ar aris moxseniebuli fraza ssrk-s miznebis gadadebisganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebiT, rac, Cveni azriT, SemTxvevi-Ti namdvilad ar aris, vinaidan aRniSnuli winadadeba kidev erTxeladasturebs, rom sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba axal oms apirebdafineTis winaaRmdeg.4 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 240; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 84.640

iT. 1 germaniis raixskanclerma marTlac daudastura molotovs,rom misi pozicia ucvleli iyo da fineTs is ssr kavSiris gavlenissferod Tvlida. 2rogorc gairkva, ssrk-s sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisarskargad hqonda gaTvlili Tavisi nabijebi, radganac amjerad manhitlers hkiTxa, Tu Tvlida is fineTis sabWoTa kavSiris iseTivegavlenis sferod, rogoric iyo besarabia da estoneTi. 3 germaniisraixskanclerma kvlav aarida pirdapir pasuxs Tavi da ganacxada,rom mas ubralod ar surda axali omi, radganac fine-Tidan is nedleulis mniSvnelovan nawils iRebda. 4 molotovmaumal igrZno, rom hitlerma Secdoma dauSva. man pirdapir ganacxada,rom germaniis raixskancleris es SeniSvna axal momentswarmoadgenda maTi qveynebis urTierTobebSi, vinaidan xelSekrulebaSiamaze saubari ar yofila. 5 faqtobrivad, man daadanaSaulahitleri poziciis SecvlaSi, risi safuZvelic sabWoTa diplomatsnamdvilad hqonda.raixskancleri sakmaod rTul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda daTavis dasaRwevad iqiT scada Setevis mitana sabWoTa mxareze.pirvel rigSi, man ganacxada, rom ar miiCnevda Tavis poziciasaxal momentad ssrk-germaniis urTierTobebSi da Semdeg erTmaneTsSeadara fineTisa da poloneTis sakiTxebi. hitlerma gaixsena,Tu rogor moiTxova Tavis droze sabWoTa mxarem teritoriebisrevizia poloneTTan dakavSirebiT da rogor mianiSna amasTandakavSirebiT, rom ssrk-s interesebis daukmayofileblobagamoiwvevda urTierTobebis garTulebas or qveyanas Soris. mesa-1 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 240; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 84.2 Поездка Молотова.., gv. 84. am SemTxvevaSi hitleris Tanxmoba germanulCanawerSi ar aris moyvanili, magram aq aSkarad igrZnoba Semokleba.vinaidan germaniis raixskanclerma ramdenjerme daadasturasaubrisas, rom fineTs is ssrk-s gavlenis sferod Tvlida, Cvenam SemTxvevaSi rusuli Canaweri ufro sworad miviCnieT.3 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 240; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 84. germanulCanawerSi mxolod besarabia aris naxsenebi, Tumca es aranairadar cvlis saubris Sinaarss.4 Поездка Молотова.., gv. 84. germanul CanawerSi ar aris saubari nedleulzeda ubralod aRniSnulia, rom hitlers ar surda axaliomi, vinaidan konfliqts eqneboda Sors mimavali Sedegebi (Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 240), magram, molotovis Semdegi remarkidangamomdinare, Cven migvaCnia, rom am SemTxvevaSi rusuli Canaweriufro sworia.5 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 240; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 84.41. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi641

me raixis lideris TqmiT, axla is afrTxilebda sabWoTa mxares,rom axali omi fineTSi gamoiwvevda urTierTobebis gauaresebasgermaniasa da ssrk-s Soris. aqve man kvlav gaimeora, rom sabWo-Ta kavSirs uomradac SeeZlo Tavisi miznebis miRweva fineTTandakavSirebiT. 1molotovi ar daakmayofila hitleris pasuxma. man kidev er-Txel gaimeora, rom misTvis gaugebari iyo, Tu ratom iyo miuRebeligermaniisaTvis omi fineTSi axla, maSin rodesac mas ar gamouTqvamsaranairi pretenziebi amasTan dakavSirebiT wina wels,rodesac samxedro mdgomareoba gacilebiT ufro rTuli hqonda.aqve sabWoTa diplomatma ganacxada, rom ssrk-s surda mxoloderTi ram: germanias SeenarCunebina pozicia, romelic hqonda 1939wlis xelSekrulebis dadebisas. Tu es moxdeboda, maSin, misiTqmiT, fineTTan dakavSirebiT aranair garTulebas adgili ar eqneboda.2pasuxad, raixskanclerma SeniSna, rom axali omi sakmaodgaarTulebda misi qveynis mdgomareobas, radganac mas ar SeeZlosabrZolo moqmedebebis usasrulod gagrZeleba. hitleris TqmiT,SvedeTisa da amerikis Careva seriozulad gaarTulebda viTarebasbaltiispireTSi. aqve man demagogiac moiSvelia da pirdapirhkiTxa molotovs, Tu gamoucxadebda ssrk oms aSS-s am ukanasknelissabrZolo moqmedebebSi CarTvis SemTxvevaSi. 3 sabWoTadiplomatma, bunebrivia, araaqtualurad CaTvala es sakiTxi daTavi Seikava pasuxisagan am kiTxvaze 4 .swored am momentSi CaerTo saubarSi ribentropi, romelsacmTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi praqtikulad ar amouRia xma. 5rogorc Cans, germaniis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma saWirod CaTvalasituaciis ganmuxtva da fineTis sakiTxze msjelobis dasruleba.am mizniT man gadawyvita saubris erTgvari Sejameba dagamohyo sami aspeqti: 1. germania cnobda fineTs ssrk-s gavlenissferod da ar SeinarCunebda iq Tavis jarebs; 2. demonstracieb-1 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 240-241; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 84.2 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 241; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 84.3 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 241; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 84-85.4 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 241; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 85.5 is mxolod erTxel CaerTo saubarSi da aRniSna, rom germaniamar misca kabeliT sargeblobis saSualeba fineTis prezidents, risgamoc am ukanasknelma ver moaxerxa radiomimarTvis gakeTeba aSS-Si (Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 241).642

Tan germanias aranairi kavSiri ar hqonda da, piriqiT, yvelanairadmouwodebda fineTis mTavrobas, normaluri urTierTobebihqonoda sabWoTa kavSirTan; 3. or qveyanas Soris TanamSromloba,romelmac didi warmatebebi moutana sabWoTa kavSirs uaxloeswarsulSi, kidev ufro did dividendebs hpirdeboda mas momaval-Si da fineTis sakiTxi, danarCen problemebTan mimarTebaSi, umniSvneloiyo 1 . aqve man dasZina, rom, principSi, ssrk-s yvelastrategiuli interesi dakmayofilebuli iyo fineTTan dadebulizaviT da rom damarcxebul qveyanaSi demonstraciebis gamar-Tva sulac ar iyo gasakviri.ribentropma gamoTqva eWvi, rom germanuli nawilebis tranzitmanamdvilad aRuZra garkveuli imedebi fineTis mosaxleobisnawils, magram, misi TqmiT, es imedebi gaqreboda jarebis gadasrolisdasrulebasTan erTad. Sesabamisad, ribentropis azriT,ar arsebobda ssr kavSirsa da germanias Soris raime gansxvavebulimidgoma am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT 2 . hitlerma aqve daamata,rom orive mxare principulad SeTanxmda fineTis sabWoTa gavlenissferoSi moqcevaze da, Sesabamisad, sakiTxi amowurulad miiCnia.3 rogorc Cans, molotovs aseve ar miaCnda saWirod am Temazesaubris gagrZeleba, vinaidan arc mas uTqvams sawinaaRmdegoram, Tumca Cven, am SemTxvevaSi, misi dumili Tanxmobis niSnadar migvaCnia. piriqiT, Cveni azriT, sabWoTa diplomatma sworedimitom arCia gaCumeba, raTa ar daefiqsirebina, rom sakiTxi amowuruliiyo da is eTanxmeboda germaniis pozicias.amiT dasrulda fineTis sakiTxis ganxilva berlinSi molotovisvizitis dros. arc hitlerTan Sexvedrisas da arc, mogvianebiT,ribentropTan saubrisas mxareebs fineTi ukve ar uxsenebiaT.Tumca mcire xanSi naTeli gaxda, rom sabWoTa mxare ariyo kmayofili molaparakebebis SedegebiT. 26 noembers moskovidanberlinSi gagzavnil iqna moTxovnebi, romlebic sabWoTa mxa-1 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 242; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 85. sabWoTaCanawerSi es frazebi miwerilia hitlerze, vinaidan, rogorc ukveaRvniSneT, ribentropis iq yofna saerTod ar dafiqsirebuli.2 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 242. ribentropis es sityvebi argvxvdeba rusul CanawerSi, romelsac am adgilas aSkarad etyobadaCexvis kvali, imdenad arabunebrivad gadadis saubari erTi Temidanmeoreze.3 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 242. hitleris es sityvebi aseve argvxvdeba sabWoTa CanawerSi.643

em wamoayena oTxmxrivi (germania, italia, iaponia, ssrk) SeTanxmebisxelmoweris winapirobad. pirvel punqtad am memorandumSiCawerili iyo moTxovna fineTidan yvela germanuli SenaerTisgamoyvanis Sesaxeb. 1Cven Sors varT im azrisgan, rom hitleris mxridan oficialurimoskovis moTxovnebis ignorireba swored am punqtma ganapiroba,2 magram fineTis sakiTxi germaniisTvis sul ufro didmniSvnelobas iZenda. amave dros, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom hitlerinamdvilad gulwrfeli iyo, rodesac molotovs sistematuradumeorebda saerTo SeTanxmebis miRwevis aucileblobas,ris Semdegac yvela danarCeni sakiTxi, maT Soris fineTisac, TavisTavadiqneboda gadawyvetili. Cveni azriT, berlinSi gamarTulimolaparakebebis dros hitleri jer kidev yoymanobda, dasxmodaTu ara Tavs sabWoTa kavSirs da misi gadawyvetilebamniSvnelovanwilad iyo damokidebuli amgvari SeTanxmebis miRwevisSesaZleblobaze. amave dros, rogorc Cans, ssrk-germaniisaxali xelSekrulebis (ganurCevlad imisa, iqneboda is ormxriviTu oTxmxrivi, italiasa da iaponiasTan erTad) gaformebamde,mas ar surda fineTis, rogorc SesaZlo mokavSiris, dakargva.saboloo jamSi ki, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas erTi ram: berlinismolaparakebebisas hitleris mier dakavebulma poziciampraqtikulad SeuZlebeli gaxada xelaxali sabWoTa agresia fineTismimarT, rac ukve faqtobrivad gadawyvetili iyo moskovSi.1 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941, gv. 258-259.2 Cveni azriT, gadamwyveti am SemTxvevaSi iyo meore punqti, romelicexeboda bulgareTs. amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix.: T. papasqiri.v. molotovis viziti berlinSi da bulgareTis sakiTxi germania-sabWoTakavSiris urTierTobebSi 1940w. Semodgomaze. _ soxumisuniversitetis Sromebi, I, humanitarul da socialur-politikurmecnierebaTa seria. Tb., 2007, gv. 282-289.644

TEIMURAZ PAPASKIRITHE ISSUE OF FINLAND IN THE GERMAN-SOVIETRELATIONS IN NOVEMBER OF 1940The paper, on the basis of the documental sources (both Germanand Russian) and critical analysis of the existing literature, deals with theissue of Finland in the German-Soviet relations in November of 1940,especially during the official visit of the People’s Commissar of ForeignAffairs of the USSR Vyacheslav Molotov, which began on November12, 1940. It is mentioned that despite the fact that at the first glance theparties did not pay much attention to the questions regarding Finland, thediscussions on the Finnish issue took the most time during the talks.According to his directives to Molotov, the Soviet leader Joseph Stalinwanted the withdrawal of all German troops from Finland and the settlementof the problem according to the agreements reached in 1939. Inaccordance with those directives, Molotov raised the question of Finlandand demanded the fulfilment of the previous agreements, which clearlydefined Finland as a part of the Soviet sphere of influence. Although theSoviet demand was justified by the Secret Protocol of August 23, 1939, itwas quite clear that Stalin and Molotov were concealing their real intentions.The USSR was preparing for the new attack against Finland.Hitler, who already had changed his attitude towards Finland and consideredit as a possible ally in case of the conflict with the Soviet Union,suspected the real inclinations of the Soviet side, and directly mentionedto Molotov that an new war in the Baltic Sea was undesirable. Hitler’sposition greatly affected the Soviet intentions and made the new waragainst Finland practically impossible.645

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008646giorgi anTelavagermanul kulturul sivrceSi TurqimigrantTa integraciis erTireligiuri aspeqtidRevandel germaniaSi cxovrobs daaxloebiT 8 milioniadamiani, romelic warmomavlobiT germaneli ar aris. es qveynismTeli mosaxleobis 9%-ze metia. am ucxoelTa udides nawilsTurqebi Seadgenen, romelTa Camosvla germaniaSi daiwyo gasulisaukunis 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi.sruliad ucxo kulturul garemoSi moxvedrilma da CamoyalibebulmaTurqulma Temma gamoavlina adaptaciis da sicocxlisunarianobissaocari SesaZleblobebi da moaxerxa Tavisierovnuli Tu religiuri identurobis SenarCuneba. 1 axal erovnulda kulturul sivrceSi imigrantebis da maTi ojaxebis yofampirvel stadiaze (Segueba cxovrebis axal wesebTan, Sromisgansxvavebul pirobebTan da normebTan, axali enis àTvisebis~ daucxo kulturuli standartebis miReba, _ zogadad akulturacia)warmoSva uamravi sirTule. 2 Turqebis integrirebis sakiTxigermaniis sazogadoebaSi dResac mwvave diskusiis sagania.erT-erTi aspeqti, romelic integraciis procesis delikaturda zogjer konfliqtur faqtorad gvevlineba, aris germaniaSisxvadasxva religiebis Tanaarseboba. migrantTa yvelaze didinawili (4 milionamde) islamis mimdevaria, xolo maTi absoluturiumravlesoba Turqebia.germaniis konstitucia oficialurad aris religiis Tavisuflebisgaranti. relgiis Tavisufleba izRudeba mxolod imSemTxvevaSi Tu romelime religiuri an religiur-eqstremistulijgufebi emuqrebian sxva Tavisuflebebs, garantirebuls qveynisZiriTadi kanoniT. Tumca sinamdvileSi germanelebis ganwyoba-1 amis Sesaxeb dawvril. ix.: g. anTelava. Tanamedrove evropa da Turqulimigracia (1960 _ 1990-iani wlebi). Tb., 2004.2 C. Wihtol de Wenden. Passage du culturel au politique. – Intervention. 17 juillet -aout - septembre, 1986.

damokidebuleba xSirad upirispirdeba ucxoelebis (amjerad saubarimxolod Turqebs exeba) mier maTi religiiT (islamiT) dakanonebuliwesebis dacvas da ritualebis asrulebas. qveynissxvadasxva miwebSi (lendebSi) Turqebis mimarT damokidebuleba,maT Soris oficiozisa, gansxvavebulia.aq SeiZleba xazi gavusvaT im faqts, rom TurqeTsa da `mim-Reb~ qveyanas (germanias) Soris dadebuli ormxrivi SeTanxmebagermaniaSi daqiravebuli Turqi muSebis ìmportirebis~ Sesaxeb,ar iTvaliswinebda religias, rogorc Turqebis erovnuli identurobisSemadgenel nawils: erTmaneTs uTanxmdeboda ori Tanamedrovesaero saxelmwifo. germanias arc warmoedgina, rom imigraciispirobebSi Turqebi upiratesobas mianiWebdnen religiurda tradiciul faseulobebs. germanias, romelsac 1961 wlamdepraqtikulad arc hqonia islamTan Sexeba, ar gauTvaliswinebiamuslim `gastarbaiterTa” SesaZlebeli moTxovnebi. Tavis mxriv,arc Turqebs ufiqriaT sxva kulturul realobaSi SesaZlo eTno-religiuriproblemebis Sesaxeb. albaT imitom, rom maTiyofna damqiravebel qveyanaSi SeTanxmebiT gansazRvruli iyo rogorcmoklevadiani. sinamdvile orive mxarisaTvis bevrad rTuliaRmoCnda. Turqebi germaniaSi samudamod damkvidrdnen. amasTandakavSirebiT Seqmnilma viTarebam Turqebs da germanelebsac bevriproblema gauCina, romelTa mowesrigebas zogjer sakonstituciosasamarTlos Carevac ki sWirdeba. zogi sakiTxi germanelebisaTvismetad mniSvnelovani iyo, rasac ukmayofilo Turqebiver eguebodnen da Zlier ewinaaRmdegebodnen (mag. bavSvTa aRzrdisda skolarizaciis problema). germanelebisaTvis ki Zneladasatani da gaugebari iyo eTnikuri konfliqtebi Turquli TemisSigniT, romlebic xSirad quCebSi wydeboda da sisxlisRvriTmTavrdeboda. germanelebi erTmaneTisagan ver ganasxvavebdnen TemisSemadgenel eTnikur elementebs mag. qurTebs, lazebs, somxebsda a.S. maTTvis TurqeTidan Camosulebi yvelani Turqebi iyvnen.1 Turqebs verafriT ver gaegoT, ratom ar SeiZlebodamsxverplis Sewirvis dResaswaulisTvis qalaqidan daSorebulsofelSi Zlivs ` naSovni~ cocxali cxvris avtobusiT gadayvanamaSin, rodesac imave avtobusiT adgilobrivebi ZaRlebTan erTadmgzavrobdnen.1 Riva Kastoryano. Paris-Berlin. Politiques d'Immigration et Modalités d'Intégrationdes Familles Turques. – L'Harmatta. Paris, 1991.647

magram iyo iseTi problemebi, romlebic TurqebisaTvis friadmniSvnelovani iyo da romelTa gadawyvetas germaniaSi bevrimowinaaRmdege hyavda. zogjer TiTqos erTxel ukve gadawyvetilisakiTxi, xelaxali diskusiis sagani xdeboda. 2002w. 16 ianvris`Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung~-Si daibeWda werili, romlis avtori(Georg Paul Hefty) mkacrad ewinaaRmdegeba karlsrues sakonstituciosasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas, romliTac muslimyasbebs eZleodaT saqonlis dakvlis ufleba winaswari anesTeziisgareSe anu yuraniT dakanonebuli principis dacva. sasamarTlosgadawyvetilebam germania ` dahyo~ or nawilad. sazogadoebisdidma nawilma SeSfoTeba gamoTqva integraciis e.w. `priviligirebul~formaze, romelic imigrantebs aZlevs saSualebasar gaiTvaliswinon `mimRebi~ qveynis kanonebi da kulturulitradiciebi da amiT Seaferxon integrirebis procesi.imigraciis Sesaxeb axali kanonis irgvliv qveyanaSi gaCaRdadebatebi. bundestagis qristian-demokratiuli opoziciis lidermamoiTxova imigraciis cnebis gadasinjva da ucxoelebis (imigrantebis)valdebuleba `cnon da miiRon qveyanaSi gabatonebulikultura~. polemika ufro gamZafrda mas Semdeg, rodesacganaTlebis yofilma ministrma iurgen riutgersma gailaSqra`helali~ xorcis Taobaze sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebiswinaaRmdeg. am gadawyvetilebas man "normaluri adamianebisaTvisgaugebari" uwoda. 1germaniaSi mcxovreb Turqebs, romlebic Seadgenen qveynismTliani mosaxleobis TiTqmis 3%-s, safrangeTisagan gansxvavebiTproblema ar hqoniaT qalebis mier Tavsaburavis tarebis gamo:islami germaniaSi ufro `Sewynarebulia~ vidre integrirebuli. 2amitom 1995w. federaluri administraciuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba,romliTac ikrZaleboda saqonlis ritualuri kvla(winaswari anesTeziis gareSe) muslimTa Temis didi gakvirvebada aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia, radgan isini iZulebuli xdebodnen `helali~xorci ukve ucxoeTidan SemoetanaT. es maSin, rodesac ebraelyasbebs ar ekrZalebodaT saqonlis ritualuri kvla da`qaSeri~ xorcis gayidva. am erTgvar Seusabamobaze yuradRebaaravis gaumaxvilebia albaT imitom, rom 1945w. Semdeg germania-Si ebraelTa jamaaTi SedarebiT mcirericxovania (statistkuri1 Nicolas Bourcier. La viande halal divise l'Allemagne. – le Monde, 19.01.02.2 Nicolas Bourcier. La viande halal divise l'Allemagne. – le Monde, 19.01.02.648

monacemebiT 2002w. damdegisaTvis germaniaSi 100000 ebraeli cxovrobda).vfiqrobT, rom saubari saqonlis ritualuri kvlis Sesaxebswored muslimTa/Turqebis Temis geometriuli progresiiTzrdam gamoiwvia da SesaZlebelia (rac ufro mniSvnelovanida sainteresoa) Turqebis integraciis procesis daCqarebis xelisuflebismcdelobam. am mcdelobis gagrZelebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos2008w. `germanul samedicino JurnalSi~ germaneli eqimebiswerilebis publikaciebi windacveTis winaaRmdeg, Tumca escalke saubris Temaa.karlsrues sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas miesalmnen memarcxenebi.kerZod soflis meurneobis ministrma, mwvaneTa partiiswevrma renater kinastma ganacxada, rom es gadawyvetileba aris`Cveni multikulturuli sazogadoebis gasamtkiceblad gadadgmulimetad mniSvnelovani nabiji~. germaniis muslimTa centralurisabWos gancxadebiT sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba aTanasworebsmeCeTs sxva eklesiebTan da mniSvnelovani nabijia gadadgmulievropuli islamisaken~. 1 es gancxadeba kidev erTxel adasturebs,rom evropis kontinentis sinamdvileSi gaCenili sakiTxi,_ islami evropaSi Tu evropuli islami, _ dResac aqtualuria.igi asaxavs arsebul situacias da amasTanave xvalindelproblemebze migvaniSnebs.GEORGE ANTELAVAON ONE RELIGIOUS ASPECT OF TURK IMMIGRANTS’INTEGRATION INTO THE GERMANCULTURAL WORLDThe permanent settlement of the Turk Gastarbeiters and their familiesin the modern Germany has caused many problems to them andGermans. In spite of being considered resolved, some of these problemstime-to-time appear as a topic of a new discussion. First of all these arethe ethno-religious problems of Turks, for the resolution of which evennowadays an interference of the Constitutional Court is required.1 Nicolas Bourcier. La viande halal divise l'Allemagne. – le Monde, 19.01.02.649

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008650vaxtang jafariZemTiani afxazeTis (md. kodoris Sua welis)arqeologiuri Zeglebis SeswavlissakiTxisaTvisCrdilo-dasavleT kolxeTis (afxazeTis) arqeologiuri SeswavlilobisdRevandeli done garkveulad iZleva saSualebas metnaklebisisruliT ganvixiloT am regionis materialuri kulturissakiTxebi. erTs aseTs, Cveni azriT, warmoadgens mTiswina damTiani afxazeTis monakveTi, romelic samdinaro da sxva sakomunikaciogzebis meSveobiT dakavSirebuli iyo kodoris xeobasTan,sadac dasturdeba Zveli, mniSvnelovani sagzao magistralTan dakavSirebulisaintereso arqeologiuri Zeglebi. sagangebo interessiwvevs am samdinaro magistralis mTeli monakveTi SesarTavidandawyebuli, romelsac sagangebod miaqcevdnen yuradRebas diubuada monpere 1 , s. janaSia 2 da sxvebi. mniSvnelovan materialurnaSTebs Seicavs kodoris xeobis zemo welis monakveTic, sadacgamovlenilia araerTi mniSvnelovani Zegli. 3Cveni msjelobis sagans amjerad md. kodoris Sua welisgarkveuli qronologiuri jgufis Zeglebi da masTan dakavSirebulimosazrebebis interpteracia warmoadgens. zogadad ki qronologiaxeobis Zeglebisa farToa: aq gvxvdeba rogorc Zveliqvis xanis, aseve brinjaos da momdevno drois naSTebi, rac regionisadreuli xanidan dasaxlebis mauwyebelia. amaTgan, vimeo-1 Фр. Дюбуа де Монпере. Путешествие вокруг Кавказа, т. I. Сухуми, 1937, gv.145-146, 150.2 s. janaSia. SavizRvispireTis saistorio geografia. _ Sromebi, t.VI, Tb. 1988, gv. 282.3 d. musxeliSvili. saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadisakiTxebi. I, Tb., 1977, gv. 121, 122, 123, 130; S. CarTolani. md. kodoriszemo welis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. avtorma gvasargebla dasastambadmomzadebuli naSromiT da saTanado ilustraciebi gagvacno;ukanasknel xanebSi md. kodoris zemo welis monakveTSi dazvervebiCaatara soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis arqeologiurma eqspediciamda mniSvnelovani monacemebic moipova.

ebT, pirvel rigSi, yuradRebas Zvel, mniSvnelovan strategiulgzasTan dakavSirebuli Zeglebi iqceven.erTgvari aRmavloba aRniSnuli regionis dasaxlebebisa ax.w. pirveli saukuneebidan SeiniSneba, xolo ax. w. IV saukunidanisini mniSvnelovnad farTovdebian. esaa, dRes ukve gaTxrebiT damaT Sedegebze mravalricxovani informaciiT 1 cnobili webeldisada mis mimdebare mniSvnelovnad farTo regionSi, dazvervebiTada stacionaluri gaTxrebiT gamovlenili mravalricxovani samarovnebi,samosaxloebi da safortifikacio nagebobebi. aq gamovlenilimaterialuri naSTebis (ZiriTadad keramikisa da iara-Ris) rigi specifikurobis gamo, farTo gavrceleba hpova amkulturisaTvis Serqmeulma terminma _ webeldis kultura. romlisgamoyofa da met-naklebi sisruliT gansazRvra gaTxrebisxelmZRvanelma, mixeil TrapSma mogvca.ufro adre, 1946w. webeldaSi SemTxveviT gamovlenili samarxebismonacemebze informacia arqeologma i. grZeliSvilma gamoaqveyna.2 Semdgom wlebSi ki gaTxrebi mniSvnelovnad gafarTovdada webeldis garda kodoris xeobisa da mimdebare mxarisaraerT Zegls Seexo. 3 Cven am Zeglebis monacemebsac viTvaliswinebTamjerad CvenTvis mTavari _ postwebelduri materiarulikulturis Zeglebis raobisa da misi e.w. webelduri kulturisZeglebTan mimarTebis sakiTxis kvlevis dros. am sakiTxis Seswavlaregionis Zeglebis problemur kvlevas, maT Soris savele,saWiroebs, rac saTanadod jer ar ganxorcielebula da arcdRes aris es CvenTvis SesaZlebeli. ver gaviziarebT mTlianadTezas imis Sesaxeb, rom ZiriTadad bizantielTa strategiuli1 М. М. Трапш. Некоторые итоги раскопок цебельдинских некрополей в 1960-1962 гг. – Труды Абхазского Института языка, литературы и истории им. Д. И.Гулиа АН ГССР, XXXIII-XXXIV. Сухуми, 1963, gv. 258-277; М. М. Трапш. Культурацебельдинских некрополей. – Труды, т. III, Тб., 1973; Г. К. Шамба. Ахаччарарху– древный могильник нагорной Абхазии. Сухуми, 1970; М. М. Трапш. Материалыпо археологии средневековой Абхазии. Сухуми, 1975; В. Н. Воронов.Тайна цебельдинской долины М., 1975; М. М. Гунба. Новые памятники цебельдинскойкультуры. Тб., 1978.2 i. grZeliSvili. Tixis WurWlebSi dakrZaluli kremaciuli naS-Tebi afxazeTSi. _ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, VIII,1-2, Tb., 1947, gv. 87-95.3 О. Х. Бгажба, Ю. Н. Воронов. История изучения археологии Абхазии (до 1975г.), Тб., 1982; О. Х. Бгажба, Ю. Н. Воронов. Памятники села Герзеул. Сухуми,1980.651

miznebisTvis, TiTqos mxolod ax.w. VIs. Sua xanebSi warmoqmnili(?), safortifikacio sistemebis ax.w. VII saukuneSi funqciismoSliT, e.w. webelduri kulturis kvdomis TariRi ganisazRvros;arc is aris dasabuTebuli, rom am cixeebis, ax.w. VI saukuniTdaTariRebuli eklesiebic (wibiliumis kompleqsSi oriaaseTi gamovlenili) VIIs. Semdeg sayovelTaod wyveten funqcionirebas.SedarebiT axali monacemebiT, mag. webeldis cixeze, garkveuliwyvetilebiT, cxovrebis axal aRmavlobaze Sua saukuneebisintensiuri kulturuli fenebic mianiSneben. 1swored ax.w. VII-VIIIss. da momdevno saukuneebi warmoadgensTanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze qristianobis sabolooddamkvidrebisa da axali qristianuli taZrebis mSeneblobisxanas. am Zeglebis Seswavlas Tavisi istoria aqvs da, Tu mxedvelobaSiar miviRebT informacias oriode SemTxveviTi aRmoCenisSesaxeb, pirveli mniSvnelovani dazvervebi, kerZod swored qristianuliZeglebis (taZrebis) gamovlenisa da TxriT SeswavlismizniT, cnobili qarTveli istorikosis da arqeologis dimitribaqraZis saxels ukavSirdeba.informacia misi webeldaSi yofnis Sesaxeb oficialur presaSifriad naklulia (am sakiTxze da d. baqraZis mivlinebis danarCendetalebze sxva dros), magram mis garda Cvens gankargulebaSiad. baqraZis samivlinebo angariSis ori, erTmaneTisaganmcired gansxvavebuli, daTariRebuli angariSi. 2 da, rac gansakuTrebiTmniSvnelovania CvenTvis, d. baqraZis, manqanaze, nabeWdiafxazeTis Zeglebis Seswavlis programa: `Сухумский округ в его1 Л. Г. Хрушкова. Новые материалы эпохи средневековья из Цебельды (раскопки1979 г.). _ Известия Абхазского Института языка, литературы и историиим. Д. И. Гулиа АН ГССР, XIII, Тб., 1985, gv. 94-103.2 aRniSnuli angariSebi 1969w. gamosaqveyneblad gadmogvca Cvenma samecnieroxelmZRvanelma, gansvenebulma giorgi lomTaTiZem. TumcamaSin Cven morideba gamoviCineT da masalebi mxolod oT. lorTqifaniZisarqeologiuri centris dimitri baqraZis saiubileo sxdomazewarmovadgineT. manamde gansvenebulis qvrivma, cnobilma moRvawem,q-n nino RoRoberiZem gadmogvca manqanaze nabeWdi, zemoT aRni-Snuli programa. 1887 w. 17 agvistoTi daTariRebuli es dokumenti d.baqraZes moskovis saimperatoro arqeologiur komisiaSi warudgenia(sankt-peterburgSi daculi saarqivo masalebis Sesaxeb ix.: gaz. `СоветскаяАбхазия~, #33, 17.02.1982). xolo dasaxelebuli angariSebi daculiak. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa centrSi (Cvens xelT arsebuli er-Ti angariSis TariRad miTiTebulia 1886 w. 16 ivlisi).652

древностях и проект программы их исследования~. informacia webeldaSi(sof. poltavskoe) eklesiis nagebobis naSTebisa da calkeuli,aseve saeklesio, nivTebis povnis Sesaxeb 1886w. zamTrisTviT ganisazRvreba, radgan moskovis arqeologiuri komisiis mimarTvamTavarmmarTeblisadmi, gaz.: `Правительственный вестник~-isada sxva gazeTebis cnobebis safuZvelze, am wlis 13 TebervliTaris daTariRebuli. komisia eklesiis naSTebisa da niv-Tebis sanaxavad adgilobrivi (Tbilisidan an quTaisidan) arqeologismivlinebas iTxovda. 1Tavdapirvelad napovn nivTebs d. baqraZe, polkovnik vedenskismeSveobiT, soxumSi saolqo sammarTveloSi gascnobia. aq iyovercxlis mooqrovili xatis moWedilobis nawilebi; mravalricxovanifragmentebi spilenZis sagnebisa, romlebic Cveulebrivmoixmareba eklesiebSi; originaluri formis minis lamparida sxv. (CamonaTvali, ZiriTadad liTonis nivTebis fragmentebisa,sakmaod grZelia da d. baqraZes cota dro hqonda maTi detaluriaRwerisTvis, radgan 11 maiss soxumSi Casuli igi 12 maissukve miemgzavreba aRmoCenebis adgilze).md. maWaris xeobiT, kelasuris gavliT, igi Cadis webelda-Si, sadac interess, pirvel rigSi, iwvevda sof. olginskoe dapoltavskoe, agreTve sxva axali dasaxlebebi da gauvali tyiTdafaruli adgilebi, sadac araerTgan iyo SeniSnuli Zvel nagebobaTanaSTebi. ukve 13 maiss, gadauRebeli wvimis miuxedavad, d.baqraZe sof. poltavskoeSi, poltavidan gadmosaxlebulTa miernadirobis dros aRmoCenil eklesias ecnoba. igi araa didi, stoasTanerTad sigrZe 10 arSinia (anu 711,2 sm). fleTili qviTfasadSi da WyorduRabiT naSeni kedlebis mqone es nageboba TiTqmismTlianad nangrevebad iyo qceuli, xolo mis siZveleze, baqraZisdakvirvebiT, eklesiis galavnis morRveul nawilebSi Cazrdili,Znelad zrdadi, wiTeli da urTxmelis didi diametrismqone xeebis arsebobac miuTiTebda (es adgilebi xangrZlividrois manZilze gauvali iyo, ramac gadaarCina kidec siZveleebi.niSandoblivia, rom 1884w. poltavidan gadmosaxlebulni, ukve1 SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am dros, da mogvianebiTac, saqarTveloSiTiTqmis mxolod d. baqraZe miiCneoda arqeologiis mcodne pirovnebadda moskovis arqeologiuri komisia gaTxrebis uflebas didxansmxolod masze gascemda. marTlac, mTavarmarTebelma aleqsandremixeilis Ze dondukov-korsakovma es saqme d. baqraZes daavalada miando masalis SerCeva arqeologiuri komisiisaTvis.653

1886w. mas tyeSi waswydomian...)gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs is, rom dimitri baqraZedauyovnebliv Seudga am eklesiis interieris gawmendas, anu faqtiuradgaTxrebs. Sedegad, gamovlenil iqna kirqvis kvadratulifila, SesaniSnavi ornamentuli saxeebiTa da qarTuli asomTavruliTSesrulebuli mokle warweriT, sadac moxsenebulia wmidaTevdore, rac, soxumSi gadatanili xatis moWedilobis wm.Tevdores gamosaxulebasTan erTad, miuTiTebda poltavskoes eklesiisam wmidanis saxeliT funqcionirebaze. aRniSnul filebsgarda eklesiis SigniT ornamentirebuli qvebis, svetebisa da kapitelebisfragmentebi iyo dadasturebuli. siaxles warmoadgendainterierSi gaTxrebis Sedegad gamovlenili, wagrZelebulioTxkuTxedis formis qvebiT (albaT filebiT) Semowyobiligverdebis mqone samarxi (гроб), romelSic napovni iyo adamianisgaxrwnili Zvlebi da cxenis (?) kbilebi. sxva monacemebi aq d.baqraZes ar hqonda.friad mZime klimatur pirobebSi mkvlevarma aRmoCenebissxva adgilebic Seamowma. kerZod interess iwvevda sof. olginskoesmaxloblad n. voronovis sakarmidamo nakveTTan axlos, SemaRlebuladgilze, Zveli eklesiis naSTebis SemTxveviT aRmoCena.1 swored aq iyo napovni qvis ori, Txeli fila, romelTa zepiriskulpturuli gamosaxulebebiT iyo dafaruli. orive esfila erTnairi formisa da zomisaa (1 arSini da 6 verSoki). 2filis Sua, niSis msgavsad CaRrmavebuli, reliefuri gamosaxulebiTSevsebuli nawilis oTxive mxaris farTo arSia aseve dafaruliasiuJetebiT (saxarebisa da sxva qristianuli motivebi).gamosaxulebebi d. baqraZis aRweriT sakmaod mkafioa, rac ar iTqmiscalkeuli personaJebis saxeebis gamoxatvaze. Semdeg istorikosiTanmimdevrobiT iZleva am filebis gamosaxulebebis damTeli siuJetebisa da Temebis axsnas.aRniSnul filebs garda, adgilze dafiqsirda qvaSi nakveTiornamentuli detalebi, maT Soris ori sferuli kapiteliskulpturuli saxeebiT. aqve iyo napovni spilenZis jvari, msgavsipoltavskoes eklesiaSi napovni jvarisa. angariSidan Cans,rom d. baqraZes am eklesiis interierSic gauWria Rrma Txrili,magram ramdenadme mniSvnelovani masalebi, an warweriani qvebi na-1 zomebi d. baqraZis mixedviT _ 134,5 arSini (arSini _ 71,12 sm).2 arSini (71,12 sm) = 16 verSoks.654

povni ar yofila. 1Cven aq ver SevudgebiT d. baqraZiseul metad saintereso,arqeologiuri Tu xelovnebaTmcodneobis TvalsazrisiT, aRwerebisada interpretaciis gadmocemas. xazgasmiT ki aRvniSnavT, romd. baqraZe pirvelia, vinc es mniSvnelovani Zeglebi da masalebimoixila, kvalificiurad aRwera, warwerebi amoikiTxa da izrunamaT dabinavebaze. samwuxarod, specialur literaturaSi iSviaTadaRniSnaven d. baqraZis did damsaxurebaze webeldis Zeglebis gamovlenis,gaTxris da pirveladi interpretaciis Sesaxeb.me-3-e eklesia d. baqraZes voroncovebis karmidamodan 6versis manZilze, sof. oligonskoedan Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, uCvenes.esec, SedarebiT, mokrZalebuli zomebis mqone nagebobaa,ori metris simaRleze SemorCenili kedlebiT (iyenebdnen kidecmas Tanamedrove berZnebi salocavad). aqac iyo ornamentirebuliqvebi da qarTuli asomTavruliT Sesrulebuli warwerebisfragmentebi napovni. amas garda d. baqraZem naxa reliefurgamosaxulebebianiori qva. erTi, ZiriTadad, religiuri siuJetebiTaadafaruli, meore fragmentze ki mxedris reliefuri gamosaxulebaawarmodgenili.dasasrul, webeldaSi Tavis saqmianobas d. baqraZe masalebissoxumSi gadatanis organizaciuli miTiTebebiT asrulebs. amas-Tan, ukve soxumSi polkovnik vedenskis saxlSi igi ecnoba axalmasalebs, kerZod drandis monastridan Camotanil skulpturulfragmentebs. zemoT aRniSnul angariSSi d. baqraZe iZleva webeldiseklesiebSi gamovlenili masalebis, maT Soris xatebis liTonismoWedilobis fragmentebis, detalur aRwerilobas. man xatebismoWedilobis mravalricxovani fragmentebis mixedviT oris _wmida ekaterinesa da ioane naTlismcemelis xatis aRdgena SesZlo,rac, ermakovis cnobil laboratoriaSi damzadebuli fotoanabeWdebiT,warudgina moskovis arqeologiur komisias. manve waikiTxaaRniSnul xatebze saeklesio asomTavruliT Sesrulebu-1 aq voronovebis nakveTis eklesiasTan dakavSirebiT informaciissisrulisTvis aRvniSnavT, rom 1964 wels am adgilze xelovnebaTmcodnel. ServaSiZis mier Catarebuli gaTxrebis Sedegad napovniiyo webeldis kankelis pirveli filis zeda registris scenisa dameoris qveda arSiis (CarCos) scenis _ RvTismSobeli yrmiT, fragmentebi(Л. А. Шервашидзе. Резные камни церкви на холме Арасараху близ Цебельды.– Известия Абхазского Института языка, литературы и истории им. Д.И. Гулиа АН ГССР, IV, 1975, gv. 84 da Semd., tab. II, III, sur. 2-4).655

li warwerebi da mogvca daTariReba. angariSis teqstis es nawiliinteress iwvevs, amitom saWirod miviCnieT misi citireba:`Нигде время происхождения вообще описываемых предметов непоказано; но судя по палеографическому свойству письма как на ризах,так и на полтавской плите, эти иконы и орнаментальные камниПолтавской церкви, должны быть относимы к XI в.~ webeldis Suasaukuneebis Zeglebis daTariRebis TvalsazrisiT ki mniSvnelovaniamisi daskvna: `Письмо же орнаментных камней Ольгинскойцеркви, как и самые эти орнаменты, вместе с резьбой и изображениямикамней из имения г. Воронова и из Дранды, по их характеру,принадлежат, наверное, более ранней эпохе~.mas Semdeg webeldis regionis es qristianuli Zeglebi, gansakuTrebiTki religiur-mxatvruli saxeebiT Semkuli filebi (romlebicsvetebisa da bazebis fragmentebTan erTad, d. baqraZis mierimTaviTve ganisazRvra, rogorc sakurTxevlis kankelis nawilebi),specialistTa wreSi farTo ganxilvis sagnad iqca. erT-erTi pirveli,vinc webeldis Zeglebi d. baqraZis Semdeg adgilze moinaxulada iq gamovlenil masalebTan erTad gamoaqveyna, praskoviauvarova iyo, 1 xolo TviT kankelis qvebs ganixilaven: d. ainalovi, 2g. CubinaSvili, 3 r. Smerlingi, 4 g. alibegaSvili, 5 l. xruSkova, 61 П. С. Уварова. Христианские памятники Кавказа. – Материалы по археологиииКавказа. М., 1894, вып., 4, gv. 19-30, gam., VI, VII, X, XI. avtori mxoloderTxel, gakvriT, asaxelebs d. baqraZes, romelmac oficialuri angariSiswardgenis dros moskovis arqeologiur komisiaSi, komisiisSekveTiT gadaRebuli arqiteqturuli detalebis fotoanabeWdebiver miiRo, ramac, SesaZloa, Seaferxa angariSis gamoqveyneba. amitomacaris, rom d. baqraZis Rvawli webeldis Zeglebis kvlevaSi saTanadodSefasebuli ar aris. erTgvar gamonakliss warmoadgens q. CxataraiSvilisa(q. CxataraiSvili. abulasan iobis Zis warwera webeldidanda misi istoriuli mniSvneloba. _ saqarTvelos feodalurixanis istoriis sakiTxebi. VI. Tb., 1990, gv. 83-106) da x. jorbenaZispublikaciebi (ix. kreb.: saqarTvelos arqeologiis istoriis sakiTxebi.Tb., 2007).2 Д. В. Аиналов. Некоторые христианские памятники Кавказа. – wgn.: Археологическиеизвестия и заметки, т. III-IV, 7-8 М., 1895, gv. 233-243.3 g. CubinaSvili. qarTuli xelovnebis istoria. tf., 1935, gv. 207-210.4 Р. О. Шмерлинг. Малые формы в архитектуре средневековой Грузии. Тб.,1962, gv. 106.5 g. alibegaSvili. reliefuri fila soxumis midamoebidan. saqarTvelosmecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, XII, #8, 1951, gv. 511-514.6 Л. А. Хрушкова. Плиты алтарной преграды Цебелды. _ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTaakademiis moambe, 84, #2, 1976, gv. 505-508.656

da sxvebi.am masalis zogadi kulturis wrisa da TariRis gansazRvrisTvalsazrisiT interess iwvevs d. ainalovis dakvirveba, rasac,zogadad, sxva mkvlevarebic iziareben; kerZod, cnobili bizantistisazriT, webeldis kankelis mxatvrul-stilisturi analizimiuTiTebs kulturul nakadebze, rogorc dasavlur (bizantiuri,siriuli), aseve aRmosavlur (sasanuri) samyarodan. 1 ufro mniSvnelovania,rom am Zeglebs analogiebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelosZeglebSi eZebneba. esaa gveldesisa da usaneTis brtyeli filebixolo, sibrtyobrivi da grafikuli Sesrulebis maneriT, erTgvaranalogias, aSot kurapalatis (826 w.) opizis reliefic warmoadgens.2 akad. g. CubinaSvili aRniSnuli reliefebis paralelebadnawilobriv wirqolisa da bolnisis qakinaqCixas (àngelozebiscenaSi~) reliefebs miiCnevs. iziarebs ra v. ainalovis webeldisfilebis siuJetebze aRmosavluri (sasanuri) xelovnebis nimuSebisgavlenis Sesaxeb gamoTqmul mosazrebas akad. g. CubinaSviliTvlis, rom azri mibaZvis Sesaxeb uaryofili unda iqnas da romsxva jgufis Zeglebzec (miTiTebulia _ bolnisis sionisa damcxeTis jvris reliefebi) dakvirveba uCvenebs, rom aq ufro `...aRmosavleTur paralelebis siaxlove~ gvaqvs saxeze. 3aq Cven kvlav vubrundebiT daTariRebis sakiTxs, raTa sworadganisazRvros qristianuli arqiteqturis am Zeglebis qronologiurimimarTeba md. kodoris Sua welis im ZeglebTan, romlebicwebelduri arqeologiuri kulturis arealSi eqcevian. amTvalsazrisiT interess iwvevs r. Smerlingisa da l. xruSkovasnaSromebi. pirvelma gaaswora p. uvarovas Secdoma, romelmac TavisnaSromSi (miTiTebulia _ `Христианские памятники Кавказа~).webeldis (sof. olginskoe, voronovebis mamuli) VII-VIIIsaukuneebiT daTariRebuli kankelis ori unikaluri fila, TiTqosiqve napovn svetis fragmentebs daukavSira da aseve aRadginaigi warmosaxviT; sinamdvileSi ki svetebis es fragmentebi r.Smerlingma ax.w. XI saukuniT daaTariRa da sul sxva drois (anuXIs.) kankels daukavSira. amrigad, qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisam cnobilma specialistma mogvca dasaxelebuli Zeglebis qronologiuridiferenciacia da webeldis adreuli kankelis filebi1 Д. В. Аиналов. Некоторые христианские памятники.., gv. 241.2 g. alibegaSvili. reliefuri fila.., gv. 511, 514.3 g. CubinaSvili. qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, gv. 210.42. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi657

ax. w. VIIs. da ax. w. VII-VIII saukuneebiT daaTariRa. 1Tavis SedarebiT axal gamokvlevebSi l. xruSkovac miuTi-Tebs webeldis reliefebis mxatvrul-stilistur monacemebis mniSvnelovananalogiebze qarTuli kulturis araerT ZeglTan. 2 amas-Tan avtori, axali analogiebisa da damatebiTi argumentaciis safuZvelze,erTgvarad axalgazrdavebs webeldis reliefebs, rocamaT TariRs ax.w. VIIIs. bolo _ IX saukuniT gansazRvravs. ganxilulimasaliT Cans, rom qristianuli xelovnebis Zeglebis mxatvrul-stilisturikoncefciis SemuSavebaSi dasavleTi samyaros(igulisxmeba siriac) garda, mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda qristianuliaRmosavleTi da, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebiT irani.samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom XXs. 60-ani wlebidan,roca m. TrapSi kodoris xeobis Zeglebis, kerZod webeldissamarovnebis Seswavlas Seudga, mxaris arqeologiuri kvlevamniSvnelovnad dawinaurda da problemurad Seexo, ara martowebeldis regionis Zeglebs _ cixeebs, samarovnebsa da samosaxloebs,aramed, pirobiT am kulturis arealSi moqceul, araerTsxva Zegls. 3 amasTan sakulto Zeglebi _ qristianuli taZrebi,ZiriTadad umTavres cixesimagreebTan Seiswavleboda, xolo yvelaam, mag. webeldis, Sapkis, garzeulis da sxv. kompleqsebiswarmoqmnas, bolo xanebSi, sruliad arabunebrivad, mxolod bizantielebispolitikur da samxedro saqmianobas ukavSireben da,zogadad, VIs. Sua xanebiT aTariReben. 4am TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas iqcevs webeldis cixis ori,ax. w. VI saukuniT daTariRebuli eklesia, agreTve, adreuli eklesiaSapkis cixe-simagresTan. gegmareba, arqiteqturul-stilisturimonacemebi da zogi arqiteqturuli detali maT zRvispirisda, amdenad, bizantiuri samyaros gavlenebis sferoSi moqce-1 Р. О. Шмерлинг. Малые формы.., gv. 210.2 Л. А. Хрушкова. Плиты алтарной преграды Цебелды, gv. 505-508; Л. А. Хрушкова.Стиль рельефов алтарных плит из Цебелды. – Известия Абхазского Институтаязыка, литературы и истории им. Д. И. Гулиа АН ГССР. VI. Тб., 1977, gv.184-187.3 saTanado literaturis bibliografia ix.: В. Н. Воронов. Тайна цебельдинскойдолины; В. Н. Воронов. Древняя Апсилия. Сухум, 1998; М. М. Гунба.Новые памятники цебельдинской культуры.4 Ю. Н. Воронов. О дате оборонительной системы Апсилии. – Известия АбхазскогоИнститута языка, литературы и истории им. Д. И. Гулиа АН ГССР, Тб.,1985, gv. 86-93.658

ul ZeglebTan aaxloebs. amaTgan gansxvavebiT yuradRebas iqcevswebeldasTan, sof. mrambaSi adreve gamovlenili saintereso arqeologiuri,maT Soris qristianuli siuJetebis Semcveli Zeglebi.aq, axali gaTxrebiT, ori sxvadasxva donis qristianulieklesiis saZirkvlis fragmentebi gamovlinda. qveda donis naSTebismixedviT dadginda erTnaviani, xuTwaxnaga, interierSi naliseburimoyvanilobis afsidis mqone, SedarebiT momcro eklesiisgegma. swored am nagebobas unda ukavSirdebodes samecniero literaturiTcnobili da axladgamovlenili _ ax.w. VI-VIII saukuneebiTdaTariRebuli, saintereso reliefebi.qristianuli xasiaTis simboloebs garda, napovni iyojvrisgamosaxulebiani antefiqsi; taZris igive fenasTan dakavSirebuliakramitebi da sxva masalebi. garkveuli drois SemdegZveli taZari dangreuli Cans, xolo iqve aSenebuli axali eklesiaXI-XIV saukuneebiT TariRdeba. gamTxrelebi arc angariSSi 1da arc monografiul gamokvlevaSi 2 arafers sweren adreuli eklesiiskulturuli kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb. aRiniSneba, rom igiafsiliis mTiani regionis qristianizaciis meore etaps ganekuTvneba.es axali etapi, Cveni azriT, swored adgilobriv, magrammxatvrul-stilisturi TvalsazrisiT aralokaluri kulturisgamovlenebis safexurs warmoadgens. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rommrambas eklesia erTi im mravalTagania, romlebzec xazgasmiT miuTiTebdnend. baqraZe da p. uvarova TavianT naSromebsa da angariSebSi.gasuli saukunis 20-ian wlebSi maTze miuTiTebda v.straJevic. marTalia, igi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, eyrdnoboda p. uvarovasmonacemebs, romlis mixedviT am regionSi bevri mniSvnelovanida warwerebis (albaT qarTulis) Semcveli Zeglebis gamovlenaigulisxmeboda. dRes Cven cota ram viciT am, TiTqos aramonumenturi,Zeglebis bedis Sesaxeb, magram SemogvrCa sainteresoinformacia iqve Sua saukuneebis sxva, SesaZloa momdevno xanis,nasaxlarTa naSTebis Sesaxeb. 3webelduri kulturis Zeglebis Seswavlis dros, miuxedavadmniSvnelovani gaTxrebisa da ganmazogadebeli naSromebisa,Riad rCeba kulturis zeda qronologiuri zRvaris gansazRvris1 Ю. Н. Воронов, О. Х. Бгажба. Исследования средневековых памятников в Цебельде.– Археологические открытия 1981-1982 гг. в Абхазии, Тб., 1985, gv. 33-34.2 Ю. Н. Воронов. Древняя Апсилия, gv. 302-303.3 В. И. Стражев. Руиная Абхазия, gv. 161.659

sakiTxi; radgan am kulturis ganmsazRvreli elementebi dResmTlianad samarxeuli kompleqsebis monacemebs daukavSirda, bunebrivia,qronologiuri CarCoebis garkvevis sakiTxi, aseve damokidebuliaRmoCnda samarovnebis monacemebze. es ukanasknelni, amregionSi dakrZalvis wesis mniSvnelovani konservatizmis viTarebaSi,ax.w. VII saukuneSi wyveten arsebobas. magram, Cvens mierzemoT ganxiluli qristianuli taZrebi, iseve rogorc cixesimagreebzedadasturebuli kulturuli fenebi da jer kidev gasulisaukunis 20-iani wlebis zedapiruli moxilvis monacemebic,am regionSi xangrZlivi cxovrebis kvalze da ZiriTadad misuwyvetobaze miuTiTeben; arqeologiuri monacemebi ar iZleva sa-Sualebas gansaxilveli regionis samosaxloebze raime katastrofa,an sxva mizeziT, mosaxleobis mkveTri cvla vivaraudoT.amrigad, mTiani afxazeTis materialuri Zeglebis raobiskvleva kodoris xeobis yvela epoqis naSTebis kompleqsur Seswavlasda mis Sedegad saTanado daskvnebis gakeTebas saWiroebs.Cven ukve gvqonda, adre, SesaZlebloba gamogvexata damokidebulebawebeldis kulturis Seswavlis sakiTxebisadmi. 1 axali masalebiaxal midgomebs da axlebur safuZvlian interpretaciassaWiroebs, rac momavlis saqmea.1 v. jafariZe. webelduri kulturis istoriis zogierTi sakiTxisaTvis._ saqarTvelos arqeologiis sakiTxebi, II, Tb., 1979, gv. 78-89.660

VAKHTANG JAPARIDZEON THE PROBLEM OF EXPLORATION OF THEMOUNTAINOUS ABKHAZIA’SARCHAEOLOGICAL MONUMENTSTHE MIDDLE REACHES OF THE KODORI RIVERIn exploring the monuments of the material culture of Abkhazia worthyof special attention are the monuments of the middle reaches of theKodori River and the adjoining regions of the Early Byzantine period. Thefirst researcher who visited the monuments discovered accidentally andwho made excavations of some of them was a Georgian historian and archaeologistDimitri Bakradze. He made the first scientific report on this discoveryin the Archaeological Committee in Moscow. These monumentscan be divided into two chronological groups: the Early Byzantine, datedback to AD 6-7th centuries and the monuments and materials dated AD11-14th centuries. It is of interest that these monuments (churches) andChristian metal objects, icons, etc. contain inscriptions made in Georgiancapital letters and connected with religious rites. Especially noteworthy arethe pillar slabs of the Tsebelda church incorporating religious themes anddated back to 6-9th centuries. Since the 1960’s the archaeological explorationsof Tsebelda region have grown considerably and at the command ofthe scientists today there are numerous accounts and monographs of theauthors of these excavations (G. Trapsh, Z. Shamba, I. Voronov, O.Bgazshba, L. Khrushkova, etc.). Parallel to the political and cultural impactsof the Byzantine world at the second stage of the Early Byzantineperiod – since AD 6-7th centuries there were traced cultural impacts of theChristian East (including Iran) on the Abkhazian monuments. Both, fromthe point of view of architecture (three – church basilicas) and the artistic –stylistic details, these monuments find immediate analogies with the EasternGeorgian monuments. One of the instances is Tsebelda’s pillar mentionedabove. Tsebelda’s region awaits further methodological and multilateralexplorations.661

662soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008manana kupravadasavleT TurqeTis antikuri da bizantiurixanis qalaqebiasosi da hierapolisidasavleTi TurqeTi gansakuTrebiT mdidaria antikuri xanisqalaqebiT. winamdebare statiaSi arqeologiuri monacemebis safuZvelzemokledaa warmodgenili ori qalaqis _ asosisa da hierapolisis_ antikuri da nawilobriv bizantiuri xanis kulturada arqeologiuri Zeglebi. aRniSnuli Zeglebis Sesaxebucxour samecniero literaturaSi mravali saintereso gamokvlevaTu zogadi xasiaTis naSromi arsebobs, Tumca qarTul enazeam qalaqebis Sesaxeb specialuri gamokvlevebi dRemde ar moipovebada CvenTan maT SedarebiT naklebad icnoben.troadis samxreTiT, berZnuli kunZulis lesbosis mopirdapiremxares mdebareobs antikuri xanis qalaqi asosi. 1 rogorcCans, qalaqi asosi Zv.w. VIs. uwinares unda iyos daarsebuli. Zv.w. VI saukuneSi is lidielebis batonobis qveS imyofeboda, mogvianebiTki sparselebma Caigdes xelSi. Zv.w. 365 wlidan asoseliwarCinebuli evbolosi, xolo Semdeg misi Svili hermiasi,damoukideblad marTavdnen am qalaqs. sxvaTa Soris, hermiasiplatonis moswavle da aristoteles megobari iyo. hermiasismowveviT aristotele wlebis ganmavlobaSi asosSi filosofiasaswavlida. Zv.w. 334w. aleqsandre didma, mas Semdeg, rac anatoliismiwaze fexi dadga, pirveli gaakeTa is, rom asosi da misiSemogareni daipyro. lisimaqem, makedoniis mefem, ki qalaqi asosiganavrco da kidev ufro mSvenieri gaxada. Semdeg ki asosipergamonis samefos gavlenis qveS moeqca, xolo Zv.w. 133w. asosi1 Ursula Finster-Hotz. Der Bauschmuck des Athenatempels von Assos. – Studien zurIkonographie. Rom 1984; Reinhold Merkelbach. Die Inschriften von Assos. – Inschriftengriechischer Städte aus Kleinasien. 4. Bonn 1976; Ümit Serdaroğlu, ReinhardStupperich (Hrsg.). Ausgrabungen in Assos. – Asia-Minor-Studien. 4 Bände: 2; 5; 10;21. Bonn, 1990–1996; Ümit Serdaroğlu. Assos (Behramkale). Istanbul, 1995; GürolUluaslan. Assos (Behramkale). Istanbul, o. J.; Federico Util. Die archaische Nekropolevon Assos. – Asia-Minor-Studien. 31. Bonn 1999.

omaelebma daipyres. arqeologiuri gaTxrebi dasavleT Turqe-Tis mravali sxva antikuri xanis qalaqSi met-naklebad msgavsistorias adasturebs.asosSi kargadaa warmodgenili bizantiuri xanis kulturac.osmanuri kulturis xanaSi ki Zv. w. 14 saukuneSi aq aSendameCeTi da mis gverdiT ki _ cixesimagre. antikuri xanis asosisakropolisis pirdapir SemorCenilia qalaqis TavdacviTi kedlebisada maTSi CaSenebuli koSkebis naSTebi. es nangrevebi elinisturixanis TavdacviTi nagebobebis erT-erTi brwyinvale magali-Tia dasavleT TurqeTis sanapiroze. mogvianebiT es kedlebi jerbizantielebma, Semdeg ki Turqebma kvlav aRadgines, ra Tqma unda,gansxvavebuli mSeneblobis teqnikiTa da arqiteqturiT. kargadaaSemorCenili qalaqis dasavleT nawilSi mdebare WiSkari.asosi antikuri samyaros erT-erTi gamorCeuli qalaqia, sadacgansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia akropolisis sidiade da mniSvneloba.asosis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nagebobaa antikuri xanisTeatri, 1 romelic sadReisod arqeologiurad naklebadaa Seswavlili.terasisebur adgilze „Camokidebuli~ da bunebriv akustikazegaTvlili Teatri, romelic zRvisken iyo miqceuli, mayureblebzewaruSlel STabeWdilebas tovebda. Zv. w. 530 welsakropolisis yvelaze maRal adgilas (simaRle 238 m) doriulistilis aTenas taZari aaSenes. 2 aTenas taZars 30,31X14,03 mfarTobi ekava. misi saxuravi megaronis tipis nagebobebis saxuravebsgvagonebs. antikuri qalaqis arqiteqturuli nagebobebiZiriTadad nangrevebis saxiTaa SemorCenili. gviandeli periodis,kerZod, bizantiuri da osmanuri xanis nagebobebis naSTebic kargadaaSesamCnevi. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia aq me-14 saukuneSiaSenebuli meCeTi. 3hierapolisi 4 anu „wminda qalaqi~ mdebareobs qalaq denizlidan18 kilometris daSorebiT. es qalaqi daaxloebiT Zv.w.200 wels auSenebia pergamonis mefes evmenes II-s. misi saxeli1 Gürol Uluaslan. Assos (Behramkale), gv. 5.2 Gürol Uluaslan. Assos (Behramkale), gv. 6.3 Gürol Uluaslan. Assos (Behramkale), gv. 5.4 Francesco D'Andria. Hierapolis in Phrygien (Pamukkale). Ein archäologischer Führer.Istanbul, 2003; Fede Berti. Arslantepe, Hierapolis, Iasos, Kyme. Scavi archeologiciitaliani in Turchia. Venezia, Marsilio,1993; Hierapolis di Frigia: 1957 – 1987. Milano,1987; Tullia Ritti. Hierapolis. Roma 1985; Carl Humann. Altertümer von Hierapolis.Berlin, 1898.663

momdinareobs pergamonis damaarseblis, legendaruli mefis telefosismeuRlis hieras saxelidan. imperator tiberiusis dros,kerZod, ax.w. Is. me-17 wels, aq moxda Zlieri miwisZvra, romelmacqalaqi mTlianad daangria. qalaqi kvlav aRadgines, Tumcaax.w. 60w. is miwisZvram isev daangria. II da III saukuneebSi Catarebulisarekonstruqcio samuSaobis Sedegad qalaqma dakargaelinisturi xanis ieri da is tipiur romaul qalaqad iqca.bizantiur xanaSic hierapolisi kvlav iTvleboda am mxarismTavar centrad. IV saukuneSi hierapolisSi mosaxleobis masobrivigaqristianeba moxda. es adgili TandaTan qristianuli samyaroserT-erT mniSvnelovan centrad iqca da mas rogorc metropolissmoixseniebdnen. Ucnobilia, rom aq ax.w. 80w. warmarTebmaqristianuli sarwmunoebis qadagebis gamo mokles qristes erTerTimociquli, wm. filipe. mociqul filipes sapativcemlod IVsaukuneSi hierapolisSi rvawaxnagovani eklesia aSenda, romelsacmartiriumi uwodes. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCeniliiqna oTxkuTxa da mravalkuTxovani formis Senobebi, maT Soris kimoTavsebulia rvakuTxa samlocvelo. Senobas, romelsac 20X20 m.farTobi ukavia, aqvs kvadratuli safuZveli rvawaxnaga formiT.SenobaSi asvla SigniT mdebare kibis saSualebiT SeiZleboda. ase-Ti ganlageba ormagi jvris formas mogvagonebs. nagebobis saxuravixisagan iyo nakeTebi.XII saukuneSi qalaqi osmalebma daipyres. marTalia, is bizantielebmakvlav daibrunes, magram XIIIs. Semdeg hierapolisisSesaxeb istoriul wyaroebSi cnobebi ar gvxvdeba da aq ar SegviZliaSevafasoT, Tu rogor ganviTarda am istoriul qalaqSimovlenebi.hierapolisSi antikuri xanis mravali nagebobis naSTia SemorCenili.yuradRebas iqcevs qalaqis mTavari quCa, romlissigrZec erT kilometrs aRwevs da qalaqs or nawilad yofs.swored am quCis gayolebiT, romelic CrdiloeTidan samxreTiskenmiemarTeboda, umniSvnelovanesi sazogadoebrivi nagebobebiiyo ganlagebuli. quCis Tavsa da boloSi TiTo-TiTo monumenturiWiSkari iyo aRmarTuli, romlebsac gverdebze koSkebi hqondaTmiSenebuli. V saukuneSi quCis samxreT nawilSi aages bizantiuriWiSkari. quCis meore boloSi, kerZod, CrdiloeT mxareski samTaRiani WiSkari mdebareobda, romelsac gverdebze mrgvaliformis koSkebi ertymoda. es SesaniSnavi nageboba ax.w. 82-83664

wlebSi imperator domicianes pativsacemad iqna aSenebuli. kedlebzelaTinur da berZnul enebze Sesrulebuli warwerebiswored imperators eZRvneba 1 . 396w. qalaq hierapoliss samxreT,Crdilo da aRmosavleT nawilSi Semoavles sasimagro kedlebi.am kedlebSi 24 TavdacviTi koSki iyo CaSenebuli. qalaqSi Sesasvleladagebuli iyo ori monumenturi da ori patara WiSkari.hierapolisis erT-erTi mniSvenelovani nageboba iyo apolonistaZari. apolonis taZris daarsebis zusti TariRi ucnobia.varaudoben, rom is ax.w. III saukunemdea agebuli. taZris ZiriTadifarTobi daaxloebiT 300 kvadratuli metri unda yofiliyo.mis SesasvlelTan aRmoCenilia mravalsafexuriani kibis naSTebi.SedarebiT kargadaa Semonaxuli hierapolisis Teatri. esaris tipiuri berZnuli nageboba, romelic eyrdnoba borcvis kides,aqvs 300 safexuri, romlis simaRlec 91 metrs aRwevs.ax.w. 60w. momxdari Zlieri miwisZvris Semdeg daiwyo TeatrisaRdgena, Tumca misi dasruleba adrianes mmarTvelobis drosacki (ax.w. 117-138 wlebSi) ar iyo dasrulebuli, rac moxerxdamxolod 260w. mayureblisaTvis gankuTvnili iyo 50 rigi, romelic7 seqtorad iyo dayofili. calke iyo gamoyofili saimperatoroloJa, romelic miwis zedapiridan 3,66 metr simaRlezemdebareobda. Teatris centrSi mowyobili iyo scena musikosebisaTvis.scenis fasadis perimetrze ganlagebuli iyo 5 kari, 6niSa da 10 svetebiani kolona. kolonebs Soris sivrce Sevsebuliiyo statuebiT. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros swored aqaRmoaCines iqna mravali bareliefi da skulptura.bareliefebi Sesrulebulia sxvadasxva epoqis xelosnebismier, amitomac maTi stili gansxvavebulia. bareliefebze asaxuliamiTologiuri scenebi, movlenebi da sportuli Sejibrebebi,romlebic tardeboda qalaq hierapolisis pativsacemad. didSTabeWdilebas tovebs skulpturuli namuSevrebic, romlebicaseve ZiriTadad asaxavs miTologiur scenebs, adamianebs sxvadasxvapozaSi da, rac mTavaria, moZraobaSi. hierapolisis sasmeliwyliT mosamarageblad gamoiyeneboda ori didi wyalsadeni. qalaqswyali mTis mwvervalebidan miewodeboda da or wyalsacavSigrovdeboda. erTi wyalsadeni qalaqis CrdiloeT nawilSimdebareobda, xolo meore _ mis aRmosavleTSi. es sadenebi er-1 Francesco D'Andria. Hierapolis in Phrygien (Pamukkale); Denizli. Pmukkale. Istanbulo. J., gv. 20.665

TmaneTs qalaqis amaRlebul adgilas, mis aRmosavleT nawilSiuerTdeboda, sadac ganTavsebuli iyo rezervuari wylis gawmendisaTvis.aqedan ki farTo milebiT wyali qalaqis quCebsa dapatara saxlebs miewodeboda. wylis milebi gamomwvari Tixisganiyo damzadebuli. hierapolisi saerTod mdidari iyo sxvadasxvawyaroebiT, amitomac aq agebuli iyo mravali auzi.ax.w. III saukuneSi aSenebuli iqna meore romauli abano,romelsac TaRisebri formis zeda nawili hqonda, xolo kedlebiki marmariloTi iyo mopirkeTebuli. V saukuneSi es nagebobabazilikad, xolo VI saukuneSi eklesiad gadaakeTes. amas garda,qalaqis centrSi ganlagebulia ori eklesia, romlebic VIs.ganekuTvneba. qalaq hierapolisis farglebs gareT mdebareobsnekropoli, sadac samarxebi erTmaneTTan Zalze mWidrodaa ganlagebuli.samarxebis gasamarTavad kirqva da marmarilo gamoiyeneboda.nekropolis CrdiloeTi nawili ganekuTvneba gviani elinizmisada adreuli qristianobis xanas. am drois samarxebiZiriTadad sami tipisaa: sarkofagebi, Tumulusebi (gorasamarxebi)da saxlis tipis samarxebi.didi abanos kompleqsi sakmaod kargadaa Semonaxuli. dRemdeSemorCa masiuri kedlebi da zogierTi TaRovani nageboba. abanosSesasvlelis win mdebareobda ezo, romlis orive mxaresoTkuTxa formis salonebi iyo ganTavsebuli. salonebs ebmodaauzebi, romlebic kompleqsis mTavar nawilad iTvleboda. auzianoTaxebs didi fanjrebi hqonda Catanebuli. CrdiloeT da samxreTnawilebSi mdebareobda ori didi oTaxi, romelTagan erTiimperatorisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili, xolo meore _ sxvadasxvaceremoniisaTvis, ZiriTadad aTleturi varjisebisaTvis. abanoSicalke mdebareobda ganyofilebebi, sadac cxeli, Tbili da civiwyali modioda. SemorCenili kompleqsis narCenebi ax.w. II saukunesganekuTvneba.metad mravalferovania hierapolisis arqeologiuri monapovrebi.gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavia samarxebi da skulpturuligamosaxulebebi. samarxebi da stelebi upiratesad sxvadasxva tipisbareliefebiTaa Semkuli. maTze dionises, panisa da sxva mi-Tologiuri personaJebis skulpturuli gamosaxulebebi gvxvdeba.sarkofagis tipis samarxebis udidesi nawili Semkulia warwerebiT.adreuli arqeologiuri monapovrebi Zv.w. IV saukuniTaadaTariRebuli. mravalferovania keramikuli nawarmi, beWdebi, sa-666

yureebi, samajurebi da sxva arqeologiuri masalac. gansakuTrebuliadgili ukavia oqros, vercxlisa da brinjaos monetebs. aqaRmoCenilia sxvadasxva epoqebis fuladi erTeulebi. kerZod, mopovebuliaelinisturi, romauli, bizantiuri, seljukuri daosmanuri xanis monetebi.rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, TeatrSi sxvadasxva miTologiuriscenebis gamosaxulebiani mravali bareliefia aRmoCenili.aq mxolod oriode maTgans davaxasiaTebT. rogorc cnobilia, apolonida artemide zevsisa da letos Svilebi iyvnen. am RmerTebisTayvaniscemis adgilad iTvleboda anatolia, radganac maTifesvebi swored aqedan momdinareobs. amis gamo troas omis drosapoloni da artemida troelebis anu anatolielebis mxares iyvnen.miTologiiuri gadmocemis Tanaxmad, letom romelic zevsisaganfexmZimed iyo, apoloni kunZul delosze dabada, raTa maszevsis meuRle herasTan ar mosvloda konfliqti; artemide kiman klarosSi (izmiris maxloblad) dabada. erT-erT bareliefzeswored apolonis dabadebis scenaa gamosaxuli. sainteresoa bareliefi,romelic heraklesa da anTeosis brZolas asaxavs. rogorccnobilia, anTeosi miwis qalRmerTis geasa da poseidonis Sviliiyo. radganac anTeosi miwis qalRmerTis Svili iyo, mas brZolisdros miwaze yoveli dacemis dros Zala emateboda, amitomac heraklemanTeosi sxva qveyanaSi waiyvana da iq mokla.antikuri da nawilobriv bizantiuri xanis qalaqebis asosisada hierapolisis istoriisa da arqeologiuri Zeglebis mokleganxilvac ki cxadad gviCvenebs, rom saqme gvaqvs antikuri samyarosada adreqristianuli xanis brwyinvale qalaqebTan, romelTasrulfasovani istoriis aRdgena istoriul wyaroebsa da ZiriTadadki arqeologiur monacemebze dayrdnobiTaa SesaZlebeli. momavalikvleva-Zieba kidev araerT saintereso furcels gadaSlisZveli samyaros am ori umniSvnelovanesi qalaqis istoriidan.667

MANANA KUPRAVAANTIQUE AND BYZANTINE CITIES IN WESTERN TURKEY(ASSOS AND HIERAPOLIS)Western Turkey is eminently rich in antique cities. In this articletwo of them - Assos and Hierapolis - will be presented based on archaeologicalfacts. This should be the more interresting because until todayno special research results about those important towns of the ancientworld have been yet published in Georgian scientific papers. In Assosthe antique culture is good provable. The city should not been foundedbefore the 6th millenium B.C. Acropolis, Athena-Temple, remains ofthe town wall and the theater (Odeion) are impressing sights. From herewe also have a lot of archaeological finds. Furthermore the remainsfrom the byzantinic epoche of Assos and from a medieval mosque fromthe 14th century are cultural heritage sites of high value. In Hierapolismany remains from the antique and byzantine times are preserved aswell. Besides of other important buildings the 1 kilometer long mainstreet,the gateways of the town, the city wall with her fortification towers,the Apollon-Temple, the theater, the Roman Baths, the aquaeductswith special bassins, the canals and especially for the storage ofspring water constructed reservoirs et.al. will be presented in this paper.Also in Hierapolis there are numerous archaeological finds, particularypottery, statues and other objects. From byzantinic times first of all twochristian churches from the 6th century are notable. Hierapolis was animportant center of the early Christianity where the Holy Philippus, andisiple of Jesus, has preached.668

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008revaz xvistanimd. kodoris zemo welis (dalis xeoba)saZiebo-arqeologiuri eqspediciis2007-2008 wlebis muSaobisSedegebisaqarTvelos kulturis, ZeglTa dacvisa da sportis saministrosmier gacemuli arqeologiuri samuSaoebis sanebarTvomowmobiT 2007-2008 wlebSi soxumis universitetis arqeologiurmaeqspediciam (xelm. _ r. xvistani) saZiebo samuSaoebi awarmoamd. kodoris zemo welze, istoriul dalSi. 2007w. ivnisSieqspediciam regionSi 12 dRe, xolo 2008w. agvistoSi erTi Tvisnacvlad mxolod 9 dRe imuSava, radgan saomari moqmedebebisgamo iZulebuli gaxda, adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan erTad, saswrafodgascloda iqaurobas.aRniSnuli regioni, romlis dasaxlebuli punqtebi da cixesimagreebiantikuri da Suasaukuneebis mraval ucxour da qar-Tul wyaroSia moxseniebuli (anastasi apokriasisi, agaTia sqolastikosi,menandre protiqtori, svinaqsari giorgi mTawmindelisada sxv.), gajerebulia sxvadasxva epoqis arqeologiuri ZeglebiT,romelTa kvleva dRemde mcire dazverviT samuSaoebs (i.voronovi, S. CarTolani da sxv.) ar gascilebia. mxolod mciredazverviTi samuSaoebis warmoebis saSualebas (arqeologiuri Zeglebisgamovlena, mosaxleobaSi gabneul, miwis samuSaoebisassxvadasxva dros SemTxveviT aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masalisaRricxva-fiqsacia da sxv.) iZleoda soxumis universitetis arqeologiurieqspediciis mwiri biujetic.sofel omariSaraSi, mTa Siyeris ZirSi, md. gvandris marcxenamxareze, hamlet qoCqianis ezoSi, eqspediciam gamoavlinamecnierTaTvis manamde ucnobi ciklopuri (megaliTuri) nagebobisnaSTi (31X11m.), romlis kedlebi mSralad, uduRabodaa nagebiuxeSad damuSavebuli lodebiT. samwuxarod, eqspediciam ver moaswromd. gvandris saTaveebis Semowmeba, sadac, adgilobrivebisgadmocemiT, analogiuri nagebobebis naSTebia SemorCenili. aRsa-669

niSnavia, rom amave regionSi, kerZod, sofel sakenSi, grandiozuliciklopuri nagebobis naSTebia SemorCenili, romelsac qvemoTganvixilavT. ciklopuri simagreebi da namosaxlarebi, rogorccnobilia, gavrcelebuli iyo xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi, CrdilokavkasiaSi da sxvagan. ciklopuri mSenebloba arc saqarTvelosTvisiyo ucxo. am tipis nagebobebiT gansakuTrebiT TrialeTiamdidari, sadac amgvari simagreebisa da sacxovrebeli kompleqsebisnaSTebia SemorCenili. msgavsi ciklopuri nagebobebi,zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, Zv.w. III aTaswleulidan Zv.w. IaTaswleulis pirveli naxevris CaTvliT igeboda.omariSaris ciklopuri nagebobis naSTi mniSvnelovani arqeologiuriZeglia, romelic momavali kvlevis sagania. amjerad yuradRebagvinda gavamaxviloT am Zeglis teritoriaze miwis samu-Saoebisas SemTxveviT aRmoCenil arqeologiur masalaze. aRniSnul,mniSvnelovani informaciis mqone nivTieri masalidan gansakuTrebiTaRsaniSnavia yuaxvreliani qvis sabrZolo culi, romelsacfarTod momrgvalebuli yua da tanis zeda nawilSi datanilimrgvali satare xvreli aqvs. swori tani pirisken TandaTan far-Tovdeba da samkuTxa formas iZens (sigrZe _ 9 sm., sifarTe yuismxareze _ 3,5 sm., sifarTe piris mxareze _ 5 sm., satare naxvretisdiametri _ 2X2 sm, manZili satare naxvretis kididan gverdamde_ 1 sm.). teqnologiurad rogorc calmxrivi, ise ormxrivixexviT Zalian maRal doneze Sesrulebul, xis saxeluris xangrZlividagebis Sedegad gaprialebul, mrgval satare xvrelSi xraxniseburinawiburebi SeiniSneba. zedapirnaprialebi culi mkvriviqanis qvisaganaa damzadebuli. culis yua, piri da satare xvrelisukana mxaris garepiri dazianebulia (tab. I, 1,).afxazeTis teritoriaze yuaxvreliani qvis sabrZolo culebiaRmoCenilia gumisTis namosaxlarze, l. soloviovis miergaTxril #4 yorRanSi, 1 fsouSi, axal aTonSi, 2 fiCoris centra-1 В. Бжания. Рузультаты Гумистинского поселения в 1964 г. – Краткие сообщенияИнститута Археологии (Semdgom _ КСИА), №116, М., 1969, gv. 58; Ю. В.Воронов. В мире архитектурных памятников Абхазии, М. 1978, gv. 30, tab. Х; Л.Соловьев. Новый памятник Воронцовской пещеры. – Труды абхазского институтаязыка, литературы и истории (Semdgom – ТАИЯЛИ), т. ХХlХ, Сухуми,1959, gv. 53.2 Ю. В. Воронов. Древности Сочи и его окрестностей. Краснодар, 1979, gv. 10,sur. 17.670

lur borcvze da fiCoris #6 guZubaze. 1 yuaxvreliani qvis sabrZoloculebi gvxvdeba dasavleT saqarTvelos Zv. w. III-II aTaswleulebisnamosaxlarebze (ergeta, anaklia I, ganmuxuri), 2 ispanSi,saeliaos kurzias adrebrinjaos xanis fenebSi, sakire goraze,WolipaSi, 3 nosiris namosaxlaris pirvel kulturul fenaSi4 da odiSis neoliTur sadgomze. 5yuaxvreliani qvis sabrZolo culebi gamovlenilia saCxere-Si (sof. qoreTi, karaxtinis mindori, carcis gora), Sida qar-TlSi (sof. Teregvani, oJora), sofel rusTavSi, borjomis raionSi6 da mtkvar-araqsis kulturis wreSi Semaval Zeglebze. 7 yuaxvrelianiqvis sabrZolo culebi gavrcelebuli iyo aRmosavleT1 l. jiblaZe. kolxeTis dablobis namosaxlarTa stratigrafia, qronologiada periodizacia. sakandidato disertacia. Tb., 1990, gv.39, tab. CXVI.2 Б. Куфтин. Материалы археологии Колхиды, т. II. Тб., 1950, tab. 64; r. papuaSvili,n. papuaSvili. kolxeTis Zveli namosaxlarebi, ergeta,Tb., 2005. tab. XXIX; e. gogaZe. kolxeTis brinjaosa da adreulirkinis xanis namosaxlarTa kultura, Tb., 1982. gv. 39-40.3 фa. kaxiZe. aWaris neoliT-brinjaos xanis masalebi. _ gaz.: àWara~,21.V.1992; g. grigolia, g. fxakaZe, m. baramiZe, g. lorTqifaniZe.dasavleT saqarTvelos saZiebo-arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1966wlis muSaobis Sedegebi. _ masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiisarqeologiisaTvis (Semdgom _ mska), t, V, Tb., 1973, gv. 21, 92. b. murvaniZe.ramdenime eqsponati lanCxuTis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumidan._ kreb.: guria, III. Tb., 1975, gv. 37.4 e. gogaZe. kolxeTis brinjaosa da adreuli.., gv. 103.5 l. nebieriZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos neoliTi, Tb., 1975, gv. 55,tab. XXXIV.6 i. kikviZe. xizanaanT goras adrebrinjaos xanis namosaxlari, Tb.,1977, gv. 25. a. orjonikiZe. samcxe-javaxeTi adrebrinjaos xanaSi,Tb., 1983, gv. 26, tab. 34. o. jafariZe. qarTveli tomebis istoriisaTvisliTonis warmoebis adreul safexurze. Tb., 1961, gv. 120; o. jafariZe.qarTveli tomebis eTnokulturis istoriisaTvis Zv.w, mesameaTaswleulSi, Tb., 1998. gv. 120; o. jafariZe, g. avaliSvili, a. wereTeli.kaxeTis (martyofis) arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1980-1981wlebis muSaobis angariSi. _ saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumisarqeologiuri eqspediciebi (ssmae) VIII. Tb., 1986, gv. 40, tab. VII; o.jafariZe. liTonis warmoebis adreuli safexurebi saqarTveloSi,Tb., 1955, gv. 119. l. jiblaZe. kolxeTis dablobis yuaxvreliani qvisculebis warmomavlobis sakiTxisaTvis, preprinti. Tb., 1992, gv. 4.7 o. jafariZe, g. avaliSvili, a. wereTeli. kaxeTis.., gv. 75; a. orjonikiZe.mtkvar-araqsis kulturis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi safexurebiaRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. Tb., 2004, gv. 119.671

evropaSi, 1 somxeTSi (keti, aistegene, gniSeka, eCmiaZini, pezmaSeni,gindliJa, SengaviTi), 2 dasavleT evropaSi (fineTi, SvedeTi, dania,germania, Sveicaria, ungreTi, saqso-tiuringia da sxv.), 3Crdilo-dasavleT anatoliaSi (troa II, Termi I, alisari, Tefegavra)4 da Crdilo kavkasiaSi. 5sabrZolo qvis kulturebSi yuaxvreliani qvis culebis damzadebistradicias sxva regionebTan SedarebiT yvelaze adre,Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleulebSi, dasavleT evropaSi eyreba safuZveli.Semdeg igi aq arsebobas ganagrZobs Zv.w. III aTaswleulsa da Zv.w.II aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi. 6 aRmosavleT evropis teritoriazesabrZolo qvis kulturebSi am rigis iaraRebi Zv.w. III-IIaTaswleulebis mijnaze Cndeba. 7 Crdilo-dasavleT anatoliis yuaxvrelianiqvis culebi brinjaos xanis evropuli qvis kulturisxasiaTs atarebs. anatoliaSi am tipis iaraRebis balkaneTidan,kerZod, dunais kulturebidan moxvedra ivaraudeba. 8mkvlevrebi Tvlian, rom dasavleT anatoliis plato evropulda mesopotamiur civilizaciebs Soris erTgvari damakavSirebelixidia, 9 Tumca troa II, Termi I da sxva Zeglebis qvis1 А. Брюсов. Об экспансии культур с боевыми топорами в конце III тысячелетиядо н. э. – Советская археология, №3, М.-Л. 1961, gv. 90; А. Брюсов, М. Зимина.Каменные сверленные боевые топоры на территории СССР. – Свод археологическихисточников. М., 1966, gv. 78; В. Городцов. Кулътуры Бронзовой зпохи всреднеи Росии. Очерки исторического музея За 1914г. М., 1916, gv. 15; M. Gumbultas.Bronze age culture in Central and Eastern Europe. The Hague/London: Mouton.1965, gv. 246.2 Э. Хандзян. Культура Армянского нагорья III тыс. до н.э., Ереван, 1967, gv.106, tab. lХ; Е. Баибуртян. Новые находки каменного века в Армении. – СА, №3,М. 1937, gv. 208, sur. 1; Л. Петросян. Раскопки памятников Кети и Воскосакса(III-I тыч. до н.э.). Ереван, 1986, gv. 120.3 А. Монгаит. Археология западной Европы. Каменный век. М., 1973, gv. 283.4 Г. Чайлд. У истоков Европейской шивилизации. М., 1973, gv. 66.5 Е. Крупнов. Материалы по археологий Северной Осетии докобанского периода.– Материалы и исследования по археологии СССР (Semdgom: МИА), № 23, М.-Л.,1951. gv. 29; Р. Мунчаев. Древнейшая кулътура Северо-Восточного Кавказа. –МИА, № 100. М., 1961, gv. 56; В. Марковин. Культуры племен Северного Казказав эпоху вронзы (II тыс. до н.э.). – МИА, №93, М., 1960, sur. 7.6 r. xvistani. brinjaos xanis uaxlesi aRmoCena kodoris xeobis zemowelze. _ Jurn.: `kulturaTaSorisi komunikaciebi~, #4, 2008, gv. 169.7 Г. Чайлд. У истоков Европейской шивилизации, gv. 72.8 А. Монгаит. Археология западной Европы. Каменный век, gv. 291.9 Г. Чайлд. У истоков Европейской шивилизации, gv. 85.672

yuaxvreliani culebis formebi maT adgilobriv warmomavlobazemiuTiTebs. 1 CrdiloeT kavkasiis regionSi qvis yuaxvreliani culebiZv.w. III aTaswleulis dasasruls Cndeba da Zv.w. II aTaswleulismeore naxevarSi vrceldeba, Tumca maTi zogierTi saxeobaTavs gvianbrinjaos xanaSic (Zv.w. XV-XIIss.) iCens. 2 dasavleTsaqarTvelos teritoriaze yuaxvreliani qvis culebi fiCoriscentraluri borcvidan (V fena) momdinare absoluturiTariRebiTa da qvis yuaxvreliani culebis Tanmxlebi protokolxurimasalebiT (Zirze WilofisanabeWdiani keramika, horizontalurida wyviladyuriani qoTnebi, WurWlis sartyelze na-TiTurfosoebiT gamoyvanili reliefi, Txelkeciani Savprialakeramika da sxv.) adre da Suabrinjaos xanaSi, Zv.w. III aTaswleulisdasasrulsa da Zv.w. II aTaswleulis pirvel meoTxedSi(daaxloebiT Zv.w. XXI-XVIIss.) Cndeba. 3aRmosavleT evropis teritoriaze adre da Suabrinjaos xanaSigavrcelebul cilindrulnaxvretian qvis culebSi cxratipia gamoyofili: samkuTxa, soliseburi, bariseburi, CaquCiseburi,kverTxiseburi, yuiani, jvriseburi, filaqvismagvari darombiseburi. 4 saqarTvelos teritoriaze adre da SuabrinjaosxanaSi oTxi tipis yuaxvreliani qvis (cilindrulnaxvretiani)culia gavrcelebuli: viwroyuiani da soliseburtaniani, tanisagangamoyofili yuiT, farTodmomrgvalebulyuiani da rombuli. 5qvis culebis kulturebSi dasavleT saqarTvelosaTvis damaxasiaTebelisoliseburi da samkuTxataniani yuaxvreliani qvisculebi erT-erT yvelaze adreul da gavrcelebul formadaamiCneuli. 6 soliseburi da samkuTxa formis yuaxvreliani qvisculebi saqarTvelosa da Crdilo kavkasiaSi TiTqmis sinqronulperiodSi, Zv.w. III aTaswleulis dasasrulsa da Zv.w. II aTaswleulispirvel naxevarSi vrceldeba. 7 dasavleT saqarTvelo-1 Г. Чайлд. У истоков Европейской шивилизации, gv. 66.2 Е. Крупнов. Материалы по археологий Северной Осетии докобанского периода,gv. 28; Р. Мунчаев. Древнейшая кулътура Северо-Восточного Кавказа, gv. 56.3 l. jiblaZe. kolxeTis dablobis Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis namosaxlarebi.Tb., 2007, gv. 43.4 А. Брюсов, М. Зимина. Каменные сверлённые Боевые топоры.., gv. 26.5 l. jiblaZe. kolxeTis dablobis.., gv. 43.6 А. Брюсов, М. Зимина. Каменные сверлённые Боевые топоры.., gv. 18.7 Е. Крупнов. Материалы по археологий Северной Осетии докобанского периода,gv. 27; Р. Мунчаев. Древнейшая кулътура Северо-Восточного Кавказа, gv. 56.43. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi673

saTvis damaxasiaTebeli yuaxvreliani qvis culebi v. markovinsCrdilo kavkasiis brinjaos xanis kulturis ganviTarebis qronologiuricxrilis pirvel etapze (Zv.w. 2000-1700 wlebi) aqvsmoTavsebuli. 1 mtkvar-araqsis (aRmosavleT saqarTvelosa da somxeTis)adreuli yorRanebis kulturebSi yuaxvrelianma qvis culebma,arsebuli mosazrebiT, CrdiloeT kavkasiidan da samxreTruseTis stepebidan SemoaRwia. 2 regionaluri siaxlovis, qvisculebis formaTa identurobis, zedapirnaprialobis, masalis,qronologiuri da sxva faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT kolxeTisdablobSi magari jiSis qvisagan damzadebul am tipis iaraRebisCrdiloeT kavkasiidan SesaZlo importireba, xolo SedarebiTrbili jiSis qvisagan damzadebuli nimuSebis adgilzeve mibaZviTdamzadeba ivaraudeba. 3omariSaris yuaxvreliani qvis sabrZolo culi formis mixedviT(farTodmomrgvalebuli yua, soliseburi samkuTxa forma,mrgvali satare xvreli) Zalian uaxlovdeba dasavleT saqar-Tvelos dablobisa da mTiswina namosaxlarebze (ispani, sakiregora, gumisTa, Wolipa, anaklia II) gamovlenil yuaxvrelian qvissabrZolo culebs, romlebic Zv. w. III aTaswleulis dasasruli-Ta da Zv. w. II aTaswleulis pirveli meoTxediT (daaxloebiT Zv.w. XIX_XVII saukuneebi) TariRdebian. 4 aRniSnuli analogiebismixedviT omariSaris qvis yuaxvreliani sabrZolo culi Zv. w. IIIaTaswleulis dasasruliTa da Zv. w. II aTaswleulis pirveli meoTxediTSeiZleba ganisazRvros. 5 miuxedavad imisa, rom omariSarisyuaxvreliani qvis sabrZolo culi SemTxveviTaa aRmoCenilida uSualod arqeologiuri gaTxrebis procesSi araa gamovlenili,Cveni azriT, is ar unda movwyvitoT mocemul garemos, radganigi konkretuli kulturuli punqtis garkveuli drois qvisindustriis (sabrZolo kulturis) mkafiod metyveli artefaqtia.omariSaris ciklopuri nagebobis teritoriaze miwis samu-Saoebisas SemTxveviT aRmoCenil keramikuli nawarmidan (adreantikurikolxuri keramikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli TavTaviseburida talRiseburi ornamentebiani WurWlis fragmentebi). yuradRe-1 В. Марковин. Культуры племён Северного Казказа в эпоху бронзы.., gv. 45.2 o. jafariZe, g. avaliSvili, a. wereTeli. kaxeTis.., gv. 40.3 l. jiblaZe. kolxeTis dablobis.., gv. 42.4 b. murvaniZe. ramdenime eqsponati lanCxuTis.., gv. 37.5 r. xvistani. brinjaos xanis uaxlesi aRmoCena.., gv. 170.674

as ipyrobs dergis Tu qoTnis gverdebis fragmentebi, romlebice.w. `piramidisebur’’ ornamentiT arian Semkuli. WurWlis qarsnarev,agurisferkecian fragmentebze vertikalur da horizontalurRarebiT Seqmnil samkuTxedSi paralelurad ganlagebulifosoebia datanili, xolo samkuTxedis wverze ki mozrdilifosoiani kopia daZerwili (tab. I, 2). msgavsi ornameti damaxasiaTebeliaSuabrinjaos miwurulisa da adrebrinjaos sawyisi periodiskolxuri keramikisaTvis. igi mravladaa dadasturebulinosiris borcvis II fenaSi, guleikarsa da anakliaSi 1 .amave Zeglis teritoriaze SemTxveviTaa aRmoCenili msxvilnadirze sanadiro pirdidi, frTamaRali isrispiri (tab..11, 4)da welSi gamoyvanili, samuSao pirisaken TandaTan gafarTovebuliviwrotaniani rkinis Toxi, romlis viwro samuSao pirimoxerxebulia beltebis dasamtvrevad da fesvebis amosaZirkvad(tab. 11, 3). mrgvali satare xvrelis diametri wina mxridanukana nawilisaken odnav daqanebulia, ise, rom xis tari satarexvrelSi mWidrod Camjdariyo da ar amovardniliyo. ToxismTliani sigrZea-20sm, tanis sigrZe-13sm, sifarTe pirTan-9sm, sifarTeSua nawilSi-4,5sm, sifarTe zeda nawilSi-4sm. Toxis piriSida mxrisaken daferdebulia, raTa ufro moxerxebuli yofiliyomiwis samuSaoebis warmoebisas. msgavsi rkinis ToxebiaRmoCenilia IV-VII saukuneebis samarovnebze (laris samarovnis#5 da #3 samarxebSi, apuSTas samarovnis #5 samarxSi) 2 , daaTaris (oCamCiris raioni) samarovnis #1 da #4 samarxebSi 3 .amave Zeglze yuradRebas iqcevs sxvadasxva zomisa da formisgranitis brtyeli qvebi, romlebzec 20-25 sm diametris mqonemrgvali fosoebia xelovnurad amokveTili, romelTa siRrme20-30 santimetria. maT SesaZloa xelsafqvavad (marcvleulis sanayi)an xis boZis sayrden-samagrad iyenebdnen. analogiuri qvebieqspediciam sofel sakenSi, adgil `nalzigvarSic~ daafiqsira.ciklopuri (megaliTuri) nagebobis (simagris) meore naSTimdebareobs sofel sakenis aRmosavleT mxareze, sakenis tbis samxreTiT,mTebis _ RvaRvasa (CrdiloeTi) da darCvs (samxreTi)Soris mdebare qvabulis SemaRlebaze. Zegls unikaluri konstruqciaaqvs: lodebiT mSralad nawyobi, 3-4 m. sifarTis mqone1 e. gogaZe. kolxeTis brinjaosa da adreuli.., tab. 38, 44.2 Ю. Н. Воронов. Древности Азантскои долини, Тб., 1982, gv. 65-66, sur. 23, 24.3 М. М. Гунба. Новые памиатники Цевелдинской културы, ТБ. , 1978 gv. 60.675

kedeli, romlis SemorCenili simaRle zogan 2,5 m-s aRwevs, rkaliviTSemouyveba daaxloebiT oriaTas kvadratul metr teritorias(gansakuTrebiT kargadaa SemorCenili Crdilo mxaris galavani).galavnis SigniT, Zeglis centrSi, SemaRlebaze, mciremoculobis kvadratuli nagebobis naSTia, saidanac TavdaRmarTzesxivebiviT iSleba qvayrilebis (kedlebis?) zolebi.Zegli vizualuradaRwerili aqvs i. voronovs. igi Zegls ciklopur cixedmiiCnevs, mis SuagulSi SemorCenil oTxkuTxa nagebobas ki samsxverplod.aRniSnuli avtoris varaudiT Zegli baridan alpursaZovrebze gadaadgilebisas saqonlis TavSesafradaa SuasaukuneebSiaSenebuli. 1 saqonlis TavSesafarad amxela grandiozuli nagebobisaSeneba, rogorc i. voronovi varaudobs, aradamajerebelia,Tumca Zeglis amgvari daniSnulebiT gamoyeneba, mogvianebiT,misi ZiriTadi daniSnulebis dakargvis Semdgom, SesaZlebelia.rogorc cnobilia, egrisi uZvelesi droidan ukavSirdebodaCrdilo kavkasias samTo gza-gadasasvlelebiT. erTi aseTi gza md.oqumiswyalis saTaveebidanac gadioda. igi miuyveboda bunebrivaddacul wyalgamyof qedebs _ dadalZixs, afSaras da xojals, aqedanmTa darCvisa da Semdeg md. kodoris zemo welis gavliTkluxoris uReltexiliT (karebiT) Crdilo kavkasiaSi gadadioda(ix. situaciuri ruka) oqumiswyalis zemo welze mravladaa SemorCeniliadreuli xanis cixe-simagreebis naSTebi (CxorToli,RumuriSi), romlebic Crdilo kavkasiaSi mimaval gzebs akontrolebdnen.aRsaniSnavia, rom swored am gzebiT gadahyavT dResac saqonelialpur saZovrebze 2 . es gza, Tavis droze, albaT dakavSirebuliiqneboda `darinis gzasTan’”, did savaWro magistralTan,romelic CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis qveynebs akavSirebda 3 .sakenis ciklopuri cixe, romelsac strategiuli mdebareobaukavia, ketavs im qvabuls da erTaderT gzas, romelic egrisisdablobidan fanavis qedis mTa darCvis gadmolaxvis Semdeg CrdilokavkasiaSi gadadis (ix. situaciuri ruka). gamoricxuli araris, rom sakenis ciklopuri cixis saxiT saqme gvqondes hekatemiletelis (Zv. w. Vs.) mier moxseniebul koraqsebis kedelTan1 Ю. Н. Воронов. В мире архитектурных памятников Абхазии. М., 1978, gv. 158.2 r. xvistani. erTi geografiuli saxelwodebis lokalizaciisaTvis._ Jurn.: `Zeglis megobari~, #70, Tb., 1985, gv. 28.3 anastasi apokrisiasi. _ georgika. bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelosSesaxeb, berZnuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamoscada ganmartebebi daurTo s. yauxCiSvilma. t. IV, nakv. II. Tb., 1952, gv. 237.676

Tu cixesTan (aRniSnuli avtoris cnobiT, koraqsebi afxazeTismTianeTSi mosaxleobdnen). aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom koraqsebi d.musxeliSvils kodoris xeobis zemo welze hyavs lokalizebuli. 1es mniSvnelovani arqeologiuri Zegli amJamad soWis aswlovanixeebiTa da ekal-bardebiTaa dafaruli da saTanado gawmendamdemisi sruli aRqma Wirs. eqspedicias ganzraxuli hqonda misi gawmenda,topogadaReba da sadazvervo Txrilebis gavleba, risi sa-Sualebac, zemoT aRniSnuli mizezis gamo, ar mogveca.sof. sakenSi, md. sakenis marjvena mxareze, mTa Siyeris Zir-Si, zaur afrasiZis saxls zemoT Suasaukuneebis naeklesiarze mcirezomis (6X4) darbazuli eklesiaa aSenebuli. aRdgenamde ZegliaRwerili aqvs i. voronovs. 2 sofelSi meore aRdgenili darbazulieklesiacaa, romelic agreTve aRdgenamde aqvs aRwerili i. voronovs,3 igi mdebareobs soflis Crdilo-aRmosavleT napirze,zRvis donidan 1600 metrze. amave sofelSi, adgil `namuryvam~-SiSemorCenilia tyiT dafarul nagebobis nangrevebi. kedlebi qvisaa,kiris duRabze, vizualuri dakvirvebiT cixe-simagris naSTi undaiyos. adgilobrivebis gadmocemiT miwis samuSaoebisas aq xSiradpouloben Tixis WurWlisa da rkinis nivTebis fragmentebs.regionSi ori mniSvnelovani cixe-simagrea, romelTac adreSuasaukuneebidan moyolebuli saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvneloba eni-WebodaT, maTi movaleoba iyo samTo-gadasasvlelebis Caketva-gamagreba.erT-erTi maTgani, bizantiuri wyaroebis _ Caxari, mdebareobssofel CxalTaSi mdinareebis _ CxalTisa da kodoris SesarTavTan,marjvena sanapiroze, gzispiras aRmarTul Tvalwarmtackoncxze, bunebrivad SemaRlebul da xelovnurad Tavmokve-Til kldis Tavze. kldis zeda baqani xramze amozrdil kedlebi-Taa garSemortymuli, romlis SemorCenili simaRle zogan 10metrs aRwevs. moedanze ramdenime nagebobis naSTi Cans; gzispiraCrdilo koSkis adgilze bolo wlebSi patara eklesia auSenebiaT,romelsac samxreTis kedlis gaswvriv ganlagebuli ramdenimenageboba emijneba. mopirdapire mxares Sirimis qviT SemosiloTxkuTxa nagebobis (SesaZloa eklesiis) naSTi Cans. qveda iarusiskedlebiT dasavleTisa da CrdiloeTis ezoebia SemozRudu-1 d. musxeliSvili. saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadisakiTxebi, t. II. Tb., 1980, gv. 15, 16, 17, 19.2 Ю. Н. Воронов. В мире архитектурных памятников Абхазии, 157-158.3 Ю. Н. Воронов. В мире архитектурных памятников Абхазии, 157-158.677

li, sadac ramdenime nagebobis naSTi da WiSkris fragmentebi SeiniSneba.cixis kedlebi uxeSad damuSavebul qvis (gabro) kvadrebiTaanagebi kiris magar xsnarze.cixe-simagre gaigivebulia bizantiuri wyaroebis `CaxarTan”. 1rogorc agaTia sqolastikosi mogviTxrobs, 555w. bizantielebiswinaaRmdeg ajanyebuli misimianebi Caxaris (Cxalis) cixeSi gamagrebulan,romelic ZvelTaganve `rkinis cixed~ yofila cnobili. 2cixe-simagris naSTebi aRwerili aqvs i. voronovs, romelic zedapiruladakrefili masalis (Tixis sameurneo da samzareuloWurWlis fragmentebi) mixedviT Zeglis SemorCenili kedlebisaSenebis drod IX-X saukuneebs miiCnevs da iqve aRniSnavs, rom aqufro gviandeli epoqebis kedlebis naSTebic gamoiyofa. 3 Zeglismimdebare teritoriaze 1939w. aRmoCenilia bizantiis imperatoriustiniane I-s (527-565ww.) oqros moneta. 4 Zeglis teritoriazeSemTxveviTaa aRmoCenili adre Sua saukuneebis ZvelqarTul (asom-Tavrul) warweriani antefiqsi (daculia svaneTis arqeologiurieqspediciis bazaSi, daba mestiaSi). 5cixe-simagris dasavleTiT naxevari kilometris manZilze,mcire Sevakebul adgilze, adgil `lagvanaSi~, romelic aRmosavleTiT,dasavleTiT da samxreTiT xramiT mTavrdeba da mxolodCrdiloeTiT ekvris tyian ferdobs, adgilobrivi mosaxleobisgadmocemiT, xvnis dros didi raodenobiT amodis adamianis Zvlebida Tixis nawarmi. sofel CxalTaSi aRmoCenilia brinjaos xanisarqeologiuri masalebi, 6 agreTve antikuri xanis rkinis iaraRebi,samajurebi, mZivebi da sxv. 7 sofel omariSaraSi, soflis Crdilomxareze, samxreTis TavSesafrisaken (dRevandeli patriotTa banaki)mimaval saavtomobilo gzasa da md. yuluCs Soris, mdinaris1 d. musxeliSvili. saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis.., gv. 12.2 agaTia sqolastikosi. _ georgika. bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebisaqarTvelos Sesaxeb. berZnuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamoscada ganmartebebi daurTo s. yauxCiSvilma, III. Tb., 1936, gv. 86.3 Ю. Н. Воронов. В мире архитектурных памятников Абхазии, gv. 157.4 Ю. Н. Воронов. Археологическая карта Абхазии. Сухуми, 1969, gv. 69.5 S. CarTolani. svaneTis arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1986 wlis muSaobisangariSi. inaxeba saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis oTar lor-TqifaniZis arqeologiis institutSi. gv. 6.6 Л. Соловъев. Погребения долменной кулътуры Абхазии и прилегающей частиАдлерского района. – Труды Абхазского института языка, литературы и историиАН ГССР, вып. ХХХI. Сухуми, 1960, gv. 71.7 Ю. Н. Воронов. Археологическая карта Абхазии. Сухуми, gv. 63.678

marcxena mxareze kldovan maRlobis reliefs morgebuli, arasworioTxkuTxedis formis mqone cixis nangrevia. koSkebiTa da burjebiT(kontrforsebiT) gamagrebuli cixis SemorCenili kedlebiSemosilia adgilobrivi qvis kvadrebiT kiris xsnarze.cixis erT koSks odesRac kamariani gadaxurva hqonia, romlisaRmosavleTiT SemorCenilia cixis WiSkris TaRiani fragmenti.cixis galavnis kedlebs SigniT nagebobebis saZirkvlebia SemorCenili,romelTagan erTi nagebobis konfiguracia qristianultaZars hgavs. cixe-simagre aRmosavleTis mxridan SedarebiTioli misadgomia, amitomac am mxareze Rrma Txrili yofila gaWrili,romlis gaswvriv, miwayrilSi VII-IX saukuneebiT daTari-Rebuli aRviris mosarTavis brinjaos rgolebia aRmoCenili. 1Zegli gaigivebulia bizantiuri wyaroebis cixe-simagre `bokerTan~.2 bokeri, buker, bokel, bokel, buqloon saxelwodebiT escixe-simagre sxvadasxva wyaroSi moixsenieba. 3Kmd. kodoris zemo welze geologebis mier mravali spilenZismaRarogamonamuSevaria dadasturebuli. regionis samTamadnowarmoebis am Zeglebidan aRsaniSnavia tvibraSeras madangamosavali(Ria karieri), romelic Zveli sainJinro-teqnologiurispecializaciis gadawyvetis saintereso informacias Seicavs.Zegli Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebiT TariRdeba. 4sofel zemo aJaraSi, soflis Crdilo mxareze mdebareborcvis ZirSi, guledanebis yanaSi, sasoflo sameurneo samuSaoebisas,gadmocemiT, xSiri yofila adamianebis Zvlebis, liTonissamkaulebisa da keramikuli nawarmis SemTxveviTi aRmoCenebi. aqSemTxveviT aRmoCenili brinjaos fibulis (?) fragmenti yanispatronma Cvenc gadmogvca. jer mouwevel naTesebis gamo aq sadazvervoTxrilebis gavlebis saSualeba ar mogveca. Txrilebi mxolodyanis samxreT mxareze, Robis ZirSi, ferdze iqna gavlebuli.aq kulturuli fena ar dadasturda, magram nayar fenaSi mravlad1 Ю. Н. Воронов. В мире архитектурных памятников Абхазии, gv. 159.2 d. musxeliSvili. saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis.., gv. 1063 agaTia sqolastikosi. gv. 86; giorgi kedrene. qronografia, _ georgika,bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, teqstebiqarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo s. yaux-CiSvilma, t. V. Tb., 1963, gv. 44.4 g. inaniSvili, S. CarTolani, b. maisuraZe, g. gobejiSvili, T. mujiri.saqarTvelos uZvelesi samTamadno warmoebis Zeglebi. _ Ziebani,@#2. Tb., 1999.679

Cndeboda Suasaukuneebis samzareulo keramikis fragmentebi.sofel mrambaSi, soflis samxreT mxareze, tyeSi, eqspediciamliteraturaSi ucnobi eklesiis nangrevi daafiqsira. amavesofelSi, miqianebis saTibSi namosaxlari dafiqsirda. aq miwissamuSaoebisas SemTxveviT aRmoCenil keramikis fragmentebidan yuradRebasipyrobs qvevrebis Zirebi, romlebzec jvrebia gamosaxuli.savaraudod Suasaukuneebis samarovani dafiqsirda sof. omariSaraSi,devdarianebis saTibSi.eqspediciam ver moaswro sofel genwviSis Zeglebis dazverva,sadac saavtomobilo gzis orive (samxreT da Crdilo) mxarezeramdenime naeklesiari da nacixaria. eqspediciam agreTvever moaswro gvandraSi, xutiaSi da sxva punqtebSi mdebare Sem-TxveviTi arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis adgilebis Semowmeba.rogorc aRvniSneT, eqspedicias 2008 wels dagegmili hqondamxaris arqeologiuri rukis Sedgena, pirvel rigSi gasaTxrelida Sesaswavli arqeologiuri Zeglebis SerCeva, sakenis, omarSarisada CxalTis cixe-simagreebis topo da arqiteqturuli agegmva.agreTve axali arqeologiuri Zeglebis gamovlena, zemo aJaris samarovanisada omariSaris megaliTuri nagebobis teritoriebis sadazvervoTxrilebiT Semowmeba, rac ar moxerxda aRniSnuli mizezebisgamo. gvinda virwmunoT, rom amJamad okupirebuli regionisZeglebis Seswavlas axlo momavalSi gavagrZelebT.REVAZ KHVISTANITHE RESULTS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONSIN THE UPPER REACHES OF THE KODORI RIVER (DALIMOUNTAIN GORGE) IN 2007-2008In 2007-2008 the archaeological expedition of Sokhumi State Universityin the villages Mramba and Omarishari (Dali Mountain Gorge) discoveredvery significant monuments which had not been known in thescientific literature yet. The most interesting and noteworthy are the archaeologicalmaterials discovered during the excavation on the site of theOmarishari Cyclopean building – fragments of Colchian ceramics of earlyancient period and a stone perforating axe dated back to the end of thethird millennium B.C. and the first quarter of the second millennium B.C(approximately 19-17th centuries B.C).680

tabulebi681

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soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008Temur Todua, zviad kvicianiantikuri xanis samarxis stelebikolxeTidansamarxis stelebi friad mniSvnelovani istoriul-arqeologiuriZeglebia. saflavis qvebi, stelebi micvalebulTa individualurida sagvareulo saxelis, wodebis, dabadebis adgilis,wlovanebis, maTi damsaxurebisa da sxva saintereso informaciisSemcvelia. zogierT SemTxvevaSi gardacvlilis portreticaa gamosaxuli,zogze ki warwerebicaa amotvifruli, rac ukvdavebissimbolod moiazreboda. 1 samarxis stelebi jer kidev mikenisepoqaSi Cans gavrcelebuli. maTi seriuli damzadeba ki berZnulromaulsamyaroSi Zv.w. VI saukunidan iwyeba da ax.w. IV saukunemdegrZeldeboda. mTeli am xnis manZilze samarxis stelebisstili, forma da konstruqcia xSirad icvleboda. drois ama Tuim etapze modaSi iyo maRali, Txeli, viwro formis reliefurgamosaxulebiani Tu dekoratiuli ornamentebiT Semkuli saflavisstelebi. zogjer ki dabali, martivi, warweriani Tu uwarwero,sada stelebi.kolxeTSi antikuri xanis samarxis stelebi iSviaTia. aq isinijerjerobiT oTxiode nimuSiTaa warmodgenili, ori maTganidadasturebulia soxumSi, xolo danarCeni biWvintaSi. soxumiserTi stela marmarilosganaa damzadebuli da Zv.w. V saukuniTTariRdeba. mas araerTi sayuradRebo gamokvleva mieZRvna. 2 meorestela (sur. 1), romelic soxumis Zveli cixis teritoriaze aRmoCndada mravalmxriv saintereso informaciis Semcvelia, dafiqsirdarvawaxnagiani eklesiis deambulatoriis samxreT-aRmosavleTmonakveTSi. stela qviSaqvis monoliTisaganaa damzadebuli.naklulia, motexilia stelis marjvena mxare da qveda marcxenakuTxe. stela oTxkuTxa formisaa, sadaCarCoiani, zedapiri sworia1 S. Wilkins. Approac to the study of ritual. London, 1992, gv. 7.2 О. Лордипанидзе. Сухумская Стела (к вопросу о датировке). – Советская археология,№1, 1968, gv. 166-176, М. М. Трапш. Мраморный барельеф из Cухуми. –Вестник древней истории. №1, 1954, gv. 163-167.684

da arcTu ise kargadaa damuSavebuli. SemorCenili nawilis simaRle– 80 sm; sigane -67sm. stelis zedapirze basri iaraRiT amoWriliaberZnuli warwera. warwera asomTavruli anbaniTaa Sesrulebuli.teqsti ase ikiTxeba. `qriste mravlis SemZle. aq ganisvenebsoreste jariskaci, legioneri, mamaci. gTxovT moxvideT~. 1aRwerili stela mSeneblobis drosaa gamoyenebuli, rogorcsamSeneblo masala. samarxis stelebis xelmeored gamoyenebispraqtikas adgili hqonda antikur da Sua saukuneebis epoqaSic.magaliTad, Zv.w. VI saukuneSi berZen-sparselTa omebis dros, aTenelebmasafortifikacio nagebobebis mSeneblobisas, saflavis qvebicki gamoiyenes. es tradicia romaul xanaSic grZeldeboda.CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi romauli xanis TavdacviTi, sameurneoTu sazogadoebrivi nagebobebis wyobaSi samarxis stelebsxSirad iyenebdnen. 2soxumis stela arc Tu ise maRali ostatobiTaa damzadebuli.misi avtori maRali kvalifikaciis profesionali ostati ar Cans.Sesabamisad, vfiqrobT, stela specialur saxelosnoSi ar undaiyos damzadebuli. specialur saxelosnoebSi mxolod arqiteqturuladkargad gaformebuli da reliefurgamosaxulebiani stelebimzaddeboda. soxumis msgavs stelebs ki sagarnizono samsaxureb-Si amzadebdnen 3 . TumcaRa isic aRsaniSnavia, rom ax.w. III saukunidanberZnul-romaul samyaroSi skulpturul reliefuri Tu dekoratiuliornamentebiT Semkuli stelebis damzadeba Sewyda. 4 IVsaukunidan ki, qristianobis gamarjvebasTan dakavSirebiT, specialursaxelosnoebSic damzadebuli stelebi kidev ufro meti sisadaviTgamoirCevian. amieridan, isic zogjer, stelebze warwerebiamxolod amotvifruli. miuxedavad amisa, vfiqrobT, soxumisstela mainc sada, martivi tipis stelebs unda ganekuTvnos. aqveisic unda davsZinoT, rom soxumis stela aRmosavluri, mcireaziuristilisaa. amgvari stilis stelebi aRmoCenilia romaul-adrebizantiurixanis mcire aziis mTel rig regionebSi. 5 msgavs stelebsvxvdebiT aseve gvianromauli xanis CrdiloeT SavizRvispi-1 T. yauxCiSvili. saqarTvelos berZnuli warwerebis korpusi. Tb.,2004, gv. 374.2 Э. И. Соломник. Латинские надписи Херсонеса. М., 1983, gv. 10-12.3 Античная скульптура Херсонеса. Киев, gv. 124.4 М. А. Максимова, М. А. Наликина. Скульптура. – Античные города СеверногоПричерноморья. М.-Л., 1955, gv. 312.5 G. I. Floresku. Monumenti furerari romani della Dacia feriore. bucyresti, 1942, gv. 61.685

eTis samarovnebzec. 1 rac Seexeba warweras, igi epitafiaa. paleografiulimonacemebiT, warwera IV-V saukuneebisaa, Sesrulebuliaimdroindeli berZnuli enis normebis mixedviT, teqsti mravalmxrivsainteresoa.warweraSi moxseniebuli meomari-legioneri oreste, onomastikonismixedviT, berZeni unda yofiliyo. Tu es asea, maSin safiqrebelia,rom sebastopolisis romauli garnizonis garkveulinawili berZnulenovani elementebiT yofiliyo dakompleqtebuli.sebastopolisisa da saerTod, saqarTvelos SavizRvispire-Tis romauli samxedro SenaerTebis kontingenti umTavresad ber-Znuli warmomavlobis meomrebisagan rom Sedgeboda, amas mowmobsaseve sebastopolisisa da pitiuntis naqalaqarebze aRmoCeniliberZnuli warwerebi Tu grafitoebi. es gasagebicaa. romaelebi,jer kidev ax.w. II saukunidan, armiaSi berZnul samxedro Senaer-Tebsac iwvevdnen da swored maT agzavnidnen im qveynebSi, romlebicTavidanve elinuri kulturis arealSi iyvnen moqceulni. aqveisic unda davsZinoT, rom soxumis stela aRmosavluri, mcireaziuristilisaa.warweraSi moxseniebuli meomari-legioneri oreste, onomastikonismixedviT, berZeni unda yofiliyo. Tu es asea, maSin safiqrebelia,rom sebastopolisis romauli garnizonis garkveulinawili berZnulenovani elementebiT yofiliyo dakompleqtebuli.sebastopolisisa da saerTod, saqarTvelos SavizRvispire-Tis romauli samxedro SenaerTebis kontingenti umTavresad ber-Znuli warmomavlobis meomrebisagan rom Sedgeboda, amas mowmobsaseve sebastopolisisa da pitiuntis naqalaqarebze aRmoCeniliberZnuli warwerebi Tu grafitoebi. es gasagebicaa. romaelebi,jer kidev ax.w. II saukunidan, armiaSi berZnul samxedro Senaer-Tebsac iwvevdnen da swored maT agzavnidnen im qveynebSi, romlebicTavidanve elinuri kulturis arealSi iyvnen moqceulni. aqveisic unda davsZinoT, rom soxumis stela aRmosavluri, mcireaziuristilisaa.yovelive es imas rodi niSnavs, rom oreste ucilobladberZeni iyo. am drois dasavleT saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorcaRmosavleT saqarTveloSi pirTa saxelebi xom Cveulebriv berZnul-romaulia.2 aqedan gamomdinare, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom1 Э. И. Соломник. Латинские надписи Херсонеса, gv. 15-16, #39, 40.2 T. yauxCiSvili. saqarTvelos berZnuli warwerebis.., gv. 30-35.686

oreste adgilobrivi, mkvidri moqalaqe yofila. miT umetes, rocabizantiuri armiis SemadgenlobaSi, rogorc es Notitia Dignitatum-danCans, dasavleT saqarTvelos mkvidri mosaxleobis – abazgebisada Wanebis kontingentic Sedioda. 1warweridan irkveva, rom oreste veterani jariskaci ki ariyo, aramed moqmedi legioneri, romelic Tavisi droisaTvis gamorCeulidamsaxurebuli piri yofila. SesaZloa, mas gansakuTrebuliwvlili miuZRvoda sabrZolo operaciebis warmarTvaSi.marTalia, oreste “mamaci” meomaria, magram is faqti, rom warweraSimisi samxedro Cini ar figurirebs, amasTanave, Tu imasacgaviTvaliswinebT, rom TviT stelac sadaa, vfiqrobT, igi rigi-Ti legioneri unda yofiliyo. moyvanili teqsti imiTacaa saintereso,rom aq garkveviTaa miTiTebuli orestes samxedro statusi,raSic qveiTi, mZimed SeiaraRebuli hopliti igulisxmeba.es ki imis mowmobacaa, rom sebastopolisis romauli garnizoniara marto mxedrebisgan, 2 aramed qveiTebisgan Sedgeboda.soxumis stelis warweraSi ar aris miTiTebuli orestesasakis, misi samxedro samsaxurSi yofnis xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb.arc gardacvlili legioneris samxedro qvedanayofis saxelwodebazear aris raime miniSneba, rac esoden damaxasiaTebeli iyolegionerTa epitafiisaTvis. SesaZloa, oreste im XV legionisjariskaci yofiliyo, romlis Stab-bina I-V saukuneebSi satalaSimdebareobda da romlis samxedro SenaerTebi pitiuntSiiyvnen dislocirebulni. 3 iqneb igi Notitia Dignitatum-Si moxseniebulisebastopolisSi dislocirebuli klavdiusis saxelobiskohortis legioneria. 4 Tumca zogierTi mkvlevari “noticiaSi”moxseniebul sebastopolisis Tanamedrove soxumTan identificirebaskategoriulad uaryofs, 5 rac, Cveni azriT, garkveul eWvebsaRZravs, Tundac imitom, rom klavdiusis saxelobis kohortamcire armeniis sebastopolisSi arasodes mdgara.1 Notitia Dignitatum – georgika I., bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqar-Tvelos Sesaxeb. teqstebi qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosces da ganmartebebidaurTes al. gamyreliZem da s. yauxCiSvilma, Tb., 1961, gv. 14.2 T. Todua. romauli samyaro da kolxeTi. Tb., 2003, gv. 23.3 Н. Ш. Кигурадзе, Г. А. Лордкипанидзе, Т. Т. Тодуа. Клейма ХV легиона изПицундского городища. – Вестник древней истории. №2, 1977, gv. 89-90.4 georgika, I.., gv. 175.5 n. lomouri. `Notitia Dignitatum~-is zogierTi cnobebis garkvevisTvis– Tsu Sromebi, 162, 1975, gv. 69.687

xsenebuli kohorta, rogorc amas gonioSi axlaxan aRmoCeniliklavdiusis II kohortis damRiani aguris fragmenti miuTi-Tebs, ax.w. I-III saukuneebSi afsarosSi idga. 1 ar aris gamoricxuli,rom es kohorta mogvianebiT, IV saukuneSi afsarosidan sebastopolisSigadmoesrolaT. amis safuZvels gvaZlevs is faqti,rom IV-V saukuneebSi afsarosi, CvenTvis ucnobi mizezebisgamo, moqmedi cixesimagre ar aris. Sesabamisad aq samxedro SenaerTebicar unda mdgariyvnen. arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom orestebizantiuri armiis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali noticiaseuliabazgTa I frTeulis 2 jariskaci yofiliyo.warweraSi miTiTebuli epiTeti – `qriste mravlis SemZle”– imis mimaniSnebelia, rom gardacvlili piri – oreste, am warwerisSemsrulebeli da misi damkveTic qristianebi iyvnen. es ki,sxva mxriv, imis mowmobacaa, rom sebastopolisSi dislocirebuliromauli samxedro SenaerTebisa da aqauri mosaxleobis garkveulinawili qristianebisagan Sedgeboda. safiqrebelia, romiseve rogorc pitiuntSi, 3 sebastopolisSic qristianuli Temiarsebuliyo, rac dasturdeba kidec e.w. “aqta andriaSi” (319w.)daculi cnobiTac: “didi andria simonTan erTad Camovida qalaqfustaSi, saidanac maT gaswies abazgiisaken; mividnen sebastopolisSi,iqadages sarwmunoeba da mcxovrebTa didi nawili qristianobasaziares~. 4vfiqrobT, sebastopolisSi da, saerTod, saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSiqristianizaciis procesi 313w. milanis ediqtismiRebis Semdeg unda gaZlierebuliyo. iseve rogorc pitiuntSi,aqac qristianul Tems legaluri moRvaweoba unda daewyo. sebastopolisSiqristianuli Temis siZliereze, mis organizaciulsimtkiceze miuTiTebs ara marto zemoT xsenebuli IV-V saukuneebisrvawaxnagiani eklesia, aramed sebastopolisis radiaciaSiSemavali webeldis samarovanze aRmoCenili Tixis WurWeli daminis balzamariebi, romlebic jvris gamosaxulebiTaa Semkuli.amave nekropolzea dadasturebuli IV-V saukuneebis vercxlis1 Ш. Х. Мамуладзе, М. С. Халваши, Л. Г. Асланишвили. Римские гарнизоныАпсара. – Вестник древней истории. №1, 2002, gv. 35.2 georgika, I.., gv. 171.3 T. Todua. romauli samyaro da kolxeTi, gv. 66.4 R. Gloccar. Zur frühmittelalterlichen Geschichte im östlichen Europa. Wiesbaden,1980, gv. 208.688

medalioni qristianuli warweriT – “erTarsi RmerTi, mSveleliSemwirvelTa” da oqros mcire zomis jvari. 1 webeldis samarovnisIV-V saukuneebis samarxTa garkveul nawilis dakrZalviswesic qristianulia. 2rogorc Cans, IV-V saukuneebSi sebastopolisi iyo aramarto romauli kastelumi, aramed qalaqic, organizebuli adreqristianuliTemiT, romelic SesaZloa flobda kidec garkveulmiwis nakveTebs. Tumca pirvel xanebSi misi gavlena cixe-qalaqiskedlebsa da mis arcTu ise did sasoflo-sameurneo teritoriisfarglebs ar unda gascileboda. asea Tu ise, erTi ram udavoa:IV-V saukuneebisaTviss saqarTvelos zRvispira cixe-qalaqebSiqristianoba myarad fexmokidebuli religiaa, xolo nawilobriv– dasavleT saqarTvelos Sida, mTian regionSi.moyvanili teqsti azustebs aseve IV-V saukuneebis sebastopolisisstatussac, rac dRemde mkvlevarTa Soris davis saganiiyo. specialistTa umravlesoba kategoriulad uaryofs aq IVs.dasasrulsa da V saukuneSi romauli garnizonis dislocirebas. 3soxumis axlad aRmoCenili warwera ki sapirispiros metyvelebs.igi dokumenturad adasturebs mosazrebas, rom IV-V saukuneebSisebastopolisi, iseve rogorc pitiunti moqmedi cixesimagreebia,sadac kvlav romauli garnizoni dgas. 4 metic, rogorc warweridanirkveva, sebastopolisis garnizoni legionuri yofila. legionurigarnizonebi ki mniSvnelovan samxedro-strategiul centrebSiiyvnen dislocirebuli.sebastopolisi rom am droisaTvis sakmaod TvalsaCino samxedro-strategiulida ekonomikuri centria, amas arqeologiurimonacemebic adastureben. kerZod, soxumis cixis teritoriazedadasturebulia arcTu ise mcire raodenobis ax.w. IV-V saukuneebisxmelTaSuazRvispireTis saxelosnoebis vertikalurpiriani,wiTellakiani jamebis fragmentebi, Semkuli cxovelebis(delfini, Tevzi, taxi, Sveli) reliefuri saxeebiTa da jvris1 М. М. Трапш. Культура Цебельдинских некрополей. – Труды. 3. Тб. 1971, gv.206-207.2 М. М. Трапш. Культура Цебельдинских некрополей, gv. 206-207.3 Г. А. Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии. Тб., 1959, gv. 382; М. П.Инадзе. Причерноморские города древней Колхиды. Тб., 1968, gv. 264; n. lomouri.`Notitia Dignitatum~-is zogierTi cnobebis.., gv. 70;4 T. Todua. romauli samyaro da kolxeTi, gv. 38.44. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi689

gamosaxulebiT. sebastopolisSi ax.w. IV-V saukuneebis sakmaodmkveTrad orientirebuli kulturuli fenis arsebobis ilustraciaa,agreTve cixesimagris teritoriaze dafiqsirebuli samosuriamforebis fragmentebi, mcireaziuri Wraqebis zogierTi tipi, prialazedapirianidoqebis saxesxvaobebi, badisebr ornamentiani minisWurWeli. 1rac Seexeba monetebs, marTalia, ax.w. IV-V saukuneebSi ma-Ti cirkulacia TiTqmis sruliad gamqralia, magram arc isaa gamoricxuli,rom imperiis sxva provinciebis (magaliTad, panoniis)msgavsad, aqac IVs. I naxevris monetebi IV-V saukuneebSi yofiliyomimoqcevaSi, 2 miT umetes, roca IVs. dasasrulidan aRmosavleTromis imperiaSi mimdinareobda monetebis devalvaciisada inflaciis procesi, ris gamoc IV-V saukuneebSi jariskacebsfuladi anazRaureba SeuwydaT. 3dabolos, soxumis stelis warwera dokumenturad adasturebs,rom IV-V saukuneebSi sebastopolisSi, iseve rogorczRvispireTis danarCen centrebSic oficialur, gabatonebulenas winandeburad berZnuli warmoadgenda. laTinuri warwerebiki aq Zalze iSviaTia, isic nawilobriv samxedro administraciasukavSirdeba. laTinizmebi, rogorc es pitiuntsa da sebastopolisSiaRmoCenili warwerebidan Cans, Semoifargleboda samxedro-administaciuliterminebiT – legioneri, kohorta, veterani,legati da sxva. paradoqsia, magram faqtia, rom arqeologiuradsakmaod kargad Seswavlil biWvintis samarovanze ar dasturdebawarweriani an gamosaxulebiani stelebi, romlebic esoden damaxasiaTebeliiyo romauli periodis samarxebisaTvis. aq jerjerobiTmxolod oriode stelaa dafiqsirebuli.erTi maTgani (sur. 2) aRmoCnda samarovnis centralur nawilSi,naxevarwriuli nagebobis kedlis naSalSi. stela qviSaqvismonoliTisagan aris damzadebuli. stela fragmentulia, Ziri motexilia.misi SerCenili sigrZea 73,7 sm. sigane -30 sm. monoli-Tis zeda nawilSi amoWrilia oTxkuTxa 2,5, sm. siRrmis foso13,4X7 sm. zomisa, romelSic budea gakeTebuli 11X4,5 sm rkinisjvris Casadgmeli, jvriani bude saguldagulodaa dafaruli Ra-1 М. М. Трапш. Древный Сухуми. – Труды. 2. Сухуми, 1969б gv. 335-338.2 P. Oliva. Pannonia and the onset of crisis in the Roman empire. Praha, 1952, gv. 2423 F. Miller. The Roman empire and his neigbours. London, 1981, gv. 242.690

iani 0,7 sm sisqis kramitis naWrisagan gamoWrili specialuri13X7 sm zomis sarqveliT, romelic kirxsnariTaa gadalesili.stelis SemkveTsac da mis damamzadebel ostats, vfiqrobT warmarTebisaganunda daemalaT jvari. Tavis droze stela SesaZloafaruli qristianis samarxze yofiliyo aRmarTuli. 1 Semdeg, rogorcsamSeneblo masala moxvda gaurkveveli daniSnulebis nagebobiswriul kedelSi. mcireaziuri analogiebiTa da Tavad stelaSiCasmuli jvris formis mixedviT aRwerili samarxis stelaax. w. IV saukuniT unda daTariRdes, 2 rasac damatebiT adasturebsbiWvinTis sataZro kompleqsis gaTxrisas aRmoCenili marmarilozegamoyvanili msgavsi jvari, romelic aseve IV saukuniTTariRdeba. stelis damamzadebeli dabali kvalifikaciis xelosani,araprofesionali ostati Cans. stela specialur saxelosnoSiar aris damzadebuli, kustaruli wesiTaa Sesrulebuli.istoriuli viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebelia jvrianistelis konkretuli epoqiT daTariRebac. rogorc cnobilia,“milanis ediqtis” miRebis Semdeg, ax.w. 313w. konstantine I-isgankargulebiT romis imperiaSi qristianebis devna Sewyda. es savaldebulounda yofiliyo biWvinTisaTvis, sadac 325 wlisTvisukve arsebobda saepiskoposo kaTedra, romlis episkoposi stratofilenikeis I msoflio saeklesio krebaSi monawileobda. eski imas niSnavda, rom am droisaTvis pitiuntSi moxda qristianuliTemis legalizacia, misi organizaciuli ganmtkiceba. amieridansaqalaqo qristianuli Temi flobda miwis nakveTebsac, sadaccalke ikrZalebodnen qristianebi. ase rom, gasaidumloebulijvriani stela, konstantines winamorbedis – diokletianesepoqas (284-305ww.) unda mivakuTvnoT, rodesac qristianebis arnaxuldevna-Seviwroebas hqonda adgili.rac Seexeba biWvinTaSi dadasturebul meore stelas (sur.3), is samarovnis Crdilo-dasavleT monakveTze SemTxveviT aRmoCnda.peqtografiuli monacemebiT, is organogenul, marcvlovankirqvas warmoadgens da kargad daculi mikroorganizmebisaganSedgeba. kirqvis struqturas gamarmariloeba ar emCneva. preparatilamazi struqturisaa, romelsac momwvano elferi dahkravsda marmarilos Camohgavs. aseTi kirqvebi dasavleT saqarT-1 z. kviciani dasavleT saqarTvelos da romis imperiis kulturulurTierTobaTa istoriisaTvis. Tb., 1997, gv. 60.2 g. lorTqifaniZe. biWvinTis naqalaqari. Tb., 1991, gv. 155.691

veloSi da maT Soris afxazeTSic gvxvdeba. 1 stela fragmentulia.SemorCenilia misi mxolod zeda, Tavis nawili SverilebiT,romlebic dasakrZalavi CiraRdnis almodebuli piris stilizebulgamosaxulebas warmoadgens. stela kargadaa damuSavebulida arqiteqturulad sakmaod maRal donezea gaformebuli. misidamamzadebeli, kvalificiuri, profesionali xelosani Cans. stelisformidan gamomdinare, aSkaraa, rom is Tavis droze micvalebulissaflavze iyo aRmarTuli.aRwerili stela TaRiseburi tipis saflavis stelebs ganekuTvneba.aseTi tipisa da xarisxis saflavis qvebi specialur saxelosnoebSimzaddebodnen. biWvintis msgavsi stelebi farTodiyo gavrcelebuli romaul samyaroSi. misi analogiebi cnobiliaeskusidan 2 da kiolnidan, 3 isini Sesabamisad I-II da III saukuneebiTTariRdeba. biWvinTuri stelis identuria, konstancis arqeologiurmuzeumSi daculi saflavis qva, romelic IV saukuniTaa da-TariRebuli. 4 biWvinTuri stelis fragmentis analogiuria, agreTvetrapizonis muzeumSi daculi saflavis qva (sur. 4), romelicspecialur saxelosnoSi Cans damzadebuli, isic TaRiseburi stilisstelebs ganekuTvneba. maT Soris didi msgavsebaa aseve SverilebisgaformebiTac. trapizonis saflavis qvis Sverilebic CiraRdnisstilizebuli alis gamosaxulebiT bolovdeba.aRsaniSnavia, rom trapizonis saflavis qva warweriania.stelis zedapirze basri iaraRiT amoWrilia laTinuri warwera,saidanac irkveva, rom stela aRumarTavT XV legionis veqsilaciiseqimis saflavze. stela ax. w. II saukuniT TariRdeba.biWvinTuri stelis fragmenti ki analogebiTa da mxatvrul-stilisturiniSnebiT II-III saukuneebiT unda daTariRdes.biWvinTuri stelis fragmenti, Sesrulebis teqnikiTa da analogiebiT,Tavis droze warweriani unda yofiliyo. ar aris gamoricxuli,rom stela ekuTvnoda im XV legionis jariskacs, romelTasamxedro SenaerTebi ax.w. II-III saukuneebSi pitiuntSi iyvnendislocirebuli. yovel SemTxvevaSi, erTi ram mainc cxadia:aRniSnuli stela socialurad dawinaurebuli, gamorCeuli, dam-1 g. lorTqifaniZe. biWvinTis naqalaqari, gv. 212.2 Р. Иванов. Лиха на Македонски легион от Ескус. – Археология, №3, 1989. gv. 46.3 Римское искусство и культура. Выставка римско-германского Музея городаКельна. Кельн. 1984, gv. 64.4 G. Bordenache. Temi di eta inferiore. – Dacia, IX, 1965, gv. 281.692

saxurebuli piris saflavze unda yofiliyo aRmarTuli. eTnokulturuladki, is ukavSirdeba berZnul-romaul eTnoss, romelicpitiuntis samxedro-samoqalaqo mosaxleobis dominants warmoadgenda.rogorc Cans, biWvinTis kargad Seswavlil samarovanzestelebi, jerjerobiT mxolod ori nimuSiTaa warmodgenili,magram miuxedavad amisa, vfiqrobT, stelebi aq sakmaod farTodunda yofiliyo gavrcelebuli. amis dasturia aseve is faqtic,rom samarovanze samarxTa dazianebis arcerTi SemTxveva ar dafiqsirebula.samarxebi albaT saTanado zedapiruli niSnebiT,lodebiTa da stelebiT unda yofiliyo gamoyofili.amrigad, kolxeTSi aRmoCenili samarxis stelebi mravalmxrivsaintereso Zeglebia, romlebsac garkveuli mniSvneloba eni-WebaT II-IV saukuneebis ara marto pitiuntis da sebastopolisis,aramed saerTod am periodis kolxeTis istoriisaTvis. amas-Tanave amgvari tipis stelebis aRmoCena jerjerobiT unikaluriaaRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis arqeologiuri sinamdvilisaTvisda amdenad isini gansakuTrebul interess iwveven.693

TEMUR TODUA, ZVIAD KVITSIANIANTIQUE PERIOD TOMB STELES FROM COLCHISOn the South-West of Bichvinta’s tomb there happened to be thefragment of the gravestone of the stone tomb with flanges represantingthe shape of a stylized flame. The gravestone is well done and it’s decoratedquite at a high level architecturally. Its identic models are kept inthe museums of Konstant and Trabzon. Bichvinta’s gravestone must bedated the 2 nd and 3 rd centuries A.D. The gravestone must have been hoistedon the grave of some noble person. Ethnoculturally it is connectedwith the Greek-Roman ethnos. Lately, during the excavations of Sukhumiarcheological expedition on the site of the old fortress, in the southastpart of the octagonal church, a sandstone slab with an old Greek inscriptionwas found. The text reads as follows: “Christ, the All-powerful, hereis buried Preste, soldier, legionnaire, brave man, please take care of him”.The inscription is dated 4-5 th centuries. The text has a versatile implant: itappears that Oreste was an acting legionnaire. The garrison of Sevastopolisalso consisted of infantrymen. At this time Sevastopolis was an importantfortress, where the garrison of legionnaires was encamped. The executor,the customer of the mentioned inscription and the deceased personwere Christians.694

sur. 1695

sur. 2sur. 3sur. 4696

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008p o l i t o l o g i a, s o c i o l o g i aAaleqsandre wurwumiasaqarTvelo da globaluriinteresebiyvela saxelmwifo sagareo politikis warmarTvisas upirvelesamocanad miiCnevs iseTi politikis SemuSavebas, romelicxels Seuwyobs mezobel saxelmwifoebTan mSvidobiani da partnioruliurTierTobebis warmarTvas.saqarTvelos istoriis ganmavlobaSi xSirad yofila periodi,rodesac mas ar Seswevda Zala da SesaZleblobebi ewarmoebinadamoukidebeli sagareo politika. saqarTvelos sagareo politikazexSirad axdendnen gavlenas gare faqtorebi anu Zlierimezoblebi. aseve xSirad yofila saqarTvelos istoriaSi, rom isdarCenila partnioris gareSe. aseT SemTxvevaSi mas sakuTari ZalebiTuwevda urTierTobaTa daregulireba da zogierT SemTxvevaSi,is ostaturad lavirebda im Zalebs Soris, romelic cdilobdnenregionSi warmmarTveli rolis TamaSs.XV saukunidan kavkasiasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi, erTmaneTspirvelobas ecilebodnen osmaleTi da irani. viTareba radikaluradSeicvala mas Semdeg rac XVIII saukuneSi kavkasiis regionSigamoCnda ruseTi. 1801 wels ugulvebelyo ra giorgievskistraqtatiT gaTvaliswinebuli samokavSiro valdebulebani,ruseTis imperiam moaxdina qarTl-kaxeTis samefos, xolo 1810wels imereTis samefos aneqsia. ruseTis marwuxebisgan daRwevasaqarTvelom 1917 wels SeZlo, Tumca arcTu didi xniT. 1921wels ruseTis sabWoTa federaciulma respublikam moaxdina saqarTvelosdemokratiuli respublikis okupacia da aneqsia.1990w. saqarTvelo kvlav gaxda damoukidebeli saxelmwifoda gamomdinare warsulis gamocdilebidan, man uari Tqva ruseT-Tan mWidro urTierTobebze. Tumca, afxazeTSi 1993w. gancdilimarcxis Semdgom saqarTvelos mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda daTanxmebuliyoruseTis moTxovnas damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tana-697

megobrobaSi gawevrianebis Sesaxeb. kavkasia odiTganve mniSvnelovanrols asrulebda da asrulebs msoflio procesebSi. amis Ziri-Tad mizezs warmoadgens misi geografiuli adgilmdebareoba.Caucasusland-i warmoadgens damoukidebel geopolitikur erTeuls,sadac xSirad ikveTeboda sxvadasxva zesaxelmwifoTa interesebi.evropisa da aziis gzajvaredinze mdebare regioni specifikuria.interesTa gadakveTas xSirad gamouwvevia mwvave procesebiregionSi. kavkasiis regionis specifikuroba mniSvnelovnad imaSimdgomareobs, rom igi warmoadgens mravaleTnikur regions.dResdReobiT, kavkasiaSi gadakveTilia sami globaluri mo-TamaSis – aSS-s, ruseTisa da evrokavSiris interesebi. saqarTvelosada mTlianad, kavkasiis mimarT interess gansazRvravs geoekonomikurifaqtori. iyo periodi kavkasiis istoriaSi, rodesacmis mimarT interesi gamowveuli iyo ZiriTadad geopolitikurifaqtorebiT. energetikul resursebze moTxovnilebis zrdasTanerTad, gaizarda interesi saqarTvelosa da samxreT kavkasiis mimarT,rogorc energetikuli derefnisa da damakavSirebeli xidiscentralur aziasTan. dResdReobiT es ori faqtori (geopolitikurida energetikuli) erwymis erTmaneTs da qmnian erT mTlians– geoekonomikurs. ruseTis mxridan warsulSi gadadgmulmaarapartniorulma qmedebebma ubiZga saqarTvelos orientacia miemarTadasavleTisken. ruseTi yovelTvis acxadebda, rom misTvissul erTi iyo gawevriandeboda Tu ara saqarTvelo evrokavSirSi,misTvis gacilebiT prioritetuli iyo da rCeba ar dauSavs saqarTvelosgawevrianeba natoSi. ,,saqarTvelos CrdiloantlantikurixelSekrulebis organizaciaSi gawevrianeba gulisxmobs qveyanaSidemokratiuli procesebis warmatebiT dasrulebas, iseTiTavdacviTi sistemis Seqmnas, romelic iqneba SesabamisobaSi aliansisstandartebTan da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, saqarTveloseyoleba yvelaze efeqturi da saimedo mokavSireebi natoswevri qveynebis saxiT”. 1patara (susti) saxelmwifosTvis rTulia usafrTxoebis dasuverenitetis sakuTari ZalebiT uzrunvelyofa, amitom is xSiradcdilobs ipovos iseTi mokavSire, romelic myarad da keTilsindisieraddaicavs samokavSiro valdebulebebs. 1992w. saqarTvelogaxda Crdiloatlantikuri TanamSromlobis wevri. Tumca, gamomdinareobieqturi mizezebisa, natosa da saqarTvelos Soris1 x. burkaZe, a. korepanovi. es natoa. Tb., 2008, gv. 66.698

TanamSromloba aqtiuri gaxda 1999w. 23 martidan _ saqarTveloSeuerTda natos ,,partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis” programas (PFP).2002w. saqarTvelom oficialurad gaakeTa ganacxadi natoSi gawevrianebisSesaxeb. xolo 2004 wlidan saqarTvelo aris pirveliqveyana, romelic axorcielebs individualuri partniorobissamoqmedo gegmas. aRniSnuli IPAP oTxi nawilisagan Sedgeba:1. politikuri da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi;2. Tavdacvis, usafrTxoebisa da samxedro sakiTxebi;3. sajaro informacia, samecniero da garemos dacvis sakiTxebi,samoqalaqo sagangebo situaciebis marTva;4. administraciuli, sainformacio usafrTxoebis da resursebTandakavSirebuli sakiTxebi”. 11992w. evrokavSirma saqarTvelo damoukidebel saxelmwifodscno. swored am periodidan daiwyo aqtiuri TanamSromlobis periodi.evrokavSiris mier saqarTvelosTvis gaweuli daxmarebisjamuri raodenoba 700 milion evros uaxlovdeba. aqedan 2/3grantis saxiT aris miRebuli. saqarTvelosTvis evrokavSirTanurTierToba da TanamSromloba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT mimdinareobs,xorcieldeba: teqnikuri daxmarebis programa ECHO, sasursaTousafrTxoebis programa FSP, erToblivi aqcia erTianisagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis farglebSi ”Joint Action inthe framework of common foreign and security policy CFSP” da sxv. 21999w. ZalaSi Sevida saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris partniorobisada TanamSromlobis xelSekruleba: ,,zogadi partniorobisda TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis”. xelSekrulebamoicavs mraval sferos, romlis mixedviT mxareebi iReben valdebulebas,erToblivad imuSaon garkveuli politikuri, ekonomikurida socialuri miznebis misaRwevad. misi mTavari miznebia: mxareebs Soris politikuri dialogisTvis saTanadostruqturis SemuSaveba, rac politikuri urTierTobebisganviTarebis saSualebas uzrunvelyofs; saqarTvelos Zalisxmevis mxardaWera demokratiis gaZlierebaSi,ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da sabazro ekonomikazesabolood gadasvlaSi; mxareebs Soris vaWrobisa da investirebis, agreTve harmoniuliekonomikuri urTierTobebis mxardaWera da am1 x. burkaZe, a. korepanovi. es natoa, gv. 72.2 http://www.eu-integration.gov.ge/geo/pca.php699

gziT maTi myari ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xelSewyoba; samarTlebrivi, ekonomikuri, socialuri, finansuri, samoqalaqo,samecniero, teqnologiuri da kulturuliTanamSromlobisTvis safuZvlis Cayra”. 1 saqarTvelosyvelaze mniSvnelovan partniorad iyo da rCeba aSS.aSS-s xelSewyobiT ganxorcielda ori mniSvnelovanienergo proeqti, romelTac saqarTvelos teritoriazegaiares. 1) baqo-sufsis navTobsadeni, xolo 2) baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadeni, rasac Tan daerTo gazsadenisproeqtis amoqmedeba.aSS aqtiurad lobirebs saqarTvelos integraciis sakiTxsnatoSi. 2004w. maisSi aSS-m saqarTvelo CarTo ,,aTaswleulisgamowvevis” programaSi, romlis mixedviTac saqarTvelom miiRodaxmareba 500 milioni aSS dolari grantis saxiT. 2006 welsgermaniis kanclerma angela merkelma gancxada, rom gegmavs gadaxedosevrokavSiris prioritetebs kavkasiaSi. is Tvlis, rom regioniunda gaxdes erT-erTi mTavari obieqti evrokavSiris yuradRebisa,agreTve miuaxlovdes evropas geopolitikurad. 2dasavleTTan partnioruli urTierTobis da kerZod natoSiintegrirebis survils ruseTma daupirispira politika, romelicmiznad isaxavda da isaxavs regionSi destabilizaciis meSveobiTsaqarTvelosadmi interesis dakargvas. dasavleTi da kerZod, saqarTvelospartniorebi (aSS da evrokavSiri) aqtiurad arianCarTulni saqarTvelo-ruseTis konfliqtis Sedegebis daregulirebisprocesSi.politikuri arastabiluroba erT-erTi faqtoria, romelicSeiZleba gamoiyenos erTma saxelmwifom meore saxelmwifos mimarT,raTa mokavSireebma dakargon interesi am ukanasknelis mimarT.faqtobrivad, Tu geopolitikuri centris mier racionaluradar moxda misi geopolitikuri potencialis gamoyeneba, ma-Sin mosalodnelia geopolitikuri funqciis didi xniT devalvaciada SesaZloa dakargvac ki. Caucasusland-is mTavar RerZs xom,,samxreT kavkasiuri xidi” warmoadgens.swored am saxis qmedebebs aqvs adgili ruseTis mxridan saqarTvelosmimarT. separatistuli regionebi (afxazeTi da cxinvalisregioni) is meqanizmia, romelsac aqtiurad iyenebs ruseTi1 http://www.eu-integration.gov.ge/geo/pca.php.2 http://lenta.ru/news/2006/04/19/merkel/.700

saqarTveloze da mTlianad kavkasiis regionze kontrolis mizniT.afxazeTze kontrolis dakargviT, ruseTi aseve dakargavsmniSvnelovan areals Savi zRvis kontrolisaTvis. ruseTis mierssrk-s SeqmnisTanave specialurad iqna Cadebuli kontrmeqanizmiavtonomiuri warmonaqmnebis saxiT, raTa aemoqmedebina is saqar-Tvelosa da sxva respublikebis winaaRmdeg damoukideblobiskenswrafvis da gavlenis sferodan gasvlis SemTxvevaSi. niSandoblivia,rom am meqanizmis amoqmedeba moxda gacilebiT adre sab-WoTa kavSiris daSlamde. ruseTi cdilobs eTnikuri problemebiTmanipulirebas da maT provocirebas.pirvel seriozul dapirispirebas adgili hqonda jer kidev1988 wels e.w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi, farTomasStabianeskalacias konfliqtisa ,,samxreT oseTsa” da afxazeTisavtonomiur respublikaSi ki 1989 wlidan. im periodSi evropaTavad warmoadgenda areals dapirispirebisa. yofil iugoslaviisteritoriaze mimdinare konfliqti saWiroebda swraf gadawyvetasada mogvarebas, vinaidan qmnida safrTxes konfliqtis arealisufro farTod gavrcelebisa.saqarTveloSi da mTlianad, kavkasiaSi politikuri procesebisgamwvavebam, kidev ufro gaaRrmava msoflioSi mimdinare,rogorc politikuri, aseve ekonomikuri krizisi. vinaidan, movlenebSiCarTulni arian msoflios zesaxelmwifoebi. 2008 wlisagvistoSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze mimdinare konfliqtSi evropisCarTva mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba evrokavSiris teritoriulmagafarToebam da im interesebma, romelic arsebobs samxreTkavkasiis mimarT. mTavari interesi ki aris farTomasStabiani,globaluri konfliqtis Tavidan acileba.politikuri movlenebi didi siswrafiT viTardeba. mravalpolusianimsoflios konturebi dRiTidRe sul ufro mkafiodisaxeba. globalur msoflioSi mdgradi ganviTarebis sasicocxlomniSvnelobis pirobas warmoadgens qmedebaTa koordinacia,saerTo standartTa SemuSaveba. Tuki, wina planze wamoiwia ambiciebma,savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom mravalpolusiani msofliogadaiqces izolirebul msofliod, sadac merkantiluri tendeciebidaCrdilavs zogadsakacobrio faseulobebs.701

ALEXANDRE TSURTSUMIAGEORGIA AND GLOBAL INTERESTSCurrently Caucasia represents a place where interests of three globalplayers – The USA, Russia and EC intersect. Political instability isone of the factors which may be distributed by one state against anotherfor the allies to lose interest for the latter. Actually, if the geopoliticalcentre does not use its geopolitical potential in reasonable manner a longterm devaluation of geopolitical function and even loss of it will. Afterall the major support of CAUCASUSLAND is the “Southern CaucasianBridge”. Aggravation of political processes in Georgia as well as withinthe whole Caucasus may result in both a political and an economic crisisin the world, as the world superior states are involved in the events. Theinvolvement of Europe in the conflict in Georgia in August, 2008 wasmainly conditioned by territorial expansion of EC as well as the intereststowards the South Caucasus. The major interest is prevention of a widescaleglobal conflict. Political events are rapidly developing. The outlinesof multipole world are being reflected in more and more clearmanner. In the world a globally vital factor for a stable development iscoordination of activity as well as elaboration of common standards. Ifambitions are forwarded it is completely possible bor the multipole worldto turn into an isolated world, where mercantile trends will be superior tothe values common to all mankind.702

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008koba noniaSvilisocialuri da sociologiurigamokvlevebicnebebi `socialuri gamokvlevebi~ da `sociologiuri gamokvlevebi~farTod gamoiyeneba samecniero da praqtikul sferoebSi.magram garkveuli, mkafio warmodgena maT arsze, bunebasada Sinaarsze dRemde ar Seqmnila. xSirad isini gamoiyeneba rogorcsinonimebi, magram zogjer ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs.1960-ian wlebSi iTvleboda, rom termini `konkretuli socialuri~tolfasia terminisa _ “sociologiuri”. maTi msgavsebisramdenime mizezi arsebobda. Teoriul-meTodologiuri gamoixatebodacneba `socialuri~-s interpretaciaSi. mas iyenebdnenori _ farTo da SezRuduli mniSvnelobiT. farTo azriT, socialuri_ tolfasia, udris sazogadoebrivs, radganac laTinuridan“socialuri” iTargmneba, rogorc “sazogadoebrivi”. magramsabWoTa tradiciiT, istoriuli materializmidan gamomdinare,mTeli sazogadoeba iyofoda oTx sferod: ekonomikuri, politikuri,socialuri da sulieri. radganac es sfero iyo sazogadoebisnawili, warmoiqmna paradoqsi: erT SemTxvevaSi socialuri_ tolfasia mTelis (socialuri=sazogadoebrivs), meoreSemTxvevaSi ki _ warmoadgens mxolod mis nawils (socialuri=socialursferos).winaaRmdegobrivi aRmoCnda rogorc sociologiis sagani,aseve misi statusi. erTi mxriv, sociologia mowodebulia Seiswavlossazogadoeba mTlianad da ara mxolod misi erTi sfero,ganazogadebs ra yvela specialuri disciplinis miRwevebs (ase-Tebad iTvleboda: fsiqologia, iurisprudencia, ekonomika, pedagogika,politologia, kulturologia). magram Tu sociologia_ saerTo, zogadi mecnierebaa, maSin igi unda iwodebodes rogorcsazogadoebaTmcodneoba. magram ase ar SeiZleboda: sazogadoebaTmcodneoba_ es aris yvela zemoT CamoTvlili specialurimecnierebaTa jami; sxva sityvebiT, sazogadoebaTmcodneobasabWoTa droSi da Semdegac iyo saerTo dasaxeleba sxvadasxva703

im mecnierebebisa, romlebic sazogadoebas Seiswavlidnen. sazogadoebaTmcodneoba,rogorc damoukidebeli mecniereba, arasodesar arsebobda. ar arsebobs igi dResac.sabWoTa droSi igi iwodeboda sazogadoebaTmcodneobad,xolo sociologiis monaTesave mecnierebis warmomadgenlebs (iqnebodaigi iuristi Tu filosofosi) _ uwodebdnen sazogadoebaTmcodneebs.1 marqsizmSi mimdinareobda polemika socialuri kategoriisgagebis irgvliv, romlis gadawyvetazec damokidebuliiqneboda sociologiis statusis gageba: iqneboda igi integrirebuli,Tu specialuri mecniereba.roca kontma 1838 wels moifiqra sityva “sociologia” masesmoda igi, rogorc “mecniereba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb”, amasTanerTaderTi arsebuli. 2 sxva arcerTi sazogadoebrivi mecniereba_ samarTalmcodneoba, fsiqologia, politologia an ekonomika_ mecnieruli codnis horizontze im wlebSi ar Canda. sociologiasewinaaRmdegeboda _ maTematika, fizika, qimia, astronomia,biologia _ Zveli mecnierebebi da sakmaod avtoritetuli.gamoyo ra maTgan sociologia, kontma maSinve daayena sxvebzemaRla da imedovnebda, rom zustad sociologias aqvs yvelazerTuli Seswavlis obieqti _ mTeli sazogadoeba da TiToeulimisi elementi damoukideblad. 3 gasagebi mizezebis gamo, kontma,ver upasuxa kiTxvas _ kerZo Tu zogad disciplinas warmoadgendasociologia. misi azriT, igi iyo, rogorc erTi, ise meore. 4samecniero codnis ganviTarebam gamoiwvia ekonomikis, eTnografiis,anTropologiis, fsiqologiis, politikuri mecnierebiswarmoSoba da gaCaRda brZola _ sazogadoebisaTvis. vin daras Seiswavlida sazogadoebaSi? magram rac ufro bevri socialurimecnierebebi gamoCnda, miT ufro mitovebuli darCa socialuriskategoria da mxare: mas TiTqosda Seiswavlis yvela nawilobrivda aravin konkretulad.sabWoTa filosofosebi, romlebic ikavebdnen xelmZRvanelTanamdebobebs. mecnierebaTa akademiaSi, partiul da saswavlo dawesebulebebSi,Tvlidnen, rom is nawili marqsistuli filoso-1 М. Н. Руткевич. О значении и структуре теоретического уровня социологическихиследований. – Социологические исследования. №2, 1984, gv. 16-17.2 О. Конт. Вступительные лекции. – Социология Конта. СПб., 1989, gv. 11-19.3 О. Конт. Дух позитивной философии. СПб., 1990, gv. 14-23, 27-30.4 О. Конт. Дух позитивной философии, gv. 37-41.704

fiisa, romelic Semobrunda sazogadoebis mxares, konkretuladki _ istmati, Seasrulebda diriJoris, sxva danarCeni socialurimecnierebebi ki _ solistebis rols orkestrSi. 1 sabWoTafilosofosebi (kerZod, m. rutkeviCi), asabuTebdnen ra sociologiisupirates statuss, mis gansxvavebas socialur mecnierebaTarigidan _ ZiriTadad emyarebodnen k. marqss, romelic TavisnaSromSi “politikuri ekonomikis kritikisaTvis” winasityveoba-Si 2 ganixilavda socialur procesebs sazogadoebaSi, rogorcgansxvavebuls ekonomikuri, politikuri da sulieri procesebisagan.3 Tu es asea, maSin sociologia, Seiswavlis ra socialurprocesebs, maRldeba ekonomikasa da politologiaze, radganacmisi socialuri ar udris maT socialurs. maTi socialuri _es gansakuTrebuli, Taviseburi SemosazRvrulia CarCoebiT Tavisisferos SigniT, xolo sociologiaSi socialuri _ es arissazogadoebrivi, romelic moicavs yvela sferoebs.magram amis gancxadeba im dros (im wlebSi), SeuZlebeliiyo, radgan socialurs, rogorc sazogadoebrivs, ganagebda istoriulimaterializmi. amitomac daiwyes kompromisze fiqri daSemovliTi gzebis Zebna. erT-erTi aseTi iyo _ gaorebuli gagebasocialuris kategoriis da sociologiis gaorebuli statusi.igi TiTqosda Tanabaria sxva socialuri mecnierebebis, magramwarmoadgens upiratess TanabarTa Soris. erTi mxriv, igi sruladmiuaxlovda istoriul materializms, meore mxriv ki _ arxelyofda mis uflebamosilebas.sazogadoebaSi sociologiis statusi, sagani da adgili arSeiZleba ar yofiliyo gaorebuli. SezRuduli mniSvnelobiT,sociologia _ es aris mecniereba socialuri movlenebisa daprocesebis Sesaxeb, isini ki, garda ekonomikuri, sulieri dapolitikuri procesebisa, Zalian bevria. maSasadame, sociologiagaTanabrebulia sxva socialur mecnierebebTan. magram, meoremxriv, sociologia aris aseve mecniereba sazogadoebis ganviTarebisada funqcionirebis _ saerTo kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb.amiT ar arian dakavebuli arc ekonomistebi, arc politologebida arc fsiqologebi, aramed mxolod filosofosebi. sociologiisstatusi SesaZleblobas aZlevs mis warmomadgenlebs SeaR-1 Э. А. Капитонов. Социология XX века. Ростов н/Д, 1996, gv. 330-379.2 К. Маркс, Ф Энгельс. Соч. Т. 8, Ч. I, gv. 214-217, 219-226.3 М. Н. Руткевич. О значении и структуре теоретического уровня.., gv. 17.45. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi705

wion sazogadoebis nebismier adgilas, aRmoaCinon iq socialuriaspeqtebi da gadaaqcion isini Tavis Seswavlis sagnad.marTlac, socialuri mxare aqvs: aRmzrdelobiT-pedagogiur,ekonomikur, ideologiur, politikur da a.S. movlenebsa daprocesebs. socialuri aris yvelgan, amitom yvelgan unda arsebobdessociologiis sasicocxlo interesi, misi sasicocxlosivrce. gamodis, rom is yvelasaTvis axlobelia. magram, amasTanerTad, Tu socialuri arsebobs yvelgan, maSin misi SeswavliTaseve SeiZleba dakavdes yvela. amitomac iuristebi, fsiqologebi,politologebi, ekonomistebi warmatebiT axorcielebdnen gamokvlevebs,romelic Seexeboda adamianis azrebs, Sexedulebebs,qcevebs, damokidebulebas maT Soris da sruliad samarTlianaduwodebdnen maT socialurs. radganac maT sociologiuri ganaTlebaar hqondaT miRebuli, gamokvlevebs isini atarebdnen, rogorcSeeZloT da rogorc surdaT.1960-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi sabWoTa qveyanaSi Seiqmna situacia,romelmac asaxva hpova im drois samecniero literaturaSi.TiToeul sazogadoebriv disciplinaSi (samarTali, ekonomika,filosofia, istoria da sxv.), garda Teoriisa, arsebobdaori tipis empiriuli gamokvleva: pirveli tipi _ sakuTriv disciplinaruli(iuristebi Seiswavlian konkretul samarTlebrivproblemebs, istorikosebi _ istoriuls da a.S.); meore tipi _socialuri problemebisa, romelTanac Sexeba hqonda mocemuldisciplinebs (iuristebi swavloben danaSaulis socialur problemebs,istorikosebi _ istoriuli realobis socialur problemebsda a.S.). meore tipis gamokvlevebs daerqva kidec konkretulisocialuri gamokvlevebi. sakuTari, e.i. Sida disciplinaruligamokvlevebi iTvleboda, ra Tqma unda, ufro prestiJulad.iuristi pirvel rigSi dakavebuli unda iyos iuridiulisakiTxebiT. es aris misi mTavari saqmianoba, profesionaluri kodeqsi,kvalifikaciis donis maCvenebeli; Tavisufal dros ki SeiZlebamosazRvre problemebiT dakaveba, romlebic ar moiTxovsRrma codnas, radganac socialuri sakiTxebi yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomida gasagebia. masTan Sexeba aqvs yvelas da TiToeuls.sociologebi empiriuli meTodebiT Seiswavlian imas, rasacar ikvleven iuristebi, ekonomistebi an filosofosebi. raar SeuZliaT Seiswavlon iuristebma an ekonomistebma? pirvelrigSi _ socialuri struqtura, socialuri institutebi da706

sxva Temebi, romlebic Seadgenen sociologiis Teoriul birTvsda gasagebi xdebian sociologiuri gamokvlevebis meSveobiT, iqnebaigi Teoriuli, Tu empiriuli.aqedan SeiZleba gavakeToT Semdegi meTodologiuri daskvna:sociologiur gamokvlevebad unda CaiTvalos mxolod Sidadisciplinaruligamokvlevebi, romelTa Seqmna, organizacia da CatarebaimarTeba sociologiuri Teoriis saSualebiT, romlebicmiZRvnilia sociologiur Temebze, SesaZleblobas iZleva winaplanze wamovwioT sociologiuri da ara sxva romelime momijnavecodna. am azriT marketinguli gamokvlevebi ar warmoadgenensociologiurs, Tundac isini Catarebuli iqnas momzadebulisociologis mier. mokled, gamokvlevis am or tips Soris gansxvavebaSeiZleba CamovayaliboT ase: cneba “socialuri gamokvlevebi” ufro farToa, vrcelia,vidre cneba “sociologiuri gamokvlevebi”; cneba “socialuri gamokvlevebi” ar asaxavs mis ukanmdgar konkretul mecnierebas, xolo “sociologiurigamokvlevebi” _ asaxavs. es aris sociologia; sociologiuri gamokvlevebi normirebulia mecnierulimeTodebis idealebiT, xolo _ socialuri _ ara; sociologiuri gamokvlevebi gansazRvrulia sociologiissagniT da TematikiT, agreTve meTodiT, socialurigamokvlevebi _ ara; sociologiur gamokvlevebs aqvT specifikuri meTodebi,socialurs _ ara; sociologiuri gamokvlevebi _Semecnebis SidadisciplinarulimeTodia, socialuri _ disciplinaTaSorisi; socialuri gamokvlevebi moicaven sazogadoebis nebismiersocialur problemebs, imaTac ki, romlebic ar miekuTvnebiansociologias, xolo sociologiuri _ problemebisSezRudul wres, sociologiis sagnis davalebiT; socialuri gamokvlevebi yvelafris momcveli da gaurkvevelia,sociologiuri _ SerCeviTi; socialur gamokvlevebs atareben iuristebi, eqimebi,ekonomistebi, Jurnalistebi. isini arian sazogadoebrivisociologebi. sociologiur gamokvlevebs atareben mxolodprofesionalebi. misi damaxasiaTebeli, ganmasxvave-707

eli Tvisebaa _ Teoriasa da meTods Soris mWidro kav-Siri. es ar esmiT pirvelebs; sociologiuri gamokvlevebis wyaroa _ mecnieruli literaturada profesionaluri momzadeba, socialuris _popularuli literatura da yoveldRiuri, cxovrebiseuligamocdileba an mocemuli uwyebrivi gamocdileba; socialuri gamokvlevebi asaxavs sazogadoebaze farToSexedulebebs, sociologiuri _ viwro, SezRudul, specializirebuls.sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, riT gansxvavdeba sociologiuri dasocialuri gamokvlevebi, mecnierebaSi sabolood gadawyvetiliar aris. mecnierebi kamaToben rig principul da meorexarisxovanmomentebze. 1 zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT:sociologiuri ewodeba _ iseT gamokvlevebs, sadac erTi socialurimovlena aixsneba sxva socialuri movlenebis daxmarebiT.zustad aseve, fsiqologiuri ewodeba iseT gamokvlevas, sadacerTi fsiqikuri movlena aixsneba sxva fsiqikuri movlenebiT.movlenebis axsnis principi “Tavisi” movlenebiTve ixmareba yvelafundamentur mecnierebaSi. ekonomikaSi erTi ekonomikuri movlenaaixsneba ara iuridiuli an socialuri, aramed sxva ekonomiurimovlenebiT. kulturologiaSic aseve: kultura aixsnebakulturiT. aseT proceduras SeiZleba ewodos fundamenturimecnierebis meTodologiuri TviTdakmayofilebis principi.piriqiT, disciplinaTSoris (interdisciplinarul) dargeb-Si erTi tipis movlenis codna aixsneba sxva tipis movleniT.mag. socialur geografiaSi erTianobaSia Sereuli geografiulida socialuri movlenebi, xolo ekonomikur geografiaSi _ geografiulida ekonomikuri faqtorebi. anTropologiaSi adamianisZvlebis naSTebi Tavsdeba erT rigSi kulturul da ojaxurstruqturebTan da gasakviri ar aris, rom zogierTi ucxoelispecialisti Tvlis anTropologias sociologiis nawilad. rogorcki sociologi Seecdeba axsnas socialuri faqtebi ekomi-1 Г. М. Кац. Логико-методологический аспект анализа социальных явлений. Кишинев,1985, gv. 19-33, 37-45; В. С. Борулин социальная жизнь общества. Вопросыметодологии. М., 1989, gv. 17-29, 35-49; Р. Арон. Этапы развития социологическоймыслы. М., 1993, gv. 86-152; Социологические исследования в СССР. М.,1978, gv. 11-57; В. А. Ядов. Социология в современной России. – Социология.№12. М., 1996, gv. 44-61.708

kuri, fizikuri, fsiqologiuri da sxva mizezebiT, igi tovebssociologiis, rogorc mkacri mecnierebis sazRvrebs. ar SeiZlebaavxsnaT deviantoba (socialuri faqti) fsiqikuri xasiaTiT anrasobriv-anTropologiuri niSniT. es ar iqneba sociologiuriaxsna. amave mizeziT, mravalricxovani Teoriebi: socialuri darvinizmisa,geografiuli determinizmisa da fsiqologiuri skolebisasociologiaSi ar miekuTvneba sociologiuri Teoriebisricxvs _ es socialuri Teoriebia.rogorc Cans, socialuri gamokvlevebi iseTi gamokvlevebia,romelSic socialuri faqtebi aixsneba arasocialuris daxmarebiT.maSasadame, socialuri gamokvlevebi ar miekuTvneba mxolodsociologiur dargs. es aris disciplinaTSorisi (interdisciplinaruli)gamokvlevebi, formirebuli sociologiisa da monaTesavesazogadoebrivi disciplinis SeerTebiT. magaliTad, ekonomikaSi,socialuri gamokvlevebi miekuTvneba erTdroulad or mecnierebas.am SemTxvevaSi _ sociologias da ekonomikas. fsiqologiisada sociologiis gadakveTaze formirdeba socialur-fsiqologiurigamokvlevebi. socialuri anTropologia aseve atarebs TavisiSinaarsis mixedviT disciplinaTSoris gamokvlevebs.erT SemTxvevaSi, gamokvlevaSi axali mimarTuleba ar saxeldeba,sxva SemTxvevaSi ki igi Rebulobs damoukidebel dasaxelebas,statussa da sagans. mag., socialuri gamokvlevebi, romlebictardeba sociologiisa da pedagogikis meSveobiT, ar Rebulobendamoukidebeli disciplinis statuss. piriqiT, socialekonomikurigamokvlevebi, formirebuli ekonomikisa da sociologiisSeerTebiT, gadaiqcnen dReisaTvis mZlavr mecnieruldisciplinad _ ekonomikur sociologiad. mis statusze, saganzeda meTodebze mecnierebi jer kidev kamaToben: ekonomistebi amtkiceben,rom ekonomiuri sociologia _ ekonomikis nawilia, xolosociologebs miaCniaT, rom is sociologiis dargia. magramerTi ram udavoa: ekonomikuri sociologia yuradRebas iqcevsasobiT da aTasobiT mkvlevrebis, leqtorebis (umaRlesis maswavleblebis),studentebis, romlebic swavloben bazris, mewarmeobis,marketingis sociologiur aspeqtebs.amJamad, sociologiis sazRvrebTan formirebulia farTo fenagamoyenebiTi (dargobrivi) mimarTulebisa, dakavebuli zustadaseTive disciplinaTaSorisi anu socialuri gamokvlevebiT. esaris ekonomikuri sociologia, samarTlis sociologia, socialu-709

i inJineria, socialuri ekologia, socialuri fsiqologia dasxv. sxva akademiur mecnierebebSi, rogorc sociologiaSi, CamoyalibdaaseTive fena gamoyenebiTi mimarTulebebisa, romlebic SemosazRvruliaTaviseburi sartyeliT. maT farglebSi Catarebuligamokvlevebi ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos mkacrad fsiqologiurad, iuridiuladan ekonomikurad _ isini disciplinaTaSorisi gamokvlevebia.mag., ekonomikuri fsiqologia, fsiqoteqnika, medicinisfsiqologia.aSS-Si gamoiyofa gamoyenebiTi samuSaos Semdegi saxeebi: klinikuripraqtika, politikis analizi, biznes-konsultacia, socialurigamokvlevebi. maT Soris socialuri gamokvlevebi yvelazegavrcelebuli da warmatebuli saxea sociologiuri praqtikisa.gamoyenebiTi dargiT dakavebulni arian ministrebi da eqsministrebi,radikalebi da eqs-radikalebi, konservatorebi daeqs-konservatorebi. sociologiam moxibla isini Tavisi SesaZleblobebiT,raTa gavlena moaxdinos socialur reformebze.amasTan erTad isini floben unikalur gamocdilebasa da codnasam dargSi. gamoyenebiTi socialuri gamokvlevebi mowodebuliaSeiswavlos da Seafasos sazogadoebasa da bunebaSi mimdinare realuriprocesebis Sedegebi. mag., wyaldidobis zemoqmedeba adamianTaqcevebze da qalaqebis sacxovrebel fondze. misi mizania _gamoarkvios rogori federaluri daxmareba unda gaewioT dazaralebulebs.mis sapirispirod, bazisuri gamokvlevebi mimarTuliasasamarTlos mier gamotanili gadawyvetilebebis normatiul-samarTlebrivisafuZvlebis gamosavlenad, romlebic Seexebadazaralebuli saxlis mepatroneebisaTvis kompensaciis gadaxdas.pirveli tipis gamokvlevebi amaragebs informaciiT adgilobrivxelisuflebas, raTa maT miiRon kompetenturi gadawyvetilebasocialuri politikis sferoSi, meore midis ufro Sors mimdinaresakiTxebze, radganac kompensaciis gadaxdaSi igulisxmebaSemosavlebis gadanawilebis sakiTxebi, romelTa gadawyveta ar Sedismxolod adgilobrivi xelisuflebis uflebamosilebaSi.maSasadame, sociologiuri gamokvlevebi _ es aris Sidadisciplinaruligamokvlevebis tipi. socialuri gamokvlevebi ki _disciplinaTSorisi (interdisciplinaruli) gamokvlevebis tipi.710

KOBA NONIASHVILISOCIAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONSThe terms “Sociological Investigations” and “Social Investigations”are very frequently used in scientific and practical spheres as synonymousbut sometimes they run counter to each other. The concept “Social Investigations”is wider than the notion “Sociological Investigations”. SocialInvestigations are carried on by lawyers, economists, doctors and journalists.They are public sociologists. Unlike them sociological investigationsare carried on only by professionals. Their distinctive feature is a close linkbetween the theory and the method. Sociologists by empirical methods studywhat is not investigated by other social science representatives (lawyers,economists, etc.). What can’t lawyers or economists study? First of all,– the social structure, social institutes and other topics which constitute thetheoretical core, the essence of sociology and become comprehensible onlywith the help of sociological investigations. Hence, it can be concludedthat sociological investigations are only specifically intradisciplinary investigationswhich are carried on by means of a sociological theory and aredevoted to the sociological themes, enable us to move forward sociologicaland not any other adjoining knowledge. Sociological are such investigationswhere one type of social phenomena is explained by other social phenomena.Conversely, within interdisciplinary fields the knowledge of onetype of phenomenon is explained by another type of phenomenon. As soonas a sociologist attempts at explaining social facts by economical, physical,psychological and other causes he trespasses the limits of sociology. It’simpossible to explain deviance (a social fact) by psychic or racial-anthropologicalfeatures. It won’t be a sociological explanation. Hence, socialinvestigations are those where social facts are not explained with the helpof social facts, i.e. social investigations don’t belong only to the sociologicalsphere. These are interdisciplinary investigations which are formedby joining sociology and a kindred social discipline. Thus, sociological investigationsare intradisciplinary investigations, but social investigationsare interdisciplinary ones.711

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008givi rogavaistoriuli aucileblobisa da adamianTamiznebis urTierTmimarTebissakiTxisaTvissazogadoebis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebis specifika, gansxvavebiTbunebis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebisagan, romelic adamianisgareSec arsebobs da moqmedebs, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igiarsebobs rogorc Segnebulad moqmedi adamianebis moRvaweobisSedegi. sazogadoeba aris iseTi obieqti, romelSic mocemuliasubieqti, TavisTavis Semcnobi da miznis damsaxveli. adamianurimoqmedeba, rogorc wesi, yovelTvis aris Segnebuli, mizandasaxulimoqmedeba, romlis procesSiac xorcieldeba istoriuli aucilebloba.amdenad, istoriuli aucileblobisa da adamianTamiznebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi erT-erTi metad mniSvnelovaniproblemaTagania Tanamedrove filosofiaSi.miuxedavad miznis kategoriis didi mniSvnelobisa, sabWoTafilosofiur literaturaSi XXs. pirvel naxevarSi masze sayuradReboram, TiTqmis, araferi ar dawerila. mxolod 70-ianwlebidan Cndeba pirveli statiebi da SemdegSi monografiebi,romlebSiac met-naklebi siRrmiT gaSuqebulia am kategoriissxvadasxva aspeqti. 1 qarTul enaze miznis problemis Sesaxeb specialuristatia an monografia jer kidev ar arsebobs. am statiisavtoris mier dawerilma Sromam _ `mizani rogorc filosofiurikategoria~ 2 _ mkiTxvelamde ver miaRwia. misi, isedac1 amis Sesaxeb dawvril. ix.: А. М. Генден. Предвидение и цель в развитииобщества. Красноярск, 1970; Т. И Синицина. О природе и содержании социальныхпотребностей личности. Красноярск, 1971; Б. А. Воронович. Философский анализструктуры практики. М., 1972; В. И. Приписнов. Механизм действия социальныхзаконов и субъективный фактор. Душанбе, 1972; А. Г. Спиркин. Сознание и самосознание.М., 1972; М. С. Кветной. Человеческая деятельность: сущность, структура,типы. Саратов, 1974; А. М. Парнюк. Принцип детерминизма в системедиалектического материализма. Киев. 1975; В. Ж. Келле. М. Я. Ковальзон. Теорияи история. Проблемы теории исторического процесса. М., 1981.2 g. rogava. mizani rogorc filosofiuri kategoria. soxumi, 1993.712

mcire tiraJi, afxazeTis tragikuli movlenebis dros mTlianadganadgurda.jer kidev hegelma, erT-erTma pirvelma, mTeli sigrZe-siganiTdaayena bunebasa da sazogadoebaSi obieqturi mizanSewonilobisarsebobis problema, xazi gausva mis damoukideblobasadamianTa nebisagan, maTi Segnebuli miznebisagan. 1 k. marqsis mtkicebiTsazogadoebis istoriuli ganviTareba aris kanonzomieriprocesi; sazogadoebis wevrTa moqmedeba materialuri warmoebisprocesSi obieqtivizirdeba da iqceva sazogadoebriv-istoriulaucileblobad, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis obieqtur kanonzomierebad.Tu axali wyobileba warmoiSobaa ara SemTxveviT, aramedrogorc aucilebeli Sedegi zogadi kanonebis, Zalebisa da tendenciebisa,romlebic moqmedeben amJamad da kanonzomierad gamomdinareobenwarsulis mizezobrivi ganviTarebidan, maSin cxadia,rom aseTi procesi aris bunebrivi istoriuli procesi, romelicgamoixateba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis movlenaTa gameoradobaSi.gameoradoba aris obieqturi kanonis erT-erTi niSani,ramdenadac kanoni aris simyare movlenebSi. 2gameoradobas sazogadoebriv movlenebSi adgili aqvs zogadxazebSi da amdenad istoriuli kanonzomierebis aRmosaCenad aucilebeliaaRmovaCinoT masSi arsebuli zogadi. istoriuli aucileblobagamoixateba, upirveles yovlisa, zogadiTa da gansakuTrebuliTmaSin, rodesac erTeulSi yovelTvis aris SemTxveviTobiselementi.istoriuli aucilebloba es aris adamianTa istoriuli-sazogadoebrivipraqtika. materialuri warmoebiTi urTierToba,romelic ar aris adamianTa nebasa da survilebze damokidebuli,ramdenadac is ar gaivlis maT cnobierebaSi, ganisazRvreba araadamianTa miznebiT, ara maTi Segnebuli arCevaniT, aramed sazogadoebismier miRweuli sawarmoo Zalebis ganviTarebis doniT. istoriuliaucilebloba arsebiTad ekonomikuri aucileblobaa,romelic saboloo angariSiT gansazRvravs sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivimovlenebis xasiaTsa da Sinaarss, maT Soris adamianebismiswrafebebsa da miznebs.1 Г. Гегель. Феноменология духа. – Сочинения, т. VIII. М., 1927, gv. 98; g. hegeli.gonis filosofia. Tb., 1984, gv. 310-311.2 k. marqsi. politikuri ekonomiis kritikisaTvis. _ rCeuli nawerebi.t. I. tb., 1950, gv. 269-270.713

ekonomikuri aucilebloba adamianTa SegnebaSi aisaxeba rogorcsazogadoebrivi moTxovnileba. istoriuli aucileblobaaris am moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis gardauvaloba. amrigad,miznebs warmoSobs adamianis daukmayofilebloba sinamdviliT,romelic ver pasuxobs mocemuli saxiT mis moTxovnilebebs.aseT SemTxvevaSi adamiani miznad isaxavs sinamdvilis gardaqmnas.istoriuli aucilebloba _ sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebaiseve obieqturia, rogorc bunebis kanonebi. isinidamoukidebelni arian adamianTa nebasa da cnobierebaze. marTalia,adamianTa miznebi gansazRvrulia istoriuli aucileblobiT,obieqturi kanonzomierebiT, magram es imas ar niSnavs, romadamianTa miznebi da miswrafebani, rogorc Sedegi, ukugavlenasar axdenen maT warmomSob mizezebze. warmoiSobian ra obieqturiaucileblobiT, adamianTa miznebi, rogorc sinamdvilis asaxvisgarkveuli forma da moqmedebis Sinaarsi, aCqareben an anelebenmaTi warmomSobi aucileblobis ganxorcielebas. adamianTa miznebsSeuZliaT iTamaSon gadamwyveti roli ara yovelTvis dayvelgan, aramed roca momwifda obieqturi aucilebloba sazogadoebisgardasaqmnelad. adamianTa miznebis roli imaSia, rom isgarkveuli mimarTulebiT warmarTavs maT moqmedebas da miT aCqarebsan anelebs istoriuli aucileblobis ganxorcielebas.amave dros aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas is garemoeba,rom adamianTa miznebi TviTon Sedian sazogadoebis ganvi-Tarebis obieqtur pirobebSi. adamianebis moqmedebis ganxilvisasmizezobriv jaWvSi aucileblad unda SevitanoT is miznebi, romlebsacisaxavdnen es adamianebi am moqmedebis ganxorcielebisprocesSi. miznebi monawileoben mizezobriv rigSi, rogorc mocemulimizezobrivi procesis erT-erTi elementi.mizani garkveuli azriT aris materialuri sinamdvilisSecvlis mizezi. praqtikaSi xorcieldeba ideebis gadaqceva materialurad,Teoriuli cnobierebis materializacia. ramdenadacpraqtika aris aseTi gardaqmnis procesi, masSi aucileblad arisidealuri mxare _ mizani. mizani aris adamianis Segnebuli moqmedebisuSualo motivi. miznis moqmedebaSi cxadad Cans Sedegisukuqmedeba mizezze, misi gardamqmneli roli. miznis mier samyarosgardaqmnaSi ar unda vigulisxmoT marto misi gardaqmna azrebSi,aramed _ am azrebis mixedviT samyaros realuri gardaqmnaxdeba adamianis realuri fizikuri, grZnobadi saqmianobiT, mag-714

am miznis (cnobierebis) meoxebiT, ramdenadac is samyaroscvlis Segnebulad. am azriT mizani hqmnis, e.i. cvlis samyaros.mizani, moqmedebs ra rogorc adamianis moRvaweobis Sinaganikanoni, warmoadgens cnobierebidan moqmedebaze gadasvlas, is TiTqosxidia Teoriul da praqtikul moqmedebaTa Soris. mizani gamodisrogorc praqtikuli moqmedebis Sedegi, rogorc Sinaganistimuli. mizezi-mizani gamsWvalavs Sedegis _ moqmedebis process,erwymis mas, TamaSobs misi Sinaarsis rols. mizani gansazRvravsadamianis moqmedebis mimarTulebasa da struqturas.mizanSi ganxorcielebulia winaaRmdegoba adamiansa da garesamyaros Soris, subieqtsa da obieqts Soris. adamianuri moqmedebissubieqturi xasiaTi gulisxmobs obieqtur rezultatsmiznis safuZvelze praqtikuli moqmedebis procesSi, romelicwarmoadgens mizandasaxul process, mizani iRebs obieqtur arsebobas,rogorc praqtikuli moqmedebis Sedegs. ganxorcielebulimizani sakuTari moqmedebis Sedegad wyvets miznad arsebobas. subieqtiscalmxrioba ixsneba misi obieqturad gadaqcevis gamo,obieqturis calmxrioba ki _ misi subieqtTan damsgavsebiT.amrigad, miznis mier samyaros Seqmna aris struqturis obieqturadgardaqmnis procesi. ganxorcielebuli mizani, rogorcwesi, yovelTvis raRaciT metia dasaxul mizanze, rac imiT arisgamowveuli, rom miznis ganmsazRvreli saSualeba gansxvavebuliamiznis ganmaxorcielebeli saSualebisagan. ganxorcielebuli mizaniaris moqmedebisa da realuri saSualebebis produqti. gardaamisa, miznis ganxorcielebiT warmoiSoba mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirisiseTi simravle, romlis yovelmxriv asaxvas adamiani veraxerxebs. adamianis miznebis ganxorcieleba aris SesaZleblobissinamdviled gadaqcevis procesi. mizani ama Tu im zomiT asaxavsim SesaZleblobebs, romelTa sinamdviled gadaqcevisaTvis ukvearis saTanado saSualebebi. adamianTa saqmianobis warmateba damokidebuliaimaze, emTxveva Tu ara maTi moqmedebis neba-surviliobieqturi sinamdvilis ganviTarebis mimarTulebas, agreTve _ imaze,Tu ra sizustiTa da sisruliT asaxavs adamianTa cnobierebaam sinamdvilis kanonzomierebas. rodesac mizani arasworad asaxavsobieqtur SesaZleblobas da kanonebs, is aRmoCndeba ganuxorcielebeli.ayenebs ra Tavis winaSe aseT miznebs, subieqti gamodismxolod sakuTari survilebidan, angariSs ar uwevs sagnebisrealur mdgomareobas da vardeba SecdomaSi, subieqtivizmSi.715

miznebis dasaxva moiTxovs zustad ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisaganabstraqtuli da realuri SesaZleblobebi. realur SesaZleblobebzedamyarebuli mizani aseve realuria, is axdens adamianTamobilizacias moqmedebisaTvis da miuTiTebs im gzaze, romelsacmivyavarT dasaxul miznamde. istoriuli aucileblobavlindeba realur SesaZleblobebSi, maTi Secnoba ki aris mecnieruliwinaswarganWvreta. ramdenadac Cven zustad viciT es SesaZleblobani,miT ufro Tavisufalia da Segnebuli Cveni moqmedeba,romelic SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs aviciloT CvenTvis arasasurveliSesaZlebloba da ganvaxorcieloT sasurveli.mizani SeiZleba ar iyos sinamdvilis zogadi kanonebis mimarTwinaaRmdegobaSi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is ar iTvaliswinebssakmao sizustiT arsebul konkretul pirobebs, arsebul realurSesaZleblobebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi miznebi asaxaven mxolodabstraqtul SesaZleblobebs da ganuxorcielebelia mocemuletapze maTi gansaxorcielebeli saSualebaTa ukmarisobis gamo.aseTi miznebis dayeneba rogorc Soreuli perspeqtiuli miznebisa,sruliad marTebuli da aucilebelia. siyalbes vRebulobTmaSin, rodesac es miznebi warmodgenili iqneba rogorc praqtikulimiznebi mocemuli etapisaTvis. uSualo gansaxorcielebelimiznebi unda asaxavdnen ukve momwifebul realur SesaZleblobebs.Tu aseTi SesaZleblobebi ar arsebobs, maSin aseTi miznebisdasaxva da maTi ganxorcielebisaTvis brZola ZalTa daxarjvisunayofo cdaa.istoriuli aucileblobisa da adamianTa miznebis urTier-Tobis problemis mecnierul gadawyvetaze didad aris damokidebuliswori saxelmwifoebrivi politikis warmoeba. Tu arsebobssazogadoebis ganviTarebis garkveuli kanonzomiereba, romelicaucileblobis bunebisaa, Tu adamianTa miznebi saboloo angariSiTam aucileblobiT ganisazRvreba, maSin cxadia, rom SesaZlebeliaarsebobdes mecnieruli codna sazogadoebis momavali ganviTarebisSesaxeb, SesaZloa mecnierulad aixsnas sazogadoebis wevri adamianebismiznebis istoriuli gansazRvruloba da mimarTuleba.erTi da igive istoriuli aucilebloba SeiZleba gamovlindessxvadasxva formiT. pirobebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenenaucileblobis gamovlenis formaze, SeiZleba damokidebuli iyosadamianebze da maSin adamianebi TavianT miznad isaxaven aucileblobisganxorcielebas maTi survilebis mixedviT.716

amrigad, mecnierulad dasabuTebuli SeiZleba iyos mxolodiseTi saxelmwifoebrivi politika, romelic eyrdnoba sworadgagebul urTierTobas obieqtur aucileblobasa da adamianTamiznebs Soris, romelic cnobs obieqturi aucileblobis ganmsazRvrelmniSvnelobas, romelsac SeuZlia obieqturi arsebobisada Sesabamisi saSualebebis arsebobisas iTamaSos gadamwyvetiroli istoriulad momzadebul gardaqmnaTa ganxorcielebaSi.adamianTa miznebis mowyvetas istoriul aucileblobisagan, maTSoris zRvaris aRmarTvas gardauvalobiT mivyavarT saxelmwifoebrivipolitikis gakotrebamde.GIVI ROGAVAON THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL NECESSITY AND THEDIALECTICS OF HUMAN BEINGS’ AIMSIn the article historical necessity is considered as a social developmentregularity which is formed in the process of human beings’ purposefuland conscious activity. This is a natural historical course which isexpressed in the recurrence and objectivity of social phenomena. Historicalnecessity is historical and social practice of human beings, essentially,an economic inevitability which eventually determines the characterand content of different social phenomena, human beings’ goals and aspirationsamong them. Originated by objective necessity the aims of humanbeings, as certain form and content of reality reflection, exert counterinfluenceon the causes originating them, hasten or slow down the fulfilmentof historical necessity. The aims of human beings can play a decisiverole not always and everywhere but only when the objective necessityfor the society reformation has matured. The sound state policydepends greatly on the scientific solution of the problem of relation betweenhistorical necessity and the aims of human beings. The alienationof the aims of human beings from historical necessity, drawing a boundarybetween them, leads inevitably to the bankruptcy of the state policy.717

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008meri WanturiapirovnebaTa interesebisa da maTi socialuriaqtiurobis urTierTmimarTebissakiTxisaTvisadamianisaTvis sinamdvile, rogorc cnobilia, moTxovnilebebiTiwyeba. moTxovnilebebi mravalferovania. maT or saxed yofen:bio-fiziologiur anu materialur da socialur moTxovnilebebad.moTxovnilebaTa uamravi gansazRvrebaa cnobili rogorc fsiqologiaSi,aseve filosofiasa da sociologiaSi. kerZod, socialurfilosofiaSi moTxovnileba ganmartebulia Semdegnairad:`moTxovnileba gulisxmobs individis saWiroebas imaze, rac aucilebeliaorganizmis cxovelunarianobis SesanarCuneblad damisi pirovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis~. 1 socialuri moTxovnileba _es aris sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis cxovrebis realuri momenti,romelic warmoadgens obieqturisa da subieqturis erTianobas dagamodis rogorc individualuri da sazogadoebrivi (jgufuri)cnobierebis specifikuri forma. adamianTa moTxovnilebebs aqvTsocialurad gapirobebuli buneba, romelic warmoadgens misi,rogorc sociologiuri movlenis safuZvels.moTxovnileba rogorc subieqtis garkveuli mimarTeba moTxovnilebissagnisadmi, aisaxeba mis cnobierebaSi interesis saxiT.interesi obieqturad arsebuli moTxovnilebebis subieqturi gamoxatuleba,misi saxe. interesis Sinaarsi aris moTxovnilebisSinaarsis adeqvaturi. socialuri filosofiis TvalsazrisiT, interesiSeiZleba ganvsazRvroT Semdegnairad: interesi aris subieqtisgacnobierebuli mimarTeba socialurad gansazRvruli saku-Tari arsebobis pirobebisadmi, mimarTeba, romlis mizania am pirobebisSenarCuneba an daufleba, sinamdvilis gardaqmna. interesisarsebiTi niSania misi mimarTuloba ama Tu im obieqtisadmi.adamianebi, rogorc wesi, moqmedeben gacnobierebuli interesebismixedviT. sakuTari interesebis gageba maT SesaZleblo-1 В. А. Ядов. Потребность. – БСЭ, 3- ее изд., т. 20. М., 1975, gv. 439.718

as aZlevs TavianTi moqmedeba warmarTon am interesebis gansaxorcieleblad.socialuri interesi axdens pirovnebis mobilizaciasmizandasaxuli moqmedebisaTvis, e.i. garkveuli miznis misaRwevad.amis gamo interessa da mizans Soris kavSiri ZalianmWidroa, rac zogierT mkvlevars safuZvels aZlevs, rom isinierTmaneTTan gaaigivos. 1 magram es Secdomaa. misi Tavidan acilebismizniT saWiroa aRiniSnos interesisa da miznis dialeqtikisZiriTadi momentebi.interesebi imitom TamaSoben aqtiur rols istoriul ganvi-TarebaSi, rom maTi fesvebi adamianTa materialuri cxovrebis pirobebSia,warmoadgenen sazogadoebis ganviTarebis obieqturi tendenciebissubieqtur gamoxatulebas. interesebis bunebis aseT gagebaSiCadebulia maTi funqciebis mecnieruli axsnis SesaZlebloba.ramdenadac subieqts obieqturad aqvs garkveuli Tavisi adgiliwarmoebiT urTierTobebSi, amdenad, rogorc Sedegi, aqvs isinteresebic, romlebic gamoxataven mis mimarTebas sazogadoebisganviTarebis SesaZleblobebisa da tendenciebisadmi. da yovelisocialuri subieqti, iqneba is individi, klasi Tu mTeli sazogadoeba,Tavisi interesebis Sesabamisad aqtiurad monawileobs istoriuliprocesebis determinaciaSi. roca mwifdeba obieqturipirobebi ama Tu im SesaZleblobaTa realizaciisaTvis, gadamwyvetiroli am misiis ganxorcielebaSi ekuTvnis interess da misSesabamis moqmedebas. `sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi SesaZleblobissinamdviled gadaqceva xorcieldeba mxolod rogorc garkveulisocialuri subieqtis interesebis realizacia. sxvanairad romvTqvaT, istoriuli SesaZlebloba xorcieldeba mxolod maSin,rodesac is iRebs ama Tu im socialuri subieqtis interesisformas. es niSnavs, rom adamianTa interesebi warmoadgenen obieqturiistoriuli procesis jaWvis Semadgenel erT-erT rgols,romelsac Tu amovagdebT am jaWvidan, igi gawydeba~. 2sazogadoebrivi adamianis moqmedebis determinirebuloba obieqturikanonzomierebebiT, yovelTvis gaSualebulia misi interesebiT.sazogadoebaSi arsebuli obieqturi SesaZleblobebidanTu romeli iqneba realizebuli, amas ganapirobebs interesi, e. i.subieqtis interesebi gansazRvraven istoriul ganviTarebis mi-1 А. Т. Ханипов. Интерес как форма общественных отношении. Новосибирск,1987, gv. 251.2 С. Д. Максименко. Общая психология. М., 2000, gv. 327.719

marTulebasa da process. interesisadmi moqmedebis daqvemdebarebaar niSnavs adamianTa aqtiurobis dapirispirebas obieqturikanonebisadmi. adamiani ereva ra Tavisi interesebis Sesabamisadobieqtur mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirSi, moqmedebs rogorc ganviTarebisprocesis mimarTulebis mimcemi, Zala da faqtori.amrigad, romeli istoriuli SesaZlebloba iqceva sinamdviled,xolo romeli gava scenidan, es damokidebulia adamianTainteresebze da maT brZolaze am interesTa ganxorcielebisaTvis.interesTa roli imdenad mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac isinisworad da srulad gamoxataven obieqtur SesaZleblobebs. adamianTainteresebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi TamaSoben didrols, magram ar warmoadgenen sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis obieqturikanonzomierebisagan mowyvetil faqtorebs. interesebi TviTSedian aucilebel rgolad sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebaSi.cxovrebis materialuri pirobebi warmoadgenen istoriuliganviTarebis obieqtur safuZvels, xolo miT ganpirobebuliadamianTa interesebi gamodis mis mamoZravebel Zalad. 1ramdenadac sazogadoebaSi sxvadasxva adamianebs an adamianTajgufebs sxvadasxva statusi anu adgili da mdgomareoba gaaCniaT,maTi interesebic urTierTgansxvavebulia. amitomac sazogadoebaSiarsebobs rogorc garkveul interesTa erTianoba anusaerTo miznebi, maT gverdiT arsebobs agreTve interesTa urTierTdapirispireba,zogjer maTi antagonizmi.sazogadoebrivi moqmedebis subieqti SeiZleba iyos mxolodadamiani an maTi erToba. magram ara yoveli monawile socialuripraqtikisa, ara yoveli adamiani aris subieqti, ara yoveldRiuri,Cveulebrivi, aramed wminda filosofiuri gagebiT. àdamiansSeuZlia iTamaSos ama Tu im saqmianobaSi mniSvnelovani roli,magram ar iyos subieqti. individis istoriuli procesis subieqtisrolamde amaRleba mimdinareobs misi aqtiuri saqmianobisSedegad da imis mixedviT, aris Tu ara is sazogadoebrivad Rirebuliinteresebis matarebeli~. 2 swored am Tvisebebis gamoaris subieqti istoriuli procesebis mamoZravebeli Zala. adamianurikomponenti moqmedebs sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi rogorcsubieqti im zomiT, ra zomiTac is cdilobs gardaqmnas es cxovrebamisTvis imanenturi interesebis Sesabamisad.1 В. С. Барулин. Социальная философия. М., 2001, gv. 157.2 d. uznaZe. zogadi fsiqologia. Tb., 1986, gv. 231.720

yoveli pirovneba yovelTvis iZulebulia angariSi gauwiosimaT interesebs, visTanac is eweva saerTo saqmianobas, visTanacurTierTobaSia igi. pirovnebis moqmedeba SeiZleba mimarTuli iyosan mxolod sakuTari interesebis ganxorcielebisaken, an maxlobeliadamianis interesebis, an kidev ucxo pirovnebis interesebisganxorcielebisaken, romelic, Tavis mxriv SeiZleba saSualebaiyos sakuTari interesebis gansaxorcieleblad. 1unda aRiniSnos, rom interesebis obieqturoba gadamwyvetisaxiT moqmedebs ara marto individualuri da sazogadoebrivicnobierebis Camoyalibebaze, aramed arsebiTad gansazRvravs subieqtissrulyofas. nebismieri socialuri interesi ar aris damokidebuliama Tu im pirovnebis neba-survilze, magram maTi realizaciauSualod aris dakavSirebuli maT nebasa da Segnebul,mizandasaxul moqmedebebTan.pirovnebis interesebis warmoSoba da realizacia xdeba sxvapirovnebebTan an subieqtebTan kavSirSi, rac, Tavis mxriv, moiTxovsara marto am miznebis saTanado gacnobierebas, aramed ma-Ti ganxorcielebis xerxebisa da saSualebebis gacnobierebasac.pirovneba cxovrobs da moqmedebs realur sazogadoebaSi da eqvemdebarebamas, ise rogorc nebismieri sazogadoebrivi gaerTianeba.amiT bevrad aris gansazRvruli interesebis realizaciis xerxebida gzebi konkretul sazogadoebriv sistemaSi. imave dros ar SeiZlebaar vaRiaroT, rom adamianebi yovelTvis erTnairad rodimoqmedeben TviT analogiur SemTxvevebSiac. interesTa namdvilirealizacia ganpirobebulia cnobierebis doniTa da poziciiT, romelicama Tu im pirovnebas ukavia sxvisi interesebis mimarT, anuSeiZleba iTqvas, misi sazogadoebrivi mowifulobiT.sxvisi interesebi (pirovnebis, jgufebis da a.S.) SeiZlebapirovnebis mier aRqmul iqnas an rogorc misi sakuTari interesebisrealizaciis xelSemwyobi, an, piriqiT, xelisSemSleli. interesTaierarqiis sworad gansazRvra damokidebulia pirovnebaze,iseve rogorc maTi realizaciis saSualebaTa gansazRvra. 2interesebis realizaciis saSualebebTan da maT ierarqiasTan dakavSirebiTama Tu im zomiT xdeba interesebis daqvemdebareba,ignorireba an maTi erToblivi realizacia. amasTanave yvela interesi,romelic ganzraxulia gansaxorcieleblad, iqceva piro-1 Всемирная энциклопедия. Философия. М., 2001, gv. 693.2 Э. Гидинс. Социология. М., 1999, gv. 359.46. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi721

iTad, droebiT sakuTar interesebad moqmedi subieqtisaTvis. saxeldobr,amitom individisaTvis piradi, kerZo interesebi mTlianadar emTxveva ganviTarebuli pirovnebis yvela interess, TumcaaraiSviaTad pirovnebis interesebi SeiZleba SemoizRudosmxolod piradi interesebiT. es SesaZleblobas mogvcems vimsjeloTTviT pirovnebaze, ufro zustad, mis doneze, TviTcnobierebaze,mis sazogadoebriv momwifebulobaze.pirovnebis interesebis rogorc moculoba, aseve struqturagansazRvrulia ara imdenad sazogadoebrivi cnobierebiT, ramdenadacmisi praqtikuli saqmianobiT. pirovnebis interesebi ganpirobebuliamisi sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobiT sakuTari statusiT.pirovnebis interesebi yovelTvis Seicaven sakuTar TavSiara mxolod TviT individis moTxovnilebebs, aramed ara saku-Tar (sxvisi) moTxovnilebebsac. pirovnebas SeuZlia imoqmedosara mxolod sakuTar moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad, aramedsxvisi moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofilebladac da swored amaSivlindeba misi sazogadoebrivi momwifebulobis done. pirovnebisinteresi garkveuli sarkea, sadac cxadad Cans misi socialurimikuTvnebuloba ama Tu im socialuri fenisadmi, misi ganviTarebisdone da mimarTeba sazogadoebrivi movlenebisadmi.interesebi da miznebi socialuri movlenebia, xolo moTxovnileba_ rogorc biologiuri, aseve socialuri. mecnierulliteraturaSi zogjer erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben pirad interesebsada pirovnebis interesebs. 1 `piradi interesis~ cnebaSiiazreben mis dapirispirebas sazogadoebrivTan, piradi interesebiganixileba rogorc individis moTxovnilebebiT gansazRvruli,romelic dakavSirebulia mis materialur saWiroebasTan da suliermoTxovnebTan, mis TavisuflebasTan da a.S. 2 pirovnebis interesiufro farToa, vidre piradi interesi, masSi Sedis yvelainteresi, TviT sazogadoebrivic. pirovnebaTa interesebi SeiZlebagarkveul TanxmobaSi, harmoniaSi iyos erTmaneTTan, magramaseve SesaZlebelia urTierTdapirispirebac. es dapirispireba,Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva xarisxis.interesebis antagonizmi niSnavs, rom erTis dakmayofilebagamoricxavs imavdroulad meoris dakmayofilebas da maTi sxvanai-1 Е. З. Ильин. Мотивация и мотивы. Питер, 2003, gv. 157.2 В. А. Канке. Философия. М., 1998, gv. 66.722

i urTierTmimarTeba SeuZlebelia. araantagonisturi winaaRmdegobaaRniSnavs imas, rom dapirispirebuli interesebi garkveulkonkretul viTarebaSi SeiZleba iqcnen aradapirispirebul interesebad,amas ganapirobebs arsebuli realobis sxva realobiTSecvla. interesTa damTxveva niSnavs, rom erTis realizacia iwvevserTdroulad meoris realizacias, rom sxvadasxva subieqtebisinteresebis erTnairi sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvT yvelamaTganisaTvis.amasTan erTad unda aRiniSnos, rom pirovnebas gaaCnia interesTamTeli rigi, da erTi, Tu ramdenime maTgani cxovrebis amaTu im monakveTze SeiZleba aRmoCndes madominirebeli.MARY CHANTURIAA PERSON'S INTERESTS, AIMSAND SOCIAL ACTIVITYIn the article the definition of requirement, interest and the purposeand the dialectic ties existing between them are given. The requirementmeans the need of a person that is necessary for the maintenance of viabilityof his organism and for the development of the person. And interestis a subjective reflection of the objectively existing requirement. The interestessence is adequate to a requirement essence. The purpose displaysin an average way an object, in the form of an idea about it. In a social life,transformation of possibility into the reality is carried out only as realizationof interests of certain social subjects or the subject. Historicalpossibilities are carried out only when they receive the form of the interestof this or that social subject (subjects). It means, that the interests ofhuman beings represent one of the rings of a chain of the objective historicalprocess the removal of which will break off the chain.723

724soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008nestan lomaiagenderuli politika da masmediagenderuli sakiTxebis aqtualoba akademiur disciplinaSiSemovida aSS-sa da dasavleT evropaSi feministuri moZraobiszrdis Sedegad XXs. 70-ian wlebSi. feminizmi politikuri moZraobaswarmoadgenda da mimarTuli iyo qalis da mamakacis socialuri,ekonomikuri da politikuri Tanasworobis mopovebisaken,iseve rogorc calkeuli socialuri problemebis gadaWrisken.80-iani wlebidan warmoiSva qalTa sakiTxebis Semswavleliakademiuri disciplina, romelic daeyrdno 60-iani wlebidan dagrovilmecnierul codnas istoriasa da dokumentur faqtebzedayrdnobiT xSirad mas akademiur feminizms uwodeben. es akademiuridisciplina swavlobs qalTa socialur Tu fsiqologiurmdgomareobas sazogadoebaSi mamakacTan mimarTebaSi.Cveni interesis sfero Semoifargla saqarTveloSi genderulipolitikis qmediTunarianobaze masmedisTan mimarTebaSi da imrealobaze, romelic Cven sazogadoebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.masmediis funqciebi da zogadi amocanebi srulad gansxvavdebuliasxvadasxva politikuri reJimis pirobebSi, Tu nimuSadtotalitarul da demokratiul reJims aviRebT, iolad davafiqsirebT,rom arsebobs gansxvaveba ara mxolod funqciebs Soris,aramed TviT masmediis struqtuirebis da bunebis TvalsazrisiTac.Tumca rogoric ar unda iyos es sxvaoba orive maTganisaTviserTnairad damaxasiaTebelia is, rom masobrivi informaciissaSualebebi mWidrod ukavSirdeba politikuri Zalauflebisfenomens.pirveli funqcia, romelsac totalitaruli reJimi akisrebsmasmedias, aris moqalaqeTa ideologiuri damuSaveba. „sab-WoTa masmedias sakuTari „wvilili~ Sehqonda rogorc „axaliadamianis~ CamoyalibebaSi, aseve marqsizm-leninizmis idealebisganmtkicebaSi. politikuri da ekonomikuri xvdomilebebi ganixileboda„marqsistuli xedvidan~, rac imas niSnavs, rom amgvaradmomarTuli masmedia ar icnobs faqts rogorc aseTs, rogorc

neitralur fenomens, romelic momxmarebels miewodeboda wmindasaxiT, damoukideblad yovelgvari SefasebiTi msjelobebisagan. 1totalitaruli masmediis kidev erTi funqcia politikuriZalauflebis manifestaciaSi mdgomareobda. presas mxolod saxelisuflebogadawyvetilebebi ki ar mihqonda masebamde, aramedZalauflebis moZraobas gaaxmianebda. politikuri gadawyvetilebebi,warmoidgineboda yovelgvari komentaris Tu analizisgareSe. totalitaluri masmediis aseTi xasiaTi didad iyo ganpirobebuli„ideebis bazris~ ar arsebobiT, an, rac igivea, romxelisuflebas WeSmaritebis flobis monopolia hqonda. albaTupirveles yovlisa swored am punqtSia gansxvaveba masmediisfunqciebsa da amocanebs Soris demokratiul da arademokratiulqveynebSi. monopolia masmediaze igivea, rac sityvis TavisuflebisSezRudva. masmedia aris ideebis Tavisufali bazari daSexedulebebs Soris Tavisufali gacvla-gamocvla, WeSmaritebisdadgenis ZiriTadi gza.presis Tavisufleba garantirebulia konstituciiT da maslideris mdgomareoba uWiravs. presaSi wamyvani adgilebi ukaviaTiseT gamocemebs, rogoricaa „niu-iork Taimsi~, „vaSington posti~,„Taimi~. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi eleqtronul masmediaSiiseTive mdgomareobaa, rogorc presaSi: ZiriTadi saSualebebikoncentrirebulia ramdenime msxvili kompaniis xelSi da aqwamyvani poziciebi uWiravs iseT kompaniebs, rogoricaa NBCCNN. eleqtronuli masalasa da masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebsSoris radio yvelaze ufro globalizebulad iTvlebada iseTi radio-sadgurebi rogoricaa „amerikis xma~, „Tavisufleba~,„germanuli talRa~, gamoirCeodnen Tavisi propagandistuliSinaarsis radio-gadacemebiT. 2ukanasknel aTwleulSi eleqtronuli mediis sxva saSualebebisganviTarebam pirvel rigSi sakabelo televiziam da gansakuTrebiTinternetma, radios roli mniSvnelovnad Seamcira. televiziam,rogorc eleqtromediis erT-erTma mTavarma sferom,Tavidanve wamyvani adgili daikava eleqtrokomunikaciebisa da masobriviinformaciis saSualebebs Soris. igi yoveldiRuri cxovrebisiseTi mniSvnelovani da aucilebeli atributi gaxda, rommis gareSe arseboba dRes TiTqmis warmoudgenelia. sateliturma1 m. biWaSvili. leqciebi politikuri Zalis TeoriaSi. Tb., 2001, gv. 77.2 m. biWaSvili. leqciebi politikuri Zalis TeoriaSi, gv. 79.725

da sakabelo televiziam ki gaaormaga sainformacio saSualebebismopovebis SesaZleblobebi. mosaxleobas saSualeba mieca ufroswrafad da intensiurad miiRos informacia msoflios nebismierikuTxidan. 1interneti aris globalizaciis erT-erTi realoba, romelicmudmiv kavSirSia msoflio TanamedroveobasTan. 2 epoqas sWirdebaRirebulebani da RirebulebaTa ierarqia. es ideebia da sworedideebi xdian adamians adamianad. adamianis Tvalsawieri ufro far-Toa, rac ufro met WeSmaritebas daadgens. es ideebi yalibdebamecnierebis msoflmxedvelobis, samarTlis eTikisa da cnobierebissxva formaTa saxiT, romelTa Soris dominanturi mecnieruliideebi unda iyos, radgan isini uzrunvelyofen samyaroSi Cveniyofierebis adgilisa da rolis obieqtur gansazRvras. yovelisocialuri erToba unda iyos TviTcnobierebis matarebeli. erovnulicnobiereba ganapirobebs erovnul moZraobebs. yvela ersa dasocialur erTobas SeuZlia da mowodebulia ganaxorcielos Tavisiyofierebis sazrisi. es sazrisi im RirebulebaTa xorcSesxmaSia,romelTa erToblioba qmnis eris kulturas. 3saqarTveloSi demokratiuli masmedia SedarebiT axalgazrdaa.dRevandel qarTul masmedias Tavisi axalgazrdobis da qveyanaSiSeqmnili politikur-ekonomikuri viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiTaxasiaTebs specifikuroba, rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom masmediadRes saqarTveloSi ar aris SezRuduli sityvis TavisuflebisTvalsazrisiT raime sakanonmdeblo aqtiT, masmediis Tavisuflebadamokidebulia qveyanaSi moqalaqeebis Tavisuflebis xarisxze. 4Tanamedrove qarTul sinamdvileSi sazogadoebaSi masobriviinformaciis saSualebebi did rols TamaSobs sazogadoebriviazris formirebaSi. sazogadoebrivi azris formireba ki gulisxmobs,rom masobrivi informaciis saSualebebiT miwodebuli informaciada is, Tu rogorc aris is warmodgenili – damuSavebulida motanili mkiTxvelamde, msmenelamde Tu mayureblamdemisi mowodebis xerxebi, forma Tu Sinaarsi didad ganapirobebsmosaxleobis damokidebulebas qveyanaSi da mTel msoflioSi mimdinaremovlenebis mimarT. stereotipebis formireba da SenarCu-1 T. sxuluxia. dasavleTis qveynebis urbansociologia. Tb., 2001, gv. 126.2 z. daviTaSvili. nacionalizmi da globalizacia. Tb., 2003, gv. 24.3 ed. kodua. kulturis sociologia. Tb.,2001, gv. 261.4 g. lobJaniZe. adamianTa uflebaTa samarTali. Tb., 2005, gv. 372.726

neba masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis arsenalSi arsebulierT-erTi mZlavri iaraRia, romelic zemoaRniSnul mizans emsaxureba.nebismieri informacia, sagazeTo statia iqneba es, radioTu telegadacema, ama Tu im formiT, amyarebs, an piriqiT, asustebs,aryevs arsebul stereotipebs, xolo mizanmimarTulma kampaniamSesaZloa didad Seuwyos xeli Zveli stereotipebistransformacias ngrevas, an axlis Seqmnas. masobrivi informaciissaSualebebis kvlevam, genderulma analizma dabejiTebiT aCvena,rom qarTuli masmedia arsebul negatiur genderul stereotipebsaraTu ar ebrZvis, aramed xSir SemTxvevaSi xels uwyobsmaT SenarCunebas. aseTi mdgomareobis ramdenime mizezi arsebobs:1. Jurnalistebs naklebad aqvT genderuli mgrZnobeloba,ganaTleba, aseTia situacia ara marto saqarTveloSi,aramed, rogorc minimum mTel postsabWoTa sivrceSi.2. imaT, visac gaaCnia genderuli mgrZnobelobac da ganaTlebac,anu genderis da qalTa sakiTxebis eqspertebadCaiTvalon, ar gaaCniaT Jurnalisturi codna da gamocilebaimisaTvis, rom es sakiTxebi saTanadod gaaSuqon. 1saqarTveloSi jer kidev Zlieria genderuli stereotipebi,mTeli pasuxismgeblobiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cveni sazogadoebaaSkarad maskulinuria da genderul uTanasworobas xels uwyobenda taSs ukraven ara marto mamakacebi, aramed qalebic. Seiqmna situacia,roca genderuli sakiTxebis gaSuqeba da genderul problemebzesaubari gaugebrobas, gakicxvas gulgril damokidebulebas,aSkara dacinvas da sxva msgavs damokidebulebas awydeba. 2masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis politikasa da strategiasSeimuSaveben da axorcieleben am saSualebebis xelmZRvanelebi,swored maTzea damokidebuli, gava Tu ara eTerSi esaTu is gadacema, daibeWdeba Tu ara esa Tu is statia da Tu daibeWdebara saxiT. Sesabamisad im Jurnalistebs, vinc am sakiTxebzemuSaobs, uxdebaT brZola, lavireba, raTa mizans miaRwion.aseT situaciaSi albaT drouli da saWiroa genderuli sakiTxebissworad da efeqturad gaSuqeba masmediaSi, rac ganaviTarebsgenderuli organizaciebis, genderis eqspertebisa da JurnalistebisTanamSromlobas da SesaZloa momavalSi safuZvlad daedosgenderuli sakiTxebis warmoCenas. amave dros, sazogadoebis sams-1 c. juluxaZe. genderi masmedia. Tb., 2006, gv. 12.2 n. berekaSvili. genderuli Teoriebis anTologia. Tb., 2003, gv. 27.727

javroze gamotana mniSvnelovanwilad Seuwyobs xels demokratiis,samoqalaqo sazogadoebis formirebas. radgan realuri genderuliTanasworoba, aq igulisxmeba ara mxolod iuridiuli uflebebi,aramed yvelasTvis Tanabari SesaZleblobebi, Ria samoqalaqosazogadoeba romelic demokratiis erT-erTi aucilebeliniSania. 1 genderulad koreqtuli da dabalansebuli masmediuriklimatis Seqmnisa da SenarCunebisaTvis. genderis Tema arapopularuliasaqarTvelos masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi dafaqtobrivad ucnobia farTo masebisaTvis. yuradReba unda mieqcesara marto Sinaarss, aramed formas raTa miizidos auditoria,daafiqros msmeneli, mkiTxveli Tu mayurebeli.mdgomareobis gamosworebas esaWiroeba masobrivi informaciissaSualebaTa redaqciebis xedvis gadasinjva, raTa maT moaxdinonqveynisaTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze sazogadoebrivi diskusiisstimulireba da gaafarTovon diskusiaSi monawileTa wre,rac avtomaturad gamoiwvevs meti qalebis gamoCenas masobriviinformaciis saSualebebSi. saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT ar arisqalTa sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili gadacema Tu gamocema, romelicgansakuTrebiT popularuls gaxdida genderis problematikas,romelic damaxasiaTebelia sazogadoebisaTvis. maRalprofesiuligadacema yovelTvis izidavs msmenels. es xels Seuwyobda stereotipebisrRvevis process. Jurnalistikis fakultetebze dainergosgenderuli kursebi, raTa studentebma Jurnalsturi karierisaTvismzadebisas SeiZinon genderuli mgrZnobeloba. JurnalistebmayuradReba miaqcion genderuli sakiTxebis gaSuqebisaramarto Sinaarss, aramed formasac, eZebon masalis miwodebissaintereso da axleburi xerxebi.1 i. kaWkaWiSvili. socialuri moqmedebis Teoriebi. Tb., 2001, gv. 127.728

NESTAN LOMAIAGENDER POLICY AND MASS MEDIAThe article deals with the problems of gender and mass media, thereality, characterizing our society and its interaction with gender policy.On the basis of the mass media information research, the analysis of gendershows, that the given theme is not very popular in mass media. Therefore,there should be given more prominence not only to the form butto the content as well.729

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008s a m a r T a l ibadri kvaracxeliaboqaulTuxucesis saxelo samegrelos(odiSis) samTavroSiboqaulTuxucesi odiSis samTavroSi, msgavsad imereTis samefosi,aRmasrulebeli xelisufali iyo, romlis movaleobasSeadgenda mTavris brZanebebisa da sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebissisruleSi moyvana. 1 boqaulTuxucesi policiuri aparatis(boqaulebis) Tavkaci iyo. rafiel erisTavi, romelic aTi weli(1857-1867ww) cxovrobda da moRvaweobda samegrelos samTavro-Si da zedmiwevniT kargad icnobda am samTavros mmarTvelobissistemas, boqaulTuxucesis Sesaxeb aseT cnobas gvawvdis: boqaulTuxucesiiyo ufrosi boqaulebis anu iasaulebisa, romelTasaqme iyo ama Tu im saqmis “adgilobriv” (anu adgilze) gamoZiebaan sasamarTlos mier gamotanili ganCinebis aRsruleba, qurdisdaWera. 2boqaulTuxucesis saxelos mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs Tundacis garemoeba, rom boqaulTuxucesebad umeteswilad dadianTa sam-Tavro saxlis wevrebi iniSnebodnen. niko dadianis (1780-1834ww)“dasturlama”-Si, romelic arasodes amoqmedebula, magram romel-Sic ZiriTadad ucvleladaa aRwerili, samegrelos samTavros centralurisamoxelo aparatis saxeloTa umetesobis raoba da funqcia,boqaulTuxucesis Sesaxeb naTqvamia: “iyos saxlsa Sina Tqvensamoucileblad boqaulTuxucesi da yavdes oTxi boqauli. esoTxi boqauli keTilSobilTagan mudam axldes da ese boqaulnisam-sam Tvezed oTx-oTxi erTmaneTs gamoecvlebodes, esreT dasdvanwesi da gankarguleba”. 31 m. dumbaZe. samegrelos samTavros politikuri wyobilebis evolucia,XIX saukuneSi. _ mimoxilveli, I. Tb., 1949, gv. 28.2 k. borozdini. raf. erisTavi da murie, batonymoba samegreloSi.tf., 1927, gv. 116.3 niko dadiani. dasturlama. tf., 1897, gv. 32.730

saxlTuxucesi, rogorc samTavros umaRlesi moxele da mTavriskuTvnili yma-mamulis gamgebeli, gadasaxadebis urCi gadamxdelebisdasjas, maTgan mTavris kuTvnili sargos amoRebas, cxadiaZiriTadad boqaulTuxucesisa da misi xelqveiTi boqaulebismeSveobiT axorcielebda da amdenad boqaulTuxucesi misi xelqveiTimoxele unda yofiliyo, magram ramdenadac samTavros arsebobisbolo xanebSi boqaulTuxucesebad samTavro saxlis wevrebi(batoniSvilebi) iniSnebodnen, maTze saxlTuxucesis ZalauflebaveRar vrceldeboda. 1rusi moxele korneli borozdini (1828-1896ww.), romelic1854-1860 wlebSi samegreloSi, dedofal ekaterine WavWavaZiskarze moRvaweobda da safuZvlianad icnobda am samTavros mmarTvelobissistemas, boqaulTuxucess Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs uwodebs,2 rac zusti ganmarteba Cans. boqaulTuxucesis saxelo odi-Sis samTavroSi XVIIs. damdegidan Cans. Wabuki mTavris levan IIdadianis da misi meurvis giorgi liparitianis mier 1611-1614wlebs Soris biWvinTis taZrisaTvis micemul Sewirulobis wignSiixsenieba boqaulTuxucesi javax WilaZe, 3 romelsac am saxelozevxedavT levan II dadianis ganCinebaSic gabuniebis saqmeze, 4 romelic1634-1639 wlebs unda ganekuTvnebodes. 5 1798w. erT wyalobiswignSi mowmed aris dasaxelebuli boqaulTuxucesi giorginikolozis Ze dadiani. 6XIXs. pirvel naxevarSi boqaulTuxucesis saxelo ukavia nikogiorgis Ze dadians, Sxefels, romelic ar unda agverios didnikoSi, romelic aseve giorgi dadianis, magram sxva giorgi dadianisZe iyo. 1808w. niko dadiani (Sxefeli) mowmed ixseniebanino dedoflis mier Tavisi asulisaTvis (mariam dadianisaTvis)micemul mziTevis wignSi. 7 1828 wels nikoloz dadiani, romelicdid nikosagan gansxvavebiT niko meored ixseniebda Tavs,1 l. gabisonia. samegrelos samTavros sazogadoebriv-politikuriwyoba da samarTali, Tb., 1996, gv. 124.2 К. Бороздин. Крепостное состояние в Мингрелии. Тифлис, 1865, gv. 28.3 a. xaxanaSvili. gurjebi. quTaisi, 1891, gv. 18, 28.4 am dokuments akad. i. doliZe 1620-1639 wlebiT aTariRebs (qarTulisamarTlis Zeglebi, IV. Tb., 1970, gv. 75), ab. tuRuSi ki 1634-1639wlebiT (ab. tuRuSi. leCxumi XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi, _ macne,#1, 1988, gv. 82).5 zugdidis muzeumi, literaturuli arqivi, sab. #777.6 quTaisis muzeumi, sab. #1098.7 quTaisis muzeumi, sab. #1184.731

mRvdel ioane xoferiasaTvis boZebul wyalobis wignSi, romli-Tac mas azatobas umtkicebs, moxseniebulia rogorc sardal-boqaurTuxucesi.1 orive am saxelos mqoned Cans niko dadiani 1830wlis levan V-is mier aznaur naneiSvilebisaTvis boZebul wyalobiswignSi 2 da 1832w. TviTon nikos mierve aznaur ioane odi-SariasTvis boZebul wyalobis wignSi. 3rogor irkveva, daviT dadianis 1847w. erTi brZanebidan,romelsac imowmebs iona meunargia (1852-1919ww.) boqaulTuxucesaddauniSnavs rostom Ciqovani, romelic imavdroulad msajulTuxucesiiyo. 4 XIXs. Sua xanebSi samegrelos samTavrosboqaulTuxucesia konstantine dadiani. 5 rogorc irkveva dedofalekaterine dadians is boqaulTuxucesad dauniSnavs 1854w.29 oqtombers. 6rogorc aRiniSna, boqaulTuxucesis xelqveiTi moxeleniboqaulebi iyvnen. boqauls evaleboda mTavris brZanebebis da sasamarTlogadawyvetilebebis sisruleSi moyvana. garda amisa boqaulsevaleboda iyo Tu ara ama Tu im saqmis adgilze Seswavla(adgilobriv gamoZieba). 7 arsebobda calkeul samouraoTa dasaymoTa boqaulebic. 1855w. konstantine faRavas mier bexu dabeta qajaiebisaTvis micemul xelwerilSi mowmed dasaxelebuliasalipartianos boqauli, Tavadi almasxan dgebuaZe. 8 es dokumentiimiTacaa sayuradRebo, rom boqaulad vxedavT Tavads, maSinrodesac niko dadianis “dasturlamas” mixedviT boqauli “ke-TilSobilTagani” (anu aznauri) unda yofiliyo. 9garda zemoT aRniSnuli funqciebisa boqaulis movaleoba iyogadasaxadebis ZaliT akrefa imaTgan, romlebic mas nebiT ar ixdidnen.es ki xorcieldeboda boqaulis “Sig CadgomiT”, rac imasniSnavda, rom boqauli glexs saxlSi Caudgeboda manamde, sanamgadasaxads ar gadaixdida. erT-erT uTariRo dokumentSi naTqva-1 quTaisis muzeumi, sab. #1184.2 quTaisis muzeumi, sab. #1421.3 quTaisis muzeumi, sab. #190.4 i. meunargia. samegrelo daviT dadianis dros. Tb., 1939, gv. 126.5 xelnawerTa instituti, f. A-1366, gv. 27.6 xelnawerTa instituti, raf. erisTavis fondi, #310, gv. 100-101.7 r. erisTavi. batonymoba samegreloSi. masalebi, Targmani da winasityvaobaT. saxokiasi. Tb., 1927, gv. 116.8 xelnawerTa instituti, f. Hd, sab. #10975.9 niko dadiani. dasturlama, gv. 32.732

mia: “ese werili dagiwere da mogeci me ivane januaSvilma SenTavads jalika Ciqvans, ase rom baJis saqmeSi boqaulad Camideqida mama Sina ara myavda da rodesac mama Cemi movides, rac rombaJi daedvas, mogce”. 1boqauls SeeZlo mis mier dapatimrebuli, Tuki mas Tavdebadvinme daudgeboda, TviTonve gaeTavisuflebina. merab kobaxi-Zis xelwerilSi, romelic mas 1848w. misca “mTavris mier warmogzavnilboqauls, Tavad niko dgebuaZes”, naTqvamia, rom quTuvarTagavas, romelsac mTavarma “ayra da sazRvris gareSe gasvlaSeswama” da “Tqven Sepyrobili yavdaT”, Tavdebad vudgebi da Tu“sazRvris gareT gavida”, maSin “amavali glexi Cemis sakuTrebisagandavasaxelo samTavro saeklesiod yovlis mizezis gareSe. 2boqaulis erT-erT ZiriTad movaleobas, rogorc aRiniSna,Seadgenda sasamarTlo ganCinebis aRsruleba. 1834w. Tavadi otiadadiani mTavar levan V-s Txovda, rom “radgan pirveladme isiyo boqauli _ kacia giorgis dadiansa” ubrZaneT, rom “Semisrulosunaklod ganCineba igi viTarca jer ars”. 3 boqaulis movaleobisSesruleba SeeZlo imasac, visac sxva saxelo ekava, magaliTad,1843w. daTiela Wanturia da misi Zmebis mier TavianTibatonisaTvis, CiqovanebisaTvis micemuli pirobis wignSi mowmedixsenieba “amis boqauli da gamrige batoniSvilis mouravi gabrielxurcilava”. 4boqauli xSirad asrulebda ara mxolod boqaulTuxucesisbrZanebas. mas, rigiTi Tavadic avalebda Tavisi ama Tu im ymisagangadasaxadis amoRebasa da boqaulic xalisiT asrulebda amdavalebas, radgan TviTonac garkveul gamorCenas xedavda am saqmidan.1851w. wyemeli daTika esakia, romelic giorgi dadianismier gaazatebuli yofila, mTavarTan Cioda: mariam dadiani armayenebs, “SarSanwin erTi sauRle xari wamarTva...exla ki boqaulebimidgiao saxlSi”. 5rogorc aRiniSna, boqauls amoRebac evaleboda im SemTxvevaSi,Tu glexs, romelsac is am saqmeze “kars miadgeboda” gadasaxadsar miscemda, saxlSi Caudgeboda. Tu ras niSnavda sabu-1 xelnawerTa instituti, f. Qd,sab. #8355.2 xelnawerTa instituti, raf. erisTavis fondi, sab. #259.3 quTaisi muzeumi, sab. #1130.4 saistorio arqivi, f. 1448, aRw. 1, saqme #5173.5 zugdidis muzeumi, Zd-67.733

TebSi xSirad naxsenebi “boqaulad Cadgoma” kargad Cans zemoTdamowmebuli dokumentidanac, sadac momCivani glexi esakia ambobs,rom “boqaulebi midgiao saxlSi”, magram ufro mkafiod“boqaulad Cadgomis” arsi ikiTxeba banZel aznaur siko gabuniassityvebSi: “Sig ojaxSid mijda boqaulebi”, romelic 1847 wliserT dokumentSia daculi. 1 mTavar daviT dadianis droidan boqaulisaRsaniSnavad iasaulic gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, 1841w. lailaSismazris mdivanbeg farnaoz gelovanis mier almasxan gelovanisaTvismicemul xelwerilSi mowmed dasaxelebulia iasaulidaTika, romlis gvari cudad ikiTxeba. 2 1851w. daviT dadianismier mdivanbegebisaTvis gagzavnil erT brZanebaSi naTqvamia:“Turme iasaulebi rom warigzavnebian soflebSid, zogierTni Se-Wirvebsa da mwuxarebas ayeneben mcxovrebTa...”. 3boqaulebi, rogorc araerTi dokumentidan Cans, marTlacglexebis damwiokeblebi iyvnen. iyenebdnen ra maTTvis miniWebulZalauflebas, isini xSirad, ukanasknel lukma purs arTmevdnenara marto glexebs, aramed aznaurebsac ki. 1835w. levan V dadianmamsajulTuxuces giorgi dadians ubrZana, rom otia dadiansgadaeci, aznaur faRavebs, maTi saqmis garCevamde “boqauli CamoaTxovoso”.4 1845w. ki banZeli aznauri siko gabunia daviT dadianisTvismirTmeul vedrebaSi werda: “aTas rvaas ormocda orwelSid monaval iyo mgzavraT ...mdivanbegis vaxtang Ciqovanis ymaiesika abSilava da damdgariyo Cems karzed ima Rames da me maSinar vimyofebodi Sin, aramed viyavi imereTSi, saCinod, moyvaresTanda im Rames dakargoda cxeni da movel Sin da boqaulebi damasia,vitomc me momeparos misi cxeni da damatanes Zala, didiusamarTlobiT man boqaulma da damamwuxres colSvilianaT, romelima wels ara ra sazrdo da sxva nivTni damrCenia isre damabsesda rogorc qurds ekadreboda im saxiT gardamaxTevinesda daakmayofiles igi cxenis patroni”. 5Tu raoden usazRvro iyo boqaulebis parpaSi samegrelossamTavroSi, kargad Cans niko dadianis “dasturlama”-danac. “mesmisnamdvildaca uwyi, _ wers niko dadiani, _ romel boqaulisa-1 quTaisi muzeumi, sab. #1548.2 xelnawerTa instituti, f. Qd, sab. #1140.3 xelnawerTa instituti, raf. erisTavis fondi, sab. #360. furc. 67.4 quTaisi muzeumi, sab. #1128.5 quTaisi muzeumi, sab. #1563.734

gan didi Sewuxeba aris saxlis da didi rbeva da didi warTmevada avoxreba, da saboqaulosisa didi gadaxdevineba... boqaulT romerTxel ... gagzavnian saboqaulod, arRara miiqcevian kvalad sasaxled,davlian sofliTi soflad da awuxeben sofelsa”. 1 nikodadiani moiTxovda, rom “boqauli nu daaoxrebs da nu moTxrisda nurca ras waarTmevs, Tvinieri imisa, rac gadasaxadi ar dasdebiesima kacsa da is mxolod gardaaxdevinos rac mosamarTle-Tagan dasdebies da gasCenies gadasaxadi da sxvas nuras avnebs”. 2boqaulis sargos saboqaulo erqva 3 da is amoRebuli gadasaxadismeaTedi (aTisTavi) unda yofiliyo. niko dadianis “dasturlamaSi”am sargos Sesaxeb naTqvamia: “...saboqaulos nu aiRebenufros imasa, ramdeni aT marCili iqmnes garadsaxadi, aT marCilzedmarCils aiRebdes”. 4 amasTan Tavisi sargo boqauls unda aeRoara imisagan, visac gadasaxads axdevinebda, aramed imasagan, visacabarebda. “axdevinebdes saboqaulos visac gardasaxads miscemdesda gardamxdels nuras sTxoven”, 5 magram niko dadianis cda, rogormemoeToka boqaulebis parpaSi da sixarbe, mxolod cdaRaaRmoCnda, radgan levan V dadianma yvelaferi Zveleburad datovada “dasturlama” samTavros marTva-gamgeobis ganuxorcielebelgegmad darCa.daviT dadianma saboqaulo sargo Seamcira, nacvlad aTisTavisamaT ocisTavi (anu amoRebuli gadasaxadis xuTi measedi) undaaeRoT, magram isini mainc Zveleburad aTisTavs iRebdnen.1848w. mazris mdivanbegebisadmi gagzavnil erT-erT brZanebaSidaviT dadiani wers: “odes mazris mdivanbegebi daedgina mazreb-Sid xelTsamZRvanelo miecaT wesad, raTamca saboqaulo mieRoTocis Tavi da isic maSin, rodesac saqme dabolovdeboda”, magrammdivanbegebi Turme aTisTavs iRebdnen da isic “usruls saqmezed”.6 am ukanaskneli dokumentebidan kargad Cans, rom boqaulislis movaleobas samegrelos samTavroSi, sxva moxeleebic siamovnebiTasrulebdnen, radgan es Semosavlis uSreti wyari iyo.1 niko dadiani. dasturlama, gv. 35.2 niko dadiani. dasturlama, gv. 32.3 xelnawerTa instituti, raf. erisTavis fondi, sab. #360. furc. 57.4 niko dadiani. dasturlama, gv. 33.5 niko dadiani. dasturlama, gv. 34.6 xelnawerTa instituti, raf. erisTavis fondi, sab. #360. furc. 57.735

BADRI KVARATSKHELIATHE TITLE OF “BOCAULI” IN SAMEGRELO(ODISHI) REGIONBocaultukhutsesi (the head of guard, police – the main policeman)in Odishi (Samegrelo – a region in Western Georgia) was the executivegovernor whose obligation was executing the commands of Mtavari(Prince) and decisions of court. Bocaultukhutsesi (the main policeman)was the main person of the Police. A well-known Georgian writer RapielEristavi (1857-1867) who lived in Samegrelo during ten years and studiedthe governmental system of the region, wrote about the title of bocaultukhutsesi:“The bocaultukhutsesi was the head of bocauls (the policemen)and iasauls whose function was investigation of the concrete crimeat once, to take a thief, to execute the decision of court. The great meaningand importance of this title may be confirmed by the fact that mostof the bocaultukhutsesies were from the family of the Dadianis. Their assistantswere bocaulis (common policemen). Bocauli had to execute thecommands and the decisions of court, to take or to free criminals (if anybodycould confirm their innocence). The salary of the bocauli was called“sabocaulo”and it had to be taken from one tenth of the tax.736

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008mixeil mamniaSvilisisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobissrulyofis zogierTi aspeqtiukanasknel wlebSi saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saprocesokanonmdeblobam mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi da damatebebiganicada. aSkarad igrZnoba kanonmdeblis miswrafeba maqsimaluradgamartivdes, efeqturi da operatiuli gaxdes winaswari dasasamarTlo gamoZieba, daCqardes marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba.`klasikuri procesi, _ aRniSnavs Jan pradeli, _ metadZnelia, xolo XXs. Sua wlebidan sisxlis samarTlis saqme ufrogarTulda, amitom gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebsprocesis daCqareba, raTa ganaCenis gamotanis dRe maqsimaluraddauaxlovdes danaSaulis Cadenis TariRs~. 1 swored am mizans emsaxurebaukanasknel wlebSi saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi Setanilimravali cvlileba da novacia, kerZod, gauqmda sisxlis samarTlissaqmis aRZvris instituti, modifikacia ganicada damswrisinstitutma, Semcirda braldebulis (gansasjelis) patimrobaSiyofnis vada, gauqmda dapirispirebis, winaswari gamoZiebisdamTavrebis stadiidan saqmis masalebis gacnobisa, winaswari gamoZiebisvadebis da samarTalSi micemis institutebi, SemoRebuliiqna saproceso SeTanxmeba, araidentificirebuli piris saqmiswarmoeba da a.S.saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi Setanilma cvlilebebma imTaviTvearaerTgvarovani gamoxmaureba hpova qarTvel mecnierTaSoris. zogierTs miaCnia, rom cvlilebebi da damatebebi namdviladdadebiTi movlenaa Cveni qveynis saproceso kanonmdeblobis-Tvis da is udaod sasikeTod waadgeba qarTul marTlmsajulebas,2 avtorTa nawili ki piriqiT, uaryofiTad afasebs da fiq-1 J. pradeli. SedarebiTi sisxlis samarTali. Tb., 1999, gv. 393.2 n. gabriCiZe. saproceso SeTanxmeba. _ Jurn.: àdamiani da konstitucia~,#3, 2004, gv. 54-63; n. gabriCiZe. saproceso SeTanxmeba. _ Jurn.`samarTali~, 2004, #5-6, gv. 57-62; n. gabriCiZe. skeptikosebs imedebigaucruvdaT. saproceso SeTanxmeba korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolis47. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi737

obs, rom saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi Setanili novaciebi, gansakuTrebiTsaproceso SeTanxmeba, romelic saerTo samarTlisojaxs ganekuTvneba, ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos moqmed sisxlissamarTlis saproceso kodeqss da mis principebs, romelic romanul-germanulisamarTlis sistemis nawilia. 1 zogierTi avtoriTvlis, rom iseTi novacia, rogoricaa saproceso SeTanxmebis institutiunda vrceldebodes ara yovel danaSaulze, aramedmxolod `bralis aRiarebiTi gamocxadebis~ an wardgenili braldebiscnobis, `naklebad mZime kategoriis, samewarmeo da safinansosferoSi Cadenil danaSaulebze~. 2 ufro meti, g. mefariSvilsmiaCnia, rom araidentificirebul piris, sisxlissamarTalwarmoebisSemoRebiT kanonmdebels gaazrebuli ar hqonda, Tu ra saWiroebaswarmoadgenda es instituti. 3amJamad, Cveni kvlevis mizans ar warmoadgens mTlianad imcvlilebebis ganxilva, romelic saqarTvelos saproceso kodeqsmaganicada an calkeul aseT institutebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebada aRwera, aramed gvsurs yuradReba gavamaxviloT sakanonmdeblonovaciis mxolod im problemebze da naklovanebebze, romelTapraqtikaSi kanonSesabamisad gadawyveta, xels Seuwyobs qveyanaSimarTlmsajulebis sworad ganxorcielebas. mSvenieri naTqvamia`mecniereba gzas unda unaTebdes praqtikaso~, magram mainc vfiqrobT,rom axlad amoqmedebuli saproceso kanonmdeblobis sazomi,rogorc samarTlianadaa miTiTebuli iuridiul literaturaSi,pirvel rigSi, _ mainc misi praqtikaSi realizaciaa,swored praqtikaSi vlindeba kanonmdeblobis Suq-Crdili, misiuaryofiTi Tu dadebiTi mxareebi da momavalSi sagamoZiebo-sasamarTlopraqtikis mecnieruli kvlevisa da gaanalizebis Sedegadsaimedo berketia. _ gaz.: `saqarTvelos respublika~, 13.X.2004, 14.X.2004, #238,239; g. WanturiZe. saproceso SeTanxmeba sisxlis samarTlisprocesis principebTan. Tb., 2007, gv. 34-44.1 g. mefariSvili. samarTaldamcavi organoebis institutebi da sisxlissamarTalwarmoebis zogierTi konceptualuri sakiTxebi. _ Jurn.:`marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, #3, 2006, gv. 87-106; c. ratiani. saprocesoSeTanxmeba sisxlis samarTlis procesSi. _ Jurn.: `marTlmsajulebada kanoni~, #3, 2006, gv. 117-153.2 r. gogSeliZe. saproceso SeTanxmeba yvela kategoriis danaSaulze._ Jurn.: `profesia advokati~, #2, 2007, gv. 82-85.3 g. mefariSvili. saqarTveloSi adamianis vinaobis daudgenlad, fsevdonimiTgasamarTleba daakanones. _ gaz. àsaval-dasavali~, 6-12 agvisto,2007, #32 (674).738

udavoa ufro daxvewili da srulyofili gaxdeba saproceso kanonmdeblobiscalkeuli debulebebi. 1upirveles yovlisa, gvsurs SevCerdeT saproceso SeTanxmebisrealizaciis dros praqtikaSi wamoWril zogierT problematursakiTxze, radganac sakanonmdeblo novaciebs Soris sworedsaproceso SeTanxmeba damkvidrda yvelaze ufro myarad Cveni qveynismarTlmsajulebis sistemaSi, naTqvamis sailustraciod, Tu kiTvals gadavavlebT saproceso SeTanxmebis gamoyenebis ukanaskneliwlebis sasamarTlo statistikur monacemebs, TvalnaTliv davrwmundebiT,rom is wliTiwlobiT matulobs. statistikuri monacemebiT,saproceso SeTanxmebis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg 2004w. sasamarTloorganoebis mier saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis gareSe gana-Cenis gamotanis Taobaze prokuroris Suamdgomloba damtkicda325 piris mimarT. 2005w. TiTqmis samjer meti, 1011 saqme 1376 pirismimarT, uari eTqva da daubrunda prokuraturas sabraldebodaskvnis gadasawyvetad 16 saqme 18 piris mimarT. dadagenilia ganaCeni923 saqmeze 1269 piris mimarT. 2 sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom2006w. mxolod ianvris TveSi sasamarTlo organoebis mier damtkicebuliiqna prokuroris Suamdgomloba 32 piris mimarT, niSandobliviaisic, rom 2004w. 1 oqtombridan 2005w. 1 oqtombramdeprokuraturis organoebis mier gaformda 579 saproceso SeTanxmeba,braldebulisaTvis damatebiTi sasjelis jarimis SefardebisSedegad saxelmwifo biujetSi gadairicxa 4 665 099 lari. 3aseTive tendencia dResac SeiniSneba. marto 2008w. sam Tve-Si, pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebma saproceso SeTanxmebiTganaCeni gamoitanes 2019 saqmeze, 2523 piris mimarT. 4 amdenad,saproceso SeTanxmebisa da sasjelisagan srulad gaTavisuflebismatebasTan erTad mniSvnelovnad gaizarda iseTi sasajelis saxe,rogoricaa jarima. 5 yovelive es ganpirobebulia, upirveles yovlisa,saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 42-e muxlis1 n. gabriCiZe. saproceso SeTanxmeba, gv. 54-63.2 ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Jurn.: `maraTlmsajulebasaqarTveloSi~, 2005 wlis statistika., Tb., 2006, gv. 100-104.3 gaz.: `mTeli kvira saqarTvelos ambebi~, 7.VIII.2006, gv. 7-14.4 saproceso SeTanxmeba _ swrafi da efeqturi procesi. _ gaz. `kvirispalitra~, #12, 18.V.2008.5 2007w. wina welTan SedarebiT jarimis Sefardeba sasamarTlo organoebismier 10,8%-dan gaizarda 18,1%-mde, ix saqarTvelos uzenaesisasamarTlos marTlmsajuleba saqarTveloSi, 2006 wlis statistika.739

me-6 nawilis moTxovniT imis Sesaxeb, rom mosamarTles uflebaeZleva sasjelis RonisZieba _ jarima gamoiyenos maSinac, rodesacsaqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawilis konkretulimuxli amas ar iTvaliswinebs, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,sasamarTlo organoebis mier saproceso SeTanxmebis damtkicebas-Tan erTad gansasjelebs paralelurad jarimac eniSnebaT.SeiZleba darwmunebiT iTqvas, rom xsenebuli novacia dadebiTimovlenaa Cveni sisxlis samarTlis materialuri da saprocesokanonmdeblobisaTvis, radgan udavoa, damnaSaveze Sefardebuliekonomikuri sanqcia garkveul dadebiT rols iTamaSebs,rogorc zogad (generalur), aseve kerZo prevenciaze. niSandobliviaisic, rom saproceso kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, yvela saqmeze,(Tundac saproceso SeTanxmebiT moxdes gamoZiebis damTavreba),aucilebelia sruli moculobiT Catardes gamoZieba, dadgindesmtkicebis is sagani, rac saqarTvelos sss k 112-e muxliTaadadgenili, Tumca, samwuxarod, sagamoZiebo praqtikaSi arsebobscalkeuli SemTxvevebi, rodesac konkretul sisxlis samarTlissaqmeze ar aris Catarebuli srulyofili gamoZieba, ignorirebuliasaqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis me-18muxlis moTxovna saqmis garemoebaTa yovelmxrivi, obieqturi dasruli gamokvlevis Sesaxeb.arc Tu iSviaTad gamomZiebeli, prokurori, mosamarTle dasasamarTlo utyuarad ar adgenen moxda Tu ara danaSauli, vinCaidina igi; saqmis sworad gadawyvetis mizniT ar aris garkveulimtkicebis sagnis yvela garemoeba; zogjer praqtikaSi ugulebelyofiliaeWvmitanilis (braldebulis) gamamarTlebel an SemamsubuqebelmtkicebulebaTa mopoveba. sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebisSeswavliT winaswari gamoZiebis dawyebidanve igrZnoba braldebisakengadaxris aSkara tendencia, ris gamoc mxareebs Soris saprocesoSeTanxmeba xdeba arasrulyofil, faqtobrivad gamouZiebelsaqmis masalebze dayrdnobiT da braldebulis mier bralisaRiarebas (zogjer sxva mtkicebulebebiTac ar aris dadasturebuli),umetesi mtkicebulebiTi Zala eniWeba. ismis logikurikiTxva, ram ganapiroba sagamoZiebo da sasamarTlo praqtikaSi amgvarixarvezebis arseboba, rogor da ra saSualebiT unda SeCerdesis uaryofiTi tendencia, romelzec zemod gvqonda saubarida ra unda gakeTdes amisaTvis, Sevecdebi am mimarTulebiT Cveneulixedvis gadmocemas.740

aRniSnul uaryofiT tendencias upirveles yovlisa xelsuwyobs is garemoeba, rom bralze SeTanxmeba da sasjelze SeTanxmebapraqtikaSi urTierTSorisaa aRreuli, sxva sityvebiT romvTqvaT, saproceso SeTanxmebis gaformebis dros prokurorebimxolod sasjelze SeTanxmebiT ar kmayofildebian, isini dacvismxarisagan moiTxoven aseve braldebulisagan bralis aRiarebasac.albaT amitomacaa sagamoZiebo praqtikaSi TiTqmis ver vnaxavTprecendents saproceso SeTanxmeba miRweuli iyos mxolod “sasjelzeSeTanxmebiT”. arada sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis679 1 muxlis Tanaxmad, xsenebuli ori pirobidan erT-er-Tis arsebobac ki sakmarisia saproceso SeTanxmebisaTvis.amasTan dakavSirebiT safuZvels moklebuli ar aris n. gvenetaZismosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTvelos sssk 679 1 muxlisme-3 nawilis debuleba, romelic sasjelze SeTanxmebas Seexeba,braldebuls uflebas aZlevs daeTanxmos prokurors sasjeliszomaze ise, rom ar aRiaros danaSauli, aseT dros avtorisazriT, “gaugebari xdeba saproceso SeTanxmebis arsi da mizani”.1 nawilobriv viziareb ra mecnieris am Sexedulebas, mimaCnia,rom saproceso SeTanxmebis or safuZvelze gayofa ganpirobebuliapraqtikuli mosazrebebidan, vinaidan mxolod saqarTvelossssk 679 9 muxli iTvaliswinebs braldebulis sasjelisagangaTavisuflebis pirobebs, sxva muxlebi ki braldebulisagan(gansasjelisagan) garkveuli odenobis jarimis gadaxdasacgulisxmobs, romelic saxelmwifo biujetSi iricxeba. amdenadunda daveTanxmoT g. WanturiZis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom`kanonmdeblobam gamoyo yvelaze ufro tipiuri piroba, romelmacSeiZleba warmoSvas saproceso SeTanxmebis dadeba~. 2praqtikaSi arsebuli uaryofiTi tendenciis gamo gamomZiebeli,prokurori, mosamarTle da sasamarTlo ukiduresobaSi vardebian.isini iZulebulni xdebian savsebiT gaiziaron dazaralebulisCveneba da gansasjelis bralis aRiareba, romlebic arcTu iSviaTad arc erTi sxva obieqturi mtkicebulebiT ar arisgamyarebuli. mag., 2007w. maisSi, moq. m. p-Svilma Tbilisis glda-1 ix.: n. gvenetaZe. adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTadacva, evropuli konvencia, me-7 oqmi da saproceso SeTanxmeba. _wgn.: samarTliani sasamarTlo ufleba. Ggamomc. saqarTvelos iusticiissaswavlo centri. Tb., 2005, gv 22-23.2 g. WanturiZe. saproceso SeTanxmeba sisxlis samarTlis procesisproncipebTan mimarTebaSi. Tsu gamomc. Tb., 2007, gv. 55.741

ni-naZaladevis me-5 ganyofilebaSi Seitana gancxadeba imis Sesaxeb,rom a. m-Svilma, misma orma Svilma da oTxma ucnobma mamakacma,nebis sawinaaRmdegod varkeTilis masividan Casva `mersedesis~ markisavtomanqanaSi, waiyvana Tbilisis zRvis mimdebare teritoriaze,sadac a. m-Svilma daniT miayena dazianeba. saqarTvelos ss k143-e muxlis me-3 nawilis à~, `b~ da è~ punqtebiT wamodgenilbraldebaSi a. m-Svilma Tavi ar scno damnaSaved da gamoiyena dumilisufleba. gamoZiebis procesSi dazaralebulis Zmam T. p-Svilma isic ganmarta, rom TiTqos a. m-Svilma mas scema. ise, romwinaswar gamoZiebas ar daudgenia da ar daukiTxavs oTxi daudgenelipiri, maT Soris a. m-Svilis meore `Svili~ _ lado, ar CautarebiasasamarTlo-samedicino eqspertiza imis dasadgenad a. m-Svilis cemis Sedegad T. p-Svilma ra xarisxisa da xasiaTis janmr-Telobis dazianeba miiRo, saerTod Sefaseba ar miucia dacvis mxarismier wardgenili mtkicebulebebisaTvis, faqtiurad gamouZiebelsaqmis masalebze dayrdnobiT miRebuli iqna ra braldebulis`nebayoflobiTi~ aRiareba, saqmeze gamoZieba damTavrda saprocesoSeTanxmebiT, xolo Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlom daamtkicaprokuroris Suamdgomloba saproceso SeTanxmebis Taobaze. 1aseTi magaliTebi sagamoZiebo praqtikidan mravlad SeiZlebamoviyvanoT, ara da saproceso SeTanxmebisa da sasjelisagan gaTavisuflebisqarTuli modeli umTavresad imiT gansxvavdeba ucxoeTisqveynebis saproceso SeTanxmebisagan, rom saproceso kanonmdeblobakategoriulad moiTxovs yvela SemTxvevaSi, rodesac er-Tis mxriv prokurorsa da meores mxriv damcvelsa da braldebulsSoris ideba saproceso SeTanxmeba, braldeba utyuarad undaiyos dadasturebuli da Sekrebili mtkicebulebebi eWvs arunda iwvevdes piris braleulobis Sesaxeb. amasTanave mxedveloba-Si unda iyos miRebuli sajaro interesi, Cadenili danaSaulisaTvisgaTvaliswinebuli sasjelis simZime da qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobisada braleulobis xarisxi. (sssk 679 1)) , xolo eWvi, romelicar dadasturdeba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, unda gadawydeseWvmitanilisa da braldebulis sasargeblod, xolo braldebulismier bralis aRiareba ar SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos braldebasada gamamtyunebel sasamarTlo ganaCens, Tu bralis aRiarebadamtkicebuli ar aris saqmeze Sekrebili sxva mtkicebulebaTa1 saqme # 01072112, Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos arqivi.742

erTobliobiT (sss k 115-e m.), xolo iseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesacbraldeba utyuarad aris dadasturebuli da piris braleulobaeWvs ar iwvevs, aseve pasuxobs saqarTvelos sssk 679 1 moTxovnas,magram braldebuli brals ar aRiarebs, Tumca ar ewinaaRmdegebawayenebul braldebas, amasTanave is eTanxmeba prokuroris mierSeTavazebul sasjelis zomas, ratom ar unda iqnes gamoyenebuli“sasjelze SeTanxmebis” piroba da aseT dros raRa saWiroebaswarmoadgens braldebulisagan “bralis aRiareba”? vfiqrob, aRniSnuliproblemis kanonSesabamisad gadawyveta (rogorc es sisxlissamarTlis saproceso kodeqsiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli) xels Seuwyobssaqmis srulyofil da obieqtur ganxilvas da erTiani sagamoZiebo-sasamarTlopraqtikis danergvas.uaryofiTi tendenciis erT-erTi mizezi isaa, rom saqarTvelossisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 24-e muxlis Tanaxmad,prokurorTan erTad gamomZiebelic axorcielebs sajarosisxlissamarTlebriv devnas, amiT ki gamomZieblis statusisisari braldebis mxarisken ixreba, rac radikalurad ewinaaRmdegebasisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis me-15 muxlisa da55-e muxlis moTxovnebs, radgan Tu gamomZiebeli ar warmoadgensbraldebis mxares, mas arc sisxlis samarTlebrivi devnis ganxorcielebisufleba ar unda hqondes, radgan iuridiul literaturaSisisxlis samarTlebrivi devnis cneba da braldebiscneba erTi da igive mniSvnelobiT ganixileba.aRniSnuli problemis arseboba qarTuli saproceso kanonmdeblobisaTvisaraxalia, jer kidev 1997w. Sedgenili saqarTvelossisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis proeqtis Tanaxmad,gamomZiebeli aRar moiazreboda sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis subieqtadda arc braldebis mxares aRar warmoadgenda, swored amdroidan qarTul iuridiul mecnierebaSi gamoikveTa gamomZieblisstatusTan dakavSirebiT urTierTgansxvavebuli Sexeduleba,mecnier da praqtikos muSakTa erTi jgufi moiTxovda gamomZiebelidarCeniliyo braldebis mxared da hqonoda sisxlissamarTlebrividevnis funqcia (SenarCunebuliyo gamomZieblis sabWourimodeli). 1 i. gabisonia Tvlis, rom saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlissaproceso kodeqsis Tavdapirvel proeqtSi sisxlis sa-1 g. qarqaSaZe. aseTi gamomZiebeli RmerTma mSvidobaSi mogaxmaroT_ gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 11.XI.1997, # 282.743

marTlebrivi devnisa da gamoZiebis principulad gamijvnis `sabraldebogadaxrisaTvis~ Tavisufali neitraluri (miukerZoebeli)gamomZieblis koncefcia Teoriulad sakmaod mimzidveladgamoiyureba, magram am Sexedulebas mainc uaryofiTad afasebs,vinaidan `gadauwyveteli rCeba dilema, mizani (damnaSavis pasuxisgebaSimicema) fsiqologiurad ganapirobebs gamomZieblis saprocesoaqtivobas da piriqiT _ adeqvaturi miznis uqonlobamas mkveTrad asustebs~. 1mecnierTa meore jgufs misaRebad miaCnia xsenebuli saprocesokodeqsis proeqti da Tvlian, rom gamomZiebels ar undahqondes sisxlis samarTlebrivi devnis funqcia da ar unda yofiliyobraldebis mxare, maTi azriT gamomZiebels unda miscemodamxolod gamoZiebis Catarebis funqcia; gamomZiebeli garkveulisagamoZiebo moqmedebis Catarebis Semdeg Tu ki Seikribebodagamamtyunebeli mtkicebulebebi, saqmes gadascemda prokurors,romelic wauyenebda eWvmitanils braldebas, Sekrebda sxva mtkicebulebebs,Seadgenda sabraldebo daskvnas da arsebiTad gansaxilveladwarmarTavda sasamarTloSi, riTac realurad ganxorcieldebodaprokuraturisaTvis miniWebuli sisxlissamarTlebrividevnis funqcia, rac maSindeli saqarTvelos konstituciis91-e muxlidanac gamomdinareobda. 2amave Sexedulebas iziarebs r. gogSeliZe, romelsac miaCnia,rom `sagamoZiebo rgolis (mkvlevars miaCnia, rom umjobesiaarsebobdes gamoZiebis centraluri aparati _ xazgasma Cemiam.m.) ZiriTadi funqcia unda iyos gamoZieba. maT iuridiulfaqtTan dakavSirebiT unda Caataron mTeli rigi sagamoZiebomoqmedebebi, moipovon braldebis damadasturebeli mtkicebulebebida rodesac miiCneven, rom konkretuli piris mimarT braldebiswasayeneblad sakmarisi mtkicebulebebi arsebobs, saqme SemdgomimsvlelobisaTvis unda gadaeces prokuraturis organos,romelsac miecema SesaZlebloba klasikuri formiT ganaxorcielossisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis funqcia...…sagamoZiebo or-1 i. gabisonia. prokuraturis statusi sazRvargareT da saqarTveloSi.Tb., 1999 gv. 259-260; i. gabisonia. sisxlissamarTalwarmoebisgamartivebis Tanamedrove, problemebi. kompaqturi sqematuri formati._ wgn.: saxelmwifosa da samarTlis aqtualuri problemebi,Tsu gamomc. Tb., 2003, gv. 461-462.2 v. iosava, m. mamniaSvili. uflebebi CamogvarTves, mainc Cven gvedavebian._ gaz.: `saqarTvelos respublika~, wlis 11.XI.1997, # 282.744

ganoebis funqcia unda iyos gamoZieba, xolo konstituciiT mini-Webuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis funqcia, rac rogorc esbevr civilizebul qveyanaSia, klasikuri formiT unda Caatarosprokuraturam~. 1moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi miRebisTanavegamomZiebeli moiazreboda rogorc braldebis mxared, kerZod me-15 muxlis me-4 nawilis Tanaxmad braldebis funqcia ekisreboda,,prokurors, gamomZiebels, sagamoZiebo organos ufross, mikvlevisorganos, momkvlevs, agreTeve dazaralebuls, samoqalaqo mosarCelesda maT warmomadgenels~, xolo 24-e muxlis Sesabamisad`sajaro sisxlis samarTlebriv devnas axorcielebs mokvlevisorgano, prokurori da gamomZiebeli~, amave sisxlis samarTlissapoceso kodeqsis redaqciiT gamomZiebeli uflebamosili iyo waredginapirisaTvis braldeba, Seedgina sabraldebo daskvna, racdasamtkiceblad prokurorisaTvis unda waredgina.saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 2005wlis 25 martis #1204 cvlilebiT me-15 muxlidan marTaliaamoRebulia gamomZieblis, rogorc braldebis mxaris uflebamosileba,magram ramdenadac paradoqsulad ar unda mogveCvenosSeunarCunda sajaro sisxlisamarTlebrivi devnis statusi, racbunebrivia aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba aramarto sisxlis samarTlissaproceso kodeqis 55-e muxls, aramed saqarTvelos organulkanons `prokuraturis Sesaxeb~, radgan rogorc zemoT iTqvamxolod prokuraturis funqciaSi Sedis sisxlissamarTlebrividevnis ganxorcieleba.amasTan dakavSirebiT, Cven ver gaviziarebT i. gabisonias Sexedulebas,imis Sesaxeb rom sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnisa dagamoZiebis principuli gamijvnis Sedegad gadauwyveteli rCebagamomZieblis mizani (damnaSavis pasuxisgebaSi micema), romelicufro aqtiurs xdis mas, xolo adeqvaturi miznis uqonloba kimas mkveTrad asustebs, am mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom iseT pirobebSi, rodesac gauqmda sisxlis samarTlissaqmis aRZvris instituti, winaswari gamoZieba da sisxlissamarTlebrividevna, umravles SemTxvevaSi, faqtobrivad erTdrouladiwyeba. albaT, gamomZieblisaTvis ar unda iyos TviTmi-1 r. gogSeliZe. rogori unda iyos gamoZiebis xvalindeli dRe? _wgn.: `saxelmwifosa da samarTlis aqtualuri problemebi~, Tsu gamomc.Tb., 2003, gv. 447-449.745

zani `piris pasuxisgebaSi micema~, piriqiT saqarTvelos sisxlissamarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 58-e muxlis me-3 nawilis TanaxmadgamomZiebeli valdebulia gamoZieba awarmoos yovelmxrivsrulad da obieqturad. gamoavlinos braldebulis mamxilebelida gamamarTlebeli mtkicebulebebi, agreTve braldebuli pasuxismgeblobisdamamZimebeli Tu Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebi daTu braldebis warsadgenad ver Segrovda sakmarisi mtkicebulebebisaproceso kanonmdeblobidan gamomdinare saqme unda waredginosprokurors sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis Sewyvetis sakiTxisgadasawyvetad.Cemis azriT, albaT, saproceso kanonmdeblobis aRniSnulmaxarvezebma ganapiroba isic, rom dReisaTvis gamomZieblebs jerkidev SenarCunebuli aqvT `braldebisaken gadaxris~ mankieritendencia, rac “miukerZoebeli gamomZieblis” statusze ukiduresaduaryofiTad aisaxeba. vfiqrobT, gamomZieblis statuss undaCamocildes sissxlissamarTlebrivi devnis ganxorcielebisufleba da mas mxolod gamoZiebis funqcia unda daekisros.ukanasknel periodSi saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqssdaemata 371 1 -e muxli, romelic mowmis an dazaralebulismier arsebiTad urTierTsawinaaRmdego CvenebisaTvis sisxlis samarTlispasuxismgeblobas iTavaliswinebs. amdenad, mowmis andazaralebulis mier cru Cvenebis micemasTan erTad isjeba aseve,mis mier, winaswar da sasamarTlo gamoZiebisaTvis arsebiTadurTierT-sawinaaRmdego micemuli Cvenebac. yovelive amis Semdeg2005w. 14 dekembris kanoniT saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlissaproceso kodeqsidan amoRebuli iqna 314-e muxli, romelicawesrigebda sagamoZiebo moqmedebis, _ dapirispirebis Catarebisproceduras da masSi monawile pirTa uflebebsa da movaleobebs,rogorc kanonproeqtis ganmartebiT baraTSi iyo miTiTebuli dapirispirebiskonstruqciam Tavisi dro moWama da amitom `swrafida efeqturi marTlmsajulebisaTvis~ dapirispireba, rogorcsagamoZiebo moqmedeba aRar iqneboda normatiulad mowesrigebulida umjobesi iyo sagamoZiebo moqmedebebis Catareba momxdariyosagamoZiebo taqtikis farglebSi.Cven dawvrilebiT ar SevCerdebiT dapirispirebis institutisprocesualur wesebze, magram unda aRiniSnos, rom saprocesokodeqsidan dapirispirebis institutis amoRebas ukiduresiuaryofiTi Sefaseba mohyva qarTvel mecnierTa Soris, magaliTad,g. mefariSvils miaCnia, rom sisxlis samarTlis saproceso ko-746

deqsidan dapirispirebis institutis amoReba qarTvelma kanonmdeblebmaaSkarad arasworad moaxdines, radgan ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuliarc SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis da arc gamoZiebistaqtikuri mosazrebebi. 1 sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsidandapirispirebis amoRebas arc S. fafiaSvili eTanxmeba, Tumcafiqrobs, rom `dapirispireba, marTalia, damoukidebli saxis sagamoZiebomoqmedebad aRaraa gaTvaliswinebuli, magram, Cemi RrmarwmeniT, sagamoZiebo praqtikaSi misi gamoyeneba Cveulebrivi wesiTgagrZeldeba, magram ara rogorc dakiTxvis damoukideblisaxe, aramed rogorc dakiTxvis taqtikuri xerxi~. 2amdenad, sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsidan dapirispirebisinstitutis amoRebis Semdeg, bunebrivia, gamomZieblebiaRar atareben aRniSnul moqmedebas, xolo mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebisdros isini eyrdnobian mxolod dazaralebulis an mowmisCvenebas, romlebsac dakiTxvis win gamomZiebeli afrTxilebs saqarTvelosss k 371 1 -e muxliT sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobisSesaxeb da Tu mowmem an dazaralebulma sisxlis samarTalwarmoebisnebismier stadiaze marTlac arsebiTad urTierTsawinaaRmdegoCveneba misces, gamomZiebels (prokurors) uflebaeZleva mis mimarT daiwyos sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna.SeiZleba damajereblad iTqvas, aRniSnuli procesialuriwesi marTlac emsaxureba swrafi da efeqturi marTlmsajulebisganxorcielebas, gansakuTrebiT, mravalepizodian da rTul saqmeebze,agreTve maSinac, rodesac sxvadasxva gaumarTlebeli motivebiTmowme an dazaralebuli cdilobs arsebiTad Secvalos gamoZiebissawyis etapze micemuli realuri, saqmis obieqturimtkicebulebebidan gamomdinare Cveneba. amasTan, ar SeiZleba argaviziaroT S. fafiaSvilis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom, marTalia,dapirispirebis instituts, rogorc sagamoZiebo moqmedebas,aRar iTvaliswinebs moqmedi saproceso kanonmdebloba, magram misiCatareba SeiZleba rogorc dakiTxvis taqtikuri xerxiT. magaliTad,iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac dazaralebulsa da braldebulis,an sxva pirebis Cvenebebs Soris arsebobs arsebiTi xasiaTiswinaaRmdegoba da raime movlenis gasarkvevad saWiro gax-1 dawvr. ix. g. mefariSvili. rogori saxelmwifo gvinda: samarTlebriviTu policiuri. _ gaz.: àsaval-dasavali~, 2006, 13-19 noemberi,#46 (336), gv. 11.2 S. fafiaSvili. kriminalistika, t. II. danaSaulis gaxsnis taqtika,gamomc. `meridiani~. Tb., 2007, gv. 206-210.747

des dapirispirebis paraleluri wesebis gamoyeneba (Tundac gamomZieblisSinagani rwmenis formireba). amitom mimaCnia, rogorcwinaswar, aseve sasamarTlo gamoZiebis stadiaze dakiTxvis amgvariwesiT ganxorcieleba keTilismyofel gavlenas moaxdens saqmissrulyofil da obieqtur gamoZiebaze.amasTanave, SeiZleba gaviziaroT iuridiul literaturaSigamoTqmuli mosazrebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom saproceso SeTanxmebada sasjelisagan gaTavisuflebis instituti ewinaaRmdegeba sisxlissamarTlis procesis principebs, 1 magram es Sexedulebaaramc da aramc ar Seexeba winaswari gamoZiebis stadias, piriqiT,saproceso kanonmdeblobiT savsebiTaa SesaZlebeli winaswarigamoZiebis stadiaze utyuarad (maRali albaTobis xarisxiT)dadgindes piris braleuloba Cadenil qmedebaSi.garda amisa, xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom viziareb saprocesokanonmdeblobaSi Setanil cvlilebebsa da novaciebs, magrampraqtikaSi is unda ganxorcieldes saproceso kanonmdeblobissruli dacviT. yvela konkretul saqmeze (Tundac saproceso Se-TanxmebiT damTavrdes) unda Catardes srulyofili, obieqturigamoZieba, gamomZiebels unda mieniWos mxolod gamoZiebis funqcia,man erTnairi gulmodginebiT unda Seamowmos braldebulisrogorc damamZimebeli, aseve Semamsubuqebeli garemoeba, rogorcgamamtyunebeli, aseve gamamarTlebeli mtkicebulebebi, winaswargamoZiebis procesSi da misi dasrulebis stadiaSive prokurorismier miRebul unda iqnes kanonSesabamisi da obieqturi gadawyvetileba,rac sabolood sasamarTlo organoebis mier saqmis arsebiTiganxilvis Semdeg kanonieri, dasabuTebuli da samarTlianiganaCenis dadgenis winapirobas warmoadgensdabolos, vfiqrobT saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi Setanilicvlilebebi da novaciebi Semdgomi mecnieruli kvlevis saganigaxdeba, praqtikaSi realizaciisas ki ufro daixveweba, srulyofilida damnaSaveobis winaaRmdeg brZolis erT-erTi myari daefeqturi saSualeba gaxdeba.1 g. mefariSvili. sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis zogierTi konceptualursakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. _ Jurn. `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~,#3, 2006, gv. 87-106; c. ratiani, saproceso SeTanxmeba sisxlis samarTlisprocesSi. miTi da realoba. _ Jurn. `marTlmsajuleba dakanoni~, #3, 2006, gv. 117-153.; c. ratiani. saproceso SeTanxmebis institutisisxlis samarTlis procesSi, Jurn. `saqarTvelos uzenaesisasamarTlos marTlmsajuleba~, #1, 2007, gv. 167-184.748

MIKHEIL MAMNIASHVILISOME ASPECTS OF THE PERFECTION OF THE GEORGIANTRIAL PROCEEDINGSRecently, there have been a lot of innovations in the Georgian criminallaw code. The author surveys the new institute of the Georgian legislativesystem such, as a trial agreement. According to the author, thiskind of agreement should be put into shape only when the crime is lessgrave and when it concerns corruption. Herewith, in the author’s opinion,the two the trial agreements: 1) agreement on guilt and an agreement onpenalty- are not carried correctly and they are mixed up. The author analysesinvestigative practices and concludes that investigating magistratesstill tend to be on the side of the accusation and suggests a new conceptionof an impartial and independent investigating magistrate. With thispurpose, he suggests that the 24 th paragraph of the Georgian criminal lawcode should be altered and the criminal sues must be in charge of thepublic procurator, which is the classical form in major foreign countries,and the investigating magistrate would be required to hold complete andunbiased investigation.749

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008Tamar zarandiasakuTrebis cneba da misi eqskluziurixasiaTiSedarebiT-samarTlebrivi kvleva qarTulida franguli samarTlis mixedviTSesavali. sakuTrebis cnebam ganviTarebis grZeli gza ganvlo.sakuTrebasTan dakavSirebuli dava jer kidev antikur xanaSi iRebssaTaves. platonidan dawyebuli igi kacobriobis azris ganviTarebisistoriaSi erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgenda.sakuTrebas ganixilavdnen rogorc adamianis Sromis Sedegs, 1rogorc adamianis molodinis produqts 2 , rogorc kapitalizmisganviTarebisa da klasTa Soris konfliqtis pirvelwyaros. 3azrovnebis istoriaSi sakuTrebis Sefaseba sruliad araer-Tgvarovania, mas aigiveben xan keTildReobasTan da Tavisuflebas-Tan, xan kidev zneobriv dacemasTan, socialur usamarTlobasTanda omTan. 4 sakuTrebis ideaSi romael iuristTa wvlili iuridiulixasiaTisaa. romaelma iuristebma pirvelebma mogvces absoluturikerZo sakuTrebis cnebis formulireba, uwodes mas ,,dominium”da ixmares igi uZrav qonebasa da miwebTan mimarTebiT. 5 TanamedrovesamarTalSi sakuTreba aris fizikuri piris iseTi ganuyofeliTvisebebis Sedegi, rogoric aris Tavisufleba da Tavisufalineba, romelic yvelas kuTvnilebaa da ufro metic, sworedes sayovelTaoba aris samarTlis sferoSi civilizaciis umniSvnelovanesimonapovari.rogorc aRiniSna, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTloserT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi, saqmeze moqalaqeebi zaur elaSvili,suliko maSia, rusudan gogia da sxvebi saqarTvelos parlamentiswinaaRmdeg, àdamianis ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuf-1 B. Burke, J. Snoe. Property. Aspen publishers. New Jork, 2004, gv. 3.2 B. Burke, J. Snoe. Property, gv. 3.3 B. Burke, J. Snoe. Property, gv. 3.4 r. paipsi. sakuTreba da Tavisufleba. Tbilisis politikuri swavlebisskolis biblioTeka, 2004, gv. 21.5 r. paipsi. sakuTreba da Tavisufleba, gv. 29.750

lebebis, gansakuTrebiT ki, sakuTrebis uflebis ignorireba gamoricxavsTavisufali sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebas, mTlianadsazogadoebisa da mis calkeul wevrTa Rirseuli cxovrebis uzrunvelyofasda politikur, ekonomikur Tu socialur stabilurobas.demokratiuli, samarTlebrivi da socialuri saxelmwifosekonomikuri siZliere swored sakuTrebis uflebis pativiscemasada dacvas eyrdnoba~. 1Zvel qarTul samarTalSic sakuTrebasTan dakavSirebiT Zalianmdidari tradiciebi arsebobda. rogorc prof. b. zoiZe aRniSnavsyvelaze meti sabuTi, rac Zveli droidan SemonaxuliaCvens arqivebSi _ nasyidobis wignebia. marTalia batons glexisqonebazec miuwvdeba xeli _ “suls garda yvelaze xeli miuwvdeba”,“magram batonsac es marTebs: sxva rigad rom batonma ymasgardaaxdevinos, nasyidi mainc ar unda mouSalos”. analogiuradgamoiyureba xelmwifis ufleba nasyidobis nebarTvaze: “Tu kacmansofeli an glexi Tavadisgan an aznaurisgan sasyidlad moindomos,xelmwifesac unda dakiTxva” _ naTqvamia samarTlis wignis162-e muxlSi. magram kanonmdebeli iqve ixevs ukan da ambobs,rom “ukiTxavadac syidula da arc xelmwife gamohkidebiao”. 2sakuTrebis cneba, misi arsi, absoluturi xasiaTi. miuxedavadimisa, rom mudmivad mimdinareobda dava sakuTrebis cnebas-Tan dakavSirebiT, es sakiTxi dResac seriozul problemas warmoadgensqarTul da evropul samarTlebriv doqtrinaSi. amasmowmobs Tundac is, rom evropis qveynebis Tanamedrove kodifikaciebisakuTrebis cnebis legalur definicias ar iZlevian. esSeiZleba iTqvas germanul, Sveicarul kanonmdeblobaze. saqarTvelossamoqalaqo kodeqsis 170-e muxli, romlis saxelwodebaa:cneba. sakuTrebis uflebis Sinaarsi _ realurad sakuTrebiscnebas ar iZleva. misi pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad: mesakuTres SeuZliakanonismieri an sxvagvari, kerZod saxelSekrulebo boWvisfarglebSi Tavisuflad flobdes da sargeblobdes qonebiT (niv-TiT), ar dauSvas sxva pirTa mier am qonebiT sargebloba, gankargosigi, Tuki amiT ar ilaxeba mezoblebis an mesame pirTauflebebi, anda, Tu es moqmedeba ar warmoadgens uflebis borotadgamoyenebas.” rogorc davinaxeT, sakuTrebis uflebis lega-1 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba #2/1-370, 382, 390, 402, 404. 18 maisi, 2007. ix. www.constcourt.gov.ge2 b. zoiZe. evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi. sagamomcemlosaqmis saswavlo centri. Tb., gv. 35.751

lur definicias saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsic Tavs aridebsda misi Sinaarsis aRweriT Semoifargleba mxolod. es aseve aixsnebazogadad cnebebis mimarT negatiuri damokidebulebiTac.Tumca cnebebisadmi frTxili damokidebuleba jer kidev romaelebisaTvisiyo cnobili omnis definitio periculosa. 1 arc romis samarTalSiarsebobda sakuTrebis erTiani cneba, magram, unda iTqvas,rom romaelebis wvlili sakuTrebis cnebis sakiTxTan dakav-SirebiT wminda iuridiulia. swored romaelebs ekuTvnis samwevrovanisakuTrebis gageba _ mflobelobaze, sargeblobasa da gankargvazedafuZnebuli sakuTreba. 2Tanamedrove kodifikaciebi sakuTrebis cnebis sakiTxs gansxvavebuladudgebian. germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 903-e paragrafismixedviT: ,,imdenad, ramdenadac es ar ewinaaRmdegeba kanons damesame pirTa uflebebs, nivTis mesakuTres SeuZlia gankargos niv-Ti Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr da gamoricxos sxva piris nebismieriCareva~. 3 safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 544-e muxlis Tanaxmad,,sakuTreba aris nivTebiT sargeblobisa da gankargvis ufro absoluturiufleba, Tu sargebloba ar aris akrZaluli kanonebiTada reglamentebiT~. 4 rogorc vxedavT franguli kodifikacia cdilobsganmartos sakuTreba rogorc nivTiT sargeblobisa da gankargvisabsoluturi ufleba, germanuli kodeqsi ki, iseve, rogorcqarTuli ufro sakuTrebis Sinaarsis aRweriT izRudeba.maS ra aris sakuTrebis ufleba? ra ganasxvavebs mas yvelasxva samarTlebrivi kategoriisagan? es misi namdvili substanciaunda Seicavdes im niSnebs, rac ganasxvavebs mas sxva iuridiulifenomenebisagan. es niSnebia misi gansakuTrebuloba, absoluturobada sisrule.aRsaniSnavia, rom sxva samarTlebriv kategoriebs Soris sakuTrebayvelaze metad Seicavs piris Tvisebebs. sakuTreba ariskidec piris idealuri gagrZeleba nivTSi, an misi gadatana am niv-Tebze. Tavad sityva sakuTreba niSnavs ,,sakuTrad~ pirisa. ZvelaRmosavleTSi nivTebi warmoadgenen piris gagrZelebas, nivTi mibmuliiyo adamianTan. sayovelTaod aris cnobili adamianTan er-Tad misi nivTebis damarxvis an maTi ganadgurebis tradicia. am1 g. xubua. samarTlis Teoria. gamomc.: `meridiani~. Tb., 2006, gv. 25.2 g. nadareiSvili. romis samoqalaqo samarTali. Tb., 2005, gv. 60-67.3 Гражданское уложение Германии. М., 2004, gv. 257-258.4 Code civile France, Daloz, 2008, art. 544.752

tradiciasac safuZvlad udevs swored adamianis cnobierebaSi ZalianRrmad arsebuli kavSiri adamianisa mis nivTebTan. 1 ase iyoZvel saberZneTSi, Zvel egvipteSi sadac gardacvlilis piradinivTebi miyvebodnen gardacvlils misi ganvlili cxovrebidan. 2sakuTrebas yvela sxva samarTlebriv kategoriebs Soris centraluriadgili uWiravs. maSasadame sakuTrebas sxva iuridiulifenomenebisagan ganasxvavebs misi absoluturoba, misi sisrule,misi eqskluziuroba. Tumca sakuTrebaze saubrisas misi, rogorcsanivTo uflebis absoluturoba sruliadac ar niSnavs mis SeuzRudavobas.Tumca es termini imavdroulad am uflebamosileba-Ta erTgvari Tavisuflebis mauwyebelicaa. uflebis absoluturobaunda ganvixiloT am uflebis matareblis, igive mesakuTris,yvela danarCen mesame pirTan urTierTdamokidebulebaSi. 3amavdroulad, rodesac saubaria absoluturi da relatiuriuflebebis urTierTmimarTebaze, unda iTqvas, rom saxelmwifosrelatiur uflebebTan mimarTebiTac akisria valdebulebisSesrulebis uzrunvelyofis funqcia. Tu Cven vaRiarebT, rom saxelmwifovaldebulia uzrunvelyos mxareTa SeTanxmebuli nebidangamomdinare valdebulebis Sesruleba TiTqos is gansxvaveba,rac arsebobs valdebulebiT _ samarTlebriv uflebasa da saniv-To samarTlebriv uflebebs Soris kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobas.sakuTrebis eqskluziuri xasiaTi (qonebis gamosaxulebazemesakuTris uflebis magaliTze. sakuTrebis uflebis absoluturobazesaubrisas xSirad saubroben mis eqskluziurobaze. amerikeliiuristis kouenis azriT ,,sakuTreba... mesakuTres aZlevsuflebamosilebas Tanaxma iyos (dauSvas, an ar dauSvas) gamoricxosmesame pirebis mier sakuTari nivTiT mflobeloba an sargebloba.4 sad sruldeba mesakuTris ufleebi, rodesac saubaria misuflebaze daupirispirdes sakuTari qonebis gamosaxulebis reproduqcirebas?marTalia qarTul sasamarTlo praqtikaSi aRniSnulisakiTxi ar yofila msjelobis sagani, magram qarTul doqtrinaSivxvdebiT miTiTebas sakuTrebis eqskluziur xasiaTze. maS ras niSnavssakuTrebis eqskluziuri xasiaTi? rodis aqvs mesakuTres uflebadaupirispirdes misi sakuTrebis gamoyenebas?1 К. И. Скловский. Собственность в государственном праве. М., 1999, gv. 39-41.2 К. И. Скловский. Собственность в государственном праве, gv. 39-41.3 b. zoiZe. qarTuli sanivTo samarTali. Tb., 2003, gv. 83.4 J. Dukeminier. J. E. Krier. Property. Aspen Law and Business, 2002, gv. 99.48. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi753

frangul samarTalSi es sakiTxi gaxda uzenaesi sasamarTlosmsjelobis sagani saqmeze qalbatoni priSe (priSeti) sazogadoebadiubreis gamomcemlobis winaaRmdeg. 1 saqmis garemoebaniiyo Semdegi: qalbatoni gondre, priSetis meuRle iyo benuvilSierTi saxlis mesakuTre, sadac ganTavsebuli iyo kafe. es saxlipirveli saxli iyo, 1944w. ivnisSi desantis gadmosxmisas mokav-SireTa jarebma rom gaaTavisufles da amitom igi sargeblobdagarkveuli popularobiT. q-ni priSeti komerciul qonebasTan er-Tad iyenebda aRniSnuls. igi yidda safosto Ria baraTebs missakuTrebaSi arsebuli saxlis fasadis fotosuraTebiT. diubreissagomcemlo sazogadoebam gaavrcela safosto Ria baraTebi,romlebzec asaxuli iyo gondres kafe, da amisaTvis q-ni pri-Cetis nebarTva ar miuRia. am ukanasknelma mimarTa sasamarTlos.frangul samarTlebriv doqtrinaSi am sakiTxma azrTa sxvadasxvaobagamoiwvia da araerTi saintereso sakiTxi wamoWra.pirvel rigSi unda gadawyvetiliyo sakiTxi, rodis SeeZlo mesakuTresdapirispireboda misi qonebis am saxiT eqsploatacias?sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom TiToeul adamians aqvs uflebasakuTar gamosaxulebaze. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18muxlis meore nawilis mixedviT pirs ufleba aqvs sasamarTlosmeSveobiT, kanoniT dadgenili wesiT daicvas sakuTari pativi,Rirseba, piradi cxovrebis saidumloeba, piradi xelSeuxeblobaan saqmiani reputacia Selaxvisagan. xolo mexuTe nawilis Tanaxmad... am moTxovnis ufleba aqvs pirs maSinac, roca misi gamosaxuleba(fotosuraTi, kinofilmi, videofilmi da a.S.) gamoqveyndamisi Tanxmobis gareSe. piris Tanxmoba ar aris saWiro, rocafotogadaReba, videogadaReba da a.S. dakavSirebulia mis sazogadoebrivaRiarebasTan, dakavebul TanamdebobasTan, marTlmsajulebisan policiis moTxovnasTan, samecniero, saswavlo an kulturulmiznebTan, anda pirma pozirebisaTvis miiRo sazRauri. qar-Tul samarTlebriv doqtrinaSi arsebuli SexedulebiT uflebasakuTar gamosaxulebaze fizikuri piris damoukidebeli araqonebriviuflebaa. 2 aRniSnuli ufleba sakuTar gamosaxulebaze nebas1 H. Capitant, F. Terré, Y. Lequette. Les grands arrêts de la jurisprudence civile: TomeI. Introduction. Personnes – Famille – Biens – Régimes matrimoniaux – Successions.11e édition. 2000. Editions Dalloz, gv. 327.2 amasTan dakavSirebiT ix., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari,w. I (T. niniZe). Tb., 2002, gv. 65.754

aZlevs pirs (garda kanoniT dadgenili gamonaklisebisa) daupirispirdesam ukanasknelis reproduqciasa da gamoyenebas. magram SeuZliaTu ara pirovnebas daupirispirdes mesame piris mier missakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis gadaRebasa da eqspluatacias?unda iTqvas, rom zog SemTxvevaSi, maSinac ki, rodesac saxezeamxolod pirovnebis qonebis gamosaxuleba, es SeiZleba iqcesmisi ara rogorc mesakuTris, aramed rogorc pirovnebis(mesakuTris pirovnuli) uflebebis xelyofis saSualeba, radganigi emuqreba mis simSvides, myudroebas an kidev mis reputacias.ase magaliTad, dRes Zalian popularul serial ,,Sua qalaqSi~kadrSi mudmivad xvdeba WavWavaZis prospeqtze mdebare erT-erTisaxlis ramdenime fanjara, sadac, TiTqos mimdinareobs mTelimoqmedeba. sakiTxi dgas ase: SeuZlia ki mesakuTres daupirispirdesmisi qonebis amgvar eqsploatacias da saWiroa Tu ara misiTanxmoba am SemTxvevaSi mis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis amgvargamoyenebaze? axla warmovidginoT, rom msgavsi gamosaxuleba gamoiyenebauxams an pornografiul filmSi.franguli sasamarTlo praqtika am SemTxvevaSi adgens sworedpiradi uflebebis darRvevas mesakuTris sakuTrebiTi uflebamosilebebismiTiTebis gareSe. 1 franguli samarTlis mixedviTaseT SemTxvevaSi saxezea safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-9muxliT 2 gaTvaliswinebuli darRveva, Tu piri daamtkicebs, romadgili hqonda misi piradi cxovrebis xelyofas. ase magaliTadfrangulma sasamarTlom daadgina me-9 muxlis darRveva filmSi,,ukanaskneli tango parizSi~ da daakisra kompensaciis gadaxdafilmSi gamoyenebuli saxlis xedebis mesakuTris sasargeblod.magram rogor unda gadawydes dava, rodesac saxeze ar aris piradicxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis xelyofa? rodis SeuZlia mesa-1 ix. TGI, sena, 1965w. 1 aprili, JCP 1966. II. 14572, SeniSvna R.L., RTD civ.1966. 294 obs. Rodière, 316 obs. bredeni, romelic kompensacias uxdis erTisamflobelos mesakuTres, romlis xedebic gamoyenebuli iqna uxamsifoto-romanis ilustrirebisTvis (parizi, 1991w. 25 Tebervali, D.1991, IR 135), romelic iTvaliswinebs, rom mesakuTres SeuZlia `Tavisicxovrebis farglebis dasacavad~ uari uTxras misi saxlis gamosaxulebispornografiul filmSi reproduqciaze (comp. TGI parizi).miTiTebulia: H. Capitant, F. Terré, Y. Lequette. Les grands arrêts de lajurisprudence... (3), gv. 329.2 yvelas aqvs ufleba piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobaze. code CivileFranse, art. 9, Daloz.755

kuTres akrZalos msgavsi qmedebebi swored Tavisi mesakuTriseuliprerogativebis gamoyenebiT? Tavdapirvelad arc frangulsamarTals ar hqonda am kiTxvaze calsaxa pasuxi. marsel nastiwerda, rom “ramis daxatva an fotografireba ar xelyofs arcerTprerogativas, romelic tradiciulad mesakuTrisad ariscnobili~. 1 Semdgomdroindeli doqtrinac cdilobda ar gadaeRalaTavi imiT, rom qonebis gamosaxulebaze mesakuTris uflebissafuZveli Tavad sakuTrebaSi daenaxa da amjobinebda es ukanasknelisamoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis niadagze eZia. 2iyo aseTi mosazrebebic, rom “qonebis mflobels ara aqvs(...) ufleba am qonebis gamosaxulebaze, radgan individualuriTavisuflebis konstituciuri principi yovel pirovnebas aZlevsnebas ganaxorcielos da gamoaqveynos yvelafris gamosaxuleba,rasac igi xedavs kanonierad, im pirobiT, rom ar xelyos mesakuTrispiradi cxovreba da ar moaxdinos misi pirovnebis denaturireba~.3 Sesabamisad, sazogadoebisTvis miuwvdomeli saxlismesakuTres aqvs, Tavisi sakuTrebis uflebis safuZvelze “Zalaufleba,aukrZalos, vinc ar unda iyos, SeiWras mis samflobeloSian saxlSi, ganaxorcielos, gamoaqveynos da eqspluataciagauwios misi qonebis gamosaxulebebs~. 4safrangeTSi pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo praqtika sxvadasxvagvariiyo am saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT 5 da amitomac sakasaciosasamarTlos Careva gardauvali iyo. Usakasacio sasamarT-1 H. Capitant, F. Terré, Y. Lequette. Les grands arrêts... (4), gv. 329.2 Rodière, RTD civ. 1966. 293; Breden, RTD civ. 1966. 317, miTiTebulia H. Capitant,F. Terré, Y. Lequette. Les grands arrêts de la jurisprudence... (4), gv. 329.3 H. Capitant, F. Terré, Y. Lequette. Les grands arrêts... (4), gv. 329.4 D. 1999, chr. 293, miTiTebulia:H H. Capitant, F. Terré, Y. Lequette. Les grandsarrêts... (4), gv. 329.5 mas Semdeg, rac 1991w. gadawyvetilebaSi aRiniSna, rom `kanoni pirdapiricavs mxolod pirovnebebis gamosaxulebebs da ara qonebisas~(parizi, 1991w. 7 ianvari, D. 1992, Som. com. 15 obs. kolombet), arCeul iqnasapirispiro gadawyveta, gamocxadda ra, rom `yovel mesakuTres aqvsyvelaze ufro absoluturi ufleba akrZalos Tavisi qonebis reproduqciakomerciuli miznebiT~ (parizi, 1995w. 12 aprili, JCP 1995.I. 3878, obs. perine-marke, 1997. II. 22806, v. krombes SeniSvna) [xolo] Tavissawyis poziciaze dasabruneblad 1998w. dadginda, rom `mesakuTrear flobs Tavis qonebaze reproduqciisa da warmomadgenlobisaraviTar uflebas~ (parizi, 1994w. 14 oqt, D. 1998, IR 225), ix. H. Capitant,F. Terré, Y. Lequette. Les grands arrêts... (4), gv. 330.756

los gadawyvetilebiT mxolod mesakuTres aqvs ufleba moaxdinosTavisi qonebis eqspluatacia. sakasacio sasamarTlo eyrdnobasakuTrebis uflebis eqskluziur xasiaTs, romlis SedegadacsakuTreba misi mflobelisTvis “monopoliaa”. “eqskluziurobaniSnavs, rom mesame pirebs principSi araviTari wili ar miuZRviTsagnis sargeblianobaSi, romelic sxvis sakuTrebaSia. maT arSeuZliaT arc misi gamoyeneba, arc miT sargebloba, arc misigankargva. maT misgan araviTari piradi sargeblis miReba ar SeuZliaT.1 sagnis sargebeli ekuTvnis mesakuTres, iseve rogorcTviT sagani. es sargeblebi mravalferovani gaxda fotografiis,kinos, televiziis da a.S. gamogonebasTan erTad.amdenad, mesakuTres ufleba aqvs Tavisi qonebis gamosaxulebaze,Tumca Tu viqnebiT Tanmimdevrulebi da imgvarad gavigebTsakuTrebis uflebas, rom mesakuTres SeuZlia gamoricxosyoveli mesame piri am sagniT sargeblobisagan, maSin gamova, romsakuTrebis uflebis eqskluziurma xasiaTma saSualeba unda miscesmesakuTres, daupirispirdes sagnis nebismier gamoyenebas, ra-Sic Sedis aseve misi ubralo reproduqciac mesame piris mier.Tumca, gaacnobiera ra, rom mesakuTris aseTi ufleba gazviadebuliiqneboda, sakasacio sasamarTlom iuridiuli politikisaSkara mosazrebebiT gadawyvita SeezRuda mesakuTris es ufleba(dapirispirebis ufleba qonebis gamosaxulebis arakomerciulieqspluataciis mimarT). amdenad “mesakuTres ar SeuZlia daupirispirdesTavisi saxlis gamosaxulebis gamoyenebas kerZo miznebiTgamvlelebis an vizitorebis mxridan. sakasacio sasamarTloamgvarad adasturebs, rom kerZo sakuTrebis sazogadoebrivimniSvnelovnebis da turistuli da sxva moyvaruli fotografebiskanonieri aqtiurobis SenarCunebis mizniT, sakuTrebis eqskluziurobagvavalebs vaRiaroT mesakuTrisad ara misi mkacradeqskluziuri ufleba qonebis gamosaxulebaze, aramed mxolodsagnis komerciuli eqspluataciis ufleba. “swored sakuTrebisxedebis komerciuli eqspluatacia, miekuTvneba kerZod mxolodmesakuTres (...). sakiTxis amgvar gadawyvetas safuZvlad sworedsargeblobis uflebis eqskluziuroba udevs”. 2 amdenad mesame pirisTvis,akrZalulia qonebis ara fotografireba an reproduq-1 G. Cornu. Droit Civil. Introduqtion, Les personnes, Les biens, 10 e edition. Montchrestien.2001, # 1035.2 H. Capitant, F. Terré, Y. Lequette. Les grands arrêts... (4), gv. 331.757

cia, aramed am reproduqciis eqspluatireba. amdenad am gadawyvetilebiTcnobil iqna mesakuTris monopolia misi qonebis gamosaxulebiseqspluataciaze. sainteresoa, rom vinaidan gadawyvetilebaSisaubaria “qonebaze” sxva dazustebis gareSe, ivaraudeba,rom saqme exeba ara marto uZrav qonebas, aramed moZravsac.es SeiZleba iyos sruliad gansxvavebuli sagnebi, rogorebicaacxovelebi, avtomobili da a.S.mesakuTris monopolia misi qonebis gamosaxulebis eqspluataciazeda saavtoro ufleba. mesakuTris monopoliis aRiarebiTmisi qonebis gamosaxulebis eqspluataciaze sakasacio sasamarTlomsaavtoro uflebis specialistebis TiTqmis erTsulovanikritika gamoiwvia. 1 maTi azriT, mesakuTrisTvis miniWebuli esaxali ufleba misi nivTis gamosaxulebaze konfliqtSi modiodaavtoris uflebasTan Tavis nawarmoebze.inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis samarTalSi piri, romelmacinteleqtuaur-SemoqmedebiTi muSaobis Sedegad Seqmna nawarmoebi,iTvleba mis avtorad. aRniSnuli exeba aseve arqiteqtorul nawarmoebsac.saqarTvelos kanonis ,,saavtoro da momijnave uflebebisSesaxeb” me-6 muxli xelovnebis nawarmoebad miiCnevs asevearqiteqturul nawarmoebsac. igive kanonis me-7 muxlis Tanaxmadsaavtoro ufleba ar aris damokidebuli im materialuri obieqtissakuTrebis uflebaze, romelSic gamoxatulia nawarmoebi.mesakuTris uflebis aRiarebiT misi qonebis gamosaxulebazeTiTqos Seiqmna iseTi praqtikuli sinamdvile, rom qonebis gamosaxulebiseqspluataciisTvis saWiro gaxda misi avtorisa damesakuTris ormagi nebarTvis aReba. magram rogor unda gadawydessakiTxi Tu mesakuTre da avtori ver SeTanxmdebian eqspluataciispirobebze? aqve Tavs iCens meore, wminda Teoriuli problemac.xom ar Seiqmna am SemTxvevaSi iseTi mdgomareoba, rodesacsaxezea TanasakuTreba? da xom ar aris ise, rom gadawyvetileba,romelic sakuTrebis uflebis eqskluziurobaze saubrobsTavad arRvevs am eqskluziurobas? Tu sagani aris Semoqmedebisproduqti, es am sagnis (nivTis da ara uflebis) mesakuTres ar-Tmevs mis prerogativas. Sesabamisad nivTis mesakuTresa da nawarmoebismesakuTres Soris konkurenciis pirobebSi am sakiTxSiudavo upiratesoba swored nawarmoebis mesakuTres ekuTvnis.rodesac sagani xelovnebis nawarmoebia, igi marTlac ormagdeba1 P. Gautier. Note JCP 1999. II. 10078; A. Françon RTD com. 1999, gv. 397.758

or qonebad, materialur sayrdenad da nawarmoebad. pirveli maTganismesakuTres araviTari ufleba ara aqvs nawarmoebze da arSeuZlia ganaxorcielos is uflebebi, romlebic am ukanasknelsexeba. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu sagani aris xelovnebis nawarmoebi,mesakuTres CamorTmeuli aqvs Tavisi ufleba qonebis gamosaxulebaze,vidre saavtoro ufleba arsebobs. xolo Tu sagani araris xelovnebis nawarmoebi, mesakuTres SeuZlia misi gamosaxulebiseqspluatireba.amasTan avtoris qonebrivi ufleba maradiuli ar aris. iseverogorc frangul samarTalSi, qarTul samarTalSiac igigrZeldeba avtoris sicocxlis manZilze da iwureba misi sikvdilidan70 wlis Semdeg. swored aq aris “kompromisi” avtorisinteresebsa, erTi mxriv, da sazogadoebis interesebs Soris, meoremxriv, radgan sazogadoebas unda SeeZlos Tavisufladisargeblos nawarmoebiT, moaxdinos misi reproduqcia rogorcmas esmis, ufasod da nebarTvis gareSe. rogorc leon diugi ganmartavdasakuTrebas aqvs socialuri funqcia (social Function). 1mesakuTris uflebebi Tavis TavSi unda moicavdnen garkveulidoziT socialur pasuxismgeblobas. rodesac saubaria qonebisgamosaxulebis sakiTxze, swored aseT gadawyvetaze gadiszRvari sazogadoebriv interesebsa da mesakuTris interesebs Soris,da gonirulicaa, rom mesakuTres mxolod maSin hqondesufleba daupirispirdes sakuTari qonebis gamosaxulebis reproduqcirebas,rodesac amis mizani komerciulia da qonebis gamosaxulebisreproduqcireba mogebis mizniT xdeba. sxvagvari midgomiTswored sazogadoeba izaralebs, radgan Tu turists kerZointeresebis dasakmayofileblad aekrZala fotogadaReba, es rasakvirveliaavnebs sazogadoebriv interess da SeiZleba uflebisborotad gamoyenebaSic gadaizardos.1 H. Capitant, F. Terré, Y. Lequette. Les grands arrêts... (4), gv. 333.759

TAMAR ZARANDIACONCEPT OF PROPERTY AND ITS EXCLUSIVE NATURECOMPARATIVE LAW ANALYSIS ACCORDINGTO GEORGIAN AND FRENCH LAWSThe concept of property has undergone a long way of development.Property related disputes can be traced back to the ancient period. Startingfrom Plato it has been one of the most crucial problems of the historyof development of human mentality. Property has been treated absolutelydiversely in the history of thinking – sometimes it was identifiedwith welfare and freedom and sometimes with moral degradation, socialinjustice and war. The article gives the overview of the issues related tothe concept and essence of property. The author also discusses the exclusivenessof property right and the right of an owner to an image of theproperty. Recognition of the owner’s exclusive right to his own thing (amongstthem, the recognition of the title to an image of own thing) causedalmost unilateral criticism of copyright experts in French law. Theywere of the opinion that this new right to an image of the thing, grantedto an owner, was in conflict with the right of an owner to his work. Thearticle offers the discussion of these and other interesting issues and alsothe potential solutions of problematic aspects.760

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. II, 2008vefxvia gvaramiaeqstradiciis cnebis sakiTxisaTviseqstradiciis cnebis formireba. eqstradiciis definiciisgansazRvra XIXs. meore naxevridan iwyeba. am mxriv aRsaniSnaviasaerTaSoriso da sisxlis samarTlis specialistebis _ a. bilos,n. nekludovis, e. simsonis, d. nikolskis, n. tagancevis, f.martensis, f. listis da sxvaTa Sromebi.a. bilos azriT, èqstradicia warmoadgens aqts, romliTacerTi saxelmwifo Tavis qveynis teritoriaze Cadenili darRvevisaTvisbraldebul an danaSaulis CadenaSi braleulad cnobilindivids gadascems momTxovn saxelmwifos, romelsac gaaCnia gasamarTlebisada dasjis kompetencia~. 1 cnebis naklovanebis ganxilvasdRevandeli poziciidan ar SevudgebiT, radgan es institutidroTa ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda. Tumca is im droSic arasaxavda realur viTarebas. kerZod, eqstradicias SesaZloa adgilihqonoda gadamcemi saxelmwifos teritoriaze CadeniliqmedebisaTvis, Tu is mimarTuli iyo momTxovni saxelmwifos anmisi moqalaqeebis winaaRmdeg.a. bilo cnebaSi ar iTvaliswinebda moqalaqeobis sakiTxs,Tumca gadaecemoda momTxovni saxelmwifosa da zogjer mesamesaxelmwifos moqalaqeebi, xolo qmedebis Cadenis adgilis qveynismoqalaqeebi ar gadaecemoda. gamonakliss warmoadgenda saer-To samarTlis sistema. aRniSnul cnebaSi ar Cans `braldebulisa~da `braleulis~ (damnaSavis) momTxovni saxelmwiforis safuZvelze SeiZleboda cnobili yofiliyo kompetenturad.avtori marTebulad asxvavebs erTmaneTisagan `braldebuls~ da`braleuls~ (damnaSaves). gadasacemi pirebis msgavsi gamijvnapraqtikaSi dResac misaRebia, Tumca `braleulis~ nacvlad mar-Tebuli iqneboda, `msjavrdebulis~ gamoyeneba.XIXs. meore naxevarSi n. nekludovi `damnaSavis gadacemis~qveS gulisxmobs braleulis gagzavnas meore saxelmwifoSi sa-1 A. Billot. Traité de l’ extradition. Paris, 1874, gv. 1.761

marTalSi misacemad da ganaCenis gamosatanad. 1 avtori gamodisteritoriulobis principidan, rodesac ambobs, rom qveynis sasamarTlosgansjadobas eqvemdebareba yvela danaSauli, romelicCadenilia misi teritoriis farglebSi, miuxedavad imisa, adgilobrivmamoqalaqem Caidina igi Tu ucxoelma. 2saerTaSoriso samarTlis specialisti d. nikolski `damna-Savis gadacemas~ uwodebda ìuridiuli moqmedebebis erTobliobas,romlis saSualebiTac erTi saxelmwifo meores gadascems amukanaskneli saxelmwifos farglebSi danaSaulSi braldebuls,romelsac aqvs gasamarTlebisa da dasjis ufleba~. 3 mecnieri nawilobriveTanxmeba a. bilosa da d. nekludovis mosazrebebs. a.bilos mier Camoyalibebuli cnebidan gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs,rom danaSauli Cadenili unda yofiliyo momTxovni saxelmwifosteritoriaze. es cnebebi ar asaxavda realur mdgomareobas,radgan eqstradicias adgili hqonda sxva SemTxvevaSic.e. bomboasa da n. Jilbrenis mier eqstradicia Semdegnairadaris ganmartebuli: èqstradicia mdgomareobs individis gadacemaSierTi saxelmwifodan meore saxelmwifoSi, romelsac aqvs gasamarTlebisada dasjis ufleba~. 4 am mokle formulirebaSi mocemuliar aris eqstradiciis iuridiuli safuZveli. imis garkveva,Tu romel saxelmwifos gaaCnia gasamarTlebisa da dasjisufleba, warmoadgens eqstradiciis aucilebel pirobas, rac ariyo gaTvaliswinebuli cnebaSi.`damnaSavis gadacemas~ f. martensi uwodebda `saxelmwifosmier meore saxelmwifosaTvis sasamarTlo daxmarebis aqts~. 5 esganmarteba ar asaxavda realobas, radgan avtoris mier Sefasebuliiyo mxolod eqstradiciis mniSvneloba. e. simsoni Tvlida,rom `gadacema, iuridiuli gagebiT, aris sasamarTlo daxmarebisaqti da mdgomareobs danaSaulSi braldebulis nebayoflobiTgadacemaSi im saxelmwifos mxridan, romlis teritoriazec espiri imyofeba misi gadacemis momTxovn meore saxelmwifosaTvis,1 Н. Неклудов. Уголовное право, Общая часть. Изд. «Русской книжной торговли».СПБ, 1875, gv. 177.2 Н. Неклудов. Уголовное право, gv. 175-176.3 Д. Никольский. О выдаче преступников по началам международного права,СПБ, 1884, gv. 29.4 E. Bomboy, H. Gilbrin. Traité pratique de ĺ sxtradition. Paris, 1886, gv. 3.5 Ф. Мартенс. Современное международное право цивилизированных народов. Т.III. СПБ, 1900, gv. 419.762

omelic dazaralebulia am piris danaSaulis gamo~. 1 rogorcmecnieri dasZens, ès ganmarteba gamomdinareobs im periodis saerTaSorisosamarTlis mdgomareobidan~. 2 cnebidan kargad Cans,rom gadacema SeiZleba mohyves sxva saxelmwifos teritoriaze`Cadenil danaSaulsac~, Tu igi mimarTulia gadacemis momTxovnisaxelmwifos an misi `qveSevrdomebis~ winaaRmdeg.r. valeevi aRniSnavs, rom mocemuli cnebis `gansazRvrebismravali debuleba misaRebia amJamadac, Tumca is ar SeiZleba CaiTvalosamomwuravad, ramdenadac masSi saubaria mxolod braldebulisgadacemaze. amis garda, avtori ar akonkretebs, romelsaxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT moiTxovon damnaSavis gadacema~. 3 r. valeeviar uTiTebs, ratom ara aqvs e. simsons cnebaSi mocemulimsjavrdebulis gadacema? am faqtis warmoCena ki naTels gaxdidaaRniSnul problemas. e. simsoni aRniSnavs, `rom braldebulisgadacema ar SeiZleba avurioT msjavrdebulis gadacemaSi, ramdenadacgadacemis xasiaTi, rogorc erT, ise meore SemTxvevaSi,sruliad gansxvavebulia~. 4 mecnieri msjavrdebulis gadacemas misispecifikurobis gamo calke ixilavda.e. simsonis mier Camoyalibebuli cneba im droisaTvis progresuliiyo, magram amave dros xarvezebisaganac ar iyo dazRveuli.masSi ar Cans, moqalaqeTa romeli kategoria eqvemdebarebodagadacemas, ris aRniSvnac avtors gauadvilebda amocanas da na-Tels gaxdida, Tu visi gadacemaze SeiZleboda uaris Tqma. aramarTebuliar. valeevis mosazreba e. simsonis cnebis komentirebisas,rodesac is cnebis xarvezad Tvlis imas, rom àvtori arakonkretebs, romel saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT moiTxovon damnaSavisgadacema~, gadacemis `moTxovnis~ an Txovnis wardgenis drossaxelmwifoebi SezRudulni ar arian, amdenad, misi cnebaSi moxseniebamizanSeuwonelia.eqstradiciis mokle ganmarteba da xarvezebi cnebaSi ganpirobebuliiyo im droisaTvis mravali gaurkveveli sakiTxiT. n.tagancevi aRniSnavda, rom mxolod ùaxles droSi gadacemis Se-1 Э. Симсон. О невидаче собственных подданных. СПБ «Типо-литография Р. Голике»,1892, gv. 1.2 Э. Симсон. О невидаче собственных подданных, gv. 1.3 Р. Валеев. О понятии выдачи преступников с современном международном праве.– Советский ежегодник международного права (СЕМП), 1974, М., 1976, gv. 209.4 Э. Симсон. О невидаче собственных подданных, gv. 3.763

saxeb swavleba ismeba iuridiul niadagze da TviT gadacemis institutiganixileba, rogorc saxelmwifo saqmianobis damcavigansakuTrebuli forma, romelic Sedis saerTaSoriso sisxlissamarTalSi~. 1 mecnieri miuTiTebda, rom `gadacemis swavlebissafuZvlebi~ da misgan gamomdinare `cnebis moculobis~ sakiTxiar iyo dadgenili. 2ingliseli mecnieri g. lorensi gadacemas uwodebda èrTisaxelmwifodan meore saxelmwifoSi im piris gadacemas, romelicimyofeba mis teritoriaze da braldebulia danaSaulis CadenaSigadacemis momTxovni saxelmwifos teritoriaze, an im pirisa,romelic braldebulia danaSaulSi momTxovni saxelmwifos teritoriisfarglebs gareT moqalaqeobis kuTvnilebis miuxedavad,misi iurisdiqciis gansjadobis pirobiT~. 3ingliseli da amerikeli mecnierebi eqstradiciis doqtrinisCamoyalibebis dros gamodiodnen teritoriulobis principidan,isini moiTxovdnen danaSaulis Cadenis adgilis mixedviTbraldebulis gadacemas moqalaqeobis miuxedavad. romanul-germanulisistemis momxreebic mxars uWerdnen teritoriuli principismixedviT braldebulis gadacemas, Tumca mas sxvagvar interpretaciasaZlevdnen. kerZod, maT teritoriuli principissafuZvelze miuReblad miaCndaT Tavisi moqalaqeebis gadacemaqmedebis Cadenis adgilis miuxedavad.XXs. dasawyisSi aqtualuri gaxda f. listis mier Camoyalibebuliganmarteba. romelic aRniSnavs, rom `damnaSavis gadacema,rogorc saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo daxmarebis aqti, im SemTxvevaSi,Tu is ganpirobebulia gadacemis gansakuTrebuli xelSekrulebiT,warmoadgens TavSesafari saxelmwifos saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv valdebulebebs~. 4 am ganmartebaSi mocemuli zogierTidebuleba dResac misaRebia. kerZod, mecnieri gadacemis iuridiulsafuZvlad miiCnevda `gansakuTrebul saerTaSorisoxelSekrulebas~, romelic saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso valdebulebasuqmnida, Tumca masSi ar Canda, Tu vis gulisxmobda avtori`damnaSaveSi~.sabWoTa samarTlis zegavlena eqstradiciis cnebaze. mefis1 Н. Таганцев. Лекции по русскому уголовному праву. СПб, 1887, gv. 309.2 Н. Таганцев. Лекции по русскому уголовному праву, gv. 309.3 G. Lawrence. The principles of International Law, London, 1915, p. 258.4 Ф. Лист. Международное право в систематическом изложении. М., 1926, gv. 328.764

useTis teritoriaze sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis SedegadmsoflioSi Seiqmna ori urTierTdapirispirebuli sistema,ramac xeli SeuSala eqstradiciis Teoriuli problemebis SemdgomdamuSavebas. sabWoTa xelisuflebam gaauqma ruseTis mierdadebuli yvela xelSekruleba, maT Soris eqstradiciis sfero-Si, ramac garkveuli gavlena moaxdina am sakiTxis Teoriul swavlebaze.es aisaxa sabWoTa periodSi gamocemul saerTaSorisosamarTlis naSromebSi. cvlilebebi mimarTuli iyo socialistursaxelmwifoebs Soris damoukidebeli eqstradiciis sistemis Camoyalibebisaken,xolo kapitalistur saxelmwifoebTan eqstradiciissakiTxis lavirebis saSualebas iZleoda.eqstradicia ssrk-Si politizirebulobis gamo moklebuliiyo Teoriul swavlebas da Tavisi arsebobis pirvel periodSiaraviTari iuridiuli baza ar gaaCnda. es naTlad Cans pirveliSeTanxmebebidan. sabWoTa periodSi Camoyalibebul `damnaSavis gadacemis‘‘cnebas gaaCnda xarvezebi. s. sokolovi werda, rom èqstradiciisan damnaSavis gadacemis qveS igulisxmeba saxelmwifosmier Tavis teritoriaze myofi danaSaulis Camdeni individisgadacema im saxelmwifosaTvis, romlis teritoriazec iqnaCadenili danaSauli an im qveynisaTvis, romlis qveSevrdomsacwarmoadgens damnaSave~. 1 avtori eqstradicias aigivebs `damnaSavisgadacemasTan~, rac ar iyo marTebuli, radgan eqstradiciagulisxmobda gadacemas. aseTi gadacemis SemTxvevaSi piris winaswar`damnaSaved~ gamocxadeba ukve niSnavda imas, rom is udanaSaulobismiuxedavad pasuxismgeblobas Tavidan ver aicdenda. sab-WoTa xelisufleba zewolas axorcielebda marTlmsajulebazeda gadacema xSirad politikuri angariSsworebis mizans emsaxureboda.s. sokolovi yuradRebas ar amaxvilebda eqstradiciisiuridiul safuZvelze.m. Sargorodski `damnaSavis gadacemaSi~ gulisxmobs saxelmwifosmier mis teritoriaze myofi damnaSavis gadacemas meoresaxelmwifosaTvis gasasamarTleblad an sasjelis gamosayeneblad.2 aRniSnul cnebaSic ar Cans gadacemis iuridiuli safuZveli,avtori gadacemisas ar iTvaliswinebs moqalaqeobas, ris ga-1 С. Соколов. Институт выдачи преступников и советское законодательство, «Революционнаязаконность», 1920, №9-10, gv. 45.2 М. Шаргородский. Уголовный закон. Юридическое издательство Министерствоюстиции СССР. М., 1948, gv. 288.765

moc cneba zogadia da is amomwurav pasuxs eqstradiciis arszear gvaZlevs. Tumca winamorbedi avtorisagan gansxvavebiT, m. Sargorodski,ise rogorc revoluciamdeli mecnierebi, miuTiTebs`damnaSavis gadacemis~ mizanze. n. beliaevisa da m. SargorodskisredaqtorobiT gamocemuli naSromSi gameorebul iqna s. sokoloviscnebaSi mocemuli debulebebi imis damatebiT, rom dasaSvebadmiiCnevda `damnaSavis gadacemas~ im saxelmwifosaTvis, romlisinteresebis winaaRmdegac iyo mimarTuli misi qmedeba. 1 s.sokolovis mier mocemuli cnebis debulebebi gameorebuli iqna1972w. a. koJevnikovis redaqtorobiT gamocemul naSromSi. 2r. valeevma XXs. 80-ian wlebSi mogvca `damnaSavis gadacemis~cneba viwro gagebiT. mravali dadebiTi winadadebis miuxedavad,cneba ar iyo dazRveuli xarvezisagan. mecnieris azriT, `damnaSavisgadacema unda gavigoT, rogorc saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisada saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebuliprincipebis safuZvelze samarTlebrivi daxmarebis aqti, romelicmdgomareobs saxelmwifos teritoriidan braldebulis an msjavrdebulisgadacemaSi im saxelmwifosaTvis, romlis teritoriazecgadasacemma pirma Caidina danaSauli an romlis moqalaqesacis warmoadgens an danaSaulisagan dazaralebuli saxelmwifosaTvis,sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi misacemad an ganaCenis sisruleSimosayvanad~. 3mkvlevari cnebis dasawyisSive iyenebs termins `damnaSavisgadacema~, rac aramarTebulia, radgan cnebis Camoyalibebis drosikargeba logikuri wyoba da amave dros irRveva adamianis ufleba.ismis kiTxva: Tu avtors `damnaSavis gadacemis~ qveS esmisbraldebulis an msjavrdebulis gadacema, aris Tu ara procesualuradSesaZlebeli termin `damnaSavis~ winmswrebi terminebigaerTiandes sasamarTlos mier kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli ganaCenisSedegad damkvidrebuli terminis qveS? am SemTxvevaSi marTebuliiqneboda cnebaSi gamogveyenebina termini èqstradicia~ an braldebulisda msjavrdebulis gadacema, rac saSualebas mogvcemda,dagvecva logikuri wyoba da Tavidan agvecilebina adamianis uf-1 Н. Беляев. М. Шаргородский. Курс советского уголовного права, «ИздательствоЛенинградского университета», Л., 1968, gv. 141.2 А. Кожевников. Курс международного права. «Международные отношения»,М., 1972, gv. 193.3 Р. Валеев. О понятии выдачи преступников.., gv. 28.766

lebis darRveva. gasaziarebelia r. valeevis mosazreba, roca isiuridiul safuZvelze miTiTebiT, gadacemas uwodebs samarTlebrividaxmarebis aqts. amiT avtori ar iziarebs XIX saukunisbolos da XX saukunis dasawyisSi zogierT naSromSi warmodgenilmosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom TiTqos `damnaSavis gadacema~iyos sisxlis samarTlis sasjeli. 1 `damnaSavis gadacemis~ sisxlissamarTlis sasjelad CaTvla SesaZloa, ganpirobebuli yofiliyomisi saxelwodebidan gamomdinare. aRniSnuli argumentisgamoc arasworad mimaCnia mocemuli terminis gamoyeneba.r. valeevis cnebaSi gaTvaliswinebulia eqstradicia teritoriuli,moqalaqeobisa da realurobis principebze dayrdnobiT.rodesac saubaria eqstradiciis cnebaze viwro gagebiT, aucilebladmigvaCnia masSi gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas gadacemis yvelavarianti. mizanSewonili iqneboda, cnebaSi avtors gaeTvaliswinebina,universaluri principis Sesabamisad, braldebulis saerTaSorisosamarTlisaTvis gadacema, miT umetes, amis SesaZleblobascnebis Camoyalibebis periodisaTvis saerTaSoriso samarTalSidamkvidrebuli praqtika iZleoda. cnebis dasasrulsr. valeevi marTebulad miuTiTebs eqstradiciis mizanze.eqstradiciis cnebis specifikuroba Tanamedrove etapze. l.galenskaia aRniSnavs, rom `gadacema aris `damnaSavis gadacemis~procesi, saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis Sesabamisad, meore saxelmwifosaTvissisxlis samarTlis sasjelis gamosayeneblad~. 2mkvlevars cneba mocemuli aqvs farTo gagebiT, Tumca naklovanebasaqac vxvdebiT terminis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT. cnebaSigadacemis iuridiul safuZvlad miTiTebulia saerTaSoriso samarTlisnormebi, rac araa sakmarisi, radgan gadacemis ganxorcielebisaTvisaucilebelia Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdeblobac.dasasruls miTiTebulia, TiTqos gadacemis mizani mxolod sasjelisgamoyeneba iyos, rasac araa marTebuli, radgan braldebulida msjavrdebuli SeiZleba gadaeces saxelmwifos mxolod pasuxisgebaSimisacemad an ukve gamotanili ganaCenis aRsasruleblad.1 H. Lammasch. Auslieferungspflicht und Asulrecht. Leipzig, 1887, S. 46. Н. Таганцев.Лекции по русскому уголовному праву, gv. 309-311; С. Мокринский. Юридическаяприрода выдачи преступников и типовая конвенция Союза ССР. – Советскоеправо, №6, 1924, gv. 49-52.2 Л. Галенская. Международная борьба с преступностю. «Международные отношения»,М., 1992, gv. 122.767

1997 wlis ruseTis sisxlis samarTlis komentarSi `damnaSavisgadacemis qveS saerTaSoriso da sisxlis samarTalSi igulisxmebadanaSaulis Camdeni an mis CadenaSi eWvmitanilis gadacema er-Ti saxelmwifodan meorisaTvis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSimisacemad da am ukanasknelis mimarT gamotanili gamamtyunebeliganaCenis aRsasruleblad~. 1mocemuli ganmartebas gaaCnia terminologiuri naklovaneba.Tumca isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom avtori oficialuri kanoniskomentars akeTebs da miuTiTebs, Tu ras gulisxmoben `damnaSavisgadacemis~ qveS saerTaSoriso da sisxlis samarTalSi. amsakiTxis mimarT aseTi damokidebuleba araa marTebuli, radganbraldebulis da msjavrdebulis gadacemis problema dgas aramarto saerTaSoriso da sisxlis samarTalSi, aramed konstituciursamarTalsa da sisxlis samarTlis procesSi. am SemTxveva-Si mizanSewonili iqneboda `saerTaSoriso da SidasaxelmwifoebrivisamarTlis~ gamoyeneba. radgan es problema moiTxovs kompleqsurmidgomas, ar iqneboda marTlzomieri calkeul dargebSiis gansxvavebulad gangvemarta. gaugebrobis Tavidan asacilebladmarTebulia cnebis erTiani gagebis damkvidreba. aRsaniSnavia isfaqti, rom gadasacemi pirebi aRniSnul cnebaSi or kategoriadaadayofili, 1) `danaSaulis Camden~ da 2) mis CadenaSi èWvmitanilpirebad~, rac aramarTebulia, radgan eqstradiciis konvenciebSi,ormxriv xelSekrulebebsa da Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normebSi damkvidrebuliatermini `msjavrdebuli~ da `braldebuli~. eWvmitanilidainteresebuli saxelmwifos TxovniT SeiZleba daakavonsazRvargareT, magram Tu erTi Tvis manZilze ar iqna gagzavnilibraldebis damadasturebeli dokumentebi, is unda gaTavisufldes.mocemul ganmartebaSi braldebulis gadacemis mizani SeesabamebasaerTaSoriso standartebs.1999w. ruseTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis komentarSi`damnaSavis gadacema~ ganmartebulia, rogorc `samarTlebrivi daxmarebisaqti, romelic xorcieldeba specialuri xelSekrulebebis,erovnuli sisxlis samarTlisa da saproceso sisxlis samar-Tlis kanonmdeblobis debulebebis Sesabamisad, romelic mdgomareobsdamnaSavis sxva saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemaSi gasasamarT-1 А. Наумов. Коментарий Уголовному кодексу Российской федерации. Изд.«Юрист». М., 1997, gv. 62.768

leblad an gamotanili ganaCenis aRsasruleblad~. 1 ganmartebisdasawyisSi avtori marTebulad miuTiTebs, rom gadacema samarTlebrividaxmarebis aqtia, igi xorcieldeba specialuri SeTanxmebis,sisxlis samarTlisa da saproceso sisxlis samarTlis safuZvelze,mas mxedvelobidan rCeba konstitucia, sadac eqstradiciasmniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. zemoaRniSnulis msgavsadumjobesi iqneboda, avtors gamoeyenebina `saerTaSoriso da SidasaxelmwifoebrivisamarTlis Sesabamisad~.i. lukaSCukisa da a. naumovis mokle formulirebiT `gadacema,saxelmwifoTa urTierTdaxmarebis uZvelesi formaa danaSaulobasTanbrZolaSi~. 2 v. kudriavcevis mosazrebiT eqstradiciasamarTlebrivi daxmarebis erT-erTi saxea, romlis gareSec saer-TaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis, rogorc kompleqsuri dargis arsebobaSeuZlebelia. 3l. opengeimi aRniSnavs, rom `damnaSavis gadacema arisbraldebulisa da msjavrdebulis gadacema im saxelmwifos mier,romlis teritoriazec savaraudo damnaSave imyofeba mocemuldroSi, im saxelmwifosaTvis, romlis teritoriazec es piri iTvlebadanaSaulis Camdenad an gasamarTlebulia.~ 4 cnebaSi mocemulidebulebebi mogvianebiT meordeba o. konnelisa da s. bedismier. 5 maT teritoriuli principidan gamomdinare gansazRvresgadacemis cneba, rac inglisur-amerikuli kanonmdeblobis gavleniTunda aixsnas. isini erTmaneTisagan asxvaveben braldebulisada msjavrdebulis gadacemas, Tumca orive termins aerTianeben`damnaSavis gadacemaSi~. ingliseli mecnieris i. brounlis azriT,`saxelmwifo saWiroebs TanamSromlobas saxelmwifoebTan imisaTvis,rom miaRwios sazRvargareT myofi an iq gaqceuli danaSaulisCadenaSi eWvmitanilis an msjavrdebulis gadacemas, rodesaces TanamSromloba efuZneba zogadi principebis Sesabamisad gan-1 Ю. Скуратов. В. Лебедев. Комментарий к уголовному кодексу Российской Федерации.«Норма ИНФРА», М,. 1999, gv. 14.2 И. Лукащук, А. Наумов. Выдача обвиняемых и осуждённых в международномуголовном праве. Российский юридический издательский дом. М., 1998, gv. 70.3 В. Кудрявцев. Международное уголовное право. Изд. «Наука», М., 1999, gv.237-238.4 Л. Оппергеим. Международное право, т. I, полутом 2, «Изд. инностраннойлитературы». М., 1949, gv. 257.5 D. O'Connell. International Law, vol. 2. N.Y., 1965, p. 792; S. Bedi. Extradition inInternational Law Practice. Rotterdam, 1966, p. 33.49. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi769

sazRvruli Txovnisa da Tanxmobis proceduras, maSin saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi daxmarebis es forma iwodeba eqstradiciad~. 1i. brounli sruliad samarTlianad miuTiTebs, rom gadacemaunda efuZnebodes Txovnisa da Tanxmobis proceduras, winaaRmdegSemTxvevaSi adgili eqneba deportacias an motacebas. cnebaSi avtorsgaTvaliswinebuli aqvs teritoriulobis, moqalaqeobisada realurobis (dacvis) principis safuZvelze eqstradiciis SesaZlebloba.eqstradiciaSi ki gulisxmobs eWvmitanilis damsjavrdebulis gadacemas. èWvmitanilis~ gamoyeneba savaraudod,dakavSirebuli iyo ramdenime saxelmwifos xelSekrulebaSi gaTvaliswinebuleWvmitanilis gadacemis valdebulebasTan, rac TanamedrovepraqtikisTvis ucnobia. cnebaSi srulyofilad ar arismiTiTebuli eqstradiciis wyaroebi, avtori aq eyrdnoba mxolodsaerTaSoriso samarTlis zogad principebs, rac eqstradiciisgansaxorcieleblad ar aris sakmarisi.a. ferdrossi Semoifargla mokle ganmartebiT. is aRniSnavs,rom saxelmwifo sakuTari teritoriidan ucxoelis gadacemisdros iuridiuli urTierTobidan gamomdinare, damokidebulebaSiimyofeba saxelmwifosTan, romlisTvisac warmoebs gadacema.2 es ganmarteba atarebs formalur xasiaTs. masSi araa mocemulieqstradiciis aucilebeli safuZvlebi, romelsac zemoaRniSnulcnebebSi vxvdebiT. ukanasknel periodSi eqstradiciisTeoriisa da praqtikis problemebze momuSave ucxoeli specialistebidanaRsaniSnavia profesor d. berris Sromebi. misi azriTfarTo gagebiT èqstradicia aris gadacemulis oficialuri Cabareba,miuxedavad misi Tanxmobisa ganmcxadebeli qveynisaTvis. yovelieqstradicia warmoadgens calkeul SeTanxmebas saerTaSorisosamarTlis mixedviT~. 3gasaziarebelia mecnieris mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom èqstradiciaaris gadacemulis oficialuri Cabareba~. braldebulisan msjavrdebulis Cabarebamde xorcieldeba mravali iuridiulimoqmedeba, Tumca isini mimarTulia erTi aqtis, kerZod,piris momTxovni saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemis ganxorcielebisa-1 Я. Броунли. Международное право. Изд. «Прогрес». М., 1977, gv. 447.2 А. Фердросс. Международное право. «Издательство иностранной литератури»,М., 1959 gv. 602.3 D. Berry. Extradition handoutpublic International Law ll. http://law.uwichill.edu.bb/avid berry/1999-2000/pIL2-00/extrad.htm770

ken. eqstradiciisas araa saWiro gadasacemi piris Tanxmoba, magramgasaTvaliswinebelia misi pretenziebi adamianis uflebebisdarRvevis sferoSi. mizanSewonilia mocemuli ori mosazreba er-TmaneTisagan gaimijnos. misaRebia avtoris mosazreba imis Taobaze,rom eqstradicia warmoadgens calkeul SeTanxmebas, magramaraa gasaziarebeli is, rom TiTqos is mxolod saerTaSorisosamarTlis mixedviT xdeba, radgan am procesSi udides rols asrulebsSidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTalic. amdenad, maTi gamoyenebakompleqsurad unda xdebodes. ganmarteba ufro srulyofiliiqneba Tu miuTiTebT, rom `yoveli eqstradicia warmoadgenscalkeul SeTanxmebas saerTaSoriso da SidasaxelmwifoebrivisamarTlis mixedviT~.d. berri eqstradiciis ganmartebaSi gulisxmobs ara `damna-Savis gadacemas~, aramed `gadacemulis~ oficialur Cabarebas. i.vasilevi xazs usvams eqstradiciis istoriul-samarTlebriv mniSvnelobasda mis qveS gulisxmobs moqalaqis iZulebiT dabrunebasTavisi moqalaqeobis saxelmwifoSi. 1 am cnebaSi eqstradiciismxolod erTi komponentia micemuli.ukanasknel periodSi ucxour iuridiuli literaturaSi farTogagebiT eqstradicia gulisxmobs ara `damnaSavis gadacemas~,aramed saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivikanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad braldebulis da msjavrdebulis gadacemas.am pozicias iziarebs S. bassioni, 2 a. stenbruki da k. stenbruki,3 e. oTesoni, 4 j. jilberti 5 da sxvebi.ukanaskneli ori aTeuli wlis manZilze germanul, inglisurda frangul enebze gamocemul zogierT enciklopediasa daanalogiur sityvaTa leqsikonSi eqstradiciis ganmartebebSi arvxvdebiT termins `damnaSavis gadacema~. germanelebi oficialurdokumentebSi eqstradiciis nacvlad iyeneben „usliefferung an Dür-1 Ю. Васильев. Институт выдачи преступников (Экстрадиции) в современноммеждународном праве, Российский Университет Дружбы народов. Дисс. канд.юрид. Наук, М., 2003, gv. 19.2 C. Bassiouni. International Extradition: United States Law Practice. «De paul UniversityPublished», 1996, p. 12-15.3 I. Stanbrook, C. Stanbrook. Extradition: Law and Practice, «Oxford University press»,2000, p. 21-27.4 E. Aughterson. Extradition: Australian law and procedure, Law Book co, 1995, p. 9-12.5 G. Gilbert. Transnational Fugitive offenders in International Law, Extradition and othermechanisms, «Publisher, Kluwer Law International», 1998, p. 60-61.771

chlieferung~, romelic germanul universalur leqsikonSi ganmartebulia,rogorc sisxlissamarTlebrivad devnili piris gadacemaarsebuli xelSekrulebis Sesabamisad. 1 ukanasknel periodSi germanuliurisprudenciaSi farTod gamoiyeneba termini „uberstellung“.inglisur saerTaSoriso leqsikonSi eqstradicia ganmartebulia,rogorc saxelmwifos mier sakuTari kanonmdeblobis anxelSekrulebis Sesabamisad savaraudo damnaSavis gadacema. 2 frangulianalogiuri sityvaTa leqsikoni ki eqstradicias ganixilavs,rogorc proceduras, romlis meSveobiTac saxelmwifo meoresaxelmwifos gadascems Tavis teritoriaze myof sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT devnils an msjavrdebuls. 3enciklopediis kompiuterul versiaSi eqstradicia gulisxmobsTavSesafris mimcemi saxelmwifos mier danaSaulSi eWvmitanilisan msjavrdebulis gadacemas im saxelmwifosaTvis, romelicdaasabuTebs masze iurisdiqcias. 4 am ganmartebebSi saerToaris is, rom eqstradicia xorcieldeba erTi saxelmwifodan meoreSi.gadasacemi piris statusi ki terminologiurad gansxvavebuladaawarmodgenili, rac zogjer garkveul gaugebrobas qmnis.ruseTSi ukanasknel periodSi gamocemul enciklopediurleqsikonSi eqstradicia ganmartebulia, rogorc `damnaSavis gadacema~,xolo es ukanaskneli rogorc `saxelmwifosaTvis, sisxlissamarTlis an saerTaSoriso danaSaulis Camdeni piris gadacemasisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi misacemad an mis mimarT sasamar-Tlos mier gamotanili ganaCenis aRsasruleblad, romelic reglamentirebuliasaerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiTa da erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT~.5 is, rom `damnaSavis gadacema aris danaSaulis Camdenipiris gadacema sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi misacemad~,ar migvaCnia marTebulad zemoT aRniSnuli mosazrebebis gamo.i. minkova `damnaSavis gadacemas~ viwro gagebiT ayalibebs ru-1 Deutcshes Universal Worterbuch. Dudenverlag, Mannheim, Leipzig, Wien, Zürich, 1996.S. 181.2 Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of The English, Merriam-Webster INC,Publisers Springfield, Massachusetts, USA, 1981, p. 806.3 P. Robert. Disctonnaire alphabetiquelt analogique langue francaise tome Deuxieme-Paris-xie, 1980, p. 784.4 Electrik Library, Presents Encyclopedia http://www.encyclopedia.com/articles/04328.html.5 Большой энциклопедический словарь. Под ред. A. M. Прохорова. С.-Петербург2000, gv. 1395.772

seTis samarTlebrivi doqtrinis fonze, Tumca is ~gadacemasTan~erTad moiazrebs deportacias da gadacemaze uaris Tqmas, romeliceqstradiciis definiciis formulirebisaTvis miuRebelia. 1dRemde saerTaSoriso da Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalSiarsebuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT SevecadeT eqstradiciisdefiniciis Camoyalibebas farTo da viwro gagebiT.farTo gagebiT, eqstradicia aris braldebulis an msjavrdebulisgadacema saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtebs Soris,kompetenturi organos Txovnis Sesabamisad saerTaSoriso da SidasaxelmwifoebrivisamarTlis safuZvelze, pasuxisgebaSi misacemadan sasjelis mosaxdelad:1. qstradiciis subieqtebis dakonkreteba unda moxdescnebaSi viwro gagebiT;2. eqstradiciis aucilebeli pirobaa, kompetenturiorganos Txovna;3. eqstradiciis ganxorcielebis iuridiul safuZvladmiCneulia saerTaSoriso da SidasaxelmwifoebrivisamarTlis normebi;4. eqstradiciis mizani SeiZleba iyos braldebulis pasuxisgebaSimicema, msjavrdebulis ki sasjelis mosaxdeladgadacema.eqstradicia viwro gagebiT gulisxmobs _ braldebulisgadacemas misi adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifos mier momTxovni saxelmwifosaTvis(romlis teritoriazec braldebulia an romlismoqalaqecaa an danaSaulisagan dazaralebulia), rac xorcieldebabraldebulTan SeTanxmebis gareSe WeSmaritebis dadgenismizniT _ msjavrdebulis gadacemas dainteresebuli saxelmwifosaTvis,am ukanasknelis nebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gamotanili sasjelismeore saxelmwifoSi aRsrulebis xelsayreli pirobebisSeqmnis mizniT, rasac safuZvlad edeba saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebada kanonmdebloba, maTi ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi saerTaSorisosisxlis samarTlis principebi (eqstradiciis principebi),nacvalgeba an keTili nebis gamomJRavneba.eqstradiciis cneba viwro gagebiT Seicavs Semdeg elementebs:1. eqstradiciis subieqtTa wre farTodaa mocemuli;1 Ю. Минкова. Институт выдачи преступников в международном праве, МосковскийГосударственнй Институт Международных Отношении МИД России, Дисс.канд. юрид. Наук, М., 2002, gv. 11.773

2. braldebulis gadacemis gadawyvetilebis miReba ar TanxmdebamasTan;3. msjavrdebulis gadacemis sakiTxis ganxilvamde aucilebeliamisi nebis gaTvaliswineba;4. braldebulis da msjavrdebulis gadacemis safuZvlad aRiarebuliasaerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivikanonmdebloba, misi ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi Sesa-Zloa gamoyenebuli iqnas saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis(eqstradiciis) principebi. Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdeblobisfarglebSi SesaZlebelia nacvalgeba da keTili nebisgamomJRavneba.5. braldebulis gadacemis mizania saqmeze WeSmaritebis dadgenada sasamarTlos mier braldebis dadasturebisas Sesabamisisasjelis gamotana.6. msjavrdebulis gadacemis mizania erT saxelmwifoSi gamotanilisasjelis, meore saxelmwifoSi aRsrulebis xelsayrelipirobebis Seqmna.eqstradiciis cnebaSi mocemuli elementebis kompleqsur codnasTeoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs saerTaSoriso daSidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalSi.774

VEPKHVIA GVARAMIAON THE ISSUE OF EXTRADITION CONCEPTTaking into consideration the experience in the international andinternal law we attempted to provide modern definition of extradition in awide and narrow senses. In wide sense, extradition is transfer of the accusedor sentenced person between the subjects of international law, inaccordance with the request from the competent body, on the basis of internationaland national laws, for indictment or for serving his/her sentence.Extradition in its narrow sense implies transfer of the accused bythe state of his/her location to the requesting state; this is performedwithout agreement with the accused, for the purpose of establishment ofthe truth – transfer of the accused to the interested state, taking into considerationthe will of the latter, for the purpose of favorable conditions ofexecution, based on international agreement and legislation and in theevent of their absence, the principles of international criminal law (extraditionprinciples), substitution or good will.775

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008776sofio gvaramiaTanaavtorTa samarTlebrivi mdgomareobasaqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mixedviTTanaavtorTa samarTlebriv mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebuliproblemis gamokvlevisaTvis mniSvnelovania avtoris cnebis da saavtorouflebis warmoiSobis sakiTxis kvleva. nawarmoebis avtoriaris nebismieri fizikuri piri miuxedavad asakisa, moqalaqeobisa,sqesisa, qmedunarianobisa, romlis inteleqtualuri SemoqmedebiTisaqmianobis Sedegadac Seiqmna nawarmoebi, aRniSnul SexedulebasanviTarebs msoflios umravles saxelmwifoTa kanonmdeblobada am sferoSi momuSave mecnierebi. kerZod, `saavtoro damomijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb~ kanoniT, saqarTvelos, 1 ruseTis federaciis,2 belorusiis, 3 latviis 4 pi-1 muxlis, yirgizeTis 5 me-4muxlis, moldaveTis 6 me-3 muxlis, slovakiis 7 me-6 paragrafis me-3 Tavis me-7 muxlis, `saavtoro samarTlis Sesaxeb~ kanadis 8 me-3muxlis me-2 nawilis, iaponiis 9 I Tavis I seqciis pi-1 muxlis, me-2 nawilis, Tanaxmad àvtori~ aris fizikuri piri, romlis inteleqtualuriSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Sedegad Seiqmna nawarmoebi.1 saqarTvelos kanoni `saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb~,20.11.2008. http://laws.codexserver.com/all.htm.2 Закон Российской Федерации «Об авторском праве и смежных правах», 1993.http://www.consultant.ru/popular/avtorpravo/.3 Закон Республики Беларусь «Об авторском праве и смежных правах», 1996.http://www.babinets.com/avtorskoye_pravo.html.4 Latvia «Copyright Law», 2000. http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/ documents/UNTC/UNPAN018395.pdf.5 Закон Кыргызской Республики «Об авторском праве и смежных правах», 1998.http://www.copyrighter.ru/full/index.html?kirgizapisp1.htm.6 Закон Республики Молдова «Об авторском праве и смежных правах», 1994.http://www.copyrighter.ru/full/index.html?moldovaapisp_rus.htm.7 Закон Словакии «Об авторском праве», 1993. http://copyright.iile.ru/bullet/04_2001/3_2.html.8 Canada «Copyright Act», 1993. http://www.copyrighter.ru/full/index.html?dox.htm.9 Japan «Copyright Law», 2000. http://www.copyright.com.ua/laws-wrl.html?country=Japan&law=Copyright_Law_of_May_6_1970.html.

2002 wlis 26 ivnisis ìnteleqtualuri sakuTrebis~ msofliodeklarciis mixedviT termini àvtori~ gulisxmobs nebismierpirs an pirTa jgufs, romelic moqmedebs damoukideblad anromelime saxelisuflo an arasaxelisuflo organizaciis egidiT,mogebis miRebis an sxva raime safuZvliT. aRniSnuli kanonebidanda deklaraciidan gamomdinare inteleqtualuri nawarmoebis SeqmnaSeuZlia mxolod fizikur pirs an pirebs (Tanaavtorebs).saqarTvelos kanoniT `saavtoro da momijnave uflebebisSesaxeb~ me-9 muxlis pi-1 nawilis Tanaxmad, saavtoro uflebamecnierebis, literaturisa da xelovnebis nawarmoebze warmoi-Soba maTi Seqmnis momentidan. nawarmoebi Seqmnilad iTvleba, rodesacigi gamoxatulia raime obieqturi firmiT, rac misi aRqmisada reproducirebis saSualebas iZleva.~ e.i. mniSvneloba araqvs, nawarmoebi dasrulebulia, gamoqveynebulia Tu ara, warmoadgenseskizss Tu monaxazs. amave muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad`saavtoro uflebis warmoiSobisa da ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebeliar aris nawarmoebis registracia, specialuri gaformebaan sxva formalobaTa dacva~. 1 piris avtorad aRiarebaze gavlenasar axdens mis mier Seqmnili nawarmoebis forma, daniSnulebada faseuloba. m. krilovas azriT, `nawarmoebze ufleba gaaCnianamdvil Semoqmeds, pirs, vinc is Seqmna~. 2SemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes aramxoloderTpirovnulad, aramed ramdenime piris erToblivi ZalisxmeviT,rodesac nawarmoebi iqmneba araerTi, aramed ramdenime piris(Tanaavtori) mier. saqarTvelos kanoni `saavtoro da momijnaveuflebaTa Sesaxeb~ me-11 muxlis pi-1 nawilis mixedviT adgens:`saavtoro ufleba nawarmoebze, romelic erToblivi inteleqtualur-SemoqmedebiTisaqmianobis Sedegad Seqmna orma anorze metma pirma (Tanaavtoroba), erToblivad ekuTvnis Tanaavtorebs,imis miuxedavad, es nawarmoebi warmoadgens erT ganuyofelmTlianobas, Tu Sedgeba nawilebisagan, romelTagan TiToeulsdamoukidebeli mniSvneloba aqvs~. 3aRniSnuli muxlidan gamomdinare Tanaavtorobis warmo-Sobis safuZvlad pirvel rigSi gvevlineba ori an meti piris1 saqarTvelos kanoni `saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb~.2 М. И. Крилова. Субъекты авторского права. – Проблемы современного авторскогоправа. Свердловск, 1980, gv. 56-58.3 saqarTvelos kanoni `saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb~.777

erToblivi Sroma. SeiZleba daveTanxmoT saavtoro samarTlisliteraturaSi gavrcelebul azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom erTobliviSromis qveS unda gavigoT ara erToblivi Sromis procesi, aramederToblivad Sedegis miRweva, mniSvneloba aqvs ara imas Tu rogorda ra formiT Sromobdnen Tanaavtorebi, aramed imas, rom nawarmoebimogvevlina maTi erToblivi Zalisxmevis Sedegad. 1 e. i.erToblivi Sroma aris erToblivi SemoqmedebiTi azris arseboba,ramdenime piris moRvaweoba, mimarTuli SeTanxmebuli Sedegis misaRwevad_ Seiqmnas nawarmoebi. meore aucilebeli pirobad TanaavtorobiswarmoSobisaTvis gvevlineba TiToeuli piris SemoqmedebiTiSromis xasiaTi.Tanaavtorebi SeiZleba:1. erToblivad eweodnen SemoqmedebiT saqmianobas;2. TiToeul maTgans SeuZlia nawarmoebis nebismieri nawilisSeqmna;3. erT-erT maTgans SeuZlia meoris Sedegis saboloo damuSavebada a. S.v. Certkovis azriT, mniSvnelovania ara is, Tu ra formiTmuSaobdnen nawarmoebze misi Semqmnelebi, aramed is, rom nawarmoebiaris maTi saerTo Zalisxmevis Sedegi. 2 ver miviCnevT nawarmoebzeerTobliv SemoqmedebiT Sromad, iseT SemTxvevas, rocapiri samsaxurebriv valdebulebebTan an rig mizezebTan dakavSirebiTdaxmarebas sTavazobs Semoqmeds da misi Sromis Sedegebipirdapir asaxvas ver poulobs nawarmoebSi. mag. redaqtori mowodebuliadaexmaros avtors gaaumjobesos nawarmoebi, gamoasworosxarvezebi, aRmofxvras ganmeorebebi da a. S. avtorTan Se-TanxmebiT (avtori SeiZleba daeTanxmos an ar daeTanxmos). es argvaZlevs safuZvels imisaTvis, rom redaqtorma pretenzia ganacxadosTanaavtorobaze.rogorc v. ionasi aRniSnavs, Tanaavtorobis mniSvnelovanpirobas warmoadgens is, rom pirebs, romelTac aqvT Tanaavtorobazepretenzia maTi wvlili unda atarebdes SemoqmedebiT xasiaTas.3 TanaavtorTa SemoqmedebiT wvlilis aucileblobas exeba1 В. А. Ионас. Критерий творчества в авторском праве и судебной практике. Изд.Юридическая литература. М., 1963 В. П. Чертков. Вопросы соавторства. – Проблемысоветского авторского права. Изд. Наука. М., 1979.2 В. П. Чертков. Вопросы соавторства, gv. 13-15.3 В. А. Ионас. Критерий творчества в авторском праве и.., gv. 27.778

msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveynis saavtoro kanonmdebloba. 1 TanaavtorobasTandakavSirebiT davis SemTxvevaSi sakiTxis gadawyvetisaserT-erTi mTavari sakiTxia nawarmoebis Seqmnisas gaweulisamuSaos saxis gansazRvra. Tu mTxrobeli mwerals amcnobs mxolodTavisi biografiis detalebs an nebismier istoriulfaqts, romelTa safuZvelze es ukanaskneli qmnis mxatvruli saxeebissistemas da aerTianebs calkeul mogonebebs erT nawarmoebSi,an mTxrobeli asrulebs mxolod teqnikur da saredaqtorosamuSaos, is nawarmoebis Tanaavtorad ver iqneba aRiarebuli,mxolod imis gamo, rom man miawoda Tavisi mogonebebi Semoqmeds.e. i. Tu nawarmoebis mxatvruli formis SeqmnaSi monawileobasiRebdnen mTxrobelic da Semsrulebelic, saqme gvaqvs TanaavtorobasTan,am SemTxvevaSi kriteriumi, romliTac unda dadgindesnawarmoebis namdvili avtori, aris wvlilis SemoqmedebiTi xasia-Ti da saavtoro uflebis subieqtad aRiarebul unda iqnes mxatvrulinawarmoebis Semoqmedi.cxovrebaSi xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac avtoris gardacvalebisSemdeg, nawarmoebi saWiroebs Sevsebas an dazustebas axalimaterialebiT erT-erTi misi kolegis mier da am saxiT gamocemas.amgvari Sevseba an sabolood damuSaveba ar aris erTobliviSemoqmedebiTi Sroma. Aamitomac savsebiT samarTliania azriimis Sesaxeb, rom nawarmoebis axali TemiT Semavsebeli piri arSeiZleba CaiTvalos Tanaavtorad, aramed is iqneba nawarmoebismxolod im nawilis avtori, romelic man Seqmna an gadamuSavebulinawarmoebis avtori Tu nawarmoebis SevsebiT an saboloodamuSavebiT mogvevlina axali nawarmoebi. TanaavtorTa urTier-Toba SeiZleba warmoiSvas maSinac, rodesac piri CaerTveba nawarmoebisSeqmnis procesSi nebismier stadiaze an rodesac avtorisxva pirs sTavazobs misi nawarmoebis saboloo Sevsebas.Tu avtorTa moqmedeba ar Seicavs erTobliv SemoqmedebiTSromas Tanaavtorobis warmoSobis safuZveli fiqtiuria da araqvs iuriduli mniSvneloba, Tundac saxeze gvqondes TanaavtorobisTaobaze pirTa saxelSekrulebo urTierToba an nebismieriSeTanxmeba. mag., aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac nawarmoebSi Tanaavtor-Ta ricxvSi miTiTebulia piri, romelsac an saerTod ar miuRia1 ix.: d. ZamukaSvili, r. Sengelia, d. gabunia, v. xrustali, s. jorbenaZe.saavtoro da momijnave uflebebis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos kanoniskomentari. Tb., 2003, gv. 67-72.779

monawileoba nawarmoebis SeqmnaSi an nawarmoebSi maTi wvlili argvevlineba Semoqmedebad. aseTi fiqtiuri Tanaavtoroba SeiZlebaganpirobebuli iyos sxvadasxva mizeziT _ samsaxureobrivi ansxvagvari damokidebuleba nawarmoebis Semqmneli pirisa, moTxovnaCarTon TanaavtorTa ricxvSi, nacnoboba da a.S.saavtoro kanonmdebloba cdilobs uzrunvelyos yvela Tanaavtorisinteresi, adgens, rom im SemTxvevaSi Tu TanaavtorobiTSeqmnili nawarmoebi aris erTiani da ganuyofeli, maSin arcerTTanaavtors ar aqvs ufleba, akrZalos nawarmoebis gamoyenebasaamisod sakmao safuZvlis arsebobis gareSe. 1 Tu romeliaes safuZvlebi _ kanonmdeblobaSi miTiTebuli araa, marTebuliiqneboda SeTanxmebaSi am safuZvlebis garkveuli CamonaTvalismiTiTeba, rac Tanaavtorebs miscemda SesaZleblobas gadaeWraTes sakiTxi sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTvis gareSe. 2saqarTvelos kanonis `saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb~me-11 muxlis pi-1 nawilis Tanaxmad, `TanaavtorTa urTierTobaganisazRvreba maT Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebiT.~ 3mocemul muxlSi vfiqrob saubari midis mxolod SesaZleblobazeTanaavtorebma SeTanxmebiT gansazRvron maT Soris urTierTdamokidebuleba.mag. Tanaavtorebs SeTanxmebiT SeuZliaT sxva pirebsgadascen moqmedebis ganxorcieleba, erT-erT TanaavtorTagansganusazRvron nawarmoebiT sargeblobis pirobebi, SeTanxmdnen_ miuTiTon TanaavtorTa saxeli nawarmoebze. aRniSnuli muxliar adgens raime savaldebulo pirobas avtorTa Soris Se-Tanxmebaze da arc SeTanxmebis formas, marTebuli iqneboda Se-Tanxmeba iyos werilobiTi formis, ramdenadac davis warmoqmnisasmniSvnelovani mtkicebuleba iqneba aseTi forma.saqarTvelos kanoniT `saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb~me-11 muxlis me-4 da me-5 nawilebis Tanaxmad SeiZlebagamovyoT Tanaavtorobis ori saxe: gayofadi da gauyofadi.gayofadi Taanaavtorobas aqvs maSin adgili, rodesac nawarmoebiSedgeba nawilebisagan, romlebsac aqvT damoukidebelimniSvneloba. am SemTxvevaSi naTlad Cans visi avtorobiT aris1 saqarTvelos kanoni `saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb~.2 kanoni aZlevs SesaZleblobas Tanaavtorebs nawarmoebis gamoyenebazedavis warmoSobis SemTxvevaSi mimarTon sasamarTlos, romelmacSinagani rwmenis da kanonierebis saerTo principebidan gamomdinareunda miiRos gadawyvetileba.3 saqarTvelos kanoni `saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb~.780

Seqmnili es nawili da TiToeul Tanaavtors ufleba aqvs isargeblosmis mier Seqmnili nawiliT Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr TuxelSekrulebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli. `yovel Tanaavtorsaqvs ufleba, gamoiyenos nawarmoebis is nawili, romelicmis mier aris Seqmnili da romelsac damoukidebeli mniSvnelobaaqvs, Tu maT Soris xelSekrulebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli~.1 gayofadi Tanaavtorobis magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloTsaavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb kanonis komentari,romelic Sedgenilia d. ZamukaSvilis, r. Sengelias, d. gabunias, v.xrustalis, s. jorbenaZis avtorobiT, 2 saqarTvelos mewarmeTaSesaxeb kanonis komentarebi Sedgenili l. Wanturiasa da T. nini-Zis avtorobiT 3 da a.S. kanonis safuZvelze nawarmoebis nawils,rom qondes damoukidebeli mniSvneloba amisaTvis aucilebelia misisxva nawilebisagan damoukidebeli sargebloba.G gauyofadi TanaavtorobisSemTxvevaSi TanaavtorobiT Seqmnili nawarmoebi warmoadgensganuyofel mTlianobas. am SemTxvevaSi nawarmoebi ar SeiZlebadamoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone calkeul nawilebad daiyos.mag. romeo galdavas da malxaz kucias monografia, `wrfividaprogrameba ekonomikasa da biznesSi~. 4mocemuli sakiTxis kvlevis Sedegad, marTebulad mimaCnia,`saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonSigaTvaliswinebul iqnes Semdegi rekomendaciebi:1. me-11 muxlis pi-1 nawilSi miTiTebul iqnes `sakmaosafuZvlebis~ araamomwuravi CamonaTvali;2. me-11 muxlis bolo nawili Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT:`TanaavtorTa urTierToba ganisazRvros maTSoris dadebuli werilobiTi xelSekrulebiT~.1 saqarTvelos kanoni `saavtoro da momijnave uflebaTa Sesaxeb~,26.11.2008.2 d. ZamukaSvili, r. Sengelia, d. gabunia, v. xrustali, s. jorbenaZe.`saavtoro da momijnave uflebebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniskomentari. Tb., 2003.3 l. Wanturia, T. niniZe. mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis komentari. Tb., 2002.4 r. galdava, m. kucia. wrfivi daprogrameba ekonomikasa da biznes-Si. Tb., 2008.781

SOPHIO GVARAMIATHE CO-AUTHOR'S LEGAL STATUS ACCORDING TOTHE GEORGIAN LEGISLATIONThe goal of the given work is to investigate the problems related toco-authorship, in accordance with the Georgian copyright legislation andpreparation of the relevant recommendations. As a basis of co-authorship,primarily, should be regarded the joint work of two or more persons.Joint work should be understood not as the process of joint operationbut rather as the achievement of the joint results. It does not matter,how and in what form the co-authors work, the point is, what is createdby their joint efforts, i.e. joint work is the existence of joint creative thinking,activities of several persons, directed towards the achievement ofthe concerted goal – creation of the product. The second necessary conditionfor the emergence of co-authorship is the nature of creative work ofeach person. As the result of the research it is reasonable to offer the followingrecommendations to be taken into consideration for GeorgianLaw on “Copyright and Related Rights”:1. Section “p.i”, Article 11 should include the incomplete list of thesatisfactory bases;2. The wording of the last section of Article 11 should be as follows:“The relationship between the co-authors shall be determinedby a written agreement between them”.782

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008АВТАНДИЛ ХАЗАЛИЯФОРМЫ И МЕТОДЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯГосударство, его органы функционируют в определённой средеи в свою очередь своими действиями изменяют её. Среда состоитиз огромного количества слагаемых – от географических условий дополитической и правовой культуры населения. Действуя, органы государстваособенно тесно соприкасаются с другими элементами политическойсистемы, что естественно: государство является её составнойчастью. В результате функционирования всех звеньев политическойсистемы в стране складывается особый «политическийклимат» – политический режим. Он создаётся не только вследствиедеятельности государства. Огромное значение имеют массовые политическиевыступления народа, влияние определённой идеологии,деятельность общественных объединений.В обычных условиях политический и государственный режим,хотя и имеют различия, совпадают по своему характеру, существу.При применении государством демократических способов, форм иметодов управления и политический режим является демократическим,и, наоборот, авторитарные методы осуществления государственнойвласти делают его антидемократическим. Это естественно,ибо государственная власть – сердцевина политической системы.Вместе с тем политический и государственный режимы нельзя отождествлять.Последний складывается именно в результате деятельностигосударства, его органов. Государственный режим – это обобщённаяхарактеристика форм и методов осуществления государственнойвласти в той или иной стране. Данное понятие тесно связаноне со структурной, организационной стороной государства, а с динамическойстороной государственной власти, характеризует функциональныйкомпонент государства как системы.Формы и методы деятельности государства лишь в своей основеобусловлены функциями, т.е. основными направлениями деятельностигосударства. Абсолютной предопределённости в данномслучае нет. При осуществлении экономической функции государстватак же применяется, например, метод запрета (запрещение экономи-783

ческого монополизма), как и при реализации идеологической функции(запрет пропаганды национальной вражды). Политическая функцияпредполагает дозволение (свободу образования общественныхобъединений), равно как и функция социальная (свобода выборапрофессии).Обычно принято различать экономические, административныеи идеологические способы или методы управленческой деятельности.В их рамках существует множество частных методов илиприёмов. Экономические методы состоят в создании государствомтаких условий, чтобы управляемому объекту было выгодно действоватьтак, как этого желает государство. Например, государствоснижает налоги на производство детских товаров, стимулируя егорост, или устанавливает повышенные стипендии для студентов отличников,заботясь о качестве подготовки кадров. Административныеспособы – это команды государства (требования, запреты и т. д.),обязываюшие поступать определённым образом. Они могут бытьэкономически выгодны государству, а могут быть необходимы подругим причинам (например, производство дорогостоящей техникидля обороны страны). Идеологические способы – это государственноевоздействие на сознание людей, пропаганда и агитация со стороныгосударства (например, на коробках с сигаретами от именигосударства – Министерства здравоохранения есть надпись, предупреждающаяо том, что курение опасно для здоровья).Различают правовые и неправовые формы и методы деятельностиорганов государства, его должностных лиц. К правовым относятсяте, которые совершаются на основе конституции, законов, иныхправовых актов, в пределах и в соответствии с процедурой, установленнойими. Среди основных правовых форм различают законодательствование,управление, правосудие и контроль. Законодательствование– это установление правил наиболее общего характера поважнейшим вопросам общественной жизни, определяющих поведениеи деятельность физических и юридических лиц, организаций, учреждений,предприятий, коллективов и т. д. 1 Указанным правиламдолжны соответствовать подзаконные правовые акты (указы президента,постановления правительства и т. д.). Законы обычно принимаютсявысшим представительным органом государства – парламентом,но могут быть приняты и другим способом, например путёмреферендума (голосования избирателей).1 А. С. Хазалия, Э. А. Кавтарадзе. Система государственного управления и политическоепланирование. Тб., 2003, с. 22 (на груз. яз.)784

Государственное управление – это, исполнительно – распорядительная,организационная деятельность государства, его органов, должностныхлиц. Правосудие осуществляется судом. Суд призван вособой процессуальной форме разрешать конфликты, возникающиемежду гражданами, органами государства, физическими и юридическимилицами и т. д. Суд рассматривает конкретные дела и споры всудебной коллегии. Решения суда, после вступления их в силу должнывыполняться всеми органами государства, юридическими и физическимилицами, объединениями и т. д.Контрольная деятельность государства выражается в форме инспектирования,проверки соответствия деятельности должностныхлиц, законам, актам вышестоящих органов, путём проверки выполнениядолжностных обязанностей, соблюдения установленных стандартови т. д. Контрольной деятельностью занимаются в ряде странпрокуратура (проверка соблюдения законности), конституционныесуды и советы (конституционный контроль), специальные органы(контрольные палаты или управления в Польше, Чехии, Словакии),генеральные контролёры, генеральные ревизоры, омбудсмены с подчинённымим аппаратом. Контрольные органы, как правило, не могутдавать каких-то обязательных указаний, распоряжений. Они устанавливаютфакты, часто составляют акт о нарушениях и обращаютсяк парламенту, правительству, к вышестоящим органам, при обнаружениигрубых нарушении могут возбудить дело в суде.Неправовые методы имеют две разновидности. Большинствоиз них относится к числу организационно-технических, т.е. совершаемыхв соответствии с правовыми нормами, но их процедуры детальноправом не регулируются. За применение противоправныхметодов в нарушение закона, иных правовых актов виновные лицанесут ответственность по закону. За применение противоправныхметодов может нести ответственность и само государство. Это возможново внутригосударственных отношениях (например, за причинениеущерба лицу незаконными актами), но наиболее отчетливопроявляется в сфере международно-правовых отношений. Государствонесёт ответственность за агрессию, нарушение международногомира, преступления против человечества, использование методовпринуждения, запрещённых международным правом (например, захватторговых судов в открытом море в качестве компенсации государственногодолга).С точки зрения особенностей волеизъявления государства, егоорганов различают методы стимулирования (поощрения), дозволе-50. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi785

ния, охраны, требования, запрета, ответственности, репрессии и др.Стимулирование широко применяется в государственном управлении.Оно используется для ориентации поведения и деятельностиучастников общественных отношений (граждан, юридических лиц,органов государства и т. д.) в таком направлении, которое государствосчитает необходимым. В сфере международных отношений государствоможет стимулировать создание разного рода объединений,поддерживать соотечественников за границей и т. д. 1В отличие от стимулирования, которое выражает прямую заинтересованностьгосударства, метод дозволения в определённой мерехарактеризует нейтральную позицию государственной власти поотношению к тем или иным общественным явлениям, процессам,видам деятельности. Государство не поощряет те или иные виды деятельности,но и не запрещает их – граждане, юридические лица самирешают, воспользоваться ли предоставляемыми возможностями.Метод дозволения используется при регулировании основных прави свобод личности. Демократическое государство допускает плюрализм,различные виды массовой культуры, свободу предпринимательскойдеятельности и т. д. Проявлением дозволения в сфере международныхотношений является, например, применение консенсусана международных конференциях: государство не голосует зато или иное предложение, но и не возражает против его принятия.Метод охраны используется прежде всего для обеспечения стабильностисуществующих общественных отношений, сложившегосяправового порядка (в том числе и на международной арене). Охранительнаядеятельность государства осуществляется специализированнымаппаратом (полиция, суды, прокуратура и др.) и его другимиорганами, выполняющими эту задачу попутно. Для защиты государстваот агрессии создаётся армия, для защиты от внутренных угроз– внутренние войска. Границы охраняют пограничные войска,охраной международного мира занимаются международные организациигосударств-универсальные (ООН) и региональные (например,Организация африканского единства). Иногда они направляютв районы международных, межнациональных конфликтов миротворческиевооружённые силы (обычно без права применять оружие).Требование должного поведения выражает активную заинтересованностьгосударства в определённых действиях со стороны физическихи юридических лиц, государственных служащих, учреждений,организаций, коллективов, в развитии общественных отношений в та-1 А. С. Хазалия. Административное право. Тб., 2005, с. 130–131.786

ком направлении, которое оно считает необходимым. Данный методпрежде всего возлагает на участников отношений обязанности отимени государства. Он используется в конституционном, административном,налоговом, других отраслях права. Метод требований широкоприменяется в повседневной деятельности органов охраны общественногопорядка, в деятельности государственных слущащихдругих органов (например, представить декларацию о доходах, представитьдокумент о высшем образовании для поступления в докторантуруи т. д.), в международных отнощениях. Объявление посладругого государства персоной нон грата (нежелательным лицом) равносильнотребованию срочно покинуть страну пребывания. Требованияодного государства часто предъявляются другому в дипломатическихнотах, международной организацией к её членам.Запреты – действенная форма отрицательного отношения государствак тем или иным явлениям, поступкам, поведению. В формезапретов государство исключает вредную, нежелательную для него,общества, человека деятельность. В конституционном праве запрешенапропаганда религиозной нетерпимости, в административном –несанкционированные демонстрации, мешающие прохожим и движениютранспорта, в уголовном – посягательства на жизнь. Широкоиспользуются запреты в международном праве. 1 Имеется много международныхсоглашений, которые запрещают агрессивную войну,работорговлю, апартеид и т. д.Метод установления ответственности – это прежде всего предосторожениегосударства о вредных последствиях, которые могутпоследовать для лица, организации, иного субъекта, другого государства(в сфере международных отношений) при несоблюдениитребований или запретов государственных органов, должностныхлиц, а также санкции. Свои виды ответственности присущи международнымотношениям, например, досрочное анулирование международногодоговора при систематическом нарушении его другой стороной,высылка дипломата из страны пребывания за нарушение еёзаконов. 2Метод контроля и надзора состоит в оценке (с точки зрениязаконности, целесообразности и т. д.) каких-либо управленческихдействий (включая издание правовых актов). Он осуществляется поотношению к подчинённым органам и должностным лицам (это1 А. С. Хазалия. Регулятивные нормы в государственном управлении. – Журн.:Право, №5-6. Тб., 2004, с. 10-11 (на груз. яз.).2 В. Е. Чиркин. Государственное управление. М., 2006, с. 80.787

право и обязанность вышестоящих инстанций) либо постоянно, либоэпизодически путём требований о предоставлении отчётов, сведений,других данных, проверок для инспектирования. При обнаруженииупущений чаще всего в этом случае возможна дисциплинарная ответственностьпо подчинённости (при совершении преступления – уголовнаяответственность, при причинении материального ущерба –гражданско-правовая).По отношению к неподчинённым объектам контроль чаще всегоосуществляется органами межведомственного, функциональногоконтроля эпизодически, путём периодических проверок и при обнаружениинедочётов влечёт за собой административную ответственность(в зависимости от тяжести и характера правонарушений возможныдругие формы ответственности). Контролирующий орган идолжностное лицо, может проверять деятельность подконтрольногообъекта не только с точки зрения соблюдения законов и предписанийвышестоящих органов, но и с позиций целесообразности, т.е. хозяйственности,экономической и иной результативности действий объекта,оценивать, насколько удачны они были в сложившейся конкретнойобстановке.Наконец, любое государство применяет репресии, наказания.Метод репрессии тесно связан с ответственностью, но установлениеответственности – это прежде всего предостережение, а репрессия –это фактическое применение насилия, принуждение, лишение какихтоблаг с целью покарать определённое физическое или юридическоелицо, объединение и т. д. За совершение преступления человек можетбыть заключён в тюрьму. Незаконная демонстрация может быть рассеянас применением технических средств, а её организаторы задержаныи оштрафованы. По решению суда лицо может быть лишенородительских прав.Используя те или иные методы государственного управления,органы государства, должностные лица применяют разные способыадминистративного воздействия. К их числу относятся: конкретные(адресные) задания, назначение или освобождение от должности,оформление государственных законов, распоряжение объектами государственнойсобственности, технические операции и т.д.С методами и формами управленческой деятельности тесно связаныуправленческие процедуры. Среди них выделяют, во-первых,подготовку, принятие и исполнение решений. Решение и его осуществление– один из узловых моментов государственного управления.Оно может быть коллегиальным или единоличным.788

Во-вторых, управленческие процедуры зачастую тесно связаныс координацией управленческой деятельности. Координация обеспечиваетэкономию ресурсов и средств, позволяет более эффективновыполнять соответствующие задачи. Поэтому, принимая решение,следует проанализировать возможности координации с другими вышестоящими,подчинёнными и неподчинёнными органами или должностнымилицами.В-третьих, управленческая деятельность связана с организационными,регистрационными, разрешительными или учётно-уведомительнымиформами работы.В-четвёртых, органы государства, государственные учреждения,государственные служащие занимаются консультативной и информационнойдеятельностью. Он осуществляется в отношении нижестоящихорганов, граждан, неподчинённых государственных учреждений,негосударственных организаций. Государственные служащиеобязаны разъяснять гражданам законы, внимательно относитьсяих нуждам, объяснять, почему конкретный орган или должностноелицо приняло именно такое решение по вопросу, касающемуся гражданина.Органы государства должны представлять информацию вышестоящиморганам, а также средствам массовой информации.В-пятых, сферой деятельности государственного управления являютсяучётные, аналитические, програмные формы работы, а такжеотчётность. 1Наконец, все государственные органы и государственные служащиев разной мере и в разных формах используют процедурыконтроля. Вышестоящие органы и должностные лица проверяют иконтролируют деятельность нижестоящих, контролируют ситуациюна определённой территории, наблюдают за деятельностью неподчинённыхи негосударственных организаций, действующих в сфереответственности данного органа государственного управления.1 В. Е. Чиркин. Государственное управление, с. 82.789

avTandil xazaliamarTvis formebi da meTodebisaxelmwifo, misi organoebi funqcionireben gansazRvrulgaremoSi da Tavis mxriv sakuTari saqmianobiT cvlian mas. garemoSeicavs mraval Semadgenel nawils – geografiul pirobebs,mosaxleobis politikuri samarTlis kulturas. saqmianobisas saxelmwifoorganoebi gansakuTrebiT mWidro kavSirSia politikurisistemis sxva elementebTan, rac bunebrivia: saxelmwifo misiSemadgeneli nawilia. politikuri sistemis yvela rgolis funqcionirebisSedegad qveyanaSi yalibdeba gansakuTrebuli `politikuriklimati” – politikuri reJimi. is iqmneba ara mxolod saxelmwifossaqmianobis Sedegad. didi mniSvneloba aqvs xalxis masobrivpolitikur gamosvlebs, gansazRvruli ideologiis gavlenas,sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis moRvaweobas. Cveulebriv pirobebSipolitikuri da saxelmwifo reJimi, miuxedavad maT Sorisgarkveuli gansxvavebebisa, msgavsia TavianTi xasiaTiT da arsiT.saxelmwifos saqmianobis formebi da meTodebi mxolod dasabamSiaganpirobebuli funqciebiT, anu saxelmwifos saqmianobis ZiriTadimimarTulebebiT. absoluturi winaswargansazRvruloba mocemulSemTxvevaSi araa. saxelmwifos ekonomikuri funqciis ganxorcielebisasiseve gamoiyeneba, magaliTad, akrZalvis meTodi (ekonomikurimonopolizmis akrZalva), rogorc ideologiuri funqciisrealizaciisas (erovnuli SuRlis propagandis akrZalva).politikuri funqcia gulisxmobs uflebis miniWebas (sazogadogaerTianebebis ganaTlebis Tavisufleba), iseve, rogorc socialurifunqcia (profesiis arCevis Tavisufleba). yvela saxelmwifoorgano da saxelmwifo moxeleebi sxvadasxva zomiT da sxvadasxvaformiT iyeneben kontrolis procedurebs. zemdgomi organoebida Tanamdebobis pirebi amowmeben da akontroleben maTdamidaqvemdebarebulebs, akontroleben situacias gansazRvrul teritoriebze,Tvalyurs adevneben aradaqvemdebarebuli da arasaxelmwifoorganizaciebis saqmianobas, romlebic mocemuli saxelmwifomarTvis organos sferoSia.790

AVTANDIL KHAZALIATHE FORMS AND THE METHODS OF GOVERNMENTThe state and its bodies function in certain circumstances and in theirturn transform the latter by their activities. The circumstances consist ofvarious components – the geographical conditions, the political-legal cultureof the population, etc. In their activities the state bodies are especiallyclosely connected with various elements of the political system and that isto be expected as the state is its constituent part. In consequence of the functioningof all the units of the political system in the country a particular“political climate”- a political regime – is formed. But it is formed not onlyas a result of the state activity. The political actions of masses, the definiteideological influence and the activities of the public organizations are ofgreat importance too. In usual circumstances the political and the state regimesin spite of certain differences between them resemble each other intheir character and essence. The forms and methods of the state activitiesare conditioned by the functions only in the beginning, i. e. by the principaldirections of the state activities. There is no absolute predetermination inthe given case. In realizing the economic function of the state, for example,the method of prohibition (the prohibition of the economic monopolizm isemployed, as while realizing the ideological function the prohibition of thenational hostility propaganda is used). The political function implies grantingrights (the freedom of education of social unions), as well as the socialfunction (the freedom of a profession choice). In conclusion, all the statebodies and the state functionaries to some extent and in various forms usethe control procedures. The higher bodies and functionaries verify andcontrol their subordinates, monitor the situation in a certain territory, supervisethe activities of the non-subordinate and non-state organizationswhich are in the sphere of the state governing body.791

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008p e d a g o g i k a, f s i q o l o g i ajemal jinjixaZe, levan jinjixaZefolkloruli kvlevis erTiamocanis SesaxebsayovelTaodaa cnobili SesaniSnavi frangi maTematikosisblez paskalis (1623-1662) sityvebi: `maTematikis sagani imdenadseriozulia, rom sasargebloa, xelidan ar gavuSvaT SemTxveva,gavxadoT igi ramdenadme saxaliso”. 1 es sityvebi sruliad samar-Tliania da amas adasturebs yvela maTematikosi, meTodisti, fsiqologi,pedagogi, visac ki odesme hqonia raime kavSiri maTematikisswavlebasTan. amis gamo, maTematikis swavlebis procesSi, gansakuTrebiTswavlebis pirvel safexurebze, saxaliso amocanebisistematurad gamoiyeneba. aseTi amocanebis gamoyenebis meTodikaSispecialuri Sromebic kia dawerili. mravali saxaliso amocanauZvelesi droidanaa cnobili, maT Soris, magaliTad, aseTebic:1. amocana _ I. qveiTi jaris aseuli miadga mdinaris napirs,magram aRmoCnda, rom xidi gatexilia, foni araris. napirTan ori biWuna TamaSobs navSi, magram iseTpataraSi, rom masSi SeiZleba moTavsdes mxolod erTimozrdili an ori bavSvi. gasarkvevia, aseTi patara naviTrogor unda gadavides mTeli aseuli mdinaris meorenapirze? 22. amocana _ II. mocemulia sami WurWeli, moculobis 3,5 da 8 erTeuliT. pirveli ori carielia, mesame kisavse. gayaviT mesame WurWlis Semcveloba or tol nawiladgadasxmebis saSualebiT. 33. amocana _ III. sawonebis romeli minimaluri krebuliTSeiZleba avwonoT 1-dan 40-mde funtebis nebismieri mTeliraodenoba TefSebian sasworze im pirobiT, rom awo-1 maTematika sxartulebSi. Tb., 2009, gv. 64.2 Г. Н. Попов. Исторические задачи по элементарной математике. М., 1999, gv. 46.3 Г. Н. Попов. Исторические задачи по элементарной математике, gv. 44.792

nisas sawonebis dawyoba orive TefSze SeiZlebodes? 1pirveli da mesame amocanebi maTematikis istoriaSi SesuliabaSe de meziriakis amocanebis saxeliT. baSe de meziriaki (1581-1638), frangi maTematikosi, cnobilia mTel ricxvebSi pirvelixarisxis ganusazRvrel gantolebaTa amoxsnis sakuTari xerxiT,igi diofantes “ariTmetikis” komentatoria da maTematikuri saxalisoamocanebis brwyinvale popularizatori.meore amocana moTavsebulia krebulSi: “Thaumaturgus mathematikus”,romelic gamocemulia qalaq kelnSi 1651 wels. esamocana maTematikis istoriaSi cnobilia puasonis amocanis saxeliTac.simeon denis puasoni (1781-1840) frangi maTematikosia,romelic muSaobda upiratesad maTematikis umaRles dargebSi.misi gamokvlevebi ganekuTvneba analizs, meqanikas, astronomias.am amocanis Taobaze, Semdgom, frangi astronomi da fizikosidominik fransua arago (1786-1853) hyveboda, rom man (am amocanam)gadawyvita puasonis bedi, radganac dainteresda ra misiT,amiT man aRmoaCina sakuTari mowodeba da mTeli sicocxle maTematikasmiuZRvna. yovelive ki yofila bavSvobaSi: patara puasonismSoblebs undodaT, rom Svils dalaqis profesia mieRo. erTxelbiWma ufrosebisagan gaigona aseTi amocana: “WurWelSi moTavsebulia12 pinti (moculobis Zveli sazomi) zeTi. rogor gavyoT esraodenoba SuaSi, Tu kidev gvaqvs rvapintiani da xuTpintianiWurWlebi?” denisi Zalian dainteresda am amocaniT da male, ufrosebzeadre, ipova orive amoxsna, amocanas rom gaaCnia. 2saintereso isaa, rom es amocanebi xsenebul maTematikosebzeoTxi saukuniT adre gvxvdeba fibonaCisTan. italieli maTematikosifibonaCi, igive leonardo pizeli anu pizaneli (1170-1240) avtoria unikaluri Sromisa “abakis wigni”, saidanac XV-XVI saukuneebSi saintereso amocanebi da maTi amoxsnebi gadavidamravalricxovan evropul wignebSi. aRorZinebis epoqaSi amwignidan mTel evropaSi gavrcelda Tvlis induri aTobiTi poziciurisistema, oRond, arabulis saxeliT.awonis zemoxsenebul amocanas leonardo Tavis wignSixsnis 1-dan 40-mde erTeuli tvirTisaTvis. aseT amocanebSiTvlis orobiTi sistema gamoiyena italielma maTematikosma lukade burgo paCiolom (1445-1514) 1494 wels. luka paCiolo1 Г. Н. Попов. Исторические задачи по элементарной математике, gv. 44.2 Г. Н. Попов. Исторические задачи по элементарной математике, gv. 193.793

(paColi) beri iyo, wminda franciskos ordenis wevri. maTematikisistoriaSi gavrcelebulia azri, rom baSem Tavisi amocanebiamokriba leonardos wignidan. 1 magram imasac fiqroben, rom esamocanebi leonardos mogonili ar unda iyos. es amocanebi ZveliCans gacilebiT. 2Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, aq maTematikuri samyaros sruliad TaviseburfenomenTan gvaqvs saqme. da amasTan dakavSirebiT, aqvewarmovadgenT Cvens mosazrebas; im mosazrebas, romelmac istoriulWrilSi am sakiTxis kvlevis meTodologia unda Secvalos.sanam Cvens mosazrebas CamovayalibebdeT, ganvixiloT kidev ramdenimeamocana, Tavisi amoxsnebiT.amocana _ I. arsebobs Tu ara dedamiwaze ori adamiani TavzeTmebis erTnairi raodenobiT? 3amoxsna. msjeloba SeiZleba ase warvmarToT: dedamiwazeadamianebis raodenoba gacilebiT metia, vidre Tmebis raodenobanebismieri adamianis Tavze. es faqti sruliad cxadia. amocanisamoxsnac swored amaSi mdgomareobs. vTqvaT, erTi Tavis Tmebisyvelaze meti raodenoba aris n. es imas niSnavs, rom n raodenobisadamianebs Tavze Tmebis sxvadasxva raodenoba aqvT. danarCenebsTavze n-ze naklebi raodenobis Tma aqvT an n-is toli. amocanaamoxsnilia.am amocanis Taobaze holandieli maTematikosi da pedagogihans froidentali aRniSnavs: `misi asaki 400 welze naklebi araris. igi yovelTvis ganixileboda, rogorc gasaocari maTematikurikuriozi, sanam dirixlem pirvelma ar gamoiyena mis safuZvelSimdebare `yuTebis principi” anu, sxvanairad, `dirixlesprincipi”. 4 peter gustav leJen dirixle (1805-1859) germanelimaTematikosia. dirixles principi ilustrirdeboda aseTi amocaniT:`tyeSi 100 000 naZvia, TiToeul maTganze ara umetes 50000-isa nemsia. daamtkiceT, rom moinaxeba ori naZvi nemsebis er-Tnairi raodenobiT. 51 Н. Я. Виленкин. Л. П. Шибасов, З.Ф. Шибасова. За страницами учебника математики.М., 1996, gv. 12.2 Н. Я. Виленкин. Л. П. Шибасов, З.Ф. Шибасова. За страницами учебника математики,gv. 13.3 es da qvemoT moyvanili sxva amocanebi ix.: j. jinjixaZe. maTematika.Tb., 1993, gv. 464-470.4 Г. Фройденталь. Математика как педагогическая задача. I. М., 1982, gv. 122.5 Энциклопедический словарь юного математика. М., 1985, gv. 96.794

amocana _ II. mocemulia TefSebiani (pinebiani) saswori sawonebisgareSe da sami moneta, romelTa Soris erTi yalbia. igisxvebze msubuqia. erTi awoniT ipoveT yalbi moneta.amoxsna. sasworis TefSebze davdoT TiTo moneta, mesamemoneta gverdze gadavdoT. Tu saswori ar gawonasworda, maSinyalbi iqneba ufro msubuqi moneta. Tuki saswori gawonasworda,maSin yalbia gverdze gadadebuli moneta. amocana amoxsnilia.amocana _ III. legenda laparakobs, rom didi xnis win erTqveyanaSi iyo taZari. am taZarSi sami RmerTis qandakeba idga: simarTlisRmerTis, sicruis RmerTisa da diplomatiis RmerTis.isini idgnen erT mwkrivSi. am qandakebebs saocari Tviseba hqondaT:pasuxobdnen morwmuneTa SekiTxvebze. cnobili iyo, rom simarTlisRmerTi yovelTvis marTals ambobda, sicruis RmerTi _tyuils, xolo diplomatiis RmerTi xan marTals ityoda, xantyuils. qandakebebi zustad hgavdnen erTmaneTs da aravin icoda,romeli maTgani iyo simarTlis RmerTi, romeli iyo sicruisRmerTi da romeli _ diplomatiisa. amis gamo, xalxi iZulebuliiyo, qurumebisaTvis miemarTaT xolme, rom gaegoT, Tu raiyo marTali RmerTebis pasuxebSi. da ai erTxel axalgazrdaglexi Sevida taZarSi. Zlier surda, gaego, Tu romeli qandakebaromel RmerTs warmoadgenda. igi Tamamad mivida misgan marjvnivmdgom qandakebasTan._ romeli RmerTia Sens gverdiT? _ hkiTxa man._ simarTlis RmerTi, _ iyo pasuxi.maSin glexi mivida marcxniv mdgom qandakebasTan._ romeli RmerTia Sens gverdiT? _ hkiTxa man._ sicruis RmerTi, _ upasuxa qandakebam.glexi mivida SuaSi mdgom qandakebasTan._ vina xar Sen? _ hkiTxa man._ diplomatiis RmerTi, _ iyo pasuxi._ axla yvelaferi vici, _ gaifiqra glexma.igi gamovida gareT da xalxs uambo yovelive.rogor mixvda glexi?amoxsna. glexisagan marjvniv mdgomi qandakeba ar aris simarTlisRmerTi: rom iyos, igi ar ityoda, Cem mezoblad simar-Tlis RmerTi dgaso. arc SuaSi mdgomia simarTlis RmerTi: romiyos, igi ar ityoda, diplomatiis RmerTi varo. maSasadame, simarTlisRmerTia marcxniv mdgomi. raki man Tqva, Cem gverdiT795

sicruis RmerTiao, es imas niSnavs, rom SuaSi mdgomi sicruisRmerTia, diplomatiis RmerTi yofila glexisgan marjvniv mdgomiqandakeba.amocana _ IV. maswavlebelma maTematikuri wris mecadineobazeor moswavles uTxra: _ Tqvens winaSe sami qudia: erTi Savida ori TeTri. Tqven axla SexvalT bnel oTaxSi da iq dagaxuravenTiTo quds. mainteresebs, romeli Tqvengani mixvdeba ufroadre, Tu ra feris qudi axuravs mas. amis Semdeg moswavleebiSeiyvanes bnel oTaxSi da daaxures TeTri qudebi. merme isevSemoiyvenes wris mecadineobaze. mcire xnis Semdeg erTma wamoi-Zaxa: “me TeTri qudi maxuravs!”rogor imsjela moswavlem?amoxsna. moswavlis msjeloba aseTi iyo: “me rom Savi qudimexuros, maSin meore moswavle uceb mixvdeboda, rom mas TeTriqudi axuravs, radganac Savi mxolod erTia. magram is dums. ma-Sasadame, me TeTri qudi maxuravs.”amocana _ V. mari, jemo da gio maTematikuri wris wevrebiarian da kargadac azrovneben. maT ician, rom erT bnel oTaxSidevs oTxi qudi, romelTagan ori TeTria, ori ki Savi. ymawvilebiSedian bnel oTaxSi, ixuraven TiTo quds da oTaxidan gamodianerTmaneTis mimdevrobiT: jer mari, Semdeg gio da bolos _jemo. mari verc erTis quds ver xedavs, arc is icis, TviTon raferis qudi axuravs. gio xedavs maris quds, magram ar icis, jemosda TviTon mas ra feris qudebi axuravT. jemo xedavs marisada gios qudebs, magram ar icis, ra feris qudi axuravs TviTon.moinaxeba Tu ara ymawvilebs Soris iseTi, romelic mixvdeba, raferis qudi axuravs TviTon?amoxsna. marisa da gios qudebis Sexameba SeiZleba aseTiiyos: 1) TeTri-TeTri, 2) Savi-Savi, 3) TeTri-Savi, 4) Savi-TeTri.Tu jemo xedavs, rom mis win ori TeTri qudia, maSin ismixvdeba, rom mas Savi qudi axuravs, radganac TeTri meti araris. Tu is xedavs mis win or Sav quds, maSinac mixvdeba, rommas TeTri qudi axuravs, radganac Savi meti ar aris. e. i. pirvelda meore SemTxvevaSi jemo mixvdeba yvelafers. danarCen orSemTxvevaSi jemo verafers mixvdeba, radganac sakmarisi monacemebiar gaaCnia. Tuki jemo midis da dums, maSin gio mixvdeba, romadgili aqvs mesame da meoTxe SemTxvevas. Sexedavs ra marisquds, TviTon gaigebs Tavisi qudis fers. Tu maris axuravs TeT-796

i, maSin gios axuravs Savi da, Tu maris axuravs Savi, maSin giosaxuravs TeTri qudi. maSasadame, giosa da jemos Soris erTerTiaucileblad mixvdeba, Tu ra feris qudi axuravs mas Tvi-Ton. maris ki araviTari monacemebi ara aqvs.amocana _ VI. erTmaneTTan axlos mdebareobs ori kunZuli,erTi marTlis mTqmelebs ekuTvniT, meore _ matyuarebs. am orikunZulis mcxovreblebs kavSiri aqvT erTmaneTTan, amitom TiToeulkunZulze SeiZleba SexvdeT rogorc matyuarebs, ise marTlismTqmelebs. yovel kiTxvaze isini pasuxoben sityvebiT: “diax”,an “ara”. marTlis mTqmelebi yovelTvis marTals amboben,matyuarebi yovelTvis ityuebian. erT-erT kunZulze moxvda mogzauri.romeli erTaderTi kiTxva unda dausvas man pirvel Semxvedrs,rom mixvdes, romel kunZulze imyofeba igi, marTlebiskunZulze, Tu matyuarebis?amoxsna. kiTxva unda iyos: “Tqven am kunZulze cxovrobT?”Tu mogzauri moxvda marTlis mTqmelebis kunZulze, maSin marTlismTqmelis pasuxi iqneba: “diax”, matyuaris pasuxic iqneba:“diax”. Tu mogzauri moxvda matyuarebis kunZulze, maSin marTlismTqmelis pasuxi iqneba: “ara”, agreTve, matyuaris pasuxiciqneba: “ara”. e.i., Tu mogzauri miiRebs pasuxs: “diax”, maSin ismoxvedrila marTlis mTqmelebis kunZulze, xolo, Tu is mii-Rebs pasuxs: “ara”, maSin is moxvedrila matyuarebis kunZulze.amocana _ VII. mravali kamaTisa da zafxulis sicxisgandaRlili sami ZvelberZeni brZeni akademiis baRSi isvenebda. maTmale CaeZinaT. Zilis dros gamvlelebma samives Sublze naxSiriwaucxes. gamoeRviZaT Tu ara, roca erTmaneTs Sexedes, sicilidaiwyes. TiToeuls egona, rom danarCen ors hqonda Subli dasvrilida erTmaneTze icinodnen. uceb, erTi brZeni gaCumda. igimixvda, rom masac dasvrili hqonda Subli. rogor mixvda igi?amoxsna. man ase imsjela: “yovel Cvengans SeuZlia ifiqros,rom mas Subli sufTa aqvs. danarCeni oridan pirveli darwmunebulia,rom misi Subli sufTaa da acinebs meoris dasvriliSubli. magram pirveli rom xedavdes, rom Cemi Subli sufTaa,maSin gaukvirdeboda meoris sicili, radganac am SemTxvevaSi meoresar eqneboda sicilis safuZveli. pirveli gakvirvebuli araris, e.i. mas SeuZlia ifiqros, rom meores Cemi Subli acinebs.maSasadame, Cemi Subli dasvrilia.”amocana _ VIII. gvaqvs ori Wiqa, romlebSic zustad erTna-797

iri raodenobiT asxia: erTSi wiTeli Rvino, meoreSi TeTri Rvino.wiTelRviniani Wiqidan erTi kovzi Rvino gadaasxes TeTrRvinianWiqaSi. mouries. Semdeg, TeTrRviniani Wiqidan (ukve narevi)erTi kovzi Rvino gadaasxes wiTelRvinian WiqaSi. rogor fiqrobT,romelia meti: TeTri Rvino wiTelRvinian WiqaSi Tu, wi-Teli Rvino TeTrRvinian WiqaSi?amoxsna. cxadia, rom gadasxmebis Semdeg orive WiqaSi RvinissaerTo raodenobebi tolia. wiTeli Rvinis is raodenoba,romelic aRmoCnda TeTrRvinian WiqaSi, aklia wiTelRvinian Wiqas.maSasadame, igi Secvlilia TeTriT. es imas niSnavs, rom wi-Teli Rvino TeTrRvinian WiqaSi da TeTri Rvino wiTelRvinianWiqaSi toli raodenobiTaa.aseTi amocana SeiZleba uamravi moviyvanoT da, Tu davakvirdebiT,SeviswavliT da kargad gavaanalizebT am amocanebs, maTistorias, maTTan erTad, saerTod, saxaliso amocanebs, gansakuTrebiT_ amocanebs siTxis gadasxmebze, mdinaris gadalaxvaze dasaganTa awonaze da gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom aseTi amocanebiTxalxi warsulSi ejibreboda erTmaneTs iseve, rogorc SairebiT,gamocanebiT, leqsebis TxzviT da a.S., maSin advilad mivalTSemdeg daskvnebamde: saxaliso amocanebis dabadebis TariRi ikargeba SoreulwarsulSi, zogierT saxaliso amocanas SenarCunebuli aqvs xalxurixasiaTi, eleganturoba da silamaze, mravali saxaliso amocana aramc da aramc ar aris ma-Tematikuri. aseTi amocanebi ixsneba saRi gonebiT, saRi goneba kiyvelasTvis erTnairadaa saWiro, yvela saxaliso amocanas moeZebna maTematikuri axsna, zogierTi saxaliso amocana xelovnuradaa gamaTematikurebuli, mravali saxaliso amocana maTematikosTa mieraa Sedgenilimsgavsad Zvelisa,da es daskvnebi mogvcems saSualebas, vifiqroT, rom msgavsiamocanebi Seqmnilia uZveles xalxur sityvierebaSi. e.i. es amocanebifolkloris kuTvnilebaa. Tu davakvirdebiT, sruliad aSkaradSevamCnevT, rom es amocanebi iseTive mSvenieri, ulamazesida genialuria, rogoric xalxuri poezia. isic cxadia, rom ga-798

mocanebidan amocanebamde erTi nabijiRaa darCenili.am mimarTebiT CvenTvis friad sainteresoa is faqti, romsulxan-saba orbeliani (1658-1725), saxelovani qarTveli mweralida gamoCenili saxelmwifo moRvawe, Tavis ukvdav wignSi`sibrZne sicruisa” ixilavs dRes ukve maTematikaSi cnobil saxalisoamocanebs:1. mgeli, Txa da Tiva.èrTs viwro xids gagideb da zed erTi mgeli, erTi Txada erTi xoromi Tiva esreT TiTo-TiTo gaitane, mgelman Txa armoklas da Txam Tiva ar SeWamos. dahyva Ze mefisa. gadva ruqamwanwala, moasxna mgeli da Txa da erTi xoromi Tiva moiRes. movidajumber, aiyvana Txa, gahxda xidsa da dasva mun. gamohxda,aiyvana mgeli, gahxda xidsa, mgeli mun dauteva da Txa amier gamoiyvana.Txa dasva, Tiva aiRo, gahxda xidsa da Tiva mgelTandadga. gamohxda, Txa aiyvana, gaiyvana igica imier”. 152. samni col-qmarni da mdinare.`samni kacni umecarni erTis didis mdinaris kidesa Seiyarnen.samTav colebi hyva Tana. mun wyalSi erTi mcire navi hpoves,oris meti kaci ver daeteoda. am mdinaresa es eqvsni imierise gaiyvane, rom erTman meoris coli ver ixelTos! ra gasinjaruqam, Zneli igavi iyo. dia daWmunda da vera gaigno ra. Seiqmnadidi Tqmuloba mefesa, vazirsa da ruqas Soris: ara asrea, ara,ase unda iyoso. vera romelman daaskvna. ruqam hfica: cudi, ugvanimoigona, Tvara ara brZnisagan ar gaiyvanebao. uTxra jumber:_ he, nadirSi kurdRelo da mfrinvelSi Zerao, da kacTa SiganSenve ici, raca xar, ar gascuddebia! ruqam igive Tqva. leonafica jumbers: _ Senve gaiyvane egeni, Tuca fici ar gatexos!ruqam neba darTo. jumber Tqva: _ samTa maT kacTa saxelebi esears: melas, metur da marasan. miiRo melas navi da Cajda, Caisvacoli Tvisi da gahxda gaRmarT, gardasva coli Tvisi da gamohxdaamier. Casxes maT orTav colebi da gahxdnen mas qalTan. Cajdamelas coli, gamoitana navi da mivida qmarTan. Casxdnen meturda marasan da gahxdnen TviTos colTan. Cajda metur, Caisvacoli Tvisi da gamohxda melasTan. metur da melas colniimier dautevnes da TviT marasanTan gahxdnen; navSi marasaniscoli Cajda, gamohxda da melas coli gaiyvana. merme navi metur1 sulxan-saba orbeliani. sibrZne sicruisa. _ Zveli mwerloba, 2.Tb., 1976, gv. 150.799

gamoarTva, Tavisi coli gaiyvana da wavidnen. gaecina mefesa daTqva: _ ara vgonebdi ama qalTa wyalTa gaxdomasa”. 13. moCivarni Zmani.àmazedan movidnen moCivrad samni Zmani winaSe mefisa, romelnigayriliyvnen Zmobisagan. yvela gaeyoT da ocdaaTi TxahyavT, igi verca gaewilaT da verc rigdebodnen. moaxsenes mefesaTxaTa maTTaTvis: _ aTsa Txasa TiTo Tikani hyavs, aTsa ororida aTsa sam-sami; esreT gvinebs gayofa, arca romelman ZmamanZmaze meti aiRos da arca Tikani dedas moswydes. Seiqmna cilobada Tqma. vera romelman gayo. hkiTxes jumbers, Zesa mefisasa, daman Tqva: _ ocdaaTi Txa aris da samoci Tikani. igi aTi Txa,romelsa or-ori Tikani hyavs, mieciT uxucessa, romel ars aTiTxa da oci Tikani. igi aTi Txa, romelsa hyavs sam-sami Tikani,xuTi Txa saSuals mieciT da xuTi mrwemssa, romel iqneba xuTxuTiTxa da TxuTmet-TxuTmeti Tikani. igi aTi Txa, romelsaTiTo hyavs, igica xuT-xuTi mieciT maT orTave, romeli iqnebaaT-aTi Txa da oc-oci Tikani, arca Zmasa Zmaze meti mihxvdes daarc Tikani dedasa moswydes. ra esre gahyvna, mefesa didad iama,leons madli ubrZana, samefo samoseli Sehmosa da Tvissa saxedarsataiWze aRsva, da friadi saunje mianiWa”. 2rogorc viciT, sulxan-saba orbelianis am wignis Sinaarsieyrdnoba mxolod xalxur sityvierebas, Tumca, ara mxolodqarTuls. ucilobeli unda iyos is faqti, rom sulxan-sabas esamocanebi ar amoukrebia maTematikuri krebulebidan. moyvanilicitatebi, sulxan-sabas wignidan, calsaxad adasturebs da amtkicebsim daskvnebs, romlebic zemoT CamovayalibeT.dRes folklori swavlobs xalxur leqsebs, zRaprebs, legendebs,andazebs, gamocanebs da a.S. xalxuri amocanebi ki dar-Cenilia folkloris Tvalsawieris miRma, Cvenis azriT, Semdegimizezis gamo _ folkloristebi ZiriTadad literatorebi arian,da literatorebs amocanebamde xeli ar miuwvdaT. amasTan, folkloriyovelTvis erovnulia, xolo amocanebis erovnulobaSieWvis Setana Zneli ar aris. garda amisa, roca folkloris Seswavladaiwyes, maSin xalxuri amocanebi ukve maTematikosebismoRvaweobis sferoSi iyo gadasuli.1 sulxan-saba orbeliani. sibrZne sicruisa, gv. 151.2 sulxan-saba orbeliani. sibrZne sicruisa, gv. 152.800

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom folkloris udidesi nawilierovnuli azrovnebis nayofia, sruliad gamoirCeva sxva xalxebisfolklorisagan; gamocanebi Sualeduria, bevri rama aqvTsaerTo sxvebTan; xolo amocanebi (mxolod xalxuri, logikuri,zogi _ maTematikuric) erovnuli sawyisidan zogadkacobriuliazrovnebisaken miiswrafvis.swored amitom, aucilebelia, amocanaTa is saxe, romelzecaq vlaparakobT, mivakuTvnoT folklors. SevcvaloT misiSeswavlis dRemde arsebuli meTodologia da daixveweba erovnulifolkloris bunebrivi ganviTarebis zogadi kanonzomierebebisadmitradiciuli midgoma. agreTve, gairkveva dRemde dausmelisakiTxic: saamocano fondis SeqmniT msoflios romelmaerma, romelma civilizaciam ra wvlili Seitana zogadsakacobriokulturaSi.JEMAL JINJIKHADZE, LEVAN JINJIKHADZEABOUT ONE PROBLEM OF FOLKRESEARCHThe article deals with the search of the genesis of entertaining andlogical sums and it is concluded that such sums are not of mathematicalorigin, though today they belong to the mathematical sums and are includedinto the book of problems in arithmetic. On the basis of semanticand historical analysis of entertaining and logic sums we verify that thedate of their origination is lost in the remote past, they keep folk features,elegance and beauty. A lot of entertaining sums do not have mathematicalcontent, though many of them are made up by mathematicians.According to these conclusions we can suppose that similar sums arecreated in ancient folk speech. That is to say, that these sums belong tofolk-lore. They are as beautiful, splendid and great as folk poetry, talesand legends, proverbs and riddles are. Exactly for this reason it is necessarythat these sums should belong to folk-lore. We have to changethe methodology of their teaching, which exists today and traditionalapproach to the general regularity of National folklore will be improved.By creating the fund of these sums we shall solve the problem,which has not been raised yet till present. What is the role of differentnations and civilizations in general mankind culture?51. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi801

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008lia axalaZeblumis taqsonomia da misi gamoyenebaistoriis swavlebis procesSisaskolo reformaSi mimdinare procesebis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeliaumaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi maswavlebliskvalifikaciis mqone pedagogebis momzadebisas dasavluri saganmanaTlebloprincipebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. saskolo swavlebisprocesSi aprobirebuli Teoriebi, klasifikaciebi, meTodebida xerxebi aucilebelia jer umaRles saswavlebelSi pedagog-Ta momzadebis procesSi davnergoT da ase mivawodoT skolas axleburadmoazrovne specialisti. winamdebare statia miznad isaxavsgavecnoT dasavlur saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi kargad cnobilda `Zvel~, swavlebis procesis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes klasifikaciasda misi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas istoriis swavlebisprocesSi.j. bruneris 1 mixedviT, adamianis inteleqtualuri ganviTarebamoicavs meTodur winsvlas gonebis gamoyenebaSi. es meToduriwinsvla ki damokidebulia gaumjobesebul anu mzard unarebze dasistematur swavlebaze. 2 sistemuri swavlebis procesisaTvis saazrovnounar-Cvevebis ganviTareba erT-erTi umTavresi mizania,romlis miRwevis meTodebsa da xerxebs momavali maswavleblebiuniversitetSi unda gaecnon. bolo wlebSi saqarTvelos erovnu-1 jerom bruneri (daib. 1915w.) _ amerikeli fsiqologi, kogniturifsiqologiis fuZemdebeli, man safuZveli Cauyara kognituri swavlisTeorias ganaTlebis fsiqologiaSi da ganaTlebis zogad filosofias(ix. ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. ganaTlebis specialistebisaTvis,pirveli nawili. Tb., 2007, gv. 18). j. bruneris ZiriTadi naSromebia:azrovnebis Seswavla (1956), ganaTlebis procesi (1960), swavlebisTeoriisken (1966), swavleba SemecnebiT zrdaSi (1966), kogniturizrdis procesebi (1968) ganaTlebis kultura (1996), istoriebis(moTxrobebis) Seqmna: kanoni, literatura, sicocxle (2003) da a. S.mis Sesaxeb ixileT: htt://psych.nyu.edu./bruner2 n. janaSia, n. imedaZe, s. gorgoZe. ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebi.damxmare saxelmZRvanelo, I. Tb., 2008, gv. 13.802

li saswavlo gegmebi mTlianad orientirebulia azrovnebis, rTulisaazrovno unar-Cvevebis, kritikuli azrovnebis, SemoqmedebiTiazrovnebis da refleqsuri azrovnebis swavlebaze. 1 moswavle undagascdes masalis ubralo damaxsovreba-gazepirebas da codnisdagrovebasTan erTad unda SeZlos am codnis gageba, gamoyeneba,analizi, sinTezi da bolos Sefaseba. garkveuli saxiT miwodebuliinformacia moswavles exmareba azrovnebis amoqmedebaSi. d.perkinsi 2 `Teoria erTis~ 3 mixedviT ganixilavs informaciis miwodebissxvadasxva formebs, romlebic xels uwyoben azrovnebis amoqmedebasda efeqtur swavlasa da swavlebas. misi azriT, kargadazrovneba gulisxmobs sakuTari azrovnebis procesebis marTvas,rac sabolood saazrovno unarebis CamoyalibebaSi gvexmareba. 4dasavlur saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi arsebobs sxvadasxvasaazrovno (SemecnebiTi) unarebis klasifikaciebi, romelTa codnadagvexmareba ukeT davgegmoT swavlebis procesi da movaxdinoTmoswavlis azrovnebis aqtivacia. erT-erT aprobirebul me-Todad iTvleba blumis 5 saazrovno (kognituri) unarebis ganvi-Tarebis taqsonomia. 6 blumis mixedviT, azrovnebis, an Semecnebis1 ix. erovnuli saswavlo gegma. zogadsaganamanaTleblo skolebisaTvis,Tb., 2008.2 devid perkinsi – Tanamedrove amerikeli mecnieri3 `Teoria erTi~-s mixedviT adamianebi ZiriTadad imas swavloben,risi swavlis gaazrebuli SesaZlebloba da motivacia aqvT. Dd.perkinsi, gonivruli skolebi, bavSvebma rom ukeT iazrovnon daiswavlon, Tb. 2007. gv. 57.4 d. perkinsi, gonivruli skolebi, gv. 59-60.5 benJamen blumi – (1913-1999 ww.) amerikeli ganaTlebis fsiqologiCikagos universitetis profesori, mas didi Rvawli miuZRvis saganmanaTleblomiznebis klasifikaciasa da swavlebis Teoriis CamoyalibebaSi.misi naSromebidan aRsaniSnavia: `saganmanaTleblo miznebistaqsonomia~ (1956), `yvela Cveni bavSvi swavlobs~ (1980). maszeix.: Elliot W. Eisner. Benjamin Bloom 1913-1999, Paris, 2000.6 taqsonomia aRniSnavs klasifikacias, romelic obieqts axasiaTebsmartivi kategoriidan rTulisaken. ganaTlebis miznebis amgvari sqemapirvelad aSS-Si Seiqmna. pedagogTa jgufma cnobili mecnierisbenJamen blumis xelmZRvanelobiT Caatara mravalwliani kvlevaimisaTvis, rom SeemuSavebina pedagogiuri miznebis dasaxvis saerTosaSualebebi da wesebi. 1956 wels gamoqveynda `taqsonomiis~ pirvelinawili. igi aRwerda miznebs SemecnebiT (kognitur) sferoSi. amsistemas dasavleTSi dResac iyeneben swavlebis dagegmvis dros daSedegebis Sefasebisas. `taqsonomiis~ meore nawili sxva mecnierebismier Seiqmna da afeqtur sferos moicavda.803

unari eqvs doned SeiZleba daiyos: codna, gageba, gamoyeneba, analizi,sinTezi da Sefaseba. azrovnebis es doneebi safexurebadaris ganlagebuli, sadac yoveli momdevno done ufro rTuldebada moicavs erT, an ramdenime wina dones. maT Soris codna, gagebada gamoyeneba qveda doneSi moiazreba, xolo analizi, sinTezida Sefaseba ki zeda doneSi. 1codna ganixilavs raimes Sesaxeb informaciis qonas da raimesaqmis, an moqmedebis Sesasruleblad saWiro xerxebis flobas.codna ganixileba, rogorc azrovnebis qveda donis unar-Cveva daistoriis swavlebis procesSi masSi unda vigulisxmoT faqtebis,TariRebis, istoriuli procesebis, movlenebis, sazogadoebriviwesebis, principebis, Teoriebis codna da dasaxeleba. istoriulwyaroebSi informaciis moZiebis procedurebis codna. istoriuliterminologiisa da konkretuli istoriuli monacemebis codna.blumis taqsonomiis mixedviT codna moicavs monacemebTan muSaobisxerxebisa da saSualebebis: wesebis, kanonebis, klasifikaciebisada kategoriebis, kriteriumebis meTodebis codnas 2 .saazrovno unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebis meore safexuri arisgageba, romelic ganixileba, rogorc qveda donis unar-Cveva dagulisxmobs naswavli masalis mniSvnelobis wvdomas; devid perkinsigagebis ramdenime dones gamoyofs: Sinaarsis safexuri, problemisgadaWris safexuri, epistemuri safexuri, kvlevis safexuri.`SegviZlia vTqvaT, _ wers igi, _ rom nebismieri sakiTxisswavlebisas gagebis ramdenime done arsebobs. moswavleebma ara martocalkeuli koncefciebi unda gaiazron, aramed mTliani sagani– maTematikuri TamaSi, istoria, literaturuli kritika. calkeulinawilebis gageba da erT mTlian konteqstSi moazreba~. 3 `yuradRebaunda mieqces ara faqtebsa da meqanikur varjiSs, aramedproblemis gadaWris epistemur da kvlevis gagebiseul doneebs. 4 ~blumis taqsonomiis mixedviT, istoriis swavlebis proces-Si saazrovno unari-gageba es aris faqtebis, procesebis, movlenebissakuTari sityvebiT aRweris unari. am etapze moswavlem undaSeZlos istoriuli teqstis ZiriTadi azris sakuTari sityvebiTaxsna mSobliur enaze, smeniTi, an werilobiTi istoriuli1 ix. rogor vaswavloT moswavles azrovneba. meTodologiuri saxelmZRvanelo:Tb., 2007, gv. 18.2 rogor vaswavloT moswavles azrovneba, gv. 19.3 d. perkinsi, gonivruli skolebi, gv. 101. .4 d. perkinsi, gonivruli skolebi, gv. 123.804

informaciis erTi formidan meoreSi gadatana. Sesabamisi, anmsgavsi magaliTebis moyvana istoriidan. istoriuli movlenebisada procesebis raime niSnis mixedviT (mag. qronologiuri principiT)daxarisxeba-dajgufeba.Ggamoyeneba ganixileba, rogorc azrovnebis qveda donis unar-Cvevada zogadad, igi gulisxmobs adre aTvisebuli codnispraqtikaSi gamoyenebas. istoriis kerZo SemTxvevaSi es SeiZlebaiyos istoriuli masalis (wyaros teqstis, istoriuli Sefasebis)sxvadasxva situaciaSi (konteqstSi) moxmareba, ukve naswavliwesis mixedviT davalebis, an samuSaos Sesruleba. istoriiskerZo SemTxvevaSi moswavlisaTvis es sakmaod rTuli da sapasuxismgebloamocanaa, Sesabamisad, vfiqrob, `gamoyeneba~ azrovnebisqveda dones ar unda miekuTvnebodes.blumis taqsonomiis mixedviT, saazrovno unar-Cvevis ganvi-Tarebis modevno etapi aris analizi, romlis drosac xdebamTliani sagnis calke nawilebis, mxareebisa da Tvisebebis gamoyofaadamianis warmodgenaSi. is aris azrovnebis zeda donis unar-Cvevada masSi igulisxmeba masalis Semadgenel nawilebad dayofa:maTi Sedareba-Sepirispireba, nawilebs Soris kavSiris, anstruqturis danaxva. analizi, rogorc saazrovno unar-Cveva aqtiuradgamoiyeneba istoriis swavlis procesSi, roca istoriuliwyaroebis Sedareba sinamdvilis dazustebas istoriuli movlenismizezebis aRmoCenamde mivyavarT. istoriis swavlebis drosanalizi gulisxmobs istoriuli procesebis kanonzomierebebisgamovlenas, am Tu im istoriuli movlenis mizezebsa da SedegebsSoris kavSiris dadgenas da a.S..saazrovno unar-Cvevis momdevno etapi aris sinTezi, romelicgulisxmobs calke mocemuli elementebis (nawilebis) gonebaSigaerTianebas, axali struqturuli mTlianobis saxiT. istoriisswavlebis magaliTze es SeiZleba Semdegi saxiT ganxorcieldes:sxvadasxva istoriul wyaroebSi arsebuli informaciisgaerTianeba, urTierTSejereba da axali Sinaarsis Seqmna da warmodgena.blumis mixedviT, sinTezi aris azrovnebis zeda donisunar-Cveva, masSi igulisxmeba: nawilebis SeerTeba, axali teqstisSesaqmnelad da hipoTezis wamoyeneba. kvlevis, an referatis dagegmva,problemis gadaWris alternatiuli gzebis gamoyeneba. axaliinteleqtualuri produqtis Seqmna 1 . am etapze istoriis swav-1 rogor vaswavloT moswavles azrovneba, gv. 20.805

lebis procesSi aucilebelia konkretuli istoriuli movlenisSesaxeb informaciis moZieba, daxarisxeba, istoriuli wyaroebissinTezis safuZvelze sakvlevi hipoTezis wamoyeneba da miRebuliinformaciis gadamuSavebis safuZvelze axali teqstis Seqmna.azrovnebis zeda donis unar-Ceveva _ Sefaseba gulisxmobsarCeuli kriteriumebis (magaliTad raodenoba, xarisxi, xangrZlivobada a. S.) garkveuli kategoriisadmi mikuTvnebas, standartebze(am kriteriumis Sesabamisi standartis sazomi erTeulebi,sazogadoebaSi miRebuli normebi, Rirebulebebi da wesebi) dapirobebze (konteqsti, sazRvrebi, resursebi, moqmedebis dro daadgili, sxva) dayrdnobiT konkretul masalaze msjeloba, andaskvnebis gamotana 1 .istoriis swavlebis kerZo SemTxvevaSi moswavlis mier xdebasakuTari poziciis (arCevanis), Sefasebis argumentirebuli dasabuTeba.garkveul kriteriumebze da standartebze 2 dayrdnobiTdaskvnebis gakeTeba, poziciis da misi kontrargumentis safuZvelzesakuTari daskvnis gamotana. sayuradReboa, ramdenad SeesabamebamiRebuli daskvna im istoriul wyaroTa monacemebs, romelTasafuZvelze daskvna gakeTda. Sesabamisad, saWiroa wyaroTamonacemebisa da daskvnebis urTierTSesabamisobis dadgena.blumis taqsonomiis gaTvaliswinebiT, istoriis swavlebisprocesSi moswavles SeiZleba SevTavazoT Semdegi saxis diagrama:upasuxeT kiTxvas da SeavseT cxrili, rissafuZvelze xdeba istoriuli masalisaRdgena (dasaxeleba, gaxseneba, CamoTvla)?gageba (damuSaveba, SerCeva, aRwera, Sejameba,axsna, varaudis Camoyalibeba,interpretacia)?gamoyeneba (rukis, sqemebis, diagramebismomzadeba, dajgufeba)?analizi (Sedareba, gamokvleva)?1 rogor vaswavloT moswavles azrovneba, gv. 21.2 am SemTxvevaSi konkretul istoriul droSi sazogadoebaSi miRebulinormebi, Rirebulebebi, wesebi.806

sinTezi (Seswavlili masalis TeoriuliCamoyalibeba)?Sefaseba (daskvnis gakeTeba, gakritikeba,poziciis gamoxatva)?vfiqrobT, istoriis gakveTili saazrovno unar-Cvevebis CamoyalibebisaTvissaukeTeso saSualebaa, magaliTad moswavleebsama Tu im istoriuli movlenis Sesaxeb SeuZliaT gaecnon aramarto pirvelwyaroebs, aramed maTTan dakavSirebul movlenebsac.faqtebis kvlevasTan erTad moswavleebma garkveuli informaciaunda moagrovon mocemuli istoriuli movlenis irgvliv. amdros isini iTaviseben istoriuli faqtebis interpretaciisa damaTi dasabuTebis process. am SemTxvevaSi istoriis gaazrebuladswavleba sakmarisi ar aris. swavleba calsaxad unda moicavdesSesabamisi argumentebisa da faqtebis mimarT yuradRebasac. istoriisswavlebis process aZlierebs erT-erTi aprobirebuli xerxidiskusia, romelic codnis gamdidrebis araCveulebrivi saSualebaa,nil postmanis 1 sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT: istoriaSi `kamaTi ardasrulebula da is dResac Zveleburi enTuziazmiT grZeldeba~.zemoTxsenebuli saazrovno unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibeba xelsuwyobs istoriis swavlebis ZiriTadi miznebisa da amocanebisganxorcielebas. moswavles ganuviTardeba zogadi da specifikuriunarebi: problemis gaazreba da kavSirebis dadgena, informaciismopoveba da organizeba, kvleva, swavlis unari, problemisgadaWra, drosa da sivrceSi orientacia, istoriuli interpretacia,poziciis SemuSaveba, kritika da dacva 2 .1 nil postmani (1931-2003) – niu iorkis universitetis profesori,kulturisa da komunikaciis kaTedris gamge, avtori gaxmaurebulinaSromebisa: `bavSvobis gauCinareba~, `metismeti garToba~, `swavleba,rogorc damcavi saSualeba~, `swavleba, rogorc damangrevelimoqmedeba~, `ganaTlebis mizani~ da a. S.2 erovnuli saswavlo gegma.., gv. 135.807

LIA AKHALADZEBLOOM’S TAXONOMY AND ITS APPLICATION IN THEPROCESS OF TEACHING HISTORYThe present article deals with the description of B. C. Bloom’s Taxonomyand the analysis of the efficiency of its usage in teaching History.The application of the given taxonomy in the teaching process willpromote the activation of the student’s thinking abilities and his becomingproficient in the subject. B. C. Bloom and his followers identifiedsix levels within the cognitive domain: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application,Analysis, Synthesis and Evaluation. These levels were classifiedand presented as an hierarchy. Each level in Bloom’s hierarchicaltaxonomy contains the elements of the previous level, i.e. built on thepreceding level and increases in complexity, knowledge being the lowestlevel, while evaluation being considered the highest order within the cognitivesphere. The levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy can be used to help measurehow well each student develops higher-order thinking skills. The useof Bloom’s theory by a History teacher in his practical work will assistthe students to understand historical and historiographical context, to learnnot only their own past but of the entire world, will encourage themto be actively engaged in their own learning and to work out and offertheir own explanation of the historical facts. Bloom’s Taxonomy will behighly beneficial to the students in learning how to identify elementaryconcepts in history, to summarize the arguments of historians, to interpretdifferent types of evidence and draw conclusions and inferences, to compareand assess the points of view of historians, to evaluate various historicalcauses in written or oral presentation.808

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008rusudan fifiamoswavleTa kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebadawyebiTi klasebis mSobliuri enisa daliteraturis gakveTilebzemoswavleTaTvis srulfasovani dawyebiTi ganaTlebis micemaskolis winaSe axal-axal amocanebs ayenebs. Tanamedrove pedagogikaSiaxleburad warmoCindeba moswavleze orientirebuli swavlebissxvadasxva aspeqtebi. tradiciuli swavlebis formebidanaxal, miznisken mimarTul procesze gadasvla advilad aRsaqmelgasaazrebelisaqme ver aRmoCnda da Sesabamisad, pedagogebisganSemoqmedebiTi midgoma moiTxova. specialistebi aRniSnaven, rombavSvebs adreuli asakidanve ar uWirT kritikuli azrovneba.erovnuli saswavlo gegmis programa qarTul enasa da literaturaSimigviTiTebs, rom ,,pirovnebaze orientirebul saganmanaTlebloprocesSi literaturis swavlebis mizania ara ideologizebulicnobierebis mqone adamianis Camoyalibeba, romelicTanamedrove realobaSi didi winaaRmdegobisTvisaa ganwiruli,aramed sazogadod iseTi saswavlo situaciis Seqmna, sadac individssaSualeba eqneba, pirovnuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze gaiazrosda Seafasos mxatvrul teqstebSi asaxuli siRrmiseulida cxovrebiseuli problemebi”. 1dawyebiT klasebSi xdeba aRsazrdelTa sulieri da inteleqtualuriZalebis formireba. swored am periodSi unda CaeyarossafuZveli moswavleTa mxatvruli da esTetikuri gemovnebisgaRviZebasa da Camoyalibebas. ,,amJamad imsxvreva swavla-aRzrdismoZvelebuli sqemebi, standartebi, yavlgasuli stereotipebida mis nacvlad fexs ikidebs mowinave iniciativa, SemoqmedebiToba,romelic xels Seuwyobs bavSvis Camoyalibebas namdvilpirovnebad, misi niWisa da unarebis srulad da Seuferxebladgamovlena-ganviTarebas”. 21 erovnuli saswavlo gegma. sagnobrivi programa qarTul enasa daliteraturaSi. Tb., 2004, gv. 5.2 l. samniaSvili. ratom vaswavliT literaturas? _ Jurn.: ,,maswav-809

mSobliuri literaturis swavleba moswavleTa xatovaniazrovnebis ganviTarebis saSualebaa. jer kidev skolamdel asak-Si dawyebuli swavleba leqsebisa da zRaprebis saxiT, SemdgomSiufro maRal safexurze, dawyebiT klasebSi, viTardeba da moswavleebietapobrivad ecnobian qarTuli da ucxouri literaturissxvadasxva Janris Sedevrebs. swavlebis meTodikis specialistebisminiSnebiT: ,,moswavleebSi kritikuli azrovnebis CamoyalibebisxelSewyobisaTvis SeuZlebelia literaturaze uke-Tesi saSualeba gamoviyenoT, miT umetes, rodesac iseTi mdidarimemkvidreoba gvaqvs, rogoric mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSiqarTul enaze Seqmnili teqstebia”. 1 es teqstebi moqmedebs bavSvisgrZnoba-gonebaze. wigni da mxatvruli literatura aris bav-Svis emociebze dadebiTi zemoqmedebis uebari saSualeba. swavlebisaxali xerxebi da meTodebi iTvaliswineben werisa da kiTxvisswavlebas kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis dawyebi-Ti klasebis adreuli safexuridanve.Tanamedrove meTodologiebis damkvidrebam moiTxova yuradRebisgamaxvileba iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze, rogoricaamoswavleTa individualuri Tvisebebis gaTvaliswineba, maTi cxovrebiseuligamocdilebis swavlebaSi gamoyeneba. moswavle ukveaRar iqneba pasiuri msmeneli, gamoTqvams azrs, aRmoaCens, xvdeba,adarebs. am movlenebSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania maswavleblisroli. igi qmnis bavSvebisaTvis usafrTxo garemos da bavSveb-Si ayalibebs konkurentuli Sejibris situaciebs. TiToeuli bav-Svis mier gamoTqmuli azri unda daexmaros Tanatols teqstisukeT gagebaSi. maT mier gamoTqmuli gansxvavebuli azrebi ar undagaxdes zedmeti kritikisa da miTumetes, dacinvis sagani. gamocdilimeTodistis azriT, ,,diskusia xels uwyobs kritikuli azrovnebisganviTarebas, moswavleebs azris logikurad gamoxatvasaCvevs; maT advilad gamoaqvT daskvnebi, arc sadavo sakiTxebis gadaWrada alternatiuli gadawyvetilebebis miReba uWirT”. 2tradiciuli meTodikur SexedulebebTan erTad maswavlebelimSobliuri literaturis gakveTilebze aqtiurad unda iyelebeli~,#2, 2008, gv. 48.1 r. liparteliani. mxatvruli nawarmoebis swavleba dawyebiT klasebSi._ gaz. ,,dawyebiTi skola~. 2004, #7-8, gv. 2.2 m. inasariZe. gakveTili Cveni drois ,,safixvno~. _ Jurn. ,,maswavlebeli~,#8, 2008, gv. 50.810

nebdes iseT axal meTodebs, rogoricaa: muSaoba wyvilebSi dajgufebSi, situaciebis Seqmna kritikuli azrovnebisaTvis, venisdiagrama, gonivruli ruka, kuTxeebi, mozaika, molodinis xe daa.S. konkurentuli garemos Seqmna, da sxva aqtiuri meTodebi, arSeexeba pirvel klasSi swavlebas. am dros moswavleTa fsiqologiurida fizikuri mdgomareoba maTi skolasTan adaptacias-Tan TvalsazrisiT cnobilia.mSobliuri literaturis is masalebi, rac dawyebiTi klasebissaxelmZRvaneloebis sxvadasxva gamocemebSia mocemuli, iZlevaimis saSualebas, rom maswavlebelma gaiTvaliswinos umcrosklaselTayuradRebisa da azrovnebis Taviseburebebi. maswavlebeli,didaqtikuri TamaSebisa da TvalsaCino masalis gamoyenebiT,mimzidvelsa da sainteresos xdis swavlebas. praqtikosipedagogis TqmiT, ,,roca gakveTils iwyeb gansxvavebulad, Tundacmagidaze deb, an dafaze akrav furclebs, sadac Camowerilia zogierTiSesasrulebeli davalebebi, patarebSi motivacia iRviZebs.icvleba maTi ganwyobileba gakveTilis mosamzadeblad”. 1kritikuli azrovnebis gansaviTarebel gakveTilebze moswavleebmaunda imuSaon wyvilebSi da jgufebSi, Seasrulon zepirida werilobiTi samuSao, gamoavlinon TavianTi SesaZleblobebi.Cven daveswariT qalaq Tbilisis 24-e sajaro skolaSi CatarebulgakveTilebs, sadac gamocdili pedagogi dodo gogolaSviliaswavlis. upirvelesad, rac klasSi SeimCneoda, iyo guliTadiatmosfero, saintereso, emociuri muxti Semdeg gakveTilebsacetyoboda. klasSi maswavlebels Seqmnili hqonda kritikuliazrovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro garemo.gakveTilis Tema: revaz inaniSvilis ,,kreWana”.gakveTilis mizani: literaturuli teqstis kiTxva da analizi,azrovnebisa da metyvelebis ganviTareba, leqsikuri maragisgamdidreba, intonaciur-punqtuaciuri Cvevebis gamomuSaveba,teqstis konstruireba. gamoyenebuli meTodebi: gonebrivi ieriSi,gagrZelebiT kiTxva, venis diagrama, kiTxva-pasuxi wyvilebSi.muSaobis forma: individualuri, jgufuri.maswavlebelma klass dauriga sam nawilad dayofili teqsti.man dafaze Camowera bavSvebis mier CamoTvlili sabavSvomwerlebisa da maTi nawarmoebebis CamonaTvali. aseTi ,,gonebrivi1 n. merabiSvili. wera da kiTxva kritikuli azrovnebisTvis. _ Jurn.,,saqarTvelos skola~, 2008, №4, gv. 36.811

ieriSi” pedagogma gamoiyena Semdeg etapze baSvebis gansawyobadmaTTvis saWiro mwerlis nawarmoebis wakiTxvisTvis.dro: TiTo gakveTili 45 wuTi.klasis jgufebad dayofis Semdeg, maswavlebelma dasvaproblema: rogor fiqrobT, aris Tu ara qurdoba sxvisi nivTisunebarTvod aReba? bavSvebma gamoTqves TavianTi mosazrebebi. maswavlebelmayvela azri yuradRebiT moismina. patarebi wrfeladda uSualod gamoTqvamdnen Tavis Sexedulebebs da iSveliebdnenargumentebs imisaTvis, rom daesabuTebinaT TavianTi azri.maswavlebelma pauzebis gamoyenebiT waikiTxa teqsti daSemdeg ganumarta moswavleebs sityvebi ,,mevele”, ,,onavari”,,,gulabi”.pirvel gakveTilze teqstis Sinaarsobriv mxareze metiyuradReba ar gamaxvilebula da danarCeni dro daeTmo enobrivmasalaze dakvirvebas. moswavleebs ,,aqtivobis” rveulidan miecaTdavaleba axladgacnobili sityvebidan zepirad SeedginaTwinadadebebi.II gakveTili: isev gagrZelda teqstze muSaoba. bavSvebi nawil_nawilkiTxuloben maswavleblis mier darigebul teqstebsjgufebSi. yuradReba mieqca Tu ramdenad sworad da SegnebuladwaikiTxes teqsti, iyenebdnen gundur da rolebad kiTxvis wess.maswavleblis mier dasmul pirveli donis kiTxvebze (ratomeZaxian lados kreWanas? ra qna mevelem? rogor gamoicnomevelem kreWana? ra hkiTxa mevelem bavSvs?) bavSvebi aqtiuradda xalisiT pasuxobdnen.maswavlebelma teqstis TxrobisaTvis gamoiyena ,,dasuraTebis”xerxi da teqstis monakveTebad dayofis Semdeg TiToeulimaTgani jgufebs warmoadgenina suraTis saxiT. suraTebis saxelwodebadaweres dafaze: kreWana meveles eZaxis, kreWanas mevelegulabs sTavazobs, kreWana gulabs kbeCs, mevele kreWanas gamoicnobs.,,suraTebis” Semdeg maswavlebelma gamoiyena maRali donissinTezze da Sefasebaze orientirebuli kiTxvebi. bavSvebma paraleligaavles Seswavlil literaturul nawarmoebebTan da daasabuTesTavianTi azri. gakveTilis bolo nawili enobriv masalazedakvirvebas daeTmo. moswavleebma areuli sityvebi daalagesTanmimdevrobiT, xolo maswavlebelma miuTiTa rom: a) winadadebaSiyvela sityvas Tavisi adgili aqvs; b) sityvaTa raode-812

nobis SemcirebiT azrs sicxade akldeba, g) ar SeiZleba winadadebaSisityvaTa raodenobis TviTneburad gazrda an Semcireba. 1III gakveTili mieZRvna teqstis Sinaarsis gadmocemas da analizs.bavSvebi xalisiTa da interesiT yvebodnen kreWanas Tavgadasavals.maswavleblis kiTxvaze, Seicvleboda Tu ara kreWana amSemTxvevis Semdeg, bavSvebi dasabuTebulad xsnidnen TavianT Sexedulebebs.wyvilebSi muSaobiT Sefasda kreWanas saqcieli da bav-Svebs isev mieTiTaT daesabuTebinaT TavianTi azri. mesame gakveTiligamoirCeoda xalisianobiTa da interesiT erTmaneTis pasuxebisadmi,radganac patarebs ainteresebdaT dasmuli sakiTxis gadawyvetissiswore TavianTi mewyvilis, an jgufis sasargeblod.axali meTodebiT erTi sabavSvo nawarmoebis Seswavlam dagvanaxa,rom maswavlebels TviTon unda SeeZlos literaturuliteqstis esTetikuri da mxatvruli Taviseburebebis Sefaseba. axleburimeTodebisa da midgomebis gaazreba mas saSualebas aZlevsdaexmaros moswavleebs ara mxolod nawarmoebis Sinaarsis gageba-Si, aramed teqstis kritikul analizSi. sakiTxisadmi aseTi midgomaki Cvens aRsazrdelebs adreuli asakidanve Camoayalibebs inteleqtualur,esTetikurad daxvewil da moazrovne pirovnebad.1 n. maRlakeliZe, c. yuraSvili, e. maRlakeliZe. qarTuli, 2. maswavlebliswigni. Tb., 2007, gv. 22.813

RUSUDAN PIPIATHE DEVELOPMENT OF PUPILS’ CRITICAL THINKING ATTHE NATIVE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE LESSONS OFPRIMARY SCHOOLSTeaching the native language and literature is one of the means ofdeveloping pupils’ thinking abilities. The new teaching ways and methodsenvisage teaching writing and reading at the early stages of the primaryschool. Alongside the traditional methodical views a teacher should be employingthe new methods, such as work in pairs and in groups, associative(rational) maps, mosaic, etc. The article analyses the lessons conductedwith the use of the techniques and methods necessary for the developmentof critical thinking. Such lessons will promote development of the criticalthinking abilities of pupils, creative and collaborative relations.814

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008guranda gabuniaekologia da moswavleTa ekologiuriganaTlebaekologiuri problemebi globaluri xasiaTisaa da mTelkacobriobas exeba. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapzeekologiuri ganaTlebis sakiTxi gansakuTrebul simwvaves iZens.amis mizezi totaluri ekologiuri upasuxismgeblobaa. dRes,globaluri kataklizmebis pirobebSi, roca adamians uamravisafrTxe emuqreba, dgeba adamianis, misi garemosa da saerTod, kacobriobisarsebobis problema. adamianis sulieri da fizikurisijansaRe aris swored is erTaderTi saSualeba, romliTac SesaZlebeliaam problemis gadaWra.ras niSnavs jansaRi cxovreba da rogori unda iyos TiToeuliadamianis mokrZalebuli wvlili jansaRi cxovrebis wesisdamkvidrebis saqmeSi, rac ufro adreuli asakidan daiwyeba cxovrebisjansaRi wesis prevenciuli RonisZiebebis farTo danergva,miT ufro janmrTeli iqneba sazogadoeba da miT ufro Zlierida ganviTarebuli _ saxelmwifo. sazogadoebis yovelma wevrmaunda izrunos cxovrebis jansaRi wesis dasamkvidreblad. TiToeulmaadamianma uari unda Tqvas Tambaqosa da narkotikebis moxmarebazeda mis garSemo myofebsac mouwodos amisaken, saTuTadmoeqces cocxal da aracocxal bunebas. 1aRniSnuli RonisZiebebi xels Seuwyobs jansaRi Taobis aRzrdas.isini iswavlian pasuxismgeblobas sakuTari Tavisa da momavliswinaSe, sxvebze zrunvas, urTierTTanamSromlobas, sxvisiSexedulebebis, ideebisa da azrebis pativiscemas, ganiviTarebenTviTkontrolsa da sxvaTa kontrolirebis unars, Caebmebian sazogadoebisaTvissasargeblo saqmeSi.skolis umTavresi daniSnulebaa fizikurad da fsiqologiuradjansaRi, inteleqtualuri da komunikabeluri TaobisaRzrda. momavali Taoba unda zrunavdes rogorc sakuTar Tavze,1 С. В. Алексеев, Л. В. Симонова. Идея целостности в системе экологического образованиямладших школьников. – Начальная школа, №1, 1999, gv. 19-22.815

aseve sazogadoebaze da pasuxismgebeli iyos sakuTar qmedebaze. 1mniSvnelovania sazogadoebisaTvis mavne Cvevebis Sesaxeb arsebulinebismieri informaciis miwodeba, radgan fundamentaluradSeswavlili informaciis mflobeli ukve logikurad irCevs jansaRicxovrebis wess da uars ambobs am mavne Cvevebze. 2erT-erTi mosazrebis mixedviT adamianis uflebebis arsebulsias unda daematos adamianis ekologiuri ufleba. mag. 1994w.adamianis uflebebis da garemos Sesaxeb deklaraciis proeqti acxadebs:„yvela pirovnebas aqvs ufleba usafrTxo, janmrTel daekologiurad mdgrad garemoze. es ufleba da sxva adamianis uflebebisamoqalaqo, kulturuli, ekonomikuri, politikuri dasocialuri uflebebis CaTvliT aris sayovelTao, urTerTdamokidebulida ganuyofeli.” zogierTi adamiani, gansakuTrebiTekologebi, akritikeben adamianis ekologiuri uflebis moTxovnas.isini SiSoben, rom Tu adamianis sococxle da janmrTelobagaxdeba garemos dacvis mizani, maSin garemo daculi iqneba mxolodadamianis keTildReobis mizniT, da mxolod im zomiT, razomiTac is saWiroa adamianis keTildReobisaTvis. sanacvlodisini gvTavazoben adamianis uflebebisadmi ufro holistikurmidgomas. isini acxadeben, rom adamiani aris biosferos nawili(sicocxlis qseli dedamiwaze) da Sesabamisad maTi vali kacobriobiswinaSe aris ganuyofeli maTi valdebulebisagan garemosdacvaze. ufro farTo CarCoebSi adamianis uflebebis dacvismoTxovnebSi gaiTvaliswinebuli unda iyos Sinagani faseulobebida momavali Taobebis moTxovnebi, iseve rogorc saxelmwifoebisada xalxebis konkurentuli interesebi.saqarTveloSi miRebulia kanoni garemos dacvis Sesaxeb, 3sadac miTiTebulia moqalaqeTa ufleba-movaleoba garemos dacvissferoSi.muxli 6. moqalaqeTa uflebebi garemos dacvis sferoSi.moqalaqes ufleba aqvs:a) cxovrobdes Tavisi janmrTelobisaTvis uvnebel, jan-1 Ю. А. Барышева. Из опыта организации экологической работы. – Начальнаяшкола, №6, 1998. gv. 92-94.2 ekologia da bunebrivi resursebis marTva. saxelmZRvanelo masalebi.Tb., 1998, gv. 9-10.3 saqarTvelos kanoni garemos dacvis Sesaxeb. Tb., 1996 wlis 10 dekemberi# 519-Is816

saR garemoSi;b) sargeblobdes bunebrivi garemoTi;g) miiRos sruli, obieqturi da drouli informacia TavisisamuSao da sacxovrebeli garemos mdgomareobisSesaxeb;d) miiRos garemosdacviTi da ekologiuri ganaTleba, aima-Rlos garemosdacviTi cnobierebis done;e) gaerTiandes garemosdacviT sazogadoebriv organizaciebSi;v) monawileoba miiRos garemos dacviT sferoSi mniSvnelovanigadawyvetilebebis ganxilvasa da miRebis procesSi;z) miiRos anazRaureba misTvis miyenebuli zaralisaTvis,romelic gamoiwvia saqarTvelos garemos dacvis kanonmdeblobismoTxovnaTa Seusruleblobam;T) sasamarTlo wesiT moiTxovos ekologiurad saSiSiobieqtebis ganTavsebis, proeqtirebis, mSeneblobis, rekonstruqciisada eqspluataciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebaTaSecvla.muxli 7. moqalaqeTa valdebulebebi garemos dacvis sfero-Si, moqalaqe valdebulia:a) daicvas saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebi garemosdacvis sferoSi;b) gaufrTxildes bunebriv da kulturul garemos;g) izrunos garemos dacvaze;d) mosalodneli an momxdari bunebrivi da teqnogenuriavariisa da sxva ekologiuri katastrofis Sesaxeb informaciismiRebisas droulad acnobos saTanado kompetentursaxelmwifo organoebs an ganacxados sajarod.janmrTelobis msoflio organizaciam 1 a.w. 13 ivniss kopenhagenSigamoaqveyna qveynebis mixedviT garemo faqtorebis adamianisjanmrTelobaze zemoqmedebis analizi. faqtebma gamoavlinauzarmazari gansxvaveba qveynebs Soris da aCvena, rom adamianTajanmrTeloba SeiZleba sagrZnoblad gaumjobesdes iseTi garemofaqtorebis zemoqmedebis SemcirebiT, rogoricaa dabinZureba, sa-1 Europe’s Environment. Edited by David Stanners and Philippe Bourdeau. EuropeanEnvironment Agency. Copenhagen, 1995.52. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi817

xifaTo samuSao garemo, ultraiisferi radiacia, xmauri, sasoflo-sameurneokulturebTan dakavSirebuli safrTxe, klimatisada ekosistemis cvlileba.axalma monacemebma aCvena, rom garemos gajansaRebiT SesaZlebeliamsoflioSi yovelwliurad 13 milioni adamianis sikvdilisprevencia. zog qveyanaSi garemo pirobebis gaumjobesebiTdaavadebaTa mesamedze meti aRikveTeba. garemo faqtorebis janmr-Telobaze mavne zemoqmedebis mixedviT yvelaze cudi maCveneblebiTgamoirCeva angola, burkina faso, mali, avRaneTi. 123 qveyanaSi sikvdilianobis mizezi 10%-ze met SemTxvevaSiaris garemosTan dakavSirebuli ori risk-faqtori: arausafrTxowyali dabali sanitaruli da higienuri maCveneblebiT da sakvebismomzadebisTvis gamoyenebuli myari sawvavis wviT SenobaSidabinZurebuli haeri. ZiriTad msxverpls warmoadgenen xuTwlamde asakis bavSvebi, romelTa Soris sikvdilianobis 74% modisdiareasa da respiratorul infeqciebze.mavne garemo faqtorebis janmrTelobaze zemoqmedeba yvelazemetadaa gamoxatuli dabalSemosavlian qveynebSi, romlebicyovelwliurad kargaven sicocxlis 20-jer met janmrTel welserT adamianze gaTvliT, vidre maRalSemosavliani qveynebi. miuxedavadamisa, kvlevebis mixedviT, arcerTi qveyana ar aris daculimavne garemo faqtorebis janmrTelobaze zemoqmedebisagan. ammxriv yvelaze mowesrigebul qveynebSic ki mavne gare faqtorebzeefeqturi CareviT SesaZlebelia daavadebebis TiTqmis erTi meeqvsedisTavidan acileba da kardiovaskularuli daavadebebisa dasagzao SemTxvevebiT miRebuli zianis mniSvnelovani Semcireba.qveynebis mixedviT garemo faqtorebis janmrTelobaze zemoqmedebisSefaseba pirveli safexuria imisTvis, rom janmrTelobisada garemos dacvis seqtorSi gadawyvetilebis mimRebmapirebma sworad airCion prioritetebi prevenciuli aqtivobisTvis”,_ aRniSnavs janmrTelobis msoflio organizaciis generaluridireqtoris TanaSemwe ekologiuri ganviTarebisa da jansaRigaremos sakiTxebSi siuzan veber-mosdorfi. misive TqmiT,mniSvnelovania arajansaRi garemos zemoqmedebis wvlilis gansazRvradaavadebaTa saerTo raodenobaSi. 2 es wamyvani informa-1 Central European Journal. Occupational Environmental Medicine. Protecting Childrenfrom Chemical Exposure. Volume 9, Special Issue, 2003.2 Central European Journal. Occupational Environmental Medicine.818

ciaa, romelic daexmareba qveynebs Sesabamisi Carevebis ganxorcielebisTvis.qveynebs SeuZliaT winaswari gaTvlebiT arsebuliSedegebis ufro detalizeba da daxvewa.faqtebi cxadyofs, rom sayofacxovrebo martiv RonisZiebebsSeuZliaT sagrZnoblad Seamciron sikvdilianobis riski.sawvavad, gazisa da eleqtroenergiis gamoyeneba, gamarTuli sacxobimowyobilobebi, ventilaciis gaumjobeseba, adamianebis CvevebisSecvla (bavSvebis moSoreba kvamlisgan) mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobsxels respiratoruli infeqciebis, qalebsa da bavSvebSibevri sxva daavadebis ganviTarebis prevencias. amis gamo aucilebeliaTanamedrove skolaSi swavlebis pirvelive wlebidan ekologiuriganaTlebisadmi meti yuradRebis miqceva.ratom gaxda es amdenad aucilebeli da ra aris amis mizezi?yvelaze mniSvnelovani, ra Tqma unda, aris garemos dabinZurebasTandakavSirebuli problemebi. binZurdeba yvelaferi: haeri,wyali, niadagi. es TavisTavad damRupvelad aisaxeba mcenareebze,cxovelebze, adamianis janmrTelobaze. es TavisTavad ar SeiZlebadamRupvelad ar aisaxos mcenareebze, cxovelebze da adamianis janmrTelobaze.mtkvari, rioni, yvirila, Savi zRva – es mxolodramdenime misamarTia myvirala ekologiuri problemebisa.niadagis dabinZureba xdeba Sxamqimikatebis (pesticidebis) gamoyenebisgamo. izrdeba sayofacxovrebo narCenebis mTebi. miwebisararacionaluri gamoyenebis gamo xdeba niadagis gamofitva. izrdebaSeSfoTeba Cveni planetis ,,mezoblebis” _ mcenareebisa dacxovelebis gamo, romlebic ganicdian ormag wnexs: jer erTi,sacxovrebeli adgilebis dabinZureba da ngreva; meore, adamianisuSualo Careva cxovrebis pirobebSi. Sedegad bevri saxeoba aRigavamiwisagan pirisa. da mainc informaciis es minimaluri raodenobacki adasturebs, rom moswavleebis ekologiuri aRzrdis problemaxelovnuri ar aris da misi gadawyveta unda gaxdes maswavlebelTapedagogiuri moRvaweobis prioritetul amocanad.sazogadoebisa da bunebrivi garemos urTierTobis aqtualurobaskolas uyenebs amocanas Camouyalibos bavSvebs pasuxismgeblobabunebis mimarT. mSoblebs da pedagogebs gaTviTcnobierebuliaqvT moswavleebis bunebaSi qcevis wesebis swavlebisaucilebloba. rac ufro adre daiwyeba muSaoba moswavleebisekologiuri aRzrdaze, miT ufro Sedegiani ineba misi pedagogiuriSedegi. amasTan mWidro urTierTkavSirSi unda iyos moswav-819

leTa saswavlo da klasgareSe muSaobis yvela forma.umcrosi saswavlo asakis bavSvebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeliacodnisa da gancdebis unikaluri erTianoba, rac saSualebas iZlevaCamouyalibdeT bunebis mimarT pasuxismgeblobis saimedosafuZvlebi. dawyebiTi skolis yvela saswavlo sagani mowodebuliaSeitanos Tavisi wvlili bavSvebis ekologiuri pasuxismgeblobisformirebaSi. 1ekologiuri aRzrdis ZiriTadi mizania vaswavloT bavSvscocxali bunebis kanonebi, cocxali organizmebis gare samyaros-Tan urTierTobis arsis gageba da fizikuri da fsiqologiurimdgomareobis marTvis unarebis formireba. TandaTan gamoikveTaaRzrdisa da ganaTlebis amocanebi:1. ekologiuri codnis gaRrmaveba da gafarToeba;2. SeiTvisos sawyisi ekologiuri unar-Cvevebi _ qceviTi,SemecnebiTi, gardasaxviTi;3. ganaviTaros moswavleebSi SemecnebiTi, SemoqmedebiTi,sazogadoebrivi aqtiuroba ekologiuri saqmianobisdros;4. Camoayalibos (aRzardos) bunebisadmi frTxili damokidebuleba;bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda mecnierTayuradReba ekologiuri problemebis mimarT.kavSiri cocxal da aracocxal bunabasTan mdgomareobs ima-Si, rom haeri, wyali, siTbo, Suqi, mineraluri marilebi cocxaliorganizmebisaTvis aucilebelia. 2 es kavSiri gamoixatebacocxali organizmebis SeguebiT saarsebo garemosTan. cocxalda aracocxal bunabasTan arsebobs ukukavSiric, roca cocxaliorganizmebi axdenen zemoqmedebas aracocxal garemoze. Zalze sainteresoakavSiri cxovelebsa da mcenareebs Soris. aseve didimniSvneloba aqvs adamiansa da bunebas Soris kavSirs. es gamovlindebapirvelyovlisa im mravalmxrivi roliT, romelsac bunebaTamaSobs adamianis materialur da sulier cxovrebaSi.swavlebis procesSi moswavleebs unda avuxsnaT bunebaSi individualuriqcevis wesebi. amisaTvis tardeba eqskursia, gaseir-1 Т. А. Бабанова. Эколого-краеведческая работа с младшими школьниками. М.,1993, gv. 44-48.2 А. Ш. Бахтибенов. Экологическое воспитание младших школьников. – Русскийязык в школе, №6, 1993.820

neba da laSqroba bunebaSi. eqskursiis procesSi bavSvebi SeiZlebaSexvdnen dabinZurebul wyaros, romlis gawmenda bavSvebis daxmarebiTacSeiZleba, Tan avuxsniT, ramdenad mniSvnelovania wylissisufTave. wyali erT-erTi ZiriTadi bunebrivi resursia dedamiwaze.1 igi ZiriTadi klimaturi faqtoria da maszea damokidebuliacocxali samyaros ganviTareba. dedamiwis farTobis udidesinawili wyliTaa dafaruli da igi warmodgenilia okeaneebis,zRvebis da kontinentaluri wyalsatevebis saxiT. amdenad dedamiwazewylis ekosistemebs ufro didi farTobebi ukaviaT, vidrexmeleTis. wylis qimiur da fizikur Tvisebebzea damokidebulicocxal organizmTa ekologiuri Taviseburabani. maRali xvedri-Ti siTbotevadoba da cudi siTbogamtaroba ganapirobebs wylisdid Termul mdgradobas, rasac udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs klimaturipirobebis CamoyalibebisaTvis da hidrobiontebisaTvis.wylis resursebs udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba mosaxleobisaTvisxelsayreli sacxovrebeli pirobebis uzrunvelyofis,ekonomikis normaluri funqcionirebis, garemos SenarCunebis saqmeSi.aqedan gamomdinare, mosaxleobis, mrewvelobis, energetikisda soflis meurneobis wyliT uzrunvelyofa iyo da amJamadacrCeba erT-erT prioritetul amocanad qveynebis ekonomikis normalurifunqcionirebisaTvis. msoflios mraval qveyanaSi Seqmniliamtknari wylis saerTo deficiti, adgili aqvs misi wyaroebisTandaTanobiTi degradaciasa da dabinZurebis matebas. amis mizezebia:wylis obieqtebis arasakmarisad gawmendili CamdinarewylebiT da samrewvelo narCenebiT dabinZureba, bunebrivi wyal-Semkrebi farTobebis Semcireba, tyis masivebis ganadgureba, sasoflo-sameurneosaqmianobis araswori meTodebiT warmoeba.1975 wlidan 1990 wlamde evropaSi samrewvelo da sayofacxovrebonarCenebis moculobam sagrZnoblad imata rogorc absoloturi,ise SefardebiTi mniSvnelobiT da Seadgina weliwadSi 300kg-dan (italiaSi) 500 kg-mde (fineTi) erT sul mosaxleze.wylis ekologiuri sistemebis mudmivi degradaciis erT-erTZiriTad mizezs warmoadgens, erTi mxriv, warmoebisa da moxmarebisarsebuli struqturebis da, meores mxriv, wylis resursebisgamoyenebisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebis Seusabamoba. aseTimdgomareobaa praqtikulad yvela qveyanaSi, maT Soris ekonomiku-1 z. kereseliZe. zRvebisa da mtknari wylebis biologia. Tb., 2003;gv. 23-24.821

ad ganviTarebul qveynebSi, sadac mrewvelobam, rogorc saqmianobismomgebianma sferom mniSvnelovnad gauswro garemosdacviTmecnierebasa da praqtikuli saqmianobis im sferoebs, romlebsacar moaqvT dResve SesamCnevi mogeba.saqarTvelo mdidaria rogorc zedapiruli, ise miwisqveSa(maT Soris, Termuli da samkurnalo mineraluri) wylis resursebiT.zedapiruli wylebi warmodgenilia Savi da kaspiis zRvisauzebis mdinareebiT, bunebrivi da xelovnuri tbebiTa da wyalsacavebiT.mosaxleoba wylis resursebs iyenebs sayofacxovrebo dasameurneo daniSnulebiT. Sesabamisad wylebis dabinZurebis wyaroebicmosaxleobis sayofacxovrebo da sameurneo saqmianobasTanaadakavSirebuli.dabinZurebis ZiriTadi wyaroebia: komunaluri kanalizacia,sawarmoo da samedicino dawesebulebebis Camdinare wylebi. dabinZirebisdifuzuri wyaroebia: sasoflo-sameurneo farTobebidanda sayofacxovrebo poligonebidan (nagavsayrelebidan) Camonadenebi.komunaluri kanalizacia zedapiruli wylebis baqteriologiurdabinZurebas iwvevs. garda amisa, aseT wylebSi izrdebaorganuli naerTebiTa da fosfatebiT dabinZurebis xarisxi.saqarTveloSi yvelaze metad dabinZurebuli arian mdinareebi. 1adamianis cxovelqmedeba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli wyalTan.es ganapirobebs wyalSi gaxsnili an Sewonili Sxamebis organizmSimoxvedris did albaTobas wylis gamoyenebisas sasmelad,sakvebis mosamzadeblad, sanitaruli da sameurneo miznebisaTvis.gansazRvruli pirobebisas wylis qimiurma mowamvlam SeiZlebaSeqmnas saSiSi situaciebi adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis, misi garemomcveliflorisa da faunisaTvis. ukve dRes mraval region-Si bunebrivi wylebis dabinZurebam migviyvana wyalsatevebisa dawyalsadinrebis ekologiur sistemaTa degradaciamde da sufTasasmeli wylis resursebis katastroful Semcirebamde. bunebriviwylebis sisufTavis SenarCunebis problemis gadaWra dakavSirebuliarig sirTuleebTan da, pirvel rigSi, Camdinare wylebismoculobis zrdasTan. 2ganasxvaveben bunebrivi wylebis dabinZurebis Semdeg Ziri-1 g. babunaSvili, m. xutaSvili. zogadi ekologia da garemos dacva.Tb., 2003, gv. 13.2 http://www.who.int.822

Tad wyaroebs:1. atmosferul naleqebs, romlebic Seicavs haeridan Camorecxil,samrewvelo warmoSobis polutantebs;2. samrewvelo Camdinare wylebs, romlebic Seicavs Savimetalurgiis, qimiuri, xe-tyis qimiuri, navTobmrewvelobisnarCenebs;3. qalaqis Camdinare wylebs, romlebic Seicavs sayofacxovreboCanadens, detergentebsa da sxva damabinZureblebs.warsulSi bunebrivi wylebis anTropogenuri dabinZurebisprocesSi gansakuTrebuli yurdReba eTmoboda Jangbadis STanmTqavorganul nivTierebebs, magram axla pirvel planze gamodis iseTidamabinZureblebi, rogorebicaa navTobi, mZime liTonebi, rTuliorganuli nivTierebebi (pesticidebi, detergentebi da sxva) dabiogenuri nivTierebebi (fosfatebi, nitratebi).swori ekologiuri ganaTleba saSualebas iZleva SemdgomSiTavidan aviciloT kacobriobis bevri ekologiuri problema.swored moswavleebi Rebuloben sistematiur codnas; aq formirdebada viTardeba maTi xasiaTis Taviseburebani, nebisyofa damoraluri saxe. pirovnebis aRzrdis maCvenebelia ekologiuricodna, unari, praqtikuli Sedegebi, romlebic gamovlindeba bunebisdacvaSi.823

GURANDA GABUNIAECOLOGY AND THE PUPIL’S ECOLOGICALEDUCATIONThe main purpose of school is to bring up physically and psychologicallyhealthy, intellectual and sociable generation. The posterior generationshould take care not only of themselves but of the society tooand should be responsible for their actions. It’s very important to acquaintthe public of any existing addictions pernicious for the society becausethe possessor of the fundamentally studied information chooses logicallya healthy way of life and rejects these harmful habits. A correctecological education enables the society to avoid many ecological problemsfacing mankind in future. And pupils receive a systematic schooling.At school their characters, willpower and moral traits are formedand developed. The ecological cognition, ability, practical results whichare manifested in the protection of the environment are the marks of aperson’s culture.824

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebihumanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seriat. V, 2008КАХИ КОПАЛИАНИ, ИРМА ШОМАХИАВЛИЯНИЕ СТАТУСА СТАРШЕКЛАССНИКОВ НААГРЕССИВНОЕ ПОВЕДЕНИЕ В ДЕЛОВОМ И ЛИЧНОМВЗАИМООТНОШЕНИЯХАгрессия – одна из форм реагирования на травматические ситуации,вызывающая острое конфликтное эмоциональное состояние– аффект, стресс, фрустрацию. Различают физическую (применениефизической силы в отношении других людей) и вербальную агрессию(выражение негативных чувств посредством формы и содержаниявербальных реакций – круг, угроза, проклятие, матерщина,визг), прямую агрессию (непосредственно направленную против какого-либообъекта или субъекта), косвенную агрессию (вредная клевета,пересуды и т.д.), импульсивная и ненаправленная агрессия (бешенство,проявленное в интенсивных эмоционально-экспрессивныхдействиях), инструментальная агрессия (агрессия, как средство достижениякакой-либо цели) и аутоагрессия (самобичевания, самоунижение,причинение вреда собственному телу, суицид). 1Агрессия – врожденное естественное и необходимое требование.Научными исследованиями выясняется, что в подростках излишняяагрессия в будущем может привести к плачевным результатам.В роли причины агрессивного поведения проявились переживаниесвирепства, боли, перенасыщения и другие подобные субъективныеположения. Вместе с тем большая часть исследователей основнойпричиной агрессивного поведения считает фрустрацию. 2фрустрация – такое эмоциональное состояние, которое предопределенонеудовлетворением сильнейших требований человека, нравами,обычаями, религиозной верой, господствующими в общественормами. Упомянутое состояние считается одним из основных источниковпроявления агрессии. Когда достижению цели что-либо препятствует,тогда переживание возникшей в человеке фрустрации повышаетрост вероятности осуществления агрессивного поведения, акогда в результате фрустрации человек свирепствует, тогда лишь1 Психологическая Энциклопедия. Тб., 2007, с. 13 (на груз. яз.).2 Основы психологии. Тб., 2005, с. 381 (на груз. яз.).825

даже упоминание слова или имени, связанное с провоцированиемнасилия, повышает степень агрессивности. Как видно, в этом случаедетерминирующими явлениями агрессии являются не врожденныеинстинкты, а приобретённое в ходе опыта и актуально существующеевзаимодействие характеристических данных обстановки. 1Среди вызывающих агрессивность факторов также примечательны:стиль семейного воспитания, примеры агрессивного поведения,которые ребёнок или подросток наблюдает с телеэкрана, отношениямежду родителями в семье, эмоциональная нагрузка, испытаннаясо стороны сверстников и т.д. Наблюдения за ними свидетельствуют,что агрессивность, приобретённая в раннем детстве,остается прочным качеством и прослеживается в течение всей жизни.Она становится проблематичным по отношению ко всем без разбора,что возможно отразится как на отношениях в семье, так и насвоеобразных взаимоотношениях с педагогами и сверстниками и накачестве учёбы. Такие подростки испытывают духовное одиночество,становятся враждебными, агрессивными и сторонятся всех. 2Для подростков весьма важно быть принятыми сверстниками,почувствовать, что они необходимы группе, иметь в ней определенныйпрестиж и авторитет, социометрические исследования показали,что в классных группах постепенно происходит определённая“поляризация”, выделяются как популярные, так и те, у кого выборменьше.В процессе реализации групповой деятельности происходитфункциональная спецификация членов группы, выделение групповыхролей, как особых функциональных образований, в том числе ивыделение роли лидера. Согласно данным специальных исследований,выдвижение того или иного члена группы на роль лидера обусловленоточкой зрения партнёров на индивидуальные качества групповоголидера. 3Член группы, наиболее активный в разрешении стоящих передгруппой задач, становится инструментальным или деловым лидером,а тот член группы, действия которого касаются в основномсферы внутренней интеграции группы и в этом направлении он яв-1 Т. Гогичаишвили. Психология развития. Тб., 2005, с. 450 (на груз. яз.); Д. Чарквиани.Основы экспериментальной социальной психологии. Тб., 2004, с. 132 (нагруз. яз.); Д. Майерс. Социальная психология. СПБ., 2000, с. 483.2 Т. Гогичаишвили. Психология развития, с. 376.3 К. Копалиани. Ролевая дифференциация лидерства в юношеских спортивных командах.– Кавказаведение. №3. М., 2003, с. 132; Р. Л. Кричевский, М. М. Рыжак.Психология руководства и лидерства в спортивном коллективе. М., 1985, с. 34.826

ляется наиболее выдающимся членом группы, становится экспрессивнымили социально-эмоциональным лидером. 1Надо также отметить, что структура лидерства в любой человеческойгруппе характеризуется горизонтальным измерением – наличиемдвух ролей лидерства, но и вертикальным измерением-наличиемранговой организации группы. Ранговая организация группырассматриваются как иерархия позиций, занимаемых её отдельнымичленами в обшей структуре группы. Высший ранг имеет лидер.Таким образом, с учётом вышеизложенного можно сформулироватьследующие гипотезы:1. Чем выше статус старшеклассников в учебе, можно предположить,что тем менее будут они склонны к агрессии;2. Мы считаем, что чем ниже статус старшеклассников в личномотношении, тем выше будет у них уровень агрессии.Исследование было проведено 10 школах г. Кутаиси. Всего количествореспондентов насчитывало 217 старшеклассников 1991-92г рождения. Оценка лидерства в группе старшеклассников осуществляласьпутем ранжирования. Ученики отвечали на два вопроса.Первый из них касался инструментального лидерства:– «Каков, по твоему мнению, вклад каждого члена твоей группыв групповой успех (т.е. какого члена группы ты поставилбы на первое место как ученика, кого на второе место, кого, натретье место)?»Второй вопрос представлял собой характеристику экспрессивноголидерства:– «Каков, по твоему мнению, вклад каждого члена твоей группыв дело развития дружеских отношении в группе (т.е. какогочлена группы ты поставил бы на первое место как друга, когона второе место, кого, на третье место)?»Эти вопросы были распечатаны и розданы каждому из членовисследуемых групп. Фамилии старшеклассников каждой группыбыли записаны и пронумерованы. Ученик, которому присваивалосьпервое место, получал три балла, за второе место – два балла, за третьеместо – один балл. Оценка лидерства в каждой деятельностипроводилась путем суммирования баллов, полученных каждым членомгруппы от своих партнёров при ранжировании. Диагностированиеуровня агрессии проводилось с использованием опросника А.Басса и А. Дарки, по физическим и вербальным параметрам:1 К. Копалиани. Ролевая дифференциация лидерства в юношеских спортивныхкомандах. – Кавказаведение. №3. М., 2003, с. 133.827

1) Физическая агрессивность – использование физической силыпротив другого лица;2) Вербальная агрессивность – Выражение негативных чувствкак через форму словесного обращения (ссора, крик, визг),так и через содержание словесных обращений к другим лицам(угроза, проклятия, ругань и пр.).Выявление уровня физической агрессивности старшеклассниковосуществлялось ответом «да» или «нет» на вопрос:– Если разозлюсь, могу ударить кого-нибудь.– Знаю людей, которые способны довести меня до драки.Вербальная агрессивность определялась следующим суждением:– Часто бываю не согласен с людьми.– Требую, чтобы люди уважали мои права.Установление в группах старшеклассников физической и вербальнойагрессии, а также выявление лучшего ученика и самогоблизкого друга, носило анонимный характер.По данным эмпирических исследований, статистически значимаясвязь в личных отношениях и в деловой сфере между статусомстаршеклассников и их вербальной и физической агрессией из десятигрупп не в одной не установлена. В результате более детальногоанализа получили следующие данные, в частности: статистическизначимая противоположная связь между статусом юношей и физическойагрессией из десяти групп установлена в девяти группах. А вделовой сфере у юношей, между статусом и физической агрессиейлишь в одной группе установлена статистически значимая противоположнаясвязь (таблица 1).У девушек-старшеклассниц статистически значимая противоположнаясвязь между статусом и вербальной агрессией, по экспрессивнымизмерениям, установлена в восьми группах (таблица 2).А в деловой сфере, по нашим данным, ни одной значимой связи неоказалось.828

Таблица 1Корреляционные показатели между лидерством ифизической агрессией поинструментальным и экспрессивным измерениямв учебной деятельности у юношейШкола* p

* p

kaxi kopaliani, irma SomaxiaufrosklaselTa statusis gavlena agresiulqcevaze saqmian da pirad urTierTobebSistatiaSi sociometriuli da anketuri gamokiTxvis meTodisgamoyenebiT Catarebuli analizis safuZvelze dadgenilia ufrosklaselTastatusis gavlena agresiul qcevaze saqmian da piradurTierTobebSi. kerZod, kvlevam aCvena Semdegi: 1) ufrosklasel-Ta jgufebSi, ramdenadac dabalia ymawvilTa statusi, miT ufromaRalia fizikuri agresiis done; 2) ufrosklaselTa jgufebSi,ramdenadac dabalia gogonaTa statusi, miT ufro maRalia verbaluriagresiis done; 3) ar dafiqsirda statistikurad mniSvnelovanikorelacia saqmian da pirad urTierTobebSi maT statussada agresiulobas Soris fizikuri da verbaluri parametrebiT.KAKHI KOPALIANI, IRMA SHOMAKHIATHE IMPACT OF THE SENIOR PUPILS’ STATUS ONTHE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR IN BUSINESSAND PRIVATE RELATIONSThe present work touches upon the relation of the senior pupils’status to the physical and verbal aggression level in business (instrumentaland private (expressive sphere) relations. By using questionnairesand a socio-metric method and as a result of the correlative analysis ofthe conducted empirical research it was detected that in senior pupils’groups the boys’ status in private relations is in inverse ratio to the physicalaggression, i.e. the lower the senior schoolboys’ status in private relationsthe higher the physical aggression degree. As for the senior schoolgirls,their high status in private relations is in inverse ratio to the verbalaggression, i.e. the lower the girls’ status in private relations the highertheir verbal aggression level. In private and business spheres no statisticallyreliable links have been corroborated between the senior pupils’status and aggression by the physical and verbal parameters.831

832avtorebi Tamila zviadaZe _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asistent-profesori biZina lemonjava _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori inga sanikiZe _ filologiis doqtori irine CaCaniZe _ filologiis doqtori, quTaisis akaki wereTlissaxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori levan faCulia _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori manana bukia _ filologiis doqtori, SoTa mesxias sax. zugdidissaxelmwifo institutis asocirebuli profesori marine kakaCia _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asistent-profesori qeTevan margiani _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori marine jRarkava _ soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis leqtori Tamar giTolendia _ soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis magistraturisstudenti xatia kakava _ soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis magistraturisstudenti ema kilanava _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis sruli profesori irina yruaSvili _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori lali ratiani _ soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis leqtori leda qobalia _ filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumissaxelmwifo universitetis leqtori maia daraselia _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asistent-profesori nana axobaZe _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asistent-profesori manana Selia _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori qeTi galoberi _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori

Tamar jojua _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asistent-profesori Tamar bakuraZe _ filosofiis doqtori, saqarTvelos teqnikuriuniversitetis leqtori maka kaWarava _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori nana ediSeraSvili _ filologiis doqtori nino bakuraZe _ pedagogikis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis leqtori diana alania _ filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumissaxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori giorgi wibaxaSvili _ filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,profesori irma gulordava _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis leqtori indira Zagania _ filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumissaxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori tite mosia _ filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, SoTa mesxiassax. zugdidis saxelmwifo institutis profesori nana Sengelia _ soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti lado Wania _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis leqtori nana araxamia _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis leqtori nino vaxania _ filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumissaxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori joni marRania _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori fiqria CxartiSvili _ soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisdoqtoranti kote Todua _ soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti merab naWyebia _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori dariko fifia _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asistent-profesori53. soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi833

luara sordia _ filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumissaxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori ciala mesxia _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori inga milorava _ filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumissaxelmwifo universitetis leqtori indira gadilia _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asistent-profesori mariam miresaSvili _ filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumissaxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori nana gafrindaSvili _ filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivanejavaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisasocirebuli profesori lela mircxulava _ soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti salome kapanaZe _ filologiis doqtori marine turava _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis leqtori Tamar kiRuraZe _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asistent-profesori xaTuna wiklauri _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asistent-profesori nana kucia _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisasistent-profesori alton beselia _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori olRa petriaSvili _ filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori nino eTeria _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis leqtori kaxaber fifia _ istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisasocirebuli profesori nodar berulava _ istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis leqtori revaz Tolordava _ geografiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori zurab papasqiri _ istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumissaxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori834

kaxa kvaSilava _ soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti avTandil kilasonia _ istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori beJan xorava _ istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisasocirebuli profesori boris kvaracxelia _ istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumissaxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori jambul anCabaZe _ istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis leqtori zaza wurwumia _ soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti dazmir jojua _ istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisasocirebuli profesori meri gabedava _ istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisleqtori nodar darsania _ istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asistent-profesori daviT Citaia _ istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisasocirebuli profesori estate (Tengiz) anTelava _ istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis leqtori Teimuraz papasqiri _ istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilissaxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuliprofesori giorgi anTelava _ istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumissaxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori vaxtang jafariZe _ istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumissaxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori manana kuprava _ istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisleqtori revaz xvistani _ istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asistent-profesori Temur Todua _ istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilissaxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuliprofesori zviad kviciani _ istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobisTbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuliprofesori835

aleqsandre wurwumia _ politologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori koba noniaSvili _ filosofiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asistent-profesori givi rogava _ istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, filosofiisdoqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis leqtori meri Wanturia _ filosofiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asistent-profesori nestan lomaia _ filosofiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asistent-profesori badri kvaracxelia _ samarTlis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori mixeil mamniaSvili _ samarTlis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori Tamar zarandia _ samarTlis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori vefxvia gvaramia _ ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifouniversitetis doqtoranti, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asistent-profesori sofio gvaramia _ ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifouniversitetis doqtoranti, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asistent-profesori avTandil xazalia _ samarTlis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis leqtori jemal jinjixaZe _ pedagogikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumissaxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori levan jinjixaZe _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori lia axalaZe _ istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetisasocirebuli profesori rusudan fifia _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asistent-profesori gabunia guranda _ qarTuli universitetis doqtoranti kaxi kopaliani _ fsiqologiis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifouniversitetis asocirebuli profesori irma Somaxia. _ soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis asistentprofesori836

Authors Tamila Zviadadze – Ph.D. in Philology, Assistant Professor of SokhumiState University Bidzina Lemonjava – Ph.D. in Philology, Associate Professor of SokhumiState University Inga Sanikidze – Ph.D. in Philology Irine Chachanidze – Ph.D. in Philology, Assistant Professor of KutaisiAkaki Tsereteli State University Levan Pachulia – Ph.D. in Philology, Associate Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity Manana Bukia – Ph.D. in Philology, Associate Professor of Zugdidi ShotaMeskhia State Institute Marine Kakachia – Ph.D. in Philology, Assistant Professor of SokhumiState University Ketevan Margiani – Ph.D. in Philology, Assistant Professor of SokhumiState University. Marine Jgharkava – Lecturer of Sokhumi State University Tamar Gitolendia – MA Student of Sokhumi State University Khatia Kakava – MA Student of Sokhumi State University Emma Kilanava – Ph.D. in Philology, Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity Irina Kruashvili – Ph.D. in Philology, Associate Professor of SokhumiState University Lali Ratiani – Lecturer lecturer of Sokhumi State University Leda Kobalia – Doctor of Philological Sciences, Lecturer of Sokhumi StateUniversity Maya Daraselia – Ph.D. in Philology, Assistant Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity Nana Akhobadze – Ph.D. in Philology, Assistant Professor of SokhumiState University. Manana Shelia – Ph.D. in Philology, Associate Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity Keti Galoberi – Ph.D. in Philology, Associate Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity Tamara Jojua – Ph.D. in Philology, Assistant Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity Tamar Bakuradze – Ph.D., Lecturer of Georgian Technikal University Maka Kacharava – Ph.D. in Philology, Associate Professor of SokhumiState University. Nana Edisherashvili – Ph.D. in Philology, Nino Bakuradze – Ph.D., Lecturer of Sokhumi State University837

Diana Alania – Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity. Georgi Tsibakhashvili Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor. Irma Gulordava – Ph.D. in Philology, Lecturer of Sokhumi StateUniversity. Indira Dzagania – Doctor of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor ofSokhumi State University Tite Mosia – Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of Zugdidi ShotaMeskhia State Institute. Nana Shengelia – Post-Graduate Student of Sokhumi State University Lado Chania – Ph.D. in Philology Nana Arakhamia – Ph.D. in Philology, Lecturer of Sokhumi StateUniversity Nino Vakhania – Doctor of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor ofSokhumi State University Joni Margania – Ph.D. in Philology, Associate Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity Piqria Chartishvili – Post-Graduate Student of Sokhumi State University Kote Todua – Post-Graduate Student of Sokhumi State University Merab Nachkebia – Ph.D. in Philology, Associate Professor of SokhumiState University Dariko Pipia – Ph.D. in Philology, Assistant Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity Luara Sordia – Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity Tsiala Meskhia – Ph.D. in Philology, Associate Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity Inga Milorava – Doctor of Philological Sciences, Lecturer of Sokhumi StateUniversity. Indira Gadilia – Ph.D. in Philology, Assistant Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity Mariam Miresashvili – Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of SokhumiState University Nana Gaprindashvili – Doctor of Philological Sciences, Associate Professorof Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Lela Mirtskhulava – Post-Graduate Student of Sokhumi State University Salome Kapanadze – Ph.D. in Philology Marine Turava – Ph.D. in Philology, Lecturer of Sokhumi State University Tamar Kiguradze – Ph.D. in Philology, Assistant Professor of SokhumiState University Khatuna Tsiklauri – Ph.D. in Philology, Assistant Professor of SokhumiState University838

Nana Kutsia – Ph.D. in Philology, Assistant Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity. Alton Beselia – Ph.D. in Philology, Associate Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity Olga Petriashvili – Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of SokhumiState University Nino Eteria – Ph.D. in Philology, lecturer of Sokhumi State University Kakhaber Pipia – Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity Nodar Berulava – Ph.D. in History, Lecturer of Sokhumi State University. Revaz Tolordava – Ph.D. in Geography, Associate Professor of SokhumiState University Zurab Papaskiri – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of SokhumiState University, Chairman of the Abkhazian Organization of EkvtimeTakaishvili Georgian Historical Society, Winner of Georgian State Prize byGiorgi Sharvashidze. Kakha Kvashilava – Post-Graduate Student of Sokhumi State University Avtandil Kilasonia – Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor of SokhumiState University Bezhan Khorava – Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity Boris Kvatatskhelia – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Assistant Professor ofSokhumi State University Jambul Anchabadze– Ph.D. in History, Lecturer of Sokhumi StateUniversity Zaza Tsurtsumia – Post-Graduate Student of Sokhumi State University Dazmir Jojua – Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity Mary Gabedava – Ph.D. in History, Lecturer of Sokhumi State University Nodar Darsania – Ph.D. in History, Assistant Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity David Chitaia – Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity Estate (Tengiz) Antelava – Doctor of Historical Sciences, lecturer ofSokhumi State University Teimuraz Papaskiri – Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor of IvaneJavakhishvili Tbilisi State University George Antelava – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Assistant Professor ofSokhumi State University Vakhtang Japaridze – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professorof Sokhumi State University Manana Kuprava – Ph.D. in History, Lecturer of Sokhumi State University Revaz Khvistani – Ph.D. in History, Assistant Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity839

Temur Todua – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of IvaneJavakhishvili Tbilisi State University Zviad Kvitsiani – Ph.D. Associate Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili TbilisiState University Alexandre Tsurtsumia – Ph.D. in Politology, Associate Professor of SokhumiState University Koba Noniashvili – Ph.D. in Philosophy, Assistant Professor of SokhumiState University Givi Rogava – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Assistant Professor ofSokhumi State University, Ph.D. in Philosophy, Lecturer of Sokhumi StateUniversity Nestan Lomaia – Ph.D. in Philosophy, Assistant Professor of SokhumiState University Mary Chanturia – Ph.D. in Philosophy, Assistant Professor of SokhumiState University Badri Kvaratskhelia – Ph.D. in Law, Associate Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity Mikheil Mamniashvili – Ph.D. in Law, Associate Professor of SokhumiState University Tamar Zarandia – Ph.D. in Law, Associate Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity Vepkhvia Gvaramia – Post-Graduate Student of Ivane Javakhishvili TbilisiState University, Assistant Professor of Sokhumi State University Sophio Gvaramia – Post-Graduate Student of Ivane Javakhishvili TbilisiState University, Assistant Professor of Sokhumi State University Avtandil Khazalia – Ph.D. in Law, Lecturer of Sokhumi State University Jemal Jinjikhadze – Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor of SokhumiState University Levan Jinjikhadze – Ph.D. in Philology, Associate Professor of SokhumiState University Lia Akhaladze – Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity Rusudan Pipia – Ph.D. in Philology, Assistant Professor of Sokhumi StateUniversity Guranda Gabunia – Post-Graduate Student of Ceorgian University Kakhi Kopaliani – Ph.D. in Psychology, Associate Professor of SokhumiState University Irma Shomakhia – Assistant Professor of Sokhumi State University840

avtorebisaTvissoxumis saxelmwifo universitetis SromebSi (humanitarulda socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria) gamosaqveynebladmotanili an gamogzavnili masala unda iyos akrefiliakadnusxurSi (zoma _ 12, intervali _ 1,5). sqolio unda iyosaseve akadnusxurSi (zoma _ 10, intervali _ 1,5). ucxo enebzeakrefili teqsti unda iyos akrefili Times New Roman-Si,ZiriTadi teqstis an sqolios Sesabamisi zomebiT. statias Tanunda axldes reziume (1000 aso-niSani, naxevari gverdidan erTgverdamde) qarTul da inglisur enebze. sqolios dakabadonebiswesebis Sesaxeb ix. `Sromebi~ (humanitarul da socialur-politikurmecnierebaTa seria), t. I. Tb., 2007, veb-gverdze: http://www.sou.ge. gamoyenebuli literaturis siis darTva saWiro araris.redaqciis misamarTi:soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti,q. Tbilisi, 0186, jiqias q. 9,tel.: 54-14-12E-mail: zpapaskiri@gmail.comweb-site: http://www.sou.ge

gamomcemlobis redaqtorebi: robert mesxi,lela mircxulavadamkabadonebeli: nugzar arCemaSvilidaibeWda: gamomcemloba `meridiani”, Tbilisi,al. yazbegis 45. tel. 39-15-22E-mail: info@meridianpub.com

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