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362 F. O. ROQUE ET AL. models and scaling <strong>issue</strong>s. Ecosystems, 6: 407-23. Sweeney, BW, Bott, TL, Jackson, JK, Kaplan, LA, Newbold, JD, Standley, LJ, Hession, WC & Horwitz, RJ 2004. Riparian deforestation, stream narrowing, and loss of stream ecosystem services. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 28: 14132- 14137. Vannote, RL, Minshall, GW, Cummins, KW, Sedell, KW & Cushing, CE 1980. The river continuum concept. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37: 130- 137. Wantzen, KM, 1998. Effects of siltation on benthic communities in clear water stream in Mato Grosso, Brazil Verh. Int. Verein. Limnol, 26: 1155-1159. Wantzen, KM & Junk, WJ 2006. Aquatic-terrestrial linkages from streams to rivers: biotic hot spots and hot moments. Archives fur Hydrobiolie, 158: 595-611. Wood PJ & Armitage, PD 1997. Biological effects of fine sediment in the lotic environment. Environmental Management, 21: 203- 217. Received June 2009 Accepted September 2009 Published online October 2009 Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences (2009), 4(3): 357-362
Ecotoxicological analysis of cashew nut industry effluents, specifically two of its major phenolic components, cardol and cardanol MARCIONÍLIA FERNANDES PIMENTEL 1 , DÊNIS PIRES DE LIMA 2 , LEONARDO RIBEIRO MARTINS 2 , ADILSON BEATRIZ 2 , SANDRA TÉDDE SANTAELLA 3 , LETÍCIA VERAS COSTA LOTUFO 1, * 1 Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia Marinha, Instituto de Ciências do Mar (Labomar), Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Abolição 3207, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, 60125-120, Phone: 55-85-3242-6422, Fax: 55-85-3366-4333, lvcosta@secrel.com.br 2 Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica (LP4), Departamento de Química-CCET, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil 3 Laboratório de Efluentes e Qualidade de Água, Instituto de Ciências do Mar (Labomar), Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. * Author for correspondence and reprint requests Abstract. Cashew nut processing plant is a major industry in almost all northeastern States of Brazil. The technical cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), which contains mainly cardanol, cardol, polymeric material, and traces of methyl-cardol, is the most abundant by-product of this process. The high level of CNSL in the effluent generated during production is a potential environmental toxin. This is the first study that has assessed the toxicity of this industrial effluent, specifically two of its major components, cardol and cardanol, using the brine shrimp (Artemia sp.) lethality assay. Effluents were collected at a cashew nut processing plant located in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Cardol and cardanol were isolated from the technical CNSL. The LC 50 of cardol was 0.56 and 0.41 mg/L after 24 and 48 hr exposures, respectively, and of cardanol was 1.59 and 0.42 mg/L. The LC 50 values for crude effluent were 1.38 and 0.60 % after 24 and 48 hr exposures, respectively, and were 2.16 and 0.88 % for treated effluent. Data from this study suggested that the cashew nut industry effluents are highly toxic to the environment. The current treatment strategy to minimize the toxicity of this industry’s effluent is insufficient and must be improved. Keywords: acute toxicity test, Artemia sp., phenols, CNSL, effluent treatment Resumo. Caracterização ecotoxicológica dos efluentes da indústria de beneficiamento da castanha de caju, especificamente de dois dos seus componentes fenólicos: cardol e cardanol. O beneficiamento da castanha de caju é uma das mais desenvolvidas atividades em quase todos os estados do Nordeste brasileiro, em especial no Ceará. O líquido da casca da castanha (LCC), no qual estão presentes cardóis, cardanóis, material polimérico e traços de metil-cardol, é o mais abundante sub-produto e o alto teor de LCC torna potencialmente tóxico o efluente gerado durante o processo. Este é o primeiro estudo em que a toxicidade deste efluente é avaliada, assim como de dois dos seus componentes (cardol e cardanol), utilizando o teste de toxicidade aguda com Artemia sp. Os efluentes foram coletados em uma indústria localizada em Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. O cardol e o cardanol foram isolados do LCC técnico. A CL 50 média do cardol foi 0,56 e 0,41 mg/L após 24 e 48 h de exposição, respectivamente, e a do cardanol foi 1,59 e 0,42 mg/L. Os valores de CL 50 obtidos dos experimentos com o efluente bruto foram 1,38 e 0,60% após 24 e 48 h, respectivamente, e 2,16 e 0,88% para o efluente tratado. Os resultados do estudo sugerem que os efluentes desta indústria são altamente tóxicos. A estratégia de tratamento atualmente empregada para minimizar a sua toxicidade é insuficiente e deve ser revista. Palavras-Chave: teste de toxicidade aguda, Artemia sp., fenóis, LCC, tratamento de efluentes Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences (2009), 4(3): 363-368
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