B. A. Part-III Economics Paper-5 Add. Matter.P65 - Shivaji University

~r. E. ^mJ-3 : AW©emñÌ nona 5 (OyZm) nona 8 d 13 (Z{dZ) 

AW©emñÌr` g§emoYZ nÕVr 

`m {df`mÀ`m gwYm[aV Aä`mgH«$_mà_mUo A{YH$Mm ^mJ go{_ñQ>a 5 H$[aVm 

OwÝ`m nwñVH$mVrc KQ>H$-2 Z{dZ Aä`mgH«$_mà_mUo KQ>H$-2 

2.4 g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmMr Amdí`H$Vm Am{U _hÎd : 

Need and Importance of Research Design. 

g§emoYZ AmamIS>m åhUOo g§nyU© g§emoYZmMr EH$ énaofmM AgVo. `m AmamIS>çm_Üò g§emoYZmMm {df` 

{ZdS>Ê`mnmgyZ Vo g§emoYZmMm A§{V_ Ahdmb V`ma hmoB©n`ªVÀ`m àËòH$ ~m~tMm {dMma AmamIS>m V`ma H$aVmZm 

Ho$bobm AgVmo. Á`mà_mUo B§{O{ZAa EImXr B_maV ~m§YÊ`mnwdu Ë`mMm AmamIS>m V`ma H$aVmo d Ë`m 

AmamIS>çmà_mUo Z§Va ~m§YH$m_ nyU© H$aVmo. B_maVrMm AmamImS>m V`ma Z H$aVm B_maV ~m§YUr {XemhrZ 

hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. EdT>oM Zìho Va Ë`m B§{O{ZAaMo l_, doi, n¡gm dm`m OmÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. åhUyZ 

nyd© {Z`moOZ H$ê$ZM B_maVrMo ~m§YH$m_ hmVmV KoUo gwknUmMo AgVo. Ë`mMà_mUo gyk g§emoYH$ XoIrb àË`j 

g§emoYZmbm gwédmV H$aÊ`mnwdu Ë`mMm AmamIS>m V`ma H$aVmo. g§emoYH$mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmMr 

Amdí`H$Vm nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm òB©b. 

1) H$mQ>oH$moa {ZîH$fm©Mr _m§S>Ur : 

g§emoYZ AmamIS>çm_wio g§emoYH$mbm Cn`wŠV AgUmarM VÏò g§H${bV H$ê$Z Ë`mAmYmao AMyH$ {ZîH$f© 

H$mT>Ê`mg _XV hmoVo. 

2) V§Ì gmYZmg§~§YrMo {dMma : 

g§emoYZmMm {df` {ZpíMVrZ§Va VËg§~§Yr VÏò g§H${bV H$aUo Amdí`H$ ~m~ AgVo, hr VÏò {OVH$s 

AMyH$ d dñVw{ZîR> AgVrb {VVHo$M Ë`mAmYmao H$mT>bobo {ZîH$f© AMyH$ d dñVw{ZîR> amhVrb. åhUyZ VÏ` 

g§H$bZ H$moUË`m nÕVrZo H$amd`mMo `mMm {dMma H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. 

åhUyZM g§emoYZ AmamIS>m VÏ` g§H$bZmbm {Xem àmßV H$ê$Z XoVmo. 

3) gwb^ VÏ` {díbofUmgmR>r : 

KQ>H$-2 

g§emoYZ AmamIS>m (Research Design) 

g§emoYH$mZo VÏò g§H${bV Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`mbm `mo½` Vmo AW© bmdÊ`mgmR>r g§H${bV VÏ`m§Mo dJuH$aU, 

gm§Ho${VH$aU, gmaUrH$aU H$ê$Z Ë`mMo `mo½`[aË`m {díbofU H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. nU ho {díbofU nyd©{Z`mo{OV 

1

Agob Va VÏ`m§À`m amerH$S>o ~KyZ g§emoYH$ Jm|YiyZ OmUma Zmhr, CbQ> VÏ`m§VyZ Amnë`mbm H$mhr {ZîH$f© 

_m§S>md`mMo AmhoV. `mMr OmUrdg§emoYH$mbm nŠH$s AgVo. Ë`m_wio VÏ`m§Mo {díbofU H$go d H$moUË`m nÕVrZo 

H$amd`mMo `mMr nyd© H$ënZm g§emoYH$mbm g§emoYZ AmamIS>çm_wio òVo. Ë`mgmR>r g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmMr Amdí`H$Vm 

Amho. 

4) AmXe© AmamIS>çmMr ê$naofm : 

g§emoYZ g_ñòÀ`m gd© A§Jm§Mm gmYH$-~mYH$ {dMma H$aVmZm Ë`m g_ñòg§~§YrMo nyd©{MÌ S>moù`mg_moa 

Agbo nm{hOo. `mgmR>r g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V`ma Ho$bm OmVmo. na§Vw Agm AmamIS>m V`m H$aVmZm H$mhr ì`dhm[aH$ 

AS>MUr òÊ`mMr í`Vm AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V`ma H$aVmZm _mJm©Vrb AS>MUtZm ~mOwbm gmê$Z 

hm AmamIS>m AmXe© R>odUo JaOoMo AgVo. 

5) doi, n¡gm d n[al_ `m§Mr ~MV hmoVo : 

g§emoYZ AmamH$S>m hm nyd©{Z`mo{OV d hoVwnwañga V`ma Ho$bobm AgVmo. g_ñòÀ`m {ZdS>rnmgyZ Vo VÏ` 

g§H$bZ, VÏ`m§Mo {díbofU, AW©emoYZ Ahdmb boH$Z `m àËòH$ Q>ßß`mVrb ~m~tMm {dMma g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmV 

Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio g§emoYZ H$m`m©V H$mhr AZno{jV AS>MUr Amë`m Var g§emoYH$ Jm|YiyZ OmV Zmhr. darb 

gd© _wÚm§Mm gmamgma {dMma AJmoXaM g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmV Ho$bm Jobm Agë`m_wio g§emoYH$mMo à`ËZ ì`W© d 

{XemhrZ hmoV ZmhrV. åhUOoM g§emoYH$mMm doi, n¡gm, n[al_ `mMr ~MV H$ê$ eH$Vmo. 

6) Ëd[aV AW© bmdVm òVmo : 

g§emoYZ AmamIS>çm_wio g§emoYH$ `mo½` Ë`m V§ÌmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo VÏ` g§H$bZ H$ê$ eH$Vmo. Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`m 

g§H${bV VÏ`m§Mo dJuH$aU, gmaUrH$aU B.À`m ghmæ`mZo VÏ`mV `mo½` Vr ì`dñWm bmdyZ Ë`mVyZ AMyH$ {ZîH$f© 

VmËH$mi H$mT>Vm òVmo. Oa g§emoYZ AmamIS>m Zgob Va AW©emoYZmg {db§~ bmJVmo. 

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AW©emñÌr` g§emoYZ nÕVr 



4.4 VÏ` g§H$bZmMo _hÎd : 

Importance of Data Collection : 

KQ>H$-4 

VÏ` g§H$cZ 

àËòH$ g§emoYZmV VÏ` g§H$bZmbm AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd AgVo. H$maU VÏ` g§H$bZmVyZM g§emoYH$mbm 

g§emoYZmgmR>r Cn`wŠV _m{hVr {_iV AgVo. Vr _m{hVr àmW{_H$ VgoM Xwæ`_ VÏ` g§H$bZ gmYUm§À`mÛmao 

g§H${bV Ho$br OmVo. Ë`m VÏ`m§Mo dJuH$aU, gmaUrH$aU, H$ê$Z Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`mVyZ Or _m{hVr {_iVo Ë`mVyZ 

AMyH$ {ZîH$f© H$mT>Uo eŠ` hmoVo. VgoM AZoH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ JmoîQ>tMm Aä`mg H$aVm òVmo, VgoM EImÚm KQ>ZoV 

H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV H$gH$go n[adV©Z hmoV Jobo `mMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r VÏ` g§H$bZmbm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. 

VÏ` g§H$bZmMo ho _hÎd nwT>rb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©b. 

1) AmH$S>odmar {_i{dUo d {VMm g§emoYZmgmR>r dmna H$aUo : 

emgZg§ñWoMo {d{dY {d^mJ VgoM J¡aemgH$s` g§ñWm {d{dY {df`m§darb _m{hVr (VÏò) VgoM AmH$S>odmar 

{d{dY CÔoemZo g§H${bV H$ê$Z Vr doimodoir àH$m{eV H$arV AgVmV. CXm. emgZmÀ`m Amamo½` ImË`mH$Sy>Z 

àH$m{eV Pmbobr OÝ_-_¥Ë`yXa, ~mb_¥Ë`y, Hw$nmofU B. AmH$S>odmar, {ejU ImË`mH$Sy>Z à{gÕ hmoUmar gmja, 

{Zaja, nXdrYa, nXì`Îma B. {ejU KoVbobo bmoH$, `m§Mr AmH$S>odmar, J«m_rU {dH$mg `§ÌUoH$Sy>Z à{gÕ 

Ho$bobr Xm[aÐç aofoImbrb OrdZ OJUmè`m bmoH$m§Mr AmH$S>odmar, nmobrg ImË`mH$Sy>Z à{gÕ hmoUmar {d{dY 

JwÝøm§g§~§YrMr AmH$S>odmar, OZJUZm {d^mJmH$Sy>Z XoemVrb bmoH$g§»òMr, ñÌr-nwéf à_mU J«m_rU-ehar, 

gmja-{Zaja, H$Vu-ZmH$Vu B. AZoH$ àH$maMr _m{hVr emgH$s` AhdmbmÛmao à{gÕ Ho$ë`mZ§Va g§emoYH$ 

Amnë`m g§emoYZ {df`mbm AZwHy$b AgUmar _m{hVr Ë`mVyZ {_i{dVmo d Ë`m _m{hVrMm (VÏ`m§Mm), AmH$S>odmarMm 

dmna g§emoYZ H$m`m©gmR>r H$ê$ eH$Vmo. 

2) g§emoYZ H$m`m©bm JVr àmßV H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r : 

g§emoYH$mbm Amnë`m {df`mbm Cn`wŠV Aer VÏò Omon`ªV CnbãY hmoV ZmhrV Vmon`ªV Ë`m g§emoYH$mMo 

g§emoYZ H$m`© _§XJVrZoM H$aVmo. _mÌ EH$Xm H$m g§emoYH$mbm Amdí`H$ Vr VÏò hmVr Ambr H$s Ë`mMo g§emoYZ 

H$m`© doJmZo nwT>o OmVo. 

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3) Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmT>mdm KoÊ`mgmR>r : 

Oa EImÚm g§emoYH$mZo EImÚm {df`mda nydu g§emoYZ Ho$bo Agob qH$dm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Vr _m{hVr nwñVH$ 

ê$nmZo qH$dm g§emoYZ Ahdmb ê$nmZo à{gÕ Ho$br Agob Va Ë`m gm_J«rMm Cn`moJ g§emoYH$ Amnë`m g§emoYZmgmR>r 

Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmT>mdm KoÊ`mgmR>r H$ê$ eH$Vmo. EdT>oM Zìho Va Ë`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ g_ñòV H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV H$m`- 

H$m` n[adV©Z Pmbo Amho, VgoM Ë`mV n[adV©Z H$m KSy>Z Ambo `mMmhr Aä`mg ZdrZ VÏ`m§À`m AmYmao H$aVm 

òVmo. 

4) g§H${bV VÏ`m§Zm ~iH$Q>r àmßV H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r : 

EImXm g§emoYH$ Amnë`m g§emoYZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar _m{hVr àíZmdbr, _wbmIV, {ZarjU, 

gd}jU `mgma»`m àmW{_H$ VÏ` g§H$bZ gmYZm§Ûmao (Primary Sources of Data Collection) _m{hVr 

Jmoim H$aVmo. Ë`mbm àmW{_H$ _m{hVr (Primary Data) Ago åhUVmV. Ë`mMdoir Ë`mÀ`mM {df`mbm g_ê$n 

Aem EImÚm {df`mda Xwgam g§emoYH$hr VÏ` g§H$bZ H$arV Agob Va XmoKm§Mohr {df` nañna g§~§{YV d 

g_ê$n Agë`m_wio EH$mZo g§H${bV Ho$bobr VÏò Xwgè`mÀ`m Cn`moJmV òD$ eH$VmV. EH$mZo g§H${bV Ho$bobr 

_m{hVr Xwgè`mgmR>r Xwæ`_ R>aVo. Ë`m_wio g§emoYH$mZo ñdV: g§H${bV Ho$boë`m àmW{_H$ gm_J«rbm ~iH$Q>r 

{_iVo. 

5) n[adV©ZmÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r Cn`wŠV : 

EImÚm {d{eîQ> {df`mÀ`m g§X^m©V g§emoYZ H$aUmè`m g§emoYH$mbm nyduMr Ë`mM {df`mÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb 

n[apñWVr H$m` hmoVr Am{U AmOMr n[apñWVr H$m` Amho? Ë`mV H$m` n[adV©Z Pmbo Amho. qH$dm Zmhr? Pmbo 

Agob Va Vo n[adV©Z H$em_wio Pmbo? n[adV©Z Pmbo Zgë`mg Vo H$m Pmbo Zmhr? B. àíZm§Mr CÎmao emoYÊ`mgmR>r 

VÏ` g§H$bZ Cn`wŠV R>aVo. 

6) gË` d {dídgZr` _m{hVrgmR>r : 

~è`mMdoim g§emoYH$ EImÚm {df`mda g§emoYZ H$arV AgVmo Voìhm VÏ` g§H$bZmgmR>r àíZmdbr, 

_wbmIV, {ZarjU `m nÕVr dmnaV AgVmo. Ë`m_wio `m nÕVrVyZ g§emoYH$mbm gË` d {dídgZr` _m{hVr 

{_i{dVm òVo. Ë`m_wio Aem VÏ`m§À`m AmYmao {dídgZr` {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm òVmV. 

❏❏❏ 

4

3.1 _hmË_m Á`mo{V~m \w$co (gZ 1827-1890) 

3.1.1 C{ÔîQ>o 

3.1.2 àñVmdZm 

3.1.3 OrdZ Am{U H$m_{JarMm n[aM` 

3.1.4 AW©emñÌr` coIZ 

3.1.5 {df` {ddoMZ 

3.1.6 gmam§e 

1. eoVr {df`H$ {dMma 

2. {ejU{df`H$ {dMma 

3.1 _hmË_m Á`mo{V~m \w$co (gZ 1827-1890) 

3.1.1 C{ÔîQ>o 

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmVyZ Amnë`mcm - 

● 

● 

● 



Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mm B{Vhmg 



KQ>H$-3 

^maVr` Am{W©H$ {dMmad§V (Indian Economic Thought) 

_hmË_m Á`mo{V~m \w$co `m§Mm OrdZ n[aM` hmoB©c. 

_hmË_m Á`mo{V~m \w$co `m§Mo eoVr{df`H$ {dMma g_OmdyZ KoVm òVrc. 

_hmË_m Á`mo{V~m \w$co `m§Mo {ejU{df`H$ {dMma g_OmdyZ KoVm òVrc. 

_hmamîQ´>mVrc loîR> g_mO gwYmaH$, g_mOmVrc l_Ordr dJm©À`m emofUmMr d gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrMr 

_r_m§gm H$aUmam H«$m§{VH$maH$ {dMmad§V, {ejUmMm OZH$, ^maVr` {ñÌ`m§Mo hŠH$ d ñdmV§Í` `m§Mm _mZdr 

g_mZVoMr KmofUm H$aUmam n{hcm cmoH$ZoVm åhUyZ _hmamîQ´>mV d g§nyU© ^maVmV _hmË_m Á`mo{V~m \w$co 

AmoiIco OmV hmoVo. 

1

3.1.3 OrdZ Am{U H$m_{JarMm n[aM` 

_hmË_m Á`mo{V~m \w$co `m§Mm OÝ_ 1827 _Üò nwUo òWo Pmcm. Ë`m§À`m nyd©Om§Mo _yi Jm§d gmVmam 

{OëømVrc H$Q>JwU ho hmoVo. dS>rc JmoqdX d AmB© {M_Um~mB©. JmoqdXamdm§Mo ^mOrnmë`mMo XþH$mZ hmoVo. 

JmoqdXamdm§Zm XmoZ _wco-amOmam_ d Á`mo{V. AmB© {M_Um~mBªMo Á`mo{V~m§À`m chmZnUr {ZYZ Pmco. dS>rc 

JmoqdXamdm§Zr Xþgao c½Z Z H$aVm ñdV… amOmam_ d Á`mo{VMo g§JmonZ Ho$co. 

{ejU hr ~«m÷Um§IoarO BVa OmVrZo g§nmXZ H$amd`mMr JmoîQ> Zìho Aer g_OyV Ë`m H$mir hmoVr. Ë`m 

H$mimV ^maVmV J«m_rU ^mJmV àmW{_H$ emimhr ZìhË`m. B§J«OmZr gZ 1813 _Üò {ejU gdmªgmR>r gwê$ 

Ho$co. Ë`m_wio {ejU KoUo gdmªZm gmoB©Mo Pmco. 

1824 _Üò nwÊ`mV {¼ñVr Y_m}nXoeH$mZr _amR>r emim H$mT>ë`m. 1836 _Üò gaH$maZo ñdIMm©Zo nwUo 

{Oëøm_Üò à`moJmXmIc J«m_emim gwê$ Ho$ë`m. `m emim§_Üò coIZ d dmMZ {eH${dco OmV Ago. nwT>o 

1862 _Üò `m emim ~§X H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. 

Á`mo{Vamdm§Zm 7 ì`m dfu àmW{_H$ _amR>r emioV KmVco. Á`mo{Vamdm§Mr Aä`mgmV Mm§Jcr àJVr hmoVr. 

na§Vw {ejUm_wio Á`mo{Vamd eoVr_Üò H$m_ H$aUma Zmhr Ago dS>rcm§À`m _Zmda BVamZr R>g{dë`mZo Ë`m§Mo 

{ejU ~§X Ho$co. emim gmoS>ë`mZ§Va Á`mo{Vamd \$mdS>o, Hw$Xi KoD$Z Amnë`m eoVr_Üò _XV H$ê$ cmJco. 

d`mÀ`m 13 ì`m dfu Ë`m§Mm {ddmh Pmcm. na§Vw Ë`m§Mr {ejUmMr AmoT> g§ncr Zmhr. J\$hma ~§J _wÝer d 

Xþgao {cOrQ> gmho~ `m {¼ñVr Y_m}nXoeH$mZr Amnë`m _wcmg {ejU XoÊ`mMr H$er JaO Amho ho JmoqdXamdm§Zm 

nQ>dyZ {Xco. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ 1841 _Üò EH$m ñH$m°{Q>e {_eZÀ`m emioV Á`mo{VamdmZm KmVco. 

Á`mo{Vamd hþema d H$amar d¥ÎmrMo hmoVo. Vo _Z cmdyZ Aä`mg H$arV. Ë`m_wio narjoV àW_ loUrMo JwU 

{_i{dV. 26 Zmoìh|~a 1890 amoOr _. \w$co `m§Mo {ZYZ Pmco. 

3.1.4 AW©emñÌr` coIZ 

1. Jwcm_{Jar 1873 

2. XrZ ~§Yw 1877 

3. XrZ {_Ì 1881 

4. eoVH$è`m§Mm AmgyS> 1883 

3.1.5 {df` {ddoMZ 

`m KQ>H$m§_Üò AmnU _. Á`mo{V~m \w$co `m§Zr Oo Am{W©H$ {dMma _m§S>co Ë`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. 

_. Á`mo{V~m \w$c|Zr nwT>rc Am{W©H$ {dMma _m§S>co AmhoV- 

1. eoVr {df`H$ {dMma 

amîQ´>m_Üò eoVrcm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. ^maVmgma»`m H¥$fr àYmZ XoemV Va A{YH$ _hÎdmMo Amho. 

Á`m amîQ´>mVrc cmoH$m§Mm à_wI ì`dgm` eoVr AgVmo Ë`m amîQ´>mMm {dH$mg eoVrda Adc§~yZ AgVmo. ^maVr` 

eoVH$è`m§Mo àíZ AZoH$ AmhoV. ^maVr` eoVr {ZgJm©da Adc§~yZ Amho. Ë`m_wio CVmam H$_r Amho. eoVH$ar 

2

gwIr, g_mYmZr Zmhr. Vmo H$O©~mOmar Amho. Xm[aÐçmV H$g§ Var OrdZ OJVmo. eoVH$ar, g¡{ZH$ Am{U 

àemgH$s` dJ© `m VrZ AmYmañV§^mda XoemVrc gwpñWVr Adc§~yZ AgVo. `m VrZ KQ>H$mn¡H$s gdm©V _hÎdmMm 

KQ>H$ åhUyZ eoVH$ar `m KQ>H$mMm CëcoI H$amdm cmJVmo. `m KQ>H$mMr {ZH¥$îQ> AdñWm hmoVr. Va gdm©V 

CËH¥$îQ> AdñWm àemgH$s` dJm©Mr hmoVr. g¡{ZH$m§Zm nJma {_iV Ago Am{U gaH$mar A{YH$mè`m§Zm 

nJmam~amo~a AZoH$ gdcVr {_iV. na§Vw XoemMm _hÎdmMm AmYmañW§^ Vmo eoVH$ar; Ë`mMr _mÌ X`Zr` 

AdñWm hmoVr. Vmo H$Om©À`m ÑîQ> MH«$mV AS>H$cocm hmoVm. Ë`mMo OrdZ H$O© \o$S>rV OmV Ago. Ë`mMm A§Vhr 

Xm[aÐçmVM hmoV Ago. _. \w$co `m§Zr ^maVr` eoVH$è`m§À`m Xm[aÐçmMr nwT>rcà_mUo H$maUo gm§{JVcr- 

1. g§ñWm{ZH$m§Mm AñV : ^maVmV {~«Q>re òÊ`mnydu g§ñWm{ZH$m§À`m nXar _moR>o g¡Ý` Ago. Vmo IM© 

g§ñWm{ZH$ ^mJ{dV Ago. eoVH$è`m§da Ë`mMm ^ma nS>V Zgo. na§Vw g§ñWm{ZH$m§Mo amÁ` Joë`mda _amR>r 

g¡Ý`mVrc cmoH$ Kar ~gco. n[aUm_r eoVO{_Zrdarc ^ma dmT>cm. dmOdrnojm OmñV cmoH$ O{_Zrda H$m_ 

H$ê$ cmJë`m_wio eoVrMo CËnÝZ H$_r Pmco. 

2. O{_ZrMo {d^mOZ : ^maVmVrc dmagm hŠH$mÀ`m H$m`Úm_wio O{_ZrMo chmZ chmZ VwH$S>o nS>V 

Joco. Aem chmZ VwH$S>çmda O_rZ H$gUo, CXa{Zdm©h Mmc{dUo AeŠ` hmoB©. VwH$S>rH$aUm_wio CXa{Zdm©hmMo 

gmYZ Joco. Ë`m_wio Aem O{_Zr gmdH$mamH$S>o JhmZ R>odÊ`mV Amë`m. 

3. {~«Q>Z_YyZ dñVy§Mr Ho$cr OmUmar Am`mV : {~«Q>Z_Üò V`ma hmoUmè`m dñVy ^maVmV {dH$ë`m 

Omdy cmJë`m_wio ^maVr` gwVma, cmohma `m§Zm nydugmaIo H$m_ am{hco Zmhr. Ë`m§Zm {dnÝZmdñWm {Z_m©U Pmcr. 

4. eoVH$è`mMo emofU : eoVH$è`m§À`m AkmZmMm \$m`Xm KoD$Z eoVH$è`m§Mo emofU Ho$co OmV Ago. 

{~«Q>re gaH$maZo eoVgmam _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>{dcm. `m{edm` 1877-78 _Üò XþîH$mi d OmJ{VH$ 

_hm_§Xr_wio eoV_mcmMo Xa H$_r Pmco. eoVH$è`m§Mo CËnÝZ H$_r Pmco. Ë`m§Zm Amncm CXa{Zdm©h Mmc{dÊ`mgmR>'r 

JwaoT>moao {dH$mdr cmJcr, eoVr JhmU R>odmdr cmJcr. doR>{~Jmar åhUyZ H$m_ H$amdo cmJco. `mMm \$m`Xm 

gmdH$mam§Zr KoVcm. Ë`m§Zr gd© ~mOyZr AS>MUrV gmnS>coë`m eoVH$è`mÀ`m O{_Zr Vmã`mV KoVë`m. 

5. OmJ{VH$ _§Xr : gZ 1890 Z§Va OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR>oV _§XrMr n[apñWVr {Z_m©U Pmcr. 

eoV_mcmÀ`m qH$_Vr EH$X_ H$_r Pmë`m. Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`m§Mo CËnÝZ H$_r Pmco. na§Vw gaH$maZo eoVgmam _m\$ 

Ho$cm Zmhr. 

6. OZmdam§Mr hË`m : XþîH$mim_wio Jwam§Mr Mmè`mA^mdr Cnmg_ma hmoD$Z d cmirÀ`m amoJmgmaIo 

gmWrMo amoJ CX²^dë`mZo OZmdam§Mr hË`m hmoD$ cmJë`m. Ë`m_wio eoVrÀ`m _emJVrgmR>r ~¡cmMr H$_VaVm 

OmUdy cmJcr Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`m§Mo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. 

eoVrV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cnm` 

eoVrMr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>mdr, CËnmXZ dmT>mdo, eoVH$è`m§Mr Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr gwYmamdr `mgmR>r 

eoVH$è`mcm nmUrnwadR>m H$amdm. nmdgmMo dm`m OmUmao nmUr AS>{dco nm{hOo Ago _. \w$co `m§Zr gm§{JVco. 

Q>oH$S>çmda Vcmd ~m§YmdoV, ZÚmda YaUo ~m§YmdrV, ZXrMo nmUr {dhrarV gmR>dmdo. eoVH$ar gaH$mar 

_XVr{edm` {dhra ImoXVmV, Ë`mZm Am{W©H$ _XV H$amdr eoVH$è`m§À`m _wcm§Zm eoVr {df`H$ {ejU Úmdo. 

IoS>monmS>çmV H¥$frajH$ `moOZm am~dmdr. eoVrMr H$m_ g§nco H$s [aH$må`m doioV EH$Ì òD$Z CËnmXZ dmT>rda 

3

MMm© H$amdr. eoVH$è`m§Zm eoVrg§X^m©Vrc nwñVHo$ _mo\$V ÚmdrV eoVr {dH$mgmH$[aVm H$_r ì`mOmZo n¡go ÚmdoV, 

nrH$ g§ajUmgmR>r gaH$maZo Ë`mZm ~§XþH$s dmnaÊ`mg nadmZJr Úmdr. 

2. {ejU{df`H$ {dMma 

H$moUË`mhr g_mOmV ÐþVJVrZo pñWË`§Vao KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r {ejUmMm àgma hmoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo 

Ago _. \w$co `m§Zr åhQ>co Amho. XrK© {dMmamA§Vr _wctH$[aVm emim H$mT>mdr Ago Ë`m§Zr R>a{dco. {ñÌ`m§Zm 

Amnë`m H$V©ì`mMr OmUrd `mo½` àH$mao Pmcr Va g_mOmMr d XoemMr àJVr PnmQ>çmZo hmoB©c Ago Ë`m§Zm 

dmQ>V hmoVo. _. \w$coZr Amncr nËZr gm{dÌr~mB© `m§Zm {eH${dco. gZ 1848 nwUo òWo {^S>odmS>çmV _wctH$[aVm 

emim gwê$ Ho$cr. VrV _hma, _m§J, B. OmVrÀ`m _wcr {eH$V. _wcrZm {eH${dÊ`mMo H$m_ gm{dÌr~mB© H$arV. 

gm{dÌr~mB©Zm emioV òVm OmVm Ìmg {Xcm OmB©. 17 gßQ>|~a 1851 _Üò _wctMr Xþgar emim d 15 _mM© 

1852 _Üò {Vgar emim H$mT>cr. eoVH$è`m§Zm Am{U Ë`m§À`m _wcm§Zm {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr nwT>rc Cnm` 

gwM{dco. 

1. eoVH$è`m§À`m _wcm§-_wctH$[aVm _mo\$V {ejU Úmdo. 

2. _wcm§-_wctH$[aVm dg{VJ¥ho H$mT>m{dV. 

3. _wcm§-_wctZm {eH${dÊ`mgmR>r H${ZîR> dJm©Vrc {ejH$ Zo_mdoV. 

4. H${ZîR> dJm©Vrc {ejH$m§Zm à{ejU Úmdo. 

5. eoVH$è`m§À`m _wcm§-_wctZm _mo\$V nmQ>çm-nwñVHo$ ÚmdrV. 

6. eoVH$è`m§À`m gw{e{jV _wcm§Zm {dcm`VoVrc eoVH$s emim_Üò gaH$mar IMm©Zo {eH$dmdo. B. 

3.1.6 gmam§e 

_. \w$co `m§À`m {dMmam§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mda Amnë`mcm Ago cjmV òVo H$s eoVH$è`m§gmR>r gwM{dcoë`m 

`moOZm, eoVrMr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r gwM{dcoco Cnm` AmOhr Cn`wŠV AmhoV. Amnë`m gaH$maÀ`m 

`moOZm _. \w$co `m§Zr gwM{dcoë`m Cnm`mdaM AmYm[aV AmhoV Ago dmQ>Vo. eoVH$è`m§Mo AkmZ Xÿa H$aÊ`mgmR>r 

{ejUmMo _hÎd gm§{JVco Vo AmOhr Cn`wŠV Amho. _. \w$co `m§Zr eoVr, {ejU BË`mXr ~m~V _m§S>coë`m 

{dMmamdê$Z Ë`m§Mr XÿaÑîQ>r {XgyZ òVo. 

3.1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© nwñVHo$ 

1. ìhr. ~r. nmQ>rc d Ho$. gmJa-1998 (Ho$. gmJa npãcHo$eZ, nwUo gßQ>|~a) 

2. Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mm B{Vhmg 2005- àm. E. Ama. amÌocH$a ({dÚm ~wŠg npãceg©, Am¡a§Jnwam, 

Am¡a§Jm~mX) 

3. àm. Oo. Ho$. ndma 2006 {edamO _hm{dÚmc`, JS>qh½cO, {O. H$moëhmnya AW©emñÌ {df`mMo 

à{ejU {e{~a. 

4

3.1.8 Aä`mgmgmR>r àíZ 

A) [aH$må`m OmJm âm. 

1. _. \w$co `m§Mm OÝ_ 1827 _Üò .............. òWo Pmcm. 

2. B§J«OmZr ............ gmcr {ejU gdm©gmR>r gwê$ Ho$co. 

3. _. \w$coZr eoVH$è`m§Mm AmgyS> hm J«§W ............ gmcr {c{hcm. 

4. ^maVmVrc ................ `m H$m`Úm_wio O{_ZrMo chmZ chmZ VwH$S>o nS>V Joco. 

5. _. \w$coZr nwUo òWo 1848 gmcr ............... òWo _wctgmR>r n{hcr emim gwê$ Ho$cr. 

CÎmao - 1. nwUo, 2. 1813, 3. 1883, 4. dmagm hŠH$, 5. {^S>odmS>m 

~) XrKm}Îmar àíZ 

1. _. \w$co `m§Zr ^maVr` eoVr{df`r _m§S>coco {dMma gm§Jm. 

2. _. \w$co `m§Zr ^maVr` eoVH$è`m§Mr pñWVr gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r gwM{dcoco Cnm` gm§Jm. 

3. _. \w$c|Mo {ejU{df`r _m§S>coco {dMma gm§Jm. 

H$) cKwÎmar àíZ 

1. _. \w$c|Mm OrdZ n[aM` WmoS>Š`mV gm§Jm. 

2. O{_ZrMo {d^mOZ eoVH$è`m§À`m Jar~rgmR>r H$er H$maUr^yV Amho Vo gm§Jm. 

3. _. \w$co `m§Zr _wcm§Zm {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVo Cnm` gwM{dco? 

4. _. \w$c|Zr eoVr gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVo Cnm` gwM{dco? 

❏❏❏ 

5

4.1 lr. XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr (1825-1917) 

4.1 C{ÔîQ>o 


● 

● 

4.2 àñVmdZm 


Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mm B{Vhmg 



KQ>H$-4 

^maVr` Am{W©H$ {dMmad§V (Indian Economic Thought) 

XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr `m§Mm OrdZ n[aM` hmoB©c. 

XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr `m§Zr _m§S>cocm Am{W©H$ emofU {gÕm§VmMm Aä`mg H$aVm òB©c. 

^maVr` amîQ´>r`ËdmMo OZH$ Am{U ^maVmVrc ñd`§emgZ nÕVrMo g_W©H$ åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm AmoiIco OmVo. 

^maVr`m§V gm_m{OH$ Am{U amOH$s` gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo à`ËZ H$aUmao Vo n{hco ^maVr` 

hmoVo. Zm¡amoOr `m§Zr AZoH$ g§ñWm ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m ^mfUmVyZ d {cImUmVyZ ^maVmVrc {~«{Q>e 

amÁ`H$ma^mamVrc C{Udm§Mr OmUrd {~«Q>rem§Zm H$ê$Z {Xcr. 

4.3 OrdZ Am{U H$m_{JarMm g§{jßV n[aM` 

^maVr` ñdmV§Í` g§J«m_mVrc EH$ AJ«Ur åhUyZ Ë`m§Mo Zm§d KoVco OmVo. XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr `m§Mm OÝ_ 4 

gßQ>|~a 1825 amoOr _w§~B© òWo EH$m Jar~ nmaer Hw$Qw>§~mV Pmcm. Ë`m§Mo dS>rc chmZnUr dmaco. _moR>çm H$îQ>mZo 

AmB©Zo Ë`m§Zm dmT>{dco. Ë`m§Mo àmW{_H$ {ejU _w§~B©_Yrc Zo{Q>ìh EÁ`wHo$eZ gmogm`Q>rÀ`m emioV Pmco. `m 

emioV _mo\$V {ejU {Xco OmV hmoVo. nmaer cmoH$m§À`m àWoXþgma XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr `m§Mm {ddmh d`mÀ`m 12 

ì`m dfu gmoam~Or ear\$ `m§À`m 7 dfu` H$Ý`m Jwc~mB© `m§À`mer Pmcm. Vo 1845 gmcr Epë\$ñQ>Z 

_hm{dÚmc`mVyZ nXdrYa Pmco. `mM _hm{dÚmc`mV J{UV d VÎdkmZ `m {df`mMo ghmæ`H$ àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ 

Ë`m§Zr H$m_ Ho$co. _hm{dÚmc`mV {ejU KoV AgVmZm Ë`m§Zm AZoH$ nwañH$ma {_imco. B§½c§S>À`m cmoH$gôgmR>r 

(nmc©_|Q>) {ZdS> hmoUmao n{hco ^maVr` hmoVo. {dÎm Am`moJmMo gXñ` åhUyZ H$m_ H$aUmao Vo n{hco ^maVr` 

hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr H$mhr H$mi ~S>moXm g§ñWmZmMo {XdmU åhUyZ H$m`© Ho$co. 

1875 _Üò _w§~B© ZJanm{cHo$Mo Vo g^mgX hmoVo. gZ 1886, 1893 d 1903 Aer VrZ df} Vo amîQ´>r` 

H$m±J«ogMo AÜ`j hmoVo. Zm¡amoOr `m§Zr cKwCÚmoJm§À`m d eoVrÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ AmhoV 

Ago gm§{JVco. ^maVr` eoVH$è`m§Mr Am{W©H$ pñWVr gwYmamdr `mgmR>r gaH$maZo O{_Zrda AmH$macocm H$a H$_r 

6

H$amdm VgoM qgMZmÀ`m gmo`rV dmT> H$amdr Ago {dMma Ë`m§Zr _m§S>co. gZ 1816 _Üò _w§~B© {dÚmnrR>mZo 

Zm¡amoOr `m§Zm "S>m°ŠQ>a Am°\$ cm°O²' hr nXdr ~hmc Ho$cr. 23 Am°JñQ> 1917 _Üò Aënem AmOmamZo 

XmXm^mBªMm ñdJ©dmg Pmcm. 

4.4 AW©emñÌr` coIZ 

1) ñQw>S>§Q>g² {cQ>aar {_gocZr - 1850. 

2) nm°ìhQ>u Am°\$ B§{S>`m 1878. 

3) amñV Jmo\$Îmma 1889 

4) nm°ìhQ>u A°ÊS> {~«Q>re ê$c BZ B§{S>`m 1901. 

4.5 XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr `m§Mo Am{W©H$ {dMma 

XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr `m§Mo ì`{ŠV_Îd Mm¡\o$a hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr AW©H$maU, amOH$maU BË`mXr ~m~V {dMma _m§S>co. 

Ë`m§Zr _m§S>cocm ^maVmVrc Am{W©H$ emofU {gÕm§V _hÎdmMm Amho Ë`mMm Aä`mg H$amd`mMm Amho. 

1) ^maVmVrc Am{W©H$ emofU (Drain Theory) {gÕm§V : 

hm {gÕm§V cwQ>rMm, {ZñgmaU {gÕm§V `m ZmdmZo AmoiIcm OmVmo. XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr `m§Zr _m§S>coë`m 

{gÕm§VmVrc gdm©V _hÎdmMm {gÕm§V Amho. hm {gÕm§V _m§Sy>Z Ë`m§Zr B§J«Om§Mr amÁ`H$ma^ma nÕVr ^maVmcm 

H$er hm{ZH$maH$ Amho, ho ñnîQ> Ho$co. 

B§J«OmÀ`m amÁ`H$ma^mamMm IM© ^maVmÀ`m gmYZgm_wJ«rcm cmJcocr _moR>r JiVr hmo`. B§J«Om§Zr 

AmH$macoco H$a, òWrc naamîQ´>r` ì`mnma Am{U ^maVmVrc _wcH$s godm§Mo ñdê$n `m§Mo emñÌr` {dícofU 

H$ê$Z Zm¡amoOr `m§Zr Am{W©H$ emofUmMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> Ho$co. Á`mà_mUo EImÚm {R>H$mUr O_m Agcoco nmUr dmhÿZ 

OmVo. Ë`mà_mUo ^maVmMr g§nÎmr B§½c§S>_Üò dmhÿZ Zocr OmV hmoVr. åhUyZM `m à{H«$òcm Zm¡amoOr `m§Zr JiVr 

qH$dm {ZñgmaU Ago Zmd {Xco. 

Am{W©H$ JiVrMr ì`m»`m Ë`m§Zr nwT>rcà_mUo Ho$cr 

^maVmcm H$moUVmhr cm^ Z XoVm ^maVmÀ`m Am`mV {Z`m©Vr_Yrc Am{W©H$/dmT>mdm Ho$di {~«Q>rem§À`m 

\$m`ÚmgmR>r dmnaÊ`mÀ`m YmoaUmg Am{W©H$ JiVr Ago åhUVmV. gd©gmYmaUnUo EImÚm XoemV naH$s` 

gaH$ma amÁ` H$arV Agoc Va VoWrc g§nÎmr amÁ` H$aUmao gaH$ma Amnë`m Xoem§V KodyZ OmVo. Ë`m_wio VoWrc 

g§nÎmr gVV H$_r H$_r hmoV OmVo Am{U XoemVrc Xm[aÐç dmT>Vo. 

Am{W©H$ emofUmMo ñdê$n 

XmXm^mB©À`m _Vo H$moUË`mhr XoemV gaH$maÛmao Oo CËnÝZ C^maco OmVo. Vo nyU©nUo cmoH$m§ZmM naV Ho$co 

OmV Agë`mZo XoemV amhVo. Ë`m_wio XoemVrc CËnmXZ Á`mda Adc§~yZ AgVo, Vo ^m§S>dc H$_r hmoV Zmhr. 

^maVmV _mÌ B§J«Om§Mo amÁ` Agë`m_wio Ago KS>V ZìhVo. ^maVmV Xadfu C^maë`m OmUmè`m 5 H$moQ>r nm¢S> 

CËnÝZmn¡H$s gmYmaU 2 H$moQ>r nm¢S> CËnÝZ B§½c§S>_Üò OmV Agë`mZo ^maVmMr CËnmXZ j_Vm H$_r hmoV 

7

Mmccr hmoVr, hr g§nÎmr B§½c§S>_Üò OmÊ`mMr {H«$`m dfm©Zwdf© Mmcy Agë`mZo ^maVmMo ^m§S>dc {Xdg|{Xdg 

H$_r hmoV hmoVo Am{U ^maVmV _mÌ Xm[aÐç dmT>V hmoVo. 

JiVrMr H$maUo 

^maVmVyZ {d{dY àH$mao g§nÎmr H$er dmhV OmVo. `mMo {dícofU Zm¡amoOr `m§Zr Ho$co Amho. Ë`mMr H$maUo 

nwT>rcà_mUo gm§{JVcr. 

1) ^maVmVyZ hmoUmar {Z`m©V 

Zm¡amoOtÀ`m _Vo 1849-50 Vo 1894-95 `m H$mimV ^maVmVyZ 52.67 H$moQ>r nm¢S> qH$_VrMr {Z`m©V 

hmoV hmoVr. `m {Z`m©V hmoUmè`m aH$_oÀ`m ~Xë`mV AmnUmg H$mhrM {_iV ZìhVo. 

2) naXoemV OmUmam Z\$m 

^maVmVyZ àmW{_H$ dñVw§Mr B§½c§S>cm {Z`m©V Ho$cr OmV Ago. `m {Z`m©Vr_Üò Mhm, H$m°\$s, _gmë`mMo 

nXmW©, H$moH$mo, BË`mXr dñVy§Mm g_mdoe Ago. `m {Z`m©Vr_YyZ B§½cS>cmM Z\$m {_iV Ago. Oa 10% XamZo 

{hemo~ Ho$cm Var hr aŠH$_ 28.50 H$moQ>r nm¢S> hmoVr. 

3) J¥hIM© 

^maV Am{U B§½cS> `m XmoZ XoemVrc amOH$s`, àemgH$s` Am{U ì`mnmar g§~§Y R>odÊ`mgmR>rMm IM© 

^maV gaH$macm H$amdm cmJV Ago. XmoZ XoemVrc nañna g§~§Y R>odÊ`mgmR>r ^maV gaH$macm Xadfu H$amì`m 

cmJUmè`m IMm©g J¥hIM© Ago åhUVmV. gm_mÝ`nUo ^maV gaH$macm Xadfu ^maVmÀ`m Am`mV {Z`m©V_Yrc 

A{YH$À`m _mcmMm Cn`moJ J¥hIMm©gmR>r H$amdm cmJV Ago. Ë`m H$mimV ^maVmMr {Z`m©V Am`mVrnojm gVV 

OmñV hmoVr. VarXoIrc ^maVmcm `m Am{YŠ`mMm Cn`moJ Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r H$aVm Amcm Zmhr. 

4) {~«Q>re A{YH$mè`mMo nJma d {Zd¥ÎmrdoVZ 

gwIr, g§nÝZ d gmoÝ`mMm Yya {ZKUmè`m ^maVmcm {~«Q>rem§Zr hoVwnañna X[aÐr ~Z{dco. B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZr 

d {~«Q>re gaH$ma ^maVmVrc amÁ` Mmc{dÊ`mgmR>r àemgZ ImË`mV Am{U cîH$ar ImË`mV {~«Q>re 

ZmJarH$m§À`m _moR>çm à_mUmV {Z`wŠVr H$arV Ago. Aem {~«Q>re A{YH$mè`m§Zm Am{U H$_©Mmè`m§Zm A{YH$ 

gmo`r gdcVr XoÊ`mMo {~«Q>re gaH$maMo YmoaU hmoVo. `m gmo`r gdcVrMm ^ma ^maVmVrc OZVoda nS>V Ago 

Ë`m_Üò 

1) {~«Q>re H$_©Mmè`mÀ`m _wcm§À`m g§JmonZmgmR>r d {ejUmgmR>r Img ^maV gaH$macm H$amdr cmJV 

Ago. 

2) ^maVmVrc {~«Q>re H$_©Mmè`m§Mm nJma, {Zd¥Îmr doVZ, BVa ^Îmo ^maV gaH$macm nm¢S> ñQ>{cªJ `m 

McZmV Úmdo cmJV Ago. 

3) {~«Q>re H$_©Mmè`m§Mr ~MV nm¢S>, ñQ>{cªJ ñdê$nmV {~«Q>Z_Üò dmT>{dÊ`mMr gmo` CncãY H$ê$Z 

XoÊ`mV Amcr hmoVr. 

8

5) `wÕ IMm©V Pmcocr dmT> 

{~«Q>rem§Zr Ho$coë`m `wÕm_Üò åh¡gyaMo `wÕ, _amR>m `wÕ, A\$Jm{UñVmZ ~amo~aMo `wÕ B. Mm g_mdoe 

hmoVmo. `m `wÕmdarc IM© ^maVmdaM cmXÊ`mV Amcm. 

6) godm IM© 

godm§_Üò aoëdo, OhmO ^mS>o, ~§Xao BË`mXrMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m_YyZ {_iUmao ^maVmMo CËnÝZ B§½c§S>cm 

{_ioc. 

`m{edm` H$Om©darc ì`mO, ì`mnmar YmoaUmVyZ {_i{dcocm àM§S> Z\$m, {~«Q>re ^m§S>dcr Jw§VdUyH$ hr 

BVa H$maUohr _hÎdmMr R>acr. 

darc H$maUm_YyZ Am{W©H$ emofU Ho$co OmV Ago. 

Am{W©H$ emofUmMo n[aUm_ : 

^maVm_YyZ B§½c§S>cm Pmcoë`m g§nÎmrÀ`m {ZñgmaUm_wio AZoH$ dmB©Q> n[aUm_ KSy>Z Amco Ë`m§ZmM 

Am{W©H$ emofUmMo n[aUm_ Ago åhUVmV. 

Am{W©H$ emofUmZo ^maVmÀ`m Xm[aÐçmV dmT> Pmcr. ~aoM cmoH$ ~oH$ma Pmco. ^maV Xoe X[aÐr ~Zcm. 

^maVmVrc hñV CÚmoJ ZîQ> Pmco. Ë`m_wio eoVrda Adc§~yZ AgUmè`m§Mr cmoH$g§»`m dmT>cr. ^maV H$ÀMm 

_mc {Z`m©U H$aUmam d nŠH$m _mc Am`mV H$aUmao Xoe ~Zcm. Ë`m_wio ^maVr` CÚmoJY§Xo ZîQ> Pmco. OwÝ`m 

CÚmoJmMo AmYw{ZH$rH$aU hmody {Xco Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg Wm§~cm. {dH$mg Xa _§Xmdcm CËnmXZ 

j_Vm dmT>cr Zmhr. WmoS>Š`mV {~«{Q>em§Zr ^maVmMo Am{W©H$ emofU _moR>çm à_mUmV Ho$co. Ë`m_wio ^maV Xoe 

X[aÐr ~Zcm. Ë`m§Zr Amnco ho {dMma B§½c§S> XoemV amhÿZ _m§S>coco Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zm {Z^©` amîQ´>dmXr Ago åhQ>co 

OmVo. 

gmam§e : 

{~«Q>re gaH$ma ^maVmMr Or A{YH¥$VnUo cyQ> H$arV hmoVo. VrM ^maVmÀ`m Xm[aÐçmMo EH$_od H$maU Amho. 

Ago naIS> _V XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr `m§Zr _m§S>co. 

4.6 ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ 


1) XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr `m§Mm OÝ_ .............. gmcr Pmcm. 

2) gZ 1916 _Üò _w§~B© {dÚmnrR>mZo XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr `m§Zm .............. hr nXdr ~hmc Ho$cr. 

3) B§J«Om§À`m amÁ`H$ma^mamMm IM© hrM _moR>r ^maVmÀ`m gmYZgm_wJ«rcm cmJcocr ........... hmo`. 

4) XmoZ XoemVrc amOH$s`, àemgH$s` Am{U ì`mnmar g§~§Y R>odÊ`mgmR>r H$amì`m cmJUmè`m IMm©g 

......... Ago åhUVmV. 

5) ^maVmMr g§nÎmr B§½c§S>_Üò dmhÿZ Zocr OmV hmoVr Ë`mg ............ Ago Zmd {Xco. 

9

CÎmao : 1. 1825, 2. S>m°ŠQ>a Am°\$ cm°O. 3. JiVr, 4. J¥hIM©, 5. {ZñgmaU 

~) XrKm}Îmar àíZ 

1) XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr `m§À`m Am{W©H$ emofU {gÕm§VmMo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$am. 

2) XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOrÀ`m H$m`m©Mo _yë`_mnZ H$am. 

H$) cKwÎmar àíZ 

1) Am{W©H$ JiVr åhUOo H$m`? 

2) JiVrMr H$maUo gm§Jm. 

3) Am{W©H$ emofUmMo n[aUm_ gm§Jm. 

4.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© nwñVHo$ 

1) àm. E. Ama. amÌocH$a (2005) Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mm B{Vhmg, {dÚm ~wH$ npãceg©, Am¡a§Jnwam, 

Am¡a§Jm~mX. 

2) ìhr. ~r. nmQ>rc, Ho$ gmJa (1998) _hmamîQ´>mVrc g_mOgwYmaH$, gm{hpË`H$, Wmoa ^maVr` 

{dMmad§V d AÝ` _hZr` ì`ŠVr, Ho$. gmJa npãcHo$eZ, nwUo. 

3) S>m°. {dO` H${d_§S>Z (1990) Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mm B{Vhmg, lr _§Joe àH$meZ, ZmJnya. 

4) àm. Oo. Ho$. ndma (2006) {edamO _hm{dÚmc`, JS>qh½cO, {O. H$moëhmnya AW©emñÌ {df`mMo 

à{ejU {e~ra. 

5) T. N. Hajela (2009) History of Economic Thought, Ane Books Pvt Ltd., New 

Delhi. 

❏❏❏ 

10

4.2 _hmË_m Jm§Yr (1869-1948) 

4.1 C{ÔîQ>o 


● 

● 

● 

4.2 àñVmdZm 

_hmË_m Jm§YtMm OrdZ n[aM` hmoB©c. 

_hmË_m Jm§YtMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU {df`H$ {dMma g_OmdyZ KoVm òVrc. 

_hmË_m Jm§YtMo J«m_rU {dH$mg {df`H$ {dMma g_OmdyZ KoVm òVrc. 

AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr` Am{W©H$ {dMmagaUrV _hmË_m Jm§Yr `m§Mo ñWmZ _hÎdmMo Amho. ^maVmcm ñdmV§Í` 

{_idyZ XoUmè`m ì`ŠVr_Üò Ë`m§Mo Zm§d A{Ve` Jm¡admZo KoVco OmVo. amîQ´>{nVm åhUyZ hr Vo AmoiIco OmVmV. 

4.3 OrdZ Am{U H$m_{JarMm g§{jßV n[aM` 

_hmË_m Jm§YrMo nyU© Zmd _mohZXmg H$a_M§X Jm§Yr Ago Amho. Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ 2 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1889 amoOr 

JwOamV_Yrc nmoa~§Xa òWo Pmcm. Ë`m§Mo {dÚmWu OrdZ \$mago C‚dc ZìhVo. H$moUË`m emioV KmVco hmoVo ho 

gwÕm Ë`m§Zm AmR>dV ZìhVo. Ë`m§Zm H$go~go nmT>o òV hmoVo. gZ 1887 _Üò _°Q´>rH$Mr narjm CÎmrU© Pmë`mZ§Va 

nwT>rc {ejUmgmR>r Ë`m§À`m ~§YwZr Ë`m§Zm B§½c§S>cm nmR>{dco. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§À`m OrdZmcm Zdr {Xem {_imcr. 

Ë`m§Zr H$m`ÚmMr nXdr KoVcr _hmË_m Jm§Yr `m§À`m Am{W©H$ {dMmamda Zm. JmoIco, Om°Z añH$sZ `m§À`m 

J«§Wm§Mm d ^JdVJrVm `m§Mm J«§WmMm à^md hmoVm. Q>m°cñQ>m°`, añH$sZ Am{U Amoamo `m§Mm Ë`m§Zm OdiyZ n[aM` 

hmoVm. Vo AqhgoMo nwOmar hmoVo. X{jU Am{\«$Ho$Vrc qhXr cmoH$m§Zm Ý`m` {_idyZ XoÊ`mMo Ë`m§Mo gd© à`ËZ 

åhUOoM gË`mMo à`moJ hmoVo. X{jU Am{\«$Ho$V df©â amhÊ`mÀ`m BamÚmZo Jococo Jm§Yr drg df} VoWo am{hco. 

`m H$mcmdYrV AqhgmË_H$ cT>çm_wio Jm§YrMo ZoV¥Ëd àñWm{nV Pmco. 

n{hë`m _hm`wÕmÀ`m g_mßVrÀ`m doir Jm§YrZr ^maVr` amOH$maUmV àdoe Ho$cm. Om{c`Zdmcm ~mJ 

hË`mH$m§S> d am¡cQ> H$m`Xm àH$aUr {~«Q>re gaH$ma{déÕ 1921 gmcr Ho$coë`m AghH$mamÀ`m AqhgmË_H$ 

Am§XmocZmZo XoemV ZdM¡VÝ`mMr cmQ> Cgicr. ^maVmV Jm§YrZr nÕVreranUo d gyÌ~Õ[aË`m Midi C^r 

H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. 1930 gmcr Xm§S>r `mÌm, 1940 _Üò g{dZ` H$m`Xo^§J Midi, 1942 _Üò 

McoOmd Midi Am{U Am§XmocZmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo 15 Am°JñQ> 1947 cm ^maVmcm ñdmV§Í` {_idyZ XoÊ`mMo 

H$m`© Ë`m§Zr Ho$co. gZ 1948 _Üò Ë`m§Mr hË`m Pmcr. Ë`mÀ`m_wioM gË`, Y_©, ào_, Aqhgm `m VÎdm§Zr 

OJâmV OmoamZo Cgir KoVcr. 

4.4 _hmË_m Jm§YrMo AW©emñÌr` coIZ 

1. B§{S>`Z Amo{n{Z`Z 1894 

2. qhX ñdamÁ` 1908 

3. gË`mJ«h 1919 

11

4. `§J B§{S>`m d ZdOrdZ 1920 

5. _mPo gË`mMo à`moJ 1927 

6. h[aOZ 1933 

4.5 {df` {ddoMZ 

`m KQ>H$m_Üò AmnU _hmË_m Jm§YrOtMo Am{W©H$ {dMma _m§S>co AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm gImoc Aä`mg H$aUma 

AmhmoV. _hmË_m Jm§YrZr nwT>rc à_wI Am{W©H$ {dMma _m§S>co AmhoV. 

1. {dH|$ÐrH$aU g§~§YrMo {dMma 

{dH|$ÐrH$aU åhUOo doJdoJù`m {R>H$mUr chmZ à_mUmdarc CËnmXZ d cmoH$m§À`m Kam_Üò Ho$co OmUmao 

CËnmXZ hmo`. _hmË_m Jm§YrZr {dH|$ÐrV AW©ì`dñWoMm nwañH$ma Ho$cm. dñVyMo CËnmXZ N>moQ>çm à_mUmda AZoH$ 

{R>H$mUr ngacoco Agmdo. Ë`m§À`m _Vo CËnmXZmMo H|$ÐrH$aU Pmco Va J«mhH$m§Mr dmT> _moR>çm à_mUmda hmoB©c. 

amoOJma {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r J«m_rU ^mJmVrc cmoH$ ehamH$S>o òWrc. eham§Mr cmoH$g§»`m dmT>oc. Ë`mVyZ AZoH$ 

gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ àíZ {Z_m©U hmoVrc. cmoH$m§Zm amhÊ`mgmR>r Kao CncãY hmoUma ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio _moR>çm 

à_mUmV PmonS>nQ²>Q>çm§Mr dmT> hmoB©c. eham§Mr cmoH$g§»`m dmT>oc. cmoH$g§»`m dmT>ë`mZo Amamo½`, nmUrnwadR>m, 

{ejU AmXr gmo`rgw{dYmda _moR>m VmU nS>oc. eham§À`m dmT>r_wio àXþfU, qhgm, AË`mMma `mgma»`m AZoH$ 

g_ñ`m _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>Vrc. Ë`m_wio Jm§YrMm _moR>çm CÚmoJm§Zm {damoY hmoVm. na§Vw Ë`m§Zr H$mhr _moR>çm 

CÚmoJm§Zm _mÝ`Vm {Xcr hmoVr. _moR>çm CÚmoJm§_wio chmZ CÚmoJ ZîQ> hmoUma ZmhrV, `mMr _mÌ H$miOr KoVcr 

nm{hOo, Aer Ë`m§Mr AQ> hmoVr. _hmË_m Jm§YtMm `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmcm {damoY ZìhVm. ^maVmgma»`m amîQ´>mV 

l_eŠVr {dnwc Amho. Ë`m_wio CÚmoJm§Mo {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$amdo, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. 

chmZ CÚmoJ J«m_rU ^mJmV gwê$ Ho$co OmdoV. J«m_moÚmoJm§Zm g§ajU {Xco nm{hOo. Amnë`m XoemV 

^m§S>dcmMr H$_VaVm Amho. chmZCÚmoJ H$_r ^m§S>dcmV gwê$ H$ê$Z ~oH$marMm àíZ Xÿa H$ê$ eHy$, Agm Ë`mMm 

{dídmg hmoVm. chmZ CÚmoJm§Mm {Z`moOZnyd©H$ {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUUo hr H$mimMr JaO Amho, Ago Jm§YtMo 

_V hmoVo. 

IoS>o hm ^maVmMm H|$Ðq~Xÿ Amho. `m IoS>çm§Mm {dH$mg hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo. `m 

IoS>çm§À`m nwZé‚mrdZmgmR>r g§nÝZeoVr, CÚmoJm§Mo {dH|$ÐrH$aU, chmZ à_mUmdarc CÚmoJ d ghH$mar g§ñWm 

ì`dñWmnZ `mda â XoUo _hÎdmMo Amho. 

hdr. 

WmoS>Š`mV Jm§YrÀ`m _Vo Am{W©H$ ì`dñWoMr {d^mJUr ñd`§nyU© Aem N>moQ>çm N>moQ>çm KQ>H$m_Üò H$am`cm 

2. J«m_rU {dH$mg Rural Development 

^maVmÀ`m Am{W©H$ àíZm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm ho _m{hV Amho H$s àmMrZ ^maVmV IoS>r 

ñd`§nyU© hmoVr. IoS>çmVrc eoVr g_¥Õ hmoVr. IoS>çmVrc CÚmoJmÛmao cmoH$m§À`m JaOoMr nyV©Vm hmoV Ago. J«m_rU 

^mJmVrc cmoH$ H$m_mgmR>r ehar ^mJmH$S>o OmUo òUo Agm àH$ma Ë`m H$mimV ZìhVm. `mMmM AW© cmoH$m§Mo 

12

OrdZ n[anyU© hmoVo. åhUyZM _. Jm§Yr Ago åhUV H$s, Iam ^maV IoS>çmV Zm§XVmo. åhUyZM "IoS>çmH$S>o Mcm' 

Agm Zmam Jm§YrOrZr {Xcm. 

WmoS>Š`mV ^maVmMm J«m_rU {dH$mg hmoÊ`mgmR>r àËòH$ IoS>r hr Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm g§nÝZ ìhmdr. Ë`mgmR>r 

IoS>çmMr aMZm ì`dñWm~Õ Agmdr àËòH$ IoS>r AÝZ, dñÌ, {Zdmam, `m ~m~V ñd`§nyU© AgmdrV. àËòH$ 

IoS>çmV _yc^yV {ejU gŠVrMo Agmdo. dmhVyH$ d XiUdiU gmYZo {dH${gV ìhmdrV. ñdÀN> nmUrnwadR>m 

ìhmdm, H$a_UyH$ H|$Ðo AgmdrV gm§S>nmÊ`mMm {ZMam `mo½` ìhmdm. gd© ì`dhma ghH$mar VÎdmZwgma Mmcdco 

OmdoV. àËòH$ IoS>çmVrc OmVr ì`dñWm ZîQ> ìhmdr. IoS>çmVrc CËnmXZ ñWmZrH$ ~mOmanoR>o_Üò CncãY 

ìhmdo. Ago Pmco VaM ^maVmVrc IoS>çmMm {dH$mg hmoB©c Ago _hmË_m Jm§Yr `m§Mo _V hmoVo. 

4.6 gmam§e 

_hmË_m Jm§YtZr XoemVrc d OJmVrc Am{W©H$ qMVZmcm EH$ Zdr {Xem {Xcr. AmOÀ`m H$mimV 

ImOJrH$aU, CXmarH$aU d OmJ{VH$aUmÀ`m g§X^m©V Jm§YtMo {dMma Amdí`H$ _mZmdo cmJVmV. WmoS>Š`mV 

Jm§YtÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mr AmOÀ`m ~XcË`m n[apñWVrV {ZVm§V Amdí`H$Vm Amho. 

4.7 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ 


1) _hmË_m Jm§Yr _°{Q´{H$Mr narjm ............. gmcr CÎmrU© Pmco. 

2) _hmË_m Jm§YrZr 1921 gmcr........... Midi gwê$ Ho$cr. 

3) _hmË_m Jm§YrZr ............... `m AW©ì`dñWoMm nwañH$ma Ho$cm. 

4) ^maVmMm J«m_rU {dH$mg hmoÊ`mgmR>r àËòH$ IoS>r hr ........... AgmdrV. 

5) àËòH$ IoS>r AÝZ, ........... {Zdmam `m ~m~VrV ñd`§nyU© AgmdrV. 

CÎmao : 1. 1887, 2. AghH$ma, 3. {dH|$ÐrH$aU, 4. ñd`§nyU©, 5. dñÌ 

A) XrKm}Îmar àíZ 

1) _hmË_m Jm§Yr `m§Mo {dH|$ÐrH$aU g§~§YrMo {dMma gm§Jm. 

2) _hmË_m Jm§Yr `m§Mo J«m_rU {dH$mg g§~§YrMo {dMma gm§Jm. 

3) Jm§YtÀ`m {dMmam§Mo _yë`_mnZ H$am. 

~) cKwÎmar àíZ 

1) {dH|$ÐrH$aUmMr g§H$ënZm 

2) J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr g§H$ënZm 

13

4.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© nwñVHo$ 

1) àm. S>m°. Oo. E\$. nmQ>rc (2009), Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mm B{Vhmg, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya. 

2) àm. E. Ama. amÌocH$a (2005) Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mm B{Vhmg, {dÚm~wH$ npãceg©, Am¡a§Jnwam, 

Am¡a§Jm~mX. 

3) ìhr. ~r. nmQ>rc, Ho$ gmJa (1998) _hmamîQ´>mVrc g_mOgwYmaH$, gm{hpË`H$, Wmoa ^maVr` 

{dMmad§V d AÝ` _hZr` ì`ŠVr, Ho$. gmJa npãcHo$eZ, nwUo. 

4) S>m°. {dO` H${d_§S>Z (1990) Am{W©H$ {dMmam§Mm B{Vhmg, lr _§Joe àH$meZ, ZmJnya. 

5) àm. Oo. Ho$. ndma (2006) {edamO _hm{dÚmc`, JS>qh½cO, {O. H$moëhmnya AW©emñÌ {df`mMo 

à{ejU {e~ra. 

6) T. N. Hajela (2009) History of Economic Thought, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd., New 

Delhi. 

❏❏❏ 

14

~r. E. ^mJ-3 : AW©emñÌ nona 7 (A) (OyZm) nona 10 d 15 (A) (Z{dZ) 

Am§VaamîQ´>r` AW©emñÌ 

KQ>H$ H«$. : 1.4 

hoŠíMa - Amoh{bZ `m§Mm Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamMm {gÕm§V 


1.4.2 {df` {ddoMZ 

1.4.3 {gÕm§VmMr _m§S>Ur 

1.4.4 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ 

1.4.5 g§X^© 


1.4.1 àñVmdZm : 


Á`mà_mUo XmoZ ì`ŠVtÀ`m H$m`©j_VoV \$aH$ AgVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo XmoZ Xoem§n¡H$s EH$ Xoe Xwgè`m Xoemnojm 

A{YH$ H$m`©j_ AgVmo. Aem XoemZo CËnm{XV Ho$boë`m dñVy Xwgè`m XoemZo CËnm{XV Ho$boë`m dñVynojm H$_r 

{H$_VrV {dH$Vm òVmV. H$maU Ë`m§Mm CËnmXZmM IM© H$_r Ambobm AgVmo. `m H$maUm_wio EImXm Xoe 

{deofrH$aUmda â XoV AgVmo. Vm¡b{ZH$ bm^mÀ`m {gÕm§VmV H$m`©j_VoMm {dMma Ho$bobm Agbm Var Aer 

{^ÞVm H$m {Z_m©U hmoVo `mMo CÎma `m {gÕm§VmV {_iV Zmhr. Ë`mMà_mUo l_ hm EH$M KQ>H$ Agë`mMo J¥{hV 

_mZbo Agë`m_wio AmnmoAmnM {gÕm§Vmbm _`m©Xm òVo. {d{dY joÌmV KoVë`m OmUmè`m CËnmXZmV {d{dY KQ>H$ 

{d{dY à_mUmV dmnabo OmVmV åhUyZ {dXoer ì`mnmamV VwbZmË_H$ bm^ H$m AZw^dVm òVmo ? `m àíZmMo CÎma 

XoÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ _wÔo _hÎdmMo AmhoV. 

1) CËnmXZmMo {d{dY KQ>H$ AgVmV. 

2) CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m EH$H$m§Mo {d{dY g§`moJ {d{dY à_mUmV dmnaVm òVmV. 

`m _wÔçm§Zm Amnë`m {díbofUmV ñWmZ XoÊ`mV òUmè`m ì`mnma {gÕm§Vmg Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamMm 

AmYw{ZH$ {gÕm§V Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. XmoZ XoemVrb {d{dY dñVy§À`m CËnmXZ IMm©V VwbZmË_H$ \$aH$ H$m 

AgVmo `mMo CÎma gZmVZdmXr VwbZmË_H$ IM© {gÕm§VmV {_iV Zmhr. _mÌ hoŠíMa-Amoh{bZ `m§À`m 

Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamÀ`m {gÕm§VmV VwbZmË_H$ IMm©À`m \$aH$mMo H$maU emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm 

Amho. 

1

gwbr hoŠíMa Am{U ~{Q>©Z AmohbrZ `m§Mm Factor Production Analysis `m VÎdmda Ë`m§Mm {gÕm§V 

AmYm[aV Amho. hoŠíMa Am{U Amoh{bZ `m§À`m_Üò Jwê$-{eî`mMo ZmVo hmoVo. ñQ>m°H$hmo_ {dÚmnrR>mV hoŠíMa 

ho {ejH$ hmoVo Va gmoh{bZ ho {dÚmWu hmoVo. hoŠíMa `m§Mm ñdrS>ZMm Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg d ì`mnmadmX `m XmoZ 

{df`m§Mm Aä`mg _hÎdnyU© _mZbm OmVmo. 1924 Vo 1929 `m H$mimV H$moQ>moZhoOZ {dÚmnrR>mV Am{U 1929 

Vo 1955 n`ªV Vo ñQ>m°H$hmo_ ñHy$b Am°\$ BH$m°Zm°{_Šg_Üò n«mÜ`mnH$ hmoVo. 1944-45 _Üò Vo ñdrS>ZMo 

ì`mnma_§Ìr hmoVo. Va 1977 _Üò Ë`m§Zm OoågZ _rS>~amo~a AW©emómVrb Zmo~ob nwañH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`m§Zr 

1919 _Üò à{gÕ Ho$boë`m 'Eknomisk TidasKrift' `m J«§WmV à{gÕ Ho$boë`m 'The Effect of Foreign 

Trade on the Distribution of Income' `m {Z~§YmV Amnbm {gÕm§V à{gÕ Ho$bm. Va Amoh{bZ `mZr Amnbo 

ì`mnmam~m~VMo {dMma 1933 _Üò à{gÕ Ho$boë`m International & International Trade `m J«§WmVyZ 

_m§S>bo. 

1.4.2 {df`-{ddoMZ : 

hoŠíMa-Amoh{bZÀ`m {gÕm§VmMr J¥{hVo : 

1) {d{dY dñVy§À`m CËnmXZmgmR>r CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m EH$H$m§Mo {d{dY g§`moJ Amdí`H$ AgVmV. 

2) {d{dY Xoem§_Üò CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr CnbãYVm doJdoJir AgVo. 

hoŠíMa-Amoh{bZ `m§À`m _Vo, Á`m XoemV BVa CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m _mZmZo Omo CËnmXZ KQ>H$ gmnojVoZo 

{dnwb à_mUmV CnbãY AgVmo Ë`m XoemV Vmo KQ>H$ A{YH$ à_mUmV dmnê$Z Amdí`H$ Agboë`m dñVy§Mo 

CËnmXZ Ho$bo OmVo qH$dm Aem dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ H$aUo AZwHy$b R>aVo. Voìhm Ë`m Xoembm Vm¡b{ZH$ bm^ {XgyZ 

òVmo. Ë`m_wio ^maV, H$mo[a`m, V¡dmZ Aem XoemV l_mMr {dnwbVm Agbobo Xoe l_mMm dmna H$ê$Z CËnm{XV 

Ho$boë`m dñVy§Mr {Z`m©V H$aVrb Va Am°ñQ´>o{b`m, H°$ZS>m ^y{_Mr {dnwbVm Agbobo Xoe l_mMm dmna H$ê$Z 

CËnm{XV Ho$boë`m dñV§yMr {Z`m©V H$aVrb Va Am°ñQ´>o{b`m, H°$ZS>m ^y{_Mr {dnwbVm Agbobo Xoe ^y_r `m 

KQ>H$mMm Vrd«VoZo {dMma H$ê$Z CËnm{XV Ho$boë`m dñV§Mr {Z`m©V H$aVrb. `m àH$maÀ`m {díbofUm_wio 

hoŠíMa-Amoh{bZÀ`m {gÕm§Vmg KQ>H$ XoUJr {gÕm§V (Factor Endownment Theory) Agohr åhUVmV. 

Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m {gÕm§VmV KQ>H$mMr {dnwbVVm Am{U KAH$mMr Vrd«Vm / KZVm `m Zì`m g§H$ënZm ñnï> Ho$ë`m 

AmhoV. 

J¥{hVo : 

1. XmoZ Xoe, XmoZ dñVy, XmoZ KQ>H$ : Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamV XmoZ Xoe, XmoZ dñVy Am{U XmoZ CËnmXZmMo 

KQ>H$ `m§Mm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. åhUyZ `m {gÕm§Vmg 2 x 2 x 2 à{V_mZ Agohr åhQ>bo OmVo. 

2. g_mZ V§ÌkmZ : XmoÝhr XoemÀ`m CËnmXZ V§ÌmV g_mZVm Amho. ho J¥{hV {deX H$aVmZm Amoh{bZZo 

åhQ>bo Amho H$s, ""Á`mà_mUo ^m¡{VH$ emómMo {Z`_ gd©Ì g_mZ AgVmV Ë`mMà_mUo EH$m {d{eï> H$mimV 

V§ÌkmZmMr nmVir g_mZ AgVo.'' 

3. pñWa CËnmXZ \$b : àËòH$ dñVyMo CËnmXZ pñWa CËnmXZ \$bmg Ho$bo OmVo. åhUOo CËnmXZmV 

AmXmZm§Mr OodT>çm à_mUmV dmT> Ho$br OmVo VodT>çm à_mUmV CËnmXZmV dmT> hmoVo. 

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4. nyU© ñnYm© : dñVy d CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m ~mOmanoR>oV nyU© ñnYm© ApñVËdmV AgVo. 

5. nyU© amoOJma : XmoÝhr AW©ì`dñWm§_Üò nyU© amoOJmamMr pñWVr AgVo. 

6. KQ>H$m§Mr J{VerbVm : CËnmXZmMr gmYZo hr A§VJ©V AW©ì`dñWoV/Am§VaàmXo{eH$ nmVirda nyU© 

J{Verb AgVmV. Va Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda AJ{Verb AgVmV. 

7. g_mZ AmdS>r-{ZdS>r : XmoZ XoemVrb bmoH$m§À`m AmdS>r-{ZdS>r g_mZ AgVmV ho AmdS>r- 

{ZdS>rVrb gmå` Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmam_wio gwÕm {Z_m©U hmoVo. VgoM Om{hamVrVrb n[aUm_mVyZhr Ë`m_Üò g_mZVm 

òVo. 

8. _wŠV ì`mnma : Am`mV-{Z`m©V ì`mnmamda H$moUVohr à{V~§Y ZgVmV. (CXm. Am`mVH$a, {Z`m©VH$a, 

g§»`mË_H$ {Z~ªY B.) 

9. eyÝ` dmhVyH$ IM© : dñVy§Mr Am`mV-{Z`m©V H$aVmZm dmhVyH$ IM© hmoV Zmhr. dmhVyH$ IM© eyÝ` 

AgVmo. 

10. l_ d ^m§S>dbàYmZ V§Ì : XmoZ Xoem_Üò Ho$bo OmoUmao dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ ho l_àYmZ d 

^m§S>dbàYmZ V§Ìmda AmYmabobo AgVo. 

11. {^Þ CËnmXZj_Vm : XmoZ XoemVrb CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr j_Vm hr doJdoJir AgVo. 

{gÕm§VmVrb _hÎdmÀ`m g§H$ënZm : KQ>H$mÀ`m KZVoMr g§H$ënZm : 

hoŠíMa-Amoh{bZ `m§À`m {gÕm§VmV XmoZ dñVy§n¡H$s EH$m dñVyMo CËnmXZ l_àYmZ CËnmXZ V§ÌmZo Ho$bo 

OmB©b, Va Xwgè`m dñVyMo CËnmXZ ^m§S>dbàYmZ V§ÌmZo Ho$bo OmB©b. 

g_Om, H$mnS>mÀ`m EH$ EH$H$ CËnmXZmgmR>r ZD$ EH$H$ l_ d VrZ EH$H$ ^m§S>db Amdí`H$ Agob 

Am{U nmobmXmÀ`m EH$ EH$H$ CËnmXZmgmR>r AmR> EH$H$ l_ d Mma EH$H$ ^m§S>db Amdí`H$ Agob Va 

H$moUVr dñVy l_àYmZ Amho d H$moUVr dñVy ^m§S>dbàYmZ Amho ho ñnï> hmoVo. 

H$mnS>mÀ`m CËnmXZmV l_ hm KQ>H$ nmobmXmnojm {Vd«VoZo qH$dm K>ZVoZo dmnabm OmVmo. åhUyZ H$mnS> hr 

l_àYmZ qH$dm l_ hr {Vd«VoZo / KZVoZo dmnabr OmUmar dñVy Amho. Va nmobmXmÀ`m CËnmXZmV nmobmX hr 

^m§S>dbàYmZ qH$dm ^m§S>db hm KQ>H$ {Vd«VoZo KZVoZo dmnabr OmUmar dñVy Amho. 

KQ>H$mMr KZVm hr Vm¡b{ZH$ bm^mà_mUoM EH$ gmnoj g§H$ënZm Amho Ooìhm H$mnS> hr dñVy nmobmXmnojm 

l_àYmZ AgVo Voìhm AWm©VM nmobmX hr dñVy H$mnS>mÀ`m VwbZoV ^m§S>dbàYmZ AgVo. 

KQ>H$mÀ`m {dnwbVoMr g§H$ënZm : 

KQ>H$mMr {dnwbVm XmoZ àH$maMr AgVo. 

1. ^m¡{VH$ {dnwbVm : {d{dY Xoem§_Yrb àËòH$ CËnmXZ KQ>H$mÀ`m CnbãY g§»òMr VwbZm H$ê$Z 

XmoZ Xoem§Mr gmnoj KQ>H$ {dnwbVm Ooìhm ì`ŠV Ho$br Voìhm Vr ^m¡{VH$ {dnwbVm AgVo. XmoZ Xoem§Vrb l_mÀ`m 

qH$dm ^m§S>dbmÀ`m EH$H$m§Mr g§»`m _moOyZ ^m¡{VH$ {dnwbVm R>a{dbr OmV Zmhr, Va Vr ^m§S>db l_ JwUmoÎmamda 

Adb§~yZ AgVo. 

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2. Am{W©H$ {dnwbVm : Am{W©H$ {dnwbVoÀ`m {ZH$fm§VJ©V XmoZ Xoem§V ñd`§nyU©VoÀ`m n[apñWVrV 

g_VmobmdñWoVrb doVZ-Z\$m XamMr VwbZm H$aUo Ano{jV Amho. g_Om B§½b§S>_Yrb doVZ-Z\$m Xa A_o[aHo$Vrb 

doVZ-Z\$m Xamnojm H$_r Agob Va B§½b§S>_Üò l_ hm KQ>H$ A{YH$ ñdñV Amho qH$dm B§½b§S>_Üò l_ hm KQ>H$ 

Am{W©H$ Ñï>çm {dnwbVoZo CnbãY Amho Agm AW© hmoVmo. 

1.4.3 hoŠíMa-Amoh{bZ {gÕm§VmMr _m§S>Ur : 

[aH$mS>m}À`m VwbZmË_H$ CËnmXZ IMm©À`m {gÕm§VmZwgma Q>rH$m Pmbr. Amoh{bZZo Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamÀ`m 

{gÕm§Vmda Q>rH$m Ho$ë`m_wio Am{U Ë`m {gÕm§VmVrb AZoH$ ÌyQ>r XmI{dë`m_wio ZdrZ {gÕm§V _m§S>Ê`mMr JaO 

{Z_m©U Pmbr. Amoh{bZ `m§À`m Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamÀ`m {gÕm§Vmbm KQ>H$ à_mU {díbofU Agohr åhUVmV. 

Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma åhUOo Am§VaàXoer` ì`mnmamMo EH$ {deof ñdê$n Amho. ì`mnma hm XmoZ XoemVrb 

Agmo qH$dm EH$mM XoemVrb XmoZ àXoem§Mm Agmo, CËnmXZ IMm©Vrb VwbZmË_H$ \$aH$ hoM ì`mnma {Z{_©VrMo 

Iao d dmñVd H$maU AgVo. hr _Ü`dVu H$ënZm hoŠíMa-Amoh{bZ `m§Zr Amnë`m {gÕm§VmM ñnï> Ho$br Amho. 

Xoem§VJ©V ì`mnmamà_mUo Am§VaamîQ´>r` ì`mnmamMr {Z{_©Vr CËnmXZmÀ`m àmXo{eH$ ñWm{ZH$sH$aUmVyZ 

Pmbobr Amho. `m àmXo{eH$ ñWm{Z`rH$aUmMo H$maU åhUOo CËnmXZ KQ>H$mVrb \$aH$ hmo`. Ë`mg Ë`mZr Factor 

Endoment Ago åhQ>bo. 

Ooìhm XmoZ Xoem§V VwbZmË_H$ IMm©Mm {dMma H$ê$Z Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma gwê$ hmoVmo Ë`mdoiog Ë`m 

ì`mnmamnmgyZ g§~§{YV Xoem§Zm {_iUmam VwbZmË_H$ bm^ _hÎdmMm AgVmo Am{U hmM Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamMm 

nm`m Amho, Ago hoŠíMa-Amoh{bZMo _V Amho. 

hoŠíMa-Amoh{bZ `m§Zr Amnë`m {gÕm§VmV nwT>rb _wÔçmda â {Xbm Amho. "EImÚm XoemV Omo KQ>H$ 

{dnwbVoV CnbãY Agob Vmo KQ>H$ {Vd«VoZo qH$dm KZVoZo, dmnmê$Z CËnm{XV Ho$boë`m dñVy§Mr {Z`m©V Vmo Xoe 

H$aVmo.' H$maU EImÚm XoemV Á`m dñVy§À`m CËnmXZmV {dnwbVoZo CnbãY Agbobm KQ>H$ {Vd«VoZo dmnabm OmVmo 

Ë`m dñVy~m~V Ë`m XoemV Vm¡b{ZH$ bm^ {_iVmo. 

OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma AmH¥$VrV XmI{dë`mà_mUo hmoV AgVmo. 

^m§S>dbàYmZ dñVy§Mr {Z`m©V 

^m§S>dbmMr 

{dnwbVm 

Agbobm Xoe 

l_n«YmZ dñVy§Mr Am`mV 

^m§S>dbn«YmZ dñVy§Mr Am`mV 

l_mMr 

{dnwbVm 

Agbobm Xoe 

l_àYmZ dñVy§Mr {Z`m©V 

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AmH¥$VrÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo ñnï>rH$aU : 

AmH¥$VrV "O' d "^' `m XmoZ Xoem§Mm {dMma Ho$bm Amho. "O' `m XoemV ^m§S>db {dnwb à_mUmV Amho. 

Va "^' `m XoemV l_ {dnwb à_mUmV Amho. 

AmH¥$VrV "j' Ajmda l_mMr _mÌm Xe©{dbr Amho Va "`' Ajmda ^m§S>dbmMr _mÌm Xe©{dbr Amho. 

"O' `m XoemV ^m§S>dbmMr {dnwbVm Agë`mZo nmobmXmMo CËnmXZ KoVbo OmVo. H$maU "O' `m XoemMr 

KQ>H$ qH$_V aofm "H$H$' hr Amho Am{U Vr "OO' `m g_CËnmXZ dH«$mg "g' `m q~XyV ñne©Vo. ("g'hm g_Vmob 

q~Xy) Voìhm "O' `m Xoemg nmobmXmÀ`m CËnmXZmg "A_' BVHo$ ^m§S>db d "AJ' BVHo$ l_ dmnabo OmB©b. 

nmobmXmÀ`m CËnmXZmg "AJ' l_mnojm "A_' BVHo$ OmñVrMo ^m§S>db dmnabo OmB©b. åhUyZ "O' `m XoemZo 

nmobmXmMo CËnmXZ H$ê$Z nmobmXmMo {Z`m©V H$amdr. 

^m§ 

S> 

` 

H$ 

_ 

H$ 1 

O 

g 

O 

OZ = ^m§S>db d l_ _mÌm§Mo g§`moJ Xe©{dUmam 

g_ CËnmXZ dH«$ 

^^ = ^m§S>db d l_ _mÌm§Mo g§`moJ Xe©{dUmam 

g_ CËnmXZ dH«$ 

H$H$ = O `m XoemMr KQ>H$ qH$_V aofm 

H$1H$1 = ^ `m XoemMr KQ>H$ qH$_V aofm 

d 

b 

` 

^ 

B 

^ 

A J H$ K H$ 1 

j 

l_ 

"^' `m XoemV l_mMr {dnwbVm Amho. åhUyZ VoWo JìhmMo CËnmXZ Ho$bo OmVo. "^' `m XoemMr KQ>H$ qH$_V 

aofm "H$ 1 H$ 1 ' hr Amho Am{U Vr "^^' `m g_CËnmXZ dH«$mg "B' `m `m q~XyV ñne©Vo ("B' hm g_Vmob q~Xy) 

Voìhm "^' `m XoemV JìhmÀ`m CËnmXZmg "A`' BVHo$ ^m§S>db d "AK' BVHo$ l_ dmnabo OmB©b. JìhmÀ`m 

CËnmXZmg "A`' ^m§S>dbmnojm "AK' BVHo$ OmñV l_ dmnabo OmB©b åhUyZ "^' `m XoemZo JìhmMo CËnmXZ 

H$ê$Z Ë`mMr {Z`m©V H$amdr. Aemdoir "O' d "^' `m XmoZ Xoem§Zm A§mVaamï´>r` ì`mnma bm^Xm`H$ R>ê$ eHo$b. 

Amoh{bZ `m§Zr B§½b§S>b d Am°ñQ´>o{b`m `m XmoZ XoemVrb Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamMo CXmhaU {Xbo Amho. H$moigm d 

5

moI§S> `m dñVy§À`m CËnmXZmgmR>r ^m§S>db {dnwb à_mUmV CnbãY AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. B§½b§S>_Üò 

^m§S>db hm KQ>H$ gmnojVoZo A{YH$ à_mUmV CnbãY Agë`m_wio B§½b§S>_Üò H$moigm d bmoI§S> `m dñVy§Mo 

ânya à_mUmV CËnmXZ Ho$bo OmD$Z Ë`m dñVy Am°ñQ´>o{b`mH$S>o {Z`m©V Ho$ë`m OmVrb. Va Am°JñQ´>o{b`m_Üò 

^m§S>dbmMm gmnojVoZo VwQ>dS>m ^mgV Agë`mZo bmoI§S>r dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ H$aUo Am°ñQ´>o{b`mg gmnojVoZo A{YH$ 

I{M©H$ R>aob åhUyZ bmoI§S>r dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ Amnë`m XoemV Z H$aVm Am°ñQ´>o{b`m B§½b§S>H$S>yZ Ë`m dñVy Am`mV 

H$arb. `mCbQ> Jhÿ d bmoH$a `m dñVy§À`m CËnmXZmgmR>r Or {d{eï> àH$maMr O_rZ Amdí`H$ AgVo Vr 

Am°ñQ´>o{b`mV gmnojVoZo A{YH$ à_mUmV CnbãY Amho. Ë`m_wio Am°ñQ´>o{b`m Jhÿ d bmoH$a `m dñVy§À`m CËnmXZmV 

{deofrH$aU H$ê$Z Ë`m dñVy B§½b§S>_Üò {Z`m©V H$arb. VmËn`©, B§½b§S> ^m§S>dbmMr AàË`j[aË`m Am°ñQ´>o{b`mV 

{Z`m©V H$aVmo d ^m§S>dbmMr Am°ñQ´>o{b`m Am`mV H$aVmo. Va Am°ñQ´>o{b`m AàË`j[aË`m O{_ZrMr B§½b§S>_Üò 

{Z`m©V H$aVmo d B§½b§S> O{_ZrMr Am`mV H$aVmo. 

hoŠíMa-Amoh{bZ `m§À`m {gÕm§Vmdarb Q>rH$m : 

`m {gÕm§Vmda nwT>rbà_mUo Q>rH$m H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. 

1. XmoZ dñVy Am{U XmoZ Xoe : Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamV XmoZ dñVy, XmoZ Xoem§Mm {dMma H$aUo `mo½` Zmhr. 

H$maU Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamV EH$mM XoemMo AZoH$ Xoem§er ì`mnmar g§~§Y AgVmV. CXm. ^maVmMo A_o[aH$m, 

B§½b§S>, Am°ñQ´>o{b`m, OnmZ, Ý`y{Pb§S>, lrb§H$m Aem Xoem§er ì`mnmar g§~§Y AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Am§Vaamï´>r` 

ì`mnmamÀ`m {gÕm§VmV XmoZ Xoem§Mm d XmoZ dñVy§Mm {dMma H$aUo `mo½` Zmhr. 

2. nyU© ñnYm© : `m {gÕm§VmV nyU© ñnYoMo J¥{hV {dMmamV KoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. na§Vw àË`jmV 

AW©ì`dñWoV nyU© ñnYm© AmT>iyZ òV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Or ~m~ àË`jjmV ZgVo Vr {dMmamV KoUo `mo½` Zmhr. 

3. Jw§VmJw§VrMr à{H«$`m : Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma hr EH$ Jw§VmJw§VrMr à{H«$`m Amho. H$maU Ë`mV AZoH$ 

dñVy§Mm d {d{dY Xoem§À`m MbZm§Mm d {d{dY XoemVrb amOH$s` n[apñWVrMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Ho$di XmoZ dñVy, 

XmoZ Xoe Ë`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo BVH$s gmonr ~m~ ZgVo. 

4. {gÕm§V à_mUmV MwH$m : Vm¡b{ZH$ CËnmXZIMm©À`m {gÕm§VmVrb MwH$m§Mr nwZamd¥Îmr hoŠíMa- 

Amoh{bZ `m§Zr ^m§S>dbà_mUmV d l_ à_mU J¥{hV YaVmZm {gÕm§VmV MyH$ Pmbr Amho Agm gmnoj KoVbm 

OmVmo. 

5. na§namJV {gÕm§VmZmgmaImM {gÕm§V : [aH$mS>m} `m§Mm Vm¡b{ZH$ CËnmXZ IM© {gÕm§V Am{U 

hoŠíMa-AmohbrZ `m§Mm Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma {gÕm§V `mV {d{dYVm d doJionUm AmT>iyZ òV Zmhr. 

6. KQ>H$ {dnwb Am{U qH$_V ñdñV : `m {gÕm§VmV XmoZ Xoe Am{U àXoemV KQ>H$ {dnwb à_mUV 

CnbãY Agë`mZo CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr qH$_V H$_r Agë`mMo J¥hrV YaÊ`mV Ambo. na§Vw KQ>H$ ñdñVmV CnbãY 

6

hmoVrbM Ago Zmhr. 

7. dmhVyH$ IM© _hÎdmMm : `m {gÕm§VmV dmhVwH$sMm IM© eyÝ` AgVmo Ago J¥{hV YaÊ`mV Ambo 

Amho. na§Vw {dXoer ì`mnmamV dñVy§À`m Am`mV d {Z`m©VrgmR>r àM§S> dmhVyH$ IM© H$amdm bmJVmo. hr dñVwpñWVr 

Amho. 

8. CËnmXZ IM© pñWa ZgVmo : CËnmXZmV dmT> Pmbr qH$dm CËnmXZmV KQ> Pmbr Var CËnmXZ IM© 

pñWa AgVmo Ago J¥{hV Yabo Amho. na§Vw CËnmXZmVrb dmT>r~amo~a CËnmXZ IMm©V dmT> hmoVo Ë`m_wio pñWa IM© 

àËòH$ doiog pñWa am{hbM Ago Zmhr. 

9. Am§Vaamï´>r` J{V_mZVm Šd{MVM AmT>iVo : Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamV Am§Vaamï´>r` J{V_mZVm 

AmT>iyZ òVo Ago J¥{hV Yabo Amho. àË`jmV dñVwpñWVr _mÌ doJir AgVo. CXm. ^maVmVrb _hmamï´>, 

CÎma àXoe, n.~§Jmb B. amÁ`mV ê$T>r-na§nam, hdm_mZ, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ dmVmdaU `mV IynM A§Va {XgyZ 

òVo. {ejU gwYmaUm_Üòhr A{Ve` _mJmgbonU {XgyZ òVo. Ë`m_wio Am§VaàmXo{eH$ J{V_mZVm Šd{MVM 

AmT>iyZ òV. 

hoŠíMa-AmohbrZ `m§Zr Xoem§VJ©V ì`mnmamà_mUoM Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamMo ñnï>rH$aU Ho$bo Amho. 

1.4.4 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ : 

(A) Jmiboë`m OmJm âm. 

1. hoŠíMa-AmohbrZÀ`m Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma {gÕm§Vmg ............... {gÕm§V Agohr åhUVmV. 

2. hoŠíMa-AmohbrZ `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m {gÕm§VmV ............... d ............... `m XmoZ g§H$ënZm ñnï> 

Ho$ë`m AmhoV. 

3. Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma åhUOo ............... ì`mnmamMo EH$ {deof ê$n Amho. 

4. ^m¡{VH$ {dnwbVm ............... d ............... JwUmoÎmamda Adb§~yZ AgVo. 

5. ............... `m VÎdmda hoŠíMa-AmohbrZ `m§Mm Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamMm {gÕm§V AmYm[aV Amho. 

(~) {Q>nm {bhm. 

1. hoŠíMa-AmohbrZÀ`m {gÕm§VmMr J¥{hVoe 

2. KQ>H$ {dnwbVoMr g§H$ënZm 

3. hoŠíMa-AmohbrZÀ`m {gÕm§VmZwgma OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma H$gm Ho$bm OmVmo ho AmH¥$VrÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo 

XmIdm. 

7

(H$) XrKm}Îmar àíZ. 

1. hoŠíMa-AmohbrZ `m§Mm Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamMm {gÕm§V ñnï> H$am. 

ñd`§AÜ``ZmMr CÎmao : 


1. KQ>H$ XoUJr 2. KQ>H$mMr {dnwbVm d KQ>H$mMr KZVm 3. Am§VaàXoer` 

4. ^m§S>db d l_ 5. KQ>H$ à_mU {díbofU. 

1.4.5 g§X^© : 

1) International Economics - Dr. D. D. Awasthi 

(Trade Theory - Trade Policy) 

2) Macro - Economics - Avrthary 

3) International Economics - M. T. Vaish and Singh 

EEE 

8





3.3.2 {d{Z_` Xa 


3.3.3 IaoXreŠVr g_Vm {gÕm§V 


3.3.5 g§X^© 


KQ>H$ H«$. : 3.1 

{d{Z_` Xa, IaoXreŠVr g_Vm {gÕm§V 

Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamMm Aä`mg H$aVm AgVmZm XmoZ Xoem§À`m MbZmMm {d{Z_` XamMm {dMma H$aUo 

AË`§V Amdí`H$ R>aVo. H$maU Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma hm {d{Z_` Xamda Adb§~yZ AgVmo. XmoZ XoemV Am§Vaamï´>r` 

ì`mnma ìhmd`mMm Agob Va XmoÝhr Xoem§Odi nañnam§Mo MbZ AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. åhUOo H$moUË`mhr 

Xoembm Xwgè`m XoemMo MbZ {dH$V KoVë`m{edm` Ë`m XoemH$Sy>Z Am`mV Ho$boë`m dñVy§Mr XoUr XoVm òUma 

ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio Amnbo MbZ XoD$Z Ë`m~Xë`mV Xwgè`m XoemMo MbZ ¿`mdo bmJVo Ë`mbm {d{Z_` Xa Ago 

åhUVm òB©b. 

3.3.2 {d{Z_` Xa : 

XoemÀ`m ~mhoa n¡emMr XodmUKodmU H$er Am{U H$moUË`m àH$mao MmbVo `mMm {dMma {dXoer {d{Z_` 

XamÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ho$bm OmVmo. Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma ì`dhmamV XmoZ Xoem§Vrb MbZm§Mr XodKod Á`m XamZo hmoVo 

Ë`mbm {d{Z_` Xa Ago åhUVmV. 

{d{Z_` Xa åhUOo EH$m MbZmMr Xwgè`m MbZmÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb qH$_V Ago åhUV òB©b. 

{dXoer {d{Z_` XamMo ñdê$n ñnï> hmoÊ`mgmR>r {d{Z_` XamÀ`m ì`m»`m {dMmamV KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. 

9

ì`m»`m : 

1. Šboà Am{U H«°$ån `m§À`m _Vo, 

""{d{Z_` Xa åhUOo EH$m XoemÀ`m MbZmMr Xwgè`m XoemÀ`m MbZmV ì`ŠV Ho$bobr qH$_V hmo`.'' 

2. H«$mD$Wa / EëgdW© `m§À`m _Vo, 

""{d{Z_` Xa åhUOo EH$m MbZmÀ`m ~Xë`mV {_iUmao BVa MbZmMo à_mU hmo`.'' 

3. Zm°_©Z H«°$ån, 

""{d{Z_` Xa åhUOo BVa XoemMo MbZ {dH$V KoVmZm Amnë`m XoemMo MbZ Á`m à_mUmV Úmdo 

bmJVo, Vo à_mU {ZpíMV H$aUmam Xa hmo`.'' 

{d{Z_` Xambm hþ§S>Umdi Xa Ago åhUVmV. 

AmnU Á`mà_mUo EImXm dñVyMr qH$_V MbZmV ì`ŠV H$aVmo. CXm. nwñVH$mMr qH$_V é. 50, noZMr 

qH$_V é. 10. Ë`mà_mUo EH$m XoemÀ`m MbZmMr qH$_V Xwgè`m XoemÀ`m MbZmV ì`ŠV Ho$br Va Ë`mg 

{d{Z_` Xa Ago åhUVmV. 

CXm. ^maVmÀ`m én`mMr {H§$_V A_o[aHo$À`m S>m°ba `m MbZmV ì`ŠV H$aVmo qH$dm A_o[aHo$À`m S>m°baMr 

qH$_V ^maVmÀ`m én`m_Üò ì`ŠV H$aUo `mbmM {d{Z_` Xa qH$dm hþ§S>UmdiXa qH$dm MbZm§À`m XodmU- 

KodmUrMm Xa Ago åhUVmV. 

CXm. 1 A_o[aH$Z S>m°ba = 49 é. qH$dm 49 é. = 1 A_o[aH$Z S>m°ba 

1 nm¢S> = 75 é. qH$dm 75 é. = 1 nm¢S> 

`mbmM {d{Z_` Xa Ago åhUVmV. 

{d{Z_` XamMr d¡{eï>ço : 

1. {d{Z_` Xa hm eãX {dXoer ì`mnmamVrb XoÊ`mKoÊ`mÀ`m g§X^m©V dmnabm OmVmo. 

2. {d{Z_` Xa hm XmoZ Xoem§À`m MbZmÀ`m XodmU-KodmUrMm Xa AgVmo. 

3. {d{Z_` XamV {dXoer XoUr H$moUË`m _mJm©Zo ^mJ{dÊ`mV Am{U Ë`mgmR>r H$moUVo VÎd A§_bmV AmUmdo 

`mMm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. 

4. {d{Z_` Xa åhUOo EH$m XoemÀ`m MbZmMr Xwgè`m XoemÀ`m MbZmV gm§{JVbobr qH$_V AgVo. 

5. {d{Z_` Xa {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ VÁkm§Zr Amnbo {gÕm§V _m§S>bo AmhoV. 

6. {d{Z_` XamMr g§H$ënZm Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`dhmaVmob g_Vmob gmYÊ`mgmR>r _hÎdmMr AgVo. 

7. {d{Z_` Xam_Üò Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamVrb YZH$moMr XoUr F$U H$moVo YZH$moÀ`m MbZmV Úmd`mMr 

AgVmV. 

10

AmO OJmVrb gd© Xoem§V An[adV©Zr` H$mJXr MbZ nÕVr ApñVËdmV Amho. H$mJXr MbZ nÕVr 

MbZmÀ`m {d{Z_` Xa MbZmÀ`m IaoXreŠVr g_Vm {gÕm§VmZwgma {ZpíMV hmoVmo. Am§Vaamï´>r` ZmUo{ZYrH$Sy>Z 

{d{Z_` XamV pñWaVm amIÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. EImÚm XoemÀ`m MbZmÀ`m {d{Z_` Xa Am§Vaamï´>r` 

~mOmamV Ë`m MbZmg Agbobr _mJUr d Ë`mMm nwadR>m `m§À`m g§Kfm©VyZ R>aV AgVmo. `mbmM ~mOmamVrb 

{d{Z_` Xa Ago åhUVmV. 

{d{Z_`XamMo pñWa {d{Z_` Xa, ~XbVm {d{Z_` Xa d VaVm {d{Z_` Xa Ago àH$ma nS>VmV. `mMm 

Aä`mg AmnU Ho$bm Amho. 

3.3.3 IaoXreŠVr g_Vm {gÕm§V : 

àñVmdZm : 

EH$m XoemÀ`m MbZmÀ`m ~Xë`mV Xwgè`m XoemÀ`m MbZmMo Oo à_mU {ZpíMV Ho$bo OmVo Ë`mg MbZmMm 

{d{Z_` Xa Ago åhUVmV. åhUOo {d{Z_` Xa MbZm§À`m AXbm~XbrMm Xa AgVmo. hm MbZmMm {d{Z_` 

H$gm {ZpíMV hmoVmo `mMm {dMma `m {R>H$mUr H$amd`mMm Amho. 

19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarg ~hþVoH$ XoemV gwdU© n[aUm_ nÕVr ApñVËdmV hmoVr. na§Vw 1930 Z§Va 

OJmVrb ~hþVoH$ gd© Xoem§Zr gwdU© n[aUm_ nÕVrMm Ë`mJ Ho$bm Am{U An[adV©Zr` H$mJXr MbZ nÕVrMm 

ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. XmoZ Xoem§Vrb An[adV©Zr` H$mJXr MbZmVrb {d{Z_` Xa H$gm R>aVmo? Am{U Am§Vaamï´>r` 

ì`dhmaVmobmV g_Vmob H$gm àñWm{nV hmoVmo ho XmoZ _hÎdmMo àíZ AmhoV. Aem n[apñWVrV An[adV©Zr` 

H$mJXr MbZm_Yrb g_Vmob {d{Z_` Xa H$go {ZpíMV hmoVmV ho ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r IaoXreŠVr g_Vm {gÕm§V 

_m§S>Ê`mV Ambm. IaoXreŠVr g_Vm {gÕm§V Purchasing Power Parity Thoery. 

pñdS>re AW©emómda JwñVmd H°$gb `mZr 1918 _Üò IaoXeŠVr g_Vm {gÕm§V _m§S>bm Am{U emóewÕ 

_m§S>Ur H$ê$Z _mÝ`Vm {_idyZ {Xbr. 

H°$gb `m§À`m _Vo, H$moUË`mhr XoemÀ`m MbZmbm Ë`m MbZmÀ`m A§Jr Agboë`m {d{eï> IaoXr 

eŠVr_wio _mJUr AgVo. hr H$ënZm åhUOo `m {gÕm§VmMm Jm^m Amho. `mMm AW© Agm H$s, MbZmbm AgUmar 

_mJUr hr Iè`m AWm©Zo Ë`m MbZmVyZ Á`m dñVy {dH$V KoUo eŠ` AgVo Aem dñVy§Zm AgVo. {d{Z_` Xa 

åhUOo EH$ XoemÀ`m MbZmMr Xwgè`m XoemÀ`m MbZmV Ho$bobr qH$_V hmo. XmoZ MbZmMr nañna qH$_V Ë`m 

MbZm§Mr XmoÝhr XoemVrb IaoXreŠVr g_mZ Agë`mg gmaIr Amho Ago åhUVm òB©b. 

CXm. ^maVmV EH$m noZMr qH$_V 50 é. Amho Am{U VmoM noZ A_o[aHo$V 1 S>m°baMm {_iV Agob Va 

50 é. = 1 S>m°ba qH$dm 1 S>m°ba = é. 50 hm {d{Z_` Xa {ZpíMV hmoB©b `m {gÕm§VmMr _m§S>Ur {Zanoj 

ñdê$nmV d gmnoj ñdê$nmV Ho$br OmVo. 

1. {Zanoj _m§S>Ur (Absolute version) : 

{Zanoj _m§S>UrZwgma {^Þ An[adV©Zr` H$mJXr MbZm§À`m Xoem§VJ©V IaoXreŠVrMm g§~§Y {d{Z_` XamZo 

11

Xe©{dbm OmVmo. qH$~hþZm {^Þ MbZm§Mr IaoXreŠVr Á`m {d{eï> q~XyV g_mZ hmoVo. Ë`m {~§XyVM {d{Z_` Xa 

{ZpíMV hmoVmo. `mgmR>r nwT>rb nmZmdarb gyÌmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. 

R = 

Pb Q 0 

Pa Q 0 

R = {d{Z_` Xa 

Ra = 

Pb = 

Q0 = 

A XoemVrb qH$_Vr 

B XoemVrb qH$_Vr 

g§~§{YV ^mam§H$ 

òWo dñVy§À`m qH$_VtZm XmoÝhr XoemV {Xbo OmUmao ^mam§H$ g_mZ Agbo nm{hOoV. 

CXmhaU - 

g_Om, noZMr qH$_V ^maVmV é. 50 Amho. Va A_o[aHo$V noZMr qH$_V 1 S>m°ba Amho. XmoÝhr XoemVrb 

^mam§H$ 10 BVH$m Amho Va, 

R = 

1 $ (10) 

50 é. (10) 

R = 

10 $ 

500 é. 

1 S>m°ba = 50 é. 

Aem arVrZo {Zanoj _m§S>UrZwgma MbZmMm {d{Z_` Xa {ZpíMV H$aVm òVmo. VWm{n, `m _m§S>UrV 

dmhVwH$sMm IM© A{O~mV {dMmamV KoVbm OmV Zmhr. VgoM `m_Üò Xoem§VJ©V qH$_VrMr {Zanoj nmVir 

_moOÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. 

gmnoj _m§S>Ur (Relative version) : 

`m {gÕm§VmVrb gmnoj _m§S>Ur {Zanoj _m§S>Urnojm A{YH$ gwYm[aV ñdê$nmMr Amho. gmnoj _m§S>UrV 

Xoem§VJ©V IaoXreŠVrVrb ~Xb Am{U XmoZ {dXoer MbZm§À`m {d{Z_` XamVrb ~Xb `mVrb g§~§Y àñWm{nV 

H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. XmoZ MbZm§À`m {d{Z_` XamVrb ~Xb Ë`m MbZm§À`m A§VJ©V IaoXrÀ`m 

JwUmoÎmamVrb ~Xbm§da Adb§~yZ AgVmV. H°$gb `mZr {d{Z_` Xa {ZpíMVrgmR>r nwT>rb gyÌmMm dmna Ho$bm. 

R 1 = R x 

Pb 1 / Pb 0 

Pa 1 / Pa 0 

R 1 = 

ZdrZ {d{Z_` Xa 

R = AmYma dfm©Vrb {d{Z_` Xa 

12

CXmhaU, 

Pb 1 = 

Pa 1 = 

Pb 0 = 

Pa 0 = 

B XoemVrb Mmby dfm©Vrb qH$_V {ZX}em§H$ 

A XoemVrb Mmby dfm©Vrb qH$_V {ZX}em§H$ 

B XoemVrb AmYma dfm©Vrb qH$_V {ZX}em§H$ 

A XoemVrb AmYma dfm©Vrb qH$_V {ZX}em§V 

g_Om gwadmVrg ^maV Am{U A_o[aH$m `m§À`mVrb g_Vmob {d{Z_` Xa 1 é. = 2.0 g|Q> Agm Amho. 

^maVmVrb Mmby dfm©Vrb qH$_V {ZX}em§H$ 300 Amho Am{U A_o[aHo$Vrb Mmby dfm©Vrb qH$_V {ZX}em§H$ 150 

Amho. XmoÝhr XoemVrb nm`m^yV dfm©Vrb {H§$_V {ZX}em§H$ 100 Amho. Va 

R 1 = 20 x 

= 20 x 0.5 

150 / 100 

300 / 100 

= 10 g|Q> Agm ApñVËdmV òB©b. 

gmnoj _m§S>UrV _yi {d{Z_` Xa _m{hV Agob VaM ZdrZ {d{Z_` Xa R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r gmnoj _m§S>Ur 

Cn`wŠV R>aVo. 

{gÕm§Vmdarb Q>rH$m : 

H°$gb `m§À`m {gÕm§Vmda Q>rH$m Ho$br OmVo. 

1. _yi g_Vmob {d{Z_` XamMr {ZpíMVVm H$R>rU : H°$gb `m§À`m IaoXreŠVr {gÕm§VmV Mmby 

g_Vmob {d{Z_` Xa emoYÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ MbZm§Vrb _yi qH$dm AmYma dfm©Vrb {d{Z_` Xa _m{hV AgUo 

Amdí`H$ Amho. na§Vw _yi g_Vmob {d{Z_` Xa `m {gÕm§VmÀ`m _XVrZo emoYyZ H$mT>Vm òV ZmhrY 

2. H$m`©H$maU g§~§YmMm A^md : IaoXreŠVr g_Vm {gÕm§VmV Xoem§VJ©V qH$_V nmVir Am{U {dXoer 

{d{Z_` Xa `mV H$m`©H$maUg§~§Y XmI{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. na§Vw àË`jmV Vgm g§~§Y AgVmoM Ago 

Zmhr. H$maU MbZmÀ`m Xoem§VJ©V qH$_V nmVir nojm OH$mVr, gÅ>o~mOrMo ì`dhma, ^m§S>dbmMr AmdH$ 

OmdH$Vm `mgma»`m KQ>H$m§Mm MbZm§Vrb {d{Z_` Xamda n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo. 

3. Ho$di Am§Vaamï´>r` dñVy§Mm {dMma : H$mhr VÁkm§À`m _Vo, IaoXreŠVr g_Vm {gÕm§VmV Ho$di 

Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamV g_m{dð> hmoUmè`m dñVy§MmM {dMma H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. gd©gm_mÝ` qH$dm Xoem§VJ©V 

dñVy§Mm {dMma `m {gÕm§VmV H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Zmhr. na§Vw Aem dñVy§À`m qH$_VrVrb ~XbmMm n[aUm_ 

Am§Vaamï´>r` dñVy§À`m qH$_Vrdahr hmoVmo. `mMr XIb {gÕm§VmZo KoVbobr Zmhr. 

4. _mJUrÀ`m bd{MH$VoMm {dMma Ho$bobm Zmhr : H°$gb `m§À`m `m {gÕm§VmV _mJUrÀ`m 

bd{MH$VoMm {dMma Ho$bobm Zmhr. g_Om, EImÚm XoemÀ`m _mbmbm OmñV _mJUr Amë`mg MbZmMr _mJUr 

13

dmTy>Z Ë`mMo _yë` dmT>ob. VgoM Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr_wio CËnmXZ ñdñV hmoD$Z Ë`mg OmñV _mJUr òB©b d Ë`m_wio 

MbZmMr _mJUrhr dmT>ob d XoemÀ`m MbZmMo _wë` dmT>ob, `m~m~V {gÕm§VmV {dMma Ho$bobm Zmhr. 

5. XrK©H$mimMm {dMma : H°$gb {gÕm§V XuH$mimMm {dMma H$ê$Z _m§S>Ê`mV Ambm Amho. na§Vw 

AënH$mimV ^m§S>dbmÀ`m Á`m hmbMmbr hmoVmV Ë`mMm{h n[aUm_ {d{Z_`Xamda hmoV AgVmo `mMr XIb `m 

{gÕm§VmV KoVbr Jobr Zmhr. 

6. pñWVrerb ñdê$nmMo à{VnmXZ : H°$gb `m§Mo {gÕm§VmVrb à{VnmXZ pñWVrerb ñdê$nmMo Amho. 

na§Vw XmoZ XoemVrb Am{WªH$ g§~§Y H$m`_ ñdê$nmMo ZgVmV. Ë`mV ~Xb Pmbm H$s {d{Z_`Xahr ~XbVmo. 

Ë`m_wio g_Vmob Xahr ~XbVmo `mH$S>o Xwb©j Pmbo Amho. 

7. {ZX}em§H$mda A{V[aŠV â : `m {gÕm§VmV qH$_V {ZX}em§H$mda A{YH$ â XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. 

na§Vw ho {ZX}em§H$ Anwao d gXmof AgVmV. H$maU doJdoJù`m XoemV ho {ZX}erV {^Þ {^Þ AmYma df©, dñVy, 

Ë`m§À`m qH$_Vr, dñVy§Zm {Xbobm ^ma `mV \$aH$ nS>Vmo. Ë`m_wio {ZX}em§H$mMr VwbZm H$ê$Z {d{Z_` Xa R>a{dUo 

H$R>rU OmVo. 

8. _`m©{XV Cn`wŠVVm : H$mhr Q>rH$mH$mam§À`m _Vo, hm {gÕm§V _`m©{XVnUo Cn`wŠV R>aVmo. gd©gmYmaU 

qH$_V nmVirg Vmo à{MVrg òV Zmhr. 

9. _oPbaMr Q>rH$m : hm {gÕm§V nmofH$ Zgboë`m pñWVrV nS>Vmibm Jobm Agë`mZo Q>mH$mD$ ~Zbm 

Amho. `wÕmÀ`m H$mimV Cn`wŠV Va _hm_X§rÀ`m H$mimV Ë`mMr à{MVr òV Zmhr. 



1. {d{Z_` Xamg ............... Xa Ago åhUVmV. 

2. Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma ì`dhmamV XmoZ Xoem§Vrb MbZm§Mr XodKod Á`m XamZo hmoVo Ë`mg ............... 

Ago åhUVmV. 

3. ............... hr g§ñWm {d{Z_` XamV pñWaVm amIÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo. 

4. MbZmMm IaoXr eŠVr g_Vm {gÕm§V ............... `m§Zr _m§S>bm. 

5. IaoXreŠVr g_Vm {gÕm§VmMr _m§S>Ur ............... d .............. ñdê$nmV Ho$br OmVo. 

(~) {Q>nm {bhm. 

1. {d{Z_` Xa 

2. IaoXreŠVr g_Vm {gÕm§VmMr {Zanoj d gmnoj _m§S>Ur. 

14


1. n¡emMm IaoXreŠVr g_Vm {gÕm§V ñnï> H$am. 



1. hþ§S>Umdi Xa 2. {d{Z_` Xa 3. Am§Vaamï´>r` ZmUo{ZYr 

4. JwñVmd H°$gb 5. {Zanoj d gmnoj 

3.3.5 g§X^© : 

1) Macro - Economics - Avrthary 

2) International Economics - M. T. Vaish and Sudama Singh 

3) International Economics - Dr. D. D. Awasthi 

(Trade Theory - Trade Policy) 

EEE 

15





4.3.2 {df` {ddoMZ 

4.3.3 OH$mVrMo àH$ma 

4.3.4 OH$mVrMo n[aUm_ 


4.3.6 g§X^© 



KQ>H$ H«$. : 4.3 

Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamVrb AS>Wio-OH$mVr 

_wŠV ì`mnma Am{U g§a{jV ì`mnma YmoaU `m~m~VMr MMm© _mJrb àH$aUmV Ho$br Amho. _wŠV ì`mnmamMo 

YmoaU g¡Õm§{VH$ nmVirda `mo½` Agbo Var AZoH$ Xoe Amnë`m Xoer CÚmoJmV- ì`mnmamg g§ajU XoÊ`mMm 

à`ËZ Zoh_rM H$arV AgVmV. AmnU `m àH$aUmV g§a{jV ì`mnmamMr gmYZo H$moUVr AmhoV Am{U Ë`mMo 

ì`mnmamda H$m` n[aUm_ hmoVrb `m~m~V {ddoMZ H$aUma AmhmoV. Xoer CÚmoJm§Zm g§ajU XoÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo 

Aem gmYZm§Mm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamV AS>Wio AmUbo OmVmV Ë`m§Zm g§a{jV ì`mnma Cnm` åhUyZ 

AmoiIbo OmVo. 

4.3.2 {df`-{ddoMZ : 

àewëH$ qH$dm OH$mV - AW© d àH$ma : 

àewëH$ hm {dXoer ì`mnmamV AS>Wim {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm nma§nm[aH$ _mJ© Amho. OJmVrb gd© Xoem§Zr 

Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma YmoaUmV `mMm XrK©H$mi dmna Ho$bobm Amho. 

{dXoer ì`mnmamV Am`mV-{Z`m©Vrda OH$mV H$a bmdÊ`mMr JaO XoemVrb CÚmoJ Am{U CËnmXZmV 

g§ajU XoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo Amho. Am`mV-{Z`m©V ì`mnmamVrb OH$mV H$a hm {dXoer ì`mnmamVrb _hÎdmMm àíZ 

16

Amho. {dXoer ì`mnmamVrb Xoe dñVy§Mr Am`mV-{Z`m©V H$aVmZm Ë`m Ë`m Xoem§H$Sy>Z Am`mV-{Z`m©Vrda H$a 

bmdbm OmV Agob Va Ë`m H$amg àewëH$ qH$dm OH$mV H$a Ago åhUVmV. bmdbobm H$a åhUOo àewëH$ qH$dm 

OH$mV H$a hmo`. 

àewëH$ qH$dm OH$mVr_Üò Imbrb H$am§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. 

1. Am`mV H$a (Import Duties) 

2. {Z`m©V H$a (Export Duties) 

3. ñWbm§V[aV / nmaJ_Z H$a (Transit Duties) 

àewëH$mMo / OH$mVrMo àH$ma : 

(A) dñVw_mZmMm CJ_ d nmR>dÊ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUmZwgma : 

1. Am`mV H$a : Xwgè`m XoemVyZ Am`mV hmoUmè`m dñVyda bmdÊ`mV òUmè`m H$ambm Am`mV H$a Ago 

åhUVmV. XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ àJVrgmR>r Am`mV H$a _hÎdmMm AgVmo. Xoem~mhoê$Z gr_oÀ`m AmV òUmè`m 

dñVy§da hm H$a bmXbm OmVmo. 

CXm. B§½b§S>_YyZ `§Ìgm_wJ«r ^maVmV Am`mV Ho$br Va ^maV gaH$ma `§Ìgm_wJ«rda Omo H$a AmH$maob Ë`mg 

Am`mV H$a Ago åhUVmV. 

2. {Z`m©V H$a : XoemVrb dñVy Xwgè`m XoemV {dH«$sgmR>r nmR>{dë`m OmVmV Voìhm Ë`m dñVy§da Omo H$a 

AmH$mabm OmVmo Ë`mg {Z`m©V H$a Ago åhUVmV. Oo Xoe H$ÀÀ`m _mbmMr Xwgè`m XoemV {Z`m©V H$aVmV Voìhm 

Vo Xoe {Z`m©V H$a AmH$maVmV. 

CXm.^maVmVyZ H$mngmMr B§½b§S>bm {Z`m©V Ho$br OmV Agob Va ^maV {Z`m©Vrda hm H$a AmH$maob. 

3. _mJ©dVu/ñWbm¨V[aV H$a : Ooìhm EH$ Xoe Xwgè`m XoemV _mb nmR>{dVmZm Vmo Amnë`m XoemÀ`m 

hÔrVyZ qH$dm àXoemVyZ OmV Agob Va Omo H$a AmH$mabm OmVmo Ë`mg _mJ©dVr/ñWbm§V[aV H$a Ago åhUVmV. 

(~) OH$mV XamÀ`m ñdê$nmdê$Z : 

1. {d{eï> àewëH$ : Am`mV dñVyÀ`m àËòH$ ZJm_mJo EH$ {d{eï> a¸$_ Am`mV H$a åhUyZ AmH$mabr 

OmVo Ë`mg {d{eï> àewëH$ Ago åhUVmV. Am`mV dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr `m_Üò {dMmamV Z KoVm Am`mV dñVyÀ`m 

àËòH$ ZJmda R>am{dH$ H$a AmH$mabm OmVmo. 

CXm. _moQ>marÀ`m Xa ZJm_mJo é. 25000 H$a Úmdm bmJV Agob Va qH$_V {H$Vrhr Agbr Var 

_moQ>mardarb H$a é. 25000 Agob. 

2. _wë`mZwgma àewëH$ : Am`mV-{Z`m©V hmoUmè`m dñVy§À`m qH$_Vrdê$Z Or H$a AmH$maUr Ho$br OmVo 

Ë`mg _wë`mZwgma / qH$_VrZwgma àewëH$ Ago åhUVmV. 

17

CXm. Am`mV Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m "A' `m dñVyMr qH$_V é. 10,000 Agob Am{U H$amMm Xa 10% Agob 

Va "A' dñVyda é. 1000 Am`mV H$a gaH$mar {VOmo[aV âmdm bmJob. Ë`m_wio Xoer ~mOmamV "A' dñVyMr 

qH$_V é. 11,000 hmoB©b. 

3. {_l qH$dm g§`wŠV H$a : Am`mV Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m dñVwda Ooìhm dñVwÀ`m qH$_VrZwgma d {d{eï> 

H$a `m XmoÝhr nÕVrZwgma H$a AmH$maUr Ho$br OmVo Voìhm Ë`mg {_l qH$dm g§`wŠV H$a Ago åhUVmV. 

CXm. b°nQ>m°nMr Am`mV H$aVmZm 10% qH$_VrZwgma H$a Am{U é. 3000 {d{eï> H$a Agob Va 

b°nQ>m°nMr qH$_V é. 30,000 AgVmZm Ë`mda é. 3000 qH$_VrZgma Am{U é. 3000 {d{eï> H$a åhUOo 

é. 6000 àewëH$ âmdo bmJob. 

4. gaH$Vo H$a : `m àH$mamV Am`mV Ho$ë`m dñVy§À`m qH$_VrZwgma H$amÀ`m XamV ~Xb H$aÊ`mV òVmo. 

(H$) XoemZwgma {d{dY H$a : 

1. EH$ ñV§^r OH$mV : `m àH$mamV EH$mM àH$maÀ`m dñVyda EH$mM XamZo H$amMr AmH$maUr Ho$br 

OmVo. Am`mV dñVy H$moUË`mhr XoemVyZ Am`mV Ho$br Var Ë`m dñVyda EH$mM/gma»`mM XamZo H$a AmH$maUr 

Ho$br OmVo Ë`mg EH$ar ñV§^ OH$mV Ago åhUVmV. 

2. {Û-ñV§^r OH$mV : `m àH$mamV Am`mV Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m gd© qH$dm H$mhr dñVy§da XmoZ XamZo H$a 

AmH$maUr Ho$br OmVo åhUyZ Ë`mg {Û-ñV§^r OH$mV Ago åhUVmV. 

CXm. EImXm Xoe {_Ì amï´>mH$Sy>Z Am`mV Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m EH$m XamZo H$a AmH$maVo Am{U BVa amï´>m§H$Sy>Z 

Am`mVrda doJù`m XamZo H$a AmH$maUr H$aVmo Voìhm Ë`mg {ÛñV§^r OH$mV Ago åhUVmV. 

3. ~hþ-ñV§^r : `m àH$mamV Am`mV Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m àËòH$ dñVy§gmR>r XmoZ qH$dm XmoZ nojm A{YH$ 

doJdoJù`m XamZo H$amMr AmH$maUr Ho$br OmVo. `mMo VrZ àH$ma nS>VmV. 

(1) gd©gm_mÝ` Xa nÕVr - `m_Üò _hÎm_ XamZo H$a AmH$maUr Ho$br OmVo. 

(2) _Ü`_ Xa nÕVr - `m_Üò {H$_mZ XamZo AmH$maUr Ho$br OmVo. 

(3) nañna ng§VrXa nÕVr - Am`mV dñVy§da AJXr H$_r qH$dm eyÝ` XamZo OH$mV AmH$mabr OmVo. 

4. ñdm`Îm OH$mV : Oa {d{dY XoemVrb OH$mVrMo Xa AmnAmngm§Vrb VS>OmoS>rZo Z R>a{dVm 

H$m`ÚmZwgma R>aVmV Ë`mg ñdm`Îm OH$mV Ago åhUVmV. 

(S>) hoVy / CÔoemZwgma : 

1. _hgwbr OH$mV : gaH$mabm CËnÝZ {_imdo `m CÔoemZo Am`mV-{Z`m©Vrda OH$mV AmH$maUr Ho$br 

OmVo Ë`mg _hgwbr OH$mV Ago åhUVmV. gaH$mabm CËnÞ {_imdo `m CÔoemZo `m OH$mVr AmH$maë`m Joë`m_wio 

OH$mVrMo Xa gm_mÝ`V: H$_r AgVmV. H$maU OH$mVrMo Xa OmñV AgVrb Va Am`mV H$_r hmoD$Z CËnÞ 

{_iUma Zmhr. 

18

2. g§ajU{df`H$ OH$mV : Xoer CÚmoJm§Zm g§ajU XoÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo Or OH$mV AmH$mabr OmVo Ë`mg 

g§ajU{df`H$ OH$mV Ago åhUVmV. Aer OH$mV AmH$maë`m_wio Am§Vaamï´>r` ñnY}nmgyZ Xoer CÚmoJm§Zm g§ajU 

{_iVo. Ë`m§Zm CËnmXZ dmT>rg àoaUm {_iVo. _hgwbr CËnÞ {_i{dUo OH$mVrMm hoVy ZgVmo. 

Am`mV OH$mVrMo CÔoe (Objectives of Import Tariffs) : 

1. gaH$mabm _hgwbr CËnÞ {_i{dUo : {dXoemVyZ Am`mV hmoUmè`m dñVyda OH$mV AmH$maë`mg 

Ë`mnmgyZ gaH$mabm CËnÞ {_iVo. Á`m dñVy§Mr _mJUr bd{MH$ AgVo Aem dñVy§À`m Am`mVrda H$_r XamZo 

OH$mV AmH$mê$Z gaH$ma ânya CËnÞ {_idy eH$Vo Va Á`m dñVy§Mr _mJUr Abd{MH$ AgVo Aem dñVy§da 

OmXm XamZo OH$mV AmH$mê$Z gaH$mabm OmXm _hgyb {_iy eH$Vmo. 

2. Xoer CÚmoJm§Zm g§ajU XoUo : Xoer CÚmoJm§Mr ñnYm©eŠVr dmT>Ê`mgmR>r, Am§Vaamï´>r` ñnY}V Vo {Q>Hy$Z 

amhÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm g§ajU XoÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo Am`mV dñVy§da OH$mV AmH$mabr OmVo. Ë`m_wio {dXoer dñVy§Mr 

Am`mV XoemV {H$_Vr dmT>VmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr _mJUr H$_r hmoVo d Xoer dñVy§ZmM _mJUr amhVo d CÚmoJm§Zm 

g§ajU {_iVo. 

3. ì`dhmamV g_Vmob {Z_m©U H$aUo : {dH$gZ Xoem§À`m Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamVrb ì`dhmaVmobmV Or 

VyQ> Ambobr AgVo Vr ^ê$Z µH$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Am`mVrda OmXm XamZo OH$mV AmH$mê$Z Am`mVrV KQ> Ho$br OmVo 

d ì`dhmaVmobmV g_Vmob {Z_m©U Ho$bm OmVmo. 

4.3.4 OH$mVrMo n[aUm_ (Effects of Tariffs) : 

gaH$maZo AmH$maboë`m H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m OH$mVrMo àË`j d AàË`j Ago XyaJm_r n[aUm_ hmoV 

AgVmV. OH$mV C^maUrMo XmoZ hoVy AgVmV - 

1. gaH$mabm CËnÞ qH$dm _hgyb {_idyZ XoUo. 

2. Xoer CÚmoJm§Zm qH$dm CËnm{XV dñVy§Zm g§ajU XoUo. 

gaH$maZo Amnë`m {VOmo[aV _hgyb {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo CƒXamZo OH$mV AmH$mabr Va Am`mV H$amd`mÀ`m 

{dXoer dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>VmV. Ë`m_wio Xoer CÚmoJm§Zm d CËnm{XV dñVy§Zm g§ajU {_iyZ 

Ë`m§Zm CËnmXZ dmT>rMr àoaUm {_iVo. na§Vw Á`m dñVy§Mo XoemV CËnmXZ H$aUo eŠ` ZgVo Aem dñVy§À`m 

Am`mVrda _hgyb {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Cƒ XamZo OH$mV AmH$maë`mg g§ajUmMm hoVy gmÜ` hmoV Zmhr. Xoer dñVy 

{dXoer dñVy§À`m ñnY}V {Q>Hy$Z amhÊ`mV Am{U Ë`m§À`m CËnmXZmV gmVË`nyU© dmT> hmoV ahmdr åhUyZ g§ajUmË_H$ 

OH$mV qH$dm gr_mewëH$ AmH$mabo OmVo. CÚmoJm§Zm g§ajU XoÊ`mgmR>r OmXm XamZo OH$mV AmH$mabr Jobr Va 

Am`mV nyU©nUo ~§X hmoB©b Am{U gaH$maMm _hgyb nyU©nUo ~§X hmoB©b. OH$mV AmH$maUrMm {dMma Ho$ë`mg 

{d{dY gmV n[aUm_ hmoVmV Ago à{gÕ AW©emók qH$S>b~O©a `m§Mo _V Amho. Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVbobo OH$mVrMo 

gmV n[aUm_ nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV. 

19

(1) g§ajU n[aUm_ (2) Cn^moJ n[aUm_ (3) _hgyb n[aUm_ (4) nwZ©dmQ>Ur n[aUm_ (5) ì`mnma AQ>r 

n[aUm_ (6) amoOJma/godm `moOZ n[aUm_ (7) ì`dhmaVmob n[aUm_. 

(1) g§ajU n[aUm_ : gaH$maÀ`m OH$mV YmoaUmMm g§ajUmË_H$ n[aUm_ {XgyZ òVmo. Amnë`m 

CÚmoJm§Zm g§ajU XoÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo OH$mV AmH$maë`m CÚmoJm§Zm, CËnm{XV dñVy§Zm g§ajU {_iVo. Ë`m_wio CËnmXZ 

dmT>rg MmbZm {_iVo. àmoËgm{hV hmoD$Z CËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. na§Vw Cƒ XamZo OH$mV 

AmH$maë`mg CÚmoJm§Zm g§ajU {_iob _mÌ Am`mV nyU©nUo ~§X hmoD$Z gaH$maMo _hgyb CËnÝZ eyÝ` hmoB©b. Á`m 

dñVy§Mo XoemV CËnmXZ hmoV Zmhr Aem dñVy§À`m Am`mVrda OH$mV bmdë`mg _hgyb {_iob, _mÌ g§ajUmMm 

hoVy gmÜ` hmoUma Zmhr. 

(2) Cn^moJ n[aUm_ : Am`mV dñVy§da OH$mV AmH$maë`mg Ë`mMm Cn^moŠË`m§À`m Cn^moJmdahr 

n[aUm_ hmoVmo. dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr dmT>ë`m_wio Ë`m _hmJ hmoD$Z EHy$U Cn^moJmV d g_mYmZmV KQ> hmoVo. 

Cn^moJmV KQ> Pmë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m amhUr_mZmdahr n[aUm_ hmoVmo. 

(3) _hgyb / CËnÞ n[aUm_ : gaH$mabm Amnbm IM© ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r Oo CËnÞmMo {d{dY _mJ© 

emoYmdo bmJVmV. Ë`mn¡H$s Am`mV-{Z`m©Vrda H$a AmH$maUr H$aUo hm EH$ _mJ© Amho. XoemV òUmè`m d XoemVyZ 

~mhoa OmUmè`m dñVy§da OH$mV AmH$maë`mg gaH$maÀ`m CËnÞmV dmT> hmoVo. CËnÞ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r OH$mV 

AmH$maUr Var g§ajU, nwZ©dmQ>n d BVa n[aUm_hr hmoVmVM. 

(4) nwZ©dmQ>Ur n[aUm_ : dñVy§Mr qH$_V Am{U Z\$m `m XmoÝht_Üò dmT> Pmë`m_wio {_iUmao OmXmMo 

CËnÞ åhUOo OH$mVrMm nwZ©dmQ>nr n[aUm_ hmo`. Vo CËnÞ CËnmXH$m§Zr dñVy§À`m Cn^moŠË`mH$Sy>Z {_idbo Amho. 

nr. Q>r. EëgdW©Zo `mbm hñVm§VaU n[aUm_ åhQ>bo Amho. hm n[aUm_ CËnmXH$mÀ`m Ñï>rZo AË`§V _hÎdmMm 

AgVmo. CËnmXZmV dmT> Pmbobr Agmo qH$dm Zgmo Ë`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo Ë`mbm {deof _hÎd ZgVo. Amnbm \$m`Xm 

ìhmdm åhUyZ Vo OH$mVrÀ`m ñdê$nmV gVV _mJUr H$arV AgVmV. 

(5) ì`mnma AQ>r n[aUm_ : AW©emó {_b, _me©b, EOdW© Am{U Q>m°qgJ `m§Zr Ago _mÝ` Ho$bo hmoVo 

H$s, EImXm Xoe OH$mV AmH$mê$Z Amnë`m ì`mnma AQ>r AZwHy$b H$ê$ eH$Vmo. Am`mVrda `mo½` Ë`m à_mUmV 

OH$mV AmH$maë`mg Amnë`m ì`mnma AQ>rda AZwHy$b n[aUm_ hmoD$ eH$Vmo. Ago gZmVZdmXr AW©Vkm§Zr _mÝ` 

Ho$bo hmoVo. VWm{n BVa Xoem§da Ë`mMm à{VHy$b n[aUm_ hmoD$ eH$Vmo. 

(6) amoOJma/ godm `moOZ n[aUm_ : g§ajU YmoaUmMm nwañH$ma XoemVrb ~oH$marMr g_ñ`m 

gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo. {dXoemVyZ Am`mV Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m dñVy§da OH$mV AmH$maë`mg Xoer CËnm{XV 

dñVy§Zm g§ajU {_iVo. Ë`m_wio CËnmXZmV d CËnÞmV dmT> hmoD$ eH$Vo. XoemVrb CËnmXZmV _moR>çm à_mUmV 

dmT> KS>dyZ AmUmd`mMr Agë`mZo XoemV amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yrhr _moR>çm à_mUmV {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$VmV. H$maU 

g§ajU YmoaUm_wio Xoer dñVy§Mr _mJUr dmT>Vo Am{U Vr nyd© H$aÊ`mgmR>r CËnmXZ d amoOJma `m XmoÝhrVhr dmT> 

hmoVo. `mbmM amoOJma n[aUm_ Ago åhUVmV. 

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(7) ì`dhmaVmob n[aUm_ : ì`dhmaVmob à{VHy$b AgUmè`m Xoem§Zr g§ajU YmoaUmMm _mJ© pñdH$mê$Z 

Amnë`m ì`dhmaVmobmVrb VyQ> H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r doirM Am`mV H$_r Ho$br nm{hOo. Ë`mgmR>r Am`mVrda 

_moR>çm à_mUmV OH$mV AmH$maÊ`mMo YmoaU pñdH$maÊ`mV òVo. OH$mV AmH$maUr_wio Am`mVrV KQ> hmoD$Z 

ì`dhmaVmobmV Ambobr VyQ> H$_r hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. `m n[aUm_mg ì`dhmaVmob n[aUm_ Ago åhUVmV. 

A{dH${gV Xoe ho Zoh_rM ì`dhmaVmobmVrb VyQ>r~m~VÀ`m AS>MUrV AgVmV. åhUyZ Vo OH$mVr AmH$mê$Z 

VyQ> H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am`mVrV KQ> H$aÊ`mMm _mJ© Adb§~VmV. hm _mJ© AënH$mimgmR>r Cn`wŠV AgVo. 

XrK©H$mimgmR>r _mÌ Vmo \$m`Xoera R>aV Zmhr. 

Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamÀ`m ~m~VrV OH$mVrMm qH$dm àewëH$ hm J§^ra ñdê$nmMm àíZ Amho. àËòH$ 

XoemÀ`m ê$T>r, na§nam, YmoaU doJdoJio AgVo. àËòH$ XoemH$Sy>Z Amnmnë`m na§nam OmonmgÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm 

OmVmo. Xoer CÚmoJm§Zm d CËnmXZmg g§ajU {Xbo OmVo. XoemV Am`mV Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m dñVyda OH$mV AmH$mê$Z 

Ë`m dñVyXoer dñVy§nojm _hmJ H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© OH$mVrV hmoV Agë`m_wio Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamVrb AS>Wù`m§Mm 

{dMma H$aVm§Zm OH$mVrMm Aä`mg _hËdmMm Amho. 



1. Ooìhm EImXm Xoe naH$s` Am`mVrda H$a AmH$maUr H$aVmo Ë`mbm ............... Ago åhUVmV. 

2. XoemÀ`m hÔrVyZ qH$dm àXoemVyZ Á`mdoir EImXm Xoe _mb nmR>{dVmo Voìhm Omo H$a AmH$mabm OmVmo 

Ë`mg ............... H$a Ago åhUVmV. 

3. Am`mV-{Z`m©V dñVy§À`m [H§$_VrZwgma Or H$a AmH$maUr Ho$br OmVo Ë`mg ............... Zwgma 

OH$mV Ago åhUVmV. 

4. gaH$mabm CËnÞ {_imdo `m CÔoemZo AmH$maë`m OmUmè`m OH$mVrg ............... OH$mV Ago 

åhUVmV. 

5. Am`mV Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m gd© H$mhr dñVy§da XmoZ XamZo H$a AmH$maUr Ho$br OmVo Voìhm Ë`mg 

............... OH$mV Ago åhUVmV. 

6. OH$mVrg ............. qH$dm .............. Agohr åhUVmV. 

(~) {Q>nm {bhm. 

1. OH$mVrMo àH$ma 

2. OH$mVrMo n[aUm_ 

3. Am`mV OH$mVrMo CÔoe 

21


1. OH$mV åhUOo H$m`? OH$mVrMo àH$ma ñnï> H$am. 

2. OH$mVrMo CÔoe gm§JyZ OH$mVrMo n[aUm_ ñnï> H$am. 



1. OH$mV 2. _mJm©dVu qH$dm ñWbm§V[aV 

3. qH$_Vr 4. _hgwbr 

5. {Û-ñV§^r 6. gr_mewëH$ / àewëH$ 

4.3.6 g§X^© : 

1) International Economics - Dr. D. D. Awasti 

2) International Economics - M.T. Vaish and Singh 

EEE 

22


4.4.2 OH$mVoVa AS>Wio 


4.4.4 g§X^© 


KQ>H$ H«$. : 4.4 

Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamVrb OH$mVoÎma AS>Wio 

Xwgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV Am§Vaamï´>r` MM}VyZ OH$mVr~m~VMo {Z~ªY {eWrb H$aÊ`mV Ambo 

AmhoV. A{dH${gV Am{U {dH$gZerb Xoem§Zm Amnbr {Z`m©V dmT>{dÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo \$m`XmM Pmbm Amho. na§Vw 

{OVŠ`m à_mUmV `m Xoem§Mm ì`mnma dmT>Uo Amdí`H$ hmoVo Ë`m à_mUmV dmT>bobm {XgyZ òV Zmhr, H$maU 

{dH$grV Xoem§Zr {dH$gZerb Xoem§H$Sy>Z hmoUmar Am`mV H$_r H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. `m_wio Am§Vaamï´>r` 

ì`mnmamV Oo AS>Wio {Z_m©U hmoVmV Ë`m§Zm "àewëHo$Va AS>Wio' Ago åhUVmV. {dH$grV Xoem§Mm àewëHo$Îma 

AS>Wio {Z_m©U H$ê$Z {dH$gZerb XoemH$Sy>Z hmoUmè`m {Z`m©Vrda à{V~§Y KmbÊ`mMm à`ËZ Zoh_rM AgVmo. 

{dH$gZerb Xoem§H$Sy>Z eoV_mbmMr Or {Z`m©V H$aÊ`mV òVo Ë`mda àewëHo$da AS>Wio {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Am§Vaamï´>r` 

ì`mnmamV EH$ Jw§VmJw§VrMr ì`dñWm C^maÊ`mV Ambr Amho. `wamonr` Am{W©H$ g_wXm`mZo ~g{dboë`m OH$mVrVoa 

{Z~ªYmÀ`m nmhUrV Ago ñnï> AmT>ibo Amho H$s, `m JQ>m§Vrb Xoem§Zr Am`mVrda 15 {^Þ {^Þ àH$maMo {Z~ªY 

bmXyZ Amnë`m XoemVrb CËnmXH$m§Zm g§ajU {Xbo Amho. Aem {Z~ªYm_Üò Am`mV H$moQ>m {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mnmgyZ 

Vo Amnë`m XoemVrb CËnmXH$m§Zm AW©ghmæ` XoÊ`mn`ªVÀ`m AZoH$ Cnm`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. OH$mVrVoa AS>Wio ho 

A{YH$ YmoH$mXm`H$ AgVmV. H$maU Ë`m_Üò A{ZpíMVVm AgVo. OH$mV AS>Wio nadS>Umao AgVmV. H$maU `m 

AS>Wù`m_Üò AJmoXa H$ënZm òD$ eH$Vo. na§Vw {dH$grV Xoe H$emàH$mao OH$mVoÎma AS>Wio AmUy eH$Vrb `mMr 

H$ënZm {dH$gZerb Xoem§Zm òD$ eH$V Zmhr. Ë`m_wio ho AS>Wio A{YH$ YmoH$mXm`H$ AgVmV. `m_Üò AZoH$ 

AS>Wù`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. 

4.4.2 OH$mVoÎma AS>Wio : 

1. {d{dY Xoem§Vrb MbZm_Üò \$aH$ : 

Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamVrb AË`§V _hÎdmMm AS>Wim åhUOo {d{dY amï´>m_Yrb MbZmV Agbobm \$aH$ 

hmò . OJmVrb àËòH$ XoemMo ñdV:Mo MbZ AgVo d Ë`m MbZmV AW©ì`dñWoV CËnm{XV Pmboë`m dñVy d godm§Mr 

qH$_V {ZpíMV Ho$bobr AgVo. VWm{n, XoemV V`ma Pmboë`m dñVy Xwgè`m XoemV {Z`m©V Ho$ë`m OmVmV qH$dm 

ì`mnmamÛmao nmR>{dë`m OmVmV Voìhm Ë`m dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr Xoer MbZmV ì`ŠV Z H$aVm Xwgè`m XoemÀ`m MbZmV 

{ZpíMV H$amì`m bmJVmV. dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr {dXoer MbZmV H$em R>admì`mV? hr _hÎdmMr g_ñ`m AgVo. 

23

CXm. ^maV Am{U A_o[aH$m `m XmoÝhr XoemV Ooìhm ì`mnmar H$ama hmoVmo Voìhm ^maVmMm én`m Am{U 

A_o[aHo$Mm S>m°ba `m§Mm {d{Z_` Xa R>admdm bmJVmo. B§½b§S>er ì`mnmar Ho$bm OmVmo Voìhm ^maVmMm én`m Am{U 

B§½b§S>Mm nm¢S> `m XmoÝhr MbZmVrb {d{Z_` Xa R>admdm bmJVmo. OnmZ~amo~a Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m ì`mnmar 

H$amamZwgma OnmZMm òZ Am{U ^maVmMm én`m `mVrb {d{Z_` Xa {ZpíMV H$amdm bmJVmo. MbZmVrb {d{Z_` 

Xa åhUOo EH$m XoemÀ`m MbZmMr Xwgè`m XoemÀ`m MbZmV qH$_V {ZpíMV H$aUo hmo`. hm {d{Z_` Xa H$gm 

R>admdm? Ë`mgmR>r H$moUVr _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo {dMmamV ¿`mdrV, hm Iam àíZ Amho. Ë`m_wio Am§Vaamï´>r` 

ì`mnmamV _moR>m AS>Wim {Z_m©U hmoVmo. 

2. Amamo½`{df`H$ XOm©Mo H$maU : 

{dH${gV Xoem§Mo Ago _V AgVo H$s, {dH$gZerb XoemVrb bmoH$m§À`m Amamo½`mnojm Amnë`m XoemVrb 

bmoH$m§Mo Amamo½` Cƒ XOm©Mo AgVo. AmamoJ`{df`H$ H$maU XmIdyZ {dH$grV Xoe _mJmg Am{U {dH$gZerb 

XoemH$Sy>Z Am`mV hmoUmè`m eoV_mbmda d ImÚmÞmda AZoH$ {Z~ªY bmXVmV. hrM ~m~ Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamdarb 

_hÎdmMr g_ñ`m qH$dm AS>Wim R>aVo. {dH$gZerb XoemZr {Z`m©V H$aVmZm {H$Vrhr H$miOr KoVbr Am{U 

XO}Xma _mbmMr {Z`m©V {dH$grV Xoem§H$S>o Ho$br Var Amamo½`mMo H$maU gm§JyZ {dH$grV Xoe VwbZoZo J[a~ 

Xoem§À`m Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamV AS>Wio {Z_m©U H$aVmV. 

CXm. ^maVm§VyZ hmnyg Am§ã`mMr Ho$boë`m {Z`m©VrV hmnyg Am§ã`mda H$mio S>mJ nS>bobo AmhoV ho H$maU 

gm§JyZ Vo ^maVmH$S>o naV nmR>dyZ XoÊ`mV Ambo. H$mhrdoim naVhr nmR>{dbo OmV ZmhrV Aemdoir ^maVmMo àM§S> 

d AZno{jV ZwH$gmZ hmoD$ eH$Vo. AÞYmÝ`, H$mnS>, \$io Aem dñVy§da Amamo½`mMo H$maU XmIdyZ ~§Xr Var 

KmbVmV qH$dm {dH$gZerb XoemH$Sy>Z {Z`m©V hmoUmè`m Aem dñVy Amamo½`mg KmVH$ AgVmV Ago Omhra 

H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m {Z`m©VrV AS>MUr {Z_m©U H$ê$ eH$VmV. VgoM Aem dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr nmSy>Z Ë`mMm \$m`Xmhr 

{dH$grV Xoe _moR>çm à_mUmV CMbVmV. Aem àH$mao "Amamo½`mg KmVH$' ho H$maU XmIdyZ lr_§V Xoe 

Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamV AS>Wio AmUV AgVmV. 

3. ê$T>r, na§nam Am{U AmdS>r-{ZdS>r : 

àËòH$ XoemVrb bmoH$m§Mr g§ñH¥$Vr {^Þ {^Þ AgVo. VgoM àËòH$ XoemVrb bmoH$m§À`m AmdS>r-{ZdS>rhr 

{^Þ {^Þ AgVmV. {d{dY XoemVrb bmoH$m§Mr OrdZe¡br_Üò {d{dYVm AmT>iVo. bmoH$m§À`m dmnamVrb dñVy, 

H$nS>o, ImÚnXmW© `m_Üò gmaIonUm AmT>iV Zmhr. n[aUm_r EH$m XoemV InUmè`m dñVy Xwgè`m XoemV 

InVrbM Ago Zmhr. EImÚm XoemH$Sy>Z Á`m dñVy§Zm _mJUr AgVo Ë`mM dñVy§Zm Xwgè`m XoemH$Sy>Z _mJUr 

òB©bM Ago Zmhr. Ë`m_wio àËòH$ XoemVrb bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr, ê$T>r-na§nam, Ë`m§À`m ^mfoVrb {d{dYVm_wio XmoZ 

Xoem§Vrb ì`mnmamV AS>Wio {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$VmV. 

4. dñVy§Mr ~m§YUr Am{U aMZoVrb \$aH$ : 

àËòH$ XoemMo ñdV:Mo Img d¡{eï>ç Am{U AmdS>r-{ZdS>r AgVmV. Am{U Ë`m {dMmamV KoD$Z dñVy§Mr 

24

~m§YUr d aMZm Ho$bobr AgVo. CXm. Aa~ XoemV bmoH$ nyU© A§JaIm dmnaVmV åhUyZ Ë`m Xoem§V A§Ja»`mMr 

_mJUr AgVo. ^maVmVrb J«m_rU ^mJmV AmOhr YmoVa dmnabo OmVo. åhUyZ ^maVmV YmoVamg _mJUr Agob 

åhUyZ A_o[aHo$Vhr Ë`mg _mJUr òB©b ho J¥hrV MyH$sMo R>aVo. A_o[aHo$Vrb bmoH$ ñd`§nmH$KamV {dOoMr CnH$aUo 

dmnaVmV. åhUyZ Aem {dOoÀ`m CnH$aUm§Zm ^maVmVhr In Agob Ago Zmhr. ^maVr` hdm_mZ, dmVmdaU, añVo 

{dMmamV KoD$Z V`ma Ho$boë`m dmhVwH$sÀ`m gmYZm§Zm B§½b§S> / A_o[aHo$V In Agob Ago _mZVm òUma Zmhr. 

H$maU CËnm{XV dñVy§Mr ~m§YUr d aMZm Ë`m Ë`m XoemVrb bmoH$m§À`m AmdS>r-{ZdS>rZwgma Ho$bobr AgVo. 

Ë`m_wio EH$mM àH$maÀ`m ~m§YUrVrb d aMZoVrb dñVy Xwgè`m XoemV InVrbM Ago Zmhr. `m H$maUm_wio 

Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamV AS>Wio {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$VmV. 

5. S>§{nJ / Adnw§OZ : 

EImXm Xoe hoVw nwañga qH$dm OmUyZ~wOyZ EImXr dñVy Xoer ~mOmanoR>onojm {dXoer ~mOmanoR>oV AË`§V H$_r 

qH$_Vrg {dH$Vmo. Voìhm Ë`mg S>§{nJ / Adn§wOZ Ho$bo Ago åhUVmV. {dXoer ~mOmanoR>m H$m{~O H$aÊ`mgmR>r 

S>§{nJMo AZwH$aU A{bH$S>o AZoH$ Xoe H$arV Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. Ë`m_wio S>§{nJ_wio Amboë`m dñVy§er ñnYm© 

H$aUo Xoer CÚmoJm§Zm qH$dm dñVy§Zm AË`§V AdKS> OmVo. H$maU dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr BVŠ`m H$_r Ho$boë`m AgVmV 

H$s, Ë`m dñVy§er Xoer dñVy ñnYm© H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV. Ë`mVyZ Xoer CÚmoJm§Zm g§ajU XoÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo {dXoer 

dñVy§À`m Am`mVrda AZoH$ {Z~ªY KmVbo OmVmV. à{V~§Y KmbyZ AS>Wio {Z_m©U Ho$bo OmV. 

CXm. OnmZZo Adnw§OZmMo YmoaU Adb§~yZ Ooìhm A_o[aHo$Mr ~mOmanoR> H$m~rO H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Voìhm 

A_o[aHo$Zo OnmZÀ`m Am`mV dñVy§da AZoH$ ~§YZo KmVbr Am{U ì`mnmamV AS>Wio {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bo, 

åhUOo A_o[aHo$Vë`m CÚmoJm§Zm OnmZr dñVy§Mr ñnYm© H$aUo eŠ` ZìhVo. Voìhm A_o[aHo$Zo OnmZer hmoUmè`m ì`mnmamV 

AZoH$ AS>Wio {Z_m©U Ho$bo. MrZZogwÕm ^maVmgh AÝ` Xoem§_Üò Adn§wOZmMm _mJ© Adb§~yZ ~mOmanoR>m H$m~rO 

H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Mmb{dbm Voìhm ^maVmZo MrZÀ`m Am`mV dñVy§da OmMH$ {Z~ªY bmXyZ ì`mnmamV AS>Wim {Z_m©U 

H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bobm Amho. Ë`m_wio S>§{nJ / Adnw§OZ hm Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamVrb AS>Wim R>abm Amho. 

6. Xoem§À`m gr_m qH$dm amOgr_m : 

XoemVë`m XoemV ì`mnma hmoV AgVmo Voìhm XoemÀ`m gr_oMr ì`mnmamV H$moUVrM AS>MU ZgVo. na§Vw 

Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma hm XmoZ qH$dm XmoZnojm A{YH$ Xoem§_Üò hmoV AgVmo. Vmo Xoem§À`m gr_oÀ`m ~mhoa MmbUmam 

ì`mnma AgVmo. Voìhm Xoem§Xoem§_Yrb amOH$s` gr_m _hÎdmÀ`m R>aV AgVmV. 

XmoZ Xoem§Vrb amOH$s` g§~§Y gbmo»`mMo, {_ÌËdmMo AgVrb Va ì`mnmamV AS>MUr òV Zmhr. na§Vw 

Xoem§Vrb amOH$s` g§~§Y Mm§Jbo ZgVrb Va ì`mnmamV AS>Wim R>aVmo. 

CXm. ^maV Am{U nm{H$ñVmZ_Yrb g§~§Y Mm§Jbo Zgë`m_wio ì`mnmamVrb AS>MUr dmT>VmZm {XgyZ 

òVmV. H$Yr nm{H$ñVmZH$Sy>Z Am`mV dñVy§da ^maV {Z~ªY KmbVmo Va H$Yr ^maVmH$Sy>Z nm{H$ñVmZH$S>o hmoUmè`m 

{Z`m©Vrda nm{H$ñVmZ {Z~ªY KmbVmo. 

25

VgoM XmoZ XoemVrb H$m`XoH$mZyZ doJdoJio Agë`m_wio Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamV AS>Wio Cô amhVmV. CXm. 

naXoemVrb Om{hamVr~m~VMo {Z`_ doJio Agë`mZo, CËnmXH$m§Zm AZoH$ ASMUtZm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo. 

7. H$moQ>m / dmQ>m : 

Am`mV hmoUmam _mb Am{U {Z`m©V hmoUmam _mb `mMo à_mU _`m©{XV H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo Oo {d{dY 

n[aUm_mË_H$ {Z~ªY KmVbo OmVmV Ë`mg dmQ>m qH$dm H$moQ>m nÕV åhUVmV. \«$mÝgZo _§Xr{déÕ Cnm``moOZm 

åhUyZ 1931 gmbr gd©àW_ Am`mV H$moQ>m nÕVrMm dmna Ho$bm. Xw{_©i {dXoer MbZmMm H$mQ>H$garZo Cn`moJ 

H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moQ>m nÕVr dmnabr OmD$ bmJbr. Xwgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§Va `wamo{n` Xoem§Zr ì`dhmaVmobmV gwYmaUm 

H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moQ>m nÕVrMm dmna A{YH$ Ho$bm. 

H$moQ>m nÕVr hr Am`mV ì`mnmamÀ`m ~m~VrV Cn`moJmV AmUbr OmVo. Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamda {Z`§ÌU 

R>odÊ`mMo ho AË`§V _hÎdmMo gmYZ Amho. EImÚm dñVyMr XoemV hmoUmar Am`mV {H$Vr _`m©Xon`ªV Agmdr, 

åhUOoM Am`V dñVyMr EH$m {ZpíMV H$mbI§S>mV {H$Vr g§»òZo qH$dm n[aUm_mV Am`mV H$amdr `mda 

g§»`mË_H$ _`m©Xm KmbUo åhUOoM Am`mV H$moQ>m R>a{dUo hmo`. OJmVrb ~hþVoH$ Xoe Xoer CÚmoJm§Zm g§ajU 

XoÊ`mgmR>r Am`mV H$moQ>m nÕVrMm dmna H$aVmV. Am`mV H$moQ>m R>a{dë`m_wio {dXoer ì`mnmamda _`m©Xm nS>VmV. 

ì`mnma dmT>Ê`mV AS>Wio {Zm_©U hmoVmV. 

8. AW©ghmæ` (Subsides) : 

{dH${gV Xoem§H$Sy>Z {dH$gZerb Xoem§da AZoH$ ~§YZo KmbÊ`mV òV AmhoV H$s, OoUoH$ê$Z A{dH$grV 

d {dH$gZerb Xoem§À`m Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamV AS>Wio {Z_m©U hmoV AmhoV. {Z`m©VrgmR>r H$moUVohr AW©gmhmæ` 

XoVm òUma Zmhr. åhUOo _mbmÀ`m dmhVyH$sgmR>r gdbV, H$a gdbV B.VgoM eoVrgmR>r {Xbo OmUmao 

AW©ghmæ` ~§X H$aÊ`mV `mdo Ago ~§YZ KmbÊ`mV Amë`m_wio {dH$gZerb XoemVrb eoVr_mbmMm CËnmXZ 

IM© dmT>bobm Amho. B§Ho$b àñVmdmÀ`m pñdH¥$VrZ§Va {dH$grV Xoem§Zr OmMH$ AQ>r _mJmgboë`m Xoem§da 

bmXë`m_wio `m Xoem§À`m ì`mnma dmT>rg AS>MUr {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$VmV. _mÌ {dH$grV Xoem§Zr àM§S> AZwXmZo 

d Am{W©H$ ghmæ` H$ê$Z XoD$Z CÚmoJ d eoVrVrb CËnmXZ H$_r IMm©V H$aVm òUo eŠ` Pmë`mZo {dH$grV 

Xoem§Zr A{dH$grV d {dH$gZerb Xoem§À`m ~mOmanoR>m H$m~rO H$ê$Z Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamV AS>MUr {Z_m©U 

Ho$ë`m AmhoV. 

9. dñVy§Mm XOm© d à_mUrH$aU : 

{dXoer ~mOmanoR>m§V _mb nmR>{dVmZm Ë`mMm XOm© CÎm_ Agmdm bmJVmo. Ë`mMo n«_mUrH$aU Ho$bobo Agmdo. 

na§Vw OJmMr {d^mJUr {dH$grV Am{U {dH$gZerb, A{dH$grV Xoe Aer Pmbobr Agë`m_who, Ooìhm 

{dH$gZerb XoemH$Sy>Z {Z`m©V hmoUmam _mb CÎm_ XOm©Mm AgyZgwÕm Vmo XO}Xma ZgVmo, Ë`mMo à_mUrH$aU 

Pmbobo Zmhr Ago H$maU XmIdyZ {dH$grV Xoe {Z`m©V _mb ZmH$mê$Z ì`mnmamV AS>Wio {Z_m©U H$arV AgVmV. 

Ë`m_wio {dH$gZerb Xoem§Mr {Z`m©V dmT>V Zmhr. 

26

_mbmÀ`m ~m~VrV g§_V Pmbobm ISO 9000 hm H$m`Xm `mMo CÎm_ CXmhaU Amho. A_o[aHo$VyZ 

^maVmV Ambobm {H$ËòH$Xm {ZH¥$ð> XOm©Mm AgVmo. na§Vw Ë`mda AmnU H$S>H$ Cnm``moOZm H$ê$ eH$bmo 

Zmhr. H$maU Amnbr _mJUr~m~V Agbobr Abd{MH$Vm d Amnbo Am{W©H$ namdb§{~Ëd ho Amho. _mÌ 

{dH$grV Xoe _mÌ _mbmÀ`m XOm©~m~VMo Am{U à_mUrH$aUmMo H$maU gm§JyZ Jar~ Xoem§À`m {Z`m©VrV 

AS>Wio AmUVmV. 

Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamV {ZgJ© {Z{_©©V AS>Wio, _mZd{Z{_©V AS>Wio, OH$mVr~m~VMo AS>Wio `m§À`m~amo~a 

OH$mVrVa AS>Wio òD$ eH$VmV. Ë`m_wio {dH$gZerb, A{dH$grV Xoem§Mr {Z`m©V dmTy> eH$V Zmhr. {dH$grV 

Xoe Va Jar~ amï´>m§À`m {Z`m©Vrda AZoH$ {Z~ªY KmbyZ AS>Wio {Z_m©U H$arV AgVmV. OH$mVrH$sH$aUmV 

{dH$gZerb Xoem§À`m {Z`m©VrMm {hñgm Aem AS>Wù`m_wio H$_r Pmë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. 



1. XmoZ XoemVrb MbZm_Üò ............... AgVmo. 

2. Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamV OH$mVrì`{V[aŠV Oo AS>Wio {Z_m©U Ho$bo OmVmV Ë`mg ............... 

AS>Wio Ago åhUVmV. 

3. EImXm Xoe Om{Udnyd©H$ EImXr dñVy Xoer ~mOmanoR>onojm AË`§V H$_r qH$_VrZo {dXoer ~mOmamV 

{dH$Vmo Ë`mg ............... åhUVmV. 

4. ............... ho A_o[aHo$Mo MbZ Amho. 

(~) {Q>nm {bhm. 

1. OH$mVoÎma AS>Wio 


1. Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamVrb OH$mÎmoVa (Non-Barriers to Trade) AS>Wio ñnï> H$am. 



1. {^ÞVm / \$aH$ 2. OH$mVoÎma 3. Adnw§OZ / S>§{nJ 4. S>m°ba. 

4.4.4 g§X^© : 

1) Macro Economics - Aurthary 

2) International Economics - M.T. Vaish and Singh 

3) International Economics - Dr. D. D. Awasti 

27 

EEE





2.3.2 C{Ôï>ço 


2.3.3 AW© Am{U g§H$ënZm 

KQ>H$ H«$. : 2.3 

^maVmMm ì`mnmaVmob Am{U ì`dhmaVmob 

2.3.4 ^maVmMm ì`mnmaVmob Am{U ì`dhmaVmob 

2.3.5 ^maVmÀ`m ì`dhmaVmobmVrb ~Xb 

2.3.6 gmam§e 

2.3.7 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ 

2.3.8 g§X^© 

2.3.1 àñVmdZm: 

_mJrb KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ 1 _Üò ì`mnmaVmob Am{U ì`dhmaVmobmg§~§Yr g§H$ënZm, Ë`m§Mo AW©, aMZm, 

ì`dhmaVmobmVrb Ag§VwbZmMr H$maUo, Ë`mMo n[aUm_ Am{U ì`dhmaVmobm_Üò g§VwbZ {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r 

H$amd`mMo Cnm` `mg§~§Yr g{dñVa g¡Õm§{VH$ MMm© Ho$br Amho. `m KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ 2 _Yrb "^maVmMm 

ì`mnmaVmob Am{U ì`dhmaVmob' `m CnKQ>H$m_Üò 1991 Z§VaMm ^maVmMm ì`mnma Vmob Am{U ì`dhma Vmob 

Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`mVrb H«$_ `mMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. 

ì`mnmaVmobmÀ`m Aä`mgm_wio XoemÀ`m Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`dhmamMo nyU© {MÌ ñnï> hmoV Zmhr. åhUyZ XoemÀ`m 

Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamMr BÏW§^yV _m{hVr hmoÊ`mgmR>r {Zìdi ì`mnma Vmobm_Üò gd© BVa òUr Am{U XoÊ`m§Mm 

g_mdoe H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. hmM OJmVrb BVa Xoem§À`m g§~§{YV Ë`m XoemMm gd©g_mdoeH$ ì`dhmaVmob 

AgVmo. 

28

2.3.2 C{Ôï>o : 

^maVmMm ì`mnmaVmob Am{U ì`dhmaVmob Aä`mgÊ`mMo à_wI C{Ôï>o Imbrbà_mUo AmhoV. 

1. ^maVmMm ì`mnmaVmob Aä`mgUo. 

2. ^maVmMm ì`dhmaVmob Aä`mgUo. 

3. ^maVmÀ`m ì`dhmaVmobmVrb H$b g_OmdyZ KoUo. 

2.3.3 AW© Am{U g§H$ënZm : 

gd©gmYmaUnUo EH$m dfm©À`m H$mimV XoemVrb ZmJ[aH$m§Zr OJmVrb BVa Xoem§er Ho$boë`m gd© Am{W©H$ 

ì`dhmamMo {ddaU åhUOo ì`dhmaVmob hmo`. ^maVmÀ`m g§X^m©V, ^maVmMm ì`mnmaVmob Am{U ì`dhmaVmob 

åhUOo EH$m Am{W©H$ dfm©À`m H$mimV ^maVmVrb ZmJ[aH$m§Zr (qH$dm g§ñWm d BVa) OJmVrb BVa Xoem§er 

Ho$boë`m gd© Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamMo {ddaU hmo`. ^maVmMm ì`dhmaVmob XmoZ ^mJm§_Üò {d^mJVm òB©b. 

(A) Mmby ImË`mdarb ì`dhmaVmob. 

(~) ^m§S>dbr ImË`mdarb ì`dhmaVmob. 

^maVmÀ`m Mmby ImË`mdarb ì`dhmaVmobm_Üò VrZ KQ>H$ g_m{dï> hmoVmV. (1) Am`mV Am{U {Z`m©Vrer 

g§~§{YV X¥í` ì`mnma, (2) AÑí` KQ>H$ CXm. ObdmhVyH$, ~±qH$J, {d_m, àdmg `mgma»`m godm§À`m_YyZ 

{Z_m©U hmoUmar òUr Am{U XoUr, (3) XoUJrgma»`m aH$_m§Mo hñVm§VaU, ^maVmMm EImÚm dfm©Vrb ì`dhmaVmob 

AZwHy$b Amho H$s à{VHy$b ho `m Mmby ImË`mdê$Z ñnï> hmoVo. XoemÀ`m ^m§S>dbr ImË`mdarb ì`dhmaVmobmdê$Z 

Ë`m XoemÀ`m Am§Vaamï´>r` {dÎmr` pñWVrMr H$ënZm òVo. `m ì`dhma Vmobmda Mmby ImË`mdarb ì`dhmamMm 

n{aUm_ hmoV AgVmo. CXmhaUmW©, Mmby ImË`mdarb A{YŠ` Am{U VyQ> `m§Mm ^m§S>dbr ImË`mda XoemÀ`m 

naH$s` {d{Z_` amIrd gmR>çmVrb ~XbmÛmao à^md nS>V AgVmo. naH$s` {d{Z_` gmR>m hm EImÚm XoemÀ`m 

Am§Vaamï´>r` XoÊ`mÀ`m (payments) pñWVrMo Mmby gm_Ï`© qH$dm H$_Hw$dVnUm Xe©{dV AgVmo. `mMmhr 

^m§S>dbr ImË`m_Üò g_mdoe Ho$bm OmVmo. 

2.3.4 ^maVmMm ì`mnmaVmob Am{U ì`dhmaVmob : 

^maVmMm ì`mnmaVmob åhUOo Ñí` dñVy§À`m Am`mV Am{U {Z`m©VrMr nÕVera Zm|X AgVo. `mM 

àH$aUm_Yrb ^maVmÀ`m Am`mVrÀ`m Am{U {Z`m©VrÀ`m aMZo_Üò XoemVyZ _hÎdmÀ`m H$moUH$moUË`m dñVy§Mr 

{Z`m©V Ho$br OmVo Am{U H$moUH$moUË`m dñVy§Mr Am`mV Ho$br OmVo, Vr {H$Vr à_mUmV Ho$br OmVo, Ë`mMo _yë` 

{H$Vr hm ^mJ Aä`mgbobm Amho. Imbrb VŠË`mdê$Z AmnU XoemVrb EHy$U Am`mV _yë`-EHy$U {Z`m©V _yë` 

Am{U Ë`m_wio ì`mnma Vmobm_Üò {Z_m©U hmoUmao A{YŠ` qH$dm VyQ> `mMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. 

Imbrb VŠVm H«$. 2.3.1 dê$Z Ago {XgVo H$s, XoemV ZdrZ Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr 

H$aVodoir XoemÀ`m EHy$U {Z`m©VrMo _yë` ho EHy$U Am`mVrÀ`m _yë`mnojm H$_r hmoVo. 1991-92 _Üò XoemMr 

EHy$U {d{dY dñVy Am{U godm§Mr Am`mV 51,317 H$moQ>r énò BVH$s hmoVr; Va EHy$U {d{dY dñVy Am{U 

godm§Mr {Z`m©V 44,923 H$moQ>r é. BVH$s hmoVr. Ë`m dfu EHy$U ì`mnmamVrb VyQ> 6494 H$moQ>r énò BVH$s hmoVr. 

29

VŠVm H«$. 2.3.1 : 1991 Z§VaMm ^maVmMm ì`mnma Vmob (H$moQ>r é.) 

df© Am`mV {Z`m©V ì`mnmaVmob 

1991-92 51417 44923 -6494 

1992-93 72000 54761 -17239 

1993-94 83870 71147 -12723 

1994-95 112748 84329 -28419 

1995-96 146543 108482 -38061 

1996-97 173754 121193 -52561 

1997-98 190508 132703 -57805 

1998-99 199914 144436 -55478 

1999-2000 240112 162753 -77359 

2000-01 264589 207852 -56737 

2001-02 268300 213345 -54955 

2002-03 311776 260079 -51697 

2003-04 367301 303915 -63386 

2004-05 533550 381785 -151765 

2005-06 695412 465748 -229664 

2006-07 862833 582871 -279962 

2007-08 1035972 668008 -367664 

2008-09 1405412 857960 -547452 

2009-10 1423079 862333 -560746 

2010-11 1734545 1139517 -595028 

òmoV : Handbook of statistics on the Indian Economy, Ministry of Finance, Table 143, P.241. 

ZdrZ Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm§Mr gwédmV hmoD$Z 20 dfm©Mm H$mbI§S> g§nbobm Amho. `m_Üò AW©ì`dñ[À`m {d{dY 

joÌmV AZoH$ gwYmaUm am~dë`m Joë`m Agë`m Var XoemÀ`m {Z`m©VrMo _yë` ho Am`mVrÀ`m _yë`mnojm H$_r 

30

VŠVm H«$. 2.3.2 : 1991 Z§VaMm ^maVmMo ì`dhma Vmob : _hÎdmMo Xe©H$ (H$moQ>r é.) 

df© ì`mnma VyQ> AÑí` Mmby ImVo ^m§S>dbr ImVo gd©gmYmaU 

(Invisibles) 

{e„H$ 

I II {Zìdi I + II IV III + IV 

1991-92 -6494 4259 -2235 9509 7274 

1992-93 -17239 4475 -12764 11883 -881 

1993-94 -12723 9089 -3634 30415 26781 

1994-95 -28419 17836 -10583 28743 18160 

1995-96 -38061 18415 -19646 15596 -4050 

1996-97 -52561 36279 -16282 40502 24220 

1997-98 -57805 36922 -20883 37536 16653 

1998-99 -55478 38689 -16789 35034 18245 

1999-2000 -77359 57028 -20331 48101 27770 

2000-01 -56737 45139 -11598 39241 27643 

2001-02 -54955 71381 16426 40167 56593 

2002-03 -51697 82357 30660 51377 82037 

2003-04 -63386 127369 63983 80010 143993 

2004-05 -151765 139591 -12174 128081 115907 

2005-06 -229664 185927 -43737 109633 65896 

2006-07 -279962 235579 -44383 208017 163634 

2007-08 -367664 304185 -63479 433167 369689 

2008-09 -547452 419821 -127631 30516 -97115 

2009-10 -560746 380120 -180626 244863 64237 

2010-11 -595028 392494 -202532 261981 59449 

òmoV : Handbook of statistics on the Indian Economy, Ministry of Finance, Table 143, P.241. 

31

Agbobo {XgyZ òVo. gaH$maZo {d{dY dñVy Am{U godm§darb gr_m jwëH$ H$_r dm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$ë`m_wio Joë`m 

drg dfm©V XoemMr Am`mV Am{U XoemMr {Z`m©V àM§S> à_mUmV dmT>bobr {XgVo. Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMr à{H«$`m 

A{YH$ ObX H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo {d{dY dñVy, `§Ìgm_J«r, V§ÌkmZ, gwQ>o ^mJ, B§YZ `mgma»`m dñVy§Mr Am`mV 

dmT>ë`m_wio Am`mVrMo _yë` dmT>bobo {XgyZ òVo. Ë`mM~amo~a XoemVyZ {d{dY dñVy, _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ CËnmXZo, 

_{eZar `mgma»`m dñVy§Mr {Z`m©V dmT>ë`m_wio {Z`m©VrMo _yë`hr dmT>bobo {XgyZ òVo. 2010-11 _Üò XoemMr 

EHy$U Am`mV 1734545 H$moQ>r énò BVH$s hmoVr. Va EHy$U {Z`m©V 1139517 H$moQ>r énò BVH$s hmoVr. 

Ë`mdfu EHy$U ì`mnmamVrb VyQ> 595028 H$moQ>r énò BV_H$s àM§S> hmoVr. 

VŠVm H«$. 2.3.2 _Üò ^maVmÀ`m 1991 Z§VaÀ`m ì`dhmaVmobmMo {MÌ XmI{dbobo Amho. `m_Üò AÑí` 

{Zìdi CËnÞ ì`dhmaVmobmMr Mmby ImË`mMr pñWVr, ^m§S>dbr ImË`mdarb O_m Am{U EHy$U ì`dhmaVmobmVrb 

gd©gmYmaU {e„H$ Or _m¡{ÐH$ hmbMmbrÛmao g§Vw{bV XmI{dbr OmVo Aem ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. 1991- 

92 _Üò AÑí` godm§VyZ {_iUmè`m CËnÞm§nojm ì`mnma VyQ> OmñV Agë`m_wio ^maVmÀ`m ì`dhma VmobmÀ`m 

Mmby ImË`m§darb VyQ> 2235 H$moQ>r énò BVH$s hmoVr. `m dfu ^m§S>dbr ImË`mdarb O_m 9509 H$moQ>r énò 

BVH$s hmoVr. ^m§S>dbr ImË`mdarb O_o_Üò naH$s` Jw§VdUyH$, {Zìdi naH$s` gmhmæ`, {Zìdi ì`mnmar H$O}, 

A{Zdmgr ^maVr`m§À`m {Zìdi R>odr, BVH$a ^m§S>db `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m dfu ^m§S>dbr ImË`mdarb O_m 

ì`dhma VmobmÀ`m Mmby ImË`mdarb VyQ>rnojm A{YH$ Agë`m_wio 7274 H$moQ>r énò BVH$s ì`dhma Vmobm_Üò 

gd©gmYmaU {eëbH$ {XgVo. ZdrZ Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm§À`m XmoZ XeH$mZ§Va ^maVmÀ`m ì`dhmaVmobmMoEH$ H$mhrgo 

doJio {MÌ nmhm`bm {_iVo. 2010-11 gmbr AmYr åhQ>ë`mà_mUo Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamVrb VyQ> 595028 

H$moQ>r énò BVH$s hmoVr. Va AÑí` godm§_YyZ {_iUmè`m CËnÞmnojm (3,92,494 H$moQ>r énò) ì`mnmar VyQ> 

A{YH$ Agë`m_wio ì`dhmaVmobmÀ`m Mmby ImË`mdarb VyQ>hr àM§S> Amho. (2,02,532 H$moQ>r é.) ì`dhmaVmobmÀ`m 

Mmby ImË`mdarb VyQ>rnojm ^m§S>dbr ImË`mdarb O_m A{YH$ Agë`m_wio `mdfu ì`dhmaVmobm_Üò gd©gmYmaU 

{eëbH$ {XgVo. 

2.3.5 ^maVmÀ`m ì`dhmaVmobmVrb H$b : 

^maVmÀ`m Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamVrb Am`mV _yë`, {Z`m©V _yë`, `m XmoÝhrVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmar {eëbH$ 

qH$dm VyQ>, ì`dhmamVrb Mmby ImË`mVrb VyQ>, ^m§S>dbr ImVo O_m `m gdmªMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va 1991 

Z§VaMm ^maVmÀ`m ì`dhmaVmobmVrb H$b Imbrbà_mUo {XgyZ òVmo. 

1. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va AndmXmË_H$ df} gmoS>ë`mg Zoh_r ^maVmÀ`m ì`mnmamV VyQ> {XgyZ òVo. `m{R>H$mUr 

1991 Z§VaMm Aä`mg Ho$bm AgVm Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm§À`m 20 dfm©Z§Vahr ^maVmÀ`m Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamV 

gmVË`mZo VyQ> {XgyZ òVo. 

2. ^maVmÀ`m Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamVrb VyQ>rV gmVË`mZo dmT> hmoVmZm {XgyZ òVo. 1991-92 gmbr 

Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamVrb VyQ> 6494 H$moQ>r énò BVH$s hmoVr, Vr 2010-11 _Üò 5,95,028 H$moQ>r énò 

BVH$s Pmbr. åhUOoM 20 dfm©À`m H$mimV Vr Odinmg 90 nQ>rZo dmT>br. 

32

3. ñdmV§Í`mZ§VaMm {dMma Ho$ë`mg 1979-80 Z§VaMr ì`mnma VyQ> H$miOr H$aUmar hmoVr. `m {R>H$mUr 

1991 Z§VaÀ`m Aä`mgmdê$Z Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s, 2008 À`m OmJ{VH$ _§XrZ§Va ì`mnma VyQ>r_Üò H$miOr 

H$aÊ`mBVH$s dmT> hmoV Amho. 

4. AÑí` godm§VyZ {_iUmè`m {Zìdi CËnÞmV gmVË`mZo dmT> hmoV Amho. 1991-92 gmbr 4259 H$moQ>r 

énò BVH$s AgUmao CËnÞ 392494 H$moQ>r énò BVHo$ Pmbo. 

5. ^maVmÀ`m ì`dhma VmobmVrb Mmby ImË`mda VrZ dfm©Mm AndmX dJiVm gmVË`mZo VyQ> {XgyZ òVo. 

1991-92 gmbr 2235 H$moQ>r énò AgUmar VyQ> 2010-11 _Üò 202532 H$moQ>r énò BVH$s Pmbr. 

2001-02, 2002-03 d 2003-04 _Üò ì`dhmaVmobmÀ`m Mmby ImË`mda {Zìdi AÑí` godm§À`m 

CËnÞmÀ`m VwbZoV H$_r ì`mnma VwQ>r_wio A{YŠ` {XgyZ òVo. 

6. ^m§S>dbr ImË`mVrb O_o_Üò naH$s` Jw§VdUyH$, {Zìdi naH$s` gmhmæ`, A{Zdmgr ^maVr`m§À`m 

{Zìdi R>odr `mgma»`m ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ^maV gaH$maZo 1991 Z§Va naH$s` Jw§VdUyH$ Am{U {dÎmr` 

joÌmdarb {d{dY {Z~ªY {e{Wb Ho$ë`m_wio ^m§S>dbr ImË`mdarb O_o_Üò gmVË`mZo dmT> hmoVmZm {XgyZ òVo. 

1991-92 gmbr 9509 H$moQ>r énò BVH$s AgUmar ^m§S>dbr O_m 2010-11 _Üò 261981 H$moQ>r énò 

BVH$s Pmbr. 

2.3.6 gmam§e : 

H$moUË`mhr XoemMm ì`mnmaVmob Am{U ì`dhmaVmobmMr pñWVr H$m` Amho qH$dm Vo AZwHy$b AmhoV H$s 

à{VHy$b AmhoV ho Ë`m XoemÀ`m Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamgmR>r qH$dm Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamÀ`m _XVrZo Ë`m XoemVrb 

Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMr à{H«$`m A{YH$ ObX H$aÊ`mgmR>r _hÎdmMo AgVo. 1991 Z§Va ^maVmMm ì`mnmaVmob 

gmVË`mZo VyQ>rMm {XgyZ òVmo. `m{edm` naH$s` Jw§VdUyH$, {dXoer H$O} `m§Mm {dMma H$aVm ^maVmMr OmJ{VH$ 

ì`mnmamVrb pñWVr \$maer g_mYmZH$maH$ Zmhr. A{bH$S>À`m H$mimVrb ì`mnmamVrb VyQ> Va H$miOr H$aUmar 

Amho. 

2.3.7 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ : 

(A) nwT>rb {dYmZo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo gm§Jm. 

1. Mmby ImË`mdarb ì`dhmaVmob Am{U ^m§S>dbr ImË`mdarb ì`dhmaVmob Ago ì`dhmaVmobmMo 

XmoZ {d^mJ AgVmV. 

2. XoemÀ`m \$ŠV Mmby ImË`mdarb ì`dhma Vmobmdê$Z Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamMr pñWVr bjmV 

òVo. 

3. ì`dhma VmobmV \$ŠV Ñí` dñVy§À`m Am`mV-{Z`m©VrMr Zm|X AgVo. 

4. 1991 Z§Va ^maVmÀ`m Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamV gmVË`mZo Am{YŠ` {XgyZ òVo. 

5. ^maVmÀ`m EHy$U {Z`m©VrMo _yë` ho EHy$U Am`mVrÀ`m _yë`mnojm H$_r Amho. 

33

(~) CÎmao : 

1. ~amo~a 2. MyH$ 3. MyH$ 4. MyH$ 5. ~amo~a 

(H$) bKwÎmar àíZ (Q>rnm {bhm.) 

1. ^maVmMm ì`mnmaVmob 

2. ^maVmMm ì`dhmaVmob 

(S>) XrKm}Îmar àíZ : 

1. ^maVmÀ`m 1991 Z§VaÀ`m ì`dhmaVmobmVrb H$b ñnï> H$am. 

2.3.8 g§X^© : 

1. Datta Ruddar and K.P.M. Sundaram (2012) : 'Indian Economy', S. Chand and Company 

Ltd., New Delhi. 

2. Handbook of statistics on the Indian Economy, Ministry of Finance, Tabe 143, P. 241. 

3. I. C. Dhingra and V. K. Garg (2010) : 'Micro Economics and Indian Economic Environment', 

S. Chand and Sons, New Delhi. 

4. Jhingon M. L. (2008) : 'Public Finance & International Trade', Vrinda Publication (P) 

Ltd, Delhi. 

EEE 

34





3.4.2 C{Ôï>o 


KQ>H$ H«$. : 3.4 

naH$s` {d{Z_` ì`dñWmnZ H$m`Xm 1999 

3.4.3 naH$s` {d{Z_` {Z`_Z H$m`Xm 

3.4.4 naH$s` {d{Z_` ì`dñWmnZ H$m`Xm 

3.4.5 gmam§e. 

3.4.6 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ 

3.4.7 g§X^© 


_mJrb KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ 3 _Üò naH$s` ^m§S>db, Ë`mMm AW©, àH$ma, Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r naH$s` 

^m§S>dbmMr JaO, ^maVmVrb naH$s` ^m§S>dbmMm H$b, ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m, Ë`m§Mr ^y{_H$m, gÚ:pñWVr 

`m{df`r g{dñVa g¡Õm§{VH$ d Cn`mo{OV MMm© Ho$br Amho. `m KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ 2 _Yrb "naH$s` {d{Z_` 

ì`dñWmnZ H$m`Xm 1999' `m CnKQ>H$m§_Üò naH$s` {d{Z_` ì`dhma {Z`§{ÌV H$aÊ`mgmR>r gwê$ H$aÊ`mV 

Ambobm naH$s` {d{Z_` {Z`_Z H$m`Xm Ë`m_Üò gwYmaUm H$ê$Z Zì`mZo AmUbobm naH$s` {d{Z_` ì`dñWmnZ 

H$m`Xm `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. 

3.4.2 C{Ôï>o : 

naH$s` {d{Z_` ì`dñWmnZ H$m`Xm 1999 Aä`mgÊ`mMo à_wI C{Ôï>o Imbrbà_mUo AmhoV. 

1. naH$s` {d{Z_` {Z`_Z H$m`ÚmVrb VaVyXr Aä`mgUo. 

2. naH$s` {d{Z_` ì`dñWmnZ H$m`Xm Aä`mgUo. 

35

3.4.3 naH$s` {d{Z_` {Z`_Z H$m`Xm : 

naH$s` {d{Z_` {Z`_Z H$m`Xm (Foreign Exchange Regulation Act - FERA) 1973 bm à{gÕ 

Ho$bm Jobm Am{U 1 OmZodmar 1974 bm Ë`mMr A§_b~OmdUr gwê$ Pmbr. `m H$m`ÚmÀ`m Zmdmdê$ZM Ago 

gw{MV hmoVo H$s naH$s` {d{Z_` {Z`§{ÌV H$aUo. 

naH$s` {d{Z_` {Z`_Z H$m`ÚmMr C{Ôï>o : 

naH$s` {d{Z_` {Z`_Z H$m`ÚmMr C{Ôï>o nwT>rbà_mUo hmoVrb. 

1. R>am{dH$ XoUr {Z`§{Ì H$aUo. 

2. naH$s` {d{Z_` Am{U amo»`mVrb ì`dhma {Z`§{ÌV H$aUo. 

3. AàË`j[aË`m à^m{dV hmoUmao naH$s` {d{Z_` ì`dhma {Z`§{ÌV H$aUo. 

4. MbZmMr Am`mV Am{U {Z`m©V {Z`§{ÌV H$aUo. 

5. XoemMr naH$s` {d{Z_` g§gmYZo g§d{Y©V H$aUo Am{U Ë`m§Mm XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r n`m©á 

dmnamMr ImÌr XoUo. 

6. naH$s` H§$nZr_Üò H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrMr EO§Q>, V§Ìk qH$dm ì`dñWmnZ g„mJma åhUyZ hmoUmar 

Zo_UyH$ {Z`§{ÌV H$aUo. 

7. naH$s` H§$nZrH$Sy>Z ^maVmVrb dñVy§Mr Ho$br OmUmar IaoXr {Z`§{ÌV H$aUo. 

^maVmH$S>o Ooìhm EH$ AãO S>m°bg©nojm H$_r naH$s` MbZmMm gmR>m hmoVm Am{U ^maVmH$Sy>Z AW©ì`dñWoMr 

~hþVm§e KQ>H$ {Z`§{ÌV Ho$br OmV hmoVr, Voìhm naH$s` {d{Z_` {Z`_Z H$m`Xm A§_bmV Ambm. `m H$m`ÚmÝdò 

naH$s` ì`ŠVtZm Ho$bobo gd© ì`dhma (naH$s` MbZmVrb qH$dm én`mVrb) Am{U naH$s` MbZmVrb gd© 

ì`dhmamda ~§YZo Ambr. Ë`mM~amo~a naH$s` ì`ŠVtZmhr ^maVmV ì`dhma H$aÊ`mg nadmZJr ZìhVr. VWm{n, 

H$mhr ì`dhm`© Am{U BVa VaVyXr H$m`ÚmV g_m{dï> ZìhË`m. 

3.4.4 naH$s` {d{Z_` ì`dñWmnZ H$m`Xm : 

naH$s` {d{Z_` {Z`_Z H$m`Úmda AZoH$ Q>rH$m Ho$ë`m Joë`m. `m H$m`ÚmVrb VaVyXr, {Z`_, {Z`§ÌU, 

H$m`Úm§VJ©V òUmao AmXoe, Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma, Jw§VdUyH$ `m§À`m X¥ï>rZo Iyn OmMH$ hmoVo. `m H$m`ÚmVrb 

EImÚm VaVyXrg AmìhmZ XoUo Ë`m ì`ŠVrg qH$dm H§$nZrg _moR>m _ZñVmn hmoVm. Ë`mM~amo~a `m H$m`ÚmMr 

A§_b~OmdUr Z H$aUo qH$dm {Z`_ S>mdbyZ ì`dhma H$aUmè`mg \$ma _moR>r X§S>mMr VaVyX hmoVr. gmh{OH$M 

A{Ve` H$S>H$ {Z`_, VaVyXrMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ ì`ŠVr qH$dm g§ñWmH$Sy>Z `m H$m`Úmg Q>miÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr {Xgy 

bmJbr Am{U MmoaQ>çm _mJm©Zo \$ma _moR>o ì`dhma hmoD$ bmJbo. 

naH$s` {d{Z_` {Z`_Z H$m`ÚmMr C{Ôï>o Am{U `m H$m`ÚmVrb VaVyXr nmhVm `m H$m`ÚmM§ g§nyU© bj 

ho naH$s` MbZmVrb gd© ì`dhma {Z`§{ÌV H$aUo Am{U naH$s` H§$nÝ`m§À`mda ~§YZo bmXUo `mMm XoemVrb _moR>o 

CÚmoJ Am{U naH$s` Jw§VdUyH$sda à{VHy$b n[aUm_ hmoV hmoVm. 1991 _Üò gaH$maZo ZdrZ Am¡Úmo{JH$ Am{U 

36

ì`mnmar YmoaU Omhra Ho$bo. Ë`m_Üò gaH$maZo naH$s` Jw§VdUyH$sg§~§Yr {Z`_Z gwb^ H$aUo, ^maVmV Zm|XUr 

Pmboë`m H§$nÝ`m§À`m ~m~VrVrb {deof {Z`§ÌUo H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Uo, naH$s` {d{Z_` {Z`_Z H$m`ÚmVrb OmMH$ VaVyXr 

H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Uo, OoUoH$ê$Z naH$s` ^m§S>db Am{U Jw§VdUyH$sMm XoemVrb AmoKm dmTob, Ago H$mhr YmoaUmË_H$ {ZU©` 

KoVbo Jobo. `m nmíd©^y_rda 1993 _Üò gaH$maZo `m H$m`ÚmV AZoH$ gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m VargwÕm ^maVmVrb ImOJr 

joÌ Am{U naH$s` Jw§VdUyH$Xma g_mYmZr ZìhVo. `m§Mm `m H$m`ÚmV Am_ybmJ« ~Xb H$aÊ`mgmR>r X~md dmT>V 

hmoVm. 

ZdrZ Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm§Mr gwédmV Pmë`mZ§Va XoemÀ`m naH$s` MbZgmR>çmV dmT> hmoD$ bmJbr. 

^maVmÀ`m naH$s` ì`mnmamV _hÎdnyU© dmT> Pmbr, {d{dY dñVy Am{U godm§darb gr_m ewëH$mMo n`m©árH$aU 

hmoD$ bmJbo, MbZ Mmby ImË`mda n[adV©Zr` Ho$bo Jobo. ^maVr` Jw§VdUyH$Xmam§Zm naXoemV Jw§VdUyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>rMo 

CXma YmoaU Am{U ^maVr` H§$nÝ`mH$Sy>Z naH$s` H$O} KoÊ`mV Ambobm gwb^nUm `m nmíd©^y_rda 4 Am°JñQ> 

1998 amoOr AW©_§Í`m§Zr bmoH$gôV naH$s` {d{Z_` ì`dñWmnZ H$m`Xm _m§S>bm. naH$s` ì`mnma Am{U 

XoÊ`m_Üò gwb^Vm AmUUo. ^maVmVrb naH$s` {d{Z_` ~mOmamÀ`m {dH$mgmg àmoËgmhZ XoUo `m C{Ôï>m§Mr nyV©Vm 

H$aÊ`mgmR>r naH$s` {d{Z_` H$m`ÚmV gwYmaUm gwM{dë`m Joë`m. hm H$m`Xm 1999 _Üò nmb©_|Q>_Üò _§Oya 

Pmbm Am{U naH$s` {d{Z_` ì`dñWmnZ H$m`Xm, 1999 åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. hm H$m`Xm g§nyU© Xoeâ bmJy 

Ho$bm Am{U ^maVmV dmñVì` Ho$boë`m ì`ŠVrMr _mbH$s AgUmao qH$dm Ë`mÀ`mH$Sy>Z {Z`§{ÌV Ho$br OmUmao 

naXoemVrb emIm, H$m`m©bò Am{U g§ñWm§Zm bmJy Ho$bm Jobm. 

naH$s` {d{Z_`mMo {Z`_Z Am{U ì`dñWmnZ : 

`m H$m`ÚmÀ`m àH$aU 2 Zwgma naH$s` {d{Z_`mMo {Z`_Z Am{U ì`dñWmnZ Ho$bo OmVo. {d^mJ 3 Ago 

gy{MV H$aVmo H$s, `m H$m`ÚmZo _§Oya Pmboë`m A{YH$V ì`ŠVr{edm` H$moUVrhr ì`ŠVr naH$s` MbZmMo 

ì`dhma H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. `m H$m`ÚmVrb _hÎdmÀ`m ~m~r nwT>rbà_mUo ñnï> H$aVm òVrb. 

1. `m H$m`ÚmÀ`m {d^mJ 5 Am{U {d^mJ 6 Mmby Am{U ^m§S>dbr ImË`mdarb ì`dhmamg§~§Yr Amho. 

{d^mJ 5 Zwgma, Mmby ImË`mdarb ì`dhmamgmR>r H$moUVrhr ì`ŠVr A{YH¥$V ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z naH$s` MbZmMr 

IaoXr H$ê$ eH$Vo qH$dm Ë`m ì`ŠVrbm naH$s` MbZmMr {dH«$s H$ê$ eH$Vo; Va {d^mJ 6 Zwgma, ^m§S>dbr 

ImË`mdarb ì`dhmamgmR>r H$moUVrhr ì`ŠVr A{YH¥$V ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z naH$s` MbZmMr IaoXr H$ê$ eH$Vo qH$dm 

Ë`m ì`ŠVrbm naH$s` MbZmMr {dH«$s H$ê$ eH$Vo. 

2. `m H$m`ÚmMo goŠeZ 7 dñVy Am{U godm§À`m {Z`m©Vrg§~§Yr Amho. `mVrb VaVyXrZwgma H$moUË`mhr 

ì`ŠVrg qH$dm g§ñWog dñVy Am{U godm§Mr {Z`m©V H$aV AgVmZm dñVy Ë`mMo _yë` Ë`mMr g{dñVa _m{hVr 

^maVr` [aPìh© ~±H$m qH$dm `mgma»`m BVa A{YH¥$V g§ñWog XoUo ~§YZH$maH$ Amho. 

3. `m H$m`ÚmÀ`m goŠeZ 8 Zwgma naH$s` MbZmMr {d{eï> a¸$_ ^maVmV dmñVì` H$aV Agboë`m 

H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrg òUo Agob Va Ë`m ì`ŠVrZo Ë`m g§~§{YV gd© n`m©á ~m~tMr nyV©Vm H$ê$Z {d{eï> H$mimV 

Vr a¸$_ {_i{dbr nm{hOo. 

4. H$m`ÚmMo àH$aU 3 ho naH$s` MbZmMo ì`dhma H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z _mÝ`Vm 

37

{_imboë`m A{YH¥$V ì`ŠVrer g§~§{YV Amho. _mÝ`Vm {Xboë`m A{YH$V ì`ŠVtZm _mJ©Xe©H$ {Xem XoUo Am{U 

Ë`m§Mr VnmgUr H$aUo Ago [aPìh© ~±Ho$bm A{YH$ma AmhoV. 

5. àH$aU 4 ho `m H$m`ÚmMo C„§KZ Am{U Ë`mgmR>rÀ`m X§S>mMo Amho. goŠeZ 13 Ago gy{MV H$aVo H$s, 

EImÚm ì`ŠVrZo `m H$m`ÚmÀ`m VaVyXtMo C„§KZ Ho$ë`mg, Ë`mbm C„§KZ Ho$boë`m aH$_oÀ`m {VßnQ> X§S> 

AmH$mabm OmD$ eH$Vmo. 

6. àH$aU 6 ho A{nbmg§~§Yr Amho. goŠeZ 16 Ago gy{MV H$aVo H$s, EImÚm ì`ŠVrg Pmboë`m 

X§S>m~Ôb Ë`mMo _V EoHy$Z KoÊ`mMr Ë`mbm g§Yr {Xbr nm{hOo. Ë`mgmR>r H|$Ð gaH$maZo A{YH$mè`mMr Zo_UyH$ 

Ho$br nm{hOo. 

3.4.5 gmam§e : 

H$m`ÚmÀ`m Zmdmdê$Z ho ñnï> hmoVo H$s, naH$s` {d{Z_` {Z`_Z H$m`Úm_Üò MbZ {Z`_Z qH$dm 

{Z`§ÌU `mda â hmoVm, Va naH$s` {d{Z_` ì`dñWmnZ H$m`Úm_Üò "MbZ ì`dñWmnZm'da â XoÊ`mV 

Ambm Amho. nydr©À`m H$m`Úm_Üò (FERA - \o$am) [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z {deof qH$dm gd©gmYmaU nadmZJr KoUo 

JaOoMo hmoVo. na§Vw Z§aVÀ`m H$m`ÚmV (FEMA - \o$_m) `m_Üò Am_ybmJ« ~Xb H$aÊ`mV Ambm. "\o$_m'_Yrb 

gdm©V _hÎdmMm ~Xb åhUOo H$m`ÚmMo C„§KZ H$aÊ`mg \$ŠV Am{W©H$ ñdê$nmMm X§S> AmH$maÊ`mV òVmo. 

`m_Üò Vwé§JdmgmMr H$moUË`mhr ñdê$nmMr {ejm Zmhr. H$mhr {d{eï> n[apñWVrV Am{W©H$ ñdê$nmMm X§S> 

Z âë`mg Vwé§JdmgmMr {ejm hmoD$ eH$Vo. EH§$XarZo Ago {XgVo H$s, ì`ŠVr Am{U H§$nÝ`m§Zr `m ZdrZ 

H$m`ÚmMo ñdmJV Ho$bo Amho. 

3.4.6 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ : 


1. naH$s` {d{Z_`mMo (MbZmMo) {Z`§ÌU H$aÊ`mgmR>r n{hbm H$m`Xm 1970 _Üò H$aÊ`mV 

Ambm. 

2. naH$s` {d{Z_` {Z`_Z H$m`ÚmMr A§_b~OmdUr 1 OmZodmar 1974 bm Pmbr. 

3. ^maVmV naH$s` {d{Z_` ì`dñWmnZ H$m`Xm (FEMA) 1999 bm bmJy Pmbm. 

4. "\o$_m'_Üò naH$s` MbZmÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmda A{YH$ â XoÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. 

5. "\o$am'_Üò naH$s` MbZmÀ`m ì`dñWmnZmda A{YH$ â XoÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. 

(~) CÎmao : 

1. MyH$ 2. ~amo~a 3. ~amo~a 4. MyH$ 5. MyH$ 

38


1. naH$s` {d{Z_` {Z`_Z H$m`Xm (\o$am) 

2. naH$s` {d{Z_` ì`dñWmnZ H$m`Xm (\o$_m) 


1. naH$s` MbZmMo ì`dñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r bmJy Ho$boë`m "\o$_m' (FEMA) ñnï> H$am. 

3.4.7 g§X^© : 



2. Misra S. K. and V. K. Puri (2008) : 'Economic Enviromnent of Business,' Himalaya 

Publishing House, Mumbai. 

3. K. Aswathappa (2008) : 'Essentials of Business Environment', Himalaya Publishing 

House, Mumbai. 

EEE 

39





KQ>H$ H«$. : 4.3 

Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±H$ 


4.3.2 C{Ôï>o 

4.3.3 Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±Ho$Mr H$m`} 

4.3.4 Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±Ho$Mo èmnè 

4.3.5 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ 

4.3.6 g§X^© 


_mJrb KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ 4 Am§Vaamï´>r` g§ñWm_Üò Am§Vaamï´>r` ZmUo{ZYr, OmJ{VH$ ~±H$, OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma 

g§KQ>Zm `m g§ñWm§Mr gwédmV, Ë`m§Mr H$m`} Am{U èmnè `m§Mr g{dñVa MMm© Ho$br Amho. `m CnKQ>H$ 

H«$_m§H$ 4.3 "Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±H$' _Üò Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±Ho$Mr ñWmnZm, Ë`mMr H$m`} Am{U èmnèmMm 

Aä`mg Ho$bm OmUma Amho. 

4.3.2 C{Ôï>o : 

Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±H$ Aä`mgÊ`mMr à_wI C{Ôï>o nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV. 

1. Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±Ho$Mr H$m`} Aä`mgUo. 

2. Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±Ho$Mo èmnè VnmgUo. 

4.3.3 Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±Ho$Mr H$m`} : 

Am{e`m Am{U n°{g{\$H$ I§S>mVrb bmoH$m§Mo OrdZ C§MmdÊ`mÀ`m X¥ï>rZo Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±Ho$Mr 1966 

_Üò ñWmnZm Pmbr. gÜ`m `m ~±Ho$Mo 67 g^mgX AmhoV. `m_Üò 48 àmXo{eH$ gXñ` Va 19 {~Ja àmXo{eH$ 

40

gXñ` AmhoV. ~±Ho$Mo {\${bnmB©Ýg_Yrb _{Zbm òWo _w»` H$m`m©b` Amho. BVa 26 Xoem_Üò H$m`m©bò AgyZ 

Q>mo{H$`mo, \±«$H$\$Q>© Am{U dm°qe½Q>Z òWo àm{V{ZYrH$ H$m`m©bò AmhoV. 2011 _Yrb `m ~±Ho$Zo 21.73 AãO 

S>m°bg© BVH$m nVnwadR>m Ho$bm hmoVm. 

g§nyU© Am{e`m ^mJmbm {ZYr Am{U Vm§{ÌH$ gmhmæ` nwadUmar hr {~Ja gaH$mar g§ñWm Amho. Am{e`m 

{dH$mg ~±H$ hr ~hþCÔoer` {dH$mg {dÎmg§ñWm Amho. AmYr gm§{JVë`mà_mUo Am{e`m Am{U n°{g{\$H$ ^mJmVrb 

bmoH$m§Mo gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ àJVr C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r 31 XoemVrb gXñ` gaH$mam§Zr 1966 _Üò `m ~±Ho$Mr 

ñWmnZm Ho$br hmoVr. 

`m ~±Ho$Mr à_wI H$m`} nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV. 

1. {dH$gZerb gXñ` amï´>m§À`m Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r nVnwadR>m Am{U Jw§VdUyH$ 

dmT>{dUo. 

2. {dH$mg àH$ën Am{U `moOZm§Mr V`mar Am{U A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U g„m{df`H$ 

g¡dogmR>r Vm§{ÌH$ _XV H$aUo. 

3. {dH$mgmË_H$ hoVygmR>r gmd©O{ZH$ Am{U ImOJr Jw§VdUyH$ gwb^ H$aUo Am{U {Vbm àmoËgmhZ XoUo. 

4. {dH$gZerb gXñ` amï´>m§À`m {dH$mg YmoaU Am{U `moOZm§V g_Ýd` KC{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm _XV H$aUo. 

`m ~±Ho$Mr à_wI CÔoe nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV. 

1. Am{W©H$ d¥Õrg àmoËgmhZ XoUo. 

2. Xm[aÐçmV KQ> H$aUo. 

3. _mZd g§gmYZ {dH${gV H$aUo. 

4. {ó`m§Mm XOm© gwYmaUo. 

5. n`m©daUmMo g§ajU H$aUo. 

4.3.4 Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±Ho$Mo èmnè : 

Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±Ho$Zo Ë`m§À`m ñWmnZonmgyZM `m àXoemVrb bmoH$m§Mo amhUr_mZ gwYmaÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo 

ârd H$m_ Ho$bo Amho. `m ~±Ho$Zo {d{dY joÌmV {_i{dbobo è nwT>rbà_mUo {deX H$aVm òB©b. 

1. Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r nVnwadR>m : {dH$gZerb gXñ` amï´>m§À`m Am{W©H$ d¥Õr Am{U gm_m{OH$ 

{dH$mgmgmR>r Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmg _moR>çm à_mUmV nVnwadR>m Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`mM~amo~a 

ImOJr joÌmV àË`j {dÎmr` gmhmæ`hr {Xbo OmVo. `mgmR>r ~±Ho$Zo Am{e`m {dH$mg {ZYrMr ñWmnZm Ho$br Amho. 

`m ~±Ho$À`m Jar~ H$O©Xma XoemVrb Jar~r H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZwXmZo Am{U H$_r ì`mOXamV H$O©nwadR>m Ho$bm 

OmVmo. 2011 _Üò `m ~±Ho$Zo 21.73 AãO S>m°bg© BVH$m nVnwadR>m Ho$bm hmoVm. 

41

2. Xm[aÐçmnmgyZ _wŠVVm : Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±Ho$À`m H$m`©joÌmVrb gXñ` amï´>m§Vrb J[a~r H$_r 

H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~±Ho$Zo _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m ~Omdbobr Amho. Am{e`m Am{U n°{g{\$H$ àXoe Xm[aÐçmnmgyZ _wŠV 

H$aÊ`mMo `m ~±Ho$Mo _w»` C{Ôï> Amho. Xm[aÐçmVyZ _wŠVVm {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r ~±Ho$Zo eoVr, {ejU, Amamo½`, 

gm_m{OH$ g§ajU `m joÌmda â {Xbobm Amho. 

3. à_wI H$m`m©Ë_H$ joÌ : 2012 n`ªV Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±Ho$Zo Imbrb nmM à_wI H$m`m©Ë_H$ joÌmbm 

EHy$U nVnwadR>çmÀ`m 80% {hñgm {Xbobm Amho. Ë`m_Üò - 

(i) nm`m^yV gmo`r gw{dYm, `m_Üò dmhVyH$ Am{U XiUdiU, D$Om©, nmUrnwadR>m Am{U ñdÀN>Vm Am{U 

ZmJar {dH$mg. 

(ii) n`m©daU 

(iii) àmXo{eH$ ghH$m`© Am{U EH$mË_Vm 

(iv) {dÎm joÌ {dH$mg 

(v) {ejU. 

`m joÌmbm ârd nVnwadR>m H$ê$Z ~±Ho$Zo {dH$gZerb Am{U A{dH${gV amï´>m§À`m {dH$mgmg hmV^ma 

bmdbobm Amho. 

4. gm_m{OH$ godm§da â : gZ 2000 nmgyZ Am{e`m {dH$mg {ZYrMm dmna bmoH$m§Zm Xm[aÐçmVyZ da 

H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r ~±Ho$Zo hOmamo emim§, nyb, Amamo½` H|$Ðo Am{U añVo, bmoH$m§Zm g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo `mda â {Xbobm 

Amho. Joë`m 6 dfmª_Üò Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±Ho$Zo Am{e`m {dH$mg {ZYrÀ`m _m\©$V Imbrbà_mUo H$m_ Ho$bo Amho. 

(i) 1,35,000 emim§À`m Imoë`m ~m§Yë`m qH$dm XwéñV Ho$ë`m. 

(ii) 6,60,000 {ejH$m§Zm à{ejU {Xbo. 

(iii) 44,300 {H$bmo_rQ>aÀ`m añË`m§Mr ~m§YUr Ho$br qH$dm XwéñVr Ho$br. 

(iv) 17,800 {H$bmo_rQ>aÀ`m nmUrnwadR>m nmB©nMr ì`dñWm Ho$br. 

(v) qgMZ, Zmbo Am{U nya ì`dñWmnZ `m§_mÜ`_mVyZ 1.8 Xebj hoŠQ>a O{_ZrMr gwYmaUm Ho$br. 

5. gm§p»`H$s : AW©ì`dñWobm {Xem XoUo qH$dm YmoaU R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r gm§p»`H$s _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m 

~OmdV Amho. Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±H$ {dH$gZerb gXñ` amï´>m§Zm _m{hVr, AmH$S>odmar Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r _XV 

H$aV Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a AmH$S>odmarMr _m{hVr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoV AgVo. `m_Üò Am{W©H$, {dÎmr` Am{U 

gm_m{OH$ Xe©Z Agbobr _m{hVr CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbr OmVo. 

6. {d{dY joÌmda â : Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±Ho$Zo {dH$gZerb gXñ` amï´>m§À`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmbm 

àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m XoemVrb {d{dY joÌmda â {Xbbobm {XgyZ òVmo. `m_Üò eoVr {dH$mg, e¡j{UH$ 

{dH$mg, D$Om©, {dÎmnwadR>m, Amamo½` gw{dYm, _m{hVr d g§XoedmhZ V§ÌkmZ, CÚmoJ Am{U ì`mnma, gmd©O{ZH$ 

42

joÌ ì`dñWmnZ, gm_m{OH$ g§ajU, dmhVyH$, nmUr, n`m©daU, Xm[aÐç {Z_y©bZ, ImOJr joÌ {dH$mg `mda â 

{Xbobm Amho. 

Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±Ho$Zo {d{dY joÌmV ârd H$m_{Jar Ho$br Agbr Var `m ~±Ho$Mo Anè Imbrbà_mUo 

{deX H$aVm òB©b. 

1. Anwam nVnwadR>m : Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±H$ {dH$gZerb gXñ` amï´>m§Zm {d{dY joÌmMm {dH$mg 

H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ZYrMm nwadR>m H$aV AgVo. na§Vw `m amï´>m§Vrb {d{dY joÌmÀ`m _mJmgbonUm bjmV KoVm Am{U 

Ë`m§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r {ZYrMr JaO bjmV KoVm hm {ZYr Anwam Amho. 

2. A{dH${gV Xoem§H$S>o Xwb©j : ~±H$ {d{dY Xoem§Zm {d{dY àH$mao _XV H$aVo. na§Vw Ago Agbo Var 

~±Ho$Zo A{dH${gV AW©ì`dñWm§H$S>o OmñV bj XoUo JaOoMo Amho. na§Vw Ë`mH$S>o Xwb©j Pmbobo {XgVo. 

3. Anwam {ZYr : Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±Ho$bm A{YH$ nVnwadR>m H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñdV:Odi nwaogm {ZYr AgUo 

Amdí`H$ Amho. na§Vw ~±Ho$H$S>rb {ZYr Anwam Amho. 

4. Xm[aÐç {Z_y©bZ : Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±Ho$Mo _w»` C{Ôï> åhUOo bmoH$m§Mr Xm[aÐçmVyZ _wŠVVm H$aUo. 

na§Vw Ago {XgVo H$s, `m àXoemVrb {Zå_r bmoH$g§»`m Jar~ Amho. _wbmÀ`m OÝ_modir Am{U JamoXanUmV 

_¥Ë`y_wIr nS>Umè`m {ó`m§Mr dm{f©H$ g§»`m 2,50,000 BVH$s Amho. 5 Xebj bmoH$ EM. Am`. ìhr. Am{U 

OJmÀ`m 3/5 BVHo$ Q>r. ~r. noe§Q> `m àXoemV amhVmV. Ë`m_wio ~±Ho$Mo à`ËZ VmoH$S>o nS>VmV. 

Ago Agbo Var ~±H$ H$aV Agbobo H$m`© H$m¡VwH$mñnX Amho. 

4.3.5 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ : 


1. Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±Ho$Mr ñWmnZm 1966 _Üò Pmbr. 

2. Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±Ho$Mo H$m`©joÌ g§nyU© Xoeâ MmbVo. 

3. Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±Ho$Mo _w»` H$m`m©b` ^maVmV Amho. 

4. Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±Ho$Mo _w»` C{Ôï> Xm[aÐçmV KQ>H$ H$aUo ho Amho. 

5. Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±Ho$Zo gm_m{OH$ joÌ {dH$mgmda â {Xbobm Amho. 

(~) CÎmao : 

1. ~amo~a 2. MyH$ 3. MyH$ 4. ~amo~a 5. ~amo~a 


1. Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±H$ 2. Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±Ho$Mr H$m`} 

43


1. Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±Ho$À`m H$m`m©Mo _yë`_mnZ H$am. 

4.3.6 g§X^© : 

1. Am{e`m {dH$mg ~±H$ do~gmB©Q> : http://www.adb.org 



EEE 

44

~r. E. ^mJ-3 : AW©emñÌ nona 7 (~) (OyZm) nona 10 d 15 (~) (Z{dZ) 

~±H$s¨J Am{U {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>m 


1.3 Vmio~§XmMm AW© 

ì`m»`m :- 


""R>amdrH$ H$mimV ~±Ho$Zo Ho$coë`m {d{dY Am{W©H$ ì`dhmam§À`m g§X^m©V ~±Ho$Zo {_i{dcocr 

_mc_Îmm qH$dm ~±Ho$Mr XoUr AWdm Xm{`Ëd `m§Mm Vnerc Á`mV {Xcocm AgVmo Vo nÌH$ åhUOo Vmio~§X 

hmo`.'' 

""~±Ho$À`m Am{W©H$ pñWVrMo `Wm`mo½` Xe©Z KS>{dUmao ~±Ho$Mr _mc_Îmm d Xm{`Ëd `mg§~§YrMo nÌH$ 

åhUOo Vmio~§X hmo`.'' 

""{d{eîQ> VmaIog ~±Ho$Mr Am{W©H$ pñWVr Xe©{dUmao _mc_Îmm d Xo`Vm `m§À`m ~m~VrVrc nÌH$ 

åhUOo Vmio~§X hmo`.'' 

""WmoS>Š`mV ~±Ho$À`m Am{W©H$ ì`dhmam§Mm _mc_Îmm d Xm{`Ëd `m§À`m g§X^m©V KoVcm OmUmam 

AmT>mdm åhUOo ~±Ho$Mm Vmio~§X hmo`.'' 

Vmio~§XmÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy AgVmV. EH$ _mc_ÎmoMr Xþgar Xm{`Ëd qH$dm XoÊ`mMr _mc_ÎmoÀ`m ~mOyg 

~±Ho$Mr {d{dY ñdê$nmVrc _mc_Îmm d Xm{`Ëd qH$dm XoÊ`mÀ`m ~mOyg ~±Ho$Zo KoVcocr H$O}/XoUr Xe©{dcr 

OmVmV. 

ì`mnmar ~±Ho$Mm Vmio~§X :- 

KQ>H$-1 

~±Ho$Mm Vmio~§X Am{U Ë`mMo _hÎd 

Vmio~§XmV _mc_Îmm d òUr Am{U Xo`Vm qH$dm XoUr Ago XmoZ {d^mJ AgVmV. gmYmaU ^maVr` 

~±H$m df©âmÀ`m H$mcmdYrgmR>r Vmio~§X V`ma H$aVmV. Aem Vmio~§XmV ~±Ho$Zo Ho$coë`m ì`dhmam§Mm 

Vnerc AgVmo. CXm. ~±Ho$À`m _mc_ÎmoMm, òUo aH$_oMm, Xm{`ËdmMm qH$dm H$O© d AÝ` ñdê$nmVrc 

XoÊ`m§Mm Vnerc AgVmo. `m nÌH$mV ~±Ho$Zo {d{eîQ> H$mcmdYrV {H$Vr _mc_Îmm O_m Ho$cr d {H$Vr XoUr 

Úmd`mMr AmhoV ho ñnîQ> Ho$coco AgVo. 

1

Vmio~§XmV XmoZ ~mOy AgVmV. _mc_Îmm qH$dm qOXJr VgoM òUo ~m~tMm g_mdoe _mc_Îmm ~mOyg 

d ~±Ho$Mo _mcH$s ^m§S>dc, amIrd {ZYr, XoUo ~m~tMm g_mdoe Xm{`Ëd ~mOyg Ho$cm OmVmo. 

Vmio~§XmMo _hÎd :- 

^maVr` ~±qH$J {Z`_Z H$m`Úmà_mUo àËòH$ ì`mnmar ~±Ho$cm EHy$U Am{W©H$ ì`dhmam§Ûmao {_i{dcoë`m 

_mc_ÎmoMm d Xm{`ËdmMm Vnerc Agcoco nÌH$ gmXa H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. gm_mÝ`nUo àËòH$ ~±H$ 

{dÎmr` df© g§në`mZ§Va Amncm Vmio~§X à{gÜX H$aVo. Vmio~§XmMo _hÎd nwT>rcà_mUo :- 

1. ~±Ho$Mr Am{W©H$ pñWVr g_OVo : ~±Ho$À`m Vmio~§X nÌH$mV _mc_Îmm d Xm{`Ëd `m§Mr 

Vnercdma _m{hVr {Xcocr AgVo. Ë`mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mg ~±Ho$Mr Am{W©H$ pñWVr g_OVo. 

2. BVa ~±H$m§er VwcZm H$aVm òVo : AZoH$ ~±H$m§À`m Vmio~§XmÀ`m Aä`mgmdê$Z VwcZmË_H$ 

Aä`mg H$aVm òVmo. EH$mM ~±Ho$À`m AZoH$ dfmªÀ`m Vmio~§XmÀ`m Aä`mgmdê$Z VwcZmË_H$ àJVr g_OVo. 

3. ^mJYmaH$m§Zm Cn`wŠV : ~±Ho$Mo ^mJYmaH$ ho EH$m AWm©Zo ~±Ho$M _mcH$ AgVmV. 

^mJYmaH$m§Zm ~±°Ho$Mr Am{W©H$ pñWVr g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Vmio~§X Cn`wŠV R>aVmo. ~±Ho$Mm Z\$m cm^m§e 

B. ~Ôc _m{hVr {_iVo. 

4. ~±H$ ì`dgm`mÀ`m àJVrMr H$ënZm : ~±Ho$Zo df©âmV doJdoJiçm _mJm©Zo Jmoim Ho$cocm 

n¡gm d Ë`mMm Ho$cocm dmna `m§Mr _m{hVr Vmio~§Xmdê$Z g_OVo. ~±Ho$À`m Vmio~§XmV _mJrc EH$m dfm©Mr 

AmH$S>odmarhr {Xcr OmVo. Ë`m_wio ~±Ho$Zo df©âmV Ho$cocr àJVr Am{U _mJrc H$mhr dfm©V Ho$coë`m 

àJVrMr H$ënZm òVo. 

5. ~±Ho$da {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ : XoemMr _Ü`dVu ~±H$ XoemVrc gd© àH$maÀ`m 

~±H$mH$Sy>Z Vmio~§X Xadfu _mJ{dVo. `m Vmio~§XmÀ`m Aä`mgmÛmao ~±Ho$Mo ì`dhma, Jw§VdUyH$ d AÝ` 

~m~t{df`r _Ü`dVu ~±H$ gyMZm H$aVo, Vmio~§XmÀ`m Aä`mgmÛmao gd© ~±H$m _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$À`m YmoaUmZwgma 

H$m`© H$aVmV H$s Zmhr ho g_OVo, Ë`mAmYmao ~±Ho$da {Z`§ÌU R>odVm òVo. 

6. g§nyU© ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr àJVr g_OVo : XoemVrc ~±H$m nmR>{dV Agcoë`m Vmio~§XmVrc 

_m{hVr EH$Ì H$ê$Z ~±H$m§À`m R>odr, H$O©, amIrd {ZYr, emIm{dñVma BË`mXrÀ`m Aä`mgmdê$Z g§nyU© ~±H$ 

ì`dgm`mMr àJVr g_OVo. 

7. ~±Ho$Mo Jw§VdUyH$ YmoaU g_OVo : ~±Ho$À`m Vmio~§XmV ~±Ho$_m\©$V H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m 

Jw§VdUwH$sMm g{dñVa Vnerc AgVmo. ~±Ho$Zo Amncr _mc_Îmm H$emàH$mao Jw§V{dcr Amho Vo g_OVo. 

Jw§VdUwH$sMr `mo½`-A`mo½`Vm VnmgVm òVo. 

8. g_mOmcm ~±H$s¨J joÌmMr _m{hVr {_iVo : XoemVrc gd© ñVamdarc cmoH$m§Zm, XoemVrc 

~±qH$J joÌmMr _m{hVr ~±Ho$À`m Vmio~§Xmdê$Z òVo. Vmio~§X hm ~±qH$J ì`dhmamMm AmagmM AgVmo. 

2

9. Aä`mgH$ / g§emoYH$m§Zm Cn`wŠV : ~±qH$J ì`dhmamMm Aä`mg H$aUmao Aä`mgH$, 

g§emoYH$ `m§Zmhr Vmio~§X Cn`wŠV R>aVmo. EH$mM qH$dm gd© ~±H$m§Mm VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mg H$aVm òVmo. 

10. Am{W©H$ ñW¡`© amoIVm, cm^Vm g_OVo : ~±Ho$À`m qH$dm ~±H$m§À`m Vmio~§XmÀ`m AmYmao 

~±Ho$Mr/ ~±H$m§À`m Am{W©H$ ñW¡`© d _O~yVnUm `mMr H$ënZm òVo. ~±H$ {ZYr, R>odr, H$O©ì`dhma, Jw§VdUyH$ 

BË`mXrÛmao ~±Ho$Mr amoIVm d cm^Vm g_OVo. 

11. emgZmcm/_Ü`dVu ~±Ho$cm Cn`wŠV : g§nyU© XoeâmgmR>r ~±qH$J/{dÎmr` YmoaU 

R>a{dÊ`mgmR>rgwÜXm XoemVrc ~±H$m§À`m Vmio~§XmMm Aä`mg Cn`wŠV R>aVmo. 

◆❒◆ 

3





KQ>H$-2 

~±{H$J joÌmVrc ZdrZ àd¥Îmr 

(New trends in Banking) 

~±{H$J joÌmVrc ZdrZ àd¥Îmr (New trends in Banking) :- 

gZ 1991 Z§Va ^maVmZo ZdrZ Am{W©H$ YmoaU ñdrH$maco, Ë`mZ§Va g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoV AZoH$ ~Xc 

KSy>Z òV AmhoV. BVa joÌmà_mUo ~±qH$J joÌmVgwÕm ~Xc KSy>Z òV AmhoV. qH$~hþZm ^maVr` ~±qH$J 

ì`dgm`mV àJV V§ÌkmZmÀ`m dmnamMo à`ËZ 1983 _Üò àW_ Pmco. 1983 _Üò [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo S>m°. gr. 

a§JamOZ `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr "g§JUH$sH$aU d `m§{ÌH$sH$aU g{_Vr' ñWmnZ Ho$cr. Ë`mZ§Va Am°ŠQ>mo~a 

1993 _Üò Pmcoë`m gd© ~±H$ H$_©Mmar g§KQ>Zm d B§{S>`Z ~±H$ Agmo{gEeZ `m§À`mVrc "g§JUH$sH$aU 

gm_§Oñ` H$ama' `m_wio ~°H$ joÌmV àJV V§ÌkmZmMm _mJ© gwê$ Pmcm. 1993 nmgyZ ~±H$m§Zr g§JUH$sH$aUmg 

àma§^ Ho$cm. 

AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo J«mhH$m§Zm ZdZdrZ godm-gw{dYm CncãY H$ê$Z {Xë`m OmV 

AmhoV. J«mhH$ godm§Mm XOm© C§MmdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm OmV Amho. Ë`mn¡H$s _hÎdmMo ZdrZ àdmh/àd¥Îmr 

nwT>rcà_mUo :- 

"B©' ~±qH$J/BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ ~±qH$J/B§Q>aZoQ>/Am°ZcmB©Z ~±qH$J 

_m{hVr V§ÌkmZmÀ`m joÌmV doJmZo Pmcoë`m àJVr_wio "g§JUH$' (Computer) Am{U Am§VaOmc 

(Internet) `m§Mm dmnagwÕm dmT>V Amho. `m_wio "B©' H$m°_g©, "B©' ~±qH$J, "B©' c{ZªJ, "B©' Q´>oS> AmXrMo 

XoeâmV àM§S> Omio V`ma Pmco Amho. ~±qH$J joÌmVgwÕm "B©' ~±qH$JMm dmna gwê$ Pmcm Amho. 

"B©' ~±qH$JMr g§H$ënZm :- 

ì`m»`m : _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMr AmYw{ZH$ gmYZo dmnê$Z ~±H$godm nwa{dÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrcm "B©' ~°§qH$J 

åhUVmV. 

4

"B©' ~±qH$J åhUOo ~±Ho$Zo {Z_m©U Ho$coë`m {d{dY godm§Mm cm^ KoÊ`mgmR>r BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ {_{S>`mMm 

dmna H$aÊ`mMr nÕV hmo`. 

~±H$m, Ë`m§À`m emIm Am{U ImVoXma `m§Zm OmoS>Umar g§JUH$ `§ÌUm åhUOoM "B©' ~±qH$J hmo`. "B©' 

~±qH$J åhUOo ~±Ho$Zo {Z_m©U Ho$coë`m {d{dY godm§Mm cm^ KoÊ`mgmR>r B§Q>aZoQ>Mm dmna H$aUo hmo`. 

"B©' ~±qH$J_Üò B§Q>aZoQ> ~±qH$J, E.Q>r.E_., S>o~rQ>/H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>©, Q>ocr ~±qH$J, _mo~mB©c ~±qH$J 

Eg.E_.Eg. AmXr godm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. "B©' ~±qH$J_Üò ~±qH$J joÌmVrc godm§Mm cm^ KoÊ`mgmR>r 

g§JUH$ (H$m°åß`wQ>a) Am{U Am§VaOmc (B§Q>aZoQ>) `m BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ CnH$aUm§Mm dmna hm AW© A{^àoV Amho. 

B§Q>aZoQ> ~±qH$J_Üò ~±Ho$Mr do~gmB©Q> CKSy>Z nwT>o àdoe {_i{dVm òVmo. Ë`mgmR>r ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z J«mhH$mcm EH$ 

qH$dm OmñV "`wOa-Am`S>r'O VgoM àËòH$ `wOa Am`S>rgmR>r ñdV§Ì nmgdS>© {_iVmo. Ë`mÀ`m AmYmao 

~±Ho$er ì`dhma H$aVm òVmo. "B©' ~±qH$J_Üò B§Q>aZoQ>Mm dmna A{^àoV Agë`mZo `mgmR>r ~±H$m g§JUH$sH¥$V 

Ho$ë`m OmVmV. ~±Ho$À`m ì`dhmamV H$mJXnÌo Am{U coOaEodOr g§JUH$mMm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo. gd© g§JUH$ 

B§Q>aZoQ>Zo OmoS>co OmVmV. `m_wio XoemVyZ Hw$Ry>Zhr H$moUVrhr ì`ŠVr B§Q>aZoQ>Ûmao ~±Ho$er g§nH©$ gmYy eH$Vo. 

ImË`mMr Mm¡H$er, n¡go nmR>{dUo, n¡go âUo, n¡go H$mT>Uo B. ì`dhma J«mhH$ Amnë`m KamV, XþH$mZmV, 

H$m`m©c`mV qH$dm {OWo Hw$R>o Agoc {VWyZ g§JUH$ qH$dm c°nQ>m°nÀ`m ghmæ`mZo ~±Ho$À`m g§Ho$V ñWimda 

Omdy eH$VmV Am{U Ë`mÛmao Amnco ì`dhma nyU© H$ê$ eH$VmV. 

"B©' ~±qH$JMo \$m`Xo :- 

1. gmo`rñH$a : "B©' ~±qH$J_wio J«mhH$m§Zm ~±Ho$er ì`dhma H$aUo gwc^ Pmco. J«mhH$ g§JUH$ 

Am{U c°nQ>m°nÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Ka, H$m`m©c` qH$dm {OWo Hw$R>o AgVrc {VWyZ ~±Ho$er ì`dhma 

H$ê$ eH$VmV. Ë`mgmR>r ~±Ho$V OmÊ`mMr JaO ZgVo. 

2. AI§S>rV godm : "B©' ~±qH$JMr gw{dYm 24 Vmg AI§S>nUo Mmcy AgVo. ~±Ho$À`m gwÅ>rÀ`m 

{Xderhr hr gw{dYm CncãY AgVo. J«mhH$ Amnë`m gmo`rZwgma Am{U JaOoZwgma ~±Ho$er 

H$moUË`mhrdoir ì`dhma H$ê$ eH$Vmo. 

3. ~±qH$JMm IM© H$_r : V§ÌkmZmÀ`m dmnam_wio ~±qH$JMm IM© H$_r hmoVmo. ~±H$ qH$dm 

{VMr EImXr emIm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMm IM© H$_r òVmo. ~±Ho$À`m N>moQ>çmem H$m`m©c`mVyZ 

B§Q>aZoQ>Ûmao J«mhH$mer ì`dhma H$aVm òVmV. H$_©Mmè`m§Mr JaOhr H$_r ^mgVo. emIm 

{dñVmamMr JaO ^mgV Zmhr. 

4. ~±qH$J ì`dgm` \$m`Xoera : "B©' ~±qH$J_Üò J«mhH$m§À`m JaOm OcXJVrZo nyU© hmoV 

Agë`m_wio J«mhH$ g_mYmZr amhVmV. Ë`m_wio ImVoXmam§Mr g§»`m dmT>Vo, ì`dhma dmT>VmV, 

~±Ho$Mm Z\$m dmT>Vmo. 

5

5. JwUdÎmmnyU© godm : B§Q>aZoQ>Ûmao ~±H$m Amnë`m J«mhH$m§Zm A{YH$ JwUdÎmmnyU© OmñVrV OmñV 

godm Xody eH$VmV `m_wio gmh{OH$M ~±Ho$À`m godm§Mm XOm© gwYmaVmo. 

6. OcX godm : J«mhH$m§À`m JaOm ~±H$m OcXJVrZo nyU© H$ê$ eH$VmV. H$_r doioV A{YH$ 

ì`dhma nyU© hmoVmV. Ë`m_wio J«mhH$m§À`m gmo`rZwgma OcX ì`dhma H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm _moR>çm 

à_mUmV dmT>Vo. 

7. godm§_Üò {d{dYVm : Zì`m V§ÌkmZmÀ`m dmnam_wio ~±H$m Zì`m, Zì`m {d{dY godm 

J«mhH$m§Zm CncãY H$ê$Z Xody eH$VmV. CXm. VËnaVoZo H$O©gw{dYm, VmËH$mi {ZYr ñWmZm§Va, 

aŠH$_ dgwcr BË`mXr. 

8. H$_r IMm©V ~±H$gw{dYm : "B©' ~±qH$J nÕVrV CÀM V§ÌkmZmMm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo. gd© 

AmYw{ZH$ BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ gmYZm§Mm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio J«mhH$m§Zm {d{dY godm nma§n[aH$ 

~±H$ nÕVrnojm AënXamV nwa{dVm òVmV. `m_wio ~±H$ ì`dhmamMm IM© H$_r òVmo. 

9. J«mhH$ g§»òV dmT> : "B©' ~±qH$J_wio J«mhH$ ~±Ho$H$S>o A{YH$ AmH¥$îQ> hmoVmV. Ëd[aV Am{U 

ZdZdrZ AmYw{ZH$ godm§Mm cm^ {_iV Agë`mZo J«mhH$m§Mr g§»`m dmT>Vo. 

10. AZoH$ ~±H$m§er ì`dhma : "B©' ~±qH$J_wio g§JUH$ Am{U c°nQ>m°nÛmao J«mhH$ Amnë`m 

JmdmVrc, amÁ`mVrc, XoemVrc H$moUË`mhr ~±Ho$er, Ho$ìhmhr, H$moRy>Zhr ì`dhma H$ê$ 

eH$Vmo. {dXoemVrc ~±H$m§ergwÕm ì`dhma H$ê$ eH$Vmo. 

"B©' ~±qH$JMo Xmof :- 

1. B§Q>aZoQ> àUmcr ñWmnZoMm IM© OmñV : ~±H$m§Zm BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ _mÜ`_mMr gw{dYm CncãY 

H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r àma§^r _moR>çm à_mUmda IM© H$amdm cmJVmo. H$maU g§JUH$sH$aU, B§Q>aZoQ> 

H$ZoŠeZ qH$dm BVa BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ gmYZm§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mgmR>r IM© H$amdm cmJVmo. 

2. VÁk d Hw$ec H$_©Mmè`m§Mr JaO : "B©' ~±qH$JMr JwUmË_H$ gw{dYm 24 Vmg CncãY 

H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r Vem àH$maMo à{ejU KoVcoë`m nmÌ d Hw$ec à{e{jV H$_©Mmè`m§Mr 

JaO AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r H$_©Mmè`m§Zm {ejU, à{ejU XoUo JaOoMo AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r IM© 

H$amdm cmJVmo. 

3. Hw$ec _Zwî`~imMr H$_VaVm : g§Ho$VñWim§Mm {dH$mg, g§nH©$ nwa{dUmao Am{U AÚ`mdV 

V§ÌkmZ AdJV AgUmè`m cmoH$m§Mr Zoh_rM H$_VaVm OmUdVo. Aem H$_©Mmè`m{dZm XO}Xma 

gw{dYm nwa{dVm òV Zmhr. 

4. gwa{jVVm : nona{da{hV ~±qH$J ì`dhmam_Üò gwa{jVVoMo AZoH$ àíZ {Z_m©U hmoVmV. gd© 

6

ì`dhma g§JUH$ Am{U B§Q>aZoQ>Ûmao hmoV Agë`mZo Ë`m_Üò BVam§Mm AZ{YH¥$V hñVjon 

hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$m AgVmo. gm`~a JwÝhoJmam§H$Sy>Z do~gmB©Q> hmÒ°H$ hmoV Agë`m_wio _m{hVrMr 

Jmon{Z`Vm Z amhUo, _m{hVrV \o$a\$ma H$aUo, _m{hVr ZîQ> H$aUo `mgmaIo AZw{MV àH$ma KSy> 

eH$VmV. 

5. H$m`Xoera C{Udm : B§Q>aZoQ>Ûmao hmoUmè`m ~±qH$J ì`dhmam§Mr `mo½`Vm nS>VmiÊ`mgmR>r 

cmJUmar nyUo {dH${gV H$m`Xoera Mm¡H$Q> gÚpñWVrV CncãY Zmhr. "B©' ~±qH$JMm AOyZhr 

nyU© {dH$mg Pmcm Zgë`mZo H$moUË`m àH$maMo JwÝho Ho$co OmD$ eH$VmV ho gm§JUo H$R>rU 

Amho. 

6. Vm§{ÌH$/ì`mdhm[aH$ g_ñ`m : "B©' ~±qH$J_Üò ì`dhma H$aÊ`mgmR>r J«mhH$mH$S>o B§Q>aZoQ> 

gw{dYm AgUo JaOoMo AgVo. VgoM B§Q>aZoQ> hmVmiVmZm XÿaÜdZr, _mo~mB© AmXr gmYZm§Mm 

dmna hmoV Agë`mZo `m gmYZm§À`m godoVrc ÌwQ>tMm ~±qH$J ì`dhmamda n[aUm_ hmody eH$Vmo. 

7. V§ÌkmZmVrc dmT>Vm IM© : _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ gVV ~XcV Agë`mZo ~±H$m§Zm Ë`mZwgma ~Xc 

H$amdo cmJVmV. Aer V§Ìgw{dYm CncãY H$aÊ`mgmR>r d hmVmiÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ IM© 

dmT>V OmVmo. 

8. _`m©{XV J«mhH$dJ© : ^maVmgma»`m XoemV J«m_rU Am{U ehar ^mJmVgwÕm {ZajaVoMo 

à_mU gw_mao 35% BVHo$ Amho. Ë`m§Zm B§Q>aZoQ>Ûmao ì`dhma H$aVm òV Zmhr. VgoM 

gmjam§n¡H$sXoIrc g§JUH$ gmjam§Mo à_mU H$_r Amho. Ë`m_wio "B©' ~±qH$JMm J«mhH$ dJ© 

_`m©{XV amhVmo. 

Jm^m ~±qH$J (Core Banking / Anywhere Banking / Multi-branch Banking) :- 

g§H$ënZm :- 

""H$moAa ~±qH$J AWdm Jm^m ~±H$ ì`dgm` åhUOo H|$Ðr^yV ~±H$ì`dñWoMm ñdrH$ma H$ê$Z ~±qH$J 

àmW{_H$ H$m`} A{YH$ doJmZo d {H$\$m`VeranUo H$aUo hmo`.'' 

""Jm^m ~±qH$J åhUOo ~±Ho$À`m gd© emIm _Ü`dVu _m{hVr H|$Ðmer OmoS>ë`m OmUo.'' 

""_Ü`dVu _m{hVr H|$Ð ho ~±H$ Am{U gd© emIm§À`m öX`ñWmZr AgVo. ho H|$Ð åhUOo ~±Ho$Mm Jm^m 

hmo`. `m Jm^m H|$Ðmer ~±H$ d VrÀ`m gd© emIm OmoS>ë`m Joë`mZo `m ~±qH$Jcm Jm^m ~±qH$J Ago 

åhUVmV.'' 

""Jm^m ~±qH$J åhUOo ~±H$ emIm§Mo Ago Omio H$s, Á`m_Üò gd© emIm _w»` emIoer d 

EH$_oH$m§er B§Q>aZoQ>Zo OmoS>ë`m OmVmV. Ë`m_wio H$moUË`mhr emIoMm J«mhH$ hm g§nyU© ~±Ho$Mm J«mhH$ ~ZVmo. 

7

Ë`m_wio H$moUË`mhr emIoVyZ Ë`mcm ~±H$ godoMm cm^ KoVm òVmo. 

Jm^m ~±qH$J nÕVrV g§nyU© ~±Ho$gmR>r _Ü`dVu _m{hVr H|$Ð ñWmnZ Ho$co OmVo d `m H|$ÐmÛmao gd© 

emIm _w»` H$m`m©c`mer d emIm, EH$_oH$m§er OmoS>ë`m OmVmV. Ë`m_wio ~±Ho$cm E.Q>r.E_., S>o~rQ> H$mS>©, 

Q>ocr ~°qH$J, _mo~mB©c ~±qH$J, B§Q>aZoQ> ~±qH$J `mgma»`m godm EH$mM N>VmImcr 24 Vmg AI§S>nUo 

CncãY H$ê$Z XoVm òVmV. _Ü`dVu _m{hVr H|$Ð ho ~±H$ Am{U gd© emIm§À`m öX`ñWmZr AgVo. ho H|$Ð 

åhUOo ~±Ho$Mm Jm^m hmo`.'' 

Jm^m ~±qH$JMo \$m`Xo/JwU :- 

1. ~±H$ godoMm Ho$ìhmhr H$moR>ohr cm^ (Anywhere, Anytime Banking) : ~±Ho$À`m gd© emIm 

B§Q>aZoQ>Zo OmoS>ë`m OmVmV. Ë`m_wio ~±Ho$À`m H$moUË`mhr EH$m emIoMm J«mhH$ YZmXoemÛmao Ë`mM ~±Ho$À`m 

H$moUË`mhr emIoer ì`dhma H$ê$ eH$Vmo. ~±H$ godoMm Ho$ìhmhr, H$moR>ohr cm^ KoVm òVmo. 

2. gd© emIm§Mm Vnerc : Jm^m ~±qH$J àUmcrV ~±Ho$À`m gd© emIm§Mr _m{hVr _Ü`dVu 

_m{hVr H|$ÐmV gmR>{dcr OmVo. Ë`m_wio CÀM gwa{jVVoMr gd© H$miOr KoUo gwc^ OmVo. 

3. gd© ~Xc EH$mMdoir : gd© emIm§er g§~§{YV ~Xc CXm. ì`mOXamVrc ~Xc, H${_eZ, 

ewëH$, Zì`m godm B. g§~§{YV ~Xc _Ü`dVu _m{hVr H|$ÐmVyZM Ho$co OmVmV. 

4. emIm ì`dñWmnZ gmo`rMo : _Ü`dVu _m{hVr H|o$ÐmV gd© emIm§À`m gd© ì`dhmam§Mr _m{hVr 

gmR>{dcr OmVo. Ë`m_wio ì`dñWmnZmg H$moUË`mhr emIoÀ`m g§X^m©Vrc hdr AgUmar _m{hVr àmßV H$aVm 

òVo. Ë`m_wio emIm§darc VmU H$_r hmoVmo. 

5. EH${ÌV _m{hVr nwa{dUo : _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$cm {d{Z_`nÌH$, Vmio~§X, _mc_Îmm, Xm{`Ëd, 

A{Zînm{XV _mc_Îmm B. g§~§{YV Or _m{hVr nwadmdr cmJVo, Vr ~±Ho$À`m gd© emIm§Mr EH${ÌVnUo nwa{dVm 

òVo. 

6. Aën IMm©V ~±qH$J godm : Jm^m ~±qH$J àUmcrV àma§^r OmñV Jw§VdUyH$ H$amdr cmJVo. 

_mÌ Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV gd© emIm Aën IMm©V AË`mYw{ZH$ godm nwady eH$VmV. 

7. ì`dñWmnZmg gmo`rMo : _Ü`dVu _m{hVr H|$ÐmV gd© emIm§À`m ì`dhmam§Mr _m{hVr 

Agë`mZo ì`dñWmnZmg H$moUË`mhr emIoÀ`m g§X^m©Vrc hdr AgUmar _m{hVr àmßV H$aVm òVo. `m_wio 

~±H$ emIm§darc _m{hVr nwa{dÊ`mMm VmU H$mhrgm H$_r hmoVmo. 

8. ~±Ho$V Z OmVm B§Q>aZoQ> gw{dYm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z ~±qH$J godm§Mm cm^ KoVm òVmo. 

9. gd© ì`dhma ñd`§M{cV Agë`mZo {heo~mV EH$gyÌVm òVo. 

8

10. emIm-emIm A§VJ©V XoUr-KoUr, {hemo~mMo H$m_ gwc^ hmoVo. 

11. {hemo~ VnmgUr gwc^ : coImn[ajUmgmR>r Amdí`H$ emImdma d EH${ÌV _m{hVr 

ghOnUo nwa{dVm òVo. EH$mM {R>H$mUr EH$mM Q>o~cmda {hemo~ VnmgUr H$aVm òVo. 

12. g§^mì` YmoHo$ Q>miVm òVmV : emImdma Am{U EH${ÌV _m{hVr ~±Ho$À`m _w»` H$m`m©c`mV 

XaamoO CncãY hmoV Agë`mZo ì`mO AmH$maUr, H${_eZ AmH$maUr, WH$~mH$s, EZ.nr.E. ~m~VMr 

_m{hVr EH${ÌVnUo CncãY hmoV Agë`mZo {VMr gmVË`mZo VnmgUr d {M{H$Ëgm H$ê$Z `mo½` Ë`m gyMZm 

XoVm òVmV. 

Jm^m ~±qH$JMo Xmof :- 

1. {~Ja Jm^m ~±qH$JMo Jm^m ~±qH$J_Üò ê$nm§Va H$aUo {H$MH$Q> à{H«$`m Amho. 

2. V§ÌkmZmnojm _m{hVrda â {Xcm OmVmo. 

3. Jm^m ~±qH$J gwê$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~±H$m§Zm _moR>r Jw§VdUyH$ H$amdr cmJVo. 

4. Jm^m ~±qH$J àUmcrgmR>r ì`dñWmnZ A{YH$ à^mdr ~Zdmdo cmJVo. 

5. ^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerc XoemV ì`mdhm[aH$ nmVirda AZoH$ AS>MUr òVmV. 

{Za§Va àXmZ `moOZm/E.Q>r.E_.godm (Automatic Teller Machine (ATMS) ñd`§M{cV 

JUH$`§Ì g§H$ënZm :- 

❒ 

❒ 

❒ 

E. Q>r. E_. åhUOo Automatic Teller Machine ømcmM _amR>rV ñd`§McrV JUH$`§Ì 

Ago åhUVmV. `m _{eZÛmao 24 Vmg godm nwa{dcr OmV Agë`mZo `mg 'All Time 

Money' Agohr åhQ>co OmVo. E.Q>r.E_. godog "AmYw{ZH$ Hw$~oa' Aerhr g§km dmnacr 

OmVo. 

J«mhH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m _mJUrà_mUo n¡go XoUo d Ë`m§Mr aŠH$_ O_m H$ê$Z KoUo hr à{H«$`m H$aUmao 

ñd`§M{cV `§Ì åhUOo E.Q>r.E_. hmo`. 

~±Ho$À`m J«mhH$mcm E.Q>r.E_.Mr godm 365 {Xdg Am{U {XdgmVrc 24 Vmg CncãY 

AgVo. "ñd`§M{cV JUH$`§Ì' ho B§Q>aZoQ>Ûmao ~±Ho$À`m g§JUH$àUmcrer OmoS>coco AgVo. hr 

gw{dYm hdr Agoc Va ~±Ho$H$S>o AO© H$amdm cmJVmo. gd© Amdí`H$ ~m~tMr nyV©Vm Pmë`mg 

~±H$ Ë`m ì`ŠVrg E.Q>r.E_.H$mS>© XoVo. H$mS>m©gmo~V "ng©Zc Am`S>|Q>r{\$Ho$eZ Z§~a' (PIN) 

{Xcm OmVmo. {_imcoë`m Z§~aMr _erZ_Üò Zm|X Ho$cr OmVo Am{U Ë`m Z§~aMr JwßVVm 

nmimdr cmJVo. 

9

E.Q>r.E_.Mr d¡{eîQ>ço :- 

❒ 

❒ 

❒ 

❒ 

E. Q>r. E_. ho ñd`§McrV JUH$`§Ì Amho. 

E. Q>r. E_. godm Á`m {R>H$mUr CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcr OmVo. Ë`m {R>H$mUmcm E.Q>r.E_. H|$Ð 

åhUVmV. 

E. Q>r. E_. hr EH$ àH$maMr ñd`§godm Amho. 

E. Q>r. E_. `m BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ CnH$aUmÛmao {Za{Zamio ì`dhma Ho$co OmVmV. 

E.Q>r.E_.Mo JwU/\$m`Xo :- 

1. E. Q>r. E_. AI§S>nUo Mmcy : E.Q>r.E_. H|$ÐmMr godm dfm©Mo 365 {Xdg 24 Vmg 

AI§S>nUo Mmcy AgVo. Ë`m_wio J«mhH$ Ë`m§À`m gmo`rZwgma `m gw{dYoMm nm{hOo Voìhm cm^ Kody eH$Vmo. 

2. H$moUË`mhr E.Q>r.E_. H|$ÐmVyZ n¡go {_iVmV : Á`m ~±Ho$Mo E.Q>r.E_. H$mS>© Amho, Ë`m 

~±Ho$À`m H$moUË`mhr JmdmVrc/ehamVrc E.Q>r.E_. H|$ÐmVyZ n¡go H$mT>Vm òVmV. H$mS>©YmaH$ Á`m Jmdm_Üò/ 

eham_Üò Jocm Agoc, Ë`m{R>H$mUr E.Q>r.E_. _YyZ n¡go H$mT>Vm òVmV. 

3. J«mhH$/~±H$ `m§À`m doioMr ~MV : E.Q>r.E_. Ûmao ì`dhma H$aÊ`mgmR>r AË`ën doi 

cmJVmo. {edm` ho H$m_ ñd`§McrV `§Ì H$aV Agë`mZo ~±H$ Am{U J«mhH$ XmoKm§À`m doioMr ~MV hmoVo. 

4. VËna godoMm cm^ : E.Q>r.E_. Ûmam J«mhH$m§Zm n¡go âUo, n¡go H$mT>Uo, ImË`mMm CVmam B. 

ì`dhma Ëd[aV nyU© H$aVm òVmV. Ë`mgmR>r à{Vjm H$aÊ`mMr JaO ZgVo. 

5. XO}Xma godm : E.Q>r.E_. _wio ~±H$ godoMm XOm© gwYmaVmo. ñd`§M{cV `§ÌUm d Ë`mVyZ CncãY 

hmoUmar XO}Xma godm `m_wio J«mhH$ ~±Ho$H$S>o AmH¥$îR> hmoVmV. n[aUm_r ~±Ho$Mr J«mhH$ godm g§»`m dmT>Vo. 

6. JmonZr`Vm : E.Q>r.E_. _wio H$mS>©YmaH$mÀ`m ImVo ì`dhmamMr _m{hVr BVa H$moUmcmhr hmoV 

Zmhr. ~±Ho$Vrc H$_©Mmar d BVa J«mhH$m§Zm qH$dm BVa H$moUmcmhr H$mS>©YmaH$mÀ`m ì`dhmamMr _m{hVr hmoV 

Zmhr. ì`dhmam~m~V JmonZr`Vm amhVo. 

7. _mZdr MwH$m Q>miVm òVmV : E.Q>r.E_. ho `§Ì Agë`m_wio ~±Ho$Vrc H$_©Mmè`m§H$Sy>Z hmoUmè`m 

MwH$m Q>miVm òVmV d `m _mZdr MwH$m_wio J«mhH$m§Mr hmoUmar J¡agmo` B. ÌwQ>r Q>miVm òVmV Am{U doioMr 

~MV hmoVo. 

8. H$_©Mmè`m§daMm VmU H$_r : E.Q>r.E_. _wio ~±Ho$Mo n¡go XoUo, n¡go O_m H$aUo B. ì`dhma 

gwc^VoZo nma nS>VmV, Ë`m_wio H$_©Mmè`mda nS>Umam VmU H$_r hmoVmo. VmoM doi ~±H$ H$_©Mmar J«mhH$m§Zm 

BVa godm nwa{dÊ`mgmR>r Xody eH$VmV. 

10

9. J¡aì`dhmamZm Amim : ~ZmdQ> YZmXoe/YZmH$f© gmXa H$aUo, ~ZmdQ> ghr H$ê$Z ImË`mdê$Z 

aŠH$_ H$mT>Uo B. nma§n[aH$ ~±H$ nÕVrVrc Xmof E.Q>r.E_. _wio Q>miVm òVmV. E.Q>r.E_. H$mS>© d 

gm§Ho${VH$ H«$_m§H$ `m_wio E.Q>r.E_.Mo ì`dhma H$mS>©YmaH$m{edm` Xþgam H$moUrhr H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. 

E.Q>r.E_.Mo Xmof/VmoQ>o :- 

1. IMuH$ : E.Q>r.E_. godm CncãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r ~±Ho$cm E.Q>r.E_. `§ÌmMr IaoXr H$amdr 

cmJVo. Vo ~g{dÊ`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì ~§{XñV gwa{jV ì`dñWm H$amdr cmJVo. aIdmcXma R>odmdm cmJVmo, 

Ë`mgmR>r _moR>m IM© H$amdm cmJVmo. 

2. Am{W©H$ JwÝho : E.Q>r.E_.Ûmao Am{W©H$ JwÝho Ho$co OmD$ eH$VmV. E.Q>r.E_. H$mS>©Mr d PIN 

Mr Mmoar H$ê$ZH$mS>©YmaH$mÀ`m ImË`mdarc aŠH$_ nañna H$mTy>Z KoVë`mMr AZoH$ CXmhaUo AmhoV. 

E.Q>r.E_._Yrc Vm§{ÌH$ ÌwQ>tMm J¡a\$m`Xm CR>dyZ aH$_oMm Anhma hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm hm `mVrc _hÎdmMm 

Xmof Amho. 

3. _{eZ_Üò {~KmS> : E.Q>r.E_. gw{dYm B§Q>aZoQ>Ûmao nwa{dcr OmV Agë`m_wio Oa gìh©a S>mD$Z 

Agoc Va `§ÌUo_Üò {~KmS> òÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. 

4. E.Q>r.E_. dmnamVrc AkmZ : AZoH$ à{e{jV J«mhH$m§ZmXoIrc E.Q>r.E_. dmnamMo AkmZ 

Agë`mZo ì`dhmam_Üò Vm§{ÌH$ AS>MUr CËnÞ hmoD$ eH$VmV. 

5. H$mhr J«mhH$ cm^mnmgyZ d§{MV : E.Q>r.E_. hmVmiÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Ë`mMm cm^ KoÊ`mgmR>r 

~±H$ J«mhH$ {e{jV Agmdm cmJVmo. {Zaja, A§Y ì`ŠVr, Aënd`rZ ì`ŠVr, ^m{JXmar g§ñWm E.Q>r.E_. 

godoMm cm^ Kody eH$V ZmhrV. 

6. H$mS>©YmaH$mcmM cm^ : E.Q>r.E_. godoMm cm^ KoÊ`mgmR>r H$mS>©YmaH$ ñdV: OmD$ZM cm^ 

Kody eH$Vmo. BVa H$moUm_m\©$V ImË`mdarc ì`dhma H$aVm òV ZmhrV. 

7. J¡agmo` : E.Q>r.E_. H$mS>©YmaH$ H$moUË`mhr ehamVrc JmdmVrc E.Q>r.E_. H|$ÐmVyZ n¡go H$mTy> 

eH$Vmo. _mÌ naJmdr AgVmZm H$mS>© ha{dë`mg ì`dhma H$aVm òV ZmhrV. Ë`m§Mr J¡agmo` hmoVo. 

8. _`m©{XV aŠH$_oMr CMc : H$mS>©YmaH$mcm E.Q>r.E_.Ûmao ~±Ho$Zo {ZYm©[aV Ho$coë`m _`m©Xonojm 

OmñV aŠH$_ H$mT>Vm òV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio VmVS>rMr JaO Agoc Va J«mhH$mMr J¡agmo` hmoVo. 

9. gwa{jVVogmR>r ñdV§Ì ì`dñWm : E.Q>r.E_. _{eZ MmoarMr àH$aUo dmT>cr Agë`m_wio ~±Ho$cm 

E.Q>r.E_. H|$Ð gwê$ H$aVmZm Ë`m H|$ÐmÀ`m gwa{jVVogmR>r ñdV§Ì H$S>H$ gwajm ì`dñWm H$amdr cmJVo. 

Ë`mgmR>r nwaogm IM© H$amdm cmJVmo. 

10. ~±H$ H$_©Mmar d J«mhH$ g§~§Y : E.Q>r.E_. gw{dYo_wio ~±H$ H$_©Mmar Am{U J«mhH$ `m§Mm 

11

WoQ> g§~§Y amhV Zmhr. 

11. OmoIr_ H$_r : amoI n¡gm hmVmiÊ`mVrc OmoIr_ d l_ `mV ~MV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio hmoUmè`m 

VmU-VUmdmVyZ, OmoI_rVyZ ~±H$ H$_©Mmar d J«mhH$ XmoKm§Mr _wŠVVm hmoB©c. 

nVn{ÌH$m/H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>© godm (Credit Card) / ßc°pñQ>H$ McZ/ßc°pñQ>H$ n¡gm 

g§H$ënZm :- 

""~±Ho$Zo J«mhH$m§Zm {d{eîQ> _`m©Xon`ªV H$O© aŠH$_ CMc H$aÊ`mgmR>r CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcoco nÌ 

qH$dm H$mS>© åhUOo nVnÌ hmo`.'' `m H$mS>m©_wio J«mhH$mcm nV qH$dm H$O©nwadR>m Ho$cm OmV Agë`mZo `mcm 

nVnÌ Ago åhQ>co OmVo. 

❒ 

❒ 

❒ 

H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>© ~±H$ qH$dm J«mhH$ `m§À`mVrc H$ama AgVmo. 

H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>© nÕVr åhUOo J«mhH$ Am{U H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>© XoUmè`m ~±H$m_Yrc nVì`dñWm hmo`. 

nVnÌ ho ßc°pñQ>H$Mo H$mS>© Agë`mZo AZoH$Xm Ë`mcm ßc°pñQ>H$ McZ qH$dm ßc°pñQ>H$ n¡gm 

Agohr åhUVmV. 

nmíd©^y_r :- 

A_o[aHo$Vrc \«°$H${cZ ~±Ho$Zo àW_ H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© ßc°Z V`ma Ho$cm. 1958 _Üò A_o[aH$Z EŠgàog 

H§$nZr Am{U _moR>çm XmoZ ~±H$m§Zr H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>© XoÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$cr. ^maVmV gd©àW_ g|Q´>c ~±H$ Am°\$ 

B§{S>`mZo nVnÌ `moOZm gwê$ Ho$cr. 

nVnÌ `moOZm hdr Agoc Va g§~§{YV ì`ŠVrZo ~±Ho$H$S>o AO© H$amdm cmJVmo. ~±Ho$cm hdr AgUmar 

gd© _m{hVr {Xë`mZ§Va ~±Ho$Mo g_mYmZ Pmë`mg ~±H$ Ë`m ì`ŠVrg nVnÌ XoVo. nVnÌmMm dmna H$ê$Z 1) 

dñVy d godm§Mr IaoXr H$ê$ eH$Vmo. 2) gXñ` emIm ~±Ho$VyZ n¡go H$mTy> eH$Vmo. 

nVnÌmMo \$m`Xo/JwU :- 

A) J«mhH$m§Zm {_iUmao cm^ :- 

1. J«mhH$m§Mr gmo` : J«mhH$ nVnÌmÛmao Amdí`H$VoZwgma dñVy d godm§Mr IaoXr H$ê$ eH$Vmo. 

Ë`mgmR>r amoI aŠH$_ Odi R>odÊ`mMr JaO ZgVo. nVnÌmÛmao ~±Ho$À`m H$moUË`mhr emIoVyZ aŠH$_ H$mT>Vm 

òVo. E.Q>r.E_. gw{dYoMm cm^ KoVm òVmo. 

2. H$Om©Mr gmo` : nVnÌ åhUOo ~±Ho$Zo J«mhH$m§Zm {d{eîQ> _`m©Xon`ªV H$O© CncãY H$ê$Z 

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XoÊ`mgmR>r {Xcoco H$mS>© hmo`. J«mhH$mcm AMmZH$nUo n¡emMr JaO ^mgë`mg Vmo nVnÌmÛmao ~±Ho$À`m 

H$moUË`mhr emIoVyZ ËdarV aŠH$_ H$mTy> eH$Vmo. 

3. n¡go H$mT>Ê`mMr gw{dYm : H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>©Ûmao ~±H$m n¡go H$mT>Ê`mMr gw{dYm CncãY H$ê$Z 

XoVmV. Ë`m_wio H$mS>©YmaH$mcm dma§dma ~±Ho$V Omdo cmJV Zmhr. 

4. amoI n¡gm ~miJÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr : H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>©dê$Z JaOoZwgma n¡go H$mT>Vm 

òVmV. dñVy d godm§Mr IaoXr H$aVm òVo. Ë`m_wio n¡gm ha{dÊ`mMr qH$dm Mmoar hmoÊ`mMr {^Vr Zmhr. 

Ë`m_wio àdmgmMm d IaoXrMm _Z_wamX AmZ§X cwQ>Vm òVmo. 

5. {d{dY AZwf§{JH$ godm : H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>© `moOZoVrc gh^mJr ì`dgm` g§ñWm H$mS>©YmaH$m§Zm 

{d{dY AZwf§{JH$ godm CncãY H$ê$Z XoVmV. CXm. IaoXr Ho$coë`m dñVy KanmoM nmR>{dÊ`mMr gmo`, 

A{YH$f© gdcV, E.Q>r.E_. gw{dYm, ~g, aoëdoMo, {d_mZmMo AmajU d V§ÌkmZ godm, AnKmV {d_m B. 

cm^ {Xco OmVmV. 

6. IaoXrda H$_reZ : H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>© `moOZoV gh^mJr ì`dgm`g§ñWm H$mS>©YmaH$m§Zm dñVy d godm 

IaoXr Ho$ë`mZ§Va H$mhr {deof gyQ> qH$dm H$_reZ XoVmV. Ë`mMm cm^ H$mS>©YmaH$m§Zm {_iVmo. 

~) ~±H$m§Zm {_iUmao cm^ :- 

1. CËnÞmV dmT> : H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>© {dV[aV H$aUmè`m ~±H$m§Zm Zm|XUr ewëH$, dm{f©H$ ewëH$ B. ê$nmV 

CËnÞ {_iVo. VgoM H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>© `moOZoV gh^mJr Pmcoë`m ì`dgm` g§ñWm§Zm {~cmÀ`m {d{eîQ> à{VeV 

aŠH$_ H$_reZ åhUyZ ~±H$m§Zm Úmdr cmJVo. VgoM ì`mOê$nmZo CËnÞ {_iVo. 

2. ~±H$ godm§Mm {dñVma : H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>©Mo {dVaU H$aUmè`m ~±H$m Amnë`m J«mhH$m§Zm ~±qH$JÀ`m 

{d{dY godm CncãY H$ê$Z XoVmV. Ë`m_wio ~±qH$J godm§Mm {dñVma hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. 

3. ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMm {dH$mg : nVnÌ gw{dYm CncãY H$ê$Z {Xë`mZo ~±H$ J«mhH$m§Mr g§»`m 

dmT>Vo. ~±Ho$À`m H$O© ì`dhmamMo à_mU dmT>Vo. nVnÌ gw{dYoMm cm^ KoÊ`mgmR>r A{YH$m{YH$ J«mhH$ 

~±Ho$H$S>o AmH${f©V hmoVmV. n[aUm_r g§~§{YV ~±Ho$À`m ì`dgm`mV dmT> hmoVo. 

H$) gXñ` ì`dgm`g§ñWm§Zm {_iUmao \$m`Xo :- 

1. CYmarMr OmoIr_ ~±Ho$da : H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>© `moOZoV gh^mJr g§ñWm H$mS>©YmaH$m§Zm CYmarZo dñVy 

d godm§Mr {dH«$s H$aVmV. _mÌ CYmarMr OmoIr_ ~±H$ pñdH$maV Agë`mZo ì`dgm` g§ñWm§Zm CYmar 

~wS>Ê`mMm YmoH$m ñdrH$mamdm cmJV Zmhr. 

2. J«mhH$ dJ© dmT>Vmo : H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>© `moOZoV gh^mJr Pmcoë`m CÚmoJ ì`dgm` g§ñWm§À`m J«mhH$ 

dJm©V dmT> hmoVo. 

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3. _mcmMr {dH«$s d Z\$m dmT>Vmo : H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>© `moOZoVrc H$mS>©YmaH$m§Zm dñVy d godm IaoXr 

H$aÊ`mgmR>r amoI n¡gm cmJV Zmhr. ImË`mda n¡go {eëcH$ AgÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm ZgVo. Ë`m_wio Vo H$mS>© 

`moOZoÀ`m gXñ`m XþH$mZmVyZ _moR>çm à_mUmV dñVy d godm§Mr IaoXr H$aVmV. gmh{OH$M gXñ` g§ñWm§Mr 

{dH«$s d Z\$m dmT>Vmo. 

4. Om{hamV d à{gÕr : H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>© `moOZoV gh^mJr ì`dgm` g§ñWm§À`m ZmdmMr `mXr 

~±Ho$H$Sy>Z Omhra Ho$cr OmVo. Ë`m_wio gh^mJr XþH$mZo, n`©Q>Z g§ñWm, hm°Q>oëg, {S>nmQ>©_|Q>c ñQ>moAg© 

BË`mXrMr AmnmoAmnM Om{hamV hmodyZ Ë`m§Zm à{gÕr {_iVo. 

nVnÌmMo Xmof/VmoQ>o :- 

1. nVnÌ Jhmi hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$m : nVnÌ YmaH$mcm nVnÌ H$miOrnyd©H$ gm§^mimdo cmJVo. 

nVnÌ ha{dÊ`mMr AJa Mmoar hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. Ë`mMm J¡admna hmoD$ eH$Vmo. Ë`m_wio nVnÌYmaH$mMo 

_moR>o ZwH$gmZ hmoD$ eH$Vo. 

2. OmñV ì`mOXa : AZoH$ ~±H$m nVnÌ gw{dYm CncãY H$ê$Z XoVmZm OmñV ì`mOXa AmH$maVmV, 

`m_wio nVnÌYmaH$mMo ZwH$gmZ hmoD$ eH$Vo. 

3. XþH$mZXmamH$Sy>Z Aën gdcVr : ~è`mMXm XþH$mZXma nÌYmaH$m§Zm gdcVrMm ^yc^yc¡æ`m 

XmI{dVmV. R>amdrH$ dñVy§À`m IaoXrdaM Om{hamVrà_mUo qH$_VrV gyQ> {Xcr OmVo. XþH$mZXmam§H$Sy>Z 

Ano{jV gdcV Z {_imë`mZo ZmIyf hmoVmV. 

4. AZmdí`H$ IaoXrcm MmcZm : nVnÌm_wio J«mhH$m§Zm AZmdí`H$ IaoXr H$aÊ`mg àoaUm 

{_iVo. nVnÌmÀ`m CncãYVo_wio JaO ZgVmZm dñVy§À`m IaoXrMm _moh hmoVmo. amoI n¡emMr Amdí`H$Vm 

Zgë`mZo Ëd[aV IaoXr Ho$cr OmVo. 

5. R>amdrH$ ì`ŠVr d§{MV : nVnÌmMm dmna H$aVmZm nÌYmaH$mMr ñdmjar JaOoMr AgVo. 

{Zaja d AS>mUr ì`ŠVr ghr H$ê$ eH$V Zgë`mZo Ë`m§Zm `m nÌmMm dmna H$aVm òV Zmhr. VgoM A§Y 

ì`ŠVr `m gw{dYonmgyZ d§{MV amhVmV. 

6. nVnÌm~m~V gŠVr : AZoH$ ~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWm Zoh_rÀ`m J«mhH$m§Zm nVnÌ KoÊ`mgmR>r 

AmJ«h YaVmV. àg§Jr gŠVr H$aVmV. ^{dî`mV ~±Ho$er Agcoco g§~§Y {~KSy> ZòV åhUyZ cmoH$ ZmBcmOmZo 

nVnÌo KoVmV. 

7. dgwcr~m~V gŠVr : nVnÌ XoUmè`m ~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWm nÌYmaH$mH$S>rc aH$_oÀ`m 

dgwcr~m~V gŠVr H$aVmV. AZoH$Xm dgwcrgmR>r Ad¡Y _mJm©Mm ñdrH$ma H$aVmV. 

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S>o~rQ> H$mS>©/ZmdonÌ/Zm_onÌ (Debit Card) :- 

S>o~rQ> H$mS>© `m eãXmMm AW© Zmdo Q>mH$Uo qH$dm ImË`mdarc aŠH$_ dOm H$aUo. 

""~±Ho$Zo J«mhH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m ImË`mdarc aŠH$_ CMc H$aÊ`mgmR>r CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcoco nÌ qH$dm 

H$mS>© åhUOo S>o~rQ> H$mS>© hmo`.'' 

""S>o~rQ> H$mS>© åhUOo Á`m H$mS>m©Mm dmna n¡go ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r Ho$ë`mZ§Va VodT>r aŠH$_ Vw_À`m ~±H$ 

ImË`mVyZ IMu Q>mH$cr OmVo qH$dm S>o~rQ> H$mS>©YmaH$mÀ`m ImË`mV aŠH$_ S>o~rQ> (^mJ{dcocr aŠH$_) 

Q>mH$cr OmVo.'' 

""S>o~rQ> H$mS>© ho Zmd XoÊ`mMo H$maU åhUOo H$mS>m©Mm dmna n¡go ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r Ho$ë`mZ§Va VodT>r 

aŠH$_ J«mhH$m§À`m ~±H$ ImË`mV S>o~rQ> åhUOo IM© nS>Vo.'' 

X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamV amoI aŠH$_ qH$dm MoH$cm n`m©` åhUyZ S>o~rQ> H$mS>©Mm dmna _moR>çm à_mUmda 

Ho$cm OmVmo. S>o~rQ> H$mS>© ~±H$m {dV[aV H$aVmV. gmYmaUV: E.Q>r.E_. H$mS>© Am{U MoH$ `m XmoÝhtMr H$m`} 

S>o~rQ>H$mS>©_m\©$V nma nmS>cr OmVmV. S>o~rQ> H$mS>©Mm dmna H$mS>©YmaH$mZo IaoXr Ho$coë`m dñVy d godm§Mo ~rc 

{dH«o$Ë`m§Zm XoÊ`mgmR>r Ho$cm OmVmo. VgoM ImË`mdê$Z aŠH$_ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r dmnaVm òVmo. 

S>o~rQ> H$mS>© \$m`Xo/JwU :- 

1. Ho$ìhmhr n¡go H$mT>Vm òVmV : S>o~rQ> H$mS>© YmaH$mcm H$mS>©À`m ghmæ`mZo nm{hOo Voìhm 

ImË`mdarc n¡go H$mT>Vm òVmV. S>o~rQ> H$mS>© YmaH$mcm E.Q>r.E_. gw{dYoMm cm^ {_iV Agë`mZo 

H$mS>©YmaH$ 24 Vmg Ho$ìhrhr n¡go H$mTy> eH$Vmo. 

2. n¡go H$mT>Ê`mMr gw{dYm : H$mS>©YmaH$mcm S>o~rQ> H$mS>© dmnê$Z H$mS>© XoUmè`m H$moUË`mhr 

JmdmVrc emIoVyZ n¡go H$mT>Vm òVmV. 

3. MoH$nojm gag : MoH$cm n`m©` åhUyZ S>o~rQ> H$mS>©Mm dmna hmoVmo. n¡emMm ñdrH$ma H$aUmar 

ì`ŠVr MoH$EodOr S>o~rQ >H$mS>©cm àmYmÝ` XoVo. MoH$à_mUo S>o~rQ> H$mS>© YmaH$mcm ñdV:Mr AmoiI nQ>dyZ 

XoÊ`mMr JaO ZgVo. 

4. gmo`rMo : ho H$mS>© Odi Agoc Va amoI aŠH$_, MoH$~wH$ Odi R>odÊ`mMr JaO ZgVo. 

Ë`m_wio n¡go ha{dÊ`mMm YmoH$m Zmhr. 

5. naXoemVhr Cn`wŠV : {dXoemVgwÕm `m H$mS>m©Mm dmna H$aVm òVmo. {dXoemV Joë`mZ§Va 

~±Ho$À`m VoWrc emIoVyZ S>o~rQ> H$mS>©Ûmao aŠH$_ H$mT>Vm òVo. ~±Ho$er H$ama Ho$coë`m {dXoemVrc XþH$mZmVyZ 

dñVyMr IaoXrgwÕm H$aVm òVo. 

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6. VËna godoMm cm^ : H$mS>©YmaH$mcm S>o~rQ> H$mS>© dmnê$Z ì`dhma VËnaVoZo nyU© H$aVm òVmV. 

n¡go H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r à{Vjm H$amdr cmJV Zmhr. E.Q>r.E_.Ûmam S>o~rQ> H$mS>©À`m ghmæ`mZo Vm~S>Vmo~ aŠH$_ 

H$mT>Vm òVo. 

7. ~±Ho$Mm \$m`Xm : S>o~rQ> H$mS>© godo_wio ~±Ho$Mm H$mJXnÌmdarc IM© H$_r hmoVmo. E.Q>r.E_. Ûmao 

n¡go H$mT>co OmV Agë`mZo ~±H$ H$_©Mmè`m§Mm doi dmMVmo. VgoM S>o~rQ> H$mS>© J«mhH$mH$Sy>Z ~±Ho$cm ewëH$ 

ñdê$nmV CËnÞ {_iVo. 

8. S>o~rQ> H$mS>© YmaH$mMr gmo` : S>o~rQ> H$mS>© YmaH$ J«mhH$ E.Q>r.E_.Ûmao aŠH$_ H$mTy> eH$Vmo. 

Ë`m_wio H$moR>ohr, Ho$ìhmhr n¡go H$mT>Vm òVmV. dñVy d godm§Mr IaoXr H$aVm òVo. _moR>r aŠH$_ 

~miJÊ`mnojm N>moQ>ogo H$mS>© Odi ~miJUo gmono AgVo. H$mS>© ha{dë`mg ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z Xþgao àmßV H$aVm òVo. 

S>o~rQ> H$mS>©Mo Xmof/ÌwQ>r :- 

1. {~cmMr aŠH$_ Ëd[aV ^mJdmdr cmJVo : S>o~rQ> H$mS>©À`m ghmæ`mZo hmoUmao ì`dhma 

amoIrÀ`m ì`dhmamgmaIoM AgVmV. Ho«$S>rQ> H$mS>©à_mUo S>o~rQ> H$mS>©YmaH$m§Zm {~cmMr aŠH$_ ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r 

H$moUVmhr AdYr {_iV Zmhr. 

2. ImVoXma AgUo Amdí`H$ : S>o~rQ >H$mS>©Mr gw{dYm \$ŠV ImVoXma AgUmè`m ì`ŠVtZmM 

{_iVo. {~Ja ImVoXmam§Zm øm gw{dYoMm cm^ {_iV Zmhr. 

3. R>amdrH$ J«mhH$m§Zm cm^ : ^maVmgma»`m XoemV {Zajam§Mo à_mU OmñV Amho. Aem {Zaja/ 

A{e{jV J«mhH$m§Zm S>o~rQ> H$mS>© hmVmiVm òV Zmhr, Ë`m_wio øm ì`ŠVr S>o~rQ> H$mS>© godonmgyZ d§MrV 

amhVmV. 

4. H$Om©Mr h_r Zmhr : H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>©YmaH$mà_mUo S>o~rQ> H$mS>© YmaH$m§Zm H$O© XoÊ`mMr h_r ~±H$ 

XoV Zmhr. \$ŠV ImË`mdarc {eëcH$ aŠH$_ H$mT>Vm òVo. 

5. _`m©{XV g§ajU : S>o~rQ> H$mS>©À`m Cn`moJmV H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>m©nojm H$_r g§ajU AgVo. XmofnyU© 

dñVy~m~V H$moUVohr g§ajU {_iV Zmhr. 

6. ~±H$m ehm{Zem H$aV ZmhrV : H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>© XoVmZm ~±H$ J«mhH$m§Mr Am{W©H$ nV, dm{f©H$ 

CËnÞ, naV\o$S>rMr j_Vm B. ~m~r {dMmamV KoVo. S>o~rQ> H$mS>©À`m ~m~VrV Aer H$moUVrhr ehm{Zem ~±H$ 

H$aV Zmhr. 

7. H$mS>©YmaH$m§ZmM n¡go H$mT>Vm òVmV : Zoh_rÀ`m ~±qH$J ì`dhmamV ImVoXma, BVa ì`ŠVr_m\©$V 

n¡go H$mTy> eH$Vmo. _mÌ S>o~rQ> H$mS>© YmaH$mcm H$mS>©À`m ghmæ`mZo n¡go H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r ñdV: Omdo cmJVo. 

8. J¡aì`dhmamMm YmoH$m : ~ZmdQ> S>o~rQ>H$mS>© V`ma H$aUo, `§ÌmVrc ÌwQ>r, Vm§{ÌH$ ÌwQ>rMm \$m`Xm 

KodyZ ImË`mdarc aŠH$_ nañna H$mTy>Z KoVcr OmD$ eH$Vo. 

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9. aŠH$_ H$mT>Ê`mdarc _`m©Xm : ~è`mM ~±H$m S>o~rQ> H$mS>©Ûmao EH$m {Xdgmcm OmñVrV OmñV 

{H$Vr aŠH$_ H$mT>md`mMr `mMr _`m©Xm (gmYmaU é. 25000/-) R>adyZ XoVmV. `mnojm OmñV aŠH$_ 

H$mT>md`mMr Agoc Va Xþgè`m {Xdgmn`ªV Wm§~mdo cmJVo. 

{H$gmZ H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>© (Kisan Credit Card) :- 

^maVmV H|$Ð gaH$maZo eoVH$ar dJm©À`m H$O©{df`H$ JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r amîQ´>r`H¥$V ~±H$m§_m\©$V 

"{H$gmZ nVH$mS>©' `moOZm Omhra Ho$cr Amho. _hmamîQ´>mVrc _hmamîQ´> ~±Ho$Zo _hm~±H$ {H$gmZ H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>© 

`moOZm gwê$ Ho$cr Amho. 

Zm~mS>©Zo à_wI ~±H$m§er MMm© H$ê$Z "{H$gmZ H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>©' `moOZm V`ma Ho$cr. hr `moOZm [aPìh© 

~±Ho$_m\©$V gd© ì`mnmar ~±H$m_m\©$V ghH$mar ~±H$m_m\©$V nmohM{dÊ`mV Amcr. 1998 nmgyZ ì`mnmar ~±H$m, 

àmXo{eH$ ~±H$m§Zr hr `moOZm gwê$ Ho$cr. 

{H$gmZ H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>© `moOZoZwgma cm^mWu eoVH$è`m§Zm nmg~wH$ d H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>© {Xco OmVo. `m 

`moOZ|VJ©V eoVH$è`m§Zm Amncm eoV_mc, CËnmXZ{df`H$ JaOm dm AH¥$fr ì`dhma nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Aën 

_wXVrMm H$O© nwadR>m Ho$cm OmVmo. 

\$m`Xo :- 

1. JaOoZwgma nVnwadR>m : eoVH$è`m§Zm doioda d nwaogm nVnwadR>m Ho$cm OmVmo. 

2. H$_rV H$_r H$mJXnÌo : eoVH$è`m§Zm ~±Ho$VyZ aŠH$_ CMc H$aVmZm \$maer H$mJXnÌo cmJV 

ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio H$mJXnÌ nyV©VoMr à{H«$`m gwc^ ~ZVo. 

3. JaOoZwgma H$O©nwadR>m : eoVH$è`m§Zm df©âmV Ooìhm H$Om©Mr JaO ^mgoc Voìhm H$O© {_iV 

Agë`mZo AmJmD$ n¡go KoD$Z R>odÊ`mMr JaO ZgVo. 

4. H$O© gw{dYoMm {dñVma : H$O© gw{dYm VrZ dfm©gmR>r _§Oya Ho$cr OmVo. AWm©V Xadfu 

ImË`mdarc ì`dhma Vnmgco OmVmV. g_mYmZH$maH$ ì`dhma AgVrc Va H$O© gw{dYoMm {dñVma Ho$cm 

OmVmo. 

5. eoVH$ar ~±Ho$Mm J«mhH$ : H$mS>©YmaH$ eoVH$ar ~±Ho$À`m nadmZJrZo ~±Ho$À`m H$moUË`mhr emIoer 

ì`dhma H$ê$ eH$VmV. VgoM àmW{_H$ H¥$fr nVnwadR>m g§ñWm§er ì`dhma H$ê$ eH$VmV. VgoM àmW{_H$ 

H¥$fr ghH$mar nVnwadR>m g§ñWm§er ì`dhma H$ê$ eH$VmV. 

6. doi d l_mMr ~MV : Xadfu H$mJXnÌm§Mr d AOm©Mr N>mZZr H$aUo, H$O© XoÊ`mMr Zoh_rMr 

H$m`©nÕVr nyU© H$aUo, AmXrMr JaO AgVo. VgoM H$O© CMcÊ`mgmR>r H$_rV H$_r H$mJXnÌo cmJVmV. 

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7. eoVH$è`m§Zm cm^Xm`H$ : JaOy nmÌ eoVH$è`m§Zm df©âmVrc H$moUË`mhr H$mcmdYrV Ë`m§À`m 

JaOoZwgma H$O©gw{dYm CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcr OmVo. 

8. H$O© _`m©XoV dmT> : eoVH$è`m§À`m CÎm_ H$m_{Jarcm àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mgmR>r CËnmXZ IMm©Vrc 

dmT> qH$dm nrH$ g§aMZoVrc ~Xc `mZwgma H$O© _`m©Xm ~XcyZ {Xcr OmD$ eH$Vo. 

{H$gmZ H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>©Mr d¡{eîQ>ço :- 

g§X^© gyMr 

1. `m `moOZoVrc gh^mJr nmÌ eoVH$è`m§Zm ~±H$ H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>© Am{U nmg~wH$ qH$dm H«o$S>rQ> 

H$mS>©gh nmg~wH$ XoVo. 

2. eoVH$è`m§Zm ~±Ho$Zo {ZYm©[aV H$ê$Z {Xcoë`m _`m©XoV {H$Vrhr doim aŠH$_ CMc H$aVm òVo 

d aŠH$_ âVm òVo. 

3. aŠH$_ CMc H$aÊ`mMr d H$Om©Mr _`m©Xm R>a{dVmZm àË`j cmJdS>rImcrc joÌ, nrH$ 

g§aMZm Am{U {dÎmnwadR>çmMo à_mU `m ~m~r cjmV KoVë`m OmVmV. 

4. {H$gmZ H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>© VrZ dfm©gmR>r d¡Y AgVo. Xadfu H$mS>m©darc ì`dhmamMo AdcmoH$Z 

Ho$co OmVo. 

5. eoVH$è`m§Zr Ho$coë`m CMcoMr OmñVrV OmñV 12 _{hÝ`m§À`m H$mimV naV\o$S> H$amd`mMr 

AgVo. 

6. eoVH$ar H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>© XoUmè`m ~±Ho$_m\©$V ì`dhma H$ê$ eH$VmV. VgoM ghH$mar ~±H$m§À`m 

~m~VrV àmW{_H$ H¥$fr ghH$mar nVnwadR>m g§ñWm§er ì`dhma H$ê$ eH$VmV. 

1. A{YH$mofU d {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>m : àm. S>m°. Oo. E\$. nmQ>rc (g§nmXH$) 

2. ~±qH$J Am{U {dÎmr` ì`mnma : àm. Ho$. ~r. H$mQ>o 

3. ~±qH$J Am{U {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>m : S>m°. ~r. EM. Xm_Or 

4. ~±qH$J Am{U {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>m : S>m°. ~r. EM. Xm_Or, {Û.Am.,2001 

5. n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` aMZm : S>m°. gr. Oo. Omoer, lr. E.gr.Omoer. 

6. ~±qH$J : E_.nr.Eg.gr. _w»` narjm : àm. a§OZ H$moi§~o 

18

7. ~±qH$J Am{U {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>m : ~r. E. ^mJ VrZ, Xÿa{ejU H|$Ð, 

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya 

8. n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` ì`dñWm : ~r. H$m°_. ^mJ XmoZ, Xÿa {ejU 

H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya 

9. Banks and Financial Markets : B.A.III, Distance Education, 

Shivaji University, Kolhapur. 

10. Innovations in Banking : A. K. Sohani (Editor) 

11. Internet Banking : Krishna Kishore Puranam 

(Editor) 

12. Risk Management-Principles for E-Banking : Dr. N. K. Sharma 

13. The Indian Banking : B. Suryakant (Editor) 

14. Indian Banking : Katuri Nageswara Rao (Editor) 

15. Information Technology & E-Banking : Work Book, ICFAI University 

16. Information Technology & E-Banking : ICFAI University. 

◆❒◆ 

19




2.3 go~rMr ^y{_H$m 

àñVmdZm :- 


eoAa~mOma gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r Or Eg² nQ>oc g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maerZwgma 12 E{àc 1988 amoOr go~rMr 

ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. eoAa~mOmamVwZ nwaogo ^m§S>dc JVr{ec H$ê$Z Ë`mMo `mo½` {dVaU hmoÊ`mgmR>r 

Amdí`H$ dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$aUo hm go~rÀ`m ñWmnZoMm _w»` CX²Xoe hmoVm. 

eoAa ~mOmamV nmaXe©H$Vm òÊ`mgmR>r {Z`_m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm Omo{I_Xmam§_Yrc Am§Vag§§~§Y X¥T>rH$aU, 

{d{dY gmYZm§Mr {dídmghVm© , ì`dhma nX²YVrMo gj_rH$aU BË`mXr_wio Jw§VdUyH$Xmam§À`m _ZmV {dídmg 

{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm go~rMm hoVw Amho. `m AZwf§JmZo ^mJ {dH«$r H$aUm-`m H§$nÝ`m d g§ñWm Jw§VdUyH$Xma 

Am{U _Ü`ñW `m VrZ KQ>H$m§Mr go~rMo CËVaXm{`Ëd Amho. go~r `m VrZ KQ>H$mda `mo½` àH$mao {Z`§ÌU 

R>odyZ eoAa ~mOmamVrc Omo{I_ H$_r H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aV Agco Var OmoI_tMo n[aUm_ H$_r H$ê$ 

eH$V ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio eoAa ~mOmamV gh^mJr gd© KQ>H$m§Mr d¡`pŠVH$ O~m~Xmar amhVo. 

go~rMr ^y{_H$m :- 

1. ^m§S>dcr ~mOmamVyZ n¡gm C^maÊ`mgmR>r {ZamoJr dmVmdaU V`ma H$aUo. 

2. N>moQ>çm Jw§VdUyH$Xmam§À`m {hVmMo ajU H$aUo. 

3. eoAa ~mOmamVrc ì`dhma d ~mOmamÀ`m OmoIr_Xmam§Mo ZmVog§~Y `m ~m~V {Z`_ qH$dm 

n[a{Z`_ V`ma H$aUo. 

4. Amnë`m A{YH$mam~m~V Jw§VdUyH$Xmam§Zm {e{jV H$aUo. 

5. eoAa ~mOmamV Ago Jw§VdUyH$ dmVmdaU V`ma H$aUo H$s, Á`m_wio H$mnm©oaQ> joÌm§Zm nadS>Um- 

`m qH$_Vrcm à{V^wVr ghO CncãY hmoVrc. 

6. ~mOmamMm {dñVma Am{U ì`dgm`mMm {dH$mg gw{dYmOZH$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ nm`m^wV 

gw{dYm§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo. 

7. Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{V^wVr, _wÀ`wAc \§$S> BË`mXr ~m~V A{YH$ n[aUm_H$maH$ H$m`Xo V`ma H$aUo. 

8. hñVm§VaU qH$dm {dcrZrH$aU àg§Jr ^mJ YmaH$m§Zm g_mZ d Ý`m` dmJUyH$ {_ioc `mMr 

ImÌr H$aUo. 

20

9. à{V^wVr ~mOmamÀ`m gd© KQ>H$m§~m~V H$m`Xo V`ma H$aUo. 

10. H§$nÝ`mZr Amdí`H$VoZwgma Vn{ecdma _m{hVr XoUo A{Zdm`© Agoc,Ë`mda cj R>odUo. 

11. _Ü`ñW , Xcmc ,~«moH$a ho Am{W©H$ d ì`mdgm{`H$X¥ï>`m ^ŠH$_ amhVrc `mMr ImÌr 

H$aUo. 

12. {d{dY {Z`_m_wio ghO d ñd{Z`§ÌrV dmT> hmoB©c `mMr ImÌr H$aUo. 

13. à^mdr VnmgUr `§ÌUm cmJy H$aUo. 

14. Jw§VdUyH$Xmam§Zm ZwH$gmZrÀ`m n[apñWVrV à{V^wVr ânmB© XoÊ`mMr ì`dñWm H$aUo. 

15. eoAa ~mOmamVrc J¡aàH$mam§Zm Amim KmcUo. 

go~rMr H$m`©o :- 

1. Jw§VdUyH$Xmam§À`m VH«$matMo {ZdmaU H$aUo. 

2. N>moQ>`m Jw§VdUyH$Xma§mZm _mJ©Xe©Z d g§ajU XoUo. 

3. eoAa~mOmamÀ`m H$m_H$mOmda à^mdr {Z`§ÌU R>odUo. 

4. _Ü`ñWm§Mr Zm|XUr H$aUo d Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©da {Z`§ÌU R>odUo. 

5. eoAa~mOmamVrc _Ü`ñWm§Zm Cn`wŠV à{ejU XoUo. 

6. _wÀ`wAc \§$S>mMr Zm|XUr H$aUo d Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mo {Z`_Z H$aUo. 

7. _wÀ`wAc \§$S>mda n[aUm_H$maH$ n`©dojU H$aUo d Ë`§mÀ`m J¡aàH$mam§Zm Amim KmcUo. 

8. ~«moH$a, Xcmc, _Ü`ñW B. À`m ì`mdgm{`H$ g§KQ>ZmZm MmcZm XoUo. 

9. Jw§VdUyH$Xmam§Mo {hV OmonmgÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY H§$nÝ`m§Mo hñVm§VaU , {d{cZrH$aU d Vm~m KoUo 

B. ì`dhmam§Mo {Z`_Z H$aUo. 

10. ^m§S>dcr _wX²X`m§m~m~V H§$nÝ`mgmR>r _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo R>adUo. 

11. g§emoYZ H$m`© hmVr KoUo d _m{hVrÀ`m àgmaUmÛmao ~mOmamVrc {d{dY KQ>H$m§Zm Cn`wŠV 

Aer _m{hVr XoUo. 

12. A§VJ©V XodmUKodmU {Z`§ÌrV H$aUo. 

❏❏❏ 

21





KQ>H$-3 

~ogc-3 

(Basel-3) 

3.2 Aä`mgmMr C{ÔîQ>ço :- 

1. ~ogc - 3 hr g§H$ënZm g_OmdyZ KoUo. 

2. ~ogc - 3 Mo n[aUm_ g_OmdyZ KoUo. 

3. ~ogc - 3 À`m {e\$maer OmUyZ KoUo. 

àñVmdZm :- 

~±H$s¨J ì`dgm`mMo {Z`§ÌU H$aUmar "~ogc' hr EH$ _hËdnwU© `§ÌUm Amho. àm_w»`mZo ~±H$m§À`m 

Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamMm {dH$mg H$aUo, Ë`mda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo d Ë`mda cj R>odÊ`mgmR>r "~ogc - 1,2,3' 

V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amcr. d¡pídH$ {Z`m_H$ _mnX§S> åhUyZ ~±H$m§À`m Omo{I_ ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r ~ogc g{_VrZo 

{XZm§H$ 2 {S>g|~a 2010 amoOr "~ogc-3' Kmo{fV Ho$co. 

~ogc-3 _Üò ~±Ho$Mr ^m§S>dc n`m©ßVVm, VmU VnmgUr d ~mOma VacVm Omo{I_ `mda cj 

H|${ÐV H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho. ~ogc-3 ho ~±H$s¨J joÌmVrc gd© g_mdoeH$ gwYmaUm g§M åhUmdm cmJoc. 

~±H$s¨J joÌmdarc {Z`§ÌU, n`©dojU d Omo{I_ ì`dñWmnZ _O~yV H$aUo hr ~ogc -3 Mr à_wI C{ÔîQ>ço 

AmhoV. 

~ogc-3 Mr C{ÔîQ>ço :- 

1. {dÎmr` d Am{W©H$ VmUmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmao YŠHo$ ghZ H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm dmT>{dUo. 

2. OmoIr_ ì`dñWmnZ d {Z`_mV§J©V amhþZ JaOoZwgma gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUUo. 

22

3. ~±Ho$Mr nmaXe©H$Vm _O~yV H$aUo d Amdí`H$ ~m~r {ZXe©Zmg AmUUo. 

4. Am{W©H$ d {dËVr` VmU H$_r H$ê$Z ~±H$m§Mr CËnmXZ j_Vm dmT>{dUo. 

5. ~±H$s¨J joÌmVrc ^m§S>dc d VacVog§~§YrMr Z{dZ _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo AmË_gmV H$aUo. 

~ogc-3 Mo ñV§^ :- 

~±H$m§À`m Am{W©H$ n`©dojUmgmR>r ~ogc-3 _Üò VrZ _wc^wV ñV§^ _m§S>co AmhoV. n{hë`m 

ñV§^m_Üò ^m§S>dc Omo{I_ H$_r H$aUo d gdm©_Üò g§VwcZ {Z_m©U H$aUo ho _wX²Xo g_m{dï> AmhoV. Xwgè`m 

ñV§^m_Üò Omo{I_ ì`dñWmnZ d n`©dojU `m _wÚm§Mm g_mode Amho. Va {Vgè`m ñV§^m_Üò ~mOma 

{eñVr ~m~VMm {dMma Ho$cocm Amho. ~ogc-3 Mm _wc^yV CÔoe ^mJ ^m§S>dc _`m©Xm dmT>dyZ d ZwH$gmZ 

ghZ H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm dmT>dyZ ~±H$m§À`m ^m§S>dcmMm XOm© dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo {Z_m©U H$aUo hm 

hmo`. 

ñV§^-1 :- 

(A) ^m§S>dc :- 

`m_Üò Imcrc ~m~tMm {dMma Ho$cocm Amho. 

1. ^m§S>dcmMm XOm© d nmVir : Omo{I_`wŠV ^m§S>dcmÀ`m 4.5 Q>ŠHo$ BVHo$ {H$_mZ ^m§S>dc 

Agco nm{hOo. 

2. ^m§S>dcr hmZr gmogÊ`mMr j_Vm : {Z`_H$ _§S>imÀ`m A{YH$mamZwgma Jw§VdUyH$ gmYZm§_Üò 

Ago H$c_ Agmdo H$s, EImXr ~±H$ AH$m`©j_ R>aë`mg Ë`mMo eoAg© aX²X qH$dm gd©gmYmaU 

^mJ^m§S>dcm_Üò n[adV©Z H$aÊ`mMr VaVwX Agmdr. H$s Á`m_wio ImOJr joÌmMm {hñgm dmTy>Z ^{dî`mVrc 

~±H$s¨J joÌmVrc YmoHo$ d AZ¡{VH$ Jmoï>r H$_r hmoVrc. 

3. ^mJ ^m§S>dcmMr {H$_mZ Amdí`H$ _`m©Xm : Omo{I_`wŠV g§nËVrÀ`m {H$_mZ 2.5 Q>ŠHo$ 

gd©gmYmaU ^mJ^m§S>dc Yê$Z EHy$U gd© gmYmaU ^mJ ^m§S>dc 7 Q>ŠHo$ AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. EImXr 

~±H$ Amdí`H$ {H$_mZ ^mJ ^m§S>dcmÀ`m Imcr Amë`mg Ë`mda _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo cmXcr OmVrc. 

4. ^mJ ^m§S>dcmMr {H$_mZ Amdí`H$ _`m©Xm Amocm§S>Umè`m ~±H$m§Mo dJuH$aU : Á`m 

~±H$m§Mo gd©gmYmaU ^mJ ^m§S>dc eyÝ` Vo 2.5 Q>ŠHo$ À`m _`m©XoV AgVo. Ë`m ~±H$m§Mo dJuH$aU H$aÊ`mV 

òVo. 

23

(Am) Omo{I_ H$_r H$aUo :- 

1. à{V^y{VH$aU : Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m amoIo ì`dhmam_Üò ^mJ ^m§S>dcmMo _O~wVrH$aU H$aUo `mgmR>r 

~±H$m§Zm gImoc nV YmoaUmMo ~mh` g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z nV XOm©Mo à_mUrH$aU H$ê$Z ¿`mdo cmJVo. 

2. ì`mnmamgmR>r ^m§S>dcr n`m©áVoMo à_mU OmñV Agmdo : nwadcoë`m ^m§S>dcmnmoQ>r Ama§^ 

VmU _yë`m AmYmarV OmoIr_ ì`dñWm gwê$ Ho$cog ^{dî`mVrc Omo{I_ H$_r hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©c. 

3. à{Vnjm~m~V nV Omo{I_ : à{VnjmH$Sy>Z nV Omo{I_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r nyT>rc ~m~tMm {dMma 

H$aÊ`mV òVmo. 

(A) à{Vnjmcm XoÊ`mV òUmè`m H$Om©Mr _`m©Xm dmT>{dUo. 

(~) H$m§hr R>amdrH$ ì`dhmam_Üò ~±H$m§Zm ^mJ ^m§S>dcmV gyQ> XoUo. 

(H$) g§ñWm§Zm {Xcoë`m H$Om©gmR>r ^m§S>dcmMr Amdí`H$Vm A{YH$ Agcr nm{hOo. 

4. _Ü`dVu g_moarc nj : _Ü`dVu g_moarc nmÌ njmdarc nV _`m©Xoda 2 Q>ŠHo$ Omo{I_ ^ma 

am{hc. na§Vw WH$~mH$s AgUm-`m njmg 2 Q>ŠHo$À`m nyT>rc OmoIr_ ^ma am{hc. 

(B) g_mocrH$aU :- 

ñV§^ - 2 

drZm OmoIr_ g_Vmoc à_mUmMo {~Ja Vmi|~§XmVrc _`m©Xm R>a{dÊ`mMm {dMma Ho$cocm Amho. 

Omo{I_ ì`dñWmnZ Am{U n`©dojU : `m A§VJ©V Imcrc ~m~tMm g_mdoe Ho$cocm Amho. 

(A) gj_ d {dñV¥V YmoaU 

(~) Omo{I_ ì`dñWmnZ 

(H$) {~Ja Vmio~§X nV _`m©Xm {dMmamV KoUo d amoIo ì`dhmam~m~V Omo{I_ ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo. 

(S>) OmoIr_ ì`dñWmnZmMo H|$X«rH$aU H$aUo. 

(B) ~±H$m§Zm OmoIr_ ì`dñWmnZm ~m~V àmoËgmhZ XoUo d XrK© H$mimV Mm§Jcm naVmdm {_iUog 

_mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo. 

(B©) ZwH$gmZ ânmB© d VmU , _yë`m§H$Z nX²YVr B. ~m~r AmMaUmV AmUZo. 

(\$) R>adyZ {Xcoë`m à_mUmZwgma ~±H$m§Mo {hemo~ R>odUo. 

(g) {Z`{_VnUo n`©dojU H$aVm òÊ`mgmR>r n`©dojU g§ñWm§Mr ñWmnZm H$aUo. 

24

ñV§^ - 3 

~mOma {eñV : `mA§VJ©V Imcrc Jmoï>tMm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Amcm Amho. 

(A) amoIo ì`dhmamer {ZJS>rV nV _`m©Xm R>a{dUo 

(~) {~Ja Vmi|~§XmVrc KQ>H$ {ZpíMV H$aUo. 

(H$) ^mJ ^m§S>dcm~m~V A{YH$ _m{hVr CncãY H$aUo. 

(S>) ~±Ho$À`m ^mJ ^m§S>dcmÀ`m {hemo~ _m§S>Ur ~m~V {Z`_mdcrMo nmcZ H$aUo. 

~ogc - 3 Mo ^maVr` ~±H$s¨J joÌmdarc n[aUm_ :- 

^maVr` ~±H$s¨J joÌm_Üò ^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdmZwgma ~ogc - 3 cmJy H$aÊ`mV 

Amco Amho. Am{W©H$ joÌmÀ`m JaOoà_mUo ^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo doimodoir ~Xccr 

OmVmV. ^maV gaH$maÀ`m YmoaUm§Zm AZwHw$c Aer YmoaUo ^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z AmUcr OmVmV. gZ 

2020 n`ªV ~mh` ^m§S>dc ghm cmI H$moQ>rZo dmT>{dÊ`mMr JaO AgyZ ho H$m_ 2013 Vo 2019 `m 

H$mcmdYrV H$aÊ`mMo ^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo R>a{dco Amho. `m ^m§S>dc d¥ÜXrMm ^maVr` ~±H$mÀ`m {deofV: 

gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrc ~±H$m§À`m amo»`mÝdò naVmì`mda n[aUm_ hmoUma Amho. 

g§X^© - 

1. Rajesh Goyal, all banking solutions@gail.com, PPP, Internet. 

2. RBI draft guidelines on Basal - III capital needs, Page 1-3. 

3. Basal - III A global regulatory framework for more resilient banks and 

banking system, Bank for International settlements communications , CH 

- 4002 Basal, Switzerland , December 2010. ( Revised June - 2011 ) , ISBN 

- web -92-9197 -859-0. 

4. Basal - III Evolution and Implementation challenges by Ajaykumar Choudhary, 

GM, Department of Banking of operation and development , RBI. Lecture 

notes. 

5. Basal - III Norms : Where do Indian banks stands , by money control.com. 

from Internet. 

❀❀❀ 

25



àmñVm{dH$ :- 



KQ>H$-4.1 

^m§S>dc n`m©ßVVm JwUmoÎma 

(Capital Adequacy Ratio) 

~±H$m§À`m H$O©ê$nr _mc_ÎmoMm XOm© Kgê$ Zò åhUyZ [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo ^m§S>dc n`m©ßVVm JwUmoÎmam{df`r 

_mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo Omhra Ho$cr. Ë`mZwgma ~±H$m§Zm g§^mì` OmoIr_ Q>miÊ`mgmR>r Jw§VdUwH$sÀ`m ñdê$nmZwgma 

^ma R>adyZ ^m§S>dcmMr VaVyX H$amdr cmJVo. n[aUm_Vm ~±H$m§Mm XOm© gwYmê$Z {dH$mgmg JVr {_imcr 

Amho. 

n`m©ßnVm JwUmoÎma åhUOo H$m`? 

^m§S>dc n`m©ßVVm JwUmoÎma ho ~±Ho$H$S>rc ^m§S>dcmMo Ago à_mU hmo` H$s, Oo ~±Ho$À`m Omo{I_ 

^ma`wŠV H$Om©er Q>ŠHo$dmarV ì`ŠV Ho$co OmVo. ~±H$m§Mr ZwH$gmZ emofyZ KoÊ`mMr j_Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r 

Amdí`H$ ^m§S>dcmMr VaVyX H$aVm òÊ`mgmR>r JwUmoÎmamMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. 

^m§S>dc n`m©ßVVm JwUmoÎmamMo gyÌ :- 

ñVa 1 ^m§S>dc + ñVa 2 ^m§S>dc 

^m§S>dc n`m©ßVVm JwUmoÎma (CAR) = •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

OmoIr_ ^marV _mc_Îmm 

ñVa 1 ^m§S>dc = (dg²yc ^m§S>dc + H$m`Xoera J§JmOir + AamIrd J§JmOir) • (CnH§$nZrZm 

àXmZ Ho$coco ^m§S>dc + ApñVËdmV Zgcocr _mc_Îmm + O_m Pmcoco VmoQ>o) 

ñVa 2 ^m§S>dc = (A) AàJQ> amIrd {ZYr. 

(~) VmoQ>çmgmR>r amIrd J§JmOir. 

(H$) CnH$O}. 

26

darc gyÌmZwgma 8 Q>ŠHo$ BVHo$ JwUmoÎma {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Amco. Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ ^m§S>dcmMr 

nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mMr ~±H$mda O~m~Xmar Q>mH$Ê`mV Amcr. 

§Cn`moJ :- 

1. gXa JwUmoÎma ~±Ho$À`m R>odrXmam§Mr Xo`Ho$ d OmoIr_ ñdrH$maÊ`mMr j_Vm `m§Mo _moO_mn 

H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV òVo. 

2. ^{dî`mV hmoUmè`m ZwH$gmZr_wio R>odrXma Am{U H$O©Xmam§Zm ~mYm nmohmoMUma Zmhr `mgmR>r 

Cnm``moOZm H$aUo. 

3. R>odrXmam§_Üò ~±Ho$~ÔcMm {dídmg {Z_m©U H$aUo. 

4. H$O© d ^m§S>dc `m§Mm g_Vmoc gmYUo. 

5. _mc_Îmog§~§Yr doJdoJiçm àH$maMr Omo{I_{df`H$ _m{hVr OmUyZ KoUo. 

❏❏❏ 

27


H¥$fr ì`dgm` 

àñVmdZm : 



KQ>H$ H«$. 1 

1.4 H¥$fr ì`dgm`mMo _hÎd 

(Importance of Agri-Business) 

àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ ^maVmM Zìho Va OJmVrb gd©M Xoem§Mm AË`§V nwamVZ ì`dgm` åhUyZ eoVr 

ì`dgm` Ho$bm OmVmo. OJmVrb 2/3 bmoH$m§Mm _w»` ì`dgm` eoVr Amho. ^maVmÀ`m EHy$U bmoH$g§»òn¡H$s 68% 

bmoH$ IoS>çmV amhVmV Am{U Ë`m§Mm à_wI ì`dgm` eoVr Amho. IoS>çmV Agbobo bKw CÚmoJ d Hw$Q>ra CÚmoJ ho 

àm_w»`mZo eoVr CËnmXZmVrb H$ÀÀ`m _mbmda Adb§~yZ hmoVo. XoemÀ`m EHy$U amï´>r` CËnÞmV eoVr CËnÞMm dmQ>m 

bjUr` AgyZ Vmo 1950-51 _Üò 55.40 Q>¸o$ hmoVm, 1990-91 _Üò 30.90 Q>¸o$ Va 1997-98 _Üò 26.40 

Q>¸o$ hmoVm. 2000-2001 _Üò 23.35 Q>¸o$ BVH$m Va 2008-09 _Üò 18.11 Q>¸o$ d 2009-10 _Üò 14.4 

Q>¸o$, 2010-11 _Üò 14.5 Q>¸o$ Va 2011-12 _Üò 13.9 Q>¸o$ BVH$m Pmbm. `mMm AW© Am¡Úmo{JH$ d godm 

joÌmMm EHy$U amï´>r` CËnÞmVrb {hñgm dmT>V Amho. XoemÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoMm {dMma H$aVmZm XoemVrb eoVr 

{dH$mg, Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg d godm joÌmMm {dH$mg `m§Mm EH${ÌV Aä`mg H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. na§Vw ì`mnH$ 

AWm©Zo {dMma Ho$ë`mg Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg d godm joÌmMm {dH$mg eoVr joÌmdaM Adb§~yZ AgVmo. 

eoVrjoÌ àË`jnUo AWdm AàË`jnUo J«m_rU ^mJm_Üò amoOJma nwa{dÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aVo. gZ 1950- 

51 _Üò EHy$U amoOJmamn¡H$s 69.90 Q>¸o$ amoOJma eoVr joÌm_YyZ nwa{dbm OmV hmoVm. Va 1997-98 _Üò 61 

Q>¸o$ d 2001-02 _Üò 56.7 Q>¸o$ amoOJma nwa{dbm OmV hmoVm. EHy$U {Z`m©Vrn¡H$s eoVr joÌmVyZ hmoUmè`m 

{Z`m©VrMo à_mU A{YH$ Amho. gZ 1960-61 _Üò EHy$U {Z`m©Vrn¡H$s 44.38 Q>¸o$ {Z`m©V eoVr joÌm_YyZ hmoV 

hmoVr. Va 1997-98, 1998-99 Am{U 1999-2000 _Üò AZwH«$_o 19.45, 18.50 Am{U 14.43 Q>¸o$ 

EdT>r {Z`m©V Ho$br OmV hmoVr. XoemMr H$moUVrhr `moOZm Am{W©H$ ÑîQ>çm èñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r eoVr ì`dgm`mMr 

àJVr hmoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. 

^maV hr OJmÀ`m nmR>rda gm°âQ>doAa CÚmoJ, A{^`§Vo, doJmZo hmoUmao Am¡Úmo{JH$aU d {Z`m©V, doJmZo dmT>V 

AgUmè`m AW©ì`dñWon¡H$s EH$ Agm bm¡{H$H$ Agbobm Xoe Amho. ~m§YH$m_, CËnmXZ, dómoÚmoJ, _m{hVrV§ÌkmZ 

d Xyag§Mma, A{^`m§{ÌH$s CËnmXZo `m ^maVmÀ`m AW©H$maUmer {ZJS>rV {d^mJm§Mm àm_w»`mZo {dMma Ho$bm 

OmVmo. VgoM XaS>moB© CËnÞmMm à_wI ^mJ hm H¥$fr ì`dgm`mMm Agë`mMm {dMma Šd{MV Ho$bm OmVmo. 

1

^maVmMr AW©ì`dñWm hr OJmÀ`m nmR>rda gdm©V àmMrZ ì`dñWm Amho H$s, Or eoVr ì`dgm`mda Adb§~yZ 

Amho. Á`m_wio H$moQ>çmdYr bmoH$m§Mm CXa{Zdm©h hmoD$ eH$Vmo. _wŠV AW©ì`dñWoMm d OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm à^md 

hm Am¡Úmo{JH$aU dmT>Ê`mV Pmbm. VgmM à`ËZ eoVr d eoVrda Adb§~yZ Agboë`m CÚmoJmgmR>r hmoV Amho. 

`m gd© JmoîQ>t_wio H¥$fr ì`dgm`mbm _hÎd àmá Pmbo Amho Vo nwT>rbà_mUo :- 

1) à_wI ì`dgm` : eoVH$ar, Aën^yYmaH$, ^y{_{hZ eoVH$ar, eoV_Oya Aem gdmªMm H¥$fr ì`dgm` 

hm _w»` ì`dgm` Amho. 1960 gmbr h[aV H«$m§VrZo eoVrbm AmUIr àmoËgmhZ {_imbo. H¥$fr ì`dgm`mZo AmO 

{hM ^y{_H$m J¥hrV Yabr Amho. H¥$fr ì`dgm` qH$dm H$maImZXmar åhUOo Ho$di ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m§Mr _ŠVoXmar 

Zmhr, Va `m_Üò ^maVr` gmIa CÚmoJ, dómoÚmoJ, ImÚVob CÚmoJ, Á`yQ> H$maImZo Am{U ^maVmVrb ghH$mar 

joÌmVrb Xw½Y ì`dgm` `m§Mmhr g_mdoe hmoVmo. 

2) CËnmXZmV d¡{dÜ`Vm : gÜ`m H¥$fr ì`dgm` {Za{Zamù`m nmVirda H$m`©aV Amho Ogo YmÝ` nrHo$, 

ImÚVob CËnmXZ, \$io, D$g, _ñËgmoËnmXZ d H$moi§~r CËnmXZ H$aUo, Xwgè`m nmVirda YmÝ`mda à{H«$`m 

H$aUo, _m§g d Xw½YOÝ` nXmWmªMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo, gmIa CËnmXZ, gyVmMo CËnmXZ, S>~m~§X AÞ Ogo _m§g d BVa 

Zmed§V ImÊ`mMo nXmW© `m ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. {Vgè`m Q>ßß`m_Üò darb CËnmXZmMo n°qH$J H$ê$Z Ë`mMr 

{dVaU ì`dñWm Ho$br OmVo. H¥$fr ì`dgm` eoVr d n°qH$Jg§~§Yr Z{dZ V§ÌkmZmMr d Z{dZ Cnm``moOZm§Mr 

_m{hVr XoV AgVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo A§{V_ Q>ßß`mV {dH«$sgmR>r bmJUmè`m Cnm``moOZm§Mr _m{hVrhr XoV AgVo. 

3) CËnÞmV dmT> : {nHo$ d BVa eoVrer {ZJS>rV dñVy§Mr OmonmgZm d dmT>, Ë`mda hmoUmar à{H«$`m d 

ImÚOÝ`nXmW©, ImÚ Vob n°Ho$OtJ (Pakaging) `mH$S>o g§nyU© CËnmXZ à{H«$`m `m Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ nm{hbo nm{hOo. 

gÜ`m àM{bV ì`dñWo_wio ^maV d ^maVm~mhoa H¥$fr ì`dgm`mbm Iyn MmbZm {_imbobr Amho. Ë`m_wio _Ü`_ 

dJm©Vrb bmoH$m§Mo CËnÞ dmT>bo AgyZ à{H«$`m Ho$bobo ImÚmÞ CXm. gmIa, Jhÿ, S>~m~§X ImÚnXmW©, Jhÿ, S>mir 

`m§À`mnmoQ>r OdiOdi 100 AãO S>m°baMr CbmT>mb Ano{jV Amho. 

4) Z{dZ H§$nÝ`mMm àdoe : `m joÌm_Üò CnbãY Agboë`m g§Yr_wio ImOJr ì`dgm{`H$ H¥$fr 

ì`dgm`mH$S>o AmH${f©V hmoD$ bmJbo AmhoV. Z{dZ Am§Vaamï´>r` XOm©Mo V§ÌkmZ d à{e{jV H$_©Mmar dJmªZm 

KoD$Z _moR>o ^m§S>dbXma d H$mhr CÚmoOH$ H§$nÝ`mZr H¥$fr ì`dgm`m§_Üò àdoe Ho$bm Amho. 

5) H¥$fr g§~§{YV CÚmoJm§Mm {dH$mg : eoVr {ZJS>rV BVa ì`dgm` Ogo, `§Ìgm_wJ«r, à{H«$`m H|$Ð, 

erV J¥hm§Mr gmo`, Zmed§V nXmWm©da à{H«$`m, {dVaU ì`dñWm, XiUdiUmMr `§ÌUm {Z_m©U H$aUo BË`mXtZm 

MmbZm {_imbobr AgyZ, H¥$fr {dH$mgmgmR>r darb ~m~tMm {dH$mg hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. EdT>M Zìho Va 

eoVrgmR>r IVo, agm`Zo, {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$, ObqgMZmÀ`m gmoB© B. À`m _Üò hmoUmam {dH$mg d ~Xb ho H¥$fr 

ì`dgm`mg§~§YrMo _hÎdmMo _wÔo R>aV AmhoV. 

6) naH$s` Jw§VdUyH$sV dmT> : H¥$fr CÚmoJmMo hmoV Agbobo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU d ~Xbm§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z 

àemgZmZo naXoer g§ñWmer g§`wŠV[aË`m CnH«$_ am~{dÊ`mg _§Oyar {Xbr Amho. `m Z{dZ YmoaUm_wio AZoH$ 

Am§Vaamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m§Zm CXm. _moZg°ÝQ>mo {~`mUo (Monsanto), _moQ> _°H$S>moZmëS> (Mott Make Donald) d BVa 

CÚmoOH$m§Zm `m joÌmV àdoe H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZdrZ XmbZ Iwbo Pmbo Amho. ZdrZ `moOZo_Üò à{H«$`m d {Z`m©Vrer 

2

{ZJS>rV Jw§VdUyH$ OdiOdi 19100 H$moQ>r é. BVH$s Amho. Ë`mn¡H$s naXoer Jw§VdUyH$ 9100 nojm A{YH$ 

Amho. 

7) {Z`m©VrV dmT> : eoVr_Üò Pmboë`m gwYmaUm§Mm H¥$fr ì`dgm`mda Agm _hÎdmMm n[aUm_ Pmbm 

H$s, Á`m_wio Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$ nmVirda CËnmXZm_Üò dmT>, eoVH$è`m§Zm \$m`Xm d eoVrMm {dH$mg Pmbm. 

gÜ`m nrH$ CËnmXZ d ImÚnXmW© CËnmXZmV dmT>, à{H«$`m {dVaU `m§À`mH$S>o Z{dZ Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ H$V©ì` åhUyZ 

nm{hbo OmVo. ^maVr` ~mOmanoR>o~amo~a {Z`m©Vhr Omo_Xma Mmby Amho. Mhm, H$m°\$s d gmIa EdT>oM Zìho Va 

S>~m~§X ImÚmÞ CXm. _mgo, H$moi§~r _m§g `mH$S>ohr bj XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. CÎm_ à{VMo, AmH$f©H$ qH$_VrMo 

Am{U AmH«$_H$ {dH«$s ì`dñWogh H¥$fr ì`dgm` {Z`m©V {d^mJmVrb dmT> Xe©{dVo. 

8) ^mddmT> {Z`§ÌUmg nyaH$ : dmT>V OmUmar ^mddmT> d AÞnXmWmªÀ`m dmT>Ë`m qH$_Vr pñWa 

R>odÊ`m_Üò H¥$fr ì`dgm` _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>Vo. CÎm_ XOm©Mr {~`mUo, AÚ`mdV V§ÌkmZ d `§Ìgm_wJ«r 

`m§Mm Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmZo eoVH$ar dJm©bm nwadR>m Ho$ë`mg {nH$m§Mo gmVË`mZo CËnmXZ A{YH$ KoVm òB©b d doJmZo 

dmT>Umao à{H«$`m H|$Ð d Mm§Jë`m {dVaU ì`dñWoÀ`m gmIirZo _mJUr g§~§Yrhr nmR>nwamdm hmoD$ eHo$b. `m 

{d^mJm§À`m _mJrb AS>MUrMr d JaOm§Mr, VgoM gÚ:pñWVrMr OmUrd emgZmbm Pmbobr Amho. gaH$ma `m 

joÌmÀ`m {dH$mg d àJVrgmR>r `moOZm AmIV Amho. 

9) nm`m^yV gw{dYm§Mr {Z{_©Vr : ^maVmVrb H¥$fr ì`dgm`mÀ`m {dH$mgmZo A{YH$ CËnmXZ XoUmar 

{nHo$, JmoXm_, nrH$ à{H«$`m Am{U BVa CËnmXZo \$ŠV `m nm`m^yV gw{dYm _ÜòM dmT> Pmbobr Zmhr Va añVo, 

drO {dVaU ì`dñWm Am{U J«m_rU ^mJm_Üò {dñV¥V ~mOmanoR>m `mgma»`m nm`m^°V gw{dYm§Mrhr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr 

Amho. eoVH$è`m§Zm eoVr_Üò Cƒ naVmdm d Zâ`m~amo~a gm_m{OH$ \$m`Xohr {_iVmV. IV H$maImZo d Ë`m§À`m 

{H$\$m`Vera qH$_Vr VgoM {H$_mZ AmYma^yV qH$_Vr `m_YyZ AmnmoAmnM gaH$maMo H$moQ>çmdYr ê$n`m§Mo 

AZwXmZ H$_r hmoD$ eHo$b. eodQ>r V`ma, {eOdbobo, S>~m~§X ImÚ àH$mam§Mm d ñnYm©Ë_H$ qH$_VrMm 

Cn^moŠË`m§Zm \$m`Xm hmoD$ eHo$b. 

`m gd© Jmoï>tÀ`m g§X^m©V H¥$fr ì`dgm`mbm _hÎd àmá Pmbo Amho. 

gmam§e : ^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb Xoem_Üò eoVr hm AOyZhr _w»` ì`dgm` AgyZ, Ë`mda Adb§~yZ 

AgUmè`m§Mr g§»`mhr AOyZhr Iyn _moR>r Amho. eoV_mb d AÞYmÝ` CËnmXZm~amo~a Ë`mda AmYm[aV 

ì`dgm`m§Mr dmT> _moR>çm à_mUmda hmoV Amho. `m Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ H¥$fr ì`dgm`mbm AË`§V _hÎd Amho. 

3.5 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ : 

(A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z [aH$må`m OmJm nyU© H$am. 

1. ^maVmÀ`m EHy$U amoOJmamn¡H$s gdmªV OmñV amoOJma ............... joÌm_YyZ {Z_m©U hmoVmo. 

(A) godm joÌ (~) eoVr joÌ (H$) Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ (S>) ì`mnmar joÌ 

2. ^maVmÀ`m EHy$U bmoH$g§»òn¡H$s ............... bmo IoS>çmV amhVmV. 

(A) 55 Q>¸o$ (~) 65 Q>¸o$ (H$) 68 Q>¸o$ (S>) 75 Q>¸o$ 

3

3. ^maVmV h[aV H«$m§Vr ............... gmbr KSy>Z Ambr. 

(A) 1947 (~) 1960 (H$) 1965 (S>) 1955 

4. ^maVmVrb EHy$U amoOJmamn¡H$s .......... Q>¸o$ amoOmJa 1950-51 _Üò eoVr joÌm_YyZ {_iV hmoVm. 

(A) 50 Q>¸o$ (~) 69 Q>¸o$ (H$) 65 Q>¸o$ (S>) 40 Q>¸o$ 

ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao : 


1. eoVr joÌ 2) 68 Q>¸o$ 3) 1960 4) 69 Q>¸o$ 

gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` : 

^maVr` AW©ì`dñ[_Üò H¥$fr ì`dgmgmMo _hÎd ñnï> H$am. 

A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ : 

1. XogmB© g. lr. _w. d - H¥$fr AW©emó Am{U ^maVmVrb eoVrì`dgm` 

{Z_©i ^mboamd 

2. Diwase Smita - Agri - Business Management. 

 

4





KQ>H$ H«$. 2 

2.4 eoVr IM© Am{U qH$_V Am`moJmMr ^y{_H$m 

(Role of Commission For Agriculture Cost And Price) 

àñVmdZm, 

XoemÀ`m H¥$fr ì`dgm`mÀ`m {dH$mgm_Üò eoV _mbmMr qH$_V{df`H$ YmoaU _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma 

nmS>Vo. eoVH$s qH$_V{df`H$ `mo½` YmoaU Adb§~ë`mg eoV_mbmMo A{YH$ CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mg àoaUm {_iÊ`mMr 

eŠ`Vm AgVo. ^maVmVrb {dH«$sMr ì`dñWm Ag_mYmZH$maH$ Amho. eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr Zoh_r {H$\$mèra 

nmVirda pñWamdë`m Joë`mg eoVH$è`m§Zm eoVrjoÌmV A{YH$m{YH$ Jw§VdUyH$ H$aÊ`mg, eoV_mbmMo A{YH$ 

CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mg Am{U CËnmXZ nmVir C§MmdÊ`mg àoaUm {_iUo eŠ` hmoVo. 

^maVmV EHy$U l{_H$m§n¡H$s 65 Q>¸o$ nojm A{YH$ l{_H$ H¥$fr ì`dgm`mV H$m_ H$arV AgyZ, ^maVmÀ`m 

EHy$U amï´>r` CËnÞmV eoVrjoÌmnmgyZ {_iUmè`m CËnÞmMm gw_mao {hñgm gw_mao 22 Q>¸o$ BVH$m Amho. ^maVmÀ`m 

Aem eoVr àYmZ AW©ì`dñWoV eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$_Vrbm d eoV_mb{df`H$ YmoaUmbm \$ma _hÎd Amho. 

eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrMo pñWarH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ Ho$br Omdr Aer AÞYmÝ` Mm¡H$er 

g{_VrZo {e\$mag Ho$br hmoVr. gZ 1964 _Üò Eb. Ho$. Pm `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m 

AÞYmÝ` qH$_V g{_VrZohr "eoVr {H§$_V Am`moJ' ñWmnZ Ho$bm Omdm Aer {e\$mag Ho$br hmoVr. 

gZ 1965 _Üò "eoVr qH$_V Am`moJ' (Agricultural Price Commission) ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. 

CËnmXH$mÀ`m d Cn^moŠË`m§À`m {hVg§~§YmMm {dMma H$ê$Z emgZmbm eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_V {df`H$ YmoaUmÀ`m~m~VrV 

g„m XoÊ`mgmR>r, VgoM g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m JaOoÀ`m Ñï>rZo EH$mpË_H$ qH$_V g§aMZm {Z_m©U H$aUo `mgmR>r 

H¥$fr qH$_V Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. 

1985 nmgyZ `m Am`moJmMo ñdê$n "H¥$fr ì`` d qH$_V Am`moJ' (Commition for Cost and Price) 

Ago ~XbÊ`mV Ambo. gaH$ma qH$_V {df`H$ YmoaU R>a{dVmZm d {ZdS>H$ _hÎdmÀ`m {nH$m§À`m {H$_mZ AmYma^yV 

qH$_Vr Omhra H$aVmZm, CËnmXZ IMm©Mm {dMma H$aVo. {H$_mZ AmYma^yV qH$_Vr~m~V gaH$mabm {e\$maer 

H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© "H¥$fr ì`` Am{U qH$_V Am`moJ' H$aVo. hm Am`moJ CËnmXZ IMm©Mm {dMma H$aVmZm _mZdr l_, 

5

~bmMo l__yë`, IVo, {~`mUo, eoVr Cn`wŠV gmYZo, AdOmao, ^m§S>dbmdarb ì`mO, ñdO{_ZrMo ^mS>o_yëÀmXtZm 

ñWmZ XoVmo. 

eoV_mbmÀ`m gmnoj qH$_Vr{df`H$ d [H§$_V{df`H$ YmoaUmMr {e\$mag H$aVmZm gwYm[aV kmZmMm d 

V§ÌmMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z CËnmXZmMo H$_mbrH$aU H$aÊ`mg CËnmXH$m§Zm àoaUm XoÊ`mMr, VgoM ^y{_Mm Am{U AÝ` 

CËnmXZ gmYZgm_wJ«rMm n`m©ßV dmna H$aÊ`mH$S>o qH$_V Am`moJmbm bj Úmdo bmJVo. H¥$fr qH$_V{df`H$ 

YmoaUmMm Cd©arV AW©ì`dñWodarb Am{U {deofV: amhUr_mZ IM©, _OwarMr nmVir, Am¡Úmo{JH$ IM© g§aMZm 

`mdarb g§^mì` n[aUm_m§Mm {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo. 

Vgo nm{hbo Va ^maVmVrb H¥$fr qH$_Vrg§~§YrÀ`m emóewÕ YmoaUmÀ`m AmIUrg H¥$fr qH$_V Am`moJmÀ`m 

ñWmnZomgyZM gwédmV Pmbr. Ë`mnydu H¥$frg§~§YrMo YmoaU Ho$di VËH$mbrZ ñdê$nmMo (Ad-hoc) hmoVo. Vo YmoaU 

VH©$ewÕ d gwg§JV ñdê$nmMo ZìhVo. `m Am`moJmÀ`m ñWmnZonmgyZ `m n[apñWVrV ~Xb KSy>Z Ambm. 

H¥$fr IM© d qH$_V Am`moJmbm nwT>rbà_mUo ^y{_H$m nma nmS>mdr bmJVo. 

1. eoV_mb {H$_VrVrb àd¥ÎmrMr {M{H$Ëgm H$aÊ`mMo Am{U ~hþVoH$ à_wI {nH$mÀ`m ~m~VrV Ahdmb 

gmXa H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© `m Am`moJmbm gmVË`mZo H$amdo bmJVo. 

2. âKmog {nH$m_wio H¥$fr _mbmÀ`m qH$_VrV KSy>Z òUmè`m A{V[aŠV KQ>r {dê$Õ {d_m åhUOo "{H$_mZ 

AmYma qH$_Vr' hmo`. H¥$fr_mbmÀ`m {H$_mZ AmYma qH$_Vrg§~§Yr {e\$maer H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© hm Am`moJ H$arV 

AgVmo. 

3. AÞYmÝ`mMo {ebH$s gmR>o {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U amñV {H$_VrÀ`m XwH$mZmn`ªV Ë`m gmR>çm§Mo 

Cn^moŠË`m§_Üò dmQ>n H$aÊ`mgmR>r gaH$ma ~mOmamV Á`m XamZo YmÝ`mMr IaoXr H$aVo Vo Xa qH$dm {H$_Vr åhUOo 

"A{Yàmár {H$_Vr' (Procurement Price) hmo`. AÞYmÝ`mÀ`m ~m~VrV A{Yàmár {H$_§VtMr {e\$mag 

H$aÊ`mMo H$m`©hr `m Am`moJmbm H$amdo bmJVo. hr {e\$mag H$aVmZm H¥$fr_mbmÀ`m {H$_VrVrb àd¥Îmr, {nH$mMo 

EHy$U CËnmXZ, gmd©O{ZH$ dmQ>n nÕVrÀ`m JaOm `m§Mmhr {dMma Am`moJmbm H$amdm bmJVmo. 

4. `m{edm` AÞYmÝ`mÀ`m A{YàmárMr A{^H$aUo (Agencies) AÞYmÝ`mMr gmR>dUyH$, eoV_mbmMm 

XOm© R>a{dÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr, eoV_mb {Za{Zamù`m {R>H$mUr ZoÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr Am{U eoV_mbmMr {dH«$sì`dñWm 

BË`mXr g§~§YrV eoV_mbIM© d qH$_V {df`rMo YmoaU n[aUm_H$maH$ H$aÊ`mÀ`m X¥ï>rZo H¥$fr IM© d qH$_V 

Am`moJ {e\$maer H$aVo. 

5. ^maV gaH$ma doimodoir YmoaU Omhra H$aV AgVo. ho YmoaU gd©gmYmaUnUo Iarn nrHo$ hmVr KoÊ`mnydu 

Omhra Ho$bo OmVo. ^maV gaH$maH$Sy>Z Omhra Ho$bo OmUmao YmoaU H¥$fr IM© d qH$_V Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maerda 

AmYmabobo AgVo. 

6. H¥$fr {dnUZ IM© H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cnm` gwM{dUo Am{U {dnUZmÀ`m {d{dY Q>ßß`m§gmR>r `mo½` 

6

A§VamMr {e\$mag H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ ho Am`moJ H$aVo. 

7. `m Am`moJmbm H¥$fr joÌVrb gmYZgm_wJ«rMm n`m©á dmna ìhmdm `mgmR>r {H$_mZ YmoaUmMm {dMma 

H$amdm bmJVmo. 

8. H¥$fr _mbmg§X^m©V _m{hVr g§H$brV H$aÊ`mÀ`m aMZoMm AmT>mdm KoD$Z Ë`mg§X^m©V H¥$fr {dnUZmÀ`m 

nÕVr Am{U ì`` `m§Mo narjU H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ `m Am`moJmbm H$amdo bmJVo. 



1. ^maVmÀ`m EHy$U l{_H$mn¡H$s .......... Q>¸o$ nojm A{YH$ l{_H$ H¥$fr ì`dgm`mV H$m_ H$aVmV. 

(A) 52 Q>¸o$ (~) 65 Q>¸o$ (H$) 40 Q>¸o$ (S>) 45 Q>¸o$ 

2. gZ 1964 _Üò .............. `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr AÞYmÝ` g{_VrMr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. 

(A) n§. Odmhabmb Zohê$ 

(~) _hmË_m Jm§Yr 

(H$) Eb. Ho$. Pm 

(S>) {dZmo~m ^mdo 

3. eoVr {H$_V Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm ............... _Üò Pmbr. 

(A) gZ 1955 (~) gZ 1947 (H$) gZ 1965 (S>) gZ 1970 

4. {H$_mZ AmYma^yV qH$_Vr~m~V gaH$mabm {e\$maer H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© .............. Am`moJ H$aVo. 

(A) H¥$fr ì`` Am{U qH$_V Am`moJ (~) A{Yàmár qH$_V 

(H$) {dÎm 

(S>) qH$_V 

5. gaH$ma Á`m XamZo YmÝ`mMr IaoXr H$aVo Vo Xa åhUOo ............. hmo`. 

(A) nŠŠ`m {H$_Vr 

(~) AmYma^yV {H$_Vr 

(H$) A{Yàmár {H$_Vr 

(S>) {H$\$m`Vera {H$_Vr 

(~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm. 

1. EHy$U amï´>r` CËnÞmV eoVr joÌmVrb CËnÞmMm {hñgm {H$Vr Amho? 

2. Eb. Ho$. Pm `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr H$moUVr g{_Vr ñWmnZ Pmbr? 

3. H¥$fr qH$_V Am`moJmMo ñdê$n ~XbyZ H$em_Üò ê$nm§Va Pmbo? 

4. gaH$ma AmYma^yV {H$_Vr R>a{dVmZm H$emMm {dMma H$aVo ? 

5. H¥$fr qH$_V Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm H$emgmR>r H$aÊ`mV Ambr? 

7

ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZmMr CÎmao : 


1. 65 Q>¸o 2. Eb. Ho$. Pm 3. gZ 1965 

4. H¥$fr ì`` Am{U qH$_V Am`moJ 5. AmYma^yV {H$_Vr 


1. EHy$U amï´>r` CËnÞmV eoVr joÌmVrb CËnÞmMm {hñgm 22 Q>¸o$ Amho. 

2. Eb. Ho$. Pm `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr AÞYmÝ` qH$_V g{_Vr ñWmnZ Pmbr. 

3. H¥$fr qH$_V Am`moJmMo ñdê$n ~XbyZ "H¥$fr ì`` d qH$_V Am`moJ'_Üò ê$nm§Va Pmbo. 

4. gaH$ma AmYma^yV {H$_Vr R>a{dVmZm CËnmXZ IMm©Mm {dMma H$aVo. 

5. H¥$fr qH$_V Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm eoV_mbmÀ`m {H§$_VrMo pñWarH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$aÊ`mV Ambr? 

gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` : 

gaH$maÀ`m eoV_mb qH$_V{df`H$ YmoaU {ZpíMVr_Üò H¥$fr IM© d qH$_V Am`moJmMr ^y{_H$m ñnï> 

H$am. 


1. XogmB©, g. lr. `w. d ^mboamd {Z_©i: H¥$fr AW©emó Am{U ^maVmVrb eoVrì`dgm` 

2. Jain S. C. : Agricultural Problems and 

Policies in Indian 

3. Prasad, Chandra Shekhar : Indian Agricultural 

4. Mishra and Puri : Indian Economy 

 

8





KQ>H$ H«$. 3 

3.4 1991 nmgyZ ^maVmVrb ì`mnmameVuVrb àd¥Îmr 

(Trends in Terms of Trade in India since 1991) 

àñVmdZm : 

H$moUË`mhr XoemÀ`m naH$s` ì`mnmam_Üò {Z`m©V dñVy§À`m {d{eï> _mÌoÀ`m ~Xë`mV Xwgè`m XoemH$Sy>Z 

{H$Vr _mÌm {_iVmV Ë`m g§X^m©V "ì`mnmaeVu' hr g§H$ënZm dmnabr OmVo. "ì`mnmaeVu' hr g§§H$ënZm EImXm 

Xoe {Z`m©VrÀ`m _mo~Xë`m_Üò Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamVyZ {H$Vr dñVy {_idy eH$Vmo `mMo _moO_mn H$aVo. `mM 

nÕVrZo ì`mnmaeVu hr g§H$ënZm Xoem§VJ©V H¥$fr d CÚmoJ XodmU-KodmUrÀ`m XamÀ`m VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mgmÀ`m 

g§X^m©V dmnabr OmVo. H$maU Aem nÕVrMr XodmU-KodmU eoVr joÌ d CÚmoJ qH$dm {~Ja eoVrjoÌ `m§À`m_Üò 

hmoV AgVo. {deofV: eoVr Am{U CÚmoJ joÌmMr VwbZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. Am§VajoÌr` 

ì`mnmaeVuMr g§H$ënZm gd©àW_ 1969 _Üò lr_Vr Ama. Wm_amOjr `m§Zr nÕVera _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. 

`m_Üò eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrMm d Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVy§À`m qH$_VtMm {ZX}em§H$ {dMmamV KoVbm OmVmo. Am`mV- 

{Z`m©V ì`mnmamVrb eoVr d Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVy§À`m {H$_Vr {dMmamV KoD$Z ì`mnma eVu eoVr joÌmbm AZwHy$b 

AmhoV H$s CÚmoJ joÌmbm AZwHy$b AmhoV ho R>a{dVm òVo. 

1991 nmgyZ ^maVmVrb ì`mnmaeVuVrb àd¥Îmr : 

(Trendes in Terms of Trade in India since 1991) : 

ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va eoVr joÌ Am{U Am¡ÚmoJH$ joÌ `m§À`m_Yrb ì`mnmaeVu_Üò ~Xb Pmbobo {XgyZ òVmV. 

H$mhrdoim ì`mnmaeVu eoVr joÌmbm AZwHy$b hmoË`m Va H$mhrdoim Ë`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmbm AZwHy$b Pmboë`m 

{XgVmV. Ë`mgmR>r nwT>rb gyÌmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. 

ì`mnmaeVu = 

eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$_Vr 

Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVy§À`m {H$_Vr 

9 

x 100 

darb gyÌmZwgma Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVy§À`m qH$_Vrer eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$_VtMr Q>¸o$dmar 100 nojm OmñV 

am{hë`mg Ë`m ì`mnmaeVu eoVr joÌmbm AZwHy$b R>aVmV. Va 100 nojm Q>¸o$dmar H$_r am{hë`mg ì`mnmaeVu

à{VHy$b R>aVmV. `mM nÕVrZo Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmÀ`m ì`mnmaeVu {ZpíMV hmoV AgVmV. àma§^rÀ`m VrZ 

n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§À`m H$mbI§S>mV åhUOoM 1950-51 Vo 1965-66 `m H$mimV ì`mnmaeVu àm_w»`mZo eoVr 

joÌmbm AZwHy$b hmoË`m. nU Xwgè`m ~mOybm 1971-72 Vo 1981-82 `m H$mimV ì`mnmaeVu gamgarZo 

à{Vdfu Kgaë`m Ë`m_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmÀ`m VwbZoV eoVrjoÌmÀ`m ì`mnmaeVu à{VHy$b am{hë`m. gZ 1961- 

62 Vo 1971-72 `m H$mimV Am¡Úmo{JH$ {H$_Vter eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$_VtMr Q>¸o$dmar 100 nojm A{YH$ 

am{hbr. Ë`m_wio ì`mnmaeVu eoVr joÌmbm AZwHy$b am{hë`m. Va 1971-72 Vo 1981-82 `m H$mbI§S>mV 

eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$_VtMr Am¡Úmo{JH$ {H$_Vrer Agbobr Q>¸o$dmar 100 nojm H$_r am{hbr. Ë`m_wio ì`mnma eVu 

eoVrjoÌmbm à{VHy$b Va Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmbm AZwHy$b am{hë`m. ho nwT>rb H$moï>H$mV Xe©{dbo Amho. 

Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVy§À`m {H$_Vter eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$_VtMr Q>¸o$dmar 

A.Z§. df© eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$_VtMr Q>¸o$dmar 

1 1962-63 99.1 

2 1963-64 102.4 

3 1964-65 119.6 

4 1965-66 121.1 

5 1966-67 133.0 

6 1967-68 145.8 

7 1968-69 135.1 

8 1969-70 139.4 

9 1970-71 134.5 

Source : S.L. Shetty, "Structural Refrogrression in India Economy" EPW, 1978. 

darb nÌH$mdê$Z Ago ñnï> hmoVo H$s, gZ 1963-64 Vo 1970-71 `m H$mbI§S>m_Üò àËòH$ dfu 

eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$_VrMr Q>¸o$dmar 100 nojm A{YH$ hmoVr. `mMm AW© `m H$mbI§S>m_Üò ì`mnmaeVu eoVrbm 

AZwHy$b hmoË`m. gZ 1971-72 Vo 1981-82 `m H$mbI§S>m_Üò ì`mnmaeVu eoVrgmR>r H$em nÕVrÀ`m hmoË`m 

ho nwT>rb nÌH$mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo ñnï> H$aVm òVo. 

10

Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVy§À`m {H$_Vter eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$_VtMr Q>¸o$dmar 

A.Z§. df© eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$_VtMr Q>¸o$dmar 

1 1970-71 91.7 

2 1971-72 90.5 

3 1973-74 99.8 

4 1974-75 98.3 

5 1975-76 91.9 

6 1976-77 90.5 

7 1977-78 97.5 

8 1978-79 95.8 

9 1979-80 87.4 

10 1980-81 81.8 

11 1981-82 87.4 

Source : S.L. Shetty, "Structural Refrogrression in India Economy" EPW, 1978. 

darb nÌH$mdê$Z Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s, 1971-72 Vo 1981-82 eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$_VtMr Q>¸o$dmar 91.7 

Q>ŠŠ`mdê$Z 87.4 Q>ŠŠ`mn`ªV Imbr Ambr. `mMm AW© `m H$mbI§S>m_Üò eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$_VrMr Am¡Úmo{JH$ 

qH$_Vter Agbobr Q>¸o$dmar gVV 100 nojm H$_r am{hbr. `mMm AW© `m ì`mnmaeVu eoVr joÌmbm à{VHy$b 

am{hë`m Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmbm AZwHy$b am{hë`m. 

gZ 1993 _Üò gaH$maZo lr. H$hbmoZ `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr H$m`©~bmMr {Z`wŠVr Ho$br. `m H$m`©~bmZo 

^maVm~m~V ì`mnmaeVu {ZX}em§H$mMr JUZm Ho$br. "H¥$frjoÌmVrb ^m§S>db Jw§VdUyH$, H¥$fr AmXmZo Am{U 

A§{V_ Cn^moJmgmR>r H¥$frjoÌmZo qH$_V {Xboë`m {ZX}em§H$mbm H¥$fr CËnmXZmgmR>r qH$_V àmá Pmboë`m {ZXo©em§H$mÀ`m 

JwUmoÎmamMr eoH$S>odmar åhUOo ì`mnmaeVu {ZX}em§H$ hmo`.' H$m`©~bmZo gwM{dbobr hr nÕV dmnê$Z gaH$ma H¥$er 

d {~Ja-H¥$erjoÌmVrb ì`mnmaeVuMr JUZm H$aVo. 

gZ 1981-82 Vo 1989-90 `m H$mbI§S>m_Üò ì`mnmaeVu eoVrjoÌmbm à{VHy$b hmoË`m. nU ^maVmZo 

Owb¡ 1991 nmgyZ Z{dZ Am{W©H$ YmoaUmMm ñdrH$ma Ho$ë`mZ§Va CXmarH$aU, ImOJrH$aU d OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m 

à{H«$ò_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ d eoVr joÌmÀ`m ì`mnmaeVu_Üò ~Xb Pmbobo {XgyZ òVmV. Vo nwT>rb H$moï>H$mÀ`m 

gmhmæ`mZo ñnï> H$aVm òVo. 

11

eoVr joÌ d {~Ja eoVr joÌmVrb ì`mnmaeVvÀ`m n«d¥ÎmtMm {ZX}em§H$ 

(Base :Triennium Ending 1990-91 = 100) 

àmá 

qH$_V {Xboë`mMm {ZX}em§H$ 

ì`mnmaeVuMm 

df© {ZX}em§V {ZX}em§H$ 

(IPR) A§{V_ _Ü`pñWV ^m§S>db EH${ÌV (ITT) 

Cn^moJ Cn^moJ {Z{_©Vr {ZX}em§H$ 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

1981-82 54.9 54.4 88.5 56.9 61.9 88.7 

1982-83 60.3 58.8 91.1 62.6 66.0 91.4 

1988-89 90.3 90.4 96.9 90.9 91.8 98.3 

1989-90 97.5 97.6 99.2 100.6 98.1 99.4 

1990-91 112.3 112.1 104.0 108.5 110.2 101.9 

1991-92 130.8 124.9 119.4 127.2 123.8 105.6 

1998-99 220.8 213.8 197.1 206.8 209.9 105.2 

1999-00 219.8 217.1 203.9 212.6 214.0 102.7 

2000-01 225.0 220.5 230.4 227.0 223.0 100.9 

2001-02 235.3 226.4 235.2 240.4 229.0 102.8 

2002-03 247.9 234.9 252.7 245.2 239.3 103.6 

2003-04 251.2 245.2 259.1 255.7 248.7 101.0 

2004-05 258.2 252.3 264.5 305.6 257.5 100.3 

2005-06 275.8 266.0 277.1 310.5 270.6 101.9 

2006-07 291.2 283.4 284.6 327.8 285.8 101.9 

2007-08 324.3 323.2 301.5 356.1 320.1 101.3 

2008-09 350.9 350.8 332.8 380.1 348.3 100.7 

2009-10 411.6 415.1 355.0 394.0 401.1 102.6 

Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation. 

darb nÌH$mdê$Z Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s, gZ 1981-82 nmgyZ 1989-90 n`ªV ì`mnmaeVu eoVrÀ`m 

Ñï>rZo à{VHy$b hmoË`m. gZ 2000-01 `m H$mbI§S>mV \$ŠV ì`mnmaeVu H$_r am{hë`m. nU 1990-91 nmgyZ 

Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV ì`mnmaeVu eoVr joÌmbm AZwHy$b am{hë`m. 

12

gZ 1998-99 À`m "[anmoQ>© Am°Z H$aÝgr A±S> \$m`ZmÝg' Zwgma [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo ì`mnmaeVuVrb àd¥Îmrg§~§Yr 

H$mhr _hÎdmMo _wÔo _m§S>bo. Vo nwT>rbn«_mUo :- 

1. `m H$mimV J«m_rU ^mJmVrb eoVr joÌmV ImOJr Jw§VdyUH$ dmT>br. Ë`m_wio eoVr CËnmXZmV doJmZo 

dmT> Pmbr. Ë`mMà_mUo eoVr CËnmXZmbm CÎmoOZ XoÊ`mgmR>r "eoV_mb ì`` Am{U qH$_V Am`moJmZo' gaH$mabm 

{e\$maer Ho$ë`m. `m_wio eoV_mb qH$_VrV dmT>rMr àd¥Îmr {Z_m©U Pmbr. na§Vw `mMm gdm©V OmñV \$m`Xm _yR>â 

~S>çm eoVH$è`m§Zm Pmbm. Jar~ eoVH$ar d eoV_Oya `m§Zm \$magm bm^ Pmbm Zmhr. Ë`m§Mr pñWVr VerM 

am{hb. 

2. [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m `m AhdmbmZwgma eoV_mbmMr EH§$XarV nwadR>m qH$_V-Abd{MH$ AgVo. O_rZ, 

{d{eï> hdm_mZ BË`mXr_wio eoV_mbmMr nwadR>m qH$_V-Abd{MH$ ~ZVo. dmT>Ë`m {H$_VrMm bm^ KoÊ`mgmR>r 

eoVH$è`m§Zm Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m Cn^moJmgmR>r H$_r YmÝ` {e„H$ R>odyZ {dnUZ`mo½` nwadR>m dmT>{dVm òVmo. na§Vw Agm 

nwadR>m \$ma _moR>m AgV Zmhr. nwadR>m dmT>{dVm òV Zgë`mZo Ë`m§À`m qH$_VrV dmT>rMr àd¥Îmr {XgVo. 

3. gaH$maMo eoV_mb {H$_Vr{df`H$ YmoaU, eoVrbm H$a{df`H$ gdbVr, eoV_mb {Z`m©Vrbm CÎmoOZ 

`mgma»`m H$maUm_wio eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$_Vr Cƒ nmVirda am{hë`m. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUOo ì`mnmaeVu eoVr 

joÌmbm AZwHy$b am{hë`m. 



1. gZ 1961-62 Vo 1971-72 `m H$mbI§S>m_Üò ì`mnmaeVu ............... joÌmbm AZwHy$b 

am{hë`m. 

(A) Am¡Úmo{JH$ (~) eoVr (H$) godm (S>) gmd©O{ZH$ 

2. lr. H$mohbmoZ `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr gaH$maZo gZ ............... _Üò H$m`©~bmMr {Z`wŠVr Ho$br. 

(A) 1998 (~) 1951 (H$) 1993 (S>) 1983 

3. ^maVmZo ............. ZdrZ Am{W©H$ YmoaUmMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. 

(A) Owb¡ 1991 (~) gßQ>|~a 1956 

(H$) OmZodmar 1947 (S>) {S>g|~a 1986 

4. gZ 1991 Z§Va ^maVmVrb ì`mnmaeVu eoVr joÌmbm gVV ................. am{hë`m. 

(A) à{VHy$b (~) g§Vw{bV (H$) AZwHy$b (S>) Ag§Vw{bV 


1. Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmbm H$moUË`m H$mbI§S>m_Üò ì`mnmaeVu AZwHy$b am{hë`m? 

2. gaH$maZo eoVr joÌ d Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ `m§À`mVrb ì`mnmaeVu {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$emMr {Z`wŠVr 

Ho$br? 

13

3. eoVr CËnmXZmbm CÎmoOZ XoÊ`mgmR>r gaH$mabm H$moUË`m Am`moJmZo {e\$maer Ho$ë`m? 

4. [aPd© ~±Ho$Zo ì`mnmaeVuVrb àd¥Îmrg§~§Yr H$emÀ`m AmYmamda Ahdmb gmXa Ho$bm? 

ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZmMr CÎmao : 


1. eoVr 2. 1993 3. Owb¡ 1991 

4. AZwHy$b 


1. gZ 1981-82 Vo 1989-90 `m H$mbI§S>m_Üò ì`mnmaeVu Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmbm AZwHy$b am{hë`m. 

2. gaH$maZo eoVrjoÌ d Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ `m§À`mVrb ì`mnmaeVu {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m`©~bmMr 

{Z`wŠVr Ho$br. 

3. eoVr CËnmXZmbm CÎmoOZ XoÊ`mgmR>r gaH$mabm "eoV_mb ì`` Am{U qH$_V Am`moJmZo' {e\$maer 

Ho$ë`m. 

4. [aPd© ~±Ho$Zo ì`mnmaeVuVrb àd¥Îmrg§~§Yr H$aÝgr A°ÝS> \$m`ZmÝg Zwgma Ahdmb gmXa Ho$bm. 


1. Lekhi R. K. : The Economics of Development and Planning, 

Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 

2. Datta and Sundaram : Indian Economy, S. Chand and Company, 

New Delhi, 63rd edition (2011) 

3. Shetty S. L. : Structural Refrogression in Indian Economy 

EPW, (1978). 

 

14





KQ>H$ H«$. : 2 

H¥$fr ì`dgm` d nwaH$ ì`dgm` 

(Agri-Business and Allied Activities) 

2.1 newYZ g§»òMr àJVr 

(2.1 Growth of livestock Population) 

2.1.0 C{Ôï>o 

2.1.1 àmñVm{dH$ 

2.1.2 {df` {ddoMZ 

2.1.2 I) newYZmMo àH$ma 

2.1.2 II) ^maVmVrb newYZmMr àJVr 

(A) àmÊ`m§À`m àH$mamZwgma newYZmMr g§»`m 

(~) ^maVmVrb XyY, A§S>r, _m§g d bmoH$a `m§Mo CËnmXZ 

(H$) _hmamï´>mVrb XyY, A§S>r, _m§g d bmoH$a `m§Mo CËnmXZ 

2.1.2 III) ^maVmVrb newYZmMo _hÎd 

2.1.2 IV) newYZmMr gÚ:{ñWVr Am{U g_ñ`m 

2.1.2 V) newg§dY©ZmMo H¥${V H$m`©H«$_ / Cnm` 

2.1.2 VI) new{d_m 

2.1.2 VII) ^{dî`H$mbrZ Ñ{ï>H$moZ 

2.1.3 gmam§e 

2.1.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX 

2.1.5 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ 

15

2.1.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` 

2.1.7 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao 

2.1.8 joÌr` H$m`© 

2.1.9 g§X^© J«§W 

2.1.0 C{Ôï>o : 

àñVwV KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmdê$Z AmnUmg nwT>rb ~m~VMo kmZ AmË_gmV H$ê$Z KoVm òB©b. 

1) newYZ åhUOo H$m`? Vo g_OmdyZ KoVm òB©b. 

2) newYZmMo àH$ma, àJVr g_OmdyZ KoVm òB©b. 

3) ^maVmVrb newYZmMr gÚ:pñWVr d g_ñ`m g_OmdyZ KoVm òB©b. 

4) newg§dY©ZmMm H¥¥$Vr H$m`©H«$_ / Cnm` g_OmdyZ KoVm òB©b. 

5) ney{d_m d ^{dî`H$mbrZ Ñ{ï>H$moZ g_OmdyZ KoVm òB©b. 

2.1.1 àmñVm{dH$ : 

_mZdmZo g§KQ>rV eoVr H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br V|ìhmM eoVrgmR>r newYZ dmnaUo gwê$ Pmbo. eoVr H$m_, 

XyY, _m§g `mgmR>r ~miJë`m OmUmè`m OZmdam§gmR>r dmidbobr d¡aU, Mmam d {nH$mVrb Xwæ`_ \$b {Xbo OmD$ 

bmJbo. `m dñVy§Mm AÝ` Cn`moJ ZgboZo Ë`m OmiyZM Q>mH$mì`m bmJë`m AgË`m d Ë`m_wio hdm n«XwfUmgmaIo 

àíZ CØdbo AgVo. OZmdam§Mo eoUIV Va O_rZrMr gwnrH$Vm dmT>{dÊ`mg hmV^ma bmdVo. AemàH$mao neyYZ 

d nrHo$ EH$_oH$m§g nyaH$ d ghmæ`H$ R>aVo. 

eoVr hr {nHo$ d newYZ CËnmXZmer {ZJS>rV AgboZo newYZmMr _mbH$s hm eoVr nÕVr_Üò _hÎdmMm 

KQ>H$ R>aVmo. Ë`m_wio newYZ hr g§nÎmr R>aVo, newYZ CËnmXZmgmR>r dmnaVm òVo d Ë`m§Mr n¡go qH$dm g§nÎmr KoD$Z 

{dH«$s H$aVm òVo. Ë`m_wio g§ajU {ZU©`mda Ë`mMm n[aUm_ hmoVmo. (~oH$bo Am{U S´>mHo$ 2003) 

~hþg§»` AW©ì`dñWo_Üò newYZmZo Mm§JbrM _XV Ho$bobr Amho. newYZ AÞYmÝ` CËnmXZ H$aVo. 

gwa{jVVm XoVo, nrH$m§Mo CËnmXZ dmT>{dVo, J«m_rU d ehar bmoH$m§Zm CËnÞ {_idyZ XoVo, dmhVwH$sg _XV H$aVo 

Am{U {d{dY n[aUm_ KS>{dUmè`m d godm§Mr JaO {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m dmT>rd qH$_VrÀ`m dñVy§Mr CËnmXZ H$aVo. 

`m{edm` CËnmXZ d CËnÞ `mV {^ÞVm AmUUo, df©â amoOJma nwadUo d YmoH$m KQ>Uo eŠ` hmoVo. 

^maVmMr bmoH$g§»`m 2015 _Üò 1225 Xebj Am{U newYZ g§»`m 600 Xebj hmoB©b Am{U 

16

Ë`mdoir 275 Xebj Q>Z AÞYmÝ` d 1000 Xebj Q>Z Amobr d¡aU (Mmam) bmJob. gÜ`mMm nwadR>m \$ŠV 

200 Xebj Q>Z AÞYmÝ`, 513 Xebj Q>Z {hadm Mmam EdT>mM Amho. 

gÜ`m neynmbZ hm ^maVr` eoVrMm A{d^mÁ` ^mJ AgyZ H$mhr gm§ñH¥${VH$ d Ym{_©H$ g§ñWm Am{U Vo 

ê$T>r-na§namer {ZJS>rV Amho. 

2.1.2 {df` {ddoMZ : 

gXaÀ`m g§H$ënZoMm Aä`mg H$arV AgVmZm AW©ì`dñWoVrb newYZmMo _hÎd, Amdí`H$Vm d g_ñ`m, 

Cnm` `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. 

2.1.2 I) newYZmMo àH$ma : 

^maVmVrb newYZ nwT>rb VrZ àH$mam_Üò {d^mJVm òB©b. 

1) H$m_mgmR>r dmnamd`mMo ney 

2) XyY XoUmao ney 

3) {~Z H$m_mMo / {Zén`moJr ney 

1) H$m_mgmR>r dmnamd`mMo ney : \$ŠV eoVr H$m_mgmR>r dmnamV Agbobo ney (Za_mXr {_iyZ) 

1961 _Üò 779 bmI hmoVo Vo 1991 _Üò 1226.5 bmI Pmbo. `m{edm` 29 bmI àmUr/OZmdao, H$m_ 

Am{U CnO{dUo `mgmR>r dmnabr OmV hmoVr. CÎma àXoemV `m§Mr gdm©{YH$ g§»`m AgyZ _Ü`àXoe d _hmamï´> 

`m§Mm Z§~a Ë`mZ§Va bmJVmo. eoVr _emJV, noaUr, _iUr d nmUrnwadR>çmÀ`m JaOoda hr g§»`m Adb§~yZ 

AgVo. gw_mao 10 EH$amgmR>r EH$ OmoS>r dmnabr OmVo. `m ~m~V _hmamï´>, n§Om~, amOñWmZ `mZ§Va åh¡gya, 

Ho$aiMm Z§~a bmJVmo. {h_mMb àXoemV ho à_mU gdm©V H$_r Amho. 

2) Xw^Vr OZmdao : VrZ dfm©darb d CnOdÊ`mg g_W© Agboë`m åh¡er d OZmdao `mV òVmV; `m§Mr 

g§»`m 6641 Amho. VrZ dfm©darb EHy$U OZmdam§À`m gw_mao {Zå_r hr g§»`m Amho. `m§Mr g§»`m CÎmaàXoemV 

gdm©{YH$ AgyZ Ë`m ImbmoImb _Ðmg, _Ü`àXoe Am{U amOñWmZ òVmV. 

3) {~ZH$m_mMo / {Zanw`moJr àmUr : H$moUË`mhr H$m_mgmR>r Z dmnamV Agbobo àm¡T> ney `m JQ>m_Üò 

òVmV. Ë`m§Mr EHy$U g§»`m 164 bmI Amho. àm_w»`mZo X{jU ^maVmV `m§Mr n[apñWVr \$maM dmB©Q> Amho. 

H$maU Ho$di ^mdZmàYmZ hmoD$Z Ë`m§Mo nmbZ Ho$bo OmVo. 

2.1.2 II) ^maVmVrb newYZmMr àJVr : 

newYZ ho XoemMo _hÎdmMo CËnÞmMo gmYZ Amho. H$mhr npíM_r `wamo{n`Z Xoem_Üò newYZ CËnmXZ EHy$U 

eoVr CËnmXZm_Üò 60 Q>¸o$ Vo 80 Q>¸o$ AgVo. ^maVm_Üò _mÌ newYZ {d^mJmÀ`m (newYZ d Xw½Yì`dgm`) 

CËnmXZmMr T>mo~i qH$_V hr Mmby qH$_VrZwgma T>mo~i Xoem§VJ©V CËnmXZmÀ`m (GDP) 6.5 Q>¸o$ Vo 7 Q>¸o$ 

Amho. 

17

^maVmV 2004-05 _Üò newYZmÀ`m CËnmXZmMr Mmby qH$_VrZwgma 1,73,350 H$mo. é. qH$_V hmoVr 

d Vr eoVr Am{U VËg§~§YrV CËnmXZmÀ`m qH$_VrÀ`m 36 Q>¸o$ hmoVr. VgoM 2004-05 _Üò Ho$di 

Xw½Yì`dgm`mMo CËnmXZ 1,15,970 H$moQ>r é. hmoVo. Ë`mdoir ^mV CËnmXZmMr qH$_V 70,462 H$moQ>r é., Va 

Jhÿ CËnmXZmMr qH$_V 48050 H$moQ>r é. d CgmMr qH$_V 23167 H$moQ>r é. hmoVr. 

A) ^maVmVrb newYZmMr g§»`m - 

H$moï>H$ H«$. 1 

àmÊ`m§À`m àH$mamZwgma ^maVmVrb newYZmMr g§»`m 

(Xebj_Üò g§»`m) 

(Last updated, Feb, 29, 2012) 

A.H«$. àH$ma 1951 1966 1977 1987 1997 2003 2007 ❉ 

1. JwaoT>moao 155.3 176.2 180.0 199.7 198.9 185.2 199.1 

* n«m¡T> _mXr, JwaoT>moao 54.4 51.8 54.6 62.1 64.4 64.5 73.0 

2. åh¡g, aoS>o 43.4 53.0 62.0 76.0 89.9 97.9 105.3 

* àm¡T> åh¡er 21.0 25.4 31.3 39.1 46.8 51.0 54.5 

3. Jm`rgmaIr EHy$U 198.7 229.2 242.0 275.7 288.8 283.1 304.4 

OZmdao 

4. eoir, _|T>r, KmoS>m 94.2 115.3 127.4 169.5 196.6 201.9 225.3 

C§Q>, JmT>d BË`mXr 

5. EHy$U newYZ g§»`m 292.9 344.5 369.4 445.2 485.4 485.0 529.7 

6. Hw$¸w$Q>nmbZ * 73.5 115.4 159.2 275.3 347.6 489.0 648.8 

Note : * Includes chicken, ducks, turkey and othe brids. 

❉ Provisional derived from village level total's. 

Source : Livestock Censuses, Department of Animal Husbondary, Dairying and fisheries, 

Ministery of Agriculture, GOI, (Last updated Feb 29, 2012) 

[www.nddb.org/statistical/population/india] 

18

H$moï>H$ H«$. 1 dê$Z AmnUmg 1951 Vo 2007 `m H$mbmdYrVrb ^maVmVrb àmÊ`m§À`m àH$mamZwgma 

newYZm§Mr Pmbobr àJVr bjmV òVo. 

^maVm_Üò 1951 _Üò EHy$U Jm`r, åh¡er dJ¡ao newYZ 198.7 Xebj hmoVo. Vo 2007 _Üò 304.4 

Xebj n`ªV dmT>bo. gmYmaUV: 56 dfmª_Üò XrS> nQ> dmT> Pmbr. `mM H$mim_Üò àm¡T>, _mXr, JwaoT>moao 54.4 

X.b. dê$Z 73 X. b. d àm¡T> åh¡er 2100 Xebjmdê$Z 54.5 X. b. n`ªV dmT>ë`m. hr dmT> AZwH«$_o A§XmOo 

{XS>nQ> d AS>rM nQ> hmoVo. hr dmT> _hÎdmMr R>aVo; H$maU Xw½YmoËnmXZ d ZdrZ OZmdam§Mr n¡Xmg àm_w»`mZo 

`mM JQ>mH$Sy>Z hmoV AgVo. 

eoir, _|T>r, KmoS>m, JmT>d BË`mXrgh EHy$U newYZ g§»`m 1951 _Üò 292.9 Xebj hmoVr. Vr 2007 

_Üò 529.7 Xebj Pmbr. 

`mM~amo~a Hw$¸w$Q>nmbZm~m~V 1951 _Üò EHy$Z njr g§»`m 73.5 Xebj hmoVr Vr 1997 _Üò 347.6 

Xebj d 2007 _Üò 648.8 Xebj n`ªV dmT>br. hr dmT> C„oIZr` AgyZ 1997 n`ªV Mm¡nQ>rnojm OmñV 

Am{U 2007 _Üò OdiOdi ZD$ nQ> Pmbr Amho. dmT>rMr AerM JVr am{hë`mg `m~m~V ^maV OJm_Üò 

_hÎdnyU© H$m_{Jar H$aUmam Xoe R>aob. 

~) ^maVmVrb XyY, A§S>r, _m§g d bmoH$a `m§Mo CËnmXZ : 

^maVmVrb XyY, A§S>r, _m§g d bmoH$a `m§Mo CËnmXZ nwT>rb H$moï>H$mVyZ ñnï> H$aVm òB©b. 

H$moï>H$ H«$. 2 

^maVmVrb XyY, A§S>r, _m§g d bmoH$a `m§Mo CËnmXZ 

A.H«$. df© XyY A§S>r _m§g bmoH$a (Xebj 

(Xebj Q>Z) (Xebj) (Xebj Q>Z) ({H$bmo J«°_) 

1. 1950-51 17.0 1832 NA 27.5 

2. 1990-91 53.9 21101 NA 41.2 

3. 2005-06 97.1 46235 2.3 44.9 

4. 2008-09 108.5 55395 3.8 42.9 

5. 2009-10 112.5 59844 4.0 43.2 

6. 2010-11 ❉ 116.2 61454 4.2 43.3 

Note : ❉ Provisional. 

19

Source : 

1) Data book 2005 ICAR. 

2) Lekhi R. K. and Singh J., "Agricultural Economics (An Indian perspective)" Kalyani 

Publications, Ludhiana, Page No. III - 425. 

3) www.dahd.nic.in/dahd/statistics/animal husbundary/statistics - apx. 

4) www.dahd.nic.in/dahd/upload/BAHS-2010 pdf. 

5) www.dacent.nic.in. 

H$moï>H$ H«$. 2 dê$Z 1950-51 _Üò Xw½YmoËnmXZ \$ŠV 17 Xebj Q>Z hmoVo. Vo 2010-11 _Üò 116.2 

Xebj Q>Z Pmbo. `m_Üò gw_mao 07 nQ> dmT> Pmbr. åhUOoM Xw½Yì`dgm` pñWa Pmbm AgyZ Ë`m§Mr àJVrÀ`m 

{XeoZo dmQ>Mmb gwê$ Amho. 

VgoM A§S>r CËnmXZ 1950-51 _Üò Ho$di 1832 Xebj hmoVo. Vo 2005-06 _Üò 46235 Xebj 

(25 nQrnojm OmñV) Am{U 2010-11 _Üò 61454 Xebj (33 nQ>rnojm OmñV) Pmbo. nydr© njrnmgyZ A§S>r 

{_idUo hm KaJwVr H$m_mMmM EH$ ^mJ hmoVm. gÜ`m Ë`mbm ì`mdgm{`H$ ñdê$n Ambobo AgboZo Ë`m§Mr _moR>r 

dmT> Pmbobr AmT>iVo. 

_m§g CËnmXZ 2005-06 _Üò 2.3 Xebj Q>Z hmoVo. Vo 2010-11 _Üò 4.2 Xebj Q>Z Pmbo. nmM 

dfm©_Üò gw_mao XmoZ nQ> dmT> Pmbr. EHy$U CËnmXZ H$_r d dmT>rMr JVrhr g§W `m§Mo H$maU åhUOo g_mO 

_Zmdarb Ym{_©H$ db` ho AgUo eŠ` Amho. 

_|T>r, ~H$ar Aem àmÊ`m§À`m A§Jmdarb bmoH$arMo CËnmXZ 1950-51 _Üò 27.5 Xebj {H$bmoJ«°_ 

hmoVo. Vo 2005-06 _Üò 44.9 Xebj {H$bmoJ«°_ n`ªV dmT>bo. hr dmT> {XS>nQ>rnojm OmñV Pmbr. VWm{n 

Ë`mZ§Va _mÌ ho CËnmXZ KQ>bo Am{U 2010-11 n`ªV Vo 43 Xebj {H$bmoJ«°_À`m Odinmg am{hbo. 

H$) _hmamîQ´>mVrb XyY, A§S>r, _m§g d bmoH$a `m§Mo CËnmXZ : 

ho nwT>rb H$moï>H$mdê$Z ñnï> H$aVm òB©b. 

H$moï>H$ H«$. 3 

_hmamï´>mVrb XyY, A§S>r, _m§g d bmoH$a `m§Mo CËnmXZ 

A.H«$. df© XyY A§S>r _m§g bmoH$a (Xebj 

(Xebj Q>Z) (Xebj) (Xebj Q>Z) {H$bmo J«°_) 

1. 2005-06 6769 35227 236 1640 

2. 2008-09 7455 35502 536 1707 

3. 2009-10 7679 38640 545 1726 

g§X^© : ibid H$moïH$> H«$. 2 à_mUo. 

H$moï>H$ H«$_m§H$ 3 dê$Z _hmamï´>mVrb Xw½YmoËnmXZ 2005-06 _Üò 6769 Xebj Q>Z hmoVo. Vo 2009- 

20

10 _Üò 7679 Xebj Q>Z Pmbo. Mma dfm©_Üò Ho$di 910 Xebj Q>Z dmT> Pmbr. `mM H$mbmdYrV A§S>r 

CËnmXZ 35227 X. bj dê$Z 38640 X. bj d bmoH$a CËnmXZ 1640 X. b. {H$bmoJ«°_ dê$Z 1726 Xebj 

{H$bmoJ«°_ n`ªV dmT>bo. A§S>r CËnmXZ 3413 Xebj d bmoH$a CËnmXZ 86 X. b. {H$bmoJ«°_ dmT>bo. àJVrÀ`m 

Ñï>rZo `m gdm©~m~V dmT>rMr JVr dmT>Uo `mo½` hmoB©b. 

_m§g CËnmXZ _mÌ H$mimV 236 Xebj Q>Zmdê$Z 545 Xebj Q>Zmn`ªV dmT>bo. hr dmT> XwßnQ>rnojmhr 

OmñV Amho. 

2.1.2 III) ^maVmVrb newYZmMo _hÎd : 

Z¡g{J©H$ daXmZ bm^bobm ^maV hm A{Ve` g_¥Õ Agm Xoe hmoVm. gwnrH$ O_rZ, dZñnVrMo d¡{dY, 

newYZ dJ¡ao g§gmYZo ñd`§nyU©Vog nwaoer AmhoV. na§Vw XrK© X¥ï>rMm A^md d {dg§JV YmoaU `m_wio XoemV A{Zð> 

pñWVr AX²^dbr. 

B§½b§S>_Yrb AR>amì`m eVH$mVrb H«$m§Vr_wio {MÌ ~Xbbo. `§ÌmoËnmXZ, ì`mnmar nrH$ d n¡emMo _hÎd 

dmT>bo. eham§Mm VWmH${WV {dH$mg Pmbm. na§Vw J«m_rU ^mJmÀ`m g_¥ÕrMm nm`mM IMbm. àmo. hmB©_ hmëno[aZ 

`m§Zr åhQ>ë`mà_mUo, ""{dH$mgmÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ g§H$ënZo_wio IoS>r Zï> hmoV AmhoV. nU Ë`§mMr OmJm KoUmè`m 

eham§Mr dmT> _mÌ geŠV ZgyZ amoJQ> Amho.'' 

Ho$di J«m_rU ^mJmÀ`mM Zìho Va g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m X¥ï>rZo newYZmMo _hÎd dmXmVrV Amho. 

`m§{ÌH$sH$aUm_wio neweŠVrMm dmna H$_r Pmbm Agbm Varhr newYZmMo AW©ì`dñWoVrb _hÎd Imbrbà_mUo 

Amho. 

1) amï´>r` CËnÞmVrb `moJXmZ : S>oÝ_mH©$, Zm°d}, Am°ñQ´>o{b`m BË`mXr XoemV newg§dY©Z d Xw½Yì`dgm` 

{dH$mgmH$S>o ñdV§ÌnUo bj {Xbo Amho. VoWo newYZmMo amï´>r` CËnÞmVrb `moJXmZ \$ma _moR>o Amho. 

2000-01 _Üò ^maVmV newYZmZo amï´>r` CËnÞmV Q>mH$bobr â 5.9 Q>¸o$ hmoVr d eoVr g§~§YrV joÌm§À`m 

CËnmXZmV newg§dY©ZmMm dmQ>m (_Ëñ`moCËnmXZmgh) 30.0 Q>¸o$ hmoVm. 2008-09 _Üò ho `moJXmZ WmoS>o H$_r 

hmoD$Z Vo AZwH«$_o 4.07 Q>¸o$ d 29.7 Q>¸o$ hmoVo. 

2) CÎm_ nyaH$ ì`dgm` : eoVr ì`dgm`m_Üò {ZgJm©darb Adb§{~Ëdm_wio CËnmXZmMr ImÌr ZgVo. 

n`m©daU ~Xbm_Üò Va `m§Mm AZw^d gVV òVmo. ì`mnmar d ZmoH$aXmamà_mUo eoVH$è`mbm XaamoO qH$dm 

_{hÝ`mZo CËnÞ {_iV ZgyZ Vo dfm©VyZ EH$XmM {_iVo. `m{edm` Ë`mbm Amnë`m _mbmMm ^mdhr R>a{dVm òV 

Zmhr. Oo eoVmV H$_mdbo Vo ~mOmamV J_mdbo Aer Ë`m§Mr pñWVr AgVo; Aem n[apñWVrV eoVr gmo~V OmoS> 

ì`dgm` åhUyZ Hw$¸w$Q>nmbZ, eoir-_|T>rnmbZ, B_ynmbZ, newnmbZ Ago nyaH$ ì`dgm` Ho$bo OmVmV. `mn¡H$s 

newnmbZ nydunmgyZM gdm©{YH$ _hÎdmMo Amho. H$maU eoVr H$m_m_Üò _XV d Xw½YmoËnmXZ {_iVo Am{U Ë`mda 

IM©hr H$_r hmoVmo. VgoM eoVH$è`m§Zm newnmbZm_wio eoVr H$m_mgmR>r d dmhVwH$sgmR>r Vo Cn`moJr R>aVo. 

21

3) J«m_rU ~oH$mardarb Cnm` : eoVrÀ`m h§Jm_r ñdê$nm_wio J«m_rU ~oH$marhr h§Jm_r Amho. Nw>nr 

~oH$marhr Amho. n`m©`r amoOJma g§Yr H$_r AgboZo ZmB©bmOmZo eoVr H$m_ H$aVmV. Ë`m§Mr nyU© j_Vm dmnaVm 

òV Zmhr. Aem {d{MÌ n[apñWVrV newnmbZ ì`dgm` ~oH$mar H$_r H$ê$ eH$Vmo. XyY CËnmXZm~amo~a Ë`mda 

à{H«$`m H$ê$Z Xhr, VmH$, bmoUr, Vyn Ago AZoH$ nXmW© V`ma H$aVm òVmV. `mV {ó`m§Mm _moR>m gh^mJ AgVmo. 

eoVr_Üò {ó`m§Mr _XV 35 Q>¸o$ Amho Va newnmbZmV 69 Q>¸o$ Amho. `m AWm©Zo newnmbZmgmBr amoOJma 

j_Vm _moR>r Amho. hm ì`dgm` 110 bmI bmoH$m§Zm _w»` ì`dgm` d 90 bmI bmoH$m§Zm Xwæ`_ ì`dgm` åhUyZ 

H$m_ nwa{dVmo. 

4) eoVrbm A_yë` _XV : h[aVH«$m§VrZ§Va amgm`{ZH$ IVo, {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$ `m§Mm dmna Iyn dmT>bm. 

`m_wio eVrÀ`m CËnmXH$VobmM YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoV Amho. {edm` ì`mnmar nrH$m§Mr gmVË`mZo hmoUmar dmT>, 

eoVrbm ZwH$gmZH$maH$ R>aVo Amho. H$maU nyduÀ`m nrH$ nmbQ>m_wio eoVrÀ`m CËnmXH$eŠVrMo Z¡g{J©H$ OVZ hmoV 

hmoVo. Vo gÜ`m ~§X Pmbo. åhUyZM gÜ`m g|{Ð` eoVr, gXmh[aV eoVr d {Za§Va eoVrMm AmJ«h Yabm OmVmo. 

newnmbZm_wio eoVrbm eoUIV {_iVo. Jwam§À`m hmS>m§Mm Mwam ho CÎm_ IV R>aVo. `m§À`m dmnam_wio 

O_rZrMr CËnmXH$Vm ñdm^m{dH$nUo {Q>H$Vo d amgm`{ZH$ IVmMm IM©hr dmMVmo. EH$m A§XmOmZwgma ^maVmV 

Xadfu 120 H$moQ>r Q>Z eoU {_iVo. Ë`mn¡H$s Ho$di 18 Q>¸o$ (21.5 H$moQ>r Q>Z) IV åhUyZ 33 Q¸o$ ganUmgmR>r 

dmnabo OmVo d ~mH$sMo dm`m OmVo. (__mo[a`m, nmZ 312). CO}Mm {dMma H$aVm ho 33 Q>¸o$ eoU (40 H$mo.Q>Z) 

4.6 H$moQ>rbm H$moiem~amo~arMo Amho. eoU dmnê$Z Jmo~a J°g g§`§Ìo MmbdyZ D$O}Mr _moR>r ~MV hmoD$ eH$Vo. 

5) XwYmMm nwadR>m : ~mbH$mgmR>r _mVoÀ`m XwYmZ§Va ""nyUm©Þ'' XoUmao Ago JmB©Mo XyY AgVo. JmB© 

åh¡erÀ`m XwYm_wio bmoH$m§À`m AmhmamMr JaO nyU© hmoVo. 

XwYmMo CËnmXZ gmVË`mZo dmT>V AgyZ 1950-51 _Üò Vo 1.7 H$moQ>r Q>Z hmoVo. Vo 2000-01 _Üò 8.06 

H$moQ>r Q>Z d 2009-10 _Üò 11.25 H$moQ>r Q>Z Pmbo. åhUOoM 60 dfm©V Vo 6.9 nQ> dmT>bo. VgoM XaS>moB© 

X¡Z§{XZ CnbãYVmhr 124 J«°_dê$Z 263 J«°_ Pmbr. {deof åhUOo `m H$mimV Xw½YmoËnmXZ gw_mao 7 nQ> dmT>bo. 

_mÌ X¡Z§{XZ XaS>moB© XyY CnbãYVm Ho$di 2 nQ>rnojm WmoS>r OmñV dmT>br. bmoH$g§»`mdmT>r_wio Ago KS>bo. 

6) eoVr_Yrb H$m_o d dmhVyH$ : \$ma nydunmgyZ eoVrH$m_ d dmhVwH$sgmR>r neweŠVrMm dmna hmoVmo. 

~¡b, aoS>o d H$mhr ^mJmV åh¡erMmhr dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. _ohZVrMo gmYZ åhUyZ dmnabo OmVo. eoVrÀ`m 

AmYw{ZH$sH$aUm_wio {MÌ ~Xbbo d Q´>°ŠQ>a eoVr H$m_o d dmhVwH$sgmR>r dmnamV Ambm. _mÌ Ë`mMo ^mS>o, B§YZ 

IM© `m_wio EHy$U IM© dmT>bm. {edm` àXwfUmV â nS>Vo Amho. eoVH$è`m§Mo namdb§~Z dmT>Vo Amho. 

VmËn`©, neweŠVr hr Iè`m AWm©Zo J«m_rU ^maVmMo YZ (g§nVr) Amho. dmOdr AmYw{ZH$sH$aU H$ê$Z 

newYZmMm n`m©á dmna Ho$ë`mg {Za§Va {dH$mgmbm Vr \$ma _moR>r _XV H$aob. 

22

2.1.2 IV) newYZmMr gÜ`:pñWVr Am{U g_ñ`m : 

newg§»ò_Üò ^maVmMm OJmV n{hbm H«$_m§H$ AgyZ OmJ{VH$ newg§»òÀ`m 17 Q>¸o$ ho à_mU Amho. _mÌ 

Xa new_mJo CnbãY MamD$ O_rZ gdm©V H$_r Amho. Am°ñQ´>o{b`m, S>oÝ_mH©$ d H$mhr `wamo{n`Z Xoem_Üò MamD$ 

nwaoer AgboZo VoWo new§Mr H$m`©j_Vm d XwY XoÊ`mMr j_Vmhr OmñV Amho. OmJ{VH$ newg§»ò_Üò ^maVmMm 

{hñgm nwT>rbà_mUo Amho. åh¡er 50 Q>¸o$, JmB©-~¡b 20 Q>¸o$, ~H$è`m d _|T>çm 20 Q>¸o$. 2003 _Üò ^maVmVrb 

ney§Mr g§»`m 48.5 H$moQ>r hmoVr Vr 2007 _Üò (18 dr newJUZm) 52.97 H$moQ>r Pbmr hmoVr. 

J«m_rU AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m {dH$mgmV eoVrà1_mUoM newYZ _hÎdnyU© `moJXmZ XoD$ eH$Vo. AZoH$ Xoem_Üò 

eoVr d g§~§YrV joÌm§À`m CËnÞmV, newg§dY©ZmMm {hñgm dfm©Zwdf} Cƒ nmVirda (50 Q>¸o$ nojm OmñV) H$m`_ 

Amho. Z¡g{J©H$ AZwHy$bVm Agboë`m S>oÝ_mH©$, Zm°d}, ñdrS>Z `m Xoem§_Üò Va Vmo 75 Q>¸o$ Vo 85 Q>¸o$ Amho. 

^maVm_Üò _mÌ newg§dY©ZmÀ`m CËnÞmMm {hñgm ~amM H$_r Amho. Ë`m§Mr H$maUo d newg§dY©ZmÀ`m 

g_ñ`m nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV. 

1) ImÚmMr H$_VaVm : _mZdmà_mUoM àmÊ`mgmR>r gH$g d nwaoem AmhmamMr JaO AgVo. Vr AnyU© 

am{hë`mg Ý`yZnmofU, Hw$nmofU AmT>iyZ òVo. n[aUm_V: ^madmhÿ àmÊ`m§Mr H$m`©j_Vm H$_r hmoVo, Va XyY 

XoUmè`mnmgyZ H$_r CËnmXZ {_iVo. ^maVmVrb CnbãY Mmam EHy$Z JaOoÀ`m 60 Q>¸o$ EdT>mM Amho. eoVr 

CËnmXZmVrb Cd©[aV ^mJ newImÚm AgVmo. CXm. ÁdmarMm H$S>~m, gÜ`m gmo`m~rZMo Hw$Q>ma d CgmMo nmMQ> 

ho ImÚ Amho. nydu JwamgmR>r _wÔm_ Mm§Jë`m Mmè`mMr bmJdS> Ho$br OmV Ago. na§Vw gÜ`m ì`mnmar hoVy_wio 

O_rZrMm OmñVrV OmñV Cn`moJ nrH$mgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo. nS> O_rZrV d amZmV CJdUmao JdV hmhr Mm§Jbm 

Mmam AgVmo. ~mOmamV newImÚ {_iVo Vo _w»`V: XyY XoUmè`m OZmdamgmR>r dmnaVmV. gaH$s qH$dm T>on hr 

AmVm _hmJmB©_wio Šd{MVM {Xbr OmVmV. 

~hþVm§e bmoH$ Jwam§Zm MamB©gmR>r amZm_Üò _moH$io ImoXVmV. VoWrb JdV ho ImÚ nU gmR>çmV ~è`mn¡H$s 

AgVo. nU {S>g|~a Vo Owb¡ Ë`mMm VwQ>dS>m AgVmo. Joë`m nÞmg dfm©V JmOa JdVmMr A\$mQ> dmT> Pmbr. 

newgmR>r Vo {Zén`moJr Amho. {edm` Ë`m_wio BVa JdV H$_r nS>Vo. 

`m EHy$U n[apñWVr_wio new§Zm gH$g d nwaogo ImÚ Z {_imë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr H$m`©j_Vm KQ>Vo. Xw~©b 

newnmgyZ hmoUmao àOZZhr Xw~io, amoJJ«ñV d H$_r n«{VH$ma eŠVr Agbobo {ZnOVo. gmam§e, newg§»ò~m~V 

^maV àW_ H«$_m§H$mda Agbm Var gj_ ney§Mr g§»`m H$_rM Amho. Ë`m_wio ho newYZ J«m_rU ì`ŠVtÀ`m 

CËnÞmV nwaoer â Q>mHy$ eH$V Zmhr, AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m {dH$mgmVhr n`m©á `moJXmZ XoD$ eH$V Zmhr. 

2) Anwar {ZJm : H$moUË`mhr ì`dgm` ì`dñWmnZ, ì`dpñWV Ho$bo VaM èñdr hmoVmo. ñdV§Ì 

Xw½Yì`dgm` H$aUmao bmoH$ OZmdam§Mr ~arM H$miOr KoVmV. na§Vw OmoS> ì`dgm` åhUyZ H$aUmao bmoH$ 

OZmdam§Mr Mm§Jbr {ZJm R>odV ZmhrV. MaÊ`mgmR>r Jwao _moH$ir gmoS>Uo ho Ë`mMoM CXmhaU Amho. ^Q>H§$Vr_Üò 

Ë`m§Mr Or eŠVr IM© hmoVo Ë`m_mZmZo Ë`mZm Mmam H$_rM {_iVmo. H$mhr doim nm°{bWrZ gmaIo ZwH$gmZH$maH$ 

nXmW©hr Ë`m§À`m nmoQ>mV OmVmV. 

23

gÜ`m ÁdmarMm H$S>~mhr Xw{_©i Pmbm Amho d V`ma newImÚhr OmñV qH$_Vr_wio nwaogo {Xbo OmV Zmhr. 

VgoM OZmdam§À`m gd©gmYmaU amoJm~m~VMr J«m_ñWm§Zm emór` kmZ ZgVo. Ë`m_wio nwÝhm Xwb©j hmoVo. neyMm 

XdmImZo, Ë`mMr Am¡fYo, new {d_m BË`mXrMr IoS>çm_Üò Iyn H$_VaVm Amho. eoVH$è`m§À`m CËnÞmV 

{ZpíMVnUo â Q>mHy$ eH$Umè`m `m ì`dgm`mH$S>o hmoUmao ho Xwb©j \$ma J§^ra Amho. 

3) àOZZmMr n[apñWVr : IoS>çm_Üò newd¡ÚH$s` gmo`r-gw{dYm \$maM H$_r AmhoV. Jwhm_Üò 

Mm§Jbr àOmoËnÎmr hmoÊ`mgmR>r {ZamoJr d geŠV diy d aoS>o Amdí`H$ AgVmV. Ë`m§Mr g§»`m IynM H$_r 

AgboZo àmá n[apñWVrV Oo àOZZ Ho$bo OmVo Vo ~hþYm geŠV ZgVo. n[aUm_V: newg§»`m dmT>Vo nU Ë`m 

à_mUmV `moJXmZ dmT>V Zmhr. {edm` newn¡Xmg H|$ÐmMr J«m_rU ^mJmV H$_VaVm AgboZo H¥$Ìr_ aoVZmÛmao àOZZ 

H$aÊ`mdahr _`m©Xm nS>VmV. 

4) amoJm§Mm àmXw^m©d : Ý`yZnmo{fV Jwam§Mr à{VH$maeŠVr H$_r AgboZo Ë`m§À`mda amoJm§Mo AmH«$_U 

bdH$a hmoVo. ~è`mMXm Vo _¥Ë`w_wIr nS>VmV. Anwao ImÚ d AdOS> H$m_, A`mo½` {ZJm, d¡ÚH$s` gmo`tMr 

H$_VaVm, JmoQ>çm_Yrb AñdÀN>Vm BË`m{X H$maUm§_wio {d{dY amoJm§Mm àmXw^m©d hmoVmo. nmÌwar, Vm|S>Iwar, 

KQ>gn©, {Zb{Oìhm gm§g{J©H$ J^©nmV BË`mXr amo KmVH$ R>aVmV. `m_Üò Vo {ZH$m_r hmoVmV qH$dm Ë`m§Mm _¥Ë`y 

AmoT>dVmo. 

5) {ZH$m_r Jwam§Mm n«íZ : Hw$nmofU, AnKmV, {d{dY amoJ, dmT>bobo d` BË`m{X_wio AZoH$ ney {ZH$m_r 

hmoVmV. AmYrM Anwar {ZJm d ImÚ AgVmZm Aem {ZH$m_r newH$S>o OmñVM Xwb©` hmoVo. H$mhr doim Ë`m§Zm 

_moH$mQ> gmoSy>Z {Xbo OmVo. Vr Z¡g{J©H$ _¥Ë`w òB©n`ªV X`Zr` pñWVr_Üò OJVmV. 

VmËn`©, ^maVmV newg§»`m gdm©{YH$ Agbr Var Ë`m§Mr pñWVr g_mYmZH$maH$ ZgboZo ho _hÎdnyU© 

g§gmYZ nwaogo `moJXmZ XoD$ eH$V Zmhr. gj_ OZmdao ZmhrV. åhUyZ `§ÌmMm dmna dmT>{dUo ho Ë`mdarb CÎma 

Zìho. `§ÌmMm IM© OmñV AmhoM {edm` B§YZ, YmVy `m g§gmYZm§Mm dmnahr A\$mQ> dmT>Vmo. åhUyZ newn¡Xmg 

`mo½` nÕVrZo H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr g§»`m _`m©{XV R>odUo, H$_r OZmdam§Mo `mo½` nmofU H$aUo d {ZJm amIUo hmM 

Ë`mdarb Iam Cnm` Amho. H$m_H$ar OZmdao {Od§VnUr _ohZV XomVV, eoUIV XoVmV. Ë`m§À`m _¥Ë`wZ§Vahr 

H$mVS>o, hmS>o, Ma~r {d{dY H$m_r (Cn`moJr) òVmV. Ë`m§Mr OmJm `§Ìo H$er KoUma ? 

eoH$S>mo EH$am§Mr YmaUjoÌo AgUmè`m XoemV `m§{ÌH$s eoVr Adb§{~Uo R>rH$ Amho. na§Vw ^maVmVrb bhmZ 

YmaU joÌmdarb H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ eoVr_Üò Vmo AZmR>m`r R>aob. emór` nÕVrZo newg§dY©Z H$ê$Z {Za§Va eoVrgmR>r 

Ë`m§Mm dmna d _moR>çm YmaU joÌmgmR>r `m§{ÌH$sH$aU hm _mJ© Cn`wŠV R>aob. 

2.1.2 V) newg§dY©ZmMo H¥${V H$m`©H«$_ / Cnm` : 

^maVm_Üò 60 dfmªÀ`m Am{W©H$ {Z`moOZmÀ`m H$mimV AmYw{ZH$ {d^mJmÀ`m {dH$mgmH$S>o {OVHo$ bj 

{Xbo {VVH$mM J«m_rU {dH$mg Xwb{j©V am{hbm. J«m_rU {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_m§Mr H$YrM H$_VaVm ZìhVr. na§Vw 

Ë`m§Mm bm^ eodQ>À`m ì`ŠVrn`ªV nwaogm nmohmoMbm Zmhr. n[aUm_V: ZmJar-J«m_rU {d^mJUr A{YH$ R>iH$ 

Pmbr. eoVr~amo~a newg§dY©Zhr, Am¡Úmo{JH$aU d `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmÀ`m H$mimV Xwb©{jV am{hbo Amho. Xw½Yì`dgm` 

24

d Hw$¸w$Q>nmbZ nwT>o Ambo na§Vw OmoS>Y§Xm åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m {dH$mgmH$S>ohr nwaogo bj {Xbo Jobo Zmhr. "A_yb' gmaIm 

èñdr ghH$mar Xw½Y d à{H«$`m àH$ën hm AndmXM hmo`. 

1) Xw½Y ì`dgm` newnmbZ d g§dY©Z `mgmR>r Oo H$m`©H«$_ gwê$ Ho$bo Ë`m§Mm _w»` â Xw½YmoËnmXZ dmT>rbm 

hmoVm. Ë`m_wio XwYmMm _hmnya (Operation flood) ~amM gmÜ` Pmbm. 

2) Jmoemim {dH$mg : Xw½Y CËnmXZ dmT>{dUo d `mo½` newn¡Xmg H$aUo `mgmR>r Jmoemim H|$Ðo gwê$ Ho$br. 

Ë`mdoir Ë`m§Mr g§»`m 424 hmoVr. àËòH$ Jmoiemio_Üò Mm§Jbo H$m_mMo geŠV ~¡b {ZnOrdÊ`mgmR>r 

gwYm[aV {ZnO{dbobo (Improved breeding) àmUr (diy) nwadbo OmV. Ë`m`moJo geŠV new d XwY CËnmXZ 

dmT>Uo Ano{jV hmoVo. g_mOmH$Sy>Z d _w»`V: M°[aQ>o~b Q´>ñQ>H$Sy>Z `mbm Mm§Jbm à{VgmX {_iob Anojm hmoVr. 

3) JmogXZ `moOZm : Xw~©b, AnKmVJ«ñV, d¥Õ d amoJJ«ñV newÀ`m XoI^mbrgmR>r hr `moOZm, Jwam§Mm 

gm§^mi d {dH$mg g{_VrZo (Cattle Preservation and Development Committee) 1948 _Üò gwê$ 

Ho$br. nS>rH$ O{_Zrda d amZm§À`m A§V^m©JmV Ë`m§Mr C^maUr Ho$br. new gwpñWVrV AgVmZm Amnë`mbm 

Cn`moJr nS>ob d Vo {ZH$m_r (d`ñH$a) Pmë`mda Ë`m§Zm _moH$mQ> gmoS>Uo qH$dm H$ÎmbImÝ`mV nmR>{dUo ho ^yVXòV 

~gV Zmhr. åhUyZ Jmog§XZmMr g§»`m dmT>{dUo Amdí`H$ Amho. 

4) gYZ new{dH$mg àH$ën : 1964-65 _Üò XyY CËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r ho àH$ën gwê$ Ho$bo. 

`m§Mo ñdê$n gd©g_mdoeH$ / n°Ho$O H$m`©H«$_mgmaIo Amho. newg§dY©Zmer {ZJS>rV gd© n¡byer Vo g§~§YrV AmhoV. 

gwYm[aV àOZZ, newImÚ {dH$mg, d¡ÚH$s` gw{dYm, H$m`©j_ ì`dñWmnZ d {dnUZ Aer AZoH$ H$m`} Ho$br 

OmVmV. ho àH$ën Ë`m§À`m joÌmVrb EH$ bmI Jm`r åh¡erÀ`m gdmª{JU {dH$mgmda bú` H|${ÐV H$aVmV Va 

Xwgè`m ~mOyZo XyY àH$ënm§À`m g§nH$m©V amhÿZ XyY CËnmXH$m§Zm ~mOmanoR> {_idyZ XoVmV. 

àma§^r Ago 22 àH$ën gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`mZ§Va 19 _Ü`dVr neydr`© Jmoim H$aUmar H|$Ðo 105 àmXo{eH$ 

H¥${Ì_[aË`m J^m©V dr`© ñWmnUmar H|$Ðo ñWmnZ Ho$brV. `m{edm` 1152 gmU à_wIm§Mr H|$Ðo (Stockmen 

centers) ñWmnZ H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m_m\©$V Xw½Y ì`dgm` {dñVma H$m`©H«$_, IwaQ>o ~¡b ~S>{dUo Am{U amoJmda 

{Z`§ÌU Aer H$m`} gd© àH$ënm_Üò gwé Ho$br. VgoM àH$ënm§VJ©V newZm g_Vmob ImÚ {_imdo åhUyZ Ë`mMm 

nwadR>m H$aÊ`mMr `moOZm AmIÊ`mMo R>a{dbo Amho. 

5) gm_mB©H$ g§gmYZo {dH$mg `moOZm : AmR>ì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZonmgyZ hr Cn`wŠV g§H$ënZm ê$T> 

hmoV Amho. ~hþg§»` eoVH$ar Aën^yYmaH$ AgboZo newImÚmMr ñdV§Ì bmJdS> H$aÊ`mBVH$s O_rZ Ë`m§À`mH$S>o 

ZgVo. ì`mnmarH$aUm_wio gd© O_rZ {nH$mgmR>rM dmnabr OmVo. Ë`m_wio newImÚmMr ì`dñWm hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. 

dñVwV: àËòH$ IoS>çm_Üò H$mhr gm_m{`H$ g§gmYZo AgVmV d Ë`mda g§nyU© g_wXm`mMr _mbH$s AgVo. CXm. 

MQ>mB© Hw$aUo, n{S>V O_rZ BË`mXr. Ë`m§Mm `mo½` {dH$mg Ho$ë`mg newImÚmMm àíZ gwQy> eH$Vmo. 1986-87 

_Üò Ago 14 H$moQ>r hoŠQ>a joÌ CnbãY hmoVo d Ë`mMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dbo hmoVo. 

6) J«m_ g_wh {dH$mg `moOZm : JmB©-åh¡etMr XyYj_Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r hr `moOZm gwê$ Ho$br. 

1973-74 _Üò {ZdS>H$ 621 J«m_g_whm_Üò Vr bmJy Ho$br. {Z`§{ÌV n¡Xmg, gH$g Amhma, H$m`©j_ 

25

ì`dñWmnZ, amoJ {Z`§ÌU d à{V~§YH$ Cnm`, Hw$aUm§Mm {dH$mg, XyY {dH«$sMr ì`dñWm BË`mqXÀ`m AmYmao 

newg§dY©Zmbm MmbZm {Xbr Jobr. 

7) IoS>çmgmR>r _w»` `moOZm (key village scheme) : amÁ` emgZmH$Sy>Z `m `moOZo_m\©$V newg§dY©Z 

H$m`©H«$_ am~{dbm OmVmo. H¥${Ì_ J^©YmaUm H|$Ðm`moJo àOZZmda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo ho H$m`© Ho$bo OmVo. Xwgè`m 

`moOZoZ§VaÀ`m Vk g{_VrZo nwT>rb H$mhr Cnm` gwM{dbo. Hw$aUmVrb MamB©da {Z`§ÌU R>odmdo, gr_m§V O_rZrda 

Mmam {nHo$ ¿`mdrV, ^mVm~amo~a AmirnmirZo Mdir, dmQ>mUm Aer {nHo$ ¿`mdrV, ^mOrnmbm gmR>{dÊ`mMm 

IÈ>m H$amdm Am{U JwaoMamB©Mo JdV {nH${dÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$è`m§Zm CÎmoOZ Úmdo. 

Xwgè`m `moOZo AIoan`ªV Aem 2000 `moOZm ñWmnë`m. 84791 Mm§Jë`m à{VÀ`m dmgam§Mr n¡Xmg 

Pmbr. `m{edm` 21 bmI H¥${Ì_ J^©YmaUm d gw`mo½` ~¡bm§À`mH$adr Z¡g{J©H$ godm H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. 5.7 

bmI ~¡b ~S>{dbo Jobo Am{U 83.4 bmI g§gJ©OÝ` amoJà{V~§YH$ bg Q>moMbr Jobr. 

8) BVa `moOZm : darb H$m`©H«$_m{edm` H|$Ð d amÁ` nmVirda nwT>rb H$m`©H«$_ gwê$ AmhoV. 

(A) newn¡Xmg d {dH$mg - H¥${Ì_ aoVZ H$m`©H«$_. 

(~) g_mOmVrb JaOy KQ>H$m§Zm AZwXmZmda Xw^Ë`m OZmdam§Mm nwadR>m. 

(H$) Xw^Ë`m OZmdamgmR>r ImÚmZwXmZ. 

(S>) OZmdam§À`m Amamo½`m~m~V g§~§{YVm§Zm à{ejU. 

(B) newnmbZ d ñd`§amoOJma `m~m~V J«m_rU VéUm§Mo CX²~moYZ. 

(\$) nyU© AZwXmZmda d¡aUrgmR>r {~`mUo dmQ>n `moOZm. 

(J) Zm__mÌ ewëH$ KoD$Z {d{dY newd¡ÚH$s` godm§Mm nwadR>m. (H¥¥${Ì_ aoVZ, eó{H«$`m, IƒrH$aU, 

bgrH$aU dJ¡ao) 

(_) JdV d Mmè`mÀ`m gwYm[aV OmVtMr {Z{_©Vr. 

(^) Mmam ~±H$ ñWmnZm (Mmam Xw{_©i H$mimV Cn`wŠV) 

(Z) new§À`m amoJmda n[aUm_H$maH$ {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r gw_mao 6000 é½Umbò d XdmImZo ñWm{nbr 

Jobr. 

(a) new§À`m g§gJ©OÝ` amoJmdarb Cnm` åhUyZ Cn`wŠV AgUmè`m bgrMo CËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ`mV Ambo 

Amho. 

newYZmÀ`m {dH$mgm~m~V YmoaU {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mMm n{hbm à`ËZ am°`b H${_eZ Am°Z A°J«rH$ëMaZo 

(RCA, 1928) Ho$bm. Va Z°eZb H${_eZ Am°Z A°J«rH$ëMaZo (NCA, 1976) newYZ {d^mJmMo ì`mnH$ narjU 

Ho$bo. 

26

n{hë`m H$mhr `moOZm_Üò newYZmÀ`m {dH$mgmH$S>o bj {Xbo Jobo Zmhr. AmR>ì`m `moOZonmgyZ Jwam§À`m 

amoJm§Mo {Z`§ÌU gwê$ Pmbo. 

newYZm~m~VMo YmoaU (Owb¡ 2000) hm amï´>r` eoVr YmoaUmMmM EH$ ^mJ Amho. new CËnmXZ Am{U Mmam 

{nHo$ d PmS>o `m§Mr CËnmXZj_Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` V§ÌkmZmMm dmna Ho$bm OmV Amho. AmYw{ZH$ V§Ì dmnê$Z 

à{H«$`m, ~mOmanoR> Am{U dmhVyH$ gmo`r `m_Üò gwYmaUm Ho$br OmV Amho. 

VgoM newYZ, Xw½Yì`dgm` d Hw$¸w$Q>nmbZ Aem ì`dgm`m_Üò ghH$mambm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo OmV Amho. 

darb {d{dY H$m`©H«$_ d YmoaUo `m_wio newg§dY©Zm_Üò JwUmË_H$ ~Xb hmoVmo Amho. na§Vw eoVrgmo~V 

OmoS>Y§Xm OoWo Amho VoWo hm ~Xb H$_r AmT>iVmo. 

Am{W©H$ gìh}jUmÀ`m (2011-12) _Vo, {Zîà^ n¡Xmg H$m`©H«$_ `mo½` ImÚmMr AnyU©Vm d H$_r 

H«$èŠVr, Anwar newd¡ÚH$s` g§aMZm, dmhVwH$ AS>MUr, à{H«$òVrb AS>MUr BË`mXr H$maUm_wio newYZmMm 

n`m©á dmna eŠ` Pmbobm Zmhr. {edm` A§_b~OmdUr `§ÌUoVrb {d{dY Xmoe ho hr EH$ H$maU AmhoM. 

VgoM ^maV gaH$ma, amÁ` gaH$mao d H|$Ðem{gV àXoe `m gdmªZr {_iyZ \$ŠV newYZmda IMm©gmR>r 

2002-03 _Üò 506 H$moQ>r én`m§Mr VaVyX Ho$bobr hmoVr nU Ë`mn¡H$s 371 H$moQ>r é. àË`j IM© Pmbm. 

Ë`mMà_mUo 2005-06 _Üò 909 H$moQ>r é. VaVyX hmoVr d àË`jmV 821 H$moQ>r é. IM© Pmbm. VgoM 2009- 

10 _Üò 607 H$mo. é. Mr VaVyX Ho$br hmoVr _mÌ IM© 507 H$mo. é. Pmbm. `m gd© dfm©_Üò newYZmgmR>r 

Ho$boë`m VaVwXrMm nyU© dmna Ho$bm Jobm Zmhr. hr ~m~ I{MVM `mo½` Zmhr. 

2.1.2 VI) new {d_m : 

^maVmÀ`m J«m_rU AW©ì`dñWoV ney§Mo _hÎd dmXmVrV Amho. _mÌ Ë`m§Mr n[apñWVr g_mYmZH$maH$ Zmhr. 

Vo AeŠV, H$_r H$m`©j_, amoJJ«ñV Agbobo AmT>iVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mVrb _¥Ë`wXa OmñV Amho EImXm ~¡b, 

Jm`, åh¡g _¥Ë`w nmdë`mg eoVH$è`m§Mo _moR>o ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. `mgmR>r new{d_m `moOZm AË`mdí`H$ R>aVo. 

O_©Zr, \«$mÝg, BQ>br_Üò Vr {Z`{_V Amho. na§Vw ^maVm_Üò nrH$ dr_m Am{U new {d_m ~amM H$mi 

Xwb©{jV hmoË`m. 

`m~m~VÀ`m {à`moiH$a g{_VrZo (1948) {e\$maer Ho$ë`m hmoË`m. 1993-94 _Üò ^maV gaH$maZo 

OZab B§í`waÝg H$m°nm}aoeZ Am°\$ B§{S>`m_m\©$V new{d_m `moOZm gwê$ Ho$br. Xadfu gmYmaUV: 1.9 Vo 2.0 H$moQ>r 

OZmdam§Mm dr_m H$mT>bm OmVmo. 131 Vo 145 H$moQ>r é. hám O_m hmoVmo d Xo` a¸$_ 72 Vo 95 H$moQ>r é. AgVo. 

2005-06 _Üò àMbrV `moOZm {ZdS>H$ 100 {Oëøm_Üò gwê$ Ho$br. `m A§VJ©V 2006-07 Vo 2010 n`ªV 

20.63 bmI Jwam§Mm {d_m H$mT>bobm hmoVm. 

2.1.2 VII) ^{dî`H$mbrZ Ñ{ï>H$moZ : 

newnmbZmgmR>r Ho$di ZdrZ V§ÌmMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z MmbUma Zmhr Va Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ gm_m{OH$ 

g§ñWm g§KQ>Zm C^maUr H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo Omio {dUbo Jobo nm{hOo. Mmam Q>§MmB©Mr g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r "Mmam 

27

ZdrZ CnH«$_ àH$ën' (Fodder Innovation Project) à`ËZerb Amho. gm_wXm{`H$ g§gmYZm_Üò (Hw$aUo, nS> 

O_rZ) g§ñWmË_H$ ì`dñWm Ho$ë`mg newYZmgmR>r ânya Mmam d nmUr CnbãY hmoVo, Agm AZw^d Amho. 

(amhÿb MVwd}Xr d g§O` Omoer n¥ð> 26). 

AmYw{ZH$ CËnmXZ nÕVr, ñWm{ZH$ {dnO nÕVr_Üò Xwb©j H$aVo. ñWm{ZH$ {ZnO hr dmVmdaU d 

eoVH$è`m§À`m gamdmer OwiUmar AgVo. Varhr Mm§Jbr {ZnO hmoÊ`mgmR>r CÎm_ XOm©Mm Mmam d {ZdS>H$ {ZnO 

(breeds) Amdí`H$ R>aVo. ^maVmVrb newYZ gm§^miUmè`m ór`m§Zm Ago AmT>iyZ Ambo H$s newYZmMr naXoer 

{ZnO H$aÊ`mEodOr, ñWm{ZH$ {ZnO_Üò gwYmaUm H$aUo hm `mo½` n`m©` Amho. 

newYZm_wio dmVmdaU Xy{fV hmoVo Ago _mZyZ Ë`m§Zm JwÝhoJma R>a{dbo OmVo. Varhr newYZm_wio O{_ZrMm 

nmoV gwYmaÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. VgoM ~hþg§»` Jar~ ^maVr`m§À`m Cn{O{dHo$Mo Vo à_wI gmYZ Amho. 

ZdrZ YmoaUmMr JaO : ^y{hZ, Aën^yYmaH$ d gr_m§V eoVH$ar _w»`V: gm_wXm{`H$ g§gmYZmdaM 

Adb§~yZ AgVmV. O§Jb {d^mJmÀ`m YmoaUm_wio Ë`m§Zm Ìmg hmoVmo. Jar~m§Zm AZwHy$b YmoaUmÀ`m A^mdr Aer 

gm_m{`H$ g§gmYZo H$_r / Zï> hmoÊ`mÀ`m _mJm©da AmhoV. Ordemó {d{dYVm n[afXoÀ`m (Convention on 

Biological Diversity) ñWm{ZH$ g_wXm` hmM Aem g§nÎmrMm Iam ajH$ AgVmo. Ë`m§Zm eoVH$è`m§Zm nyU©V: 

gm_rb H$ê$Z KoVbo nm{hOo. 

EH$sMo, gm_wXm{`H$ à`ËZ Am{U bmoH$m{^_wI à{H«$`m Cn{O{dHo$da CV_ n[aUm_ H$aUmar R>aVo ho {gÕ 

Pmbobo Amho. åhUyZM òUmè`m dfm©_Üò Aem àH$maMo à`ËZ _moR>çm à_mUmda gmVË`mZo Mmby R>odUo hmM _mJ© 

`mo½` hmo`. 

2.1.3 gmam§e : 

newYZ ho eoVr H$m_mgmR>r Cn`wŠV Amho. VgoM newYZmdaM XyY, _m§g d bmoH$a `mgmaIo OmoS>Y§Xo d nyaH$ 

ì`dgm` Adb§~yZ AmhoV. Ë`m_wio ^maVr` eoVrMm newnmbZ hm EH$ A{d^mÁ` ^mJM Amho. XoemV OJmVrb 

EHy$U newYZmn¡H$s gVam Q>¸o$ newYZ AgyZ XoemÀ`m Xoem§VJ©V T>mo~i CËnmXZmÀ`m 6.5 Vo 7 Q>¸o$ newYZmMm 

{hñgm Amho. Ë`m_wio newYZmÀ`m g_ñ`m d ^mdr H$mimVrb dmQ>Mmb g_OmdyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. 

2.1.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX : 

GDP - Gross Domestic Product 

{ZnO - dmU (breeds) 

2.1.5 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ : 

(A) dñVw{ZîR> àíZ (`mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>Uo) 

1) ^maVmV OJmVrb EHy$U newYZmn¡H$s ............. Q>¸o$ newYZ Amho. 

(A) 17 (~) 18 (H$) 19 (S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr 

2) ^maVmÀ`m ñWyb Xoem§VJ©V CËnmXZm (Gross Demostic Product) _Yrb newYZmMm {hñgm 

2004-05 _Üò ............. Q>¸o$ hmoVm. 

28

(A) 7.2 (~) 1.2 (H$) 4.5 (S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr 

3) XoemVrb newYZmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r gaH$maZo gdm©V àW_ 1928 _Üò ............. g{_Vr 

Zo_br. 

(A) _ohVm g{_Vr (~) ^Ýgmir g{_Vr (H$) eoVrdarb am°`b g{_Vr (S>) `mn¡H$s 

Zmhr 

4) 1976 _Üò XoemVrb newYZmMr gÚ:pñWVr d g_ñ`m `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r ............. 

Am`moJ Zo_bm. 

(A) amï´>r` Am`moJ (~) amï´>r` eoVr Am`moJ (H$) _ohVm Am`moJ (S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr 

5) ............. H$m`©H«$_ XoemVrb newYZ {dH$mgmgmR>r gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. 

(A) amoOJma H$m`©H«$_ (~) B§{Xam Amdmg `moOZm (H$) Jmoemim {dH$mg (S>) `mn¡H$s 

Zmhr 

(~) dñVw{Zð> n«íZ (MyH$ H$s ~amo~a gm§JUo) 

1) newYZ ho J«m_rU AW©ì`dñWoMm H$Um Amho. 

2) OJmVrb EHy$U newYZmn¡H$s gVam Q>¸o$ newYZ ^maVmV Amho. 

3) newYZ hm ^maVmV eoVrbm nyaH$ ì`dgm` Amho. 

4) new ì`dgm` XoemV J«m_rU ~oH$marda Cnm` R>ê$ eH$Vmo. 

5) ^maVmV new {d_m _moR>çm à_mUmda CVa{dbm OmVmo. 

2.1.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` : 

(A) {XKm}Îmar àíZ : 

1) ^maVmVrb newYZmMo AW©ì`dñWo_Yrb _hÎd ñnï> H$am. 

2) XoemVrb newYZmMr gÚ:pñWVr gm§Jm. 

3) ^maVmVrb newYZmMr àJVr ñnï> H$am. 

4) ^maVmVrb newYZmÀ`m g_ñ`m d Cnm` ñnï> H$am. 

5) newYZ åhUOo H$m`? XoemVrb newYZmMo _hÎd ñnï> H$am. 

(~) bKwÎmar àíZ (Q>rnm) 

1) newYZmMo àH$ma 

2) newYZmMo _hÎd 

3) newYZmÀ`m g_ñ`m 

29

4) newYZmÀ`m g_ñ`m Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cnm``moOZm 

5) XoemVrb newYZmMr gÚ:pñWVr 

2.1.7 ñd`§ AÜ``Z dñVw{Zð> àíZm§Mr CÎmao. 

(A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>Uo. 

1) A 2) A 3) H$ 4) ~ 5) H$ 

(~) {dYmZ MyH$ H$s ~amo~a gm§JUo. 

1) ~amo~a 2) ~amo~a 3) ~amo~a 4) ~amo~a 5) MyH$ 

2.1.8 joÌr` H$m`©o : 

Amnë`m {d^mJmVrb newYZmMr JUZm H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr Cn`wŠVVm, g_ñ`m d Ë`mdarb Cnm` `m§Mm Aä`mg 

H$am. 

2.1.9 g§X^© J«§W : 

1. Bansil, P. C. : "Animal Husbondry and Dairying" Agricultural problems of India, PP 

395-423. 

2. Chennakrishnan P. : (2011), "Diary Industry and Rural India." Published in : A Jornal of 

Agricultural and Rural Development, October 2011, vol. 38. No. 10, Edited by Dr. N. 

Mahalingam. 

3. Datt Ruddar and Sundharam K.P.M. : (2008) "Indian Economy", Fifty-seventh Edition, 

Published by S. Chand and Company Ltd. Ramnagar, New Delhi - 110055. 

4. Kathiravan, G. and Selvam S. : (2011), "Analysis of Construints to livestock production 

in Tamilnadu", Published in Indian Journal of Animal Research, Vol. 45, No. 1, 2011, 

Agricultural Research Communication Centre, March 2011, Edited by Ahlawat S.P.G. 

5. H${d_§S>i {dO`, ""H¥$fr Am{U J«m_rU AW©emó'', lr. _§Joe àH$meZ, ZmJnya, n¥ð> Z§. 453-469. 

6. Khatke D. R. "Economics of sheep and Goat rearing in Maharashtra" (unpublished 

Ph.D Thesis), Shivaji University, Kolhapur. 

7. Koul, Divy Ninad, Omprakash, M. D. Shukla Gopal and Chakravarty Sumit : (2011), 

"Improvement in livestock status through soil and water conservation : case of Two 

semi - Arid Districts of Madhya Pradesh in India" Published in Indian Journal of Animal 

Research, Vol 45, No. 2, 2011, June 2011. 

8. Lekhi R.K and Singh Joginder : (2008), "Livestock Enterprises in India," in the book, 

"Agricultural Economics (An Indian perspective) Sixth Revised Edition, Published by 

30

Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, Rajinder Nugar, 141008. 

9. Livestock for sustainable livelihoods, Lesia India, March 2010, PP 4-5. 

10. Mamoria C. B. "Animal Husbandry Dairying and fisheries, in the book, Agricultural 

problems of India, Published by Kitab Mahal, Allahabad, PP 318-353. 

11. Planning Commission : (2011-12), 3-3 Disaggregated Public Sector Outlays / 

Expenditure under Agriculture and Allied Activities", Statement 13, Expenditure Budget 

Vol. 1, State Plan Division, P.C. 

12. www.agri.coop.nic.in / Annual / report 2010-11 / Ar - pdf. "Agricultural Trade" Ministry 

of Agriculture and Cooperation, Government of India. 

13. www.agricultural Department, Government of India, (2010-11), "Production of Milk, 

Eggs, Meat and wool," Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries. 

14. www.nddb.org / statistical / population, india, (2012), "Livestock Population in India by 

Species", last updated Feb, 29, 2012, Source : livestock censuses Department of Animal 

Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Ministry of Agricultural GOI. 

15. www.agropedia,iitk.ac.in /? g = node / 7742. 

16. www.commerce. nic.in / publications / annual report. pdf 2010-11 / Appendix / 20 / 

202 pdf. 

17. www.agri.coop.nic.in / SIA 111213312 pdf. 

www.eands.dacent.nic.in / latest 2006.htm. 

 

31





KQ>H$ H«$. : 3 

AmXmZo nwadR>m CÚmoJ : àJVr, g_ñ`m Am{U ^{dVì` 

(Inputs Supplying Industries : Progress, Problems and Prospects) 

3.3 `m§{ÌH$ gmYZo (Mechanized Implements) 

3.3.0 C{Ôï>o 

3.3.1 àmñVm{dH$ 

3.3.2 {df` {ddoMZ 

3.3.3 gmam§e 

3.3.2 I) eoVr `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMr H¥${VH$jm (Scope) 

A) gwYm[aV eoVr gmYZmMr Amdí`H$Vm 

~) gwYm[aV gmYZmgmR>r bmdÊ`mV òUmar H$gmoQ>r 

3.3.2 II) eoVr_Yrb `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMm AW©, ì`m»`m, d¡{eï>o 

3.3.2 III) eoVrÀ`m `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMo àH$ma 

3.3.2 IV) eoVr `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMr àJVr 

3.3.2 V) eoVr `§Ìo Am{U gwa{jVVm 

3.3.2 VI) eoVr `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMo \$m`Xo 

3.3.2 VII) ^maVmVrb _§X eoVr `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMr H$maUo 

3.3.2 VIII) ^maVmVrb eoVrÀ`m `m§{ÌH$sH$aUm_Yrb AS>MUr 

3.3.2 IX) eoVrVrb `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmV dmT> hmoÊ`mgmR>r Cnm``moOZm 

3.3.2 X) `mo½` _mJ© (Correct Approach) 

3.3.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX 

32

3.3.5 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ 

3.3.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` 

3.3.7 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao 

3.3.8 joÌr` H$m`© 

3.3.9 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© 

3.3.0 C{Ôï>o : 

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmg Imbrb ~m~tMr H$ënZm òB©b. 

1) ^maVr` eoVrVrb `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMo ñdê$n bjmV òB©b. 

2) ^maVr` eoVrVrb `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMr JaO bjmV òB©b. 

3) eoVrVrb `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMm AW© d ì`m»`m g_OmdyZ KoUo. 

4) eoVrVrb `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMo àH$ma g_OmdyZ KoUo. 

5) ^maVr` eoVrVrb `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMr AS>MUr, \$m`Xo d àJVr g_OmdyZ KoUo. 

3.3.1 àmñVm{dH$ : 

àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ ^maVr` bmoH$m§Mm ì`dgm` eoVr hmM Amho. OJmVrb 2/3 bmoH$ eoVr ì`dgm`mV 

AmhoV. ^maVm_Üòhr 68 Q>¸o$ bmoH$ IoS>çmV amhVmV d Ë`m§Mm à_wI ì`dgm` eoVr hmM Amho. XoemÀ`m amï´>r` 

CËnÞmV 18.55 Q>¸o$ dmQ>m eoVr CËnÞmMm AgyZ AW©ì`dñWoVrb Vo àmW{_H$ joÌ Amho. _hmË_m Jm§YtZr, 

""^maVr` eoVr hr ^maVr` bmoH$m§À`m Cn{O{dHo$Mo gmYZ Agë`m_wio eoVr hm ^maVmMm AmË_m Amho'' Ago 

åhQ>bo hmoVo. VgoM eoVrbm ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoMm H$Um åhQ>bo OmVo. 

XoemVrb Am¡Úmo{JH$ d godm joÌmMm {dH$mg hm ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo eoVr joÌmda Adb§~yZ Amho. XoemMr 

H$moUVrhr `moOZm Am{W©H$Ñï>çm èñdr hmoÊ`mmgR>r eoVr ì`dgm`mMr àJVr Amdí`H$ Amho. ^maVr` eoVrMo 

Img d¡{eï>ço åhUOo eoVr, hdm_mZmÀ`m doJdoJù`m àXoem_Üò {_iyZ 250 nojm OmñV doJdoJir {nHo$ KoVbr 

OmVmV. `m_Üò OJmVrb àJV Xoem_Üò KoVbr OmUmar 25 Vo 30 {nHo$ AmhoV. ^maVmÀ`m EHy$U {Z`m©Vr_Üò 

eoVr joÌmMm dmQ>m 15 Q>¸o$ AgyZ EHy$U H$m_Jmam§À`m 2/3 H$m_Jma eoVr joÌm_Üò Jw§Vbobo AmhoV. 

eoVr hdm_mZmMr AZwHy$b n[apñWVr Am{U g_¥Õ Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZo `m_wio ^maV nwT>rb {nH$m~m~V 

OJmVrb gdm©V _moR>m CËnmXH$ R>abm Amho. CXm. Am§~m, Zmai, Ho$ir, XwY d Xw½YOÝ` nXmW©, H$mOy, S>mir, 

Ambo, H$mir {_ar B. VgoM Vm§Xwi, Jhÿ, gmIa, H$mnyg, \$io d ^mOrnmbm `m~m~V OJmV XmoZ Z§~aMm 

CËnmXH$ Xoe Amho. 

33

^maVmMo AÞYmÝ`mMo CËnmXZ 1951-52 _Üò Ho$di 51 Xebj Q>Z hmoVo. Vo 2006-07 _Üò 

217.28 Xebj Q>Z d 2008-09 _Üò 230 X. Q>Z Pmbo. VgoM AmO AmnU AÞYmÝ`mÀ`m ~m~VrV 

ñd`§nyU© Pmbmo AmhmoV. na§Vw eoVrVrb dmagm h¸$ nÕVr_wio d bmoH$g§»òÀ`m KZVo_wio eoV O{_ZrMm AmH$ma 

(YmaUjoÌ) AË`§V bhmZ ~ZV Amho. 

^maVr` eoVr hr na§namJV eoVr nÕVrMr g_Obr OmVo d eoVrV na§namJV gmYZm§Mm Adb§~ Ho$bm 

OmVmo. 

eoVH$è`mH$Sy>Z dmnabr OmUmar hË`mao d gmYZo hr g§»òZo H$_r, AmH$mamZo bhmZ, OwZmQ>, Amo~S>-Ymo~S>, 

gmYrgwYr d AW©eyÝ` AmhoV. CXm. ~¡bm§Zr AmoT>md`mÀ`m bmoI§S>r Q>moH$ Agboë`m bmH$S>r Zm§Ja, h§Jm_mV {nHo$ 

H$mnUrgmR>rMr Iwano, {dio B. 

3.3.2 {df` {ddoMZ : 

`m KQ>H$m_Üò AmnU eoVrVrb `m§{ÌH$sH$aU, Ë`m§Mm AW©, ì`m»`m, àH$ma d ^maVmVrb `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMr 

àJVr, AS>MUr `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. 

3.3.2 I) eoVr `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMr H¥${VH$jm (Scope) : 

eoVr CËnmXH$Vo_Üò gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mMm _hÎdmMm _mJ© åhUOo eoVr `m§{ÌH$sH$aU hmo`. eoVrÀ`m 

`m§{ÌH$sH$aUm~m~V AZoH$ _wÔo _m§S>bo OmVmV. `m§{ÌH$sH$aUm_wio eoVrMr H$m_o doioda hmoVmV. Ë`m_wio {d{dY 

{nH$m§Mo OmñVrV OmñV CËnmXZ {_iVo. CXm. n§Om~_Üò Jhÿ noaUr Zmoìh|~aÀ`m n{hë`m n§YadS>çmV hmoVo. 

Ë`mZ§Va {db§~ Pmë`mg à{V AmR>dS>çmÀ`m {db§~mg Xa EH$ar 1.5 q¹$Q>b CËnmXZ H$_r nS>Vo. eoVrÀ`m AÝ` 

H$m_mgmR>rgwÕm hoM VÎd bmJy nS>Vo. n«ËòH$ H$m_ doiÀ`mdoir Z Pmë`mg eoVr CËnmXZ d CËnÞ `m XmoKmodahr 

à{VHy$b n[aUm_ hmoVmo. 

VgoM eoVr H$m_mgmR>r AMyH$Vm d XOm© hohr _hÎdnyU© AgVmV. _emJVrnmgyZ Vo nrH$ _iUrn`ªVMr 

gd© H$m_o Mm§Jë`m XOm©Mr d doioda Ho$ë`mg AmXmZmMr (Input) H$m`©j_Vm dmT>Vo Am{U ZwH$gmZrMo à_mU 

H$_r hmoVo. CXm. {~`m§Mr noaUr O_rZr_Üò `mo½` Imobrda, `mo½` A§Vamda, Amdí`H$ à_mUmV hmoUo d 

IVnwadR>çmMm `mo½` S>mog Amdí`H$ Ë`mM doir XoUo Aer H$m_o `§ÌoM (gmYZo) Mm§Jë`m nÕVrZo H$ê$ 

eH$VmV. _mÌ na§namJV nÕVrZo hr H$m_o Ho$ë`mg Ë`m§Mr H$m`©j_Vm KQ>Vo. 

Ë`m_wio ^maVmgma»`m na§namJV nÕVrZo eoVr Ho$br OmVo Ë`m {R>H$mUr eoVrÀ`m `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmV dmT> hmoUo 

Amdí`H$ R>aVo. VgoM gwYm[aV eoVr gmYZm§Mr MMm© nwT>rbà_mUo H$aVm òB©b. 

(A) gwYm[aV eoVr gmYZm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm 

(~) gwYm[aV gmYZmgmR>r bmdÊ`mV òUmar H$gmoQ>r 

(A) gwYm[aV eoVr gmYZm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm : eoVrVrb na§namJV gmYZm§À`m dmnam_wio eoVrMr 

_emJV d H$m_o Amdí`H$Voà_mUo `mo½` d Mm§Jbr hmoV ZmhrV. CXm. Imobda d {dñV¥VnUo O_rZ Zm§JaUo ho 

34

mH$S>r Zm§Jam_wio eŠ` hmoV Zmhr. VgoM EH$ hoŠQ>a O_rZ Zm§JaÊ`mgmR>r gmYmaUV: 10 {Xdg bmJVmV. 

gÜ`m Cƒ CËnmXZ {nH$m§À`m _iUr h§Jm_mMo doimnÌH$hr AË`§V Jw§VmJw§VrMo ~ZV Amho. 

eoVrVrb _moR>r d gImob Jw§VdUyH$ Am{U {d{dY {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ `m_wio eoVrVrb H$m_o g_mYmZH$maH$, 

XOm©Ë_H$ hmoUo Amdí`H$ ~Zbo Amho Am{U Vo gwYm[aV d H$m`©j_ `§ÌmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZoM eŠ` hmoUma Amho. 

VgoM eoVr _emJV, noaUrVrb ÌwQ>r, H${Zð> àVrMr {~`mUo, IV Q>§MmB© `m àH$maÀ`m {nH$ CËnmXZ KQ>{dUmè`m 

KQ>H$m~m~V gwYm[aV, H$m`©j_ d AÚmdV gmYZo Amdí`H$ Amho. AZwf§{JH$ ~m~ åhUOo Joë`m 40 dfmªV 

A{YH$ H$m`©j_ gmYZm§Mr {Z{_©Vr XoemVM hmoD$ bmJbr Amho. CXm. Q´>°ŠQ>a, \$dmaUr _maÊ`mMm n§n, {R>~H$ 

qgMZ gmYZo dJ¡ao. 

(~) gwYm[aV gmYZmgmR>r bmdÊ`mV òUmar H$gmoQ>r : ^maVmV gwYm[aV gmYZm§À`m dmnamgmR>r 

Imbrb AQ>r (H$gmoQ>r) nyU© H$amd`mg hì`mV. (1) A{e{jV eoVH$argwÕm dmnê$ eH$Vrb Ago gmYo d gmono 

`§Ì (gmYZ) hdo, (2) Ë`m§À`m {H$_Vr gm_mÝ` eoVH$è`m§À`m AmdmŠ`mVrb Agmì`mV, (3) H$R>rU n[apñWVr_Üò 

d dmVmdaUm_Üò eoVH$ar Vr gmYZo dmnaUma Agë`m_wio Vr ~iH$Q>, H$UIa Agbr nm{hOoV, (4) 

~¡bmÀ`m~amo~a dmnaÊ`mg `mo½` d dmhVwH$sg ghOgwb^ Aer Vr gmYZo AgmdrV, (5) J«m_rU ^mJmV XwéñV 

H$aVm òÊ`mgmaIr d ñWm{ZH$ ~mOmamV gwQ>o ^mJ {_iUmam Agm Ë`mMm AmamIS>m/aMZm Agmdr, (6) `mo½` 

àH$mao à`moJ H$ê$Z Ë`mMr emór`Ñï>çm MmMUr Ho$bobr Agmdr. 

3.3.2 II) eoVr_Yrb `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMm AW©, ì`m»`m d d¡{eîQ>ço : 

`m§{ÌH$ eŠVr eoVrV dmnaUo åhUOo `m§{ÌH$sH$aU hmo`. gm_mÝ`V: àmUr _mZdr l_ qH$dm Xmohm|À`m 

gmømZo Ho$br OmUmar eoVr H$m_o, `mo½` `§ÌmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo H$aUo åhUOo eoVrMo `m§{ÌH$sH$aU hmo`. `m_Üò 

eoVrMr _emJV, nrH$, H$mnUr d _iUr `§Ìo `m§MmM \$ŠV g_mdoe hmoVmo Ago Zmhr Va nmUr nwadR>çmgmR>r 

dmnaë`m OmUmè`m drOoÀ`m _moQ>mar d Am°B©b B§{OZo, _mb dmhVwH$sgmR>r dmnabr OmUmao Q´>°ŠQ>g©, Q´>Šg, à{H«$`m 

`§Ìo, Vob JmiÊ`mMo `§Ìo, H$mnyg d gaH$s doJir H$aÊ`mMo `§Ì, S>oAar ì`dgm`mVrb `§Ìo BË`mXrMm g_mdoe 

hmoVmo. 

eoVr `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMr ì`m»`m : eoVr `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMr ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo - 

1. ""eoVrMo `m§{ÌH$sH$aU qH$dm `m§{ÌH$ eoVr åhUOo _mZdr l_ Am{U newYZ `m§À`mEodOr qH$dm 

`m§À`mgh eoVrÀ`m H$m`m©V OoWo eŠ` Agob {VWo `§ÌmMm Cn`moJ H$aUo hmo`.'' - S>m°. ^Å>mMm`©. 

2. ""eoVrÀ`m na§namJV gmYZmEodOr (bmH$S>r Zm§Ja, Am¡Omao, ~¡bJmS>r, _moQ>, {dim-H$mo`Vm `m§Mm 

Cn`moJ B.) eoVrÀ`m EHy$U CËnmXZmV dmT> H$aÊ`mgmR>r {_Zr_Üò _mZdr eŠVr d newYZmEodOr OmñVrV OmñV 

`§ÌeŠVrMm Cn`moJ H$aUo åhUOo eoVr ì`dgm`mMo `m§{ÌH$sH$aU hmo`.'' - S>m°. J§JmYa H$m`Xo-nmQ>rb 

35

eoVrÀ`m `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMr d¡{eï>ço : 

1. eoVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r na§namJV CnH$aUmEodOr ZdZdrZ CnH$aUmMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. (CXm. Q´>°ŠQ>a, 

{dÚwV _moQ>a, hm°dñQ>a dJ¡ao) 

2. `m§{ÌH$sH$aUm_wio eoVr CËnmXZmÀ`m doJdoJù`m à{H«$òV `§ÌeŠVr d {dÚwVeŠVr `mMm dmna dmT>Vmo. 

3. `m§{ÌH$sH$aUm_wio _mZdr eŠVr d neweŠVrMm Cn`moJ _`m©{XV hmoVmo. 

4. `m§{ÌH$sH$aU _moR>çm AmH$mamÀ`m eoV O{_ZrV Cn`wŠV AgVo. 

5. ^maVr` eoVH$è`mOdi nwaogo ^m§S>db Zgë`mZo Ë`m§À`m dmnamda _`m©Xm òVmV. 

6. bhmZ AmH$mamÀ`m eoVm_Üò `m§{ÌH$ eoVr H$aVm òV Zmhr. 

3.3.2 III) eoVrÀ`m `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMo àH$ma : 

A) àËòH$ XoemVrb n[apñWVrZwgma eoVr `m§{ÌH$sH$aU ho ñnYm©Ë_H$ qH$dm nyaH$ AgUo Amdí`H$ 

AgVo. ^maVmgma»`m ({dH$gZerb) XoemV, {dnwb l_nwadR>m Agboë`m XoemV Vo nwaH$ Agob Va Xw{_©i 

l_nwadR>m Agboë`m XoemV Ë`m§Mo _mZdr l_mer ñnYm© H$aUo ho _hÎdmMo C{Ôï> Agob. 

`m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMo _w»`V: XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV. (1) eoVrMr gd© H$m_o `§ÌmÛmao H$aUo åhUOo Vo nyU© 

`m§{ÌH$sH$aU hmo` Va (2) eoVrMr OmoS>r H$m_o `§ÌmH$adr H$ê$Z KoUo åhUOo Vo AnyU© qH$dm A§eV: `m§{ÌH$sH$aU 

hmo`. 

^maV, MrZ, X{jU A_o[aH$m d Am{e`m, Am{\«$H$m I§S>mVrb AZoH$ XoemV _`m©{XV/ A§eV: `m§{ÌH$ 

eoVr AmT>iVo. H$maU VoWo {dnwb l_nwadR>m d Xwgè`m ~mOyZo O{_ZrMo bhmZ-bhmZ VwH$S>o, B§YZ Q>§MmB© d 

gmd©{ÌH$ Xm[aÐç AmT>iVo. 

VgoM eoVrV Cn`moJmV (dmnamV) Agbobr eoVr `§ÌmMo àH$ma nwT>rbn«_mUo - 

~) ^maVmV àm_w»`mZo dmnamV Agbobr eoVr `§Ìo : 

1. Q´>°ŠQ>a : bmH$S>r Zm§Ja, ~¡b, JmS>r `m§À`m{edm` eoVr H$aVm òVo. 

2. ~r noaÊ`mMo d IVo KmbÊ`mMo `§Ì : doJdoJir {N>Ðo Agbobo d EH$mMdoir ~r noaUr d IV 

KmbÊ`mMo `§Ì. 

3. nrH$ H$mnUr, _iUr `§Ì : nrH$m§Mr H$mnUr d _iUr `m XmoÝhr à{H«$`m H$aUmao `§Ì. 

4. \$dmaUr `§Ì : O§VwZmeH$, VUZmeH$ Am¡fYo `mo½` à_mUmV \$dmaUmao `§Ì, EImÚm {nH$mMm gbJ 

_moR>m ^mJ (joÌ) Agë`mg VoWo {d_mZmVyZhr Am¡fYo \$dmaUr Ho$br OmVo. 

`§Ì. 

5. drO _moQ>man§n, VobmMo B§{OZ : {d{harVyZ, ZXr/H$mbì`mVyZ nmUr IoMÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJr Agboboo 

36

6. D$g VmoS> `§Ì : D$g VmoSy>Z Ë`m§Mr âUr H$aUmao `§Ì. 

7. ^mVmMr nwZ©bmJU H$aUmao `§Ì : _wimgh ^mV amono CnQy>Z Vr XwgarH$S>o bmdUmao `§Ì. 

`m gd© `§Ìm§Mr XmoZ {d^mJmV {d^mJUr H$aVm òB©b. (A) IoMyZ ZoUmar `§Ìo. (~) AMb/pñWa `§Ìo. 

`m{edm` eoVrÀ`m `m§{ÌH$sH$aUm_Üò Imbrb gwYm[aV AdOmao _hÎdmMr AmhoV. Vr {d{dY {dÚmnrR>m§Zr 

{dH${gV Ho$br AgyZ Ë`m_Üò _amR>dmS>m H¥$fr {dÚmnrR>, naÛrMr ^y{_H$m _hÎdmMr Amho. Ë`m_Üò YgH$Q>o 

Jmoim H$aÊ`mMo `§Ì, e|Jm \$moS>Ur `§Ì, ~hþ{dY Am¡Oma dmhH$, IV d ~r noaUr `§Ì, ^wB©_yJ Q>moH$U `§Ì, Ðdê$n 

IV XoÊ`mMo `§Ì, ^wB©_yJ H$mT>Ur `§Ì, hmV H$moino, MmH$mMo hmV H$moiUo, Zm§Ja, IV H$moino, {dùim Iwano, 

~r d IV noaUr `§Ì BË`mXtMm {deof C„oI Ho$bm OmVmo. 

3.3.2 IV) eoVr `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMr n«JVr : 

A) AmYw{ZH$ eoVrMm EH$ _hÎdmMm ^mJ åhUyZ gÜ`m `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMm OJâ ñdrH$ma Ho$bm Jobm 

Amho. `m§{ÌH$seŠVr Am{U gwYm[aV eoVr AdOmao `m§Zr CnbãYVm hmoV AgyZ Ë`m§À`m dmnam_wio eoVrMr 

CËnmXH$Vm CÀM nmVirda ZoVm òVo. ho n§Om~ d h[a`mZm `m amÁ`mVrb AZw^dm_wio {gÕ Pmbobo Amho. 

^maV gaH$maZo, àËòH$ hdm_mZ{df`H$ H${Q>~§Y (Zone) amÁ`mgmR>r XrK©H$mbrZ `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMm 

S>mdnoM AmIÊ`mÀ`m g§X^m©V Ho$boë`m Aä`mgmZwgma Á`m amÁ`mV eoVr `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMr Mm§Jbr n«JVr Pmbobr 

Amho. VoWo _moR>m d bhmZ eoV_mbH$ (Aën^yYmaH$) Am{U ñdV:Mo Q´>°ŠQ>a, eoVr `§Ìo AgUmao, ZgUmao Aem 

gd©M eoVH$è`m§Zm `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMm \$m`Xm Pmbobm Amho, Ago AmT>ibo. VWm{n AZoH$ amÁ`m_Üò eoVr 

`m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMr àJVr AJXr _§X AgyZ ~r-{~`mUo, IVo, H$sQ>H$ZmeHo$ d nmUrnwadR>m BË`mXr ~m~r AZoH$ 

eoVH$è`m§n`ªV Amdí`H$VoZwgma nmohmoMboë`m ZmhrV. 

Q>o~b H«$. 1 

eoVr ì`dgm`mV `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMr dmQ>Mmb 

H«$. Vnerb 1956 1961 1970 1980 1986 2003 

1. Q´>°ŠQ>a (bj) 0.29 0.31 1.00 4.73 8.88 9.12 

2. 1 bj bmJdS>rImbrb NA 20 60 279 507 734 

O{_Zrda {H$Vr Q´>°ŠQ>a 

dmnabo? 

3. Vobmda MmbUmao n§n (bj) 1.23 2.30 NA 29 37.70 41.92 

37

4. 1 bj ñWyb bmJdS>r NA 151 NA 1957 2155 2412 

Imbrb O{_Zrda Vobmda 

MmbUmao {H$Vr n§n 

dmnabo Jobo. 

5. drOoda MmbUmao n§n (bj) 0.47 2.00 13.45 40.00 60.00 76.00 

6. 1 bj ñWyb eoVO{_Zr- NA 131 817 2286 3430 4240 

da MmbUmao n§n {H$Vr 

dmnabo Jobo. 

7. eoVrgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV Ambobr NA 5.5 23.0 71.0 140.0 183.0 

drO àVr ñWyb bmJdS>r 

Imbrb hOma hoŠQ>agmR>r 

g§X^© : S>m°. H$m`§Xo-nmQ>rb, J§JmYa {d. (2004), ""eoVrMo AW©emó {gÕm§V YmoaU'', M¡VÝ` npãbHo$eÝg, 

Zm{eH$-13, nmZ 3-37, 3-28. 

Q>o~b H«$. 1 dê$Z Ago ñnï> {XgVo H$s, eoVrMo `m§{ÌH$sH$aU dmT>V Amho. VWm{n Q´>°ŠQ>a dmnamda eoVrÀ`m 

Cn{d^mOZ d AnI§S>Zm_wio _`m©Xm òV AmhoV. {d{harVyZ nmUr CngÊ`mgmR>r {S>Pob B§{OZm§Mm dmna dmT>bm. 

na§Vw 1990 Z§Va drO n§nmMm Cn`moJ hmoD$ bmJë`mZo B§{OZo H$_r hmoD$ bmJbr. 1961 _Üò 1 bmI hoŠQ>a 

O{_Zr_Üò Ho$di 131 drO n§n hmoVo. Vo 2003 _Üò 4240 n`ªV dmT>bo. `mM H$mbI§S>mV VodT>çmM 

O_rZr_Üò Q´>°ŠQ>a g§»`m 0.31 nmgyZ 9.52 n`ªV dmT>br. 

Q´>°ŠQ>aMr _mJUr dmT>ë`mZo Q´>°ŠQ>a CËnmXZmda bj H|$ÐrV Ho$bo. VgoM nS>rH$ O_rZ bmJdS>`mo½` 

H$aÊ`mgmR>r H|${ÐV Q´>°ŠQ>a g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ Ho$br. AmYw{ZH$ eoVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1969 _Üò "ñQ>oQ> \$måg© 

H$mnm}aoeZ Am°\$ B§{S>`m'Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. eoVrÀ`m `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMr àmË`{jHo$ XmIdyZ eoVH$è`m§Zm àoaUm 

{Xbr OmVo. eoVr `§Ìo CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r H¥$fr CÚmoJ _hm_§S>io gd© amÁ`m_Üò ñWmnbr. 1969 _Üò 

J«m_rU {dÚwVrH$aU _hm_§S>i ñWmnbo. eoVH$è`m§Zm eoVr V§ÌkmZ XoÊ`mgmR>r, gw{e{jV `wdH$m§Zm H¥$fr godm H|$Ð 

ñWmnmdo åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mV Ambo. 

1956 _Üò eoVr ì`dgm`mV 10,700 Q´>°ŠQ>a dmnamV hmoVo. Va 1996-97 _Üò 1,91,000 Q´>°ŠQ>a 

Am{U nm°da Q´>oba 10,000 n`ªV dmT> Pmbr. VgoM 1960-61 _Üò 209 bmI _o. Q>Z IVo hmoVr Vr 1996- 

97 _Üò 164.5 bmI _o{Q´>H$ Q>Zn`ªV dmT>br. 

VgoM ^maVmVrb eoVr `§ÌmÀ`m CÚmoJmMo ñWmZ AmnUmg nwT>rbà_mUo Aä`mgVm òB©b. 

38

~) ^maVmVrb eoVr `§ÌmÀ`m CÚmoJmMo ñWmZ (Status) : ^maVmV `m§{ÌH$sH$aU eoVr_Üò dmT>V 

Amho. Ë`m_wio XoemVrb eoVrÀ`m `§Ìm§À`m CÚmoJmMo ñWmZ Imbrbà_mUo AmT>iVo. 

Q>o~b H«$. 2 

^maVmVrb eoVrÀ`m `§Ìm§À`m CÚmoJm§Mo ñWmZo (Status) 

gmYZ 

H$maImZXmam§Mr g§»`m 

eoVr Q´>°ŠQ>g© 13 

nm°da {Q>bg© 2 

AW©_yìhg© 3 

n§ßg 600 

pñàH§$ba goQ> 35 

S´>rn B{Q>JoeZ {gñQ>r_ 35 

ßb°Q> ào{Q>ŠeZ B¹$rn_|Q> 300 

H§$~mB©Ýg 48 

ardg© 60 

W«oeg© 6000 

grS> S´>rëg 2500 

ßb½O, H$ëQ>rìhQ>g© A±S> h±Q>moO² 5000 

Q´>°ŠQ>a nmQ>©g A±S> Agog[aO 546 

AW©_yìhtJ _{eZar A±S> nmQ>©g² 188 

{S>Pob Am°B©b B§{OÝg 200 

amB©g àmogoqgJ _{eZar 300 

ewJa Ho$Z H«$eg© 50 

Mm\$ H$Q>g© 50 

S>oAar A±S> \w$S> B§{S>pñQ´>O 500 

pìhboO H«$mâQ>g_Z 

1 Xebj 

g§X^© : http://agricoop.nic.in/farm%20March%, pdf/05024-04. Pdf Agricultural Machinery 

Industry in India pp 166 accessed on 15/07/2009. 

39

Q>o~b H«$.2 _Üò eoVr `§ÌmÀ`m CÚmoJm§Mo ñdê$n ñnï> Ho$bobo Amho. Ë`mZwgma Ago ñnï> {XgVo H$s, eoVr 

_emJV, nrH$m§Mr dmT>, nmUrnwadR>m, drO eŠVr B§{OZo eoV_mb à{H«$`m BË`mXr eoVrMr H$m_o d Xw½Y 

ì`dgm`mgmR>r bmJUmar {d{dY `§Ìo, Ë`m§Mo gwQ>o ^mJ (spare parts) {Z{_©VrMo AZoH$ CÚmoJ ì`dgm` ^maVmV 

ñWmnZ Pmbobo AgyZ eoVrÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Ë`mMm Mm§JbmM Cn`moJ hmoV Amho. `§ÌmMr XwéñVr d XoI^mbrgmR>rhr 

Hw$eb H$mam{Jam§Mr CnbãYVm hmoV Amho. 

3.3.2 V) eoVr `§Ìo Am{U gwa{jVVm : 

gwa{jV gmYZ{Z{_©Vr Am{U eoVrVrb AnKmV {H$_mZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cnm` `moOUo `mgmR>r Iar AmH$S>odmar 

hdr AgVo. åhUyZ 2004 Vo 2007 _Üò Vm_riZmSy>, npíM_ ~§Jmb dJ¡ao gmV amÁ`m_Yrb AZoH$ IoS>çm_Üò 

eoVr AnKmV gd}Ù Ho$bo Jobo. Ë`mZwgma EHy$U AnKmVm_Üò 30.5 Q>¸o$ eoVr `§Ìm_wio 34.09 Q>¸o$ AnKmV 

gmYZm_wio (tools) Am{U 35.5 Q>¸o$ AÝ` H$maUm_wio Pmbo Ago AmT>ibo. 

eoVr H$m_mVrb AnKmV KQ>{dÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rb gmYZo {dH${gV Ho$br. 

1) JdV, ^wgH$Q> H$mnUo d S>g {MaS>Uo `mgmR>r gwa{jV gmYZ. 

2) ^mV _iUr`§ÌmMm n°S>bda (nm`mZo MmbdUo) gwa{jV PmH$U. 

3) _moR>çm j_VoÀ`m _iUr`§Ìmg nÅ>m Am{U gmIir nÕVrZo _mb nwadUmar nÕVr. 

4) JVr{damoYH$ (brakes) d AÝ` gwa{jVVoMr d¡{eï>ço Agbobm Q´>°ŠQ>a, Q´>oba. 

5) di{dÊ`mÀ`m gwMZm (indicators) gh àH$me `moOZm Agbobo Q´>°ŠQ>a, Q´>oba. 

6) CKS>çm d Z{bH$m (Tube) {d{harda gwa{jV PmH$U. 

3.3.2 VI) eoVr `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMo \$m`Xo : 

1. _moR>çm à_mUmda eoVr H$aVm òVo. 

2. eoVr_Üò AZoH$ àH$maMr {nHo$ KoVm òVmV. 

3. EHy$U CËnmXZ dmTy>Z AÞYmÝ`mMr g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. 

4. `m§{ÌH$ eoVr_wio J«m_rU ^mJmMm {dH$mg hmoVmo. 

5. eoVH$è`m§À`m H$m`©j_VoV d H$m_ H$aÊ`mÀ`m JVr_Üò dmT> hmoVo. 

6. EHy$U CËnmXZ IM© H$_r hmoVmo. 

7. eoVH$è`mH$Sy>Z doioMr ~MV hmoVo d AZmdí`H$ doi d IM© Q>mibm OmVmo. 

8. eoVr ì`dgm`mMo ì`mnmarH$aU hmoD$Z eoVr ì`dgm`mÀ`m EHy$U CËnÞmV dmT> hmoVo. Ë`m_wio 

eoVH$è`mMo amhUr_mZ C§MmdVo. 

9. eoVrer g§~§{YV doJdoJù`m H$m`m©gmR>r newYZmMm Cn^moJ H$_r hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mdarb IMm©V 

~MV hmoVo. 

10. eoVr ì`dgm`mer g§~§{YV Z¡g{J©H$ O~m~Xmar H$_r hmoVo. 

40

3.3.2 VII) ^maVmVrb _§X eoVr `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMr H$maUo : 

lr. d_m©, qgJ Am{U {_Îmb `m§À`m Aä`mgmZwgma eoVrÀ`m `m§{ÌH$sH$aUm_Üò AgUmao AS>Wio nwT>rb 

{ef©H$mImbr _m§S>Vm òVrb. 

A) g§emoYZ {dH$mg Am{U MmMUr 

1) Adf©UJ«ñV Xm¡è`mgmR>r `mo½` gmYZo. 

2) bhmZ d gr_m§V eoVH$è`m§gmR>r noaUr, _iUrMr BË`mXrMr H$m`©j_ gmYZo. 

3) VU H$mT>Uo d IUUo `mgmR>r H$m`©j_ hmV gmYZo. 

4) ~mJ _emJVrÀ`m {\$aË`m `§ÌmgmaIo `§Ì Am{U {Ja{_Q> Zm§Ja. 

5) EH$mMdoir dm\$m V`ma H$ê$Z Ë`mV ~r noaUmao `§Ì. 

6) ^maV amono _wimgh H$mTy>Z XwgarH$S>o bmdU H$aUmao `§Ì. 

7) IVo {dpñVU©nUo ngê$Z Q>mH$Umao `mo½` gmYZ. 

8) h§Jm_m_Üò YmÝ` H$mnUrMo d ~m§YUr `§Ì. 

9) H$mnyg eoVrÀ`m `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMr gmYZo, CXm. bmJdS> H$aUo, ~m|S>o VmoS>Uo BË`mXr. 

10) D$g eoVrgmR>r bmJUmar `§Ìo CXm. H$m§S>r bmJU, Ðd YwgiÊ`mMo ^m§S>o BË`mXr. 

11) {d{dY Cn`moJr noaUr d amono bmJU `§Ìo. 

12) ^wgm doJim H$aÊ`mÀ`m gmYZmgh Agbobo Jhÿ, ^mV, _H$m, _iUrMo `§Ì. 

13) H$mnyg, D$g Aem C§M nrH$mda \$dmaÊ`mgmR>r \$dmaUr `§Ì d Yyi PmS>Ê`mMo gmYZ (duster) 

14) ^mOrnmbm d \$io `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmgmR>r Amdí`H$ gmYZo CXm. ^mOrnmbm gmR>dUrMm IÈ>m IUUmao 

gmYZ, \$im§Mm OmJ{VH$ XOm© R>a{dÊ`mgmR>rMo gmYZ BË`mXr. 

~) n¸$m _mb ~Z{dUo, gd© ZJ à_mU~Õ H$aUo Am{U XOm© {Z`§ÌU. 

gw_mao 300 g§ñWm eoVr `§Ìo d gmYZo V`ma H$aÊ`m_Üò Jw§Vboë`m AmhoV `m~m~V nwT>rb àíZ CX²^dVmV. 

1) gmYZm§Mm H${Zð> XOm© Am{U {Q>H$mD$nUm H$_r. 

2) XOm© {ZpíMVrÀ`m g§KQ>ZoMm (g§ñWoMm) A^md. 

3) à_mU~Õ AmamIS>m V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r CÎmoOZ {_iV Zmhr. 

4) g§ñWmZr H$_r XOm©Mr d YmoŠ`mMr gmYZo ~Zdy ZòV Ago ~§YZ KmbUmar H$moUVrhr H$m`Xoera 

Cnm``moOZm Zmhr. 

5) Oê$a Vr `mo½`Vm AgUmè`m B§{O{Zàm§Mr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br OmV Zmhr. 

6) CËnmXZ à{H«$`m Am{U gmYZo (hË`mao) `m_Üò AmYw{ZH$VoMm A^md. 

41

H$) eoVr gmYZm~m~VMo {ejU, à{ejU XoUo. 

1) eoVH$ar, Hw$eb H$mamJra, V§Ìk d J«m_rU H$mamJra `m§Zm XoÊ`mÀ`m Anwè`m gmo`r. 

2) Aën ìÒ XamZo H$O©nwadR>m d AZwXmZ _mJ© qH$_V KQ> H$ê$Z bhmZ d gr_§V eoVH$è`m§Zm gwYm[aV 

`§Ìgm_J«r dmnaÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` Vo àmoËgmhZ {Xbo OmV Zmhr. 

3) Q´>°ŠQ>a d eoVr gmYZm~m~V XwéñVr d godm gdbVtMm J«m_rU ^mJm_Üò Anwè`m gmoB©. 

4) Q´>°ŠQ>g©, {S>Pob, d§JU BË`mXrda A{V[aŠV A~H$mar H$a Am{U BVa H$a. 

5) bhmZ eoVH$è`m§Zm XO}Xma gmYZo Aën qH$_VrV {_iÊ`mMm A^md. 

3.3.2 VIII) ^maVmVrb eoVrÀ`m `m§{ÌH$sH$aUm_Yrb AS>MUr : 

eoVrÀ`m `m§{ÌH$sH$aUm_wio AënH$mim_Üò eoVr CËnmXH$Vm d CËnmXZ dmT>Vo Am{U eoVH$è`m§Mr 

Am{W©H$ pñWVr gwYmaVo {h dñVwpñWVr Amho. VWm{n, ^maVmÀ`m g§X^m©V eoVrÀ`m gmd©{ÌH$ `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmEodOr 

{d{eï> H$m_m~m~V {dMma H$aUo `mo½` hmoB©b. CXm. eoVr _emJV, nmUr IoMUo BË`mXr. hdo H$s ZH$mo Ago 

H$moUVohr gm_mÝ` CÎma ho AemñÌr` Am{U A`mo½` _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUmao hmoB©b. EImXo H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr `m§{ÌH$sH$aU 

hr EH$ n`m©`r nÕVr Amho. Á`m_Üò _mZdr l_ d àmUr eŠVrÀ`m EodOr `§ÌeŠVr dmnabr OmVo. 

eoVrÀ`m `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmVrb AS>MUr Imbrbà_mUo - 

1. eoVO{_ZrMm bhmZ AmH$ma d O{_ZrMo {dIwabobo VwH$S>o hm eoVr `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmÀ`m _mJm©Vrb à_wI 

AS>Wim Amho. AZoH$ {R>H$mUr eoVH$è`m§Mr O_rZ Jw§R>çmVM _moOmdr bmJVo. VoWo Q´>°ŠQ>aMm dmna H$aUohr 

AeŠ` AgVo. Aem pñWVrV n`m©á `§ÌmMm dmna hmoV Zmhr. 

2. ~hþg§»` eoVH$ar Jar~ Agë`mZo Vo Q´>°ŠQ>a, _iUr `§Ì dJ¡aogmaIr OmñV qH$_VrMr `§Ìo IaoXr H$ê$ 

eH$V ZmhrV. 

3. _moR>çm d AdOS> H$m_mgmR>r _moR>r `§Ìo IaoXr H$amdr bmJVmV. Ë`mgmR>r Am{W©H$ Ñï>rZo nmhVm _moR>çm 

AmH$mamMr eoVO_rZ hdr AgVo. Ë`m_wio Aën^yYmaH$ eoVH$ar `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmnmgyZ d§{MV amhÿ eH$Vmo. 

4. `m§{ÌH$sH$aUm_wio J«m_rU AW©ì`dñWoV aMZmË_H$ ~Xb hmoD$Z eoVrVyZ ~mhoa nS>boë`m eoV_Oyam§Zm 

BVaÌ amoOJma emoYmdm bmJVmo. 

5. eoVr `§Ìo {dH$V KoUo, MmbdUo, dmnaUo Am{U Ë`m§Mr `mo½` XoI^mb H$aUo `m~m~VMo `mo½` kmZ 

eoVH$è`m§Zm ZgVo Ë`m_wio MwH$sMr {ZdS> hmoD$Z Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZ hmoVo, YmoH$mhr g§^dVmo. 

6. ^maVm_Üò VobmMm VwQ>dS>m \$ma _moR>m Amho. Ë`m_wio Vobmda MmbUmar `§Ìo _moR>çm à_mUmda dmnaUo 

`mo½` Zmhr. 

7. XyaÀ`m J«m_rU ^mJm_Üò `§ÌXwéñVr Am{U n`m©`r dñVyMr CnbãYVm Aem gmo`r ZmhrV. hr H$m`©j_ 

`m§{ÌH$sH$aUmVrb _moR>rM AS>MU Amho. 

8. eoVrÀ`m h§Jm_r ñdê$nm_wio eoVr `§Ìo dfm©Vrb AZoH$ _{hZo ~oH$ma/Cn`moJa{hV AdñWoV amhVmV. 

{~Ja h§Jm_ H$mimV Vr `§Ìo `mo½` n`m©`m_Üò Z dmnaë`mg AZmdí`H$ IM© dmT>Vmo. 

42

9. ^maVgma»`m {dH$gZerb XoemV `§Ìo MmbdUmao Hw$eb d AZw^d H$m_Jma CnbãY ZgVmV. 

3.3.2 IX) eoVrVrb `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmV dmT> hmoÊ`mgmR>r Cnm``moOZm : 

darb {ddoMZmdê$Z Ago ñnï> hmoVo H$s, eoVrÀ`m `m§{ÌH$sH$aUm~m~V emgZg§ñWm, CËnmXH$, `§Ìk Am{U 

eoVH$ar Aem gd©M nmVirda Ë`mMm H$miOrnyd©H$ Aä`mg hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. eoVr `m§{ÌH$sH$aU hr H$mimMr 

JaO Amho. VWm{n _mZdr d àmUr eŠVrÀ`m ~oamoOJmarMm àíZ Am{U ~hþg§»` bhmZ d AZm{W©H$ KQ>H$ `m 

X¥{ï>H$moUmVyZ Ë`mMm {H$VnV Cn`moJ hmoVmo ho nm{hbo nm{hOo. VgoM Am§VaamOr` {d{dYVo_wio ApñVËdmV 

Agbobr eoVr `§Ìo gwYmaUo `mo½` hmoB©b. 

^maVm_Üò eoVrÀ`m `m§{ÌH$sH$aUm~m~V doJio amï´>r` YmoaU ApñVËdmV Zmhr. VWm{n H|$ÐemgZmÀ`m 

eoVr{df`H$ YmoaUm_Üò Vo A§V^y©V Amho. Ë`mZwgma nwT>rb C{Ôï> nyVugmR>r eoVr `m§{ÌH$sH$aU dmT>{dbo OmVo. 

(1) eoVr `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmZo `moOZoVrb eoVr CËnmXZmMm àJVr Xa gmÜ` H$ê$Z XoemMr AÞYmÝ`mMr JaO 

^mJ{dÊ`mBVnV CËnmXZ d nrH$m§Zr gImobVm dmT>{dbr nm{hOo. (2) eoV_Oyam§Mo CËnÞ g_mYmZH$maH$ Xamn`ªV 

dmT>bo nm{hOo åhUOo ehar d J«m_rU CËnÞmVrb ôX Zï> hmoD$Z Ë`m§Zm _mZmZo OJVm òB©b. (3) bhmZ, _moR>çm, 

gr_m§V Aem gd©M eoVH$è`m§Zm `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMo bm^ {_imbo nm{hOoV. (4) CËnmXZ à{H«$ò_Üò gwa{jVVoÀ`m 

gwYmaUm H$ê$Z Am{U H$R>rU d Amamo½`mg YmoH$mXm`H$ H$m_o H$_r H$ê$Z _Oyam_Üò {deofV: ór _Owam_Üò 

gm¡hmX©nyU© dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$aUo. (5) `m§{ÌH$sH$aUm_wio CËnmXZ IM© H$_r hmoD$Z eoVH$è`m§Mo CËnÞ dmT>bo 

nm{hOo Am{U Am§Vaamï´>r` ~mOmanoR>m§_Üò ñnYm© H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zm qH$_V bm^ {_im`bm hdm. 

eoVr `m§{ÌH$sH$aU dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r gyMZm / Cnm` : 

1) bhmZ d gr_m§V eoVH$è`m§Zm `mo½` R>aUmar `§Ìo d gmYZo V`ma H$ê$Z emgZmZo AZwXmZ Úmdo d Vr 

H$_r qH$_Vrbm eoVH$è`m§Zm nwadmdrV. 

2) `§Ì IaoXr d XwéñVrgmR>r Amdí`H$ VodT>m H$O©nwadR>m H$_r ì`mO XamZo Ho$bm Omdm. 

3) eoVrÀ`m {d{eï> n[apñWVrer {_iVoOwiVo hmoB©b d `§ÌmMm `mo½` Cn`moJ hmoB©b Aem àH$maMo 

H¥${V`wŠV `§Ì-V§ÌkmZ eoVH$è`m§Zm Úm`bm hdo. 

4) eoVr `§ÌmMr à_mU~ÕVm d XOm©Mr IyU (_mH©$) H$aUmar `§ÌUm C^mabr Omdr. 

5) {S>Pob, noQ´>mob, d§JU d AÝ` KQ>H$mMm gmVË`mZo nwadR>m ìhmdm. 

6) {d{dY àH$maÀ`m O_rZrbm Am{U _hÎdmÀ`m {nH$m§Mr {Za{Zamir H$m_o H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` R>aUmar 

eoVr `§Ìm§Mo CËnmXZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. 

7) g§emoYZmda hmoUmam IM© d Ë`mg bmJUmam doi Q>miÊ`mgmR>r {ZdS>H$ eoVr `§Ìo d gmYZo naXoemVyZ 

Am`mV H$amdr. 

8) ì`mdgm{`H$ à{ejU H|$Ðm_Üò, eoVr `§Ìo d gmYZo `m§Mo OmñVrV OmñV {Xbo Omdo. 

9) gmYZo dmhÿZ ZoUmè`m dmhZmda {d{eï> IyU, _mH©$ Agmdm. 

43

10) `§Ìo Am{U gmYZo `m§À`m Am`mVrdarb A~H$mar H$a (Excise duty) d H$Ý` H$a H$_r H$amdoV. 

VgoM {S>Pob, noQ´>mob Am`mVrdarb H$a H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` _mJ© emoYyZ H$mT>mdm. 

11) A{YH$m{YH$ godm H|$Ð {ZKmdrV `mgmR>r CÎmoOZ Úmdo Am{U {\$aVr (Mobile) godm H|$Ðo gwê$ 

H$amdrV. 

12) `§ÌmÀ`m gwa{jVVoda â Úmdm. 

13) eoVO{_ZrÀ`m VwH$S>oOmoS> d {d^mOZmda {Z`§ÌU R>odmdo. 

14) eoVr `m§{ÌH$sH$aUm~m~V emgH$s` YmoaU nmofH$ Agmdo. 

15) eoVH$è`m§Zm à{ejU XoD$Z Ë`m§Mo à~moYZ H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. 

16) eoVr `§Ìo d gmYZm§Mm doJim n[aUm_ Am{U Am{W©H$ Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r ghH$mar eoVrbm, 

gmogm`Q>çm§Zm àmoËgmhZ Úmdo. 

3.3.2 X) `mo½` _mJ© (Correct Approach) : 

eoVr `m§{ÌH$sH$aUm{déÕMo _wÔo {deof _hÎdmMo ZmhrV. na§Vw AW©ì`dñWo_Üò \$ma _moR>o MT>CVma hmoD$ 

ZòV `mgmR>r eoVr CËnmXZ _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>bo nm{hOo `m~m~V Xw_V Agë`mMo H$maU Zmhr. na§namJV 

CËnmXZ nÕVr d gmYZm§À`m AmYmao CËnmXZ dmT>Uma Zmhr ho gË`M Amho. darb {ddoMZmdê$Z ho ñnï> hmoVo 

H$s XoemMr AÞYmÝ`mMr JaO nyU© hmoÊ`mgmR>r {H$_mZ eoVr `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. gmh{OH$M 

Ë`m_wio _moR>çm bmoH$g§»òÀ`m XoemV H$m_Jmam§Zm H$m_mdê$Z H$_r H$aÊ`mMo Xwîn[aUm_hr {H$_mZ hmoVrb. 

eoVrMo ~§YZ_wŠV `m§{ÌH$sH$aU ^maVmÀ`m {hVmMo Zmhr. H$maU Vo J«m_rU ~oamoOJmar_Üò âM Q>mHo$b. åhUyZM 

{ZdS>H$ `m§{ÌH$sH$aU hm _mJ© `mo½` R>aVmo. 

3.3.3 gmam§e : 

eoVr_Yrb `m§{ÌH$sH$aUm_wio eoVrVrb CËnmXZ d CËnÞ dmT>Vo. ^maVmV eoVr_Yrb `m§{ÌH$sH$aU ho 

A§eV: ñdê$nmMo Amho. VgoM AmOhr XoemVrb eoVr na§namJV nÕVrZo, neweŠVr d _mZdr eŠVrÀ`m AmYmaoM 

Ho$br OmVo. VgoM ^maVmVrb eoVr_Yrb `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMm àJVrMm doJ _§X AmT>iVmo. 

3.3.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX : 

gmYZo - hË`mao (tools) 

AdOmao - gmYZo, hË`mao 

AMb - ApñWa 

V\$mdV - \$aH$, ôX 

AmXmZ - Input 

44

3.3.5 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ : 

(A) Imbrbn¡H$s `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m. 

1) ^maVr` eoVrV ............. `m§{ÌH$sH$aU AmT>iVo. 

(A) A§eV: (~) nyU©V: (H$) à_mUmV (S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr 

2) eoVrV _mZdr eŠVr, neyÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ eoVr H$aUo åhUOo ............. eoVr hmò . 

(A) `m§{ÌH$sH$aU (~) na§namJV (H$) à_mUmV (S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr 

3) `m§{ÌH$sH$aUm_wio eoVrVrb CËnmXZ IM© H$_r hmoD$Z ............. Mm {dH$mg hmoVmo. 

(A) CÚmoJ (~) godm joÌmMm (H$) eoVr (S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr 

4) eoVO{_ZrÀ`m bhmZ AmH$mam_wio ............. da _`m©Xm òVmV. 

(A) `m§{ÌH$sH$aU (~) CÚmoJ (H$) godm joÌ (S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr 

5) Am{W©H$ Xw~©bVm hr ............. _Yrb _moR>m AS>Wim Amho. 

(A) _mZdm (~) na§namJV eoVr (H$) `m§{ÌH$sH$aUm (S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr 

(~) dñVw{Zð> n«íZ (MyH$ H$s ~amo~a gm§Jm) 

1) `m§{ÌH$sH$aUm_wio eoVrV ~oamoOJmar dmT>Vo. 

2) ^maVmV eoVrV _moR>çm à_mUmda `m§{ÌH$sH$aU AmT>iVo. 

3) ^maVr` eoVrV `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMm doJ _§X Amho. 

4) `m§{ÌH$sH$aUm_wio CËnmXZ IM© KQ>Vmo. 

5) `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmV _mZdr eŠVr d newYZmMm _moR>çm à_mUmda dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. 

3.3.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` : 

(A) XrKm}Îmar àíZ : 

1) ^maVmVrb eoVrMo `m§{ÌH$sH$aU WmoS>Š`mV ñnï> H$am. 

2) `m§{ÌH$sH$aU åhUOo H$m`? `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMo \$m`Xo d VmoQ>o ñnï> H$am. 

3) ^maVmVrb `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMo àH$ma ñnï> H$am. 

4) ^maVmVrb `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmÀ`m àJVrMm AmT>mdm ¿`m. 

5) ^maVmVrb `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmÀ`m _§X àJVrMo H$maU ñnï> H$am. 

6) ^maVmVrb `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmVrb AS>WimMr MMm© H$am. 

(~) bKwÎmar àíZ (Q>rnm {bhm) 

1) eoVrMo `m§{ÌH$sH$aU 

2) ^maVmVrb eoVrÀ`m `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMr àJVr 

45

3) eoVrÀ`m `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmÀ`m g_ñ`m 

4) eoVrÀ`m `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMo \$m`Xo 

5) eoVrÀ`m `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMm AW© 

3.3.7 ñd`§ AÜ``Z dñVw{Zð> àíZm§Mr CÎmao. 

(A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>Uo. 

1) A 2) ~ 3) H$ 4) A 5) H$ 

(~) {dYmZ MyH$ H$s ~amo~a gm§JUo. 

1) ~amo~a 2) MyH$ 3) ~amo~a 4) ~amo~a 5) MyH$ 

3.3.8 joÌr` H$m`©o : 

Amnë`m {OëømVrb eoVrVrb `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMr _m{hVr Xwæ`_ gmYZm§À`m gmhmæ`mZo {_idm d Ahdmb 

V`ma H$am. 

3.3.9 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ : 

1. Alam, Anwar : "Future Requirements of Agricultural Machines for Mechanzing 

Agricultural" Dy. Director General (Agri. Eng), Indian Council of Agricultural Rresearch, 

New Delhi. 

2. Bansil P. C. : (1981), "Agricultural problems of India,", Fourth Revised and enlarged 

edition; Published by Ohan Primlani, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. 66, Janpath, New 

Delhi - 110001. 

3. Department of Agricultural (8-11-2003), "Development of Agricultural and Cooperation," 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQS), (Agricultural Implements and Machinery Division." 

http://agricoop.nic.in/faq/machinery.htm.page 1 to 14. 

4. Dr. Desai R. G. (2001), "Agricultural Economics," Published by, Himalaya Publishing 

House, Mumbai. 

5. FICCI : "Agricultural Machinary Sector in India." Federation of India chambers of 

commerce and Industry, federation House, Tansen Marg, New Delhi, India 1100001. 

(www.ficci.com.) 

6. INDO - ITALIAN Chamber : (April 2008), "Overview of the Agricultural Machinery 

Sector in India." Head office : 502, Bengal, Chemicals Compound, Veer Savarkar 

Marg, Prabhadevi, Mumbai, 400025. India. 

7. ITALIA (Italian Trade Commission) : (Profile 2010) "Agricultural Mechanization in 

India,"(www.ice.gov.it/paesi/asia/india/upload/182/agricultural % 20mechinization % 

20 in %India % 20 profile 2010 pdf.) 

46

8. H$m`§Xo-nmQ>rb, J§JmYma {d : (2004), ""eoVrMo AW©emó, H¥$fr AW©emó, eoVrMo AW©emó - 

{gÕm§V Am{U YmoaU'', M¡VÝ` npãbHo$eZ, 1513, n§M_, gmdaH$a ZJa, J§Jmnya amoS>, Zm{eH$- 13. 

9. Kulkarni S. D., "Mechanization of Agriculture Engineering (CIAE), Bhopal - 412038, 

India. (www.unapcaem.org/Activities%20 files / Aa 90105 th Tc / ppt / in - doc. paf. 

10. Lekhi, R. K. and Sing Jogindar : (2008), "Agricultural Economics (An Indian 

Perspective), Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana - 141008. 

11. Memoria, C. B. (1979), "Agricultural Problems of India," Ninth Editioin, Published by 

Kitab Mahal, 15, Thornhill Road, Allahabad, India. 

12. Mussaida, Praveen kumar, "Increasing field Efficiency of farm Machinery Using GPS." 

Agriculture Today, The National Agricultural Magazine, Auguest 2011, volume - XIV, 

No.8. 

13. Sadhu A. N. and Sing Amarjit (1999), "Fundamentals of Agricultural Economics", 

Published by Mrs. Meena Pandey for, Himalaya Publishing House, Ramdot, Dr. 

Bholerav Marg. Girgoan, Mumbai - 400004. 

14. Sing Jogindar, "Scope, progress and constraints of farm Mechanization in India," 

Professor - Cum Head, Department of Economics, Punjab Agricultural University, 

Ludhiana, Source : www.agri.coop.nic.in / farm % 20 mech % 20 pdf / 05024 - 03 pdf. 

15. The Fifth Session of the Technical Committee (TC) of UNAPCAEM and Export 

Group Meeting on Application of Agricultural Machinery for sustainale Agricultural in 

the Asia - Pacific Region 14-16, October 2009, Los Bonos, The Publippines (www. 

Unapcaem.org / ppt / in 2009-10 p1 pdf) 

16. Verma S. R. : "Impact of Agricultural Mechanization on production, Productivity, 

Cropping Intensity, Income Generation and Employment of labour", Prof. (Agri.Engg.) 

and Ex. Dean, college of Agril. Engg. Punjab, Agricultural University, Ludhina, (www. 

agri.coop.nic.in / farm % 20 mech % 20 pdf / 05024 - 08. pdf. 

17. Various website : gov.it / paesi / asia / india / upload / 182 / Agricultural % 20 

Mechanization % 20 in % India % 20 profile 2010. pdf. 

 

47


H$a Am{U H$a gëcm godm 


1.3 BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ qH$dm Am°ZcmB©Z {ddaUnÌo 

KQ>H$-1 

H$a Am{U H$a{df`H$ gëcm 

àñVmdZm : gÜ`mMm H$mi hm BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ _mÜ`_mMm H$mi Amho. _m{hVr d Xyag§Mma _mÜ`_mMr ì`mßVr 

dmT>V Amho. `m_wio H$aâUm, H$amMr {ddaUnÌo âUo, H$a naVmdo {_i{dUo B. H$m`} gwc^, VËna d H$_r 

IMm©Mr Pmcocr AmhoV. AmO H$aXmVo Amnco Am°{\$g, Ka AWdm H$mnm}aoQ> XmcZmVyZ g§JUH$mda qH$dm c°nQ>m°nda 

Am°ZcmB©Z {ddaUnÌo ^ê$ eH$VmV. 

{ddaUnÌ âÊ`mMr à{H«$`m 

BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ qH$dm Am°ZcmB©Z {ddaUnÌo hr àËòH$ ì`ŠVrJV Am`H$aXmVo, H§$nÝ`m, noT>çm, qhXy A{d^ŠV 

Hw$Qw>§~o, nJmamì`{V[aŠV \$m`Xo {_i{dUmè`m ì`ŠVr B.Zm âVm òVo. {ddaUnÌo hñV{cIrV d BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ 

_mÜ`_o B. n¡H$s EH$m nÕVrZo âUo ~§YZH$maH$ AgVo. {ddaUnÌo âUo hr àËòH$ H$aXmVo d n°ZH$mS>© YmaH$m§Mr 

KQ>ZmË_H$ O~m~Xmar AgVo. {Z`{_V {ddaUnÌo âë`m_wio ì`ŠVrMr nV dmT>Vo. ì`ŠVrcm H$O© àH$aU, O_rZ 

d ñWmda {_iH$VrMr IaoXr-{dH«$s, eoAg© ~mOma, ^m§S>dc ~mOmamVrc gh^mJ, Am`mV-{Z`m©V, naXoeJ_Z 

B. AZoH$ H$maUmgmR>r n°ZH$mS>© Am{U {Z`{_V {ddaU nÌ âë`mMr nmdVr Amdí`H$ AgVo. {ddaUnÌ âVmZm 

_mJrc dfm©Mo CËnÝZ ñÌmoV, CËnÝZmMr AmH$S>odmar (nmdË`mgh), BVa gdcVr, gyQ> B. gh âmdo cmJVo. 

H$anmÌ CËnÝZ AgyZhr {ddaUnÌ Z âë`mg ì`ŠVrda X§S>mË_H$ H$madmB© hmoD$ eH$Vo AJa IQ>cm Mmc{dcm 

Omdy eH$Vmo. åhUyZ H$a {ddaUnÌ âUo Amdí`H$M ZìhoVa Am{Zdm`© AgVo. 

Am°ZcmB©Z E {ddaUnÌ âUm 


AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ^maVmV H$a âUm H$m`m©c`mMo g§JUH$sH$aU Pmco Amho. gd© H$m`m©cò B§Q>aZoQ>cm 

OmoS>cr AmhoV. `m_wio H$m`m©c`rZ H$m_H$mO, _m{hVrMr XodmU KodmU, {ddaUnÌ âUm, H$a naVmdo XoUo B. H$m`} 

OcXnUo hmoV AmhoV. H$aXmË`m§Zm XoIrc Amncr H$a{df`H$ {ddaUnÌo BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ _mÜ`_mZo Am°ZcmB©Z âUo 

eŠ` d gwc^ Pmco Amho. 

1

BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ _mÜ`_mZo {ddaUnÌo âVodoir H$aXmË`mcm gd©àW_ http:\\www.incometaxindia.govt.in\ 

`m g§Ho$VñWimda Omdo cmJVo. ho g§Ho$VñWi CKS>ë`mda Am°Z cmB©Z AO© g§JUH$mda òVmo. `m AOm©da 

AO©XmamZo Amncm PAN Z§~a Q>mH$ë`mZ§Va AO©XmamMo Zm§d, nÎmm, ì`dgm` B. _m{hVr Úmd`mMr AgVo. gmo~V 

Amncm nmgdS>© Úmdm cmJVmo. gXa \$m°_© AmncoH$S>rc _m{hVr, AmJmdy H$aâUm nÌ B. ghmæ`mZo âVm òVo. 

gmo~V H$aXmË`mZo Amnë`m {S>OrQ>c ghrMm Z_wZm {Xë`mg Vmo OmoSy>Z H$a{ddaUnÌ nyU© H$aVm òVo. {ddaUnÌ 

âë`mZ§Va H$aXmË`mcm VmËnwaVm nmohmoM Z§~a (Provisional Acknowledgement Number) {chmdm 

cmJVmo. 

darcà_mUo H$aXmVo BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ _mÜ`_mMo ghmæ`mZo Amncr H$a{ddaUnÌo ^ê$ eH$VmV. 

❏❏❏ 

2





2.4 ^maVmVrc H$a{df`H$ àemgZ 

KQ>H$-2 

H$amMo àH$ma 

àñVmdZm : H$a ho ZmJ[aH$m§Zr emgZmcm Úmd`mMo gŠVrMo XoUo AgVo. emgZ XoemVyZ H$a AmH$maUr H$ê$Z 

_hgyc Jmoim H$aVo. hm _hgyc gmd©O{ZH$ IMm©H$arVm dmnaÊ`mV òVmo. H$a AmH$maUr, g§H$cZ, IM©, AZwXmZo, 

A§eXmZo, H$O© C^maUr, H$Om©Mo ì`dñWmnZ hr amOñdmMr _wc^yV H$m`} AgVmV. åhUyZ emgZmcm H$a{df`H$ 

gwÑT>, pñWa d XrK©H$mcrZ àemgZmMr JaO AgVo. 

^maVmV g§KamÁ`mË_H$ emgZnÕVr Amho. òWo _Ü`dVu qH$dm H|$Ðr` nmVirda H|$Ð gaH$ma, amÁ` 

nmVirda amÁ` gaH$mao, ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm AmhoV. åhUyZ àËòH$ ñVamdarc àemgZmcm 

H$aàemgZ H$amdo cmJVo. H|$Ðr` nmVirda H$amMo àemgZ 1963 À`m g|Q´>c ~moS>© Am°Z aoìøyÝ`y A°ŠQ> AÝdò 

H$amdo cmJVo. 

emgZ àË`j d AàË`j H$am§Mr AmH$maUr H$aVo. àË`j H$amgmR>r g|Q´>c ~moS>© Am°\$ S>màoŠQ> Q>°Šg Am{U 

AàË`j H$amgmR>r g|Q´>c ~moS>© Am°\$ EŠgmB©O A±ÊS> H$ñQ>_Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. ^maV gaH$maMo 

AW©_§Ìmc` H$a {df`H$ àemgZmMo A§{V_V… H$m`© H$aVo. AW©_§Ìmc`mV AZoH$ {d^mJ AgVmV CXm. McZ, 

~±qH$J, {dÎmr` g§ñWm, na{H$` {d{Z_` ì`dhma, H$a àemgZ B. àËòH$ {d^mJmMo H$m`© ñdV§Ì g{Md d A§VJ©V 

g§KQ>ZmË_H$ ì`dñWo_m\©$V H$aÊ`mV òVo. XoemVrc H$am§À`m àemgZmMr aMZm Imcrcà_mUo gm§JVm òB©c. 

3

↓ 

Assistant Director 

Director General 

↓ 

Additional Director General 

↓ 

↓ 

Assistant Director 

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 

Deputy Director Deputy Director Deputy Director Deputy Director 

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 

Class One Officer's 

↓ 

Class Two Officer's 

↓ 

Class Three Officer's 

↓ 

Official Staff etc. 

^maVmV Director General Mo H$m`m©c` Zdr {Xëcr òWo AgVo. {d^mJr` H$m`m©cò _w§~B©, H$mocH$mÎmm, 

MoÝZB©, Ah_Xm~mX, ~|Jcmoa òWo AmhoV. Va H$a {df`H$ S>oß`wQ>r S>màoŠQ>a H$m`m©cò H$mo{MZ, _|Jcmoa, dS>moXam, 

{demImnÅ>U_², ZmJnya, Ah_Xm~mX, _w§~B©, nwUo òWo AmhoV. XoemV H$a àemgZ H$m`m©c`mMo g§JUH$sH$aU 

H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© OmoamV gwê$ Amho. gÜ`mÀ`m H$mimVrc Jw§VmJw§VrMo ì`dhma, ì`dhmamMr dmT>Vr ì`mßVr, _hgwcmMr 

JiVr amoIÊ`mMo AmìhmZ B. AZoH$ H$maUm_wio g§JUH$sH$aUmMo H$m`© doJmZo gwê$ Amho. gÜ`m ~±qH$J d AÝ` 

ì`dhmamgmR>r PAN Z§~aMr gŠVr H$aÊ`mV Amcocr Amho. ~±H$ ImVr, Am`mV-{Z`m©V, naH$s` {d{Z_`, 

ZmUo~mOma d ^m§S>dc ~mOmamVrc ì`dhmamMo g§JUH$sH$aU gwê$ Amho. `m_wio H$am§Mo àemgZ d ì`dñWmnZ 

gwc^ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ gwê$ Amho. 

❏❏❏ 

4




3.4 g§KamÁ`mVrc {dÎmr` Ag_Vmoc qH$dm g_ñ`m (Problems of Federal Finance) 

àñVmdZm : g§KamÁ`r` ì`dñWoV H$m`mªMo d {dÎmr` A{YH$mam§Mo dmQ>n {d{eîR> VÎdmà_mUo hmoV AgVo. 

na§Vw OJmVrc ~hþg§»` g§KamÁ`mMm AZw^d doJim Amho. òWo Ë`m Ë`m emgZnmVirda nS>coë`m H$m_mMm IM© 

d {_imcoë`m {dÎmr` gmYZgm_wJ«r_Üò EH$ àH$maMm Ag_Vmoc {Z_m©U hmoVmo. CXm. ^maVmMo CXmhaU ¿`md`mMo 

Pmë`mg XoemV H|$Ð gaH$macm {_imcoë`m {dÎmr` A{YH$mamnmgyZ {_iUmao CËnÝZ Ë`m§À`m H$m_mda H$amì`m 

cmJUmè`m IMm©nojm OmñV AmT>iyZ òVo Va `mCcQ> amÁ` gaH$mamZm {_imcoë`m {dÎmr` A{YH$mamnmgyZ 

{_iUmao CËnÝZ Ë`m§À`mda Agcoë`m O~m~Xmar qH$dm H$m_mdarc IMm©nojm H$_r AmT>iyZ òVo `mcmM ñV§^mË_H$ 

{dÎmr` Ag_Vmoc Vertical Imbalance åhUVm òB©c. `m{edm` KQ>H$amÁ`m§er AmnAmngmV VwcZm Ho$ë`mg 

H$m§hr KQ>H$ amÁò Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm d {dÎmr` gm_wJ«r_Üò A{YH$ g_W© AgVmV Va H$m§hr amÁò Xm[aÐç d 

Z¡g{J©H$à{VHy$cVo_wio {dÎmr`ÑîQ>çm \$ma Xw~©c AgVmV. `m Ag_Vmocmg g_nmVir Ag_Vmoc Horizontal 

Imbalance Ago åhUVm òB©c. 

{dÎmr` Ag_Vmocm_wio amÁ`m§Zm ~è`mM doiog H|$ÐgaH$maÀ`m _XVrda Amdc§~yZ ahmdo cmJVo, `m_wio 

KQ>H$amÁ`m§Mo namdc§~Z dmT>Vo n[aUm_r KQ>H$amÁ`mMo Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í` qH$dm {dÎmr` ñdm`ÎmVm YmoŠ`mV òVo. 

åhUyZ H|$Ð gaH$ma d amÁ` gaH$mao `m_Üò {dÎmr` gmYZgm_wJ«rMo hñVm§VaU H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm {Z_m©U hmoVo. 

ì`dhma d VÎdmÀ`m `mo½` g_Ýd`m A^mdr g§KamÁ`m_Üò Imcrc à_mUo {dÎmr` g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmZm 

{XgVmV. 

1. CËnÝZ dmQ>nmMr g_ñ`m 

g§KamÁ`mË_H$ emgZ nÕVrV H|$ÐñWmZr H|$ÐgaH$ma Va amÁ`ñVamda amÁ`gaH$mao AgVmV. {d{dY amÁ`mVrc 

{^ÝZVm, doJdoJir n[a{ñWVr B. _wio EH$M g_mZ VÎd Yê$Z {dÎmr` gm_wJ«rMo dmQ>n H$aUo Ý`mæ` R>aV Zmhr. 

Aemdoir VÎd d ì`dhma `m_Üò g_Ýd` Z R>odë`mZo {dÎmr` g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVo. 

2. àmXoerH$ Ag_mZVm 


KQ>H$-3 

^maVmVrc g§KamÁ`r` {dÎmr` ì`dñWm 

^maVmgma»`m g§KamÁ`mË_H$ XoemV H$m§hr amÁò {dH$grV (_hmamîQ´>, n§Om~, h[a`mZm) Va ~hþg§»` amÁò 

5

({~hma, Amo[agm, Am§Y«, _Ü` àXoe, CÎma àXoe B.) _mJmgcocr AmhoV. {dH$grV amÁ`mV _w~cH$ gw~Îmm AgyZ 

_mJmg amÁ`mV gd©Ì à{VHw$cVm Amho. Aem n[a{ñWVrV {dÎmr` gm_wJ«rMo dmQ>n Am`mo½` nÕVrZo Pmë`mg H|$Ð 

d amÁ` gaH$mao `m_Üò {dÎmr` g_ñ`m {Vd« ~ZVo. 

3. dM©ñdmMr eŠ`Vm 

g§KamÁ`r` ì`dñWoV KQ>ZoZoM H|$ÐemgZmcm OmXm {dÎmr` A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Amcoco AgVmV. åhUyZ H|$ÐmMo 

amÁ`mda dM©ñd {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. H|$ÐgaH$ma d amÁ`gaH$mao EH$mM njmMr AgVrc Va H|$ÐmH$Sy>Z 

amÁ`mcm gT>i hñVo _XV Ho$cr OmVo `mCcQ> H|$Ð d amÁ`gaH$mao {^ÝZ njmMr AgVmV V|ìhm H|$ÐmH$Sy>Z amÁ`m§Zm 

gmnËZVoMr dmJUyH$ {_iÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. åhUOoM VwcZoZo H$_r _XV XoÊ`mV òVo. 

4. H|$ÐrH$aU n[aUm_ 

g§KamÁ`mV amÁ`KQ>Zoà_mUo H|$Ðmcm OmXm A{YH$ma àmßV Pmcoco AgVmV. VgoM H|$Ðmcm ZdZ{dZ CËnÝZ 

gmYZo {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Agë`mZo H|$ÐgaH$ma CËnÝZ gmYZmV dmT> KS>dyZ AmUy eH$Vo `m_wio Am{W©H$ 

gÎmoMo H|$ÐrH$aU {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr {^Vr AgVo. Am{W©H$ gÎmoÀ`m H|$ÐrH$aUm_wio H|$ÐmMr A_`m©X gÎmm, gm_«mÁ` 

d hþHy$_emhr d¥Îmr dmT>Ê`mMr XoIrc eŠ`Vm AgVo. 

5. g§Kfm©Mr ^rVr 

g§KamÁ`mË_H$ emgZnÕVrV H|$Ðr` ñWmZr H|$ÐgaH$ma AgVo Va amÁ` nmVirda amÁ`gaH$mao H$m`©aV 

AgVmV. H|$Ð d amÁò `m§Mo g§~§Y gcmo»`mMo AgVrc Va \$magm àíZ CX²^{dV Zmhr. na§Vw H|$ÐmZo amÁ`m§Zm H$_r 

_XV XoUo, _XV ZmH$maUo, dma§dma amÁ`mda X§S>mË_H$ H$madmB© H$aUo B. Ho$ë`mg H|$Ð d amÁò `mVrc Am{W©H$ 

g§~§Y {~KS>VmV; nwT>o nwT>o ho g§~§Y {dH$monmcm OmVmV `mVyZ amÁò H|$ÐmnmgyZ \w$Q>raVoMr _mJUr H$ê$ cmJVmV. 

darcà_mUo H|$Ð d amÁ` gaH$mao `m_Üò {dÎmr` gmYZmÀ`m dmQ>nmdê$Z {dÎmr` g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV. 

❏❏❏ 

6

B. A. Part-III Economics Paper-5 Add. Matter.P65 - Shivaji University

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